Wikibooks enwikibooks https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.3 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikibooks Wikibooks talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Cookbook Cookbook talk Transwiki Transwiki talk Wikijunior Wikijunior talk Subject Subject talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk 0 271 4498390 3591290 2025-06-03T03:38:28Z 2409:40D0:11FB:6343:CC69:70FF:FE94:C89 Added relevant citation 4498390 wikitext text/x-wiki Investing <nowiki><ref>{{cite web |title=What is Investment |url=https://www.bajajfinserv.in/investments/complete-guide-investing |website=Bajaj Finserv |date=11 April 2025 |access-date=11 April 2025}}</ref></nowiki> involves using your money (or borrowed money that you control) to earn more money. Before proceeding, make sure that you understand the concepts of [[Personal Finance]]. Topics covered here are: *[[/Stock market/]] *[[/Mutual funds/]] *[[/Bonds/]] *[[/Real estate/]] *[[/Rental properties/]] *[[/Starting a business/]] *[[/Insurances/]] *[[/Retirement plans/]] *[[/Estate planning/]] *[[/Sustainable/Environmental/]] *[[/Tax advantaged investing/]] *[[/Technical Analysis on trading and investing/]] Many excellent resources available on the web: * [http://www.aaii.com American Association of Individual Investors] is a comprehensive on-line guide to investing, developed to assist individuals in becoming effective managers of their own assets. Find how-to articles and interactive tools to expand your investing knowledge and apply it. * [http://finance.google.com/finance Google Finance] * [http://finance.yahoo.com/ Yahoo! Finance] Resources on stocks, mutual funds, other investments * [http://www.fool.com/ The Motley Fool] Advice and philosophy on investing * [http://www.morningstar.com/ Morningstar] Ratings on stocks and mutual funds * [http://marketwatch.nytimes.com/custom/nyt-com/portfolio/view.asp New York Times] Create a virtual portfolio that the Times will track for you * [http://www.wikinvest.com/ Wikinvest.com] no longer a wiki - based investment site, it is now SigFig owned by BlackRock Investments. BlackRock is the world's largest investment management firm. * [http://www.better-investing.org National Association of Investors Corporation] Investment Clubs organization committed to teaching individuals how to become successful strategic long-term investors. {{Shelves|Personal finance}} {{Alphabetical|I}} {{status|25%}} 4aoc1dmrrzwpgkdyz3fh3na2d4a8hy7 4498391 4498390 2025-06-03T03:39:30Z Codename Noreste 3441010 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contribs/2409:40D0:11FB:6343:CC69:70FF:FE94:C89|2409:40D0:11FB:6343:CC69:70FF:FE94:C89]] ([[User talk:2409:40D0:11FB:6343:CC69:70FF:FE94:C89|talk]]) to last version by Jimrazz: unnecessary links or spam 3591290 wikitext text/x-wiki Investing involves using your money (or borrowed money that you control) to earn more money. Before proceeding, make sure that you understand the concepts of [[Personal Finance]]. Topics covered here are: *[[/Stock market/]] *[[/Mutual funds/]] *[[/Bonds/]] *[[/Real estate/]] *[[/Rental properties/]] *[[/Starting a business/]] *[[/Insurances/]] *[[/Retirement plans/]] *[[/Estate planning/]] *[[/Sustainable/Environmental/]] *[[/Tax advantaged investing/]] *[[/Technical Analysis on trading and investing/]] Many excellent resources available on the web: * [http://www.aaii.com American Association of Individual Investors] is a comprehensive on-line guide to investing, developed to assist individuals in becoming effective managers of their own assets. Find how-to articles and interactive tools to expand your investing knowledge and apply it. * [http://finance.google.com/finance Google Finance] * [http://finance.yahoo.com/ Yahoo! Finance] Resources on stocks, mutual funds, other investments * [http://www.fool.com/ The Motley Fool] Advice and philosophy on investing * [http://www.morningstar.com/ Morningstar] Ratings on stocks and mutual funds * [http://marketwatch.nytimes.com/custom/nyt-com/portfolio/view.asp New York Times] Create a virtual portfolio that the Times will track for you * [http://www.wikinvest.com/ Wikinvest.com] no longer a wiki - based investment site, it is now SigFig owned by BlackRock Investments. BlackRock is the world's largest investment management firm. * [http://www.better-investing.org National Association of Investors Corporation] Investment Clubs organization committed to teaching individuals how to become successful strategic long-term investors. {{Shelves|Personal finance}} {{Alphabetical|I}} {{status|25%}} 3m0533hpx1cy4nke7d28s1z8wfsw73t 4498392 4498391 2025-06-03T04:06:56Z 2409:40D0:1D:69B7:D44C:A0FF:FE2C:3881 Added citation to solve user query in details 4498392 wikitext text/x-wiki Investing<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Investment? How Investment Works & Its Importance |url=https://www.bajajfinserv.in/investments/complete-guide-investing |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=www.bajajfinserv.in |language=en}}</ref> involves using your money (or borrowed money that you control) to earn more money. Before proceeding, make sure that you understand the concepts of [[Personal Finance]]. Topics covered here are: *[[/Stock market/]] *[[/Mutual funds/]] *[[/Bonds/]] *[[/Real estate/]] *[[/Rental properties/]] *[[/Starting a business/]] *[[/Insurances/]] *[[/Retirement plans/]] *[[/Estate planning/]] *[[/Sustainable/Environmental/]] *[[/Tax advantaged investing/]] *[[/Technical Analysis on trading and investing/]] Many excellent resources available on the web: * [http://www.aaii.com American Association of Individual Investors] is a comprehensive on-line guide to investing, developed to assist individuals in becoming effective managers of their own assets. Find how-to articles and interactive tools to expand your investing knowledge and apply it. * [http://finance.google.com/finance Google Finance] * [http://finance.yahoo.com/ Yahoo! Finance] Resources on stocks, mutual funds, other investments * [http://www.fool.com/ The Motley Fool] Advice and philosophy on investing * [http://www.morningstar.com/ Morningstar] Ratings on stocks and mutual funds * [http://marketwatch.nytimes.com/custom/nyt-com/portfolio/view.asp New York Times] Create a virtual portfolio that the Times will track for you * [http://www.wikinvest.com/ Wikinvest.com] no longer a wiki - based investment site, it is now SigFig owned by BlackRock Investments. BlackRock is the world's largest investment management firm. * [http://www.better-investing.org National Association of Investors Corporation] Investment Clubs organization committed to teaching individuals how to become successful strategic long-term investors. {{Shelves|Personal finance}} {{Alphabetical|I}} {{status|25%}} kc4su2zfiqvtxgbcg4uw1nlkzv5ldui 0 1169 4498389 4413805 2025-06-03T03:10:05Z Kai Burghardt 153973 fix typos, unify source code style [no space around headings], use {{[[Template: XNote|XNote]]}} instead of abusing MediaWiki table, use definition list instead of bold markup, insert missing words, remove trailing blanks, use British style ‘…’ quotation instead of "…" [or the typographically correct “…” variant], unit names are not capitalized despite being named after a person, (ab‑)use blind table to vertically align texts, turn practice questions into [[Help: Quizzes|quizzes]], move images 4498389 wikitext text/x-wiki [[GCSE Science/Electricity]] ---- You will have already studied series and parallel circuits before, so you should be familiar with what a series and parallel circuit is and their basic properties. But in this module we will be looking at them in a little more detail. We will apply Ohm’s law to see how we can work out the resistance of a whole circuit that is made up of a large number of components. Before we begin you might want to [[GCSE Science/Parallel and series circuits revision questions|try some revision questions]]. ==Resistors in Series Circuits== As we know, '''in a series circuit the current in all parts of the circuit is the same and the current has a one way system'''. The current depends on the applied voltage and the number of and nature of other components in the circuit. [[Image: 2 resistors in series.png|thumb|Schematics diagram for a cell connected to two resistors R₁ and R₂ in series.]] Consider two resistors in a series circuit with a battery. As you might expect the total resistance in this circuit is higher than the resistance of each resistor, because the battery has to ‘push’ the charge through both resistors one after the other. So the total potential difference of the supply is ‘shared’ between the two resistors. Think about what is happening to the current as it flows around the circuit. There are no branches, nowhere for the electric current to escape to, so obviously the same current must flow through both resistors. Let’s call this current&nbsp;I. The total resistance for the whole circuit is very simple. It’s just R₁ plus R₂. ===Formula for resistance of two resistors in series=== {{equation|1=R_Total = R₁ + R₂}} '''The total resistance in a series circuit is the sum of the resistances of all the components.''' Using this formula we can calculate the voltage across each resistor. But it could depend on how many resistors there are. ===Example: Calculating voltages in a series circuit=== {| ! colspan=4 style="text-align: left" | Question |- | &emsp; | colspan=3 valign=baseline | Suppose R₁ = 1&Omega; and R₂= 4&Omega;. If the battery supplies 2.5 volts, what is the voltage across each resistor. |- ! colspan=4 style="text-align: left" | Answer |- | &emsp; ! valign=baseline | 1^st step | colspan=2 | First use the total resistance of the circuit to work out how much current is flowing through the circuit. Work out the total resistance |- | &emsp; | | identify formula: || R_Total = R₁ + R₂ |- | &emsp; | | insert numbers and units || R_Total = 1&Omega; + 4&Omega; = 5&Omega; |- | &emsp; ! valign=baseline | 2^nd step | colspan=2 | Use Ohms’s law to calculate the current in the circuit. Decide which resistance to use. |- | &emsp; | | identify formula (using the triangle): || I = V / R (Ohms’s law) |- | &emsp; | | decide which resistance to use: || Use R_Total; so formula becomes I = V / R_Total |- | &emsp; | | insert numbers and units || I amps = 2.5V / 5&Omega; = 0.5A |- | &emsp; | | colspan=2 | Now we know how much current is flowing through both resistors, we can work out the voltage across each resistor. |- | &emsp; ! valign=baseline | 3^rd step | colspan=2 | Use Ohm’s law to calculate the voltage across '''each''' resistor: |- | &emsp; | | identify formula (using the triangle): || V = I x R |- | &emsp; | | insert numbers for resistor 1: || V₁ volts = 0.5A x 1&Omega; = '''0.5 volts''' |- | &emsp; | | insert numbers for resistor 2: || V₂ volts = 0.5A x 4&Omega; = '''2.0 volts''' |} ===Practice questions=== <quiz display=simple> { '''Q1)''' Let R₁ = 2&Omega;, R₂ = 3&Omega;, and V = 5V what is the voltage across R₁ and R₂? | type="{}" } V₁ = { 2V | +2V | 2 V | +2 V } V₂ = { 3V | +3V | 3 V | +3 V } { '''Q2)''' Let R₁ = 3&Omega;, R₂ = 3&Omega;, and V = 6V what is the voltage across R₁ and R₂? | type="{}" } V₁ = { 3V | +3V | 3 V | +3 V } V₂ = { 3V | +3V | 3 V | +3 V } { '''Q3)''' Let R₁ = 2&Omega;, V = 5V and I = 1A what is the value of resistor R₂? | type="{}" } R₂ = { 3Ω | +3Ω | 3 Ω | +3 Ω | 3Ω | +3Ω | 3 Ω | +3 Ω } </quiz> ==Resistors in Parallel Circuits== [[Image: 2 resistors in parallel.png|thumb|Schematics diagram for a cell connected to two resistors R₁ and R₂ in parallel.]] Parallel circuits are a bit more complicated than series circuits, because they contain a branch&nbsp;– the electric current will take more than one route. Look at the diagram. At point X the current splits into two paths, and flows through both resistor R₁ and resistor R₂. It may not split in equal amounts. When several (two or more) components are connected in parallel branches, '''the voltage (potential difference) across each parallel branch is the same'''. And this is the same as the voltage across the battery. The current through each component is the same as if it were the only component present. '''So the total current flowing through the battery is the sum of the currents flowing through each branch.''' Here is the '''formula for the currents flowing through a parallel circuit.''' {{equation|1=I_Main = I₁ + I₂}} Because the voltage is the same for all branches, the branch with the lowest resistance has the highest current flowing through it. Because there are more paths for the charge to flow along, '''the total resistance is less than either of the two paths on their own.''' And therefore (with the same battery) the current is bigger. To find out the resistance of the whole circuit, we can’t just add together the resistors as we did in the series circuit, we have to apply Ohm’s law to each branch of the circuit. Imagine we replaced the resistors with bulbs. You should now be able to answer the following questions from your previous knowledge. <quiz display=simple> { '''Q4)''' You disconnect one of the bulbs, does the other stay lit? | type="()" } + Yes, it does. - No, it does not. { '''Q5)''' You reconnect the disconnected bulb, does the other dim or brighten? | type="()" } + Yes. || Ideally it should not make any difference. The brightness of the lit bulb should remain the same. ''(In practice the bulb will probably dim a tiny bit because of the internal resistance of the battery, but that's more advanced than this course)'' - No. { '''Q6)''' Would it be reasonable to say ‘each branch of the circuit behaves as if the other branch weren’t there’? | type="()" } + It certainly would. - That’s bonkers. </quiz> If you answered the above questions correctly you should find this next section easy! ===Example: Calculating the resistance of several resistors in parallel=== It’s best to break the process down into a number of simple steps. Some books may give you a formula to use, but you shouldn’t use any formula without understanding where it comes from (otherwise you are likely to remember it incorrectly or apply it inappropriately). By using a simple step by step method instead you can get a feel for why it works, and you will be far less likely to make a mistake in the exam. ; 1^st step : Consider each branch on its own, as if the other branch didn’t exist, and use Ohm's law to work out the current flowing through each branch. ; 2^nd step : Add the currents together to find out the total amount of current flowing through the whole circuit. ; 3^rd step : Apply Ohm’s law again to work out the total resistance of the circuit. ===Example=== Suppose V=2V R₁ = 1&Omega; and R₂= 1&Omega;. {| | 1. || Applying Ohm‘s law to the branch containing R₁ gives |- |   || 1=I₁ = V / R₁ = 2V / 1&Omega; = 2A |- | 2. || Applying Ohm’s law to the branch containing R₂ gives |- |   || I₂ = V / R₂ = 2V / 1&Omega; = 2A |- |   || Total current = I₁ + I₂ = 4A |- | 3. || Applying Ohm’s law again, to the whole circuit. |- |   || 1=R_Total = V / I_total = 2V / 4A =0.5&Omega; |} Notice that the resistance of the whole circuit is ''lower'' than the resistance of either branch! ===Practice questions=== <quiz display=simple> { '''Q7)''' Calculate the resistance of the above pair of resistors ''if'' they had been in ''series'' rather than parallel. | type="{}" } R = { 2Ω | +2Ω | 2 Ω | +2 Ω | 2Ω | +2Ω | 2 Ω | +2 Ω } { '''Q8)''' A parallel circuit has two resistors, one is 2&Omega; the other is 3&Omega;. The voltage is 6V. What is the total resistance of the circuit? | type="{}" } R = { 1.2Ω | +1.2Ω | 1.2 Ω | +1.2 Ω | 1.2Ω | +1.2Ω | 1.2 Ω | +1.2 Ω | 6/5Ω | +6/5Ω | 6/5 Ω | +6/5 Ω | 6/5Ω | +6/5Ω | 6/5 Ω | +6/5 Ω } { '''Q9)''' Three resistors are in parallel (three separate branches) their resistances are 2&Omega;, 2&Omega; and 3&Omega;. The voltage is 6V. What is the resistance of the circuit? | type="{}" } R = { 0.75Ω | +0.75Ω | 0.75 Ω | +0.75 Ω | 0.75Ω | +0.75Ω | 0.75 Ω | +0.75 Ω | 750mΩ | 750mΩ | 750 mΩ | +750 mΩ | 750mΩ | +750mΩ | 750 mΩ | +750 mΩ } </quiz> {{XNote|1='''Summary''' ; Series Circuits : The current through each component is the same. To find the total resistance just add the individual ones up. The total voltage is the sum of the voltages across the individual components. ; Parallel Circuits : Each branch acts as if the other branches were not there. The Voltage across each branch is the same. Ohm's law can be applied to each branch separately. The total current, is just the sum of the currents through each branch. }} ---- [[GCSE Science/Parallel and series circuits answers|Answers]] | [[GCSE Science/Three useful components|Three useful components>>]] {{BookCat}} 5sw21hensaokh6iya1xwzgizfjqpdza 0 1905 4498394 4437150 2025-06-03T06:30:11Z Md Mobashir Hossain 3489232 I have checked the book and found it mostly neutral. 4498394 wikitext text/x-wiki {{wikipedia|History of Islam}} ''This wikibook concerns about the history and development of thoughts, theology, and philosophy stemming from the Islamic faith throughout the centuries. For the political history of Islamic civilization, see [[History of Islamic Civilization]].'' The history of Islam begins in the 7th century AD. (Muslim believe that God sent message on different time period, to different messenger, from Adam to Muhammad) == Table of Contents == #'''[[/Early Islam/]] (Prophet Muhammad up to two succeeding generations)''' ## Prophet Muhammad and the revelation (Quran) ## Recollection of the prophetic tradition (Hadith/Sunnah) ## First schism: Sunnis, Shiites, and Khawarijs #'''[[/Islamic classical period|The classical period]] (Umayyad and Abassid period)''' ## Influence of Greek and foreign philosophies ## Theology (Ilm al-Kalam), important theological questions, and school of thoughts: Khawarijs, Murjiites, Mutazilites, Asharites, Maturidites ## Islamic legalistic science (Ilm al-Fiqh), derivations of law, and major legal schools: Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, Hambali #'''[[/The Mutazilites-Asharites debate/]]''' ## Basic tenets of Mutazilites teaching and its early endorsement by Abbasid Caliphs ## Reaction of the scholars and the development and basic tenets of the Asharites ## Ibn Rushd and Al-Ghazali ## Aftermath of debate and its influence outside the Islamic world #'''[[/Medieval period|The medieval and pre-modern period]] (Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal, and European colonization periods)''' ## Taqlid and the decline of philosophy ## Separate development of Shiism during Safavid period ## The rise of puritanical schools of thought, historical backgrounds, and the early writers: Ibn Taimiya, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab ## Developments outside the Middle East: India, Central Asia, Africa, and South East Asia #'''[[/Modern period|Modern period]]''' ## Early modern writers: Jamal-ad-Din al-Afghani, Muhammad Abduh ## Islamic reform movements (e.g. ''Muhammadiyah'' in Indonesia, ''Tablighi Jamaat'' in India), nationalist movements, and pan-Arab ideology ## The Muslim Brotherhood (Ikhwan al-Muslimin) and related movements, the subsequent rise of revolutionary Islamic activism, and important activists: Hasan al-Banna, Sayyed Qutb ## Modern Islamic philosophies: Ali Shariati, Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Ismail Al-Faruqi {{Expand}} {{Alphabetical|H}} {{Shelves|Religious history}} {{status|25%}} 0fmjpa6ifb0ek0guz99yh210zlbdxni 102 21941 4498383 4323059 2025-06-03T00:59:09Z Dlsslsl 3414868 4498383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{technique}} '''Barbecuing''' is cooking food slowly with relatively low heat and hardwood smoke. Spices, marinades or brines, and sauces may all be used in the food preparation process. [[Cookbook:Grilling|Grilling]] as a barbecue method is hotly debated in most of the US. In places like North Carolina and Texas where barbecue is part of their history and heritage, they believe grilling is not a barbecue method. Using different select hardwoods will infuse foods with distinct smoky flavours. Gas and electric smokers allow for more temperature control than smokers using charcoal or wood. In North Carolina, pork is traditionally barbecued while in Texas it is beef. However, for the common American, barbecue means pork. For more information, see [[Cookbook:Barbecue Tips|Barbecue Tips]]. [[Category:Barbecue recipes|*{{PAGENAME}}]] [[nl:Kookboek/Barbecueën]] 1x3nkyt0mf5jv8qe07pw1mqif6lts3j 4498388 4498383 2025-06-03T01:38:49Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 Rejected the last text change (by [[Special:Contributions/Dlsslsl|Dlsslsl]]) and restored revision 4323059 by Codename Noreste; american english spelling is fine here 4498388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{technique}} '''Barbecuing''' is cooking food slowly with relatively low heat and hardwood smoke. Spices, marinades or brines, and sauces may all be used in the food preparation process. [[Cookbook:Grilling|Grilling]] as a barbecue method is hotly debated in most of the US. In places like North Carolina and Texas where barbecue is part of their history and heritage, they believe grilling is not a barbecue method. Using different select hardwoods will infuse foods with distinct smoky flavors. Gas and electric smokers allow for more temperature control than smokers using charcoal or wood. In North Carolina, pork is traditionally barbecued while in Texas it is beef. However, for the common American, barbecue means pork. For more information, see [[Cookbook:Barbecue Tips|Barbecue Tips]]. [[Category:Barbecue recipes|*{{PAGENAME}}]] [[nl:Kookboek/Barbecueën]] a1j1gseqru9nhh52onb8nf5e75kai6p 0 26596 4498351 4442532 2025-06-02T14:25:32Z TeeKayEV 3503504 Correction of Michel catalog description 4498351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{book title|World Stamp Catalogue|A catalogue of postage stamps from around the world}} {{center|Dünyanın poçt markalarının kataloqu • Catalogue des Timbres du Monde • Weltbriefmarkenkatalog • Wereld Postzegel Catalogus • Каталог почтовых марок мира • Catalogo dei francobolli mondiali • Catálogo Mundial de Selos}} == General information == [[Image:5_Cent_-_Blauw_Stamp.png|right|150px]] *[[/Stamp Identifier|Stamp Identifier]] *[[/Description conventions|Descriptions]] *[[/Stamp Inclusion policy|Stamp Inclusion Policy]] *[[/Numbering System|Numbering System]] *[[/Common themes/]] *[[/Stamp valuation|Stamp Valuation]] *[[wikipedia:List of philatelic topics|Philatelic Topics]] {{clear}} == Alphabetical Country Index == {{World Stamp Catalogue/AZheader}} == Geographical Indexes == [[Image:Stamp_US_1847_5c-Benjamin_Franklin.jpg|right|190px]] * [[/Africa/]] * [[/Antarctica/]] * [[/Asia/]] * [[/Caribbean/]] * [[/Central America/]] * [[/Europe/]] * [[/Middle East/]] * [[/North America/]] * [[/Oceania/]] * [[/South America/]] * [[/International Organizations/]] ** [[/British Commonwealth/]] ** [[/ONU/|United Nations]] ** [[/I.O.C.|International Olympic Committee]] {{clear}} == Topical (or thematic) indexes == [[Image:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6187 stamp (anniversary emblem and Penny Black lettered 'T F').jpg|right|260px]] * [[/Cars/]] * [[/Europe CEPT/]] (European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations) * [[/Fantasy and Mythical Countries/]] * [[/Fauna/]] (Animals) * [[/Flora/]] (Plants including Flowers, etc.) * [[/Gandhi stamps/]] * [[/Ships/]] * [[/Space Exploration/]] * [[/Sports/]] * [[/Stamps on stamps/]] {{clear}} == References == There are four comprehensive world-wide stamp catalogues currently published on an annual or less frequent regular basis. They are all multi-volume publications. Nothing suggests that any of them makes any attempt whatsoever to provide information consistent with any of the others. The information on any one can completely contradict the information on the others, and often does. All of these catalogues have been produced in many editions, and some degree of consistency is maintained between successive editions. Users should be aware, however, that correction and updating of information is common. References to these and frequently re-edited national and regional catalogues will not normally show the edition unless some point needs to be brought to the attention of the reader. Anyone working with the material should still prefer the most recent editions available. The four world-wide catalogues are * '''''[[w:Stanley Gibbons catalogue|Stanley Gibbons Stamp Catalogue]]''''' produced in English by the Stanley Gibbons Company of London, England. It tends to be the standard reference in most Commonwealth countries except Canada. A Gibbons catalogue number is referenced with "'''SG'''". * '''''[[w:Michel catalog|Michel Katalog]]''''' produced in most cases in German by the Schwaneberger Verlag Company in the outskirts of Munich. A Michel catalog number is referenced with "'''Mi'''". * '''''[[w:Scott catalogue|Scott Standard Postage Stamp Catalog]]''''' produced in English by the Scott Publishing Co. of Sidney, Ohio, USA. It tends to be the standard reference in North America. A Scott catalog number is referenced with "'''Sc'''". * '''''[[w:Yvert et Tellier|Yvert et Tellier catalogue de timbres-poste]]''''' produced in French by Éditions Yvert & Tellier of Amiens, France. An Yvert catalogue number is referenced with "'''YT'''". Other world-wide catalogues which are no longer in production, such as those by Minkus and Senf, will be described as needed. Catalogues and other reference works relevant to only a small number of countries will be described where needed. ==Contributors and other special pages== *[[/Contributors/]], *[[/Requests/]], *[[Template:World Stamp Catalogue/List|New Catalogue List template]] *[[Template:World Stamp Catalogue/Stamp|Stamp template]] *[[Template:World Stamp Catalogue/AZheader|A-Z Page Header template]] *[[Template:World Stamp Catalogue|Old template]] {{Shelves|Collecting}} {{Alphabetical|W}} {{status|25%}} __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ [[az:Dünyanın poçt markalarının kataloqu]] pqq9ecgf9djyooha57m4aeuwrcqoi27 10 46966 4498365 4495558 2025-06-02T17:26:18Z Codename Noreste 3441010 Added a colon character between Wikijunior and Big Cats in some links. 4498365 wikitext text/x-wiki {|cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="padding: 0.3em; float:right; margin-left:15px; border: 1px solid #999999; border-right-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; background: rgba(0, 0, 255, 0.1); text-align:center" | [[File:Panthera tigris tigris.jpg|150px|center|<nowiki />]] |- |style="padding: 0.3em; font-size: 1em; background: rgba(102, 102, 255, 0.2)"| {{dark mode invert|[[Wikijunior:Big Cats|'''Wild Cats''']]}} |- |style="padding: 0.3em; line-height: 1.5em"| {{dark mode invert|'''Introduction'''}}<br /> [[Wikijunior:Big Cats/Foreword|Foreword]]<br /> [[Wikijunior:Big Cats/Meet The Cats|Meet The Cats]]<br /> {{dark mode invert|'''Great Cats'''}}<br /> [[Wikijunior:Big Cats/Lion|Lion]], [[Wikijunior:Big Cats/Tiger|Tiger]]<br /> [[Wikijunior:Big Cats/Leopard|Leopard]], [[Wikijunior:Big Cats/Jaguar|Jaguar]]<br /> [[Wikijunior:Big Cats/Snow leopard|Snow leopard]]<br /> [[Wikijunior:Big Cats/Clouded leopard|Clouded leopard]]<br /> [[Wikijunior:Big Cats/Marbled cat|Marbled cat]]<br /> {{dark mode invert|'''Swift Cats'''}}<br /> [[Wikijunior:Big Cats/Cheetah|Cheetah]]<br /> {{dark mode invert|'''Small New World Cats'''}}<br /> [[Wikijunior:Big Cats/Puma|Puma]]<br /> [[Wikijunior:Big Cats/Lynx and bobcats|Lynx and bobcat]]<br /> [[Wikijunior:Big Cats/Ocelot|Ocelot]], [[Wikijunior:Big Cats/Margay|Margay]]<br /> [[Wikijunior:Big Cats/Jaguarundi|Jaguarundi]]<br /> [[Wikijunior:Big Cats/Rusty spotted cat|Rusty spotted cat]]<br /> {{dark mode invert|'''Small Old World Cats'''}}<br /> [[Wikijunior:Big Cats/Caracal|Caracal]], [[Wikijunior:Big Cats/Serval|Serval]]<br /> [[Wikijunior:Big Cats/Manul|Manul]], [[Wikijunior:Big Cats/Wildcat|Wild cat]]<br /> [[Wikijunior:Big Cats/Sand cat|Sand cat]]<br /> {{dark mode invert|'''Hybrids'''}}<br /> [[Wikijunior:Big Cats/Tigons and Ligers|Tigons and Ligers]]<br /> {{dark mode invert|'''More Topics'''}}<br /> [[Wikijunior:Big Cats/Fossil History|Fossil History]]<br /> [[Wikijunior:Big Cats/In danger of extinction|Extinction]]<br /> [[Wikijunior:Big Cats/Keeping cats|Keeping Cats]]<br /> [[Wikijunior:Big Cats/Glossary|Glossary]]<br /> |}<includeonly> {{BookCat}}</includeonly><noinclude> [[{{BOOKCATEGORY|Wikijunior:Big Cats}}/Templates]] </noinclude> gbeq33ak219qzdwqtagrvwla79ow1gd 0 58766 4498349 4442468 2025-06-02T14:15:46Z 2600:100F:B097:E3BB:1DDB:6699:62C2:3865 4498349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{featured book}} [[File:Acoustics logo 2.JPG|center|Logo of the Book Acoustics]] {{collection}} {{Print version}} L ==HElL HlTLER!== In the case of a desirable sound, such as music, the main application of acoustics is to make the music sound as good as possible. In the case of an undesirable sound, such as traffic noise, the main application of acoustics is in noise reduction. Another major area of acoustics is in the field of ultrasound which has applications in detection, such as sonar systems or non-destructive material testing. The articles in this Wikibook describe the fundamentals of acoustics and some of the major applications. In order to add an article to this Wikibook, please read the [[Acoustics/How to contribute|How to contribute?]] section. == Fundamentals == #[[Acoustics/Fundamentals of Acoustics|Fundamentals of Acoustics]] #[[Acoustics/Fundamentals of Room Acoustics|Fundamentals of Room Acoustics]] #[[Acoustics/Fundamentals of Psychoacoustics|Fundamentals of Psychoacoustics]] #[[Acoustics/Sound Speed|Sound Speed]] #[[Acoustics/Filter Design and Implementation|Filter Design and Implementation]] #[[Acoustics/Flow-induced Oscillations of a Helmholtz Resonator|Flow-induced Oscillations of a Helmholtz Resonator]] #[[Acoustics/Active Control|Active Control]] == Applications == === Applications in Transport Industry === #[[Acoustics/Rotor Stator interactions|Rotor Stator interactions]] #[[Acoustics/Car Mufflers|Car Mufflers]] #[[Acoustics/Sonic Boom|Sonic Boom]] #[[Acoustics/Sonar|Sonar]] #[[Acoustics/Interior Sound Transmission|Interior Sound Transmission]] === Applications in Room Acoustics === #[[Acoustics/Anechoic and reverberation rooms|Anechoic and reverberation rooms]] #[[Acoustics/Basic Room Acoustic Treatments|Basic Room Acoustic Treatments]] === Applications in Psychoacoustics === #[[Acoustics/Human Vocal Fold|Human Vocal Fold]] #[[Acoustics/Threshold of Hearing/Pain|Threshold of Hearing/Pain]] === Musical Acoustics Applications === #[[Acoustics/How an Acoustic Guitar Works|How an Acoustic Guitar Works]] #[[Acoustics/Basic Acoustics of the Marimba|Basic Acoustics of the Marimba]] #[[Acoustics/Bessel Functions and the Kettledrum|Bessel Functions and the Kettledrum]] #[[Acoustics/Acoustics in Violins|Acoustics in Violins]] #[[Acoustics/Microphone Technique|Microphone Technique]] #[[Acoustics/Microphone Design and Operation|Microphone Design and Operation]] #[[Acoustics/Acoustic Loudspeaker|Acoustic Loudspeaker]] #[[Acoustics/Sealed Box Subwoofer Design|Sealed Box Subwoofer Design]] === Miscellaneous Applications === #[[Acoustics/Bass-Reflex Enclosure Design|Bass-Reflex Enclosure Design]] #[[Acoustics/Polymer-Film Acoustic Filters|Polymer-Film Acoustic Filters]] #[[Acoustics/Noise in Hydraulic Systems|Noise in Hydraulic Systems]] #[[Acoustics/Noise from Cooling Fans|Noise from Cooling Fans]] #[[Acoustics/Piezoelectric Transducers|Piezoelectric Transducers]] #[[Acoustics/Generation and Propagation of Thunder|Generation and Propagation of Thunder]] {{alphabetical|A}} {{Shelves|Physics|Acoustics|Music production}} {{status|100%}} [[de:Akustik]] kbksdbxzajil7hnpsq4a6i4k9xm4y9a 4498350 4498349 2025-06-02T14:16:11Z Ternera 2679710 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contribs/2600:100F:B097:E3BB:1DDB:6699:62C2:3865|2600:100F:B097:E3BB:1DDB:6699:62C2:3865]] ([[User talk:2600:100F:B097:E3BB:1DDB:6699:62C2:3865|talk]]) to last version by Omphalographer: reverting vandalism 4336542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{featured book}} [[File:Acoustics logo 2.JPG|center|Logo of the Book Acoustics]] {{collection}} {{Print version}} {{PDF version}} __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ '''Acoustics''' (from Greek ακουστικός pronounced akoustikos meaning "of or for hearing, ready to hear") is the science that studies sound, in particular its production, transmission, and effects. The science of acoustics has many applications which are dependent upon the nature of the sound that is to be produced, transmitted or controlled. In the case of a desirable sound, such as music, the main application of acoustics is to make the music sound as good as possible. In the case of an undesirable sound, such as traffic noise, the main application of acoustics is in noise reduction. Another major area of acoustics is in the field of ultrasound which has applications in detection, such as sonar systems or non-destructive material testing. The articles in this Wikibook describe the fundamentals of acoustics and some of the major applications. In order to add an article to this Wikibook, please read the [[Acoustics/How to contribute|How to contribute?]] section. == Fundamentals == #[[Acoustics/Fundamentals of Acoustics|Fundamentals of Acoustics]] #[[Acoustics/Fundamentals of Room Acoustics|Fundamentals of Room Acoustics]] #[[Acoustics/Fundamentals of Psychoacoustics|Fundamentals of Psychoacoustics]] #[[Acoustics/Sound Speed|Sound Speed]] #[[Acoustics/Filter Design and Implementation|Filter Design and Implementation]] #[[Acoustics/Flow-induced Oscillations of a Helmholtz Resonator|Flow-induced Oscillations of a Helmholtz Resonator]] #[[Acoustics/Active Control|Active Control]] == Applications == === Applications in Transport Industry === #[[Acoustics/Rotor Stator interactions|Rotor Stator interactions]] #[[Acoustics/Car Mufflers|Car Mufflers]] #[[Acoustics/Sonic Boom|Sonic Boom]] #[[Acoustics/Sonar|Sonar]] #[[Acoustics/Interior Sound Transmission|Interior Sound Transmission]] === Applications in Room Acoustics === #[[Acoustics/Anechoic and reverberation rooms|Anechoic and reverberation rooms]] #[[Acoustics/Basic Room Acoustic Treatments|Basic Room Acoustic Treatments]] === Applications in Psychoacoustics === #[[Acoustics/Human Vocal Fold|Human Vocal Fold]] #[[Acoustics/Threshold of Hearing/Pain|Threshold of Hearing/Pain]] === Musical Acoustics Applications === #[[Acoustics/How an Acoustic Guitar Works|How an Acoustic Guitar Works]] #[[Acoustics/Basic Acoustics of the Marimba|Basic Acoustics of the Marimba]] #[[Acoustics/Bessel Functions and the Kettledrum|Bessel Functions and the Kettledrum]] #[[Acoustics/Acoustics in Violins|Acoustics in Violins]] #[[Acoustics/Microphone Technique|Microphone Technique]] #[[Acoustics/Microphone Design and Operation|Microphone Design and Operation]] #[[Acoustics/Acoustic Loudspeaker|Acoustic Loudspeaker]] #[[Acoustics/Sealed Box Subwoofer Design|Sealed Box Subwoofer Design]] === Miscellaneous Applications === #[[Acoustics/Bass-Reflex Enclosure Design|Bass-Reflex Enclosure Design]] #[[Acoustics/Polymer-Film Acoustic Filters|Polymer-Film Acoustic Filters]] #[[Acoustics/Noise in Hydraulic Systems|Noise in Hydraulic Systems]] #[[Acoustics/Noise from Cooling Fans|Noise from Cooling Fans]] #[[Acoustics/Piezoelectric Transducers|Piezoelectric Transducers]] #[[Acoustics/Generation and Propagation of Thunder|Generation and Propagation of Thunder]] {{alphabetical|A}} {{Shelves|Physics|Acoustics|Music production}} {{status|100%}} [[de:Akustik]] kpubelre7n7qftq0i87dhkwwlu7mvve 0 85108 4498369 3251542 2025-06-02T17:59:22Z Iain marcuson 3175980 Update sampling mathematics and start discussion on periodicity. 4498369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ADC Page}} == Ideal Sampler == {{info|The following few sections may rely heavily on [[Calculus]]. Sections not requiring calculus will appear at the end of this page}} Let us say that we have a sampler device that operates as follows: every T seconds, the sampler reads the current value of the input signal at that exact moment. The sampler then holds that value on the output for T seconds, before taking the next sample. We have a generic input to this system, f(t), and our sampled output will be denoted f*(t). We can then show the following relationship between the two signals: :<math>f^*(t) = f(0)(u(0)-u(T)) + f(T)(u(T)-u(2T)) + ...</math> Note that the <math>f^*(nT+t)</math> is constant for all <math>t\in[0,T)</math>. This applies for all integer <math>n \ge 0</math> == Star Transform == Taking the Laplace transform of this infinite sequence will yield us with a special result called the '''star transform'''. The star transform is also occasionally called the "starred transform" in some texts. The star transform is defined as such: :<math>F^*(s) = \mathcal{L}^*[f(t)] = \sum_{i = 0}^\infty f(iT)e^{-siT}</math> The star transform depends on the sampling time, T, and is different for a single signal, depending on the speed at which the signal is sampled. == Sampler Block Diagram == {{info|Information below here will not require any previous knowledge of calculus}} A sampler is usually denoted on a circuit diagram as being a switch that opens and closes at set intervals. These intervals represent the sampling time, T. {{TextBox| ;Sampling Time:The amount of time between successive samples. }} Samplers work by reading in an analog waveform, and "catching" the value of that waveform at a particular point in time. This value is then fed into an ADC converter, and a digital sequence is produced. The exact method by which the digital sequence is produced will be discussed later in the sections on quantization. == Sampling Delays == Real samplers take a certain amount of time to read the sample, and convert it into a digital representation. This delay can usually be modeled as a delay unit in series with the sampler. == Sampling Jitter == Samplers in real life don't always take a perfect sample exactly at time T, but instead sample "around" the right time. The difference between the ideal sampling time T, and the actual sample time is known as the "Sampling Jitter", or simply the '''jitter'''. == Periodicity == A signal is said to be periodic if there exists :<math>T\ne0 | f(t+T) = f(t) \forall t</math> A simple periodic function is :<math>f(t) = \text{sin}(2\pi{}ft)</math> The above is a sine wave with frequency f and period <math>1\over{f}</math>. This sine wave will be sampled with sample period <math>T'</math>. === Periodic After Sampling === Let <math>f=1</math>. Then :<math>f(t) = \text{sin}(2\pi{}(1)t) = \text{sin}(2\pi{}t)</math> is periodic with period 1. Let <math>T'=0.25</math> The first samples for <math>f^*(t)</math> are {| class="wikitable" |+ A 1 Hz signal sampled at 4Hz |- ! Sample Number (n) !! Time (t) !! <math>f^*(nT) = f^*(t)</math> |- | 0 || 0.00 || 0 |- | 1 || 0.25 || 1 |- | 2 || 0.50 || 0 |- | 3 || 0.75 || -1 |- | 4 || 1.00 || 0 |- | 5 || 1.25 || 1 |- | 6 || 1.50 || 0 |- | 7 || 1.75 || -1 |- | 8 || 2.00 || 0 |} This function is periodic in <math>n</math> for <math>n=4</math>. 970n0scpw2nzdloyuvw7z0e4z757gj7 4498370 4498369 2025-06-02T18:14:34Z Iain marcuson 3175980 /* Periodicity */ Fix constant in table heading. 4498370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ADC Page}} == Ideal Sampler == {{info|The following few sections may rely heavily on [[Calculus]]. Sections not requiring calculus will appear at the end of this page}} Let us say that we have a sampler device that operates as follows: every T seconds, the sampler reads the current value of the input signal at that exact moment. The sampler then holds that value on the output for T seconds, before taking the next sample. We have a generic input to this system, f(t), and our sampled output will be denoted f*(t). We can then show the following relationship between the two signals: :<math>f^*(t) = f(0)(u(0)-u(T)) + f(T)(u(T)-u(2T)) + ...</math> Note that the <math>f^*(nT+t)</math> is constant for all <math>t\in[0,T)</math>. This applies for all integer <math>n \ge 0</math> == Star Transform == Taking the Laplace transform of this infinite sequence will yield us with a special result called the '''star transform'''. The star transform is also occasionally called the "starred transform" in some texts. The star transform is defined as such: :<math>F^*(s) = \mathcal{L}^*[f(t)] = \sum_{i = 0}^\infty f(iT)e^{-siT}</math> The star transform depends on the sampling time, T, and is different for a single signal, depending on the speed at which the signal is sampled. == Sampler Block Diagram == {{info|Information below here will not require any previous knowledge of calculus}} A sampler is usually denoted on a circuit diagram as being a switch that opens and closes at set intervals. These intervals represent the sampling time, T. {{TextBox| ;Sampling Time:The amount of time between successive samples. }} Samplers work by reading in an analog waveform, and "catching" the value of that waveform at a particular point in time. This value is then fed into an ADC converter, and a digital sequence is produced. The exact method by which the digital sequence is produced will be discussed later in the sections on quantization. == Sampling Delays == Real samplers take a certain amount of time to read the sample, and convert it into a digital representation. This delay can usually be modeled as a delay unit in series with the sampler. == Sampling Jitter == Samplers in real life don't always take a perfect sample exactly at time T, but instead sample "around" the right time. The difference between the ideal sampling time T, and the actual sample time is known as the "Sampling Jitter", or simply the '''jitter'''. == Periodicity == A signal is said to be periodic if there exists :<math>T\ne0 | f(t+T) = f(t) \forall t</math> A simple periodic function is :<math>f(t) = \text{sin}(2\pi{}ft)</math> The above is a sine wave with frequency f and period <math>1\over{f}</math>. This sine wave will be sampled with sample period <math>T'</math>. === Periodic After Sampling === Let <math>f=1</math>. Then :<math>f(t) = \text{sin}(2\pi{}(1)t) = \text{sin}(2\pi{}t)</math> is periodic with period 1. Let <math>T'=0.25</math> The first samples for <math>f^*(t)</math> are {| class="wikitable" |+ A 1 Hz signal sampled at 4Hz |- ! Sample Number (n) !! Time (t) !! <math>f^*(nT') = f^*(t)</math> |- | 0 || 0.00 || 0 |- | 1 || 0.25 || 1 |- | 2 || 0.50 || 0 |- | 3 || 0.75 || -1 |- | 4 || 1.00 || 0 |- | 5 || 1.25 || 1 |- | 6 || 1.50 || 0 |- | 7 || 1.75 || -1 |- | 8 || 2.00 || 0 |} This function is periodic in <math>n</math> for <math>n=4</math>. qcjbgeg4p0uv4753sx1zqepn5f2xzii 0 97381 4498344 4091645 2025-06-02T12:01:40Z 2400:C600:4722:45D7:A5B1:4366:CA5C:68D2 /* Pairs */ 4498344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{YAHT contents}} <!-- = Type Basics = --> Haskell uses a system of ''static type checking''. This means that every expression in Haskell is assigned a ''type''. For instance <code>'a'</code> would have type <code>Char</code>, for "character." Then, if you have a function which expects an argument of a certain type and you give it the wrong type, a compile-time error will be generated (that is, you will not be able to compile the program). This vastly reduces the number of bugs that can creep into your program. Furthermore, Haskell uses a system of ''type inference''. This means that you don't even need to specify the type of expressions. For comparison, in C, when you define a variable, you need to specify its type (for instance, int, char, etc.). In Haskell, you needn't do this -- the type will be inferred from context. {{body note|1= If you want, you certainly are allowed to explicitly specify the type of an expression; this often helps debugging. In fact, it is sometimes considered good style to explicitly specify the types of outermost functions.}} Both Hugs and GHCi allow you to apply type inference to an expression to find its type. This is done by using the <code>:t</code> command. For instance, start up your favorite shell and try the following: {{HaskellExample|1=|2=<pre> Prelude> :t 'c' 'c' :: Char </pre>}} This tells us that the expression <code>'c'</code> has type <code>Char</code> (the double colon <code>::</code> is used throughout Haskell to specify types). <!-- ======================================================= typebasics-simple--> == Simple Types == There are a slew of built-in types, including <code>Int</code> (for integers, both positive and negative), <code>Double</code> (for floating point numbers), <code>Char</code> (for single characters), <code>String</code> (for strings), and others. We have already seen an expression of type <code>Char</code>; let's examine one of type <code>String</code>: {{HaskellExample|1=|2=<pre> Prelude> :t "Hello" "Hello" :: String </pre>}} You can also enter more complicated expressions, for instance, a test of equality: {{HaskellExample|1=|2=<pre> Prelude> :t 'a' == 'b' 'a' == 'b' :: Bool </pre>}} You should note that even though this expression is false, it still has a type, namely the type <code>Bool</code>. {{body note|1= <code>Bool</code> is short for Boolean (pronounced "boo-lee-uhn") and has two possible values: <code>True</code> and <code>False</code>.}} You can observe the process of type checking and type inference by trying to get the shell to give you the type of an ill-typed expression. For instance, the equality operator requires that the type of both of its arguments are of the same type. We can see that <code>Char</code> and <code>String</code> are of different types by trying to compare a character to a string: {{HaskellExample|1=|2=<pre> Prelude> :t 'a' == "a" ERROR - Type error in application *** Expression : 'a' == "a" *** Term : 'a' *** Type : Char *** Does not match : [Char] </pre>}} The first line of the error (the line containing "<code>Expression</code>") tells us the expression in which the type error occurred. The second line tells us which part of this expression is ill-typed. The third line tells us the inferred type of this term and the fourth line tells us what it needs to have matched. In this case, it says that type <code>Char</code> doesn't match the type <code>[Char]</code> (a list of characters -- a string in Haskell is represented as a list of characters). As mentioned before, you can explicitly specify the type of an expression using the <tt>'''::'''</tt> operator. For instance, instead of <code>"a"</code> in the previous example, we could have written <code>("a"::String)</code>. In this case, this has no effect since there's only one possible interpretation of <code>"a"</code>. However, consider the case of numbers. You can try: {{HaskellExample|1=|2=<pre> Prelude> :t 5 :: Int 5 :: Int Prelude> :t 5 :: Double 5 :: Double </pre>}} Here, we can see that the number 5 can be instantiated as either an <code>Int</code> or a <code>Double</code>. What if we don't specify the type? {{HaskellExample|1=|2=<pre> Prelude> :t 5 5 :: Num a => a </pre>}} Not quite what you expected? What this means, briefly, is that if some type <code>a</code> is an ''instance'' of the <code>Num</code> class, then type of the expression <code>5</code> can be of type <code>a</code>. If that made no sense, that's okay for now. In Section [[../Type basics#Classes|Classes]] we talk extensively about type classes (which is what this is). The way to read this, though, is to say "a being an instance of Num implies a." {{Exercises|1= Figure out for yourself, and then verify the types of the following expressions, if they have a type. Also note if the expression is a type error: # <code>'h':'e':'l':'l':'o':[]</code> # <code>[5,'a']</code> # <code>(5,'a')</code> # <code>(5::Int) + 10</code> # <code>(5::Int) + (10::Double)</code>}} <!-- ======================================================= typebasics-polymorphic--> == Polymorphic Types == Haskell employs a polymorphic type system. This essentially means that you can have ''type variables'', which we have alluded to before. For instance, note that a function like <code>tail</code> doesn't care what the elements in the list are: {{HaskellExample|1=|2=<pre> Prelude> tail [5,6,7,8,9] [6,7,8,9] Prelude> tail "hello" "ello" Prelude> tail ["the","man","is","happy"] ["man","is","happy"] </pre>}} This is possible because <code>tail</code> has a polymorphic type: <code>[</code><math>\alpha</math><code>]</code> -> <code>[</code><math>\alpha</math><code>]</code>. That means it can take as an argument ''any'' list and return a value which is a list of the same type. The same analysis can explain the type of <code>fst</code>: {{HaskellExample|1=|2=<pre> Prelude> :t fst fst :: (a,b) -> a </pre>}} Here, GHCi has made explicit the ''universal quantification'' of the type values. That is, it is saying that for all types <code>a</code> and <code>b</code>, <code>fst</code> is a function from <code>(a,b)</code> to <code>a</code>. {{Exercises|1= Figure out for yourself, and then verify the types of the following expressions, if they have a type. Also note if the expression is a type error: # <code>snd</code> # <code>head</code> # <code>null</code> # <code>head . tail</code> # <code>head . head</code>}} <!-- ======================================================= typebasics-classes--> == Type Classes == We saw last section some strange typing having to do with the number five. Before we delve too deeply into the subject of type classes, let's take a step back and see some of the motivation. === Motivation === In many languages (C++, Java, etc.), there exists a system of overloading. That is, a function can be written that takes parameters of differing types. For instance, the canonical example is the equality function. If we want to compare two integers, we should use an integer comparison; if we want to compare two floating point numbers, we should use a floating point comparison; if we want to compare two characters, we should use a character comparison. In general, if we want to compare two things which have type <math>\alpha</math>, we want to use an <math>\alpha-compare</math>. We call <math>\alpha</math> a ''type variable'' since it is a variable whose value is a type. {{body note|1= In general, type variables will be written using the first part of the Greek alphabet: <math>\alpha, \beta, \gamma, \delta, ...</math>.}} Unfortunately, this presents some problems for static type checking, since the type checker doesn't know which types a certain operation (for instance, equality testing) will be defined for. There are as many solutions to this problem as there are statically typed languages (perhaps a slight exaggeration, but not so much so). The one chosen in Haskell is the system of type classes. Whether this is the "correct" solution or the "best" solution of course depends on your application domain. It is, however, the one we have, so you should learn to love it. === Equality Testing === Returning to the issue of equality testing, what we want to be able to do is define a function <code>==</code> (the equality operator) which takes two parameters, each of the same type (call it <math>\alpha</math>), and returns a boolean. But this function may not be defined for ''every'' type; just for some. Thus, we associate this function <code>==</code> with a type class, which we call <tt>'''Eq'''</tt>. If a specific type <math>\alpha</math> belongs to a certain type class (that is, all functions associated with that class are implemented for <math>\alpha</math>), we say that <math>\alpha</math> is an ''instance'' of that class. For instance, <tt>'''Int'''</tt> is an instance of <tt>'''Eq'''</tt> since equality is defined over integers. === The Num Class === In addition to overloading operators like <code>==</code>, Haskell has overloaded numeric constants (i.e., 1, 2, 3, etc.). This was done so that when you type in a number like 5, the compiler is free to say 5 is an integer or floating point number as it sees fit. It defines the <tt>'''Num'''</tt> class to contain all of these numbers and certain minimal operations over them (addition, for instance). The basic numeric types (Int, Double) are defined to be instances of <tt>'''Num'''</tt>. We have only skimmed the surface of the power (and complexity) of type classes here. There will be much more discussion of them in Section [[../Type advanced#Classes|Classes]], but we need some more background before we can get there. Before we do that, we need to talk a little more about functions. === The Show Class === Another of the standard classes in Haskell is the <code>Show</code> class. Types which are members of the <code>Show</code> class have functions which convert values of that type to a string. This function is called <code>show</code>. For instance <code>show</code> applied to the integer 5 is the string "5"; <code>show</code> applied to the character 'a' is the three-character string "'a'" (the first and last characters are apostrophes). <code>show</code> applied to a string simply puts quotes around it. You can test this in the interpreter: {{HaskellExample|1=|2=<pre> Prelude> show 5 "5" Prelude> show 'a' "'a'" Prelude> show "Hello World" "\"Hello World\"" </pre>}} {{body note|1= The reason the backslashes appear in the last line is because the interior quotes are "escaped", meaning that they are part of the string, not part of the interpreter printing the value. The actual string doesn't contain the backslashes.}} Some types are not instances of Show; functions for example. If you try to show a function (like <code>sqrt</code>), the compiler or interpreter will give you some cryptic error message, complaining about a missing instance declaration or an illegal class constraint. <!-- ======================================================= typebasics-functions--> == Function Types == In Haskell, functions are ''first class values'', meaning that just as <code>1</code> or <code>'c'</code> are values which have a type, so are functions like <code>square</code> or <code>++</code>. Before we talk too much about functions, we need to make a short diversion into very theoretical computer science (don't worry, it won't be too painful) and talk about the lambda calculus. === Lambda Calculus === The name "Lambda Calculus", while perhaps daunting, describes a fairly simple system for representing functions. The way we would write a squaring function in lambda calculus is: <math>\lambda x . x*x</math>, which means that we take a value, which we will call <math>x</math> (that's what <math>\lambda x .</math> means) and then multiply it by itself. The <math>\lambda</math> is called "lambda abstraction." In general, lambdas can only have one parameter. If we want to write a function that takes two numbers, doubles the first and adds it to the second, we would write: <math>\lambda x \lambda y . 2*x+y</math>. When we apply a value to a lambda expression, we remove the outermost <math>\lambda</math> and replace every occurrence of the lambda variable with the value. For instance, if we evaluate <math>(\lambda x . x*x) 5</math>, we remove the lambda and replace every occurrence of <math>x</math> with <math>5</math>, yielding <math>(5*5)</math> which is <math>25</math>. In fact, Haskell is largely based on an extension of the lambda calculus, and these two expressions can be written directly in Haskell (we simply replace the <math>\lambda</math> with a backslash(\) and the <math>.</math> with (->); also we don't need to repeat the lambdas; and, of course, in Haskell we have to give them names if we're defining functions): <pre> square = \x -> x*x f = \x y -> 2*x + y </pre> You can also evaluate lambda expressions in your interactive shell: {{HaskellExample|1=|2=<pre> Prelude> (\x -> x*x) 5 25 Prelude> (\x y -> 2*x + y) 5 4 14 </pre>}} We can see in the second example that we need to give the lambda abstraction two arguments, one corresponding to <code>x</code> and the other corresponding to <code>y</code>. === Higher-Order Types === "Higher-Order Types" is the name given to those types whose elements are functions. The type given to functions mimicks the lambda calculus representation of the functions. For instance, the definition of square gives <math>\lambda x . x*x</math>. To get the type of this, we first ask ourselves what the type of <code>x</code> is. Say we decide <code>x</code> is an <code>Int</code>. Then, we notice that the function <code>square</code> takes an <code>Int</code> and produces a value <code>x*x</code>. We know that when we multiply two <code>Int</code>s together, we get another <code>Int</code>, so the type of the results of <code>square</code> is also an <code>Int</code>. Thus, we say the type of <code>square</code> is <code>Int -> Int</code>. We can apply a similar analysis to the function <code>f</code> above(\x y -> 2*x + y). The value of this function (remember, functions ''are'' values) is something which takes a value <code>x</code> and produces a ''new'' value, which takes a value <code>y</code> and produces <code>2*x+y</code>. For instance, if we take <code>f</code> and apply only one number to it, we get <math>(\lambda x \lambda y . 2x+y) 5</math> which becomes our new value <math>\lambda y . 2(5)+y</math>, where all occurrences of <math>x</math> have been replaced with the applied value, <math>5</math>. So we know that <code>f</code> takes an <code>Int</code> and produces a value of some type, of which we're not sure. But we know the type of this value is the type of <math>\lambda y . 2(5)+y</math>. We apply the above analysis and find out that this expression has type <code>Int -> Int</code>. Thus, <code>f</code> takes an <code>Int</code> and produces something which has type <code>Int -> Int</code>. So the type of <code>f</code> is <code>Int -> (Int -> Int)</code>. {{body note|1= The parentheses are not necessary; in function types, if you have <math>\alpha \rightarrow \beta \rightarrow \gamma</math> it is assumed that <math>\beta \rightarrow \gamma</math> is grouped. If you want the other way, with <math>\alpha \rightarrow \beta</math> grouped, you need to put parentheses around them.}} This isn't entirely accurate. As we saw before, numbers like <code>5</code> aren't really of type <code>Int</code>, they are of type <code>Num a => a</code>. We can easily find the type of Prelude functions using ":t" as before: {{HaskellExample|1=|2=<pre> Prelude> :t head head :: [a] -> a Prelude> :t tail tail :: [a] -> [a] Prelude> :t null null :: [a] -> Bool Prelude> :t fst fst :: (a,b) -> a Prelude> :t snd snd :: (a,b) -> b </pre>}} We read this as: "head" is a function that takes a list containing values of type "a" and gives back a value of type "a"; "tail" takes a list of "a"s and gives back another list of "a"s; "null" takes a list of "a"s and gives back a boolean; "fst" takes a pair of type "(a,b)" and gives back something of type "a", and so on. {{body note|1= Saying that the type of <code>fst</code> is <code>(a,b) -> a</code> does not necessarily mean that it simply gives back the first element; it only means that it gives back something with the ''same type'' as the first element.}} We can also get the type of operators like <code>+</code> and <code>*</code> and <code>++</code> and <code>:</code>; however, in order to do this we need to put them in parentheses. In general, any function which is used ''infix'' (meaning in the middle of two arguments rather than before them) must be put in parentheses when getting its type. {{HaskellExample|1=|2=<pre> Prelude> :t (+) (+) :: Num a => a -> a -> a Prelude> :t (*) (*) :: Num a => a -> a -> a Prelude> :t (++) (++) :: [a] -> [a] -> [a] Prelude> :t (:) (:) :: a -> [a] -> [a] </pre>}} The types of <code>+</code> and <code>*</code> are the same, and mean that <code>+</code> is a function which, for some type <code>a</code> which is an instance of <code>Num</code>, takes a value of type <code>a</code> and produces another function which takes a value of type <code>a</code> and produces a value of type <code>a</code>. In short hand, we might say that <code>+</code> takes two values of type <code>a</code> and produces a value of type <code>a</code>, but this is less precise. The type of <code>++</code> means, in shorthand, that, for a given type <code>a</code>, <code>++</code> takes two lists of <code>a</code>s and produces a new list of <code>a</code>s. Similarly, <code>:</code> takes a value of type <code>a</code> and another value of type <code>[a]</code> (list of <code>a</code>s) and produces another value of type <code>[a]</code>. === That Pesky IO Type === You might be tempted to try getting the type of a function like <code>putStrLn</code>: {{HaskellExample|1=|2=<pre> Prelude> :t putStrLn putStrLn :: String -> IO () Prelude> :t readFile readFile :: FilePath -> IO String </pre>}} What in the world is that <code>IO</code> thing? It's basically Haskell's way of representing that these functions aren't really functions. They're called "IO Actions" (hence the <code>IO</code>). The immediate question which arises is: okay, so how do I get rid of the <code>IO</code>. Well, you can't maintain the pure functionality of your code while using a function with a type such as IO String -> String. Haskell's pure functions always give the same result when applied to the same argument, just as in mathematics. <code>readFile</code>, on the other hand, yields whatever the file content happens to be when it is called. Suppose <code>x = "TABLE OF CONTENTS"</code> at one point in an ongoing Haskell process, and later <code>x = "TABLE OF CONTENTS {new line} "Chapter One"</code>. That wouldn't be a problem in languages with mutable variables but in Haskell, once a value has been assigned to x, mutating that value could result in bizarre behavior prior to a system crash. So, in almost every use case you can imagine, the way to use things with an <code>IO</code> type is to isolate them from pure parts of the program by combining them with other functions. For example, if you're reading a file using <code>readFile</code>, presumably you want to do something with the string it returns (otherwise, why would you read the file in the first place). Suppose you have a function <code>f</code> which takes a <code>String</code> and produces an <code>Int</code>. You can't directly apply <code>f</code> to the result of <code>readFile</code> since the input to <code>f</code> is <code>String</code> and the output of <code>readFile</code> is <code>IO String</code> and these don't match. However, you can combine these as: <pre> main = do s <- readFile "somefile" let i = f s putStrLn (show i) </pre> Here, we use the arrow convention to "get the string out of the IO action" and then apply <code>f</code> to the string (called <code>s</code>). We then, for example, print <code>i</code> to the screen. Note that the <tt>'''let'''</tt> here doesn't have a corresponding <tt>'''in'''</tt>. This is because we are in a <tt>'''do'''</tt> block. Also note that we don't write <code>i <- f s</code> because <code>f</code> is just a normal function, not an IO action. Note: <code>putStrLn (show i)</code> can be simplified to <code>print i</code> if you want. === Explicit Type Declarations === It is sometimes desirable to explicitly specify the types of some elements or functions, for one (or more) of the following reasons: * Clarity * Speed * Debugging Some people consider it good software engineering to specify the types of all top-level functions. If nothing else, if you're trying to compile a program and you get type errors that you cannot understand, if you declare the types of some of your functions explicitly, it may be easier to figure out where the error is. Type declarations are written separately from the function definition. For instance, we could explicitly type the function <code>square</code> as in the following code (an explicitly declared type is called a ''type signature''): <pre> square :: Num a => a -> a square x = x*x </pre> These two lines do not even have to be next to each other. However, the type that you specify must match the inferred type of the function definition (or be more specific). In this definition, you could apply <code>square</code> to anything which is an instance of <code>Num</code>: <code>Int</code>, <code>Double</code>, etc. However, if you knew apriori that <code>square</code> were only going to be applied to value of type <code>Int</code>, you could ''refine'' its type as: <pre> square :: Int -> Int square x = x*x </pre> Now, you could only apply <code>square</code> to values of type <code>Int</code>. Moreover, with this definition, the compiler doesn't have to generate the general code specified in the original function definition since it knows you will only apply <code>square</code> to <code>Int</code>s, so it may be able to generate faster code. If you have extensions turned on ("-98" in Hugs or "-fglasgow-exts" in GHC(i)), you can also add a type signature to expressions and not just functions. For instance, you could write: <pre> square (x :: Int) = x*x </pre> which tells the compiler that <code>x</code> is an <code>Int</code>; however, it leaves the compiler alone to infer the type of the rest of the expression. What is the type of <code>square</code> in this example? Make your guess then you can check it either by entering this code into a file and loading it into your interpreter or by asking for the type of the expression: {{HaskellExample|1=|2=<pre> Prelude> :t (\(x :: Int) -> x*x) </pre>}} since this lambda abstraction is equivalent to the above function declaration. === Functional Arguments === In the section on [[../Language basics#Lists|Lists]] we saw examples of functions taking other functions as arguments. For instance, <code>map</code> took a function to apply to each element in a list, <code>filter</code> took a function that told it which elements of a list to keep, and <code>foldl</code> took a function which told it how to combine list elements together. As with every other function in Haskell, these are well-typed. Let's first think about the <code>map</code> function. Its job is to take a list of elements and produce another list of elements. These two lists don't necessarily have to have the same types of elements. So <code>map</code> will take a value of type <code>[a]</code> and produce a value of type <code>[b]</code>. How does it do this? It uses the user-supplied function to convert. In order to convert an <code>a</code> to a <code>b</code>, this function must have type <code>a -> b</code>. Thus, the type of <code>map</code> is <code>(a -> b) -> [a] -> [b]</code>, which you can verify in your interpreter with ":t". We can apply the same sort of analysis to <code>filter</code> and discern that it has type <code>(a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a]</code>. As we presented the <code>foldr</code> function, you might be tempted to give it type <code>(a -> a -> a) -> a -> [a] -> a</code>, meaning that you take a function which combines two <code>a</code>s into another one, an initial value of type <code>a</code>, a list of <code>a</code>s to produce a final value of type <code>a</code>. In fact, <code>foldr</code> has a more general type: <code>(a -> b -> b) -> b -> [a] -> b</code>. So it takes a function which turn an <code>a</code> and a <code>b</code> into a <code>b</code>, an initial value of type <code>b</code> and a list of <code>a</code>s. It produces a <code>b</code>. To see this, we can write a function <code>count</code> which counts how many members of a list satisfy a given constraint. You can of course use <code>filter</code> and <code>length</code> to do this, but we will also do it using <code>foldr</code>: <pre> module Count where import Char count1 bTest list = length (filter bTest list) count2 bTest list = foldr (\x cnt -> if bTest x then cnt+1 else cnt) 0 list </pre> The functioning of <code>count1</code> is simple. It filters the list <code>list</code> according to the predicate <code>bTest</code>, then takes the length of the resulting list. On the other hand, <code>count2</code> uses the initial value (which is an integer) to hold the current count. For each element in the list <code>list</code>, it applies the lambda expression shown. This takes two arguments, <code>cnt</code> which holds the current count and <code>x</code> which is the current element in the list that we're looking at. It checks to see if <code>bTest</code> holds about <code>x</code>. If it does, it returns the new value <code>cnt+1</code>, increasing the count of elements for which the predicate holds. If it doesn't, it just returns <code>cnt</code>, the old count. With <code>lambda</code> defined as above, <code>count2 Char.isLower "aBCde"</code> expands to <code>lambda 'a' (lambda 'B' (lambda 'C' (lambda 'd' (lambda 'e' 0))))</code>. {{Exercises|1= Figure out for yourself, and then verify the types of the following expressions, if they have a type. Also note if the expression is a type error: # <code>\x -> [x]</code> # <code>\x y z -> (x,y:z:[])</code> # <code>\x -> x + 5</code> # <code>\x -> "hello, world"</code> # <code>\x -> x 'a'</code> # <code>\x -> x x</code> # <code>\x -> x + x</code>}} <!-- ======================================================= typebasics-datatypes--> == Data Types == Tuples and lists are nice, common ways to define structured values. However, it is often desirable to be able to define our own data structures and functions over them. So-called "datatypes" are defined using the <tt>'''data'''</tt> keyword. ﺾ=== Pairs === For instance, a definition of a pair of elements (much like the standard, built-in pair type) could be: <pre> data Pair a b = Pair a b </pre> Let's walk through this code one word at a time. First we say "data" meaning that we're defining a datatype. We then give the name of the datatype, in this case, "Pair." The "a" and "b" that follow "Pair" are unique type parameters, just like the "a" is the type of the function <code>map</code>. So up until this point, we've said that we're going to define a data structure called "Pair" which is parameterized over two types, <code>a</code> and <code>b</code>. Note that you can't have <code>Pair a a = Pair a a</code> — in this case write <code> Pair a = Pair a a</code>. After the equals sign, we specify the ''constructors'' of this data type. In this case, there is a single constructor, "Pair" (this doesn't necessarily have to have the same name as the type, but in the case of a single constructor it seems to make more sense). After this pair, we again write "a b", which means that in order to construct a <code>Pair</code> we need two values, one of type <code>a</code> and one of type <code>b</code>. This definition introduces a function, <code>Pair :: a -> b -> Pair a b</code> that you can use to construct <code>Pair</code>s. If you enter this code into a file and load it, you can see how these are constructed: {{HaskellExample|1=|2=<pre> Datatypes> :t Pair Pair :: a -> b -> Pair a b Datatypes> :t Pair 'a' Pair 'a' :: a -> Pair Char a Datatypes> :t Pair 'a' "Hello" Pair 'a' "Hello" :: Pair Char [Char] </pre>}} So, by giving <code>Pair</code> two values, we have completely constructed a value of type <code>Pair</code>. We can write functions involving pairs as: <pre> pairFst (Pair x y) = x pairSnd (Pair x y) = y </pre> In this, we've used the ''pattern matching'' capabilities of Haskell to look at a pair and extract values from it. In the definition of <code>pairFst</code> we take an entire <code>Pair</code> and extract the first element; similarly for <code>pairSnd</code>. We'll discuss pattern matching in much more detail in the section on [[../Language advanced#Patternmatching|Pattern matching]]. {{Exercises|1= # Write a data type declaration for <code>Triple</code>, a type which contains three elements, all of different types. Write functions <code>tripleFst</code>, <code>tripleSnd</code> and <code>tripleThr</code> to extract respectively the first, second and third. # Write a datatype <code>Quadruple</code> which holds four elements. However, the first two elements must be the same type and the last two elements must be the same type. Write a function <code>firstTwo</code> which returns a list containing the first two elements and a function <code>lastTwo</code> which returns a list containing the last two elements. Write type signatures for these functions.}} === Multiple Constructors === We have seen an example of the data type with one constructor: <code>Pair</code>. It is also possible (and extremely useful) to have multiple constructors. Let us consider a simple function which searches through a list for an element satisfying a given predicate and then returns the first element satisfying that predicate. What should we do if none of the elements in the list satisfy the predicate? A few options are listed below: * Raise an error * Loop indefinitely * Write a check function * Return the first element * <math>...</math> Raising an error is certainly an option (see the section on [[../Io advanced#Exceptions|Exceptions]] to see how to do this). The problem is that it is difficult/impossible to recover from such errors. Looping indefinitely is possible, but not terribly useful. We could write a sister function which checks to see if the list contains an element satisfying a predicate and leave it up to the user to always use this function first. We could return the first element, but this is very ad-hoc and difficult to remember; and what if the list itself is empty? The fact that there is no basic option to solve this problem simply means we have to think about it a little more. What are we trying to do? We're trying to write a function which might succeed and might not. Furthermore, if it does succeed, it returns some sort of value. Let's write a datatype: <pre> data Maybe a = Nothing | Just a </pre> This is one of the most common datatypes in Haskell and is defined in the Prelude. Here, we're saying that there are two possible ways to create something of type <code>Maybe a</code>. The first is to use the nullary constructor <code>Nothing</code>, which takes no arguments (this is what "nullary" means). The second is to use the constructor <code>Just</code>, together with a value of type <code>a</code>. The <code>Maybe</code> type is useful in all sorts of circumstances. For instance, suppose we want to write a function (like <code>head</code>) which returns the first element of a given list. However, we don't want the program to die if the given list is empty. We can accomplish this with a function like: <pre> firstElement :: [a] -> Maybe a firstElement [] = Nothing firstElement (x:xs) = Just x </pre> The type signature here says that <code>firstElement</code> takes a list of <code>a</code>s and produces something with type <code>Maybe a</code>. In the first line of code, we match against the empty list <code>[]</code>. If this match succeeds (i.e., the list is, in fact, empty), we return <code>Nothing</code>. If the first match fails, then we try to match against <code>x:xs</code> which must succeed. In this case, we return <code>Just x</code>. For our <code>findElement</code> function, we represent failure by the value <code>Nothing</code> and success with value <code>a</code> by <code>Just a</code>. Our function might look something like this: <pre> findElement :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> Maybe a findElement p [] = Nothing findElement p (x:xs) = if p x then Just x else findElement p xs </pre> The first line here gives the type of the function. In this case, our first argument is the predicate (and takes an element of type <code>a</code> and returns <code>True</code> if and only if the element satisfies the predicate); the second argument is a list of <code>a</code>s. Our return value is ''maybe'' an <code>a</code>. That is, if the function succeeds, we will return <code>Just a</code> and if not, <code>Nothing</code>. Another useful datatype is the <code>Either</code> type, defined as: <pre> data Either a b = Left a | Right b </pre> This is a way of expressing alternation. That is, something of type <code>Either a b</code> is ''either'' a value of type <code>a</code> (using the <code>Left</code> constructor) or a value of type <code>b</code> (using the <code>Right</code> constructor). {{Exercises|1= # Write a datatype <code>Tuple</code> which can hold one, two, three or four elements, depending on the constructor (that is, there should be four constructors, one for each number of arguments). Also provide functions <code>tuple1</code> through <code>tuple4</code> which take a tuple and return <code>Just</code> the value in that position, or <code>Nothing</code> if the number is invalid (i.e., you ask for the <code>tuple4</code> on a tuple holding only two elements). # Based on our definition of <code>Tuple</code> from the previous exercise, write a function which takes a <code>Tuple</code> and returns either the value (if it's a one-tuple), a Haskell-pair (i.e., <code>('a',5)</code>) if it's a two-tuple, a Haskell-triple if it's a three-tuple or a Haskell-quadruple if it's a four-tuple. Remember: it is not possible to write a function which return different types. You will need to use the <code>Either</code> type to represent this.}} === Recursive Datatypes === We can also define ''recursive datatypes.'' These are datatypes whose definitions are based on themselves. For instance, we could define a list datatype as: <pre> data List a = Nil | Cons a (List a) </pre> In this definition, we have defined what it means to be of type <code>List a</code>. We say that a list is either empty (<code>Nil</code>) or it's the <code>Cons</code> of a value of type <code>a</code> and another value of type <code>List a</code>. This is almost identical to the actual definition of the list datatype in Haskell, except that uses special syntax where <code>[]</code> corresponds to <code>Nil</code> and <code>:</code> corresponds to <code>Cons</code>. We can write our own <code>length</code> function for our lists as: <pre> listLength Nil = 0 listLength (Cons x xs) = 1 + listLength xs </pre> This function is slightly more complicated and uses ''recursion'' to calculate the length of a <code>List</code>. The first line says that the length of an empty list (a <code>Nil</code>) is <math>0</math>. This much is obvious. The second line tells us how to calculate the length of a non-empty list. A non-empty list must be of the form <code>Cons x xs</code> for some values of <code>x</code> and <code>xs</code>. We know that <code>xs</code> is another list and we know that whatever the length of the current list is, it's the length of its tail (the value of <code>xs</code>) plus one (to account for <code>x</code>). Thus, we apply the <code>listLength</code> function to <code>xs</code> and add one to the result. This gives us the length of the entire list. {{Exercises|1= Write functions <code>listHead</code>, <code>listTail</code>, <code>listFoldl</code> and <code>listFoldr</code> which are equivalent to their Prelude twins, but function on our <code>List</code> datatype. Don't worry about exceptional conditions on the first two.}} === Binary Trees === We can define datatypes that are more complicated than lists. Suppose we want to define a structure that looks like a binary tree. A binary tree is a structure that has a single root node; each node in the tree is either a "leaf" or a "branch." If it's a leaf, it holds a value; if it's a branch, it holds a value and a left child and a right child. Each of these children is another node. We can define such a data type as: <pre> data BinaryTree a = Leaf a | Branch (BinaryTree a) a (BinaryTree a) </pre> In this datatype declaration we say that a <code>BinaryTree</code> of <code>a</code>s is either a <code>Leaf</code> which holds an <code>a</code>, or it's a branch with a left child (which is a <code>BinaryTree</code> of <code>a</code>s), a node value (which is an <code>a</code>), and a right child (which is also a <code>BinaryTree</code> of <code>a</code>s). It is simple to modify the <code>listLength</code> function so that instead of calculating the length of lists, it calculates the number of nodes in a <code>BinaryTree</code>. Can you figure out how? We can call this function <code>treeSize</code>. The solution is given below: <pre> treeSize (Leaf x) = 1 treeSize (Branch left x right) = 1 + treeSize left + treeSize right </pre> Here, we say that the size of a leaf is <math>1</math> and the size of a branch is the size of its left child, plus the size of its right child, plus one. {{Exercises|1= # Write a function <code>elements</code> which returns the elements in a <code>BinaryTree</code> in a bottom-up, left-to-right manner (i.e., the first element returned is the left-most leaf, followed by its parent's value, followed by the other child's value, and so on). The result type should be a normal Haskell list. # Write a foldr function <code>treeFoldr</code> for <code>BinaryTree</code>s and rewrite <code>elements</code> in terms of it (call the new one <code>elements2</code>). The type of <code>treeFoldr</code> should be <code>(a -> b -> b) -> b -> BinaryTree a -> b</code>. # Write a foldl function <code>treeFoldl</code> for <code>BinaryTree</code>s and rewrite <code>elements</code> in terms of it (call the new one <code>elements3</code>).}} === Enumerated Sets === You can also use datatypes to define things like enumerated sets, for instance, a type which can only have a constrained number of values. We could define a color type: <pre> data Color = Red | Orange | Yellow | Green | Blue | Purple | White | Black </pre> This would be sufficient to deal with simple colors. Suppose we were using this to write a drawing program, we could then write a function to convert between a <code>Color</code> and a RGB triple. We can write a <code>colorToRGB</code> function, as: <pre> colorToRGB Red = (255,0,0) colorToRGB Orange = (255,128,0) colorToRGB Yellow = (255,255,0) colorToRGB Green = (0,255,0) colorToRGB Blue = (0,0,255) colorToRGB Purple = (255,0,255) colorToRGB White = (255,255,255) colorToRGB Black = (0,0,0) </pre> If we wanted also to allow the user to define his own custom colors, we could change the <code>Color</code> datatype to something like: <pre> data Color = Red | Orange | Yellow | Green | Blue | Purple | White | Black | Custom Int Int Int -- R G B components </pre> And add a final definition for <code>colorToRGB</code>: <pre> colorToRGB (Custom r g b) = (r,g,b) </pre> === The Unit type === A final useful datatype defined in Haskell (from the Prelude) is the unit type. Its definition is: <pre> data () = () </pre> The only true value of this type is <code>()</code>. This is essentially the same as a ''void'' type in a language like C or Java and will be useful when we talk about IO in the chapter [[../Io#|Io]]. We'll dwell much more on data types in the sections on [[../Language advanced#Pattern_Matching|Pattern matching]] and [[../Type advanced#Datatypes|Datatypes]]. == Continuation Passing Style == There is a style of functional programming called "Continuation Passing Style" (also simply "CPS"). The idea behind CPS is to pass around as a function argument what to do next. I will handwave through an example which is too complex to write out at this point and then give a real example, though one with less motivation. Consider the problem of parsing. The idea here is that we have a sequence of tokens (words, letters, whatever) and we want to ascribe structure to them. The task of converting a string of Java tokens to a Java abstract syntax tree is an example of a parsing problem. So is the task of parsing English sentences (though the latter is extremely difficult, even for native English users parsing sentences from the real world). Suppose we're parsing something like C or Java where functions take arguments in parentheses. But for simplicity, assume they are not separated by commas. That is, a function call looks like <tt>myFunction(x y z)</tt>. We want to convert this into something like a pair containing first the string "myFunction" and then a list with three string elements: "x", "y" and "z". The general approach to solving this would be to write a function which parses function calls like this one. First it would look for an identifier ("myFunction"), then for an open parenthesis, then for zero or more identifiers, then for a close parenthesis. One way to do this would be to have two functions: <pre> parseFunction :: [Token] -> Maybe ((String, [String]), [Token]) parseIdentifier :: [Token] -> Maybe (String, [Token]) </pre> The idea would be that if we call <code>parseFunction</code>, if it doesn't return <code>Nothing</code>, then it returns the pair described earlier, together with whatever is left after parsing the function. Similarly, <code>parseIdentifier</code> will parse one of the arguments. If it returns <code>Nothing</code>, then it's not an argument; if it returns <code>Just</code> something, then that something is the argument paired with the rest of the tokens. What the <code>parseFunction</code> function would do is to parse an identifier. If this fails, it fails itself. Otherwise, it continues and tries to parse an open parenthesis. If that succeeds, it repeatedly calls <code>parseIdentifier</code> until that fails. It then tries to parse a close parenthesis. If that succeeds, then it's done. Otherwise, it fails. There is, however, another way to think about this problem. The advantage to this solution is that functions no longer need to return the remaining tokens (which tends to get ugly). Instead of the above, we write functions: <pre> parseFunction :: [Token] -> ((String, [String]) -> [Token] -> a) -> ([Token] -> a) -> a parseIdentifier :: [Token] -> (String -> [Token] -> a) -> ([Token] -> a) -> a </pre> Let's consider <code>parseIdentifier</code>. This takes three arguments: a list of tokens and two ''continuations''. The first continuation is what to do when you succeed. The second continuation is what to do if you fail. What <code>parseIdentifier</code> does, then, is try to read an identifier. If this succeeds, it calls the first continuation with that identifier and the remaining tokens as arguments. If reading the identifier fails, it calls the second continuation with all the tokens. Now consider <code>parseFunction</code>. Recall that it wants to read an identifier, an open parenthesis, zero or more identifiers and a close parenthesis. Thus, the first thing it does is call <code>parseIdentifier</code>. The first argument it gives is the list of tokens. The first continuation (which is what <code>parseIdentifier</code> should do if it succeeds) is in turn a function which will look for an open parenthesis, zero or more arguments and a close parenthesis. The second continuation (the failure argument) is just going to be the failure function given to <code>parseFunction</code>. Now, we simply need to define this function which looks for an open parenthesis, zero or more arguments and a close parenthesis. This is easy. We write a function which looks for the open parenthesis and then calls <code>parseIdentifier</code> with a success continuation that looks for more identifiers, and a "failure" continuation which looks for the close parenthesis (note that this failure doesn't really mean failure -- it just means there are no more arguments left). I realize this discussion has been quite abstract. I would willingly give code for all this parsing, but it is perhaps too complex at the moment. Instead, consider the problem of folding across a list. We can write a CPS fold as: <pre> cfold' f z [] = z cfold' f z (x:xs) = f x z (\y -> cfold' f y xs) </pre> In this code, <code>cfold'</code> takes a function <code>f</code> which takes three arguments, slightly different from the standard folds. The first is the current list element, <code>x</code>, the second is the accumulated element, <code>z</code>, and the third is the continuation: basically, what to do ''next''. We can write a wrapper function for <code>cfold'</code> that will make it behave more like a normal fold: <pre> cfold f z l = cfold' (\x t g -> f x (g t)) z l </pre> We can test that this function behaves as we desire: {{HaskellExample|1=|2=<pre> CPS> cfold (+) 0 [1,2,3,4] 10 CPS> cfold (:) [] [1,2,3] [1,2,3] </pre>}} One thing that's nice about formulating <code>cfold</code> in terms of the helper function <code>cfold'</code> is that we can use the helper function directly. This enables us to change, for instance, the evaluation order of the fold very easily: {{HaskellExample|1=|2=<pre> CPS> cfold' (\x t g -> (x : g t)) [] [1..10] [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10] CPS> cfold' (\x t g -> g (x : t)) [] [1..10] [10,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1] </pre>}} The only difference between these calls to <code>cfold'</code> is whether we call the continuation before or after constructing the list. As it turns out, this slight difference changes the behavior for being like <code>foldr</code> to being like <code>foldl</code>. We can evaluate both of these calls as follows (let <code>f</code> be the folding function): <pre> cfold' (\x t g -> (x : g t)) [] [1,2,3] ==> cfold' f [] [1,2,3] ==> f 1 [] (\y -> cfold' f y [2,3]) ==> 1 : ((\y -> cfold' f y [2,3]) []) ==> 1 : (cfold' f [] [2,3]) ==> 1 : (f 2 [] (\y -> cfold' f y [3])) ==> 1 : (2 : ((\y -> cfold' f y [3]) [])) ==> 1 : (2 : (cfold' f [] [3])) ==> 1 : (2 : (f 3 [] (\y -> cfold' f y []))) ==> 1 : (2 : (3 : (cfold' f [] []))) ==> 1 : (2 : (3 : [])) ==> [1,2,3] cfold' (\x t g -> g (x:t)) [] [1,2,3] ==> cfold' f [] [1,2,3] ==> (\x t g -> g (x:t)) 1 [] (\y -> cfold' f y [2,3]) ==> (\g -> g [1]) (\y -> cfold' f y [2,3]) ==> (\y -> cfold' f y [2,3]) [1] ==> cfold' f [1] [2,3] ==> (\x t g -> g (x:t)) 2 [1] (\y -> cfold' f y [3]) ==> cfold' f (2:[1]) [3] ==> cfold' f [2,1] [3] ==> (\x t g -> g (x:t)) 3 [2,1] (\y -> cfold' f y []) ==> cfold' f (3:[2,1]) [] ==> [3,2,1] </pre> In general, continuation passing style is a very powerful abstraction, though it can be difficult to master. We will revisit the topic more thoroughly later in the book. <!-- In this code, \hs{cfold'} basically turns the accumulator argument--> <!-- \hs{z} into a continuation. This continuation \hs{g} says "give me a--> <!-- value and then I'll combine it with what I had before and give you the--> <!-- result). The function \hs{fold'} first matches against a list with--> <!-- exactly one element: \hs{x}. If this match succeeds, it says to--> <!-- \hs{g}: "Here is a value, \hs{x}. Give me the result." Of course,--> <!-- \hs{g} obliges.--> <!-- In the recursive case, \hs{fold'} builds a new continuation that says:--> <!-- "give me a value and I'll combine it with what I see right now." It--> <!-- then recurses on itself and gives the result of this recursion to the--> <!-- original function \hs{g} as a result.--> {{Exercises|1= # Test whether the CPS-style fold mimics either of <code>foldr</code> and <code>foldl</code>. If not, where is the difference? # Write <code>map</code> and <code>filter</code> using continuation passing style.}} n9gd7p26hj13f5cq9gltmvy464nz05x 4498345 4498344 2025-06-02T12:15:09Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 Rejected the last text change (by [[Special:Contributions/2400:C600:4722:45D7:A5B1:4366:CA5C:68D2|2400:C600:4722:45D7:A5B1:4366:CA5C:68D2]]) and restored revision 4091645 by SHB2000 4498345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{YAHT contents}} <!-- = Type Basics = --> Haskell uses a system of ''static type checking''. This means that every expression in Haskell is assigned a ''type''. For instance <code>'a'</code> would have type <code>Char</code>, for "character." Then, if you have a function which expects an argument of a certain type and you give it the wrong type, a compile-time error will be generated (that is, you will not be able to compile the program). This vastly reduces the number of bugs that can creep into your program. Furthermore, Haskell uses a system of ''type inference''. This means that you don't even need to specify the type of expressions. For comparison, in C, when you define a variable, you need to specify its type (for instance, int, char, etc.). In Haskell, you needn't do this -- the type will be inferred from context. {{body note|1= If you want, you certainly are allowed to explicitly specify the type of an expression; this often helps debugging. In fact, it is sometimes considered good style to explicitly specify the types of outermost functions.}} Both Hugs and GHCi allow you to apply type inference to an expression to find its type. This is done by using the <code>:t</code> command. For instance, start up your favorite shell and try the following: {{HaskellExample|1=|2=<pre> Prelude> :t 'c' 'c' :: Char </pre>}} This tells us that the expression <code>'c'</code> has type <code>Char</code> (the double colon <code>::</code> is used throughout Haskell to specify types). <!-- ======================================================= typebasics-simple--> == Simple Types == There are a slew of built-in types, including <code>Int</code> (for integers, both positive and negative), <code>Double</code> (for floating point numbers), <code>Char</code> (for single characters), <code>String</code> (for strings), and others. We have already seen an expression of type <code>Char</code>; let's examine one of type <code>String</code>: {{HaskellExample|1=|2=<pre> Prelude> :t "Hello" "Hello" :: String </pre>}} You can also enter more complicated expressions, for instance, a test of equality: {{HaskellExample|1=|2=<pre> Prelude> :t 'a' == 'b' 'a' == 'b' :: Bool </pre>}} You should note that even though this expression is false, it still has a type, namely the type <code>Bool</code>. {{body note|1= <code>Bool</code> is short for Boolean (pronounced "boo-lee-uhn") and has two possible values: <code>True</code> and <code>False</code>.}} You can observe the process of type checking and type inference by trying to get the shell to give you the type of an ill-typed expression. For instance, the equality operator requires that the type of both of its arguments are of the same type. We can see that <code>Char</code> and <code>String</code> are of different types by trying to compare a character to a string: {{HaskellExample|1=|2=<pre> Prelude> :t 'a' == "a" ERROR - Type error in application *** Expression : 'a' == "a" *** Term : 'a' *** Type : Char *** Does not match : [Char] </pre>}} The first line of the error (the line containing "<code>Expression</code>") tells us the expression in which the type error occurred. The second line tells us which part of this expression is ill-typed. The third line tells us the inferred type of this term and the fourth line tells us what it needs to have matched. In this case, it says that type <code>Char</code> doesn't match the type <code>[Char]</code> (a list of characters -- a string in Haskell is represented as a list of characters). As mentioned before, you can explicitly specify the type of an expression using the <tt>'''::'''</tt> operator. For instance, instead of <code>"a"</code> in the previous example, we could have written <code>("a"::String)</code>. In this case, this has no effect since there's only one possible interpretation of <code>"a"</code>. However, consider the case of numbers. You can try: {{HaskellExample|1=|2=<pre> Prelude> :t 5 :: Int 5 :: Int Prelude> :t 5 :: Double 5 :: Double </pre>}} Here, we can see that the number 5 can be instantiated as either an <code>Int</code> or a <code>Double</code>. What if we don't specify the type? {{HaskellExample|1=|2=<pre> Prelude> :t 5 5 :: Num a => a </pre>}} Not quite what you expected? What this means, briefly, is that if some type <code>a</code> is an ''instance'' of the <code>Num</code> class, then type of the expression <code>5</code> can be of type <code>a</code>. If that made no sense, that's okay for now. In Section [[../Type basics#Classes|Classes]] we talk extensively about type classes (which is what this is). The way to read this, though, is to say "a being an instance of Num implies a." {{Exercises|1= Figure out for yourself, and then verify the types of the following expressions, if they have a type. Also note if the expression is a type error: # <code>'h':'e':'l':'l':'o':[]</code> # <code>[5,'a']</code> # <code>(5,'a')</code> # <code>(5::Int) + 10</code> # <code>(5::Int) + (10::Double)</code>}} <!-- ======================================================= typebasics-polymorphic--> == Polymorphic Types == Haskell employs a polymorphic type system. This essentially means that you can have ''type variables'', which we have alluded to before. For instance, note that a function like <code>tail</code> doesn't care what the elements in the list are: {{HaskellExample|1=|2=<pre> Prelude> tail [5,6,7,8,9] [6,7,8,9] Prelude> tail "hello" "ello" Prelude> tail ["the","man","is","happy"] ["man","is","happy"] </pre>}} This is possible because <code>tail</code> has a polymorphic type: <code>[</code><math>\alpha</math><code>]</code> -> <code>[</code><math>\alpha</math><code>]</code>. That means it can take as an argument ''any'' list and return a value which is a list of the same type. The same analysis can explain the type of <code>fst</code>: {{HaskellExample|1=|2=<pre> Prelude> :t fst fst :: (a,b) -> a </pre>}} Here, GHCi has made explicit the ''universal quantification'' of the type values. That is, it is saying that for all types <code>a</code> and <code>b</code>, <code>fst</code> is a function from <code>(a,b)</code> to <code>a</code>. {{Exercises|1= Figure out for yourself, and then verify the types of the following expressions, if they have a type. Also note if the expression is a type error: # <code>snd</code> # <code>head</code> # <code>null</code> # <code>head . tail</code> # <code>head . head</code>}} <!-- ======================================================= typebasics-classes--> == Type Classes == We saw last section some strange typing having to do with the number five. Before we delve too deeply into the subject of type classes, let's take a step back and see some of the motivation. === Motivation === In many languages (C++, Java, etc.), there exists a system of overloading. That is, a function can be written that takes parameters of differing types. For instance, the canonical example is the equality function. If we want to compare two integers, we should use an integer comparison; if we want to compare two floating point numbers, we should use a floating point comparison; if we want to compare two characters, we should use a character comparison. In general, if we want to compare two things which have type <math>\alpha</math>, we want to use an <math>\alpha-compare</math>. We call <math>\alpha</math> a ''type variable'' since it is a variable whose value is a type. {{body note|1= In general, type variables will be written using the first part of the Greek alphabet: <math>\alpha, \beta, \gamma, \delta, ...</math>.}} Unfortunately, this presents some problems for static type checking, since the type checker doesn't know which types a certain operation (for instance, equality testing) will be defined for. There are as many solutions to this problem as there are statically typed languages (perhaps a slight exaggeration, but not so much so). The one chosen in Haskell is the system of type classes. Whether this is the "correct" solution or the "best" solution of course depends on your application domain. It is, however, the one we have, so you should learn to love it. === Equality Testing === Returning to the issue of equality testing, what we want to be able to do is define a function <code>==</code> (the equality operator) which takes two parameters, each of the same type (call it <math>\alpha</math>), and returns a boolean. But this function may not be defined for ''every'' type; just for some. Thus, we associate this function <code>==</code> with a type class, which we call <tt>'''Eq'''</tt>. If a specific type <math>\alpha</math> belongs to a certain type class (that is, all functions associated with that class are implemented for <math>\alpha</math>), we say that <math>\alpha</math> is an ''instance'' of that class. For instance, <tt>'''Int'''</tt> is an instance of <tt>'''Eq'''</tt> since equality is defined over integers. === The Num Class === In addition to overloading operators like <code>==</code>, Haskell has overloaded numeric constants (i.e., 1, 2, 3, etc.). This was done so that when you type in a number like 5, the compiler is free to say 5 is an integer or floating point number as it sees fit. It defines the <tt>'''Num'''</tt> class to contain all of these numbers and certain minimal operations over them (addition, for instance). The basic numeric types (Int, Double) are defined to be instances of <tt>'''Num'''</tt>. We have only skimmed the surface of the power (and complexity) of type classes here. There will be much more discussion of them in Section [[../Type advanced#Classes|Classes]], but we need some more background before we can get there. Before we do that, we need to talk a little more about functions. === The Show Class === Another of the standard classes in Haskell is the <code>Show</code> class. Types which are members of the <code>Show</code> class have functions which convert values of that type to a string. This function is called <code>show</code>. For instance <code>show</code> applied to the integer 5 is the string "5"; <code>show</code> applied to the character 'a' is the three-character string "'a'" (the first and last characters are apostrophes). <code>show</code> applied to a string simply puts quotes around it. You can test this in the interpreter: {{HaskellExample|1=|2=<pre> Prelude> show 5 "5" Prelude> show 'a' "'a'" Prelude> show "Hello World" "\"Hello World\"" </pre>}} {{body note|1= The reason the backslashes appear in the last line is because the interior quotes are "escaped", meaning that they are part of the string, not part of the interpreter printing the value. The actual string doesn't contain the backslashes.}} Some types are not instances of Show; functions for example. If you try to show a function (like <code>sqrt</code>), the compiler or interpreter will give you some cryptic error message, complaining about a missing instance declaration or an illegal class constraint. <!-- ======================================================= typebasics-functions--> == Function Types == In Haskell, functions are ''first class values'', meaning that just as <code>1</code> or <code>'c'</code> are values which have a type, so are functions like <code>square</code> or <code>++</code>. Before we talk too much about functions, we need to make a short diversion into very theoretical computer science (don't worry, it won't be too painful) and talk about the lambda calculus. === Lambda Calculus === The name "Lambda Calculus", while perhaps daunting, describes a fairly simple system for representing functions. The way we would write a squaring function in lambda calculus is: <math>\lambda x . x*x</math>, which means that we take a value, which we will call <math>x</math> (that's what <math>\lambda x .</math> means) and then multiply it by itself. The <math>\lambda</math> is called "lambda abstraction." In general, lambdas can only have one parameter. If we want to write a function that takes two numbers, doubles the first and adds it to the second, we would write: <math>\lambda x \lambda y . 2*x+y</math>. When we apply a value to a lambda expression, we remove the outermost <math>\lambda</math> and replace every occurrence of the lambda variable with the value. For instance, if we evaluate <math>(\lambda x . x*x) 5</math>, we remove the lambda and replace every occurrence of <math>x</math> with <math>5</math>, yielding <math>(5*5)</math> which is <math>25</math>. In fact, Haskell is largely based on an extension of the lambda calculus, and these two expressions can be written directly in Haskell (we simply replace the <math>\lambda</math> with a backslash(\) and the <math>.</math> with (->); also we don't need to repeat the lambdas; and, of course, in Haskell we have to give them names if we're defining functions): <pre> square = \x -> x*x f = \x y -> 2*x + y </pre> You can also evaluate lambda expressions in your interactive shell: {{HaskellExample|1=|2=<pre> Prelude> (\x -> x*x) 5 25 Prelude> (\x y -> 2*x + y) 5 4 14 </pre>}} We can see in the second example that we need to give the lambda abstraction two arguments, one corresponding to <code>x</code> and the other corresponding to <code>y</code>. === Higher-Order Types === "Higher-Order Types" is the name given to those types whose elements are functions. The type given to functions mimicks the lambda calculus representation of the functions. For instance, the definition of square gives <math>\lambda x . x*x</math>. To get the type of this, we first ask ourselves what the type of <code>x</code> is. Say we decide <code>x</code> is an <code>Int</code>. Then, we notice that the function <code>square</code> takes an <code>Int</code> and produces a value <code>x*x</code>. We know that when we multiply two <code>Int</code>s together, we get another <code>Int</code>, so the type of the results of <code>square</code> is also an <code>Int</code>. Thus, we say the type of <code>square</code> is <code>Int -> Int</code>. We can apply a similar analysis to the function <code>f</code> above(\x y -> 2*x + y). The value of this function (remember, functions ''are'' values) is something which takes a value <code>x</code> and produces a ''new'' value, which takes a value <code>y</code> and produces <code>2*x+y</code>. For instance, if we take <code>f</code> and apply only one number to it, we get <math>(\lambda x \lambda y . 2x+y) 5</math> which becomes our new value <math>\lambda y . 2(5)+y</math>, where all occurrences of <math>x</math> have been replaced with the applied value, <math>5</math>. So we know that <code>f</code> takes an <code>Int</code> and produces a value of some type, of which we're not sure. But we know the type of this value is the type of <math>\lambda y . 2(5)+y</math>. We apply the above analysis and find out that this expression has type <code>Int -> Int</code>. Thus, <code>f</code> takes an <code>Int</code> and produces something which has type <code>Int -> Int</code>. So the type of <code>f</code> is <code>Int -> (Int -> Int)</code>. {{body note|1= The parentheses are not necessary; in function types, if you have <math>\alpha \rightarrow \beta \rightarrow \gamma</math> it is assumed that <math>\beta \rightarrow \gamma</math> is grouped. If you want the other way, with <math>\alpha \rightarrow \beta</math> grouped, you need to put parentheses around them.}} This isn't entirely accurate. As we saw before, numbers like <code>5</code> aren't really of type <code>Int</code>, they are of type <code>Num a => a</code>. We can easily find the type of Prelude functions using ":t" as before: {{HaskellExample|1=|2=<pre> Prelude> :t head head :: [a] -> a Prelude> :t tail tail :: [a] -> [a] Prelude> :t null null :: [a] -> Bool Prelude> :t fst fst :: (a,b) -> a Prelude> :t snd snd :: (a,b) -> b </pre>}} We read this as: "head" is a function that takes a list containing values of type "a" and gives back a value of type "a"; "tail" takes a list of "a"s and gives back another list of "a"s; "null" takes a list of "a"s and gives back a boolean; "fst" takes a pair of type "(a,b)" and gives back something of type "a", and so on. {{body note|1= Saying that the type of <code>fst</code> is <code>(a,b) -> a</code> does not necessarily mean that it simply gives back the first element; it only means that it gives back something with the ''same type'' as the first element.}} We can also get the type of operators like <code>+</code> and <code>*</code> and <code>++</code> and <code>:</code>; however, in order to do this we need to put them in parentheses. In general, any function which is used ''infix'' (meaning in the middle of two arguments rather than before them) must be put in parentheses when getting its type. {{HaskellExample|1=|2=<pre> Prelude> :t (+) (+) :: Num a => a -> a -> a Prelude> :t (*) (*) :: Num a => a -> a -> a Prelude> :t (++) (++) :: [a] -> [a] -> [a] Prelude> :t (:) (:) :: a -> [a] -> [a] </pre>}} The types of <code>+</code> and <code>*</code> are the same, and mean that <code>+</code> is a function which, for some type <code>a</code> which is an instance of <code>Num</code>, takes a value of type <code>a</code> and produces another function which takes a value of type <code>a</code> and produces a value of type <code>a</code>. In short hand, we might say that <code>+</code> takes two values of type <code>a</code> and produces a value of type <code>a</code>, but this is less precise. The type of <code>++</code> means, in shorthand, that, for a given type <code>a</code>, <code>++</code> takes two lists of <code>a</code>s and produces a new list of <code>a</code>s. Similarly, <code>:</code> takes a value of type <code>a</code> and another value of type <code>[a]</code> (list of <code>a</code>s) and produces another value of type <code>[a]</code>. === That Pesky IO Type === You might be tempted to try getting the type of a function like <code>putStrLn</code>: {{HaskellExample|1=|2=<pre> Prelude> :t putStrLn putStrLn :: String -> IO () Prelude> :t readFile readFile :: FilePath -> IO String </pre>}} What in the world is that <code>IO</code> thing? It's basically Haskell's way of representing that these functions aren't really functions. They're called "IO Actions" (hence the <code>IO</code>). The immediate question which arises is: okay, so how do I get rid of the <code>IO</code>. Well, you can't maintain the pure functionality of your code while using a function with a type such as IO String -> String. Haskell's pure functions always give the same result when applied to the same argument, just as in mathematics. <code>readFile</code>, on the other hand, yields whatever the file content happens to be when it is called. Suppose <code>x = "TABLE OF CONTENTS"</code> at one point in an ongoing Haskell process, and later <code>x = "TABLE OF CONTENTS {new line} "Chapter One"</code>. That wouldn't be a problem in languages with mutable variables but in Haskell, once a value has been assigned to x, mutating that value could result in bizarre behavior prior to a system crash. So, in almost every use case you can imagine, the way to use things with an <code>IO</code> type is to isolate them from pure parts of the program by combining them with other functions. For example, if you're reading a file using <code>readFile</code>, presumably you want to do something with the string it returns (otherwise, why would you read the file in the first place). Suppose you have a function <code>f</code> which takes a <code>String</code> and produces an <code>Int</code>. You can't directly apply <code>f</code> to the result of <code>readFile</code> since the input to <code>f</code> is <code>String</code> and the output of <code>readFile</code> is <code>IO String</code> and these don't match. However, you can combine these as: <pre> main = do s <- readFile "somefile" let i = f s putStrLn (show i) </pre> Here, we use the arrow convention to "get the string out of the IO action" and then apply <code>f</code> to the string (called <code>s</code>). We then, for example, print <code>i</code> to the screen. Note that the <tt>'''let'''</tt> here doesn't have a corresponding <tt>'''in'''</tt>. This is because we are in a <tt>'''do'''</tt> block. Also note that we don't write <code>i <- f s</code> because <code>f</code> is just a normal function, not an IO action. Note: <code>putStrLn (show i)</code> can be simplified to <code>print i</code> if you want. === Explicit Type Declarations === It is sometimes desirable to explicitly specify the types of some elements or functions, for one (or more) of the following reasons: * Clarity * Speed * Debugging Some people consider it good software engineering to specify the types of all top-level functions. If nothing else, if you're trying to compile a program and you get type errors that you cannot understand, if you declare the types of some of your functions explicitly, it may be easier to figure out where the error is. Type declarations are written separately from the function definition. For instance, we could explicitly type the function <code>square</code> as in the following code (an explicitly declared type is called a ''type signature''): <pre> square :: Num a => a -> a square x = x*x </pre> These two lines do not even have to be next to each other. However, the type that you specify must match the inferred type of the function definition (or be more specific). In this definition, you could apply <code>square</code> to anything which is an instance of <code>Num</code>: <code>Int</code>, <code>Double</code>, etc. However, if you knew apriori that <code>square</code> were only going to be applied to value of type <code>Int</code>, you could ''refine'' its type as: <pre> square :: Int -> Int square x = x*x </pre> Now, you could only apply <code>square</code> to values of type <code>Int</code>. Moreover, with this definition, the compiler doesn't have to generate the general code specified in the original function definition since it knows you will only apply <code>square</code> to <code>Int</code>s, so it may be able to generate faster code. If you have extensions turned on ("-98" in Hugs or "-fglasgow-exts" in GHC(i)), you can also add a type signature to expressions and not just functions. For instance, you could write: <pre> square (x :: Int) = x*x </pre> which tells the compiler that <code>x</code> is an <code>Int</code>; however, it leaves the compiler alone to infer the type of the rest of the expression. What is the type of <code>square</code> in this example? Make your guess then you can check it either by entering this code into a file and loading it into your interpreter or by asking for the type of the expression: {{HaskellExample|1=|2=<pre> Prelude> :t (\(x :: Int) -> x*x) </pre>}} since this lambda abstraction is equivalent to the above function declaration. === Functional Arguments === In the section on [[../Language basics#Lists|Lists]] we saw examples of functions taking other functions as arguments. For instance, <code>map</code> took a function to apply to each element in a list, <code>filter</code> took a function that told it which elements of a list to keep, and <code>foldl</code> took a function which told it how to combine list elements together. As with every other function in Haskell, these are well-typed. Let's first think about the <code>map</code> function. Its job is to take a list of elements and produce another list of elements. These two lists don't necessarily have to have the same types of elements. So <code>map</code> will take a value of type <code>[a]</code> and produce a value of type <code>[b]</code>. How does it do this? It uses the user-supplied function to convert. In order to convert an <code>a</code> to a <code>b</code>, this function must have type <code>a -> b</code>. Thus, the type of <code>map</code> is <code>(a -> b) -> [a] -> [b]</code>, which you can verify in your interpreter with ":t". We can apply the same sort of analysis to <code>filter</code> and discern that it has type <code>(a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a]</code>. As we presented the <code>foldr</code> function, you might be tempted to give it type <code>(a -> a -> a) -> a -> [a] -> a</code>, meaning that you take a function which combines two <code>a</code>s into another one, an initial value of type <code>a</code>, a list of <code>a</code>s to produce a final value of type <code>a</code>. In fact, <code>foldr</code> has a more general type: <code>(a -> b -> b) -> b -> [a] -> b</code>. So it takes a function which turn an <code>a</code> and a <code>b</code> into a <code>b</code>, an initial value of type <code>b</code> and a list of <code>a</code>s. It produces a <code>b</code>. To see this, we can write a function <code>count</code> which counts how many members of a list satisfy a given constraint. You can of course use <code>filter</code> and <code>length</code> to do this, but we will also do it using <code>foldr</code>: <pre> module Count where import Char count1 bTest list = length (filter bTest list) count2 bTest list = foldr (\x cnt -> if bTest x then cnt+1 else cnt) 0 list </pre> The functioning of <code>count1</code> is simple. It filters the list <code>list</code> according to the predicate <code>bTest</code>, then takes the length of the resulting list. On the other hand, <code>count2</code> uses the initial value (which is an integer) to hold the current count. For each element in the list <code>list</code>, it applies the lambda expression shown. This takes two arguments, <code>cnt</code> which holds the current count and <code>x</code> which is the current element in the list that we're looking at. It checks to see if <code>bTest</code> holds about <code>x</code>. If it does, it returns the new value <code>cnt+1</code>, increasing the count of elements for which the predicate holds. If it doesn't, it just returns <code>cnt</code>, the old count. With <code>lambda</code> defined as above, <code>count2 Char.isLower "aBCde"</code> expands to <code>lambda 'a' (lambda 'B' (lambda 'C' (lambda 'd' (lambda 'e' 0))))</code>. {{Exercises|1= Figure out for yourself, and then verify the types of the following expressions, if they have a type. Also note if the expression is a type error: # <code>\x -> [x]</code> # <code>\x y z -> (x,y:z:[])</code> # <code>\x -> x + 5</code> # <code>\x -> "hello, world"</code> # <code>\x -> x 'a'</code> # <code>\x -> x x</code> # <code>\x -> x + x</code>}} <!-- ======================================================= typebasics-datatypes--> == Data Types == Tuples and lists are nice, common ways to define structured values. However, it is often desirable to be able to define our own data structures and functions over them. So-called "datatypes" are defined using the <tt>'''data'''</tt> keyword. === Pairs === For instance, a definition of a pair of elements (much like the standard, built-in pair type) could be: <pre> data Pair a b = Pair a b </pre> Let's walk through this code one word at a time. First we say "data" meaning that we're defining a datatype. We then give the name of the datatype, in this case, "Pair." The "a" and "b" that follow "Pair" are unique type parameters, just like the "a" is the type of the function <code>map</code>. So up until this point, we've said that we're going to define a data structure called "Pair" which is parameterized over two types, <code>a</code> and <code>b</code>. Note that you can't have <code>Pair a a = Pair a a</code> — in this case write <code> Pair a = Pair a a</code>. After the equals sign, we specify the ''constructors'' of this data type. In this case, there is a single constructor, "Pair" (this doesn't necessarily have to have the same name as the type, but in the case of a single constructor it seems to make more sense). After this pair, we again write "a b", which means that in order to construct a <code>Pair</code> we need two values, one of type <code>a</code> and one of type <code>b</code>. This definition introduces a function, <code>Pair :: a -> b -> Pair a b</code> that you can use to construct <code>Pair</code>s. If you enter this code into a file and load it, you can see how these are constructed: {{HaskellExample|1=|2=<pre> Datatypes> :t Pair Pair :: a -> b -> Pair a b Datatypes> :t Pair 'a' Pair 'a' :: a -> Pair Char a Datatypes> :t Pair 'a' "Hello" Pair 'a' "Hello" :: Pair Char [Char] </pre>}} So, by giving <code>Pair</code> two values, we have completely constructed a value of type <code>Pair</code>. We can write functions involving pairs as: <pre> pairFst (Pair x y) = x pairSnd (Pair x y) = y </pre> In this, we've used the ''pattern matching'' capabilities of Haskell to look at a pair and extract values from it. In the definition of <code>pairFst</code> we take an entire <code>Pair</code> and extract the first element; similarly for <code>pairSnd</code>. We'll discuss pattern matching in much more detail in the section on [[../Language advanced#Patternmatching|Pattern matching]]. {{Exercises|1= # Write a data type declaration for <code>Triple</code>, a type which contains three elements, all of different types. Write functions <code>tripleFst</code>, <code>tripleSnd</code> and <code>tripleThr</code> to extract respectively the first, second and third. # Write a datatype <code>Quadruple</code> which holds four elements. However, the first two elements must be the same type and the last two elements must be the same type. Write a function <code>firstTwo</code> which returns a list containing the first two elements and a function <code>lastTwo</code> which returns a list containing the last two elements. Write type signatures for these functions.}} === Multiple Constructors === We have seen an example of the data type with one constructor: <code>Pair</code>. It is also possible (and extremely useful) to have multiple constructors. Let us consider a simple function which searches through a list for an element satisfying a given predicate and then returns the first element satisfying that predicate. What should we do if none of the elements in the list satisfy the predicate? A few options are listed below: * Raise an error * Loop indefinitely * Write a check function * Return the first element * <math>...</math> Raising an error is certainly an option (see the section on [[../Io advanced#Exceptions|Exceptions]] to see how to do this). The problem is that it is difficult/impossible to recover from such errors. Looping indefinitely is possible, but not terribly useful. We could write a sister function which checks to see if the list contains an element satisfying a predicate and leave it up to the user to always use this function first. We could return the first element, but this is very ad-hoc and difficult to remember; and what if the list itself is empty? The fact that there is no basic option to solve this problem simply means we have to think about it a little more. What are we trying to do? We're trying to write a function which might succeed and might not. Furthermore, if it does succeed, it returns some sort of value. Let's write a datatype: <pre> data Maybe a = Nothing | Just a </pre> This is one of the most common datatypes in Haskell and is defined in the Prelude. Here, we're saying that there are two possible ways to create something of type <code>Maybe a</code>. The first is to use the nullary constructor <code>Nothing</code>, which takes no arguments (this is what "nullary" means). The second is to use the constructor <code>Just</code>, together with a value of type <code>a</code>. The <code>Maybe</code> type is useful in all sorts of circumstances. For instance, suppose we want to write a function (like <code>head</code>) which returns the first element of a given list. However, we don't want the program to die if the given list is empty. We can accomplish this with a function like: <pre> firstElement :: [a] -> Maybe a firstElement [] = Nothing firstElement (x:xs) = Just x </pre> The type signature here says that <code>firstElement</code> takes a list of <code>a</code>s and produces something with type <code>Maybe a</code>. In the first line of code, we match against the empty list <code>[]</code>. If this match succeeds (i.e., the list is, in fact, empty), we return <code>Nothing</code>. If the first match fails, then we try to match against <code>x:xs</code> which must succeed. In this case, we return <code>Just x</code>. For our <code>findElement</code> function, we represent failure by the value <code>Nothing</code> and success with value <code>a</code> by <code>Just a</code>. Our function might look something like this: <pre> findElement :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> Maybe a findElement p [] = Nothing findElement p (x:xs) = if p x then Just x else findElement p xs </pre> The first line here gives the type of the function. In this case, our first argument is the predicate (and takes an element of type <code>a</code> and returns <code>True</code> if and only if the element satisfies the predicate); the second argument is a list of <code>a</code>s. Our return value is ''maybe'' an <code>a</code>. That is, if the function succeeds, we will return <code>Just a</code> and if not, <code>Nothing</code>. Another useful datatype is the <code>Either</code> type, defined as: <pre> data Either a b = Left a | Right b </pre> This is a way of expressing alternation. That is, something of type <code>Either a b</code> is ''either'' a value of type <code>a</code> (using the <code>Left</code> constructor) or a value of type <code>b</code> (using the <code>Right</code> constructor). {{Exercises|1= # Write a datatype <code>Tuple</code> which can hold one, two, three or four elements, depending on the constructor (that is, there should be four constructors, one for each number of arguments). Also provide functions <code>tuple1</code> through <code>tuple4</code> which take a tuple and return <code>Just</code> the value in that position, or <code>Nothing</code> if the number is invalid (i.e., you ask for the <code>tuple4</code> on a tuple holding only two elements). # Based on our definition of <code>Tuple</code> from the previous exercise, write a function which takes a <code>Tuple</code> and returns either the value (if it's a one-tuple), a Haskell-pair (i.e., <code>('a',5)</code>) if it's a two-tuple, a Haskell-triple if it's a three-tuple or a Haskell-quadruple if it's a four-tuple. Remember: it is not possible to write a function which return different types. You will need to use the <code>Either</code> type to represent this.}} === Recursive Datatypes === We can also define ''recursive datatypes.'' These are datatypes whose definitions are based on themselves. For instance, we could define a list datatype as: <pre> data List a = Nil | Cons a (List a) </pre> In this definition, we have defined what it means to be of type <code>List a</code>. We say that a list is either empty (<code>Nil</code>) or it's the <code>Cons</code> of a value of type <code>a</code> and another value of type <code>List a</code>. This is almost identical to the actual definition of the list datatype in Haskell, except that uses special syntax where <code>[]</code> corresponds to <code>Nil</code> and <code>:</code> corresponds to <code>Cons</code>. We can write our own <code>length</code> function for our lists as: <pre> listLength Nil = 0 listLength (Cons x xs) = 1 + listLength xs </pre> This function is slightly more complicated and uses ''recursion'' to calculate the length of a <code>List</code>. The first line says that the length of an empty list (a <code>Nil</code>) is <math>0</math>. This much is obvious. The second line tells us how to calculate the length of a non-empty list. A non-empty list must be of the form <code>Cons x xs</code> for some values of <code>x</code> and <code>xs</code>. We know that <code>xs</code> is another list and we know that whatever the length of the current list is, it's the length of its tail (the value of <code>xs</code>) plus one (to account for <code>x</code>). Thus, we apply the <code>listLength</code> function to <code>xs</code> and add one to the result. This gives us the length of the entire list. {{Exercises|1= Write functions <code>listHead</code>, <code>listTail</code>, <code>listFoldl</code> and <code>listFoldr</code> which are equivalent to their Prelude twins, but function on our <code>List</code> datatype. Don't worry about exceptional conditions on the first two.}} === Binary Trees === We can define datatypes that are more complicated than lists. Suppose we want to define a structure that looks like a binary tree. A binary tree is a structure that has a single root node; each node in the tree is either a "leaf" or a "branch." If it's a leaf, it holds a value; if it's a branch, it holds a value and a left child and a right child. Each of these children is another node. We can define such a data type as: <pre> data BinaryTree a = Leaf a | Branch (BinaryTree a) a (BinaryTree a) </pre> In this datatype declaration we say that a <code>BinaryTree</code> of <code>a</code>s is either a <code>Leaf</code> which holds an <code>a</code>, or it's a branch with a left child (which is a <code>BinaryTree</code> of <code>a</code>s), a node value (which is an <code>a</code>), and a right child (which is also a <code>BinaryTree</code> of <code>a</code>s). It is simple to modify the <code>listLength</code> function so that instead of calculating the length of lists, it calculates the number of nodes in a <code>BinaryTree</code>. Can you figure out how? We can call this function <code>treeSize</code>. The solution is given below: <pre> treeSize (Leaf x) = 1 treeSize (Branch left x right) = 1 + treeSize left + treeSize right </pre> Here, we say that the size of a leaf is <math>1</math> and the size of a branch is the size of its left child, plus the size of its right child, plus one. {{Exercises|1= # Write a function <code>elements</code> which returns the elements in a <code>BinaryTree</code> in a bottom-up, left-to-right manner (i.e., the first element returned is the left-most leaf, followed by its parent's value, followed by the other child's value, and so on). The result type should be a normal Haskell list. # Write a foldr function <code>treeFoldr</code> for <code>BinaryTree</code>s and rewrite <code>elements</code> in terms of it (call the new one <code>elements2</code>). The type of <code>treeFoldr</code> should be <code>(a -> b -> b) -> b -> BinaryTree a -> b</code>. # Write a foldl function <code>treeFoldl</code> for <code>BinaryTree</code>s and rewrite <code>elements</code> in terms of it (call the new one <code>elements3</code>).}} === Enumerated Sets === You can also use datatypes to define things like enumerated sets, for instance, a type which can only have a constrained number of values. We could define a color type: <pre> data Color = Red | Orange | Yellow | Green | Blue | Purple | White | Black </pre> This would be sufficient to deal with simple colors. Suppose we were using this to write a drawing program, we could then write a function to convert between a <code>Color</code> and a RGB triple. We can write a <code>colorToRGB</code> function, as: <pre> colorToRGB Red = (255,0,0) colorToRGB Orange = (255,128,0) colorToRGB Yellow = (255,255,0) colorToRGB Green = (0,255,0) colorToRGB Blue = (0,0,255) colorToRGB Purple = (255,0,255) colorToRGB White = (255,255,255) colorToRGB Black = (0,0,0) </pre> If we wanted also to allow the user to define his own custom colors, we could change the <code>Color</code> datatype to something like: <pre> data Color = Red | Orange | Yellow | Green | Blue | Purple | White | Black | Custom Int Int Int -- R G B components </pre> And add a final definition for <code>colorToRGB</code>: <pre> colorToRGB (Custom r g b) = (r,g,b) </pre> === The Unit type === A final useful datatype defined in Haskell (from the Prelude) is the unit type. Its definition is: <pre> data () = () </pre> The only true value of this type is <code>()</code>. This is essentially the same as a ''void'' type in a language like C or Java and will be useful when we talk about IO in the chapter [[../Io#|Io]]. We'll dwell much more on data types in the sections on [[../Language advanced#Pattern_Matching|Pattern matching]] and [[../Type advanced#Datatypes|Datatypes]]. == Continuation Passing Style == There is a style of functional programming called "Continuation Passing Style" (also simply "CPS"). The idea behind CPS is to pass around as a function argument what to do next. I will handwave through an example which is too complex to write out at this point and then give a real example, though one with less motivation. Consider the problem of parsing. The idea here is that we have a sequence of tokens (words, letters, whatever) and we want to ascribe structure to them. The task of converting a string of Java tokens to a Java abstract syntax tree is an example of a parsing problem. So is the task of parsing English sentences (though the latter is extremely difficult, even for native English users parsing sentences from the real world). Suppose we're parsing something like C or Java where functions take arguments in parentheses. But for simplicity, assume they are not separated by commas. That is, a function call looks like <tt>myFunction(x y z)</tt>. We want to convert this into something like a pair containing first the string "myFunction" and then a list with three string elements: "x", "y" and "z". The general approach to solving this would be to write a function which parses function calls like this one. First it would look for an identifier ("myFunction"), then for an open parenthesis, then for zero or more identifiers, then for a close parenthesis. One way to do this would be to have two functions: <pre> parseFunction :: [Token] -> Maybe ((String, [String]), [Token]) parseIdentifier :: [Token] -> Maybe (String, [Token]) </pre> The idea would be that if we call <code>parseFunction</code>, if it doesn't return <code>Nothing</code>, then it returns the pair described earlier, together with whatever is left after parsing the function. Similarly, <code>parseIdentifier</code> will parse one of the arguments. If it returns <code>Nothing</code>, then it's not an argument; if it returns <code>Just</code> something, then that something is the argument paired with the rest of the tokens. What the <code>parseFunction</code> function would do is to parse an identifier. If this fails, it fails itself. Otherwise, it continues and tries to parse an open parenthesis. If that succeeds, it repeatedly calls <code>parseIdentifier</code> until that fails. It then tries to parse a close parenthesis. If that succeeds, then it's done. Otherwise, it fails. There is, however, another way to think about this problem. The advantage to this solution is that functions no longer need to return the remaining tokens (which tends to get ugly). Instead of the above, we write functions: <pre> parseFunction :: [Token] -> ((String, [String]) -> [Token] -> a) -> ([Token] -> a) -> a parseIdentifier :: [Token] -> (String -> [Token] -> a) -> ([Token] -> a) -> a </pre> Let's consider <code>parseIdentifier</code>. This takes three arguments: a list of tokens and two ''continuations''. The first continuation is what to do when you succeed. The second continuation is what to do if you fail. What <code>parseIdentifier</code> does, then, is try to read an identifier. If this succeeds, it calls the first continuation with that identifier and the remaining tokens as arguments. If reading the identifier fails, it calls the second continuation with all the tokens. Now consider <code>parseFunction</code>. Recall that it wants to read an identifier, an open parenthesis, zero or more identifiers and a close parenthesis. Thus, the first thing it does is call <code>parseIdentifier</code>. The first argument it gives is the list of tokens. The first continuation (which is what <code>parseIdentifier</code> should do if it succeeds) is in turn a function which will look for an open parenthesis, zero or more arguments and a close parenthesis. The second continuation (the failure argument) is just going to be the failure function given to <code>parseFunction</code>. Now, we simply need to define this function which looks for an open parenthesis, zero or more arguments and a close parenthesis. This is easy. We write a function which looks for the open parenthesis and then calls <code>parseIdentifier</code> with a success continuation that looks for more identifiers, and a "failure" continuation which looks for the close parenthesis (note that this failure doesn't really mean failure -- it just means there are no more arguments left). I realize this discussion has been quite abstract. I would willingly give code for all this parsing, but it is perhaps too complex at the moment. Instead, consider the problem of folding across a list. We can write a CPS fold as: <pre> cfold' f z [] = z cfold' f z (x:xs) = f x z (\y -> cfold' f y xs) </pre> In this code, <code>cfold'</code> takes a function <code>f</code> which takes three arguments, slightly different from the standard folds. The first is the current list element, <code>x</code>, the second is the accumulated element, <code>z</code>, and the third is the continuation: basically, what to do ''next''. We can write a wrapper function for <code>cfold'</code> that will make it behave more like a normal fold: <pre> cfold f z l = cfold' (\x t g -> f x (g t)) z l </pre> We can test that this function behaves as we desire: {{HaskellExample|1=|2=<pre> CPS> cfold (+) 0 [1,2,3,4] 10 CPS> cfold (:) [] [1,2,3] [1,2,3] </pre>}} One thing that's nice about formulating <code>cfold</code> in terms of the helper function <code>cfold'</code> is that we can use the helper function directly. This enables us to change, for instance, the evaluation order of the fold very easily: {{HaskellExample|1=|2=<pre> CPS> cfold' (\x t g -> (x : g t)) [] [1..10] [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10] CPS> cfold' (\x t g -> g (x : t)) [] [1..10] [10,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1] </pre>}} The only difference between these calls to <code>cfold'</code> is whether we call the continuation before or after constructing the list. As it turns out, this slight difference changes the behavior for being like <code>foldr</code> to being like <code>foldl</code>. We can evaluate both of these calls as follows (let <code>f</code> be the folding function): <pre> cfold' (\x t g -> (x : g t)) [] [1,2,3] ==> cfold' f [] [1,2,3] ==> f 1 [] (\y -> cfold' f y [2,3]) ==> 1 : ((\y -> cfold' f y [2,3]) []) ==> 1 : (cfold' f [] [2,3]) ==> 1 : (f 2 [] (\y -> cfold' f y [3])) ==> 1 : (2 : ((\y -> cfold' f y [3]) [])) ==> 1 : (2 : (cfold' f [] [3])) ==> 1 : (2 : (f 3 [] (\y -> cfold' f y []))) ==> 1 : (2 : (3 : (cfold' f [] []))) ==> 1 : (2 : (3 : [])) ==> [1,2,3] cfold' (\x t g -> g (x:t)) [] [1,2,3] ==> cfold' f [] [1,2,3] ==> (\x t g -> g (x:t)) 1 [] (\y -> cfold' f y [2,3]) ==> (\g -> g [1]) (\y -> cfold' f y [2,3]) ==> (\y -> cfold' f y [2,3]) [1] ==> cfold' f [1] [2,3] ==> (\x t g -> g (x:t)) 2 [1] (\y -> cfold' f y [3]) ==> cfold' f (2:[1]) [3] ==> cfold' f [2,1] [3] ==> (\x t g -> g (x:t)) 3 [2,1] (\y -> cfold' f y []) ==> cfold' f (3:[2,1]) [] ==> [3,2,1] </pre> In general, continuation passing style is a very powerful abstraction, though it can be difficult to master. We will revisit the topic more thoroughly later in the book. <!-- In this code, \hs{cfold'} basically turns the accumulator argument--> <!-- \hs{z} into a continuation. This continuation \hs{g} says "give me a--> <!-- value and then I'll combine it with what I had before and give you the--> <!-- result). The function \hs{fold'} first matches against a list with--> <!-- exactly one element: \hs{x}. If this match succeeds, it says to--> <!-- \hs{g}: "Here is a value, \hs{x}. Give me the result." Of course,--> <!-- \hs{g} obliges.--> <!-- In the recursive case, \hs{fold'} builds a new continuation that says:--> <!-- "give me a value and I'll combine it with what I see right now." It--> <!-- then recurses on itself and gives the result of this recursion to the--> <!-- original function \hs{g} as a result.--> {{Exercises|1= # Test whether the CPS-style fold mimics either of <code>foldr</code> and <code>foldl</code>. If not, where is the difference? # Write <code>map</code> and <code>filter</code> using continuation passing style.}} 8uwdjyeb2o4p7nq5ju6qwd3nlu681yk 4 112405 4498400 4497640 2025-06-03T08:10:24Z ArchiverBot 1227662 Bot: Archiving 1 thread (older than 60 days) to [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/2025/April]] 4498400 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:CHAT|WB:RR/G|WB:GENERAL}} {{TOC left|limit=3}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(60d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 |key = 7a0ac23cf8049e4d9ff70cabb5649d1a }} Welcome to the '''General reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about the Wikibooks project in general. For proposals for improving Wikibooks, see the [[../Proposals/]] reading room. {{clear}} [[Category:Reading room]] == Wikidata and Sister Projects: An online community event == ''(Apologies for posting in English)'' Hello everyone, I am excited to share news of an upcoming online event called '''[[d:Event:Wikidata_and_Sister_Projects|Wikidata and Sister Projects]]''' celebrating the different ways Wikidata can be used to support or enhance with another Wikimedia project. The event takes place over 4 days between '''May 29 - June 1st, 2025'''. We would like to invite speakers to present at this community event, to hear success stories, challenges, showcase tools or projects you may be working on, where Wikidata has been involved in Wikipedia, Commons, WikiSource and all other WM projects. If you are interested in attending, please [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1291|register here]]. If you would like to speak at the event, please fill out this Session Proposal template on the [[d:Event_talk:Wikidata_and_Sister_Projects|event talk page]], where you can also ask any questions you may have. I hope to see you at the event, in the audience or as a speaker, - [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 09:18, 11 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Send_List&oldid=28525705 --> == Vote now on the revised UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines ("UCoC EG") and the UCoC's Coordinating Committee Charter is open now through the end of 1 May (UTC) ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Voter_information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review of the EG and Charter was planned and implemented by the U4C. Further information will be provided in the coming months about the review of the UCoC itself. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:34, 17 April 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28469465 --> == Vote on proposed modifications to the UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter == <section begin="announcement-content" /> The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter closes on 1 May 2025 at 23:59 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community in your language, as appropriate, so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C -- <section end="announcement-content" /> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 03:40, 29 April 2025 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == Call for Candidates for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) == <section begin="announcement-content" /> The results of voting on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter is [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025#Results|available on Meta-wiki]]. You may now [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Candidates|submit your candidacy to serve on the U4C]] through 29 May 2025 at 12:00 UTC. Information about [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|eligibility, process, and the timeline are on Meta-wiki]]. Voting on candidates will open on 1 June 2025 and run for two weeks, closing on 15 June 2025 at 12:00 UTC. If you have any questions, you can ask on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|the discussion page for the election]]. -- in cooperation with the U4C, </div><section end="announcement-content" /> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|discuss]])</bdi> 22:06, 15 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == RfC ongoing regarding Abstract Wikipedia (and your project) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''(Apologies for posting in English, if this is not your first language)'' Hello all! We opened a discussion on Meta about a very delicate issue for the development of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]]: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. Since some of the hypothesis involve your project, we wanted to hear your thoughts too. We want to make the decision process clear: we do not yet know which option we want to use, which is why we are consulting here. We will take the arguments from the Wikimedia communities into account, and we want to consult with the different communities and hear arguments that will help us with the decision. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation. You can read the various hypothesis and have your say at [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 15:26, 22 May 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=28768453 --> == Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 Selection & Call for Questions == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, This year, the term of 2 (two) Community- and Affiliate-selected Trustees on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees will come to an end [1]. The Board invites the whole movement to participate in this year’s selection process and vote to fill those seats. The Elections Committee will oversee this process with support from Foundation staff [2]. The Governance Committee, composed of trustees who are not candidates in the 2025 community-and-affiliate-selected trustee selection process (Raju Narisetti, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Lorenzo Losa, Kathy Collins, Victoria Doronina and Esra’a Al Shafei) [3], is tasked with providing Board oversight for the 2025 trustee selection process and for keeping the Board informed. More details on the roles of the Elections Committee, Board, and staff are here [4]. Here are the key planned dates: * May 22 – June 5: Announcement (this communication) and call for questions period [6] * June 17 – July 1, 2025: Call for candidates * July 2025: If needed, affiliates vote to shortlist candidates if more than 10 apply [5] * August 2025: Campaign period * August – September 2025: Two-week community voting period * October – November 2025: Background check of selected candidates * Board’s Meeting in December 2025: New trustees seated Learn more about the 2025 selection process - including the detailed timeline, the candidacy process, the campaign rules, and the voter eligibility criteria - on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025|[link]]]. '''Call for Questions''' In each selection process, the community has the opportunity to submit questions for the Board of Trustees candidates to answer. The Election Committee selects questions from the list developed by the community for the candidates to answer. Candidates must answer all the required questions in the application in order to be eligible; otherwise their application will be disqualified. This year, the Election Committee will select 5 questions for the candidates to answer. The selected questions may be a combination of what’s been submitted from the community, if they’re alike or related. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates|[link]]] '''Election Volunteers''' Another way to be involved with the 2025 selection process is to be an Election Volunteer. Election Volunteers are a bridge between the Elections Committee and their respective community. They help ensure their community is represented and mobilize them to vote. Learn more about the program and how to join on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Election_volunteers|[link].]] Thank you! [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Results [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter [3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Committee_Membership,_December_2024 [4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles [5] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/FAQ [6] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates Best regards, Victoria Doronina Board Liaison to the Elections Committee Governance Committee<section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:07, 28 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> g9ebpgrxgdp9dzq0sexgvnagto19c76 102 156718 4498408 4425262 2025-06-03T11:56:14Z 4094uo 3503599 4498408 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{recipesummary | Category = French recipes | Yield = 3 ea. 14-inch baguettes | Servings = | Time = 7 hours | Difficulty = 4 | Image = [[Image:Baguette.png|300px]] }} {{recipe}} | [[Cookbook:Cuisine of France|French Cuisine]] | [[Cookbook:Bread|Bread]] The '''baguette''' is a variety of French bread distinguishable by its much greater length than width, and noted for its very crispy crust. The standard girth size of a baguette is about 5 or 6 [[Cookbook:Centimetre (cm)|cm]], and it can be up to a meter in length. One loaf typically weighs 250 g. It may also be referred to as a ''French loaf'' or ''French stick''. ==Ingredients== {| class="wikitable" style="background: none" !Ingredient !Count !Volume <ref group="note">Weight conversions from USDA National Nutrient Database. Original recipe text and ingredient order preserved. Conversions made on volumetric measures.</ref> !Weight ![[Cookbook:Baker's Percentage|Baker's %]]<ref group="note">[[wikipedia:baker percentage|Baker's percentages.]]</ref> |- |Active dry [[Cookbook:Yeast|yeast]] (95–110°F / 35–43°C) | |1¼ [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|teaspoons]] |5 [[Cookbook:Gram|g]] |1% |- |Very warm water (105–115°F) | |¼ [[Cookbook:Cup|cup]] |2 [[Cookbook:Ounce|ounces]] (59.25 g) |11.85% |- |Unbleached [[Cookbook:All-purpose flour|all-purpose flour]] | |4 cups |18 ounces (500 g) |100% |- |Salt | |2 ¼ teaspoons |13.5 g |2.7% |- |Cool water (75°F) | |1¼ cups |10.5 ounces (296.25 g) |59.25% |- |'''Total''' | | |'''874 g''' |'''174.8%''' |} ==Procedure== === Dough === # Using a fork, stir together the yeast and warm water in a small bowl until the yeast dissolves. Let's stand for 3 minutes. # Combine the flour and salt in a large bowl. # Mix the cool water, yeast mixture and flour gently with your fingers to form a massive mass. # On a lightly-floured work surface, [[Cookbook:Knead|knead]] for 5 minutes. The dough should now be supple and resilient. # Cover the dough with plastic wrap or a light towel. # Let the dough rest for 25 minutes—this period is called the [[Cookbook:Autolyse|autolyse]]. # Knead the dough for 6–8 minutes. Overkneading could make an overly tough dough; you're looking for a dough that is smooth and stretchy. === First rise === # Lightly oil a bowl, and turn the dough in the bowl to coat it with oil. Cover the bowl with a tea towel. # Let rise at room temperature (75–77°F) for 1½–2 hours (until the volume doubles). # Gently deflate the dough. Fold it over itself , then reshape into a ball. Cover again with a tea towel. # Let rise for 1¼ hours or until it doubles again. # Once again, gently deflate the dough. Reshape into a round and cover, letting it rise for about 1 hour. === Shaping === # On a lightly floured surface, divide the dough into 3 equal pieces (about 10 [[Cookbook:Ounce|ounces]] each). # Take one piece and gently stretch into a rectangle, leaving some large bubbles in the dough. # Fold the top third down and the bottom third up. # Form the loaf into a log by rolling the dough over from left to right and sealing the seam with the heel of your palm. # Fold the dough over about a third of the way each time, seal the length of the loaf, then repeat. # You want to gently draw the skin tight over the surface of the baguette while leaving some air bubbles in the dough. Seal the seam, being careful not to tear the skin of the dough or deflate its airy structure. # Set aside on the work surface to relax before elongating it, and repeat the shaping process with remaining pieces of dough. # Now elongate each baguette, starting with the first one you shaped, by rolling it back and forth on the work surface. Begin with both hands over the center of the loaf and work them out to the ends until the loaf reaches the desired length. Make sure that the loaves don't exceed the length allowed by the oven. === Second rise === # Place the finished loaves on a [[Cookbook:Peel|peel]] or upside down [[Cookbook:Baking Sheet|baking sheet]] lined with [[Cookbook:Parchment Paper|parchment paper]] and generously sprinkled with [[Cookbook:Cornmeal|cornmeal]] or on a baguette pan. # Cover the loaves with well oiled [[Cookbook:Plastic wrap|plastic]] or a floured cloth and let rise for 30 to 40 minutes until the loaves are slightly plump but still not doubled in volume. The final rise is short, because you want the baguettes to be slightly under-[[Cookbook:Proofing|proofed]]; this will give them a better oven spring, resulting in loaves with a light, airy crumb and more flared cuts. === Preparing for baking === # Thirty minutes before baking, preheat the [[Cookbook:Oven|oven]] to [[Cookbook:Oven Temperatures|500°F]]. # Place a [[Cookbook:Pizza Stone|baking stone]] in the oven to preheat, and place an empty water pan directly under the stone. # Use a very sharp razor blade or lame to make 3–5 slashes, depending on the length of your loaves, on the top of each baguette. The cuts should run from one end of the loaf to the other, rather than across it, and the blade should be held at a 30° angle to the loaf so that the cuts pop open in the oven. Be careful not to press down too hard, or you may deflate the loaves. # Using a plant sprayer, mist the loaves. === Baking === # Gently slide the loaves onto the preheated stone, or place the baguette mold in the oven. Pour 1 cup of very hot water into the water pan and quickly close the oven door. After 1 minute, mist the loaves and oven walls 6–8 times and close the door. After 2 more minutes, spray the loaves and the oven walls again. # Bake for 12 minutes, then lower the oven temperature to 400°F and bake for 25–30 minutes longer until the loaves are golden brown and crisp. Move them to a rack to cool. # Enjoy your baguettes still slightly warm with some soft, ripe French cheese and a glass of wine. ==Notes, tips, and variations== * Replacing some of the [[Cookbook:All-purpose flour|all-purpose flour]] (¼ of it is a good amount) with cake flour will give an even lighter texture to the loaf. ==Uses== * Shorter baguettes are very often used for sandwiches. These sandwich-sized loaves are sometimes known as ''demi-baguettes'' or ''tiers''. Baguettes are often [[Cookbook:Slicing|sliced]] and served with cheeses. As part of the traditional continental breakfast in France, slices of baguette are spread with [[Cookbook:Jam|jam]] and dunked in bowls of [[Cookbook:Coffee|coffee]] or [[Cookbook:Hot Chocolate|hot chocolate]]. ==Conversion Notes== {{Reflist|group=note}} {{wikipedia|Baguette}} [[Category:French recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for bread]] [[Category:Baking recipes]] [[Category:Vegan recipes]] [[Category:Vegetarian recipes]] [[Category:All-purpose flour recipes]] r9nswm36l9n0ktu2odqjozlp2wmbt22 4498409 4498408 2025-06-03T11:56:43Z 4094uo 3503599 4498409 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{recipesummary | Category = French recipes | Yield = 3 ea. 14-inch baguettes | Servings = | Time = 7 hours | Difficulty = 4 | Image = [[Image:Baguette.png|300px]] }} {{recipe}} | [[Cookbook:Cuisine of France|French Cuisine]] | [[Cookbook:Bread|Bread]] The '''baguette''' is a variety of French bread distinguishable by its much greater length than width, and noted for its very crispy crust. The standard girth size of a baguette is about 5 or 6 [[Cookbook:Centimetre (cm)|cm]], and it can be up to a meter in length. One loaf typically weighs 250 g. It may also be referred to as a ''French loaf'' or ''French stick''. ==Ingredients== {| class="wikitable" style="background: none" !Ingredient !Count !Volume <ref group="note">Weight conversions from USDA National Nutrient Database. Original recipe text and ingredient order preserved. Conversions made on volumetric measures.</ref> !Weight ![[Cookbook:Baker's Percentage|Baker's %]]<ref group="note">[[wikipedia:baker percentage|Baker's percentages.]]</ref> |- |Active dry [[Cookbook:Yeast|yeast]] (95–110°F / 35–43°C) | |1¼ [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|teaspoons]] |5 [[Cookbook:Gram|g]] |1% |- |Very warm water (105–115°F) | |¼ [[Cookbook:Cup|cup]] |2 [[Cookbook:Ounce|ounces]] (59.25 g) |11.85% |- |Unbleached [[Cookbook:All-purpose flour|all-purpose flour]] | |4 cups |18 ounces (500 g) |100% |- |Salt | |2 ¼ teaspoons |13.5 g |2.7% |- |Cool water (75°F) | |1¼ cups |10.5 ounces (296.25 g) |59.25% |- |'''Total''' | | |'''874 g''' |'''174.8%''' |} ==Procedure== === Dough === # Using a fork, stir together the yeast and warm water in a small bowl until the yeast dissolves. Let's stand for 3 minutes. # Combine the flour and salt in a large bowl. # Mix the cool water, yeast mixture and flour gently with your fingers to form a massive mass. # On a lightly-floured work surface, [[Cookbook:Knead|knead]] for 5 minutes. The dough should now be supple and resilient. # Cover the dough with plastic wrap or a light towel. # Let the dough rest for 25 minutes—this period is called the [[Cookbook:Autolyse|autolyse]]. # Knead the dough for 6–8 minutes. Overkneading could make an overly tough dough; you're looking for a dough that is smooth and stretchy. === First rise === # Lightly oil a bowl, and turn the dough in the bowl to coat it with oil. Cover the bowl with a tea towel. # Let it rise at room temperature (75–77°F) for 1½–2 hours (until the volume doubles). # Gently deflate the dough. Fold it over itself , then reshape into a ball. Cover again with a tea towel. # Let it rise for 1¼ hours or until it doubles again. # Once again, gently deflate the dough. Reshape into a round and cover, letting it rise for about 1 hour. === Shaping === # On a lightly floured surface, divide the dough into 3 equal pieces (about 10 [[Cookbook:Ounce|ounces]] each). # Take one piece and gently stretch into a rectangle, leaving some large bubbles in the dough. # Fold the top third down and the bottom third up. # Form the loaf into a log by rolling the dough over from left to right and sealing the seam with the heel of your palm. # Fold the dough over about a third of the way each time, seal the length of the loaf, then repeat. # You want to gently draw the skin tight over the surface of the baguette while leaving some air bubbles in the dough. Seal the seam, being careful not to tear the skin of the dough or deflate its airy structure. # Set aside on the work surface to relax before elongating it, and repeat the shaping process with remaining pieces of dough. # Now elongate each baguette, starting with the first one you shaped, by rolling it back and forth on the work surface. Begin with both hands over the center of the loaf and work them out to the ends until the loaf reaches the desired length. Make sure that the loaves don't exceed the length allowed by the oven. === Second rise === # Place the finished loaves on a [[Cookbook:Peel|peel]] or upside down [[Cookbook:Baking Sheet|baking sheet]] lined with [[Cookbook:Parchment Paper|parchment paper]] and generously sprinkled with [[Cookbook:Cornmeal|cornmeal]] or on a baguette pan. # Cover the loaves with well oiled [[Cookbook:Plastic wrap|plastic]] or a floured cloth and let rise for 30 to 40 minutes until the loaves are slightly plump but still not doubled in volume. The final rise is short, because you want the baguettes to be slightly under-[[Cookbook:Proofing|proofed]]; this will give them a better oven spring, resulting in loaves with a light, airy crumb and more flared cuts. === Preparing for baking === # Thirty minutes before baking, preheat the [[Cookbook:Oven|oven]] to [[Cookbook:Oven Temperatures|500°F]]. # Place a [[Cookbook:Pizza Stone|baking stone]] in the oven to preheat, and place an empty water pan directly under the stone. # Use a very sharp razor blade or lame to make 3–5 slashes, depending on the length of your loaves, on the top of each baguette. The cuts should run from one end of the loaf to the other, rather than across it, and the blade should be held at a 30° angle to the loaf so that the cuts pop open in the oven. Be careful not to press down too hard, or you may deflate the loaves. # Using a plant sprayer, mist the loaves. === Baking === # Gently slide the loaves onto the preheated stone, or place the baguette mold in the oven. Pour 1 cup of very hot water into the water pan and quickly close the oven door. After 1 minute, mist the loaves and oven walls 6–8 times and close the door. After 2 more minutes, spray the loaves and the oven walls again. # Bake for 12 minutes, then lower the oven temperature to 400°F and bake for 25–30 minutes longer until the loaves are golden brown and crisp. Move them to a rack to cool. # Enjoy your baguettes still slightly warm with some soft, ripe French cheese and a glass of wine. ==Notes, tips, and variations== * Replacing some of the [[Cookbook:All-purpose flour|all-purpose flour]] (¼ of it is a good amount) with cake flour will give an even lighter texture to the loaf. ==Uses== * Shorter baguettes are very often used for sandwiches. These sandwich-sized loaves are sometimes known as ''demi-baguettes'' or ''tiers''. Baguettes are often [[Cookbook:Slicing|sliced]] and served with cheeses. As part of the traditional continental breakfast in France, slices of baguette are spread with [[Cookbook:Jam|jam]] and dunked in bowls of [[Cookbook:Coffee|coffee]] or [[Cookbook:Hot Chocolate|hot chocolate]]. ==Conversion Notes== {{Reflist|group=note}} {{wikipedia|Baguette}} [[Category:French recipes]] [[Category:Recipes for bread]] [[Category:Baking recipes]] [[Category:Vegan recipes]] [[Category:Vegetarian recipes]] [[Category:All-purpose flour recipes]] sha3rg5pq7w4p0rm91gyrcqmg3t8bwt 102 200053 4498384 3144095 2025-06-03T01:03:06Z Dlsslsl 3414868 4498384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{technique}} If your grill or smoker has retreated from your use, this is the guide to get you started again. == Meats and Cuts == If you're either cooking low and slow, or hot and fast, you'll want to pick a cut that's got a good amount of marbling. Good chicken cuts include: Whole leg quarters, thighs, drumsticks, wings, and whole butterflied chickens. Breasts can be dry and flavorless. Nice beef cuts: Tender steaks, flank, inside skirt, and briskets. Pork isn't that lucky though. See, before the fitness craze came, pigs were fat. In fact, the average pig had more fat than 50 chicken leg quarters. I actually got to taste that meat before it was gone. But, people crazy about fitness turned from pigs to poultry. Undaunted, pig breeders made the once juicy hog dry. Anyways, cuts that have the right stuff include Boston butts, ribs, and chops. == Cooking == The type of barbecue cooking that you choose for a cut matters almost as much as the cut you pick. Cuts that like a long cook time in the smoker are Boston butts, ribs, beef brisket, chicken thighs and legs, wings, and whole chickens. Try to do a long smoke time with things like filet mignons, and you'll get something extremely mushy, like cat food. Cuts that like it hot and fast are: Pork chops, chicken breasts, steaks like ribeyes and strips, ahi tuna, fish, and shrimp. '''Some recipes that use a smoker:''' [[Cookbook:Pulled Pork Sandwiches|Pulled Pork]] [[Cookbook:Memphis-Style BBQ Ribs|Memphis-Style BBQ Ribs]] [[Cookbook:North Carolina-Style BBQ Ribs|North Carolina-Style BBQ Ribs]] == Woods == Think all smoking woods are the same? Wrong! Each wood has its own flavor and character. However, if you use softwoods like cedar, pine, and spruce, you'll get toxic tars, resins, and creosote, which can kill! That's why you'll want to use hardwoods. I have a chart concerning flavour of smoke. :Alder: Classic European smoking wood, doesn't overtake, complements meats with mild flavour and seafood such as trout. :Applewood: Adds a cider-like flavour to meats and fish. Nicely complements items with honey, or meats such as chicken, pork, and lamb. :Cherry: Fruity, tad bitter smoke that complements pork. :Hickory: Classic American wood. Adds a sharp, woodsy flavour. Complements pork, chicken, seafood, and shrimp. :Maple: Sweet maple syrup flavour. Complements almost everything. :Mesquite: Gives a spicy Southwestern flair to beef. However, mesquite can overtake mild flavoured meats like pork and chicken. :Oak: Hot and slow burning wood, as a medium to heavy flavour without overpowering. Generally used for lamb and beef. :Peachwood: Sweet fruity flavour. Complements pork, chicken, salmon, trout, and shrimp. 31wfft9i83i41jl4i5v49m6d3zl647v 4498385 4498384 2025-06-03T01:07:51Z Dlsslsl 3414868 4498385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{technique}} If your grill or smoker has retreated from thy use, this is the guide to get thou started again. == Meats and Cuts == If thou art either cooking low and slow, or hot and fast, you'll want to pick a cut that's got a good amount of marbling. Good chicken cuts include: Whole leg quarters, thighs, drumsticks, wings, and whole butterflied chickens. Breasts can be dry and flavorless. Nice beef cuts: Tender steaks, flank, inside skirt, and briskets. Pork isn't that lucky though. See, before the fitness craze came, pigs were fat. In fact, the average pig had more fat than 50 chicken leg quarters. I actually got to taste that meat before it was gone. But, people crazy about fitness turned from pigs to poultry. Undaunted, pig breeders made the once juicy hog dry. Anyways, cuts that have the right stuff include Boston butts, ribs, and chops. == Cooking == The type of barbecue cooking that thou choose for a cut matters almost as much as the cut you pick. Cuts that like a long cook time in the smoker are Boston butts, ribs, beef brisket, chicken thighs and legs, wings, and whole chickens. Try to do a long smoke time with things like filet mignons, and thouwill get something extremely mushy, like cat food. Cuts that like it hot and fast are: Pork chops, chicken breasts, steaks like ribeyes and strips, ahi tuna, fish, and shrimp. '''Some recipes that use a smoker:''' [[Cookbook:Pulled Pork Sandwiches|Pulled Pork]] [[Cookbook:Memphis-Style BBQ Ribs|Memphis-Style BBQ Ribs]] [[Cookbook:North Carolina-Style BBQ Ribs|North Carolina-Style BBQ Ribs]] == Woods == Think all smoking woods are the same? Wrong! Each wood has its own flavour and character. However, if thou use softwoods like cedar, pine, and spruce, you'll get toxic tars, resins, and creosote, which can kill! That's why thou want to use hardwoods. have a chart concerning flavour of smoke. :Alder: Classic European smoking wood, doesn't overtake, complements meats with mild flavour and seafood such as trout. :Applewood: Adds a cider-like flavour to meats and fish. Nicely complements items with honey, or meats such as chicken, pork, and lamb. :Cherry: Fruity, tad bitter smoke that complements pork. :Hickory: Classic American wood. Adds a sharp, woodsy flavour. Complements pork, chicken, seafood, and shrimp. :Maple: Sweet maple syrup flavour. Complements almost everything. :Mesquite: Gives a spicy Southwestern flair to beef. However, mesquite can overtake mild flavoured meats like pork and chicken. :Oak: Hot and slow burning wood, as a medium to heavy flavour without overpowering. Generally used for lamb and beef. :Peachwood: Sweet fruity flavour. Complements pork, chicken, salmon, trout, and shrimp. 2iktrjj6nfuimd0urxsia5u3xfkbqd7 4498386 4498385 2025-06-03T01:09:20Z Dlsslsl 3414868 4498386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{technique}} If your grill or smoker has retreated from thy use, this is the guide to get thou started again. == Meats and Cuts == If thou art either cooking low and slow, or hot and fast, thou will want to pick a cut that's got a good amount of marbling. Good chicken cuts include: Whole leg quarters, thighs, drumsticks, wings, and whole butterflied chickens. Breasts can be dry and flavorless. Nice beef cuts: Tender steaks, flank, inside skirt, and briskets. Pork isn't that lucky though. See, before the fitness craze came, pigs were fat. In fact, the average pig had more fat than 50 chicken leg quarters. I actually got to taste that meat before it was gone. But, people crazy about fitness turned from pigs to poultry. Undaunted, pig breeders made the once juicy hog dry. Anyways, cuts that have the right stuff include Boston butts, ribs, and chops. == Cooking == The type of barbecue cooking that thou choose for a cut matters almost as much as the cut you pick. Cuts that like a long cook time in the smoker are Boston butts, ribs, beef brisket, chicken thighs and legs, wings, and whole chickens. Try to do a long smoke time with things like filet mignons, and thouwill get something extremely mushy, like cat food. Cuts that like it hot and fast are: Pork chops, chicken breasts, steaks like ribeyes and strips, ahi tuna, fish, and shrimp. '''Some recipes that use a smoker:''' [[Cookbook:Pulled Pork Sandwiches|Pulled Pork]] [[Cookbook:Memphis-Style BBQ Ribs|Memphis-Style BBQ Ribs]] [[Cookbook:North Carolina-Style BBQ Ribs|North Carolina-Style BBQ Ribs]] == Woods == Think all smoking woods are the same? Wrong! Each wood has its own flavour and character. However, if thou use softwoods like cedar, pine, and spruce, you'll get toxic tars, resins, and creosote, which can kill! That's why thou want to use hardwoods. have a chart concerning flavour of smoke. :Alder: Classic European smoking wood, doesn't overtake, complements meats with mild flavour and seafood such as trout. :Applewood: Adds a cider-like flavour to meats and fish. Nicely complements items with honey, or meats such as chicken, pork, and lamb. :Cherry: Fruity, tad bitter smoke that complements pork. :Hickory: Classic American wood. Adds a sharp, woodsy flavour. Complements pork, chicken, seafood, and shrimp. :Maple: Sweet maple syrup flavour. Complements almost everything. :Mesquite: Gives a spicy Southwestern flair to beef. However, mesquite can overtake mild flavoured meats like pork and chicken. :Oak: Hot and slow burning wood, as a medium to heavy flavour without overpowering. Generally used for lamb and beef. :Peachwood: Sweet fruity flavour. Complements pork, chicken, salmon, trout, and shrimp. jbjwjjgwzawx3qka4fouwejkyhewzgy 4498387 4498386 2025-06-03T01:37:41Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 Rejected the last 3 text changes (by [[Special:Contributions/Dlsslsl|Dlsslsl]]) and restored revision 3144095 by 2605:6000:151A:C1A0:7511:9EC4:A194:88CD; inapproproate changes to language 4498387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{technique}} If your grill or smoker has retreated from your use, this is the guide to get you started again. == Meats and Cuts == If you're either cooking low and slow, or hot and fast, you'll want to pick a cut that's got a good amount of marbling. Good chicken cuts include: Whole leg quarters, thighs, drumsticks, wings, and whole butterflied chickens. Breasts can be dry and flavorless. Nice beef cuts: Tender steaks, flank, inside skirt, and briskets. Pork isn't that lucky though. See, before the fitness craze came, pigs were fat. In fact, the average pig had more fat than 50 chicken leg quarters. I actually got to taste that meat before it was gone. But, people crazy about fitness turned from pigs to poultry. Undaunted, pig breeders made the once juicy hog dry. Anyways, cuts that have the right stuff include Boston butts, ribs, and chops. == Cooking == The type of barbecue cooking that you choose for a cut matters almost as much as the cut you pick. Cuts that like a long cook time in the smoker are Boston butts, ribs, beef brisket, chicken thighs and legs, wings, and whole chickens. Try to do a long smoke time with things like filet mignons, and you'll get something extremely mushy, like cat food. Cuts that like it hot and fast are: Pork chops, chicken breasts, steaks like ribeyes and strips, ahi tuna, fish, and shrimp. '''Some recipes that use a smoker:''' [[Cookbook:Pulled Pork Sandwiches|Pulled Pork]] [[Cookbook:Memphis-Style BBQ Ribs|Memphis-Style BBQ Ribs]] [[Cookbook:North Carolina-Style BBQ Ribs|North Carolina-Style BBQ Ribs]] == Woods == Think all smoking woods are the same? Wrong! Each wood has its own flavor and character. However, if you use softwoods like cedar, pine, and spruce, you'll get toxic tars, resins, and creosote, which can kill! That's why you'll want to use hardwoods. I have a chart concerning flavor of smoke. :Alder: Classic European smoking wood, doesn't overtake, complements meats with mild flavor and seafood such as trout. :Applewood: Adds a cider-like flavor to meats and fish. Nicely complements items with honey, or meats such as chicken, pork, and lamb. :Cherry: Fruity, tad bitter smoke that complements pork. :Hickory: Classic American wood. Adds a sharp, woodsy flavor. Complements pork, chicken, seafood, and shrimp. :Maple: Sweet maple syrup flavor. Complements almost everything. :Mesquite: Gives a spicy Southwestern flair to beef. However, mesquite can overtake mild flavored meats like pork and chicken. :Oak: Hot and slow burning wood, as a medium to heavy flavor without overpowering. Generally used for lamb and beef. :Peachwood: Sweet fruity flavor. Complements pork, chicken, salmon, trout, and shrimp. I hope we've inspired you to take your grill or smoker out of the shadows and fire it up. == Notes == Like the way that last line was written? I borrowed that from Good Eats. 0hjasfdtkrq59j7hgwcj9lwr8ves3v8 0 221482 4498393 4377062 2025-06-03T05:24:38Z Anachronist 1006329 rotation before move 4498393 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ Using the <code>projection()</code> function, you can create 2d drawings from 3d models, and export them to the dxf format. It works by projecting a 3D model to the (x,y) plane, with z at 0. If <code>cut=true</code>, only points with z=0 are considered (effectively cutting the object), with <code>cut=false</code>(''the default''), points above and below the plane are considered as well (creating a proper projection). '''Example''': Consider example002.scad, that comes with OpenSCAD. [[File:Openscad projection example 2x.png]] Then you can do a 'cut' projection, which gives you the 'slice' of the x-y plane with z=0. projection(cut = true) example002(); [[File:Openscad projection example 3x.png]] You can also do an 'ordinary' projection, which gives a sort of 'shadow' of the object onto the xy plane. projection(cut = false) example002(); [[File:Openscad example projection 8x.png]] '''Another Example''' You can also use projection to get a 'side view' of an object. Let's take example002, rotate it, and move it up out of the X-Y plane: translate([0,0,25]) rotate([90,0,0]) example002(); [[File:Openscad projection example 4x.png]] Now we can get a side view with projection() projection() translate([0,0,25]) rotate([90,0,0]) example002(); [[File:Openscad projection example 5x.png]] Links: *[http://www.gilesbathgate.com/2010/06/extracting-2d-mendel-outlines-using-openscad/ More complicated example] from Giles Bathgate's blog {{BookCat}} k4whtbb3r2nwz12dzcpw20b6wvusie8 0 225817 4498401 4400631 2025-06-03T08:23:47Z 102.212.183.28 Insect (nature) 4498401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Adventist Adventurer Awards/Header|class=Little Lamb}} == Listen to a book about insects. == [http://www.ovguide.com/the-very-hungry-caterpillar-and-other-stories-9202a8c04000641f8000000009009702 The Very Hungry Caterpillar Story ] by Eric Carle https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=75NQK-Sm1YY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IGxI6v-kIOY == Say three things you learned about insects. == https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YjOFjzLgY0M '''<big>Insects have:</big>''' # '''<big>Head, Thorax, and Abdomen</big>''' # '''<big>6 legs</big>''' # '''<big>2 antennas</big>''' == Play an action game about insects. == <div style="font-size:larger;"> Instead of playing a game we sing the Insect's body parts(Tune: “Head, Shoulders, Knees, and Toes”) '''Insect Body Parts''' Head (Point to head.) Thorax (Point to chest) Abdomen – abdomen! (Point to stomach) Head, thorax, abdomen – abdomen! And eyes (Point to eyes.) And mouth (Point to mouth.) And antennae, two (Stick 2 fingers up) Six legs (Wiggle 3 fingers on each hand.) And there’s an insect for you! (Leave off a verse each time you sing and hum.) </div> == Make an insect craft. == <div style="font-size:larger;"> '''Clothespin Grasshopper''' You need: # Small Clothespins # Green Paint and Brush # Green pipe cleaner # Tacky Glue # 5mm Wiggle Eyes Instructions: Paint a small clothespin green. Let dry. Cut a one 6" piece, and two 3” pieces of pipe cleaner. Bend it into shape for the legs as shown. Glue to the clothespin. Glue on wiggle eyes. Press two pins in place for antennae. == Recipe == This recipe is always a hit with our children! -</div> [http://allrecipes.com/recipe/mud-and-worms/ Worms in the mud] {{Adventist Adventurer Awards/Footer|Little Lamb}} pi044tg1lepfdklqcpmsn4knrv0pnn8 4498402 4498401 2025-06-03T08:25:30Z 102.212.183.28 body Structures. 4498402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Adventist Adventurer Awards/Header|class=Little Lamb}} == Listen to a book about insects. == [http://www.ovguide.com/the-very-hungry-caterpillar-and-other-stories-9202a8c04000641f8000000009009702 The Very Hungry Caterpillar Story ] by Eric Carle https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=75NQK-Sm1YY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IGxI6v-kIOY == Say three things you learned about insects. == https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YjOFjzLgY0M '''<big>Insects have:</big>''' # '''<big>Head, Thorax, and Abdomen</big>''' # '''<big>6 legs</big>''' # '''<big>2 antennas</big>''' == Play an action game about insects. == <div style="font-size:larger;"> Instead of playing a game we sing the Insect's body parts(Tune: “Head, Shoulders, Knees, and Toes”) '''Insect Body Part''' Head (Point to head.) Thorax (Point to chest) Abdomen – abdomen! (Point to stomach) Head, thorax, abdomen – abdomen! And eyes (Point to eyes.) And mouth (Point to mouth.) And antennae, two (Stick 2 fingers up) Six legs (Wiggle 3 fingers on each hand.) And there’s an insect for you! (Leave off a verse each time you sing and hum.) </div> == Make an insect craft. == <div style="font-size:larger;"> '''Clothespin Grasshopper''' You need: # Small Clothespins # Green Paint and Brush # Green pipe cleaner # Tacky Glue # 5mm Wiggle Eyes Instructions: Paint a small clothespin green. Let dry. Cut a one 6" piece, and two 3” pieces of pipe cleaner. Bend it into shape for the legs as shown. Glue to the clothespin. Glue on wiggle eyes. Press two pins in place for antennae. == Recipe == This recipe is always a hit with our children! -</div> [http://allrecipes.com/recipe/mud-and-worms/ Worms in the mud] {{Adventist Adventurer Awards/Footer|Little Lamb}} l97a80umfotsuvpemw0g0bg0v9plbzx 0 237398 4498347 4497671 2025-06-02T13:32:58Z Jeff1138 301139 4498347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==Introduction== This a list of computer hardware tested with mostly native AROS installs and, in the recommended sections, of virtual machines With 64bit support it is recommended 8Gb ram is needed and that SSE 4.1 and AVX are supported in the CPU i.e. from year 2012 for Intel CPUs and 2013 for AMD CPUs. They are x86-64 instruction sets designed to perform the same operations on multiple data items simultaneously, a technique known as Single Instruction, Multiple Data (SIMD). This allows for increased performance in tasks involving parallel computation. SSE 4.1 is a 128-bit SIMD instruction set, while AVX introduced 256-bit SIMD, further enhancing performance. Some apps require these features to run well, like 3D, multimedia decoding or JIT (javascript) in Odyssey web browser. If not the apps may work slower or might fail. If you have encountered differently (i.e. problems, incompatibilities, faults, niggles, annoyances, environment, errors, review of setup etc) please update this information. Please bear in mind that AROS has only a few hardware driver developers, whilst Linux counts in the tens and Windows in the hundreds. So consequently, be aware that driver support on native is now a decade behind linux, MacOS(TM) and Windows(TM). Although still being worked upon Alternatively, an hosted OS (windows or linux) of AROS could give better results. [[#Laptops]] [[#Netbook]] [[#Desktop Systems]] [[#Recommended hardware (32-bit)]] [[#Recommended hardware (64-bit)]] === Laptops === [[#top|...to the top]] * 2006/2007 Dell Latitude D-series laptops - business class machines, good support in Aros, easy to replace wifi card * 2006 some [https://www.techradar.com/reviews/pc-mac/laptops-portable-pcs/laptops-and-netbooks/toshiba-satellite-pro-a200-28550/review Satellite Pro A200] * 2008 For the tiny carry anywhere, the early run of Acer Aspire netbooks Rough estimate from taking a random laptop notebook what you can expect from a Native install of AROS {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Date ! width="5%" |Overall ! width="5%" |Gfx VESA ! width="5%" |Gfx 2D Acceleration ! width="10%" |Gfx 3D Acceleration ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="20%" |Comments |- | Before 2002 || Poor to OK || VESA 90% || 2D 10% || {{N/A}} || Audio 10% || 40% || Wired 70% || 2% || Max RAM 512MB |- | 2002-2005 || OK || VESA 95% || 2D 10% || 3D 0% || Audio 30% || 70% || Wired 50% || 4% || Max RAM 1GB |- | 2005-2012 || Good || VESA 98% || 2D 60% || 3D 30% || Audio 60% || 80% || Wired 30% || 10% || Max RAM 2 / 4GB |- | 2013-2017 || OK || VESA 98% || 2D 10% || 3D 0% || Audio 20% || 60% || Wired 20% || 0% || Max RAM 8GB / 16GB |- | 2018-2025 || Poor || VESA 98% || 2D 0% || 3D 0% || Audio 0% || 0% || Wired 20% || 0% || Max RAM 32GB |- | 202X-202x || Poor || VESA 95% || 2D 0% || 3D 0% || Audio 0% || 0% || Wired 10% || 0% || Max RAM 64GB |- |} 3D tests now conducted with apps found in Demos/AROS/Mesa and run at default size (may need to View As -> Show All to see them. Any laptop with Windows 7(TM) 64bit or higher install, the bios and hard drive set in uefi/gpt mode (install of AROS incompatible) Most vendor suppliers get OEM (original equipment manufacturers) to make their laptops. These brand name companies purchase their laptops from *80% ODM (Original Design Manufacturer) such as Quanta, Compal, Wistron, Inventec, Foxconn (Hon Hai), Flextronics and Asus (now Pegatron) *20% MiTAC, FIC, Arima, Uniwill, ECS, Tonfang Origin and Clevo {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" | <!--OK-->{{Yes|'''Works well'''}} || <!--May work-->{{Maybe|'''Works a little'''}} || <!--Not working-->{{No|'''Does not work'''}} || <!--Not applicable-->{{N/A|'''N/A not applicable'''}} |- |} ====Acer/Gateway/Emachines==== Company founded under the name of Multitech in Taiwan in 1976, renamed to Acer or Acer Group in 1987 Order of build quality (Lowest to highest) <pre > Packard Bell Aspire Extensa TimeLine Travelmate </pre > {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="2%" |Ethernet ! width="5%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->Travelmate 505 506 507 508 Series || <!--Chipset-->P2 Celeron 466Mhz || <!--IDE-->{{Yes|boots}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA Neo Magic Magic Graph 128XD (NM2160)}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|AC97 Crystal CS}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->1998 minimal support but no audio etc - 506T, 506DX, 507T, 507DX, 508T |- | <!--Name-->TravelMate 340 342 343 345 347 || <!--Chipset-->ALi M1621 with piii || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Trident Cyber 9525 || <!--Audio-->{{No|ESS ES1969 Solo-1}} || <!--USB-->2 ALi OHCI USB 1.1 || <!--Ethernet-->a few have Intel e100 || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2000 32bit - 340T, 341T, 342T, 342TV, 343TV, 345T, 347TV |- | <!--Name-->TravelMate 350 351 352 353 || <!--Chipset-->Ali with piii || <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->Trident Cyber Blade DSTN/Ai1 || <!--Audio-->{{No|ali5451}} || <!--USB-->2 USB 1.1 Ali M5237 OHCI || <!--Ethernet-->e100 || <!--Wireless-->Acer InviLink IEEE 802.11b || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2001 32bit very limited support but no support for PCMCIA O2 Micro OZ6933 - 350T, 351TEV, 352TEV, 353TEV |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->TravelMate 610 series 611 612 613 614 || <!--Chipset-->815 P3 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->Intel 82815 cgc || <!--Audio-->AC97 || <!--USB-->USB 1.1 || <!--Ethernet-->Intel e100 pro || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2001 32bit - 610TXVi 610T 611TXV 612TX 613TXC |- | Aspire 3003LM || SIS AMD 3000 1.8GHz || {{yes}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SIS AGP M760GX (VESA only)}} || {{yes|AC97 SIS codec}} || 3 USB 2.0 || {{yes|SIS900}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4318 AirForce One 54g}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || 2003 sempron |- | Travelmate 2310 Series ZL6 || Intel Celeron M 360 1.4GHz with SiS 661MX || {{yes}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SiS Mirage M661MX (VESA only)}} || {{yes|SIS SI7012 AC97 with realtek ALC203 codec speakers only}} || || {{yes|SIS900}} || {{N/A|LM version has pci card slot but no antenna}} || Icaros 2.1.1 || 2004 32bit - No USB boot option but boot from DVD - reports of wifi losing connection (isolate/remove the metallic grounding foil ends of the antennas) - 2312LM_L - |- | <!--Name-->Aspire 3000 3002LMi 3500 5000 || <!--Chipset-->AMD CPU W-with SIS M760 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->SIS 760 || <!--Audio-->SIS || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->SIS 900 || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom BCM4318 swap for Atheros}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit |- | <!--Name-->Aspire 3050 5020 5050 || <!--Chipset-->AMD Single and Turion MK-36 Dual and RS480 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Use VESA - RS482M Xpress 1100 or RS485M Xpress 1150 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio Realtek ALC883 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->8139 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 5006G or Broadcom BCM 4318 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit MK36 gets very hot |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->TravelMate 2410 2420 2430 series || <!--Chipset-->915GM || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel Mobile 915GMS 910GML || <!--Audio-->Intel AC97 ICH6 with ALC203 codec || <!--USB-->4 USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL-8139 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 5005GS || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit 2428AWXMi - |- | <!--Name-->Acer Aspire 3610 - WISTRON MORAR 3614WLMI || <!--Chipset-->Intel 915 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel GMA 2D and 3D}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=644066&postcount=13 AC97]}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL 8139 8139C+}} || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|Atheros AR5001X+, AR5BMB5 or Broadcom 4318}} || <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.2.4 || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit with good support [http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?p=6205188#post6205188 wifi issues] |- | <!--Name-->TravelMate 2480 series 2483 WXMi (HannStar J MV4 94V) 2483NWXCi Aspire 3680, 3690 || <!--Chipset-->940GML i943 with Celeron 430 1.77GHz - 14.1" || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|2D and 3D openGL 1.x - Tunnel 181 gearbox 104 scores}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with ALC883 codec playback}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|3 USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell 88E8038 yukon sky2}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros 5k AR5005G AR5BMB5 mini pci}} suspect laptop hardware issues || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2006 Works well shame about the internet options - noisy fan - poor battery life - no boot option for TI based mass storage sd card - Max 2GB memory - LCD Inverter Board IV12090/T-LF - |- | <!--Name-->TravelMate 2490 series 2492WXMi || <!--Chipset-->940GML || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel 945 2D and 3D tunnel 164 gearbox 105}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR5005GS suspect hardware issue}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2006 32bit - 15inch screen - strange curved up at ends keyboard style - overall plastic construction - Atheros AR5005G(s) - |- | <!--Name-->Gateway ML6227B MA7 || <!--Chipset-->Celeron M 520 1.6Ghz with 945GM || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|945GM 2D and 3D tunnel 169 gearbox 132}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HDA Intel with STAC9250 codec}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell 88E8038}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|8187L but swap ath5k mini pcie}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2006 15.4 ultrabrite widescreen - Wifi Switch on side Fn/F2 - |- | <!--Name-->Acer Aspire 5630-6796 6288 BL50 || <!--Chipset-->T5200 T5500 Intel® Core™2 Duo T7200 T7400 T7600 || <!--IDE-->{{Yes| }} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel® GMA 950 with S-Video out}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HDAudio}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|4 USB}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Broadcom BCM4401}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945abg swap for Atheros 5K}} || <!--Test Distro-->Tiny AROS || <!--Comments-->2006 - 64bit 39.1 cm (15.4" 1280 x 800) - 2 DDR2-SDRAM slots max 4GB - green mobo?? - |- | <!--Name-->Acer Aspire 5633WMLI BL51 || <!--Chipset-->T5500 with Intel® 945PM/GM Express || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE mode}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Nvidia Go 7300}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with Realtek codec}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Broadcom 440x}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945 swap for Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Tiny Aros || <!--Comments-->2007 64 bit dual core2 - 15.4 WXGA screen - ddr2 max 4gb - OrbiCam no support - ENE chipset SD card - blue mobo?? - |- | <!--Name-->Acer Aspire 9410 9420 || <!--Chipset-->Intel Core Duo with 945PM Express || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|2D NVIDIA GeForce Go 7300 - 128 MB VRAM G72M}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|Intel HD audio with codec}} || <!--USB-->{{yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|rtl8169 8111 }} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945ABG but could swap with atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.3 || <!--Comments-->2007 32bit - 17in TFT 1,440 x 900 WXGA+ - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots max 4gb - |- | <!--Name-->eMachines E510 series KAL10 || <!--Chipset-->Intel Celeron M 560 2.13Ghz with PM965 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel x3100 || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|Intel with codec}} || <!--USB-->Intel || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom BCM5906M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros G AR5BXB63 bios issue??}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2007 32bit very budget machine with InsydeH20 bios and F10 boot menu |- | <!--Name-->ACER Aspire 5920 5920G || <!--Chipset-->Santa Rosa Core 2 Duo T7300 T7500 later T9300 with GM965 and PM965(G) Express || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA for X3100M or 8600M GS (rev a1) 9500M GT 256MB vram (G) but some AMD/ATI RV635 M86 HD 3650}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio with realtek alc888 codec ICH8}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|USB2 }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom BCM5787M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945ABG 4965 or Atheros 9k AR9285}} || <!--Test Distro-->Deadwood test iso 2023-01 2023-11 || <!--Comments-->2008 64bit boot with 'noacpi' or 'noioapic' - 15.4in 1280 x 800 pixels 16:10 - BMW Designworks ‘Gemstone’ design - over 3.0kg with options for 8-cell or 6-cell batteries - 2 SODIMM DDR2 667MT/s max 4GB - synaptics touchpad - |- | <!--Name-->Acer A0521 Ao721 || Athlon II Neo K125 + AMD M880G || {{N/A}} || {{maybe}} || {{maybe|ATI Radeon HD 4225 (VESA only)}} || {{No|Conexant}} || {{Maybe}}|| {{no|AR8152 l1c}} || {{no|AR9285 ath9k}} || AspireOS 1.7 || 2006 64bit possible |- | <!--Name--> Extensa 5630Z || <!--Chipset-->T6600 with Intel GL40 Express || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|IDE mode}} || <!--Gfx--> {{Yes|Intel GMA 4500M HD (2D)}} || <!--Audio--> {{Yes|HD Audio}} || <!--USB--> {{Yes|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet--> {{No|Broadcom BCM 5764M}} || <!--Wireless--> {{No|RaLink RT2860}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2008 64bit |- |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Aspire 5250 series 5253 BZ400 BZ602 || <!--Chipset-->E350 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{no|VESA 2D for AMD HD6310}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|HDaudio for codec Conexant CX20584}} || <!--USB-->{{yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Atheros AR8151}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Atheros 9k AR5B97}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - |- | <!--Name-->Aspire V5 V5-121 V5121 AO725 One 725 || <!--Chipset-->AMD C-70 C70 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{no|VESA for AMD 6290G}} || <!--Audio-->{{no|Realtek ALC269 codec}} || <!--USB-->2 x USB2 || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Broadcom}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - |- | <!--Name-->Aspire V5-122P MS2377 || <!--Chipset-->C-70 C70 with M55, AMD A4-1250 or A6 1450 up to 1.4Ghz || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{yes| }} || <!--Gfx-->AMD 8210 || <!--Audio-->HD audio with codec || <!--USB-->FCH USB EHCI OHCI || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|rtl8169 but LAN/VGA Combo Port Cable (AK.LAVGCA 001) or MiniCP port to Acer Converter Cable (Mini CP to VGA/LAN/USB) (NP.OTH11 00C) needed}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Atheros 9k AR9565}} || <!--Test Distro-->Aros One || <!--Comments-->2012 64bit but no sse4 or avx - 26w battery internal, extension possible - 11.6in 1366 x 768 ips touchscreen - 7mm hd ssd - 2gb ddr3l soldered with 1 slot free max 4GB - bios hacking needed for virtualisation - |- | <!--Name-->Packard Bell EasyNote TE69 TE69KB 522 || <!--Chipset-->slow E1-2500, E2-3800 2c2t Dual or A4-5000 4c4t Quad both soldered BGA769 (FT3) on Hudson-2 FCH || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|Use IDE mode}} setting AHCI to IDE mode - boots if UEFI set to Legacy || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA 2D for ATI Radeon 8120 8240, 8320, 8330 or 8280 islands}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AMD Azalia HD Audio with ALC282 codec but not HDMI}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|Bios, Boot, set Boot mode to Legacy, nothing from USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Atheros AR8171 AR8175 or Broadcom BCM57780}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR9565 0x1969 0x10a1}} || <!--Test Distro-->Aspire OS Xenon and AROS One 1.6 usb || <!--Comments-->2013 64bit with sse4.1 and AVX - 15.6in washed out screen big netbook - Boots with noacpi after using F2 to enter EFI firmware and f12 boot device - 2 ddr3 sodimm slots max 16Gb - |- | <!--Name-->ASPIRE Acer Aspire ES1-520 521 522 Series N15C4 ES1-523 || <!--Chipset-->AMD AMD E1-7010, A8-7410 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{partial|VESA for RADEON R5}} || <!--Audio-->{{no|Realtek ALC 233 or CX20752 HD AUDIO CODEC}} || <!--USB-->{{no|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Atheros AR8151 Gigabit or Broadcom 590x}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Realtek RTL8187 or 8812BU}} || <!--Test Distro-->Aros One || <!--Comments-->2015 64bit with sse4.1 and AVX - 2 ddr3l slots - keyboard connected to top case - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Aspire 3 || <!--Chipset-->AMD Ryzen || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2022 64bit - 14in - 19v round charging - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vr0tC3QJWxk repair], |- | <!--Name-->Swift 3 || <!--Chipset-->AMD Ryzen || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2022 64bit - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Asus==== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->Asus L8400-K Medion MD9467 || <!--Chipset-->Intel desktop 850MHz || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->S3 Savage MX || <!--Audio-->{{No|ESS allegro 1988}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2001 32bit |- | <!--Name-->Asus L2000 L2400 L2D Series Medion 9675 || <!--Chipset-->Athlon 4 mobile || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->use vesa sis630 || <!--Audio-->{{No|sis7018}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->sis900 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2002 32bit |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->x51R X51RL || <!--Chipset-->Duo T2250 T2330 with RS480 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA RC410 [Radeon Xpress 200M]}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD with codec}} || <!--USB-->{{Maybe|boots and detects}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL-8139}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR5006EG AR5111 ath5k AzureWave AW-GE780 - could be ATI Chipset}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.2, deadwood 2021, || <!--Comments-->2003 32bit 15.4 WXGA - 19v barrel - ESC boot select - F2 bios - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Asus R2H Ultra Mobile PC UMPC || <!--Chipset-->Celeron 900Mhz 910GML || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA900 || <!--Audio-->Ac97 ALC880 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->realtek 8169 8101e || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2004 32bit [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jm4fOrqyj3g boots] |- | <!--Name-->Asus A3 series A3F Ergo Ensis 211 RM || <!--Chipset-->P-M 1.6GHz to Core Duo with 950 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 945 || <!--Audio-->Ac97 ALC655 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8100CL 10/100 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2004 32bit only |- | <!--Name-->Z33 || <!--Chipset-->915 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->915GM || <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC880 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless-->Intel 2915ABG || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit Z33A Z33AE N5M N5A |- | Z70A Z70V Z70Va M6A z7000 z7000a || i915 + ICH6 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|mobile 915GML}} || <!--Audio-->{{no|ICH6 HD Audio}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|USB2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Marvell 88E8001}} || {{no|Intel PRO 2200BG Fn / F2}} || Icaros 1.3 || 2005 32bit |- | [http://www.progweb.com/en/2010/09/linux-sur-un-portable-asus-a6jm/ A6jm] A6JC || 945GM || IDE || SATA || {{yes|nVidia GeForce Go 7600 G70}} || {{no|HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|RTL8111 8168B}} || {{no|Intel 3945 ABG}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || 2006 32bit only |- | <!--Name-->F3Jc || <!--Chipset-->945PM || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->G72M Quadro NVS 110M, GeForce Go 7300 || <!--Audio-->D audio || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->realtek 8169 8111 || <!--Wireless-->Intel 3945 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2007 32bit - |- | <!--Name-->X50GL F5GL || <!--Chipset-->T5800 with 965 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA 2d - Nvidia 8200M G84 runs hot}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio MCP79 with codec}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|MCP79}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR5B91 AW-NE77}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.2 || <!--Comments-->2008 64bit not much support no display with nouveau - 19v barrel - ddr2 max 4gb - |- | <!--Name-->ASUS G50 & G51 series G50V G50Vt G51V G51VX G51J G51Jx G50VT X1 X5 ROG || <!--Chipset-->AMD64 with MCP71 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes}} || <!--Gfx-->nVidia GeForce 9800M GS (G94M) up to GT200 [GeForce GTX 260M] (G92M) || <!--Audio-->Nvidia HD Audio with codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Atheros L1C atl1c}} || <!--Wireless-->Atheros G or Intel || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.3 || <!--Comments-->2009 64bit not all GPUs are failing but a much higher % failing early, 8x00 and 9x00 G84, G86, G92, G94, and G96 series chips dying - ddr2 max 4gb - |- | <!--Name-->M50V M50 series || <!--Chipset-->Intel Core 2 Duo P8400 or T9400 with Intel PM45 ICH9 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|BIOS set to compatibility IDE mode}} || <!--Gfx-->NVIDIA GeForce 9600M GS or 9650M GT || <!--Audio-->HDAudio with Realtek ALC663 || <!--USB-->USB2 || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|rtl8169 realtek 8169 8111C}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 5100 or Atheros AR928X}}|| <!--Test Distro-->AROS One 2.0 USB || <!--Comments-->2009 64bit - 15.40 inch 16:10, 1680 x 1050 glossy - the "Infusion" design - heavy 3kg - ddr2 ram max 4gb - |- | <!--Name-->Series F9 F9E F9dc F9f F9j F9s || <!--Chipset-->965GM || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|Vesa}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio ALC660 playback}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|works}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8169 }} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|intel 3495 not working}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.41 || <!--Comments-->2009 64bit - ddr2 max 4gb - |- | P52F SO006X || i3-370M || IDE || SATA || {{yes|nVidia G92 [GeForce 9800 GT] (2D)}} || {{no|Intel HD Audio}} || {{yes|2 USB2.0}} || {{no|Atheros AR8121 AR8113 AR8114 (l1e)}} || {{dunno}} || Icaros 1.3 || 2010 64bit - ddr3 slot - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Asus * X53U MB Ver K53U or K52U Asus K53U MB Ver K53U * A53U XT2 X53B MB ver: K53BY (compal) || <!--Chipset-->Slow atom like speed E-350 (2011), E-450 (2011) on AMD M780G, much slower C-50 C50 (2012), C-60 C60 on the AMD A50M dark brown plastic build || <!--IDE-->{{N/A|}} || <!--SATA-->{{yes|Set IN Bios IDE MODE}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA ATi 6310M, 6320M later 6250M or 6290M}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD audio with alc269 codec Altec Lansing® Speakers}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|3 x USB2}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Unk|rtl8169 with RTL8111 phy}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros half height ar9285 cannot swap with ar5000 mini pci-e as smaller card required}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.2 and AROS One 1.6 USB || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 15.6in 1368 x 768 dull 50% srgb screen - f2 bios setup, esc boot drive - 5200 or 7800 mAh battery covers ASUS K53S K53E X54C X53S K84L X53SV X54HR K53F X53U laptops - 2 DDR3L slots max 8Gb - 19v barrel 5.5 / 2.5 mm - |- | <!--Name-->Asus K53T, Asus A53Z X53Z || <!--Chipset-->AMD A4-3305M on AMD M780G, A6-3420M dark brown plastic build || <!--IDE-->{{N/A|}} || <!--SATA-->{{yes|Set IN Bios IDE MODE}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD 6520G, 7670M}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD audio with codec}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|3 x USB2}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|rtl8169 with RTL8111 phy}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros half height}} || <!--Test Distro-->AROS One USB || <!--Comments-->2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 15.6in 1368 x 768 dull 50% srgb screen - f2 bios setup, esc boot drive - 2 DDR3L slots max 8Gb - 19v barrel 5.5 / 2.5 mm - Altec Lansing® Speakers - |- | <!--Name-->X55U X401U X501U 1225B || <!--Chipset-->slow C-60 C60, C-70 C70 or E1 1200 E2 1800 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->6290G || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111 8169 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR9485 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2013 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 11.6" display - ram soldered - |- | <!--Name-->Asus A43TA A53TA K53TA XE2 A73T || <!--Chipset-->AMD A4-3300M, A6 3400M (laptop chip) || <!--IDE-->{{N/A|}} || <!--SATA-->{{yes|Set IN Bios IDE MODE}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA AMD Radeon HD 6520G Integrated + HD 6470M (1GB GDDR3)}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes| }} || <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Unk|}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - f2 bios setup, esc boot drive - |- | <!--Name-->X102BA || <!--Chipset-->Llano E1 1200 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{yes|ide bios setting}} || <!--Gfx-->Radeon HD 8180 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio || <!--USB-->USB3 || <!--Ethernet-->RTL8101E RTL8102E || <!--Wireless-->Qualcomm Atheros AR9485 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2013 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 10.1” Touchscreen - special asus 45w ac adapter - |- | <!--Name-->K55N, K75DE || <!--Chipset-->AMD a6 4400M A8 4500M || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->AMD 7640G || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with ALC codec none through ATi Trinity HDMI || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR9485 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2013 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 17.3-inch - |- | <!--Name-->X452EA X552EA F552E || <!--Chipset-->AMD E1 2100 or A4 5000M A8 4500M A10 4600M with A || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA for AMD ATI Sun XT Radeon HD 8330 8670A 8670M 8690M}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AMD FCH Azalia rev 02 with ALC898 codec}} || <!--USB-->USB3 with USB2 || <!--Ethernet-->{{{Yes|Realtek RTL8111 8168 8411}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR9485}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1 || <!--Comments-->2013 64bit may support avx kabini trinity - |- | <!--Name-->Asus X555Y - keyboard from Asus X555B X555D X555L X555S X555U X555Y X555LA fits? silver-colored plastic || <!--Chipset-->AMD A6-7210 A8-7410 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{unk }} || <!--Gfx-->{{No|VESA 2D for AMD R5}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio codec}} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek || <!--Wireless-->Realtek || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2015 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 4gb soldered with 1 ddr3 slot - silver-colored plastic - internal battery - keyboard swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->Asus X555D || <!--Chipset-->AMD A10-8700P || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{unk| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{No|VESA 2D for AMD R6}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio codec}} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Realtek}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2016 64bit - 15.6in 1366 x 768 - 4gb soldered with 1 ddr3 slot - silver-coloured plastic - internal battery - keyboard swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->ASUS X555Q || <!--Chipset-->AMD® Bristol Ridge A10-9600P 7th Gen, A12-9720p || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->R5 + Radeon™ R6 M435DX Dual Graphics with VRAM GCN 3 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 || <!--Wireless-->Realtek 8821AE || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2017 64bit - FHD 15.6 1920x1080 - 37W battery internal - 4gb soldered with 1 ddr3 slot - internal battery - keyboard swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->ASUS M509ba || <!--Chipset-->AMD A9-9425 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->RADEON R5 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->USB3 || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 64bit - 15.6in 1366 x 768 - 1 ddr4 sodimm slot max 16Gb - 19VDC 2.37A Max 45W 4.0mm x 1.35mm - |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Vivobook X409DA || <!--Chipset-->AMD 2c Athlon Silver 3050U 3200U to 4c 3500U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->NVme || <!--Gfx-->AMD || <!--Audio-->HDAudio with codec || <!--USB-->{{No| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2019 64bit - 14in - |- | <!--Name-->ASUS M509DA M509DJ M509DL or M409DJ M409DA M409BA || <!--Chipset-->AMD® Ryzen™ 3 3200U, AMD® Ryzen™ 5 3500U 3700U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A| }} || <!--SATA-->{{No|nvme}} || <!--Gfx-->{{No|VESA 2D for AMD Vega 5 8 or nvidia MX230 MX250}} || <!--Audio-->{{No| }} || <!--USB-->{{No| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A| }} || <!--Wireless-->{{No| }} || <!--Test Distro-->AROS one || <!--Comments-->2019 64bit - 14" or 15" transparent Silver Slate Grey - 4 or 8g soldered and 1 ddr4 sodimm slot max 8g - |- | <!--Name-->ZenBook UM433D || <!--Chipset-->Ryzen 3700U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->NVme || <!--Gfx-->AMD || <!--Audio-->HDaudio with codec || <!--USB-->USB3 || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No| }} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2019 64bit - 14" 1080p - |- | <!--Name-->ExpertBook P1410, ASUS ExpertBook P1 P1510CD || <!--Chipset-->3500U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->Nvme || <!--Gfx-->AMD || <!--Audio-->HDaudio with codec || <!--USB-->USB3 || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2019 64bit 14in or 15.6in - |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ==== Dell ==== [[#top|...to the top]] Order of build quality (Lowest to highest) <pre > Studio Inspiron Vostro XPS Alienware Precision Latitude </pre > {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="10%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="5%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->Latitude CP 233GT, CPi d233xt d266xt D300XT a366xt, CPt S400GT S500GT S550GT S600GT S700ST, CPt C333GT C400GT || <!--Chipset-->Neo Magic || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Use VESA - Neo magic Magic Media 2160 2360 256ZX || <!--Audio-->{{No|crystal pnp 4237b or magic media 256zx sound nm2360}} || <!--USB-->USB 1.1 || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->1998 32bit Low-Density 16-chip 144p 144-pin 32Mx64 3.3V SODIMM - |- | <!--Name-->Dell Latitude CPx H450GT H500GT H Series, CPt V433GT V466GT V600, Inspiron 5000 || <!--Chipset-->Intel 440BX with Pentium 3M (CPx) or Celeron (CPt) || <!--IDE-->{{{Yes| }} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Use Vesa - ATi Rage Pro Mobility M1}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|ESS ES1978 Maestro 2E Canyon 3D}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|1 slot 1.1 only}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A| }} || <!--Test Distro-->NB May 2013 || <!--Comments-->1998 32bit - 3 pin PA-6 PA6 power adapter plug - CDROM DVD Cxxx family media bay accessories untested |- | <!--Name-->Latitude C500 C600 (Quanta TM6) Inspiron 4000 7500, CPx J Series || <!--Chipset-->440BX ZX/DX || <!--IDE-->{{yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{partial|ATI Rage 128Pro Mobility M3 (VESA only)}} || <!--Audio-->{{no|ES1983S Maestro 3i}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|USB 1.1 only}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A|some models had mini pci e100}}|| <!--Wireless-->{{N/A|a few came with internal antenna wiring}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->1999 square 3 pin charger PA9 PA-9 - C/Dock II untested - C/Port untested - Parallel to Floppy cable untested - CPx J600GT J650GT J700GT J750GT J800GT J850GT |- | <!--Name-->Latitude C510 C610 Insprion 4100 PP01L 2600 || <!--Chipset-->i830 and 1GHz+ P3-M || <!--IDE-->{{yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{partial|use VESA - ATI Radeon Mobility M6}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|AC97 CS4205}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|3Com Etherlink}} || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|internal antenna wiring for an Atheros mini pci card}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->2000 poor build quality - hard to find in good working order |- | <!--Name-->Latitude C400 || <!--Chipset-->Intel 830 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA Intel 830 CGC}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|ac97 Crystal 4205}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|3Com 3c905C TX/TX-M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A| }} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2000 Slim for the time - no media bays |- | <!--Name-->Latitude C640 (Quanta TM8) C840 Inspiron 8k2 8200 i8200 precision m50 || <!--Chipset-->P4M with 845EP || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->use VESA if ATi - use nouveau if 64mb Nvidia Gforce 4 440 Go || <!--Audio-->AC97 CS4205 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->3com 905c || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2001 C640 had one fan so was noisy and hot - C840 had 2 fans and ran slightly cooler but fan noise louder |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | Latitude D400 || P-M 82845 || {{yes|82801 ide}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|VESA only}} || {{yes|AC97 Audio playback only}} || {{maybe|USB 2.0}} || {{maybe|PRO 100 VM (KM)}} || {{no|BCM4318 AirForce one 54g replace with atheros 5k mini pci}} || <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.2.4 || 2003 32bit might boot from USB stick but won't boot from USB-DVD - no sd card slot - power plug style - |- | Latitude D500 / D505 PP10L, Inspiron 510m || 855GME * revA00 * revA03 * revA06 | {{yes|IDE but needs the Dell adapter}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|855GM Gfx (VESA only)}} || {{Yes|Intel AC97 with IDT STAC 9750 codec playback head phones only}} || {{maybe| }} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100 VE}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4306 but exchange with atheros g in panel on laptop bottom}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || 2003 - 14 / 15 inch XGA 4:3 screen - plastic build - no sd card slot - boots from bay optical drive - not powering on/off with ac adapter is a [http://www.geekzone.co.nz/forums.asp?forumid=37&topicid=30585 mobo fault of PC13 SMT 1206 ceramic cap hot] suggest [http://www.die4laser.com/D505fix/ 0.1uF 50V instead] - pc2700 333Mhz ram 1Gb max - |- | Latitude D505 (some) || VIA VT8237 VX700 || {{yes|IDE}} || || {{partial|VESA 2d on ATI RV350 Radeon 9550}} || {{no|VIA AC97 with codec}} || {{maybe|VIA USB glitchy}} || {{yes|VIA VT6102 Rhine-II}} || {{no|Intel 2200g Calexico2}} || <!--Test Distro--> || 2003 32bit little support - diagnostics pressing holding the Fn key, press the Power ON button (battery removed). Check the LEDs pattern - cmos battery behind flap in laptop battery slot - |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 1000 || <!--Chipset-->SIS || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|use VESA SIS}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AC97 SIS with AD1981B codec playback}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|SIS 900 but}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1 || <!--Comments-->2004 32bit [https://forum.level1techs.com/t/my-time-with-icaros-desktop-and-what-i-am-doing-as-a-dev-contributor-also-some-other-shit/113358 aremis using it] |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 1100 PP07L || <!--Chipset-->845 || <!--IDE-->{{Yes| }} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA Intel 845G}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AC'97 playback}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Broadcom 4401}} || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.5 || <!--Comments-->2004 |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 8500 5150 || <!--Chipset-->P4 855GM || <!--IDE-->{{Yes| }} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Nvidia 5200 Go - VESA if intel gfx}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|MCP AC97 with SigmaTel 9750}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Broadcom 440x}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom 4306 rev 02 use Atheros Mini PCI}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.3 || <!--Comments-->2004 32bit P4 runs well but hot |- | Latitude X300 PP04S small, slim and light case || 855GME * revA00 Intel ULV 1.2 Ghz * revA01 Intel ULV 1.4Ghz | {{yes|IDE internal and will boot cd/dvd through dock PR04S}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|855GM Gfx (VESA only)}} || {{Yes|Intel AC97 with STAC 97xx codec but no audio out of the dock}} || {{maybe|works but dock usb ports and usb DVD PD01S not detected}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM5705M gigabit}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4306 later intel - replace with atheros in the underside}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1, AROS One 1.6 usb, || 2003 12.1" 1024 x 768 - 19.5v PA-10 or PA-12 dell - ACPI works but bad s3 ram suspend sleep - no sd card boot - 1Gb max sodimm ddr 2700 |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D600 (Quanta JM2) PP05L - 600m || <!--Chipset-->82855 PM i855 * reva00 * revA01 * revA02 * revA03 * revA04 | <!--IDE--> {{yes}} || <!--SATA--> {{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Use VESA - ATI Radeon RV250 Mobility FireGL 9000}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AC97 - STAC 9750}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5705}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel 2100 or Broadcom BCM4306 - swap for Atheros panel in base}} || <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.3 and [http://www.amiga.org/forums/archive/index.php/t-62187.html 1.4.1 and 2.1.1] || <!--Opinion-->2003 32bit 14inch using pc2100 memory with Caps light blinking is usually a memory error - Dell D505 D600 power up pressing the case docking port - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D600 (Quanta JM2) || <!--Chipset-->82855 PM i855 || <!--IDE--> {{yes}} || <!--SATA--> {{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|2D only vidia NV28 GeForce4 Ti 4200 Go 5200 Go 5650 Go}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AC97 - STAC 9750}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5705}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Broadcom BCM4306 mini pci - swap for Atheros}} || <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.3 and [http://www.amiga.org/forums/archive/index.php/t-62187.html 1.4.1] || <!--Opinion-->2003 32bit 14" - solder joints on the bios chip (press down f7/f8 keys) - RAM clean with eraser - memory cover plate maybe apply some pressure - |- | <!--Name-->D800 (Compal LA-1901) || <!--Chipset-->Intel 855 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio-->AC97 || <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom 570x || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom 4309 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2004 32bit - trackpoint type pointing device - |- | <!--Name-->D800 || <!--Chipset-->Intel 855 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{No|Nvidia }} || <!--Audio-->AC97 || <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom 570x || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom 4309 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2004 32bit 15inch 39cm |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 1200 2200 PP10S Latitude 110L m350 1.3Ghz || <!--Chipset-->Intel 915GM || <!--IDE--> {{yes|UDMA boots cd or DVD and installs to HDisk}} || <!--SATA--> {{N/A}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA900 (2D and 3D openGL 1.x) Gearbox 56}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|Intel AC97 playback only}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|Intel PRO 100 VE}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|BroadCom BCM4318 - swap for Atheros mini PCI in base panel}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.4.5 || <!--Comments-->2005 single core 32bit 14" 4:3 1024 768 XGA screen - heavy 6 lbs - PA16 barrel 19V 3.16A AC adapter - battery life 4cell 29WHr lasts 2 hours - 256mb soldered with 1 ddr pc2100 sodimm 1gb max - |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 1300 business B130 home PP21L Latitude 120L B120 by Compal - Inspiron 630m || <!--Chipset-->Intel Celeron M360 1.4GHz, M370 1.50 GHz, M380 1.73GHz || <!--IDE-->{{Yes|boots cd or DVD and installs to HDisk}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|GMA 915 2D and 3D openGL 1.x tunnel 172 gearbox 70}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio playback ear phones only}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe|works but waiting boot fail with AROS One usb version}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Broadcom 440x}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|intel 2200 or BCM4318 swap for Atheros mini pci underside - one antenna lead for main wifi}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.2, AROS One 1.6 usb, || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit single core - 14.1″ XGA 4:3 or 15.4" WXGA wide 1280 x 800 matte - ddr2 sodimm ram 2gb max - PA-16 19v psu tip 7.4mm * 5mm - f10 boot select f1 f2 bios |- | Latitude X1 PP05S || PP-M GMA915 rev A00 1.1GHz non-pae || {{yes|ide 1.8in zif/ce under keyboard}} || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|Vesa for Intel 915GM}} || {{yes|AC97 6.6 playback only with STAC codec}} || {{maybe|USB 2.0 but partial boot to blank screen}} || {{No|Broadcom 5751}} || {{no|Intel 2200BG - swap for Atheros mini pci under keyboard palm rest - disassembly of all laptop}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.3 dvd iso image virtualbox'd onto usb, Aros One 1.5 and 1.8 usb (2022) || 2005 32bit 12.1" 4:3 1024 x 768 - sd slot not bootable - 256mb soldered to board and 1 sodimm max 1GB ddr2 under keyboard - F12 bios boot F2 - pa-17 pa17 19v octagonal psu port |- | Latitude D410 PP06S *rev A00 *A01, A02 *A03 || GMA915 1.6GHz Pentium® M 730, 1.7GHz, 750 1.86GHz & 760 2.0GHz, 770 2.13GHz || {{yes|caddy and adapter needed 2.5" - remove hdd and write}} || {{N/A}} || {{Yes|Intel 915GM 2D and 3D OpenGL 1.3 tunnel 170 and gearbox 75}} || {{yes|AC97 playback only with STAC 9751 codec}} || {{maybe|works but will not boot from USB-DVD or AROS One 1.5 usb version}} || {{No|Broadcom 5751}} || {{no|Intel 2915ABG or later 2200BG - swap for Atheros mini pci under keyboard}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.4, 2.1.1 and AROS One 1.5 usb, || 2005 32bit 12.1" 4:3 1024 x 768 - no sd card slot - PR06S dock base |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D510 (Quanta DM1) || <!--Chipset-->915GM socket 479 || <!--IDE--> {{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> {{partial|IDE mode}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA 915 2D and 3D}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AC97 STAC 975x}} || <!--USB--> {{maybe|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5751}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG swap Atheros mini pci in base}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 14.1" 32bit single core Intel Celeron M 1.6GHz Pentium M 730 1.73Ghz - squarish 3:2 - issues with 3rd party battery 4 quick flashes of red led with 1 final green |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D610 (Quanta JM5B) PP11L || <!--Chipset-->910GML 915GM with mobile 1.6 to 2.26ghz * Rev A0x * Rev A0x * Rev A07 1.73Ghz | <!--IDE--> {{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> {{partial|IDE mode}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA 915 2D and 3D tunnel 174 gearbox 74}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|Intel AC97 speaker head phones playback only with stac codec}} || <!--USB--> {{maybe|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5751}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel 2200BG or Broadcom mini pci under keyboard, swap wifi card for atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit 14" 1024 x 768 - very noisy clicky trackpad buttons - one dimm slot under keyboard and other in underside 2GB 533Mhz 667Mhz DDR2 max - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D610 (Quanta JM5B) 0C4717 REV A05, 0K3879 REV.A00 || <!--Chipset-->915GM || <!--IDE--> {{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> {{partial|IDE mode}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Use VESA 2d - Ati X300 no radeon 2d}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|Intel AC97}} || <!--USB--> {{maybe|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom NetXtreme 57xx Gigabit replace with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG mini pci use Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit 14" 1024 x 768 - very noisy clicky trackpad buttons - 19.5v psu |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D810 (Quanta ) || <!--Chipset-->915GM || <!--IDE-->{{Yes| }} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Use VESA 2d - Ati X300 RV370 M22 later x600}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|Intel AC97 stereo playback only idt 9751 codec}} || <!--USB--> {{maybe|USB 2.0 but no boot from usb on 1.5}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom NetXtreme 57xx Gigabit}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG mini pci replace with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1, aros one 1.5 || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit 15.4" F12 one time boot menu - 19.5v 90w psu ideal - battery not same as later dx20 ones - |- | <!--Name-->Studio XPS M1210 || <!--Chipset-->GM945 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->nVidia G72M 7300 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio IDT 92xx || <!--USB-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401 B0}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom BCM4311 - swap for Atheros 5k mini pci-e}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Inspirion E1705 9200 9300 9400 || <!--Chipset-->945GM || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Nvidia 6800, ati X300 or nVidia 7900GS gpu 3d corrupt || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401}} || <!--Wireless-->Intel 3945 swap with Atheros 5k mini pcie || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->[http://amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?mode=flat&order=0&item_id=6481 increasing vertical lines issues] |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 1501 PP23LA Latitude 131L || <!--Chipset-->AMD on ATI RS480 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Use VESA 2d - ATI 1150 (x300) RS482M Mobility Radeon Xpress 200}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD audio with stac 92xx codec}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Broadcom bcm 4401}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom bcm4311 replace with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.5 || <!--Comments-->2006 64bit 15.4 inch Matt 16:10, 1280x800 pixel, WXGA TFT Display - first Dell AMD machine - Sempron 1.8GHz Turion MK-36 or X2 1.6Ghz TL-50 or TL-56 |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 6000 6400, E1505 PP20L, 9300, 9200 PP14L *A00 Pentium M *A0? Core Duo || <!--Chipset-->GM945 with PM 1.73Ghz, T2050 or T2060 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|vesa 2d - Ati 9700, x1300 RV515 M52, x1400 or nvidia go 7300 on mxm board}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio IDT 9200}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|usb boot }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Broadcom BCM4401 B0}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 2200 3945 - swap for Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1, AROS One 1.6 || <!--Comments-->2006 mostly 32bit but - 15.4 inch glossy - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots - broadcom bcm92045 bluetooth detected but no support - 19.5v dell psu socket - f2 bios setup, f12 boot order - |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 6400 (Quanta FM1) *A00 Pentium M *A0? Core Duo *A08 Core2 Duo || <!--Chipset-->GM945 with BGA479 (socket M) T2050 1.6Ghz, T2060 1.60Ghz, T2080 1.73Ghz much later T5500 1.66Ghz || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|GMA 2D and 3D}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with IDT 92xx codec}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Broadcom BCM4401 B0}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom BCM4311 swap for Atheros 5k mini pci-e under keyboard}} || <!--Test Distro-->deadwood 2019-04-16 iso || <!--Comments-->2006 mostly 32bit - 15.4" glossy - sd card - front multimedia keys - dvd rw - generic dell keyboard - coin cr2032 bios battery under keyboard - |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 640m PP19L XPS M140 e1405 || <!--Chipset-->Core Solo T2050, T2300 Duo 1.83GHz T2400 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA 950 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio IDT || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom BCM4401-B0 100Base || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945 or Broadcom 43xx, swap for Atheros 5k - Wireless Internet ON or OFF press the Function key + F2}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2006 32 bit - 12.1 LCD CCFL WXGA 1280x800 up to 14.1 inch 16:10 1440x900 pixel, WXGA+ UltraSharp - supports also SSE3 on duos - |- | <!--Name-->Precision M65 M90 XPS M1710 || <!--Chipset-->945PM with T2600 T2700 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->nVidia Quadro FX 350M 1600M 1500M G71 on par with the Go7900 GS to GTX 7950 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with STAC 92XX codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom BCM5752 || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom BCM4311 BCM4328 swap with Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2006 17" workstation type WXGA+ screen manufactured by AU Optronics poor viewing angles, unevenly lit, light leakage |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D420 (Compal LA-3071P) PP09S || <!--Chipset-->945 * revA00 Solo 1.2Ghz ULV U1400 * revA01 Duo 1.06Ghz u2500 * revA02 Duo 1.2Ghz | <!--IDE-->{{yes|ZIF/CE 1.8" slow under battery, ribbon cable}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA950 - 2D and 3D opengl tunnel 138 gearbox 103}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio with STAC 92xx playback speakers head phones only)}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|2 and external usb optical drive works}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5752}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945 mini pcie - swap Atheros 5k in base panel}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros Desktop 1.4 || <!--Opinion-->2006 32bit only - 12.1" 1280x800 - PR09S dock base rev02 DVD-RW usb boots - 1GB DDR2 2Rx16 max in base panel - f2 setup f5 diagnostics f12 boot list - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D520 PP17L || <!--Chipset--> * 64bit rev A01, A02 945GM Core2 Duo 1.83Ghz to 2.3Ghz * 32bit rev A00, A01 940GML Solo later Duo T2400 | <!--IDE-->{{yes|DVD-ROM Rev00 Philips SDR089 - CDRW/DVDROM Philips CDD5263 or TEAC DW224EV - DVD+-RW Rev00 Optiarc AD-5540A or HL-DL-ST GSAT21N, rev01 TSSTcorp TS-L632D}} || {{Yes|bios sata set to ide mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 900 series 2D and OpenGL1 3D tunnel 210 gearbox 153 teapot 27}} || {{Yes|HD audio with STAC 9200 codec}} || {{Yes|Boots and detects USB2.0}} || {{Yes|Broadcom 4400}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM4312 BCM4321 Dell 1390 / 1490 mini pcie - easy to replace with atheros 5k in base panel}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.4 and 2.2 and AROS One usb 1.8 and grub boot add 'noacpi' || 2006 mostly 64bit 4:3 aspect ratio 14.1 (XGA 1024x768) or later 15 inches (XGA+ 1400 by 1050) - F2 enter bios F12 choose boot - 19.5v dell tip pa-12 charger - bios coin cell cr2032 battery socketed in base panel - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D620 (Compal LA-2792) PP18L || <!--Chipset-->945GMS * rev A00 all Core Duo's 32 bit * rev A0x all Core 2 Duo's 64 bit | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA 950 (2D and 3D tunnel gearbox opengl1 || <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio playback}} || <!--USB-->{{yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5752}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel 3945 mini pcie swap with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->AspireOS Xenon || <!--Opinion-->2006 64bit AROS capable with later revisions - 14" 1280 x 800 |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D620 || <!--Chipset-->Intel i945 * revA00 all Core Duo's 32 bit * revA01 all Core 2 Duo's 64 bit | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Nvidia 7300, 7600 NVS 110M G72 || <!--Audio-->{{dunno|HD Audio with STAC 9200 codec}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom BCM5752}} || <!--Wireless--> {{dunno}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->2007 1440x900 screen - LA-2792P Rev.2.0 - DT785 UC218 Fan/ Heatsink (64bit) - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D820 (Quanta JM6) || <!--Chipset-->945GMS 940GML * rev A00 * rev A01 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel GMA 2D and 3D tunnel 195 - 100? gearbox 156}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with STAC 9200 playback}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom BCM5752}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|BCM4310 replace with mini pcie atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.2 || <!--Opinion-->2007 widescreen 15 inch 1280 x 800 matte - - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D820 (Quanta JM) || <!--Chipset-->945GMS 940GML * revA00 * revA01 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Nvidia NVS 110M 120M G72}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio STAC 9200}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom BCM5752}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|BCM4310 swap with Atheros 5k mini pcie}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->2007 64bit 15.4 1650x1050 WXGA or WSXGA+ or 1920x1200 WUXGA - |- | <!--Name-->Dell Latitude D531 15" || <!--Chipset-->AMD Turion X2 TL56 or TL60 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Use VESA - ATi xpress X1270}} || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with IDT codec || <!--USB-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom 57xx}} || <!--Wireless-->Intel 3945 or Dell Wireless 1390, 1505 or BCM4311 mini pcie || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2007 64bit possible - no trackpoint - fails and goes wrong often - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D430 PP09S || <!--Chipset-->945 with Core2 Duo C2D U7500 1.06GHz U7600 1.2GHz U7700 1.33GHz * rev A00 * rev A01 * rev A02 | <!--IDE-->ZIF PATA IDE 1.8inch under battery and ribbon cable - slow use USB instead || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|945GML 2D and 3D opengl 1.x 171 tunnel 105 gearbox}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|STAC 92xx HD Audio speaker and ear phone - mono speaker}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|3 }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5752}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel 4965 AGN or 3945 ABG mini pci-e underside with Atheros 5k mini pci-e}} || <!--Test Distro-->Aspire 1.8 || <!--Comments-->2007 64bit capable - sd card not supported - 19.5v PA12 power adapter - 12.1" 1280x800 matte - f2 setup f5 diagnostics f12 boot list - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D530 || <!--Chipset-->GM965 + ICH8 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{partial|IDE mode}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{partial|nVidia Quadro NVS 135M 2D 3d glitches G86}} || <!--Audio-->{{partial|HD Audio with STAC 9205 head phones only}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|USB 2.0}}|| <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 3945ABG swap with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.4.5 || <!--Comments-->2007 [http://amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?mode=flat&order=0&item_id=6481 ] cool air intake from underneath needed with pa-10 or pa-3e 90w psu required - standard 4:3 ratio aspect screen - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D630 (Compal LA-3301P) PP18L || <!--Chipset-->GM965 + ICH8 T7250 2.0Ghz T7300 * revA00 * revA01 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA X3100 (2D only, no external monitor)}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio STAC 9205 but speaker and head phones}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|4 USB 2.0}}|| <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Broadcom BCM4312 swap with pci-e Atheros 5k under keyboard}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2007 64bit possible - F12 to choose boot option - 2 ddr2 sodimm max 4G - 4400mah 48Wh battery lasts 2 hours - 6600mah 73Wh lasts just over 3 hours |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D630 || <!--Chipset-->GM965 + ICH8 * revA00 [http://amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?mode=flat&order=0&item_id=6481 ] GPU heatpad, no copper * revA01 0DT785 heatsink | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{partial|IDE mode}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{partial|use VESA as nVidia NVS 135M 3d corrupts 0.7 tunnel 0.25 gearbox G86}} || <!--Audio-->{{partial|HD Audio with STAC 9205 head phones only}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|USB 2.0}}|| <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 3945ABG swap with Atheros 5k mini pcie}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.4.5 || <!--Comments-->2007 64bit |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D830 || <!--Chipset-->965GM with Core2 * revA00 * revA01 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|GM965 crestline 2d and 3d tunnel 115}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes| }} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No| }} || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|replace with Atheros 5k mini pcie}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros || <!--Comments-->2007 15 inch 1280 x 900 but updating the LCD to WXGA or WSXGA+ could be better - 2 ddr2 sodimm - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D830 || <!--Chipset-->ICH8, Core2 DUO T7800 @ 2.60GHz || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->Intel ICH8M Serial ATA || <!--Gfx-->nVidia Quadro NVS 140M G86 || <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio with STAC 92XX codec}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom NetXtreme 57xx Gigabit || <!--Wireless-->Intel Wireless 4965AGN swap with Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.03 || <!--Comments-->2007 64bit 15." - FN,F2 or FN,F8 or FN,F12 |- | <!--Name-->XPS M1330 M1530 M1730 - WISTRON Hawke || <!--Chipset-->965 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{No|Intel 965 with either Nvidia 8400M 8600M 8700M or 8800GT G84 G86}} || <!--Audio-->HD Audio STAC 9228 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom or Marvell 88E8040 || <!--Wireless-->Intel 3945 swap with Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro-->ICAROS 1.5 || <!--Comments-->2008 64bit Did not boot |- | <!--Name-->Precision M2300 M4300 M6300 || <!--Chipset-->GM965 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{partial|IDE mode}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{partial|use VESA nVidia Quadro FX 360M (8400GS) 3600M 3500M 2500M G86 to G92}} || <!--Audio-->{{partial|HD Audio with STAC 9205 head phones only}} || <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 3945ABG 4965 swap with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->2007 14" 15.6" 17" |- | <!--Name-->Vostro 1310 1510 (Compal LA-4592P) 1710 || <!--Chipset-->Core 2 Duo T7600 or Celeron 540 GMA965 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GM965 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with ALC268 codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111 8169 || <!--Wireless-->Intel 4965 swap with Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2008 64bit Celeron 540 added 64 bit support (doubling transistor count) |- | <!--Name-->Vostro 1320 1520 (Compal LA-4592P) 1720 (Compal LA-4671P) || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA 965 || <!--Audio-->Intel HD Audio with Realtek ALC268 or IDT 92HD8X codec || <!--USB-->4 USB 2.0 || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom BCM4312 or Dell Wireless 1397}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2008 up to 17 inch with 13.3 inch WXGA Anti-Glare matt or glossy LED Display (1280 x 800) - |- | <!--Name-->Vostro 1320 1520 (Compal LA-4592P) 1720 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Nvdia 9300m to 9600M GS G96 || <!--Audio-->Intel HD Audio with Realtek ALC268 or IDT 92HD8X codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom BCM4312 swap with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2008 15.4” screen Vostro 1520 with excessive heat buildup on the left hand side palm rest |- | <!--Name-->Precision M2400 M4400 M6400 || <!--Chipset-->GM965 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> {{partial|IDE mode}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{partial|VESA 2d for nVidia Quadro FX 770M G86}} || <!--Audio-->{{partial|HD Audio with STAC 9205 head phones only}} || <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->2008 14" 15.6" 17" |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 1525 PP29L || <!--Chipset-->Core Duo or Core2 Duo || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel || <!--Audio-->HD Audio IDT codec || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom 4312}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2008 32bit much later 64bit 15.4" 1200 x 800 - 19.5v dell psu - |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 1545 PP41L || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 4500MHD || <!--Audio-->HD Audio IDT 92HD71B codec || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell 88E8040}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom 4312}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2009 64bit 15.6" |- | <!--Name-->Latitude E4200 || <!--Chipset-->Core 2 Duo U9400 U9300 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->64gig ssd with ribbon cable || <!--Gfx-->Intel GM45 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio IDT 92HD 71B7X codec || <!--USB--> NEC uPD720202 || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel 82567LM}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom BCM4322 or Intel’s 5100 or 5300}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2009 64 - 12.1in 1,280 x 800 poor color accuracy magnesium alloy body - easily replaced keyboard - 1 ddr3 sodimm slot - Microdia cam - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude E5400 E5500 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio but no sound}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|BCM5761e}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2009 64bit |- | <!--Name-->Latitude E4300 || <!--Chipset-->Intel Core 2 Duo P9400 2.4GHz || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA 4500 MHD || <!--Audio-->HD Audio IDT 92HDxxx || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 82567LM || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel PRO Wireless 5300 AGN}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2009 64bit - 13.3" WXGA - sd card Broadcom BCM5880 - |- | <!--Name-->Lattitude E6400 || <!--Chipset-->Core 2 Duo P9500 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Intel GMA 4500M HD 2D with NVIDIA QUADRO NVS 160M G98}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|Intel HD with IDT 92HD71 codec or later 92HDM61}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom BCM4312 or Intel 5300 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2009 early ones problems with the keyboard ribbon cable connector, trackpoints were not good |- | <!--Name-->Latittude E4310 E5410 ATG || <!--Chipset-->Intel 5 series Intel Core i5 560M 1st gen || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA HD 5700 mhd || <!--Audio-->Intel HD Audio with IDT 92HDxx Codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 82577LM || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom BCM4313 too small 30x30 to swap}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2009 64Bit clarkdale codename CPUs - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude E6410 E6510 E6310 || <!--Chipset-->Intel Core i7 620M i7 820QM || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|NVidia NVS 3100M GT218 2D but 3D through external monitor}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|HD Audio IDT 92HD81}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom or Intel 6200AGN or Link 6300}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.3 || <!--Comments-->2010 64 bit |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron M5030 || <!--Chipset-->rev A01 AMD V120, V140 rev A0? V160 M880G || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA RS880M Radeon HD 4225, 4250}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD audio with ALC269q codec}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Atheros AR8152 v2}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR9285}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - DDR3 sodimm - |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 1546 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon HD 4330M 530v || <!--Audio-->HD Audio IDT 91HD81 codec || <!--USB-->USB2 || <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 8103EL-GR || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit - 15.6" - alps touchpad - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->XPS 15 15Z L501X L502X 17 17Z L701X L702X || <!--Chipset-->i7 840QM to i7 2630QM || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 3000 with Nvidia 555, 525M, 540M, 555M or 435M 420M GF108M optimus || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 8111e || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit first models not Sandybridge but later are - 17.3-inch 1600 × 900 to 15.6-inch - not many working now |- | <!--Name-->E6420 E6520 ATG semi ruggized XFR || <!--Chipset-->sandy bridge i5 2520M 2540M or duo I7 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->set to Bios UEFI mode AHCI || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Intel HD 3000 with optional fermi Nvidia NVS 4200M GF119}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|HD Audio with IDT 92HD90 BXX codec but not HDMI codec}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 6205}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.03 || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit 15.6in - fan exhausts a lot of hot air when cpu taxed - VGA if Bios ATA set and Vesa only with Bios ACHI set - |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron M5040 || <!--Chipset-->slow amd E450, later C-50 C50 or C-60 C60 with A50M chipset || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->non efi sata in IDE mode but base plastic difficult to remove for access || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA AMD Radeon 6320, 6250 or 6290}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio IDT}} || <!--USB-->{{yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8105E VB 10/100}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Atheros AR9285 no space for swap}} || <!--Test Distro-->icaros 2.1.1 and AROS USB 1.6 || <!--Comments-->2012 64bit 15INCH 1388 X 768 - f2 bios setup, f12 boot order - under removable keyboard via 4 top spring loaded catches is 1 ddr3l sodimm max 8gb and wifi - |- | Latitude e6230 E6330 E6430 || i3 3320M 3350M 2.8 GHz i5 3360M i7 3520M || {{N/A}} || {{partial|non RAID mode}} || {{partial|Intel HD 4000 (VESA only)}} || {{no|HD Audio}} || {{partial|Intel USB 3.0 (USB 1.1 2.0 only)}} || {{No|Intel 82579LM Gigabit}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM4313}} || <!--Test Distro-->Nightly Build 2014 09-27 || 2013 64bit Ivy Bridge - 12.5-inch 13.3-inch 14-inch screen - not great support, better under hosted - |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 15 3521 5521 5721, Vostro 3555 || <!--Chipset-->i5 i7 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 4000 or Radeon 8730M or 7670M || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with ALC850 ?? || <!--USB-->USB 3.0 || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E RTL8105E || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros or Dell 1703 1704 1705}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.0.3 || <!--Comments-->2013 64bit AVX Panther Point Ivy Bridge Intel(R) 7 Series Mobile - |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 15‑3541 15‑3542 P40F001 P40F002 || <!--Chipset-->AMD E1 2100 6010 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{unk| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Partial|VESA 2D}} || <!--Audio-->{{unk|HDAudio with codec}} || <!--USB-->{{unk| }} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2014 64bit no AVX - |- | <!--Name-->Dell Inspiron 15 5565 5567 AMD versions || <!--Chipset-->AMD A6-9200u A9-9400 A12-9700P Bristol Ridge || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->M.2 || <!--Gfx-->Radeon R5 R8 GCN 3 || <!--Audio-->HDAudio || <!--USB-->USB3 || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 1GbE || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2017 64bit AVX2 - 15.6in 1366 x 768 - there are i-intel versions - |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Latitude 5495 || <!--Chipset-->Ryzen 2300U 2500U 2700U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->NVMe and 2.5in || <!--Gfx-->Radeon || <!--Audio-->{{No|HDAudio with Realtek ALC3246 codec}} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2019 64bit - 14.0" FHD WVA 1080p (16:9) 220 nits or 14.0" HD (1366 x 768) - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots max 32gb - 19.5V 65W 90W - care needed with usbc charging - |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 3505, Vostro 3515 || <!--Chipset-->Ryzen 3250u (2c4t) 3450u 3500u 3700u (4c8t), Athlon Silver (2c2t) Gold (2c4t) || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->2 nvme || <!--Gfx-->{{No|VESA 2D for Vega 8, 10}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|Realtek ALC3204, Cirrus Logic CS8409 (CS42L42 and SN005825)}} || <!--USB-->USB3 || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|RTL 8106E}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Realtek RTL8723DE}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 64-bit - 15.6 - 2 ddr4 sodimm max 16G - avoid knocking usb-c charging whilst in use - |- | <!--Name-->Dell Latitude 5415 5415 || <!--Chipset-->AMD Ryzen 3 5300U, Ryzen 5 5500U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->nvme || <!--Gfx-->AMD || <!--Audio-->HDaudio with codec || <!--USB-->USB3 || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2022 64bit 14" or 15.6in - avoid knocking usb-c charging whilst in use - |- | <!--Name-->Dell Vostro 3425 || <!--Chipset-->AMD Ryzen 5425U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->nvme || <!--Gfx-->AMD || <!--Audio-->HDAudio with codec || <!--USB-->USB4 || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2022 64bit - avoid knocking usb-c charging whilst in use - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |} ====Fujitsu-Siemens==== [[#top|...to the top]] Order of build quality (Lowest to highest) <pre > Amilo Esprimo Lifebook </pre > {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="5%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->Fujitsu [http://www.labri.fr/perso/fleury/index.php?page=bug_transmeta FMV-Biblo Loox S73A (Japan P1100) LifeBook P1120 Biblo Loox T93C (Japan P2120) P2020] || <!--Chipset-->Transmeta Crusoe CPU TM5600 633MHz with Ali M1535 chipset || <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->ATI Rage Mobility M with 4MB SDRAM || <!--Audio-->{{No|AC97 Ali M1535 + STAC9723 Codec}} || <!--USB-->USB 1.1 only || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->1999 32bit 10" 1280 x 600 matte LCD - QuickPoint IV mouse - metal chassis with palm rest plastic - 15GB 2.5 inch drive and SR 8175 8X DVD-ROM drive - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Lifebook S7000 S7010 S7010D S2020 || <!--Chipset-->Pentium M 1.6 or 1.7GHz || <!--IDE-->{{Yes| }} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA - Intel 855}} || <!--Audio-->{{maybe|AC97 with STAC 9751T or 9767 codec}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros, Broadcom or Intel 2200BG - FN,F10}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2002 32bit 14.1 inch with minimal support |- | <!--Name-->Lifebook e8010 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{Yes| }} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA Intel 855GM}} || <!--Audio-->AC97 STAC9767 or ALC203 codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom NetXtreme BCM5705M}} || <!--Wireless-->Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.3.1 || <!--Comments-->2002 32bit 15.1 inch |- | <!--Name-->Stylistic ST5000 ST5010 ST5011 ST5012 ST5020 ST5021 ST5022 || <!--Chipset-->1.0GHz P-M and later 1.1GHz on Intel 855GME || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->Intel 800 use VESA || <!--Audio-->Intel AC97 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom BCM5788 tg3 || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 2200BG}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2003 32bit charged via a proprietary port power connector 16V 3.75A with wacom serial pen interface - indoor Screen transmissive 10.1 and later 12.1 XGA TFT - |- | <!--Name-->Amilo Pro V2010 || <!--Chipset-->VIA CN400 PM880 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{No|S3 unichrome use VESA}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|VIA AC97 VT8237 with codec}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Rhine 6102 6103 || <!--Wireless-->RaLink RT2500 || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.2 || <!--Comments-->2003 32bit boot mount - unknown bootstrap error then crashes |- | <!--Name-->Amilo Li 1705 CN896 || <!--Chipset--> with VIA P4M900 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|IDE}} || <!--Gfx-->ATi || <!--Audio-->{{No|VIA VT8237 HD Audio with codec}} || <!--USB-->VT82xx 62xx || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|VIA Rhine}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros G}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit random freezes |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name--> Esprimo Mobile V5535 Skt mPGA 478MN | <!--Chipset--> | <!--IDE--> {{yes|IDE and EIDE}} | <!--SATA--> {{maybe|IDE mode with SIS 5513}} | <!--Gfx--> {{maybe|SiS 771 / 671 (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio--> {{yes|HD Audio SIS968 SIS966 SI7012 with ALC268 codec}} | <!--USB--> {{no|USB 1.1 and 2.0 issues}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{no|SiS 191 gigabit}} | <!--Wireless--> {{yes|Atheros AR5001 mini pci express}} | <!--Test Distro-->aros one 1.5 usb | <!--Comments-->2005 32bit 20v barrel - f2 setup f12 multi boot - random freezing short time after booting - chipset SIS 671MX - |- | <!--Name-->Amilo SI 1520 1521p || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|GMA 2D}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio Conexant codec}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Intel Pro 100}} || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.4.2 || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit - Set Bios option ATA Control Mode to Compatible |- | <!--Name-->Lifebook S7020 S7020D || <!--Chipset--> Pentium M 740 1.73MHz || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 915 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC260 codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom BCM5751M Gigabit || <!--Wireless-->Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG or Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2006 32bit |- | <!--Name-->Stylistic ST5030 ST5031 ST5032 || <!--Chipset-->1 to 1.2GHx Pentium M with 915GM || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->Intel 900 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Marvell || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2006 32bit charged via a proprietary port power connector 6.0 x 4.4 mm round - 200 pin ddr2 ram |- | <!--Name-->Stylistic ST5110 ST5111 ST5112 || <!--Chipset-->945GM with 1.2GHz Core Duo and Core2 Duo || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 900 || <!--Audio-->HD audio with STAC9228 codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Intel 3945 ABG or optional atheros || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2006 either 32 or 64 bit - charged via a proprietary port power connector 6.0 x 4.4 mm round - SigmaTel® touchscreen - |- | <!--Name-->E8110 S7110 E8210 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|945GM}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with ALC262 codec playback}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell 88E8055 Gigabit}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel PRO Wireless 3945ABG}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.0 || <!--Comments-->2006 32bit Core Duo |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || CHIPSET || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Lifebook PH521 || <!--Chipset-->AMD E-350 E-450 1.65GHz || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->HD 6310M 6320M || <!--Audio-->Realtek ALC269 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros 802.11 bgn}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 11.6 inch 1366x768 pixels - DDR3 1066MHz - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====HP Compaq==== [[#top|...to the top]] Build quality (Lowest to highest) <pre > Presario Pavilion Omnibook ProBook Armada Elitebook </pre > {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->1c00 series Compaq Presario [http://users.utu.fi/sjsepp/linuxcompaqarmada100s.html Armada 100S made by Mitac], 1247 || <!--Chipset-->K6-II with PE133 MVP-4 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->use VESA - Trident Blade3D AGP sp16953 || <!--Audio-->VIA ac'97 audio [rev20] with AD1881A codec || <!--USB-->{{Maybe|usual VIA issues [rev10]}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->1998 32bit 192MB max - PCcard Texas PC1211 no support - 1200 XL1 1200-XL1xx, XL101, XL103 XL105 XL106 XL109 XL110 XL111 XL116 XL118 XL119 XL125 |- | <!--Name-->1c01 series Armada 110, Evo N150 || <!--Chipset-->Intel with VIA PLE133 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Use VESA - Trident Cyber Blade i1 chipset || <!--Audio-->VIA 686 rev20 82xxx 686a || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 82557 Pro 100 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->1998 32bit max 192mb sodimm 100Mhz 133Mhz ram memory - 1200-XL405A 12XL405A XL502A 12XL502A 1600XL |- | Armada M300 M700 E500 || 440BX || {{Yes| }} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|ATI Rage LT M1 Mobility (VESA only)}} || {{no|AC97 ESS Maestro 2E M2E ES1987 sound}} || {{yes|USB1.1 only}} || {{No|[http://perho.org/stuff/m300/index_en.html Intel PRO 100+ Mini PCI]}} || {{N/A}} || Aspire OS 2012, Nightly 30-01 2013 and 04-05 2013 || 1999 32bit - F10 bios options and Fn+F11 reset CMOS with 64mb ram already on board |- | <!--Name-->HP Omnibook XE3 || <!--Chipset-->Intel BX 600Mhz GC model 256mb or AMD GD 500Mhz || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Use VESA - S3 Inc. 86C270 294 Savage IX-MV (rev 11) || <!--Audio-->{{No|ESS ES1988 Allegro 1 (rev 12)}} || <!--USB-->Intel 82371AB PIIX4 USB (rev 01) || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2002 32bit no cardbus pcmcia support - no audio from Polk Audio Speakers - |- | <!--Name-->HP Omnibook XE3 || <!--Chipset-->82830 ICH3 P3-M 750MHz 800Mhz 900MHz || <!--IDE-->{{Yes| }} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA - CGC 830MG}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|ESS ES1988 Maestro 3i}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|only one 1.1 port}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|e100 82557}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A|}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.51 || <!--Comments-->2002 32bit Boots USB Stick via Plop boot floppy - Memory for GF 256-512mb, GS up 1GB |- | <!--Name-->TC1000 TC-1000 Tablet PC || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->NVIDIA NV11 [GeForce2 Go] (rev b2) || <!--Audio-->VIA AC97 Audio (rev 50) || <!--USB-->OHCI NEC USB 2.0 (rev 02) || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 82551 QM (rev 10) || <!--Wireless-->Atmel at76c506 802.11b || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2002 32bit Transmeta LongRun (rev 03) with VT82C686 - Texas Instruments TI PCI1520 PC card Cardbus |- | <!--Name-->HP Compaq R3000 ZV5000 (Compal LA-1851) || <!--Chipset-->Nvidia nForce 3 with AMD CPU || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Nvidia NV17 [GeForce4 420 Go 32M] || <!--Audio-->Nvidia || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom or Realtek RTL8139 || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4303 BCM4306 or Atheros bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2003 32bit - HPs have a setting to automatically disable wireless if a wired connection is detected |- | <!--Name-->Compaq [http://www.walterswebsite.us/drivers.htm Presario 700 series] || <!--Chipset-->VT8363 VT8365 [Apollo Pro KT133 KM133] || <!--IDE-->{{yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|VT8636A (S3 Savage TwisterK) (VESA only)}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|VIA AC97 [rev50] with AD1886 codec}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe|VIA UHCI USB 1.1 [rev1a]}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RealTek RTL8139}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Broadcom BCM4306}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2003 32bit poor consumer grade level construction - jbl audio pro speakers - no support for cardbus pcmcia TI PCI1410 - 700A EA LA UK US Z 701AP EA BR FR 701Z 702US 703US AP JP audio sp18895 Sp19472 |- |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | N400c || P3-M 82845 || {{yes|82801 CAM IDE U100}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|Rage Mobility 128 (VESA only)}} || {{No|Maestro 3 allegro 1}} || {{yes|USB1.1}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100 VM (KM)}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || 2003 32bit Has no optical disc drive |- | N410c || P3-M 82845 || {{yes|82801 CAM IDE U100}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|Radeon Mobility M7 LW 7500 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|Intel AC97 with AD1886 codec}} || {{yes|USB1.1}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100 VM (KM)}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || 2003 32bit Has no optical disc drive |- | Evo N600c || Pentium 4 || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|ATI Radeon Mobility M7 (VESA only)}} || {{No|ESS ES1968 Maestro 2}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{dunno}} || Icaros 1.3 || 2003 32bit |- | Evo N610c || Pentium 4 || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|ATI Radeon Mobility M7 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|Intel ICH AC97 with AD1886 codec}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{dunno}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || |- | N800c || P4 || {{Yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|ATI Radeon Mobility 7500 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || 2003 32bit P4M CPU can get very warm |- | <!--Name-->NX7010 || <!--Chipset-->Intel || <!--IDE-->{{yes|IDE}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{partial|ATI mobility 7500 or 9000 Radeon 9200 64MB (VESA only)}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC97 ADI codec}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|uhci (1.1) and ehci (2.0)}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|Realtek 8139}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 2200b bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2003 32bit |- | <!--Name-->Compaq Preasrio V5000 (Compal LA-2771) || <!--Chipset-->AMD Sempron 3000+ or Turion ML with SB400 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA - Ati RS480M Xpress 200}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|AC97 ATI with Conexant CX 20468 codec}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek 8100 8101L 8139}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|bcm4318 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2004 64bit single core machine V5001 V5002 V5002EA V5003 |- | <!--Name-->TC1100 TC-1100 Tablet PC || <!--Chipset-->855PM || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Nvidia Geforce4 Go || <!--Audio-->AC97 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|BCM 4400}} || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|Atheros wlan W400 W500 or ? bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2004 32bit |- | <!--Name-->NC6000 NC8000 NW8000 || <!--Chipset-->855PM with Pentium M 1.5 1.6 1.8GHz 2.0GHz || <!--IDE-->max 160 GB for NW 8000 || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Ati RV350 mobility 9600 M10 Fire GL T2 ISV use VESA 2D as no laptop display}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|Intel AC97 with ADI codec playback only}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|2 ports}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom BCM 5705M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|mini pci Atheros 5212 BG W400 W500 or Intel - all bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 based [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=41916&forum=47 works] - Firewire TI TSB43AB22/A - 8 pound 2.5 kg travel weight - an SD slot as well as two PC Card slots - 15-inch UXGA screen (1,600 x 1,200) or 15" SXGA+ (1400 x 1050) (4:3 ratio) |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Compaq NC6110 NX6110 NC6120 NC6220 NC4200 NC8200 TC4200 || <!--Chipset-->GMA 915GML || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|2D GMA 900}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AC97 with ADI AD1981B playback}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Unk|440x or BCM 5705M or 5751M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel IPW 2200 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.5.2 || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit Sonoma based - Wifi with Atheros AR5007eg if apply hacked bios RISKY else use USB one - (INVENTEC ASPEN UMA MV) (INVENTEC ASPEN DIS PV) - |- | <!--Name-->Compaq C500 CTO aka HP G7000 || <!--Chipset-->Intel 945GM || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA 950 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with realtek ALC262 codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom BCM 4311 bios locked || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit |- | <!--Name-->HP DV6000 || <!--Chipset-->945GMS || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA 950 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio IDT 92HD 91B || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel PRO 100 VE || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2006 32 bit only - Mosfet FDS6679 common cause of shorts giving no power to the tip. To reset adapter, unplug from AC (mains) and wait 15-30 sec. Then plug in again - |- | Presario F700 series, HP G6000 f730us F750 F750us F755US F756NR F765em || AMD Turion Mono MK-36 2.0Ghz NForce 560m or Twin X2 TK-55 with nForce 610m MCP67 || {{N/A| }} || {{Yes|but needs special sata adapt bit and caddy}} || {{Yes|GF Go 7000m 2D and 3D 640x350 to 1280x800 - ball solder issues due to poor cooling}} || {{Maybe| }} || {{Maybe|uhci and ehci boots}} || {{No|Nvidia }} || {{Yes|Atheros AR5007 bios locked}} || Icaros 1.3.1 and Aros One 1.6 USB || 2006 64bit - f9 boot device f10 bios setup - random freezes after a minutes use means internal ventilation maintenance needed each year essential - No sd card and overall limited phoenix bios options - |- | <!--Name-->Presario v6604au v6608au V3500 || <!--Chipset-->NVIDIA MCP67M with AMD Athlon64 X2 TK 55 amd 1.8ghz || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|SATA 150}} || <!--Gfx-->NVIDIA GeForce Go 7150M 630i or C67 630M MCP67 || <!--Audio-->conexant codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Nvidia or Realtek 10/100 || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom 4311 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2006 64bit Altec Lansing Stereo Speakers - ball solder issues - |- | <!--Name-->Compaq presario v6610 v6615eo v6620us || <!--Chipset-->Turion 64 X2 mobile TK-55 / 1.8 GHz to athlon 64x2 @ 2.4ghz || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|SATA 150}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|geforce 7150 or 7300m 2d and 3d}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AMD HD Audio with IDT codec stereo playback only}} || <!--USB-->3 OHCI EHCI || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.3 - || <!--Comments-->2007 [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=40956&forum=48 works well] - 1 x ExpressCard/54 - SD Card slot - AO4407 test voltage of the Drain side (pins 5-8) with AC adapter and no battery, see 0 volts, connect the battery you should have 10-14v - |- | <!--Name-->v6630em v6642em || <!--Chipset-->nForce 630M with AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-58 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->NVIDIA GeForce 6150M or 7150M || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2007 64bit 15.4 in 1280 x 800 ( WXGA ) - |- | <!--Name-->HP Compaq NC6400 || <!--Chipset-->945GM Core Duo || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|GMA 950 2D issues and no 3d}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio AD1981HD}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|BCM }} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros || <!--Comments-->2007 - replaced with Atheros AR5007eg if apply hacked bios RISKY else use USB g - * 32bit Core Duo T2400 * 64bit Core 2 Duo T5600 T7600 |- | <!--Name-->HP Compaq NV NC6400 || <!--Chipset-->Core Duo + 945PM || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA Radeon x1300M (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|HD Audio with ADI1981 low volume}} || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|BCM 5753M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945 ABG bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.4.2 || <!--Opinion-->2007 Harmon Kardon speakers |- | <!--Name-->HP Compaq NC6320 || <!--Chipset-->945GM with * 32bit Core Duo 1.83GHz T2400 * 64bit Core2 Duo 1.83GHz T5600 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|GMA 950 2D with a little 3D tunnel 213}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|Intel HD Audio with AD1981HD codec}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|BCM 5788}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2 || <!--Comments-->2007 replaced with Atheros AR5007eg if applying hacked wifi bios RISKY!! else use USB - 14.1" or 15 inch XGA 1024x768 - noisy cpu fan for core2 - trackpad rhs acts as window scroller - |- | <!--Name-->HP NC4400 TC4400 Tablet || <!--Chipset-->Core Duo with 82945 chipset || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|bios F.07 limits to 100GB 120GB}} || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|2D and 3D 282 tunnel and gearbox 150}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with ADI 1981HD codec via ear phones}} || <!--USB-->{{yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|BCM 5753M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945 or BCM 4306 - Whitelist BIOS F.0C needed but risky}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.2 || <!--Comments-->2008 64 bit possible with Core2 - TI SD card reader non bootable - wacom serial digitiser pen not working - * 32bit 1.86GHz core duo * 64bit 2Ghz T7200, 2.16Ghz Core 2 Duo T7600 2.33GHz |- | <!--Name-->HP Pavilion DV2000 CTO || <!--Chipset-->945GMS || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA 950, X3100, Nvidia 8400M || <!--Audio-->HD Audio Conexant CX 20549 Venice || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Nvidia MCP51 || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom BCM 4311 or Intel 3945 4965 ABG bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2008 Atheros AR5007eg if apply hacked bios RISKY |- | <!--Name-->Compaq Presario C700 || <!--Chipset-->GMA960 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->X3100 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->RTL 8139 || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|Atheros AR5007 AR5001 AR242x}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2008 |- | <!--Name-->Compaq 2510p 6510b 6710b 6910b || <!--Chipset-->GMA 965GM GL960 || <!--IDE-->{{yes| || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|X3100 some 2d but slow software 3d only}} || <!--Audio-->{{maybe|HD Audio ADI AD1981 HD low volume on head phones}} || <!--USB-->{{yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel 82566 or Broadcom BCM 5787M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945ABG or 4965ABG bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Aspire OS Xenon 2014 || <!--Comments-->2008 no sd card boot support - F9 to choose boot option - [http://forums.mydigitallife.info/threads/7681-This-is-no-request-thread!-HP-COMPAQ-bioses-how-to-modify-the-bios/page111?p=333358#post333358 whitelist removal (risky) bios block for wifi card swap] |- | <!--Name-->CQ40 CQ41 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA Intel}} || <!--Audio-->HD Audio || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8101E || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom BC4310 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2008 |- | <!--Name-->Compaq Presario CQ35 CQ36 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA }} || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom BCM4312 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2008 Compal LA-4743P - |- | <!--Name-->HP Compaq CQ42 CQ43 CQ45 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA }} || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with Coxenant codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Realtek RTL8191SE, Realtek 8188CE}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2008 (Quanta AX1) |- | <!--Name-->Compaq Presario CQ50 CQ56 || <!--Chipset-->Nvidia MCP78S || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Geforce 8200M || <!--Audio-->nVidia HD Audio with codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->nvidia MCP77 || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR928X bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2008 [http://donovan6000.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/insyde-bios-modding-wifi-and-wwan-whitelists.html bios modding risky] MCP72XE MCP72P MCP78U MCP78S |- | <!--Name-->HP Pavilion dv4 dv4z(AMD), dv5 (dv5z AMD), dv7 (dv7z AMD) || <!--Chipset-->QL-60, QL-62 (AMD Turion 64 X2) RM-70, RM-72, ZM-80, ZM-84, (AMD Turion II) M520 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->HD 3200 3450 4530 4550 4650 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2008 64bit - 14.1" dv4, dv5 features a 15.4" and the HP Pavilion dv7 a 17" display |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->CQ57z || <!--Chipset-->Slow AMD E-300 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{yes| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA ATi HD 6310 wrestler}} || <!--Audio-->{{unk| }} || <!--USB-->{{yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8101 RTL8102 || <!--Wireless-->{{No|RaLink RT5390}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - |- | <!--Name-->HP CQ58z 103SA E5K15EA || <!--Chipset-->Slow AMD Dual-Core E1-1500 APU with A68M FCH || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{yes| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Radeon HD 7310}} || <!--Audio-->Realtek idt codec || <!--USB-->{{yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|Realtek 10/100 BASE-T}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 39.6 cm (15.6") HD BrightView LED-backlit (1366 x 768) |- | <!--Name-->HP 635 DM1 || <!--Chipset-->Slow E-300, E-450 later E2-1800 on SB7x0 SB8x0 SB9x0 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->ATI non efi SATA AHCI - IDE mode || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA 2D - AMD HD6310, 6320 to HD7340}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|Realtek ALC270A GR but not Wrestler HDMI Audio}} || <!--USB-->{{yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|rtl8169 driver covers Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR9285}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 14" 1366 x 768 - f9 f10 - external battery - 2 stacked ddr3l sodimm slots max 16Gb under one base plate - removable keyboard - |- | <!--Name-->HP G6 2000-2b10NR 2000-2d10SX 2000-2d80NR || <!--Chipset-->E1-2000 E2-3000M on A50M (soldered) A4-3305A on A60M (socket) || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->2.5in || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA AMD Radeon 6320, 6620G, 6520G, 6480G, 6380G}} || <!--Audio-->HDAudio with ALC codec || <!--USB-->USB3 || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 100 1000 || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Realtek}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 39.6-cm (15.6-in) HD LED BrightView (1366×768) - 1 or 2 ddr3l max 8G - 19VDC 3.42A Max 65W Tip 7.4mm x 5.0mm - |- | <!--Name-->HP ProBook 6465B || <!--Chipset-->AMD A6-3310MX or A6-3410MX with A60M || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->sata || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA AMD 6480G or 6520G}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|IDT 92HD81B1X}} || <!--USB--> USB2 || <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 Realtek 8111 || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel AC 6205 or broadcom 4313 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2013 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 13-inch or 14-inch runs hot - |- | <!--Name-->HP ProBook 6475b, Probook 4445s 4545s, HP Pavilion 15-b115sa, [https://support.hp.com/gb-en/document/c04015674#AbT6 HP mt41 Mobile Thin Client PC] || <!--Chipset-->AMD A4 4300M, A6 4400M 4455M or A8 4500M with AMD A70M A76M FCH || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->sata || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA 7420 7520G 7640G 7660G}} || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with idt or realtek codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Realtek RTL8151FH-CG}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 6205 or Broadcom BCM 43228 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2014 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 15.6-inch - |- | <!--Name-->HP ProBook 455 G1 F2P93UT#ABA, 645 G1, Envy 15-j151ea G7V80EA, Envy m6-1310sa (E4R01EA#ABU) || <!--Chipset-->AMD Quad A4-4300M A8-4500M A10-4600M A4-5150M A6-5350M 2.9Ghz A10-5750M || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->sata || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA 7420G 7520G 7640G 7660G 8350G 8450G or 8550G, 8650G, 8750G }} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio IDT 92HD91 codec}} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->realtek || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2015 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 14in and 15in 1366 x 768 - external battery - 2 ddr3l sodimm slots - 19.5v / 4.62A psu runs hot - |- | <!--Name-->HP ProBook 245 G4, 255 G1, 255 G2, 455 G2, 255 G3, 455 G3, 255 G4 80CB, 255 G5 82F6, 355 G2, HP Pavilion 15-p038na 15-g092sa 15-p091sa 15-G094S 15-p144na 15-p142na, 15-Af156sa || <!--Chipset-->Slow AMD A4-5000 A6-5200, E2-6110, E1-6010 E2-2000, E1-2100 E2-3800, A4-6210 A6-6310 A8-6410, E2-7110, A6-7310 A8-7410 APU || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->sata || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA Radeon R2 R4 R5}} || <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC3201-GR || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 RTL8102E or Atheros 1GbE || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Qualcomm Atheros AR9565}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2015 64bit most have SSE4 AVX but E2-2000 does not - 15.6-inch (1366 x 768) - 2 ddr3l sodimm slots - small 31Whr or 41Whr external battery covers 240 G4, 245 G4, 250 G4, 255 G4, 256 G4, 14G, 15G - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->HP ProBook 645 g2, Probook 445 G2, Probook 245 G2 || <!--Chipset-->AMD A6-8600 A8-8700 a10- || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->sata || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Radeon R5 R6}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio }} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel I219V 100/1000}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel or Qualcomm Atheros}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2016 64bit - 14in and 15.6-inch HD (1366 x 768) or FHD 1080p - 2 ddr3l sodimm slots max 16GB - internal battery - hp ac psu tip - |- | <!--Name-->HP Elitebook 725 G2, 745 G2, 755 G2 || <!--Chipset-->Amd Quad A6-7050B A8-7150B 1.9GHz A10-7350B || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->sata || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA on AMD R4 R5 Radeon R6 with DP and vga}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD audio with IDT 92HD91}} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 PCIe GBE || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom or Atheros || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2016 64bit - 12.5-inch, 14" or 15.6in (all 1366 x 768) - 19.5V 65w 45W AC adapter - internal pull up tab battery under base which slides off - 2 ddr3l sodimm slots - keyboard swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->HP Probook 455 G3 || <!--Chipset-->AMD A10-8700P || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->sata || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Radeon R5}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD }} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->1GbE || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2016 64bit - 2 ddr3l sodimm slots - keyboard swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->HP Elitebook 725 G3, 745 G3, 755 G3, 725 G4, 745 G4, 755 G4, HP mt43 || <!--Chipset-->Amd A8-8600B, A10-8700B, A12-8800B to Quad A8 Pro 9600B to A10 9800 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->sata || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA on AMD R5 R6 R7 with DP and vga but screen is low res, dull colours, and blurry}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD audio with IDT codec}} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom 5762 PCIe GBE}} || <!--Wireless-->Realtek RTL8723BE-VB || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2017 64bit - 12.5-inch (1366 x 768) to 14" and 15.6in - 2 sodimm ddr3 - 19.5V 45W AC slim 4.5mm hp adapter - randomly shuts down and the noisy fans constantly on - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->HP ProBook 645 G3, 655 G3 || <!--Chipset-->AMD 8th Gen A10-8730B, A8-9600B (4c4t) A6-8530B (2c2t) || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->sata || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA 2d for AMD R5}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio}} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 RTL8111HSH || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel or Realtek}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2016 64bit - 15.6in - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->HP Probook 455 G4, Probook 455 G5, || <!--Chipset-->AMD A10-9600P APU, A9-9410, A6-9210 APU || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->sata || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA Radeon R4, R5 or R6}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD }} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->realtek 1GbE || <!--Wireless-->realtek or intel Wireless-AC 7265 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2016 64bit 15.6in 1366 x 768 - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->HP ProBook 645 G6, 255 G6, 255 G7 - 31Whr external battery covers HP all G6 and HP 14-BS, HP 14-BW, HP 15-BS || <!--Chipset-->AMD E2-9000e, A9-9420, 9220P, 9125 (all 2c) || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->sata 2.5in and M.2 || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA 2d for R2 R3 R4}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HDAudio with codec}} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek rtl8169 || <!--Wireless-->{{No|RTL8188CTV, RTL8821CE or Intel Dual Band Wireless-AC 3168}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2017 64bit - 19V 65W - DDR4 slot max 8Gb - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->ProBook 245 g8 || <!--Chipset-->Range all dual cores - AMD A6-9225 APU, AMD A4-9125 APU, AMD PRO A6-8350B APU, AMD PRO A4-5350B APU || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->m.2 sata || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA R4 R6}} || <!--Audio-->{{no|HDAudio}} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek GbE || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Realtek}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2017 64bit - many variants - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->Pavilion 15z bw0xxx, 15-bw024na 15-ba506na, 15-bw060na 15-DB0521SA, HP Envy x360 15-ar052sa 2 in 1, || <!--Chipset-->AMD A9-9420 2c 2t, A10-9620p 4c4t 9700p 7th Gen Bristol Ridge || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->sata || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA R5 GCN 3}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio}} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Realtek }} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Realtek }} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2017 64bit AVX2 - 15.6in 768p or 1080p - internal battery - 19.5V 2.31A hp plug - 1 DDR4-1866 SDRAM sodimm slot - keyboard swap requires removal of all components - |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->HP EliteBook 725 G5, 735 G5, 745 G5, 755 G5, Probook 455 G6, 255 G7 || <!--Chipset-->Ryzen 3 2200U 2300U (2c t), R5 2500U, R7 2700U (4c8t) Raven Ridge || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->M.2 Sata or NVMe and/or 2.5in sata if detachable ribbon cable present || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA 2d for AMD Vega 3, 6, or 8 i.e. GCN 5 with VCN 1}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HDAudio with ALC236 codec}} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek or rtl8169 || <!--Wireless-->Realtek RTL8821CE, 8822BE or Intel AC 8265 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2017 64bit - 12.5 to 15.6in up to 1080p - internal battery - 1 (smaller laptops) or 2 ddr4 sodimm slots on larger laptops max 16Gb - probook case extra screws under 2 rubber strips - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - esc bios setup f9 boot order - |- | <!--Name-->HP Envy x360 15-bq150sa, Envy x360 covertible 13 13-ag0xxx || <!--Chipset-->Ryzen 5 2500U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->M.2 and Sata || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA Vega }} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HDAudio codec}} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{maybe|realtek, none on 13in}} || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2018 64bit - 13 or 15.6in 1080p - hp barrel or usb-c on 13in - ddr4 - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->HP 14-cm, 15-bw0, HP 15-db0043na, HP 15-db0996na, HP 15-db0997na, 17-ca0007na, 17-ca1, ProBook 645 G4 || <!--Chipset-->Ryzen 2200U (2c 4t) 2500U (4c 8t) with AMD Carrizo FCH 51 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->1 M.2 and 1 2.5in on some larger models || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA Radeon R5 and later Vega 3 or 7}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|Realtek ALC3227 and ATI HDMI}} || <!--USB-->{{Maybe|USB3 USB boot drive stuck on kitty's eyes}} || <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 RTL8111E || <!--Wireless-->{{No|RTL 8723DE 8821 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.3 USB || <!--Comments-->2018 64bit 2kg - screen is dim 14in, 15.6in or 17.3" 1366 x 768, later 1080p - 65W 19.5V ac adapter - internal 3-cell 41 Wh Li-ion battery does not last long - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - no DVD-Writer - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->[https://support.hp.com/gb-en/document/c06955717 ProBook 245 g8], HP 255 G7, HP14-dk0599sa || <!--Chipset-->Range mostly dual cores - AMD Athlon Gold 3150U (2c 2t), Silver 3050U APU (2c 2t), Pro 3145U APU to 3200U (2c 4t) and 3500U (4c 8t) || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->m.2 NVMe 2280 but usually no 2.5in mountings || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA Vega 3, 6 or 8}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HDAudio}} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3 but no usb-c}} || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek GbE || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Realtek 8822BE}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2018 64bit - many lesser variants - plastic build - 14in / 15.6in dim panel TN Full HD - one heatpipe for cpu - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->Elitebook 735 G6 5VA23AV, Elitebook 745 G6, 255 g8 || <!--Chipset-->AMD® Ryzen™ 5-3500U Ryzen 3-3300U AMD Ryzen 3-3250U AMD Athlon® Gold 3150U AMD Athlon Silver 3050U AMD 3020e || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|m.2 2280 nvme in legacy - hp sure start and secure boot disabled but still issues with gpt installs}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA for Vega 8, 5 or 3}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HDAudio 6.34 ahi realtek codec}} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3 type-A port boots stick partially to kitty eyes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|rtl8169 realtek RTL8111E or 8111H}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|realtek or intel}} || <!--Test Distro-->{{No|Icaros 2.3 onto USB and AROS One 1.8 and 2.0 USB}} || <!--Comments-->2019 64bit - 15.6in 1366x768 to 1920x1080 - 2 3200MHz DDR4 sodimms - 19.5V 2.31A or 20V 2.25 45W 4.5X3.0MM hp - esc bios setup, f9 boot device select - low travel keyboard - poor battery life - plastic hooked base with retained screws - |- | <!--Name-->Envy x360 13 laptop and 13 and 15.6' 2 in 1 convertible || <!--Chipset-->AMD Ryzen R5 4500U with carrizo FCH51 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->M.2 || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA AMD Vega 6}} || <!--Audio-->{{No| }} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB 3.1 gen 2}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel or Realtek wifi 6 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2019 64bit 13.3in or 15.6in IPS 1080p - ram soldered - touch pen not supplied - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->HP ProBook 445 G7 || <!--Chipset-->Ryzen 3 4300U 5 4500U 4700U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->1 sata and 1 nvme || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA Vega 3}} || <!--Audio-->{{No| realtek codec}} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->rtl169 realtek rtl8111ep || <!--Wireless-->{{No|realtek RTL8822CE or intel AC 9260 or Wi-Fi 6 AX200}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2019 64bit - 14 inch 768p or 1080p - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - smart 45w 65w hp usbc charging avoid damage - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->HP EliteBook 745 G7, 845 G7, || <!--Chipset-->AMD Ryzen 5, PRO 4650U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->SSD M.2 || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA AMD Radeon Vega 8}} || <!--Audio-->{{No| }} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->{{No| }} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2019 64bit - Bang & Olufsen speakers - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->HP ProBook 255 G8, HP 245 G9 Laptop || <!--Chipset-->AMD RYZEN 3 5425U, 5 5500U 5625U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->NVMe || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA AMD Vega 6 or 8 hdmi 1.4B}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HDAudio}} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel 1GBe}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Realtek RTL8822CE or Intel}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 64bit - 14" to 15.6in 1366 x 768 to 1080p poor gamut - 45 or 65w hp psu - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots max 16GB - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->HP EliteBook 645 g7, 835 G8, 845 g8 || <!--Chipset-->AMD Ryzen 5 5650U, R7 Pro 5850U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->NVMe || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA for Vega}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HDAudio}} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Realtek 1Gbe on 645 only}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No| }} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2021 64bit - 13.3" or 14" 1080p - poor screens low nits and srgb score - 845 gets hot poor cooling - slim round ac - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->HP Dev One || <!--Chipset-->AMD R7 5850U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA }} || <!--Audio-->{{No| }} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2022 64bit - 2 internal sodimm slots - hp barrel charging - good repairability - |- | <!--Name-->HP Elitebook 845 g9 || <!--Chipset-->aMD 6000 series 6850u || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->M.2 NVMe || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA 680m}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HDaudio with codec}} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB4 thunderbolt type}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->Qualcomm Atheros || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2023 64bit aluminum case - 14in 1080p to 2140p 16:10 poor screen again - 2 internal ddr5 sodimm slots - usb-c ac charging avoid any knocks - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->HP ZBook Firefly 14" G11 Mobile Workstation, G11 QHD DreamColour Mobile Workstation || <!--Chipset-->AMD Ryzen™ 7 8840HS, AMD Ryzen™ 9 8945HS || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->Nvme || <!--Gfx-->AMD 780M || <!--Audio-->HDAudio || <!--USB-->USB3 || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2024 64bit - 35.6 cm (14") diagonal, WUXGA (1920 x 1200), IPS, anti-glare, 400 nits, 100% sRGB - 2 ddr5 sodimm slots - |- | <!--Name-->HP ZBook Ultra G1a || <!--Chipset-->AMD AI Max Pro 390 12 Core, 395 16 Core || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->Nvme || <!--Gfx-->AMD GPU || <!--Audio-->HDaudio || <!--USB-->USB3 || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2025 64bit - 14" Touch OLED 120Hz - 2 ddr 5 sodimm slots - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====IBM/Lenovo==== [[#top|...to the top]] Build quality (Lowest to highest) <pre > iSeries Edge Ideapad Thinkpad - good cases and construction but electronic internals same as anyone else </pre > {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad 390X 390E (2626) || <!--Chipset-->Neo Magic MM2200 with C400 P2-266 to P3 500MHz || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->use VESA || <!--Audio-->{{No|256AV or ESS Solo-1}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->1998 32bit |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad 600x || <!--Chipset-->Intel 440BX || <!--IDE-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA Neomagic NM2360 MagicMedia 256ZX}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|Crystal CS4297A codec}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A| }} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A| }} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.3.1 || <!--Comments-->1998 32bit a little support - earlier 600 and 600e were Pentium 2 based |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad X20 (2662-32U) X21 || <!--Chipset-->Intel 440 BX ZX DX || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio-->{{no|AC97 with Cirrus Logic Crystal cs4281}} || <!--USB-->1.1 || <!--Ethernet-->no mini pci intel e100 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2002 32bit |- | Thinkpad T20 (2647) T21 (26) T22 || 440BX || {{Maybe| }} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|Savage IX-MV (VESA only)}} || {{no|Cirrus Logic CS 4614/22/ 24/30}} || {{yes|USB 1.1}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || 2002 32bit |- | <!--Name-->A21e (2628, 2655) A22e || <!--Chipset-->440MX || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Ati rage mobility || <!--Audio-->{{no|AC97 Cs4299 CS4229}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->intel e100 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2002 |- | Thinkpad T23 (2647) || i810 || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|S3 Super Savage IX/C SDR (VESA only)}} || {{maybe|AC'97 CS4299}} || {{yes|USB 1.1}} || {{yes|Intel ICH3 PRO 100 VE}} || {{no|Realtek RTL8180L others with bios hacking risky}} || || 2003 32bit with some support |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad X22 X23 X24 || <!--Chipset-->830 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->ATi Mobility M6 LY || <!--Audio-->Ac97 CS4299 || <!--USB-->2 x 1.1 || <!--Ethernet-->Intel Pro 100 || <!--Wireless-->Actiontec Harris Semi Intersil Prism 2.5 (X23 and X24 only) || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2003 32bit with slice Ultrabase X2 - |- | <!--Name-->A30 A30p || <!--Chipset-->830 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Ati Radeon M6 || <!--Audio-->AC97 CS 4299 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel Pro 100 ve || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 2200 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2003 32bit |- | <!--Name-->A31 A31p R31 R32 T30 || <!--Chipset-->830 || <!--IDE-->{{yes| }} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A| }} || <!--Gfx-->Ati Radeon 7500 or FireGL || <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC97 Intel with AD1881A codec}} || <!--USB-->{{yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes| Intel Pro 100 ve}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->[https://forums.lenovo.com/t5/Android-Ecosystem-Developers/AROS-An-operation-system-inside-Android/td-p/1441741 Icaros 1.5.2] || <!--Comments-->2003 32bit Also tested with Icaros 2.0.3. |- | Thinkpad X30 (2673) X31 (2884-xx2) X31t || i830 || {{yes}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA only Radeon M6 Mobility}} || {{yes|AC97 - AD1981B codec}} || {{yes|USB 1.1}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{no|Cisco Aironet or Intel 2915 but atheros with bios hacking}} || Icaros 1.4 || 2004 32bit sound bit distorted |- | <!--Name-->R50e R51 || <!--Chipset-->855M || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Intel 855M use VESA}} || <!--Audio-->intel AC97 with AD1981B codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Intel 100 VE}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2004 32bit - |- | IBM Thinkpad T40 (2373) T41 T41p (2379) T42 T42p T43 T43p || Intel 8xx || {{partial|PIO}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|ATI mobility 7500 9000 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|AC97 playback}} || {{yes|uhci 1.1 and ehci 2.0}} || {{no|e1000}} || {{Maybe|Intel 2200bg bios locked but possible AR5BMB-44 AR5212 FRU 39T0081 mini PCI}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || 2004 32bit 16v IBM plug - Centrino Needs ATA=nodma option - issues with the inner chip of the SMT BGA graphics chip |- | Thinkpad X32 || i855 || {{yes|40, 60 or 80GB 2.5" PATA HDD}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA only ATI Mobility Radeon 7000 with 16MB}} || {{maybe| Intel AC'97 Audio with a AD1981B codec}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Intel 1000}} || {{no|Intel 2200 but atheros with bios hacking}} || Icaros 2.1 || 2004 32bit - 12.1" TFT display with 1024x768 resolution; 256 or 512MB PC2700 memory standard (2GB max) |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad X40 X40t by Quanta || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|Intel 800 (VESA only)}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC97 AD1981B}} || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel e1000}} || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|Intel but most atheros with bios hacking - difficult though}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2004 32bit last IBM design |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad X41 (IBM) MT 1864 1865 2525 2526 2527 2528 x41t (Lenovo) MT 1866 1867 || <!--Chipset-->Intel with single core 1.5 1.6 and tablet 1.2GHz || <!--IDE-->{{yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel 915GML 2D}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC97 AD1981B}} || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5751M tg3}} || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|Intel or MiniPCI Wi-Fi Atheros AR5BMB FRU 39T0081 but ordinary atheros 54meg needs risky bios hacking}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit - amongst first Lenovo design |- | <!--Name-->R52 (most 18xx) || <!--Chipset-->Intel 915 || <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel 915GML 2D}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC97 AD1981B}} || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Broadcom bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit |- | <!--Name-->R52 1846, 1847, 1848, 1849, 1850, 1870 || <!--Chipset-->ATi 200m || <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{No|ATI}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC97 AD1981B}} || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5751M tg3}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Broadcom bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad T60 T60P * 64bit - 6 or 8 is 16:10 on T60/p, eg. 8742-CTO 15.4" * 32bit - 1 and 2 are 14", 15" 4:3, like 2007-YM3 or 1952-CTO || <!--Chipset-->*any* T60/p will take a Core 2 Duo CPU with newer BIOS || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{yes| }} || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA (2D) with "p" graphics card (ATi V5200 or V5250) || <!--Audio-->{{no|HD Audio}} || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || {{no|e1000e 82573L}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel ipw3945 ABG but atheros with Middleton's or Zender BIOS hacking risky}} || Icaros 1.4 || <!--Comments-->2006 - |- | <!--Name-->X60 x60s x60t tablet || <!--Chipset-->945GMS 940GML || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->{{no|AD1981 HD Audio}} || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel 3945 ABG or fru 39T5578 Atheros 5K AR5BXB6 ar5007eg with bios hacking}} || <!--Comments-->Icaros 1.4 || 2006 32bit - perhaps needs a zendered bios update but risky |- | <!--Name-->R60 R60e || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->intel 950 with optional radeon x1300 x1400 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with 1981HD codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel or Broadcom || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|Intel 3945 or atheros fru 39T5578 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2006 32bit |- | Thinkpad T61 T61p without Middleton's or Zender BIOS || Core 2 Duo CPU T7300 T8300 || {{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{yes| }} || Intel GMA (2D), NVS 140m or Quadro FX 570M () || {{no|HD Audio}} || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || {{no|e1000e 82573L}} || {{No|Intel but atheros with bios hacking risky}} || Icaros 1.6 || 2007 64bit |- | <!--Name-->X61 x61s X61T Tablet || <!--Chipset-->i965 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA 3100 (2D) slow 3D}} || <!--Audio-->{{no|AD1984 HD Audio}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->82566DM || <!--Wireless-->{{maybe|Atheros AR5212 (some revisions use Intel WLAN runs very hot) bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || 2007 64bit possible <!--Opinion-->2008 64bit ultrabook running very hot - |- | <!--Name-->R61 R61i || <!--Chipset-->Intel 965 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->intel 965 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with conexant codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom BCM5787M || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2008 64bit |- | Lenovo 3000 N200 || <!--Chipset-->Santa Rosa || {{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{maybe| }} || {{yes|Geforce 7300 (2D)}} || {{yes|ALC262 HD Audio}} || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || {{no|Broadcom}} || {{no|Intel 3945 bios locked}} || Icaros 1.4 || 2007 64bit 3D graphics parts are supported but buggy. |- | Lenovo 3000 N200 / V200 || GM965 ICH9-M with Intel Mobile Core 2 Duo T5450 || {{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{maybe| }} || {{yes|X3100 (2D)}} || {{Maybe|HD Audio ALC269VB or CX20549}} || {{yes| }} || {{no|BCM5906M}} || {{no|Intel 3965 / 4965AGN bios locked}} || Icaros 1.4.1 2.1 || 2007 64bits of laptop works |- | <!--Name-->X300 || <!--Chipset-->Core 2 Duo Merom SL7100 1.2GHz || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->1.8 inch || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|Intel X3100}} || <!--Audio-->HD Audio AD1984A || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 4965 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2007 64bit 13.3" TFT 1440x900 (WXGA+) with LED backlight |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad Edge 11″ AMD K325 || <!--Chipset-->M880G || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|VESA for ATI HD4200}} || <!--Audio-->{{{{maybe|}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{maybe|rtl8169 8111}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|8192CE (Realtek 8176) bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2007 little support |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad X301 || <!--Chipset-->Core 2 Duo Penryn SU9400 Su9600 with GM45 chipset || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->1.8 inch micro SATA (uSATA) || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|Intel X4500}} || <!--Audio-->AD1984A || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 5xxx WiFi link 5100, 5150, 5300 and 5350 (WiMAX) bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2009 WXGA+ (1440×900) LED backlight display - 2774 or 4057 Alps and 2776 Synaptics touchpad - optical bay interface is Legacy IDE (PATA) - Addonics ADMS18SA, Lycom ST-170m |- | <!--Name-->X100e || <!--Chipset-->AMD Athlon Neo Single-Core (MV-40) and dual cores || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|2.5in tray in ide mode in bios}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa ATI HD3200}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio with CX20582 codec playback}} || <!--USB-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek 8111}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Realtek r8192se bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2009 64bit 11.6in 1366 x 768 - 20v 65W round barrel - enter f1 setup f11 diagnostics f12 boot list - runs very warm - |- | <!--Name-->SL400 SL500 || Intel || {{N/A}} || {{Yes|IDE mode}} || {{Maybe|Nvidia 9400M}} || {{Maybe|ALC269}} || {{yes|USB 2.0}} || {{Maybe|RTL8169}} || {{Maybe| bios locked}} || || |- | <!--Name-->SL410 SL510 || 965 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE mode}} || {{maybe|Intel GMA X4500M (some 2D)}} || {{yes|HD Audio with ALC269 codec - speaker and ear phones}} || {{yes|USB 2.0}} || {{yes|RTL8169}} || {{Maybe| bios locked}} || [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=645774&postcount=28 Icaros 1.3] || 2009 64bit SL-410 |- | <!--Name-->T400 ODM Wistron || <!--Chipset-->i || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Intel 4500MHD works limited 2d no 3d - optional switchable Nvidia or ATi HD3470 untested}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with Codec CX20561 (T400)}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel e1000e}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel Wifi Link 5100 (AGN) half height card with FRU 43Y6493 or 5300 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2009 64bit 20v lenovo plug - non-free firmware required iwlwifi |- | <!--Name-->T400s || <!--Chipset-->i || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VSEA for Intel 4500MHD works limited 2d no 3d}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|HD Audio with CX20585}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel e1000e}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel Wifi Link 5100 (AGN) half height card with FRU 43Y6493 or 5300 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2009 64bit non-free firmware required iwlwifi |- | <!--Name-->Lenovo T500 T510 || <!--Chipset-->i || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|VESA for switchable Intel / AMD HD 3640}} || <!--Audio-->{{maybe|Intel HD Audio with a CX20561 (t500) and CX20585 (T510) codec}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel }} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel or Lenovo branded unit Atheros AR5007EG AR5BHB63 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2009 64bit |- | <!--Name-->X200 ODM Wistron [http://itgen.blogspot.co.uk/2008/12/installing-arch-linux-on-lenovo.html X200s] and x200t tablet model without [http://fsfe.soup.io/post/590865884/the-unconventionals-blog-English-Flashing-Libreboot-on Risky flash of the Libreboot BIOS] || <!--Chipset-->GM45 GS45 with slow Celeron, SU or faster SL Core 2 Duos CPUs || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe||Intel GMA 4500 MHD 2D but slow software 3D tunnel 10 gearbox 8 tests}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|Intel HD Audio with Conexant CX20561 codec playback}} || <!--USB-->{{{Yes|USB 2.0 USB SD card reads and writes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel 82567LM Gigabit}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel Pro 5100 5150 5300 5350 AGN due to whitelist prevention bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.0.1 || <!--Comments-->2009 64bit 12.1" CCFL (webcam version) or LED backlit (no webcam). no support for 54mm express cards or Authentec 2810 fingerprint reader - thinkpoint only no trackpad - thinklight - |- | <!--Name-->Lenovo T410 T410s T410si || <!--Chipset-->qm57 with i5 m || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|use vesa Intel 5700MHD (Ironlake) core processor igp with optional Nvidia Quadro NVS 3100M}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio Conexant CX20585 codec playback}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel 82577lm gigabit}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel n 6200 or Atheros AR9280 AR5BHB92 half size minipcie detected bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.2 xmas || <!--Comments-->2009 64bit battery life much lower with Nvidia graphics version - no support firewire ricoh r5c832 - ricoh sd card - series 5 3400 |- | <!--Name-->X201 X201s x201t || <!--Chipset-->QM57 Core i3 370m, i5 M520 2.4GHz or i7 620LM 2.0GHz || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|vesa 2d on Intel GMA HD}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|Intel HD with [https://ae.amigalife.org/index.php?topic=94.0 Conexant 20585] codec}} || <!--USB-->{{yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2010 X201 arrandale power consumption limits battery life to 3-4 hours for 48Whr though to 6 on 72Whr - 12.5" WXGA |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->T420 type 4180 4236 t420s T520 4239 L520 || <!--Chipset-->i5 2540, 2520 or i7 2860QM 2620 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE in BIOS but not AHCI}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa 136 x 768 - Intel HD 3000 with optional NVS 4200M Nvidia optimus or Radeon HD 565v }} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio playback ear phones only with Conexant CX20672 codec - AHI 6.27}} || <!--USB-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel PRO 1000 82579LM}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Realtek 1x1, Intel Ultimate-N 6205 6250 2x2 6300 3x3 all bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.2.2 || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit add noacpi to grub boot options - screen 1600x900 or 1366x768 - |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad W520 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA Intel HD 3000 with nvidia quadro 1000m 2000m}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|Intel Hd with CX 20585 codec}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel 82579 Lm}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 6000s}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit optimus issues with Nvidia Intel hybrids unless bumblebee switching - 15.6" TFT display with 1366x768 (HD), 1600x900 (HD+) or 1920x1080 (FHD) resolution with LED backlight |- | <!--Name-->X220 x220t || <!--Chipset-->QM67 express, dual i5 2520M or i7 dual 2620M || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE in BIOS but not AHCI}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA 2D 1024 x 768 for Intel HD Graphics 3000}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|Intel HD playback with Conexant 20672 codec ear phones and speaker - AHI 6.27 6.34}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel 82579LM}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel Centrino Advanced-N 6205 Wi-Fi bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.3, Aros One USB 1.6 || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit possible - uses slimmer 7 mm storage sata devices - NEC USB 3.0 on i7's no support - unwanted trackpad gestures when palm rests on it - 2 ddr3 sodimm slots - external battery - |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad X120e, x121e Quanta FL8A DAFL8AMB8D0 Rev D || <!--Chipset-->Hudson M1 with slow AMD E350 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->yes || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA ATI 0x9802}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|ATI SBx00 Azalia HD Audio}} || <!--USB-->USB 2.0 || <!--Ethernet-->RTL8169 RTL8111 || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Broadcom 0x0576 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit 11.6 inch screen - 1 inch think - chiclet keyboard |- | <!--Name-->Ideapad S205 G575 G585, Edge 11 E325 || <!--Chipset-->Slow E-350 later E-450 with A75 or AMD Athlon II Neo || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->sata || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA HD6310}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes| }} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Atheros}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - removeable and plug in battery - 2pin CR2032 CMOS battery - |- | <!--Name-->Ideapad S206 || <!--Chipset-->AMD E300 1.3GHZ Dual || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->sata || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA }} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|Intel HD Audio with CX20672 codec}} || <!--USB-->{{Maybe|3.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom 10/100 || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR9285}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 11.6" and integrated battery - Conexant® |- | <!--Name-->Lenovo x130e or x131e edu || <!--Chipset-->Slow AMD E-300 or E-450 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->sata || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA Radeon HD 6310 or 6320 }} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|HD Audio Realtek ALC269VC / ALC3202 codec}} || <!--USB-->{{Maybe|USB 30 and USB 20}} || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8111 RTL8168B || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Realtek RTL8188CE or Broadcom BCM43228 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - rubber edged bumper for K12 education market - 2pin CR2032 CMOS battery - |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad Edge E135 E335 || <!--Chipset-->amd dual E-300, E2-1800 or E2-2000 slow atom like A68M FCH || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{maybe|SATA 3.0Gb/s 2.5" wide 7mm high}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA radeon 6310 or 7340 vga or hdmi}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|HDAudio with Realtek ALC3202 codec}} || <!--USB-->2 usb3, 1 powered usb2 || <!--Ethernet-->{{maybe|rtl8169 8111f}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Realtek WLAN whitelist bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 11.6 inch to 13.3in 1366x768 - Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) plastic case - external battery - 20v 65w lenovo barrel ac - 2 ddr3 sodimm 8Gb max - |- | <!--Name-->x140e E145 || <!--Chipset-->E1 2500 dual or A4 5000 apu quad BGA769 (FT3) || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA Radeon 8260 or 8330}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|Realtek ALC269VC aka ALC3202 codec}} || <!--USB-->USB3 || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8111F or Broadcom || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Realtek RTL8188CE 11b/g/n or FRU Intel version}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2013 64bit 11.6" 1366x768, non-glare and Broadcom bluetooth - education student market rugged model - both CPUs soldered - |- | <!--Name-->ThinkPad Edge E525 E535 LENOVO IDEAPAD Z575 || <!--Chipset-->AMD A6-3420M A8-3500M later A8-4500M || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->sata || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA AMD 6620G later 7640G}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HDAudio with Conexant codec}} || <!--USB-->{{Maybe|USB2 but not usb3}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek 8111}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2013 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 15.6in 1368 x 768 matt - 65W 20v lenovo round psu - thick desktop replacement - ThinkPad Edge E520 E520S E525 E530 E545 E535 E530C Laptop Keyboard swap - |- | <!--Name-->T430 t430i T530 || <!--Chipset-->ivy bridge i5 3320 3230m on Intel QM77 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA 1366 x 768 for Intel HD 4000 with optional Nvidia 5400M}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|Intel HD with Realtek ALC3202 aka ALC269VC codec playback ear head phones - HDA 6.27}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|USB 2 ports and usb2.0 devices thru usb 3.0 ports}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel e1000}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel or Atheros AR9285 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2013 64bit fan noise and chiclet keyboard, synaptics trackpad - HD+ 1600x900 screen or normal 1366 x 768 - |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad L430 L530 || <!--Chipset-->Intel HM series 7 chipset i5 3210M || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA Intel HD 4000}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|Intel HD with Realtek ALC269VC codec}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8169 rtl810x || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel 6205 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2013 64bit alps trackpad - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad W530 || <!--Chipset-->Intel HM series 7 chipset i5 3210M || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA Intel HD 4000 with Nvidia GK107GLM Quadro K2000M}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|Intel HD with Realtek ALC3202 ALC269VC codec }} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 82579LM || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 6300 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2013 64bit - ricoh sdxc slot - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad X230 x230t || <!--Chipset-->Intel QM67 express i5 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA }} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|Intel HD with ALC269 aka ALC3202}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel }} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|I}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2013 64bit - 12.2 in 1366 x 768 - 2 ddr3 sodimm slots - external battery - |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad T440 t440s t440p T540 L440 L540 || <!--Chipset-->intel haswell 8 series Core i3 to i7 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA - Intel 4600 or Nvidia}} || <!--Audio-->Intel HD with Realtek ALC3232 alc269 codec || <!--USB-->2 usb 3.0 and 2 usb 2.0 || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel AC 7260 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2014 64bit - 14 and 15" models with glitchy trackpad and no physical buttons - IPS options available - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components or 4 variants of key caps - 2pin CR2032 CMOS battery - |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad X240 x240t ultrabook TN (20AL0081GE), HD IPS display without touch (20AL007NGE) and touch (20AL0076GE) but all 65% sRGB || <!--Chipset-->haswell i7-4600U i5 4200U 4210U 4300U i3-4100U - two batteries, one internal 3cell 45N1110 (45N1111) or 45N1112 (FRU 45N1113) and external 3 / 6cell 45N1126 (FRU 45N1127) || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->2.5in 7mm sata (torq t7), m.2 2242 in WWAN slot (m and b key NGFF Sata) || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA for Intel 4400 for vga or mini-dp}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HDAudio 0x8086 0x0a0c 0x9c20 with Realtek ALC3232 aka ALC292 0x10ec 0x0292}} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel® 82577LM Gigabit (Hanksville) }} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Realtek or Intel 7260n I218-V or I218-LM bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->AROS One USB || <!--Comments-->2014 64bit - 12.2in 1366 x 768 or 1080p - 1 ddr3l sodimm slot - no keyboard spill drainage and at least 2 variants of key caps - lenovo rectangle pwr ac - TPM 1.2 - Bluetooth 4.0 no support - large touchpad with integrated but no physical buttons - bottom panel loosening 8 retained screws - 2pin CR2032 CMOS battery - |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad T450 T450s t450p T550 L550 || <!--Chipset-->Intel i5 4300U i3 5010U i5 5200U 5300U i7 5500U 5600U soldered || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA Intel HD 5500 5600 with optional nvidia 940M}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|Intel HD Audio with ALC3232 codec Realtek ALC3232 0x10ec 0x0292}} || <!--USB-->{{no|3 USB 3.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel Wireless AC 7265 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2015 64bit 14" 1366 x 768, 1600 x 900 or IPS 1920x1080 - Broadwell - keyboard swap requires removal of all components and key cap versions - |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad x250 x250t || <!--Chipset-->i3 5010U i5 5200U 5300U i7 5600U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A|}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|2.5in 7mm or m.2 2242 sata (m and b key)}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA Intel}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio with Realtek ALC3232 codec / Intel HDMI}} || <!--USB-->{{no|up to 3 USB 3.0 partly boots from usb but stops waiting for usb}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel I218 extension port}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel AC 7265 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->AROS One 2.0 USB || <!--Comments-->2015 64bit - 1366 x 768, 1920 × 1080 12.5" screen - Fn and F1 for setup bios - F12 boot options - 1 ddr3l sodimm slot - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad E540 || <!--Chipset-->Intel || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|VESA 2D for Intel gfx}} || <!--Audio-->{{maybe|HDAudio with Conexant CX20751-21Z codec}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe|USB2 }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{maybe|rtl8169 8111gus}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel Wireless-N 7260 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2014 64bit - 15.6in 1376 x 786 - plastic construction - |- | <!--Name-->ThinkPad Edge E545 * key cap swap with E440 E531 E540 L440 L450 T431S T440S T440P T540 * Keyboard swap L540 T540p W540 Edge E531 E540 W541 T550 W550S L560 P50S T560 || <!--Chipset-->AMD Socket FS1r2 A6-5350M (2c2t) or A8-4500M, A8-5550M, A10-5750M (4c4t) with A76M FCH || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->2.5in 9.5mm - enter UEFI bios with Enter or ESC, config section, sata into compatibility and security, secure boot disabled - mini sata DVD burner PLSD DS8A9SH || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD 7640G, 8450G, 8550G, 8650G ?? Islands}} || <!--Audio-->{{no|VOID 6.3 for HDAudio Conexant CX20590 Analog, CX20671 codec or Trinity HDMI}} || <!--USB-->{{no|boots pen drives from yellow usb but not from blue USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8169 1GbE 8111F}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom BCM43142 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->AROS One 2.3 USB with noacpi added to end of grub2 boot line but no further boot for usb3 socket/stick || <!--Comments-->2015 64bit SSE 4.1 and AVX - 15.6in 1366 x 768 matt - 20v 65w 90w round lenovo plug psu - 2 DDR3 SODIMM slots stacked up to 16GB Max - external 6 Cell Li-Ion Battery 48Wh - 2pin CR2032 CMOS battery in wifi area jp1202 - amd v(tm) virtualization not working - |- | <!--Name-->Lenovo G505s || <!--Chipset-->AMD A8 5550M || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA AMD 8550M islands chipset}} || <!--Audio-->{{No| }} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Qualcomm Atheros}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Qualcomm Atheros}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2015 64bit 15.6" - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->Ideapad Flex 15D 20334 || <!--Chipset-->AMD a6 5200, e1 2100, || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA AMD Radeon R3 southern islands chipset}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio with ALC codec}} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Realtek 8169 rtl810x}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros 9k whitelist for wifi swap}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2015 64bit - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->Lenovo B50-45, G50-45 80E3 || <!--Chipset-->AMD A8-6410 (2c), A6-6400 (2c), AMD A8 (4c), AMD A4-6300 (2c), AMD E2-6200 (2c), AMD E1-6050 (2c) || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA R3}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HDAudio}} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Unk|}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|I}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2015 64bit 15.6" 1366 x 768 - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->ThinkPad E455 E555 || <!--Chipset-->AMD A6-7000 A8-7100 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{unk| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA Radeon R5 }} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio with Conexant® CX20751 codec}} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 RTL8111GUS || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Realtek RTL8723BE}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2015 64bit - 14 768p or up to 15.6in 1080p - 2 DDR3L slots max 16G - no TPM - keyboard swap but Lenovo E550 E550C E555 E560 E560C E565 range has at least 2 different key cap variants - 2pin CR2032 CMOS battery - |- | <!--Name-->Z40-75 Z50-75 || <!--Chipset-->A10-7300 4c 4t || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->sata || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA Radeon R6 6CUs}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD audio}} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Realtek}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2016 64bit - 15.6in 1366 x 768 - heavy - external battery - slim box lenovo ac - dvdrw - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->ThinkPad E465 E565 || <!--Chipset-->AMD A6-8500P 8600P A8-8700P || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->sata || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA R6}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio with Conexant® CX11852 codec}} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2016 64bit - 15.6" 1366 x 768 to 1080p IPS - Polycarbonate, ABS Plastic shell casing - internal battery - |- | <!--Name-->LENOVO IDEAPAD 500-15ACZ || <!--Chipset-->AMD 4c A10-8700P A8-8600P || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->2.5 M.2 || <!--Gfx-->VESA for Radeon R5 || <!--Audio-->HDAudio with Realtek ALC codec || <!--USB-->USB3 USB2 || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Realtek Atheros Broadcom}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2016 64bits - 15.6" 768p to 1080p - 2 ddr3l slots max 16gb - 45w rectangle psu - |- | <!--Name-->lenovo yoga 510-14ast 8059, || <!--Chipset-->A6-9210 A9-9410 and Intel Xeon E3-1200 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA Radeon R4}} || <!--Audio-->{{No| }} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2016 64bit - 45w 20v round barrel 4.0 * 1.7mm fits Yoga 310 510 520 710 - Harman Audio - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->V110-15AST || <!--Chipset-->AMD A9-9410 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->sata || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA R5}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HDAudio}} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{maybe|rtl8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no| }} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2016 64bit - 15.6in 1366 x 768 - 20v lenovo slim box ac - keyboard repair / swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name--> *ThinkPad A275 12in (1 ddr4 2666MHz sodimm) *Thinkpad A475 14in (2 ddr4 2666MHz sodimm) - both internal (main) and external (secondary) battery || <!--Chipset-->A10-8730B A10-9700B 2.500Ghz later A12-8830B A12-9800B (all 4c4t AVX2 on 9000s) || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|Sata3 port for 7mm 2.5in ssd hdd but only after setup in other machines - WWAN slot cannot use M.2 2242 sata with M and B key}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD R5 or R7}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HDAudio 6.34 ahi with ALC3268 codec - VOID even with QUERY / QUERYD added}} || <!--USB-->{{Maybe|USB3 bios startup set to legacy, starts to boot pendrives but stops, usb mouse not detected}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|rtl8169 RTL8111EPV, shell pinging google.com works but apps like OWB start when copied to RAM: and run from there}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Realtek RTL8822BE WLAN whitelist locked cannot swap}} || <!--Test Distro-->{{No|AROSOne USB 1.8 with noacpi added to grub2 line then waiting for bootable media (kitty eyes)}} || <!--Comments-->2016 64bit 12 or 14in 1366 x 768 poor screen - 45W or 65w lenovo rectangle ac adapter - F1 enter bios and F12 boot order - 6 retained screws and snap on base - secure boot disabled - keyboard swap not easy - 2100 error message no solution except using only efi/gpt bios option - |- | <!--Name-->ThinkPad E475 E575 || <!--Chipset-->AMD A6-9500b A10-9600P || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->2.5in sata || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA R6}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HDAudio with Conexant CX11852 codec}} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 Realtek R8111GUS || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2017 64bit AVX2 - 15.6" 1366 x 768 to 1080p IPS - Polycarbonate, ABS Plastic shell casing - internal battery - two DDR4 SO-DIMM sockets clocks down with 1866MHz DDR4 memory controller - |- | <!--Name-->Lenovo Ideapad S145-14AST S145-15AST || <!--Chipset-->AMD A6-9225, A9-9425, A10-9600P 7th Gen, AMD A12-9720P Mobo 5B20P11110 NMB341 Bristol Ridge || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA Radeon 8670A 8670M 8690M GCN 3}} || <!--Audio-->{{No| }} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A|N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Qualcomm Atheros QCA9377 or Realtek RTL8821CE}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2017 64bit AVX2 - 14in or 15.6" 768p or 1080p - 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->Lenovo Ideapad V145-14AST V145-15AST, 81mt, Ideapad 310, Ideapad 320-15ABR, Ideapad 330-14AST 330-15AST 330-17AST || <!--Chipset-->AMD A6-9225, A9-9425 (2c2t), A10-9600P 7th Gen, AMD A12-9720P Mobo 5B20P11110 NMB341 Bristol Ridge || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA Radeon 8670A 8670M 8690M GCN 3}} || <!--Audio-->{{No| }} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|rtl8169 10/100 only}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Qualcomm Atheros QCA9377 or Realtek RTL8821CE}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2017 64bit AVX2 - 14in or 15.6" 768p or 1080p - 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - 45w 6w slim ac adapter - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Lenovo V330-14ARR 81B1, Ideapad 330s 15ARR, || <!--Chipset-->R3 2200U, 2300U or R5 2500U Raven Ridge || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->M.2 || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA Vega 3, 6 or 8 GCN5 with VCN1}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio with codec}} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{maybe|Realtek 1GbE but not on 330s}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Realtek}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2018 64bit - 14" 20mm thick 1.8kg - 20v 2.25a 45w ac round barrel - chiclet keyboard - 4Gb soldered and 1 ddr4 sodimm - TPM 2.0 in bios - battery internal about 30whr - 4GB soldered - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad Edge E485 E585 || <!--Chipset-->R3 2300U R5 2500U R7 2700U || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->m.2 nvme || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA }} || <!--Audio-->{{No| }} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{maybe|rtl8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no| }} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2018 - USB-C 20V 2.25A 3.25A avoid knocking charging port as damages easily - 1ddr4 sodimm slot - internal battery only - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad A285 A485 || <!--Chipset-->AMD Ryzen PRO 5 2500U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->sata port and m.2 sata ngff port || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA Vega }} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio with ALC codec}} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{maybe|rtl8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Realtek or Qualcomm - WLAN whitelist no more??}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2018 64bit - 14 or 15.6in 1080p - avoid usb-c port being lifted/moved whilst in use as damages laptop easily - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - internal and external battery - watch for bios setting [https://github.com/PSPReverse/PSPTool AMD PSP Platform Security Processor Key] - WWAN whitelist - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->Lenovo Yoga 530-14ARR 81H9 || <!--Chipset-->R5 2500U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->m.2 || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA Vega }} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio}} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no| }} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2018 64bit - 14in 1080p - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->ThinkPad E15 Gen 2 (AMD) || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->m.2 || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA }} || <!--Audio-->{{No| }} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->{{no| }} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2018 15.6in - TPM 2.0 - usb-c charging issues lenovo has a mobile phone PC Diagnostic App for error/beep codes - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->IdeaPad C340-13AP1, IdeaPad S340-14API C340-14API || <!--Chipset-->R3 3200U, R5 3500U, R7 3700U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->M.2 || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA Vega 3, 8, 10}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HDAudio codec}} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2019 64bit - 13in convertible - 14" laptop - 4GB soldered - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->Lenovo V14-ADA, V15-ADA 82C700E4UK || <!--Chipset-->Ryzen 3 3050U, 3150U, 3250U, Ryzen 5 3500U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->1x 2.5" HDD + 1x M.2 SSD NVMe || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA Vega}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio with ALC codec}} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Realtek or Qualcomm}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2019 64bit - 14 or 15.6in - internal battery - 4GB soldered with 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad Edge E495, Edge E595, Lenovo V155 81V5, || <!--Chipset-->AMD Ryzen 3 3200U r5 3500U, R7 3700U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->M.2 || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA Vega 3 or 6}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio with ALC codec}} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{maybe|rtl8169}} || <!--Wireless-->Realtek or Qualcomm || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2019 64bit - 14 or 15.6in 1080p - ddr4 soldered with 1 dimm slot - 20v small round ac jack - Thinkpads with USB-C charger issue was fixed with a BIOS update. But if you don't do the BIOS update, the charger shorts the motherboard - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->IdeaPad L340 81LW001CUS PC IdeaPad S540-14API || <!--Chipset-->AMD Ryzen 5 3500U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA AMD Vega 8}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio}} || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->{{no|RTL8822BE AC (1×1)}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2019 64bit - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->ThinkPad T295 T495 T495s X395 || <!--Chipset-->Ryzen 3 3300U, R5 Pro 3500U or R7 3700U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->NVMe || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA Vega 6, 8 or 10}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio with Realtek® ALC328 codec}} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111EP not on slim T495s}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Realtek RTL8822BE or Intel AC 9260}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2019 64bit - 14in 1366 x 768 to FHD 1080p - internal battery - ram 8gb or 16gb soldered with 1 ddr4 slot on T495 only - TPM 2.0 - usb-c charging avoid knock whilst in use - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->Lenovo ThinkPad T14, Lenovo L14 Gen 1 L15 || <!--Chipset-->Ryzen 7 Pro 4750U 1.7GHz, Ryzen 5 Pro 4650U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->NVMe || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA R5 }} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HDAudio}} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{maybe|rtl8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no| }} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 64bit - universal USB-C charger avoid moving whilst in use - 14" or 15" 1080p - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->Lenovo ThinkPad X13 Gen1 AMD version || <!--Chipset-->AMD RYZEN 3 4450U, 5 4650U or 7 4750U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->One drive, up to 512GB M.2 2242 SSD or 1TB M.2 2280 SSD NVMe || <!--Gfx-->{{partial|VESA Radeon}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HDAudio with Realtek® ALC3287 codec}} || <!--USB-->{{unk| but USB-C ports can fail}} || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8111EPV, mini RJ-45 to RJ-45 via optional ThinkPad Ethernet Extension Adapter Gen 2 || <!--Wireless-->Realtek Wi-Fi 6 RTL8852AE, || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 13.3" HD 1366x768 to 1080p - USB-C port care needed as damages easily - Memory soldered to systemboard, no slots, dual-channel DDR4-3200 - |- | <!--Name-->IdeaPad 5 14ARE05 (81YM) || <!--Chipset-->AMD 4300U 4500u 4700u on AMD Promontory/Bixby FCH || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->1x M.2 2242 slot and 1x M.2 2280 NVMe || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA Vega 6 hdmi}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HDAudio}} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB 3.1 gen 1}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel ax200 wifi 6}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 64bit 14in and 15.6 inch mid srgb display - usb-c psu - ram soldered non-upgrade - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->Ideapad Flex 5 81X2 || <!--Chipset-->AMD R5 4500u, R7 4800U, R3 5300 R5 5500U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->M.2 NVMe ssd || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA AMD Vega}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio with ALC? codec}} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3.1 gen 1}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|realtek ac wifi}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 64bit abs plastic case 14in convertible 1080p touch low nits - 65w usb-c psu ac - possible wacom esr note taking pen supplied - ram soldered DDR4 - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->ThinkPad L15 Gen 2 (15″, AMD) || <!--Chipset-->AMD 5000 series AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 5875U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->ThinkPad L15 Gen 3 (15″, AMD) || <!--Chipset-->AMD 6000 series || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->ThinkPad X13 Gen 4 (13" AMD) || <!--Chipset-->AMD 7480 7040 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->NVMe || <!--Gfx-->{{partial|VESA}} || <!--Audio-->{{unk| }} || <!--USB-->{{unk| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2024 - avoid usb-c port damage - |- | <!--Name-->ThinkPad L15 Gen 4 (15" AMD) || <!--Chipset-->AMD 7480 7040 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->NVMe || <!--Gfx-->{{partial|VESA}} || <!--Audio-->{{unk| }} || <!--USB-->{{unk| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2024 |- | <!--Name-->Lenovo V15 G4 AMN || <!--Chipset-->AMD AMD Athlon™ Gold 7220U (2c4t), AMD Athlon™ Silver 7120U (2c2t), AMD Ryzen™ 3 7320U (4c8t), AMD Ryzen™ 5 7520U (4c8t) || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->nvme || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA 2d for AMD 610M HDMI® and USB-C}} || <!--Audio-->{{no|HDaudio with ALC3287 codec}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Gigabit Ethernet, 1x RJ-45 || <!--Wireless-->{{no|wifi 6}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2024 64bit - 15.6" FHD (1920x1080) - 8 or 16Gb soldered - 65W round tip (3-pin) AC adapter or USB-C - |- | <!--Name-->ThinkPad L16 (16" AMD) || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2025 64bit |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->ThinkPad || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->ThinkPad || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Samsung==== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="2%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->NP-Q1 Q1 || <!--Chipset-->Celeron-M 353 ULV 600Mhz || <!--IDE-->{{Yes|1.8" SFF HDD 20 / 60 GB }} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|GMA 915 2D and 3D opengl1 tunnel 95 gearbox 68}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with codec - head phones only}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell}} || <!--Wireless-->{{Yes|Atheros 5006EX}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1 || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit old style tablet UltraMobile PC UMPC - Wacom serial resistive pen or finger no support - 1 sodimm ddr2 max 1Gb - LCD 7" WVGA (800 x 480) - CompactFlash port Type II - |- | <!--Name-->NP Q1U Ultra Mobile PC UMPC Q1F NP-Q1-F000 || <!--Chipset-->Intel A100 600 / A110 Stealey 800 MHz CPU || <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|GMA 950 2D and 3D opengl1}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio 1986}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|Atheros 5006EX}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1 || <!--Comments-->2006 32bit 1024×600 - sd card slot - |- | <!--Name-->NP P500 family P500Y || <!--Chipset-->AMD with SB600 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A| }} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA Ati x1250}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes| Audio with codec }} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell 88E8039 yukon}} || <!--Wireless-->{{yes|Atheros G}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.2 || <!--Comments-->64bit possible - 15.4 tft display - cheap plastic okay build - 19v propriety end - |- | <!--Name-->R505 R510 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Atheros G || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->R520 R522 R610H R620 || <!--Chipset-->Intel Mobile Core i3 Intel PM45 82801M ICH9-M|| <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->ATI Mobility Radeon HD 4650 (RV730) || <!--Audio-->Intel HD Audio with Realtek ALC272 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Marvell Yukon 88E8057 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR5007EG || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2010 64 bit possible |- | NP-R530 || || {{N/A}} || {{partial|IDE mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{partial|HD Audio playback}} || {{yes|USB 2.0}} || {{no|Marvell}} || {{no|Atheros AR9285}} || Icaros 1.5.2 || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Samsung R730 17.3 Essential Notebook NP-R730-JA02UK, NP-R730-JA01SE, R730-JT06 || <!--Chipset-->Intel HM55 Dual Core T4300 i3-370M || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA for Intel 4500MHD and GeForce G 310M with 1 VGA, 1 HDMI}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HDAudio ALC??? codec Realtek}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|USB2}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell Yukon 88E8059 PCI-E}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom, Intel or Atheros 9k AR9285}} || <!--Test Distro-->Deadwoods ISO 2023-11 || <!--Comments-->2010 64bit - 17.3in HD 1280 x 720 pixels low contrast or some 1600x900 - 2 DDR3 sodimm slots - 2.84 kg 6.26 lbs - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.notebookcheck.net/Review-Samsung-305U1A-A01DE-Subnotebook.68246.0.html Series 3 Samsung 305u1a] || <!--Chipset-->AMD Zacate E350 or E450 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->AMD Radeon 6320 || <!--Audio-->ALC ACL 269 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111 8169 || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom 4313 || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit |- | <!--Name-->NP-RV415 NP-RV515 || <!--Chipset-->E350 or E450 plus A50M chipset || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->AMD Radeon HD 6470 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio Realtek || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8111 8168B || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR9285 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2012 64bit slow - |- | <!--Name-->Series 5 NP535U3C || <!--Chipset-->A6-4455M || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->2.5in || <!--Gfx-->radeon || <!--Audio-->HDAudio || <!--USB-->USB2 || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek GbE || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2012 64bit slow - 13.3in 1368 x 768 - plastic build - 65w 19v psu - |- | <!--Name-->series 3 NP355V5C || <!--Chipset-->A6-4400M, A8-4500M, A10-4600M || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->2.5in || <!--Gfx-->7640M || <!--Audio-->HDAudio || <!--USB-->USB2 || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek GbE || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2012 64bit - 15.4in 1368 x 768 - plastic build - 65w 19v psu - |- | <!--Name-->Samsung ATIV Book 9 Lite NP905S3G || <!--Chipset-->AMD A6-1450 quad 1GHz Temash atom like || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->128gb || <!--Gfx-->AMD 8250 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Realtek rtl8169 but only with mini LAN AA-AE2N12B Ethernet Adapter RJ45 dongle}} || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR9565 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2014 64bit - 13.3 TN glossy 1366 x 768 200nits 60% srgb - plastic case - 26W battery built in with 4hr life - 19V 2.1A 3.0*1.0mm psu - 1 ddr3l slot max 4gb - 720p webcam - mini hdmi out - 1w speakers - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Toshiba==== [[#top|...to the top]] Order of Build Quality (Lowest to highest) <pre > Equium Satellite (Pro) Libretto Portege Tecra </pre > {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | Tecra 8100 8200 9000 || 440BX || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|S3 Savage MX 3D (VESA only)}} || {{no|Yamaha DS-XG ymf744 ymf-754}} || {{yes|USB1.1 only}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.5 || little support |- | <!--Name-->Tecra 9100 || <!--Chipset-->810 || <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|S3 Savage IX}} || <!--Audio-->{{no|ymf754}} || <!--USB-->USB 1.1 || <!--Ethernet-->eeee pro100 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->PSU Adapter For Toshiba Tecra 9000 9100 A1 A10 A11 A3 A3X A4 A5 A7 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M7 M9 R10 S1 series 75 Watt 15V 5A |- | [http://tuxmobil.org/toshiba_sp4600.html Satellite Pro 4600] || i810 || IDE || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|Trident Cyber Blade XP (VESA only)}} || {{no|YAMAHA DS-XG AC97 ymf754}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel e100}} || {{no|Agere (internal PCMCIA)}} || || little support |- | Satellite 2805 S603 || Intel 815 || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|nVidia GeForce2 Go}} || {{no|Yamaha Corp YMF 754}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO/100}} || {{dunno}} || || little support |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Satellite A10 S167 S1291 - A15 A20 A25 || <!--Chipset-->P4M || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 852GM or Radeon || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->RTL 8139 || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|Intel 2100, Agere or Atheros PA3399U 1MPC minipci}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->a few models came with antenna leads |- | Satellite [http://eu.computers.toshiba-europe.com/innovation/jsp/SUPPORTSECTION/discontinuedProductPage.do?service=EU&com.broadvision.session.new=Yes&PRODUCT_ID=76230 A30-714] || P4-M / 82845 i845 || {{yes|82801}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes}} || {{yes|RTL8139}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || nice laptop, drawbacks: heavy, really hot (P4-3.06 GHz!!) - A30 (EU) A33 (Australian) A35 (USA) - |- | <!--Name-->Satellite A40 A45 || <!--Chipset-->P4M or Celeron M with Intel 845 865 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 852GME or Radeon 7000 Mobility || <!--Audio-->AC97 Realtek || <!--USB-->USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 5002G 5004G - PA3299U mini pci || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2003 32bit - A40 S161 A40-S1611 A40-2701, A45-S120 A45-S1201 S130 S1301 S1501 - |- | <!--Name-->Satellite a50 A55 a60-s156 Equium A60 PSA67E A65 || <!--Chipset-->P4M or Celeron M with Intel 845 865 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 852GME or Radeon 7000 Mobility || <!--Audio-->AC97 Realtek || <!--USB-->USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 5002G 5004G - PA3299U mini-pci || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2003 32bit - |- | <!--Name-->Satellite A70 A75-S206 A80 A85-S107 || <!--Chipset-->P4M or Celeron-M with Intel 845 865 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 852GME or Radeon 7000 Mobility || <!--Audio-->AC97 Realtek || <!--USB-->USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 5002G 5004G - PA3299U mini-pci || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.5.1 || <!--Comments-->2003 32bit - |- | Toshiba Satellite Pro M30 || intel 855 || {{yes|boots with ATA=nodma option}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes|USB2.0}} || {{yes|Intel PRO/100 VE}} || {{dunno}} || Icaros 1.5 || nice laptop with some support |- | <!--Name-->Portege M300 - M200 tablet || <!--Chipset-->855GM with 1.2GHz Pentium M 753 || <!--IDE-->{{yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|VESA 2d only - tablet with nvidia 5200 go}} || <!--Audio-->{{no|AC97 STAC 9750}} || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->little support |- | <!--Name-->Tecra M2 M2-S || <!--Chipset-->Intel 855P Pentium-M || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->nvidia fx go5200 32mb or 64mb agp || <!--Audio-->AC97 1981B || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Intel Pro || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2003 32bit - PSU 15V 5A - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Satellite Pro L20 267 (PSL2YE PSL2XE) PSL25E L30 || <!--Chipset-->Celeron M 370 1.4 1.5GHz, 1.73Ghz with RC410M SB400 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A| }} || <!--SATA-->{{yes|IDE mode}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA - Ati x200}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|[https://forums.gentoo.org/viewtopic-t-490297-start-0.html ALC861]}} || <!--USB-->{{Maybe|Boots usb sticks}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8139 Realtek 8139}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros mini-pci should work maybe not working with ATi chipset or need to swap??}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2004 32bit 14" pioneer dvd-rw - 19v |- | <!--Name-->Satellite L30 PSL30E L33 PSL33E || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 800 or ATi RC410 x200 || <!--Audio-->AC97 AD1981B or HD Audio ALC861 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros or Intel || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->L30 PSL30L 101 PSL33E 113 115 134 00M019 - |- | Satellite Pro M40 313 psm44e || AMD with Ati || {{yes|boots with ATA=nodma}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes|USB2.0}} || {{yes|}} || {{maybe|atheros askey ar5bmb5 mini pci}} || || 2005 32bit - nice laptop with some support |- | <!--Name-->Satellite L40 PSL40E PSL40L, PSL43E || <!--Chipset-->945GM with U7700 1.3GHz ULV || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 945 || <!--Audio-->{{No|Intel HD with AD1986A codec}} || <!--USB-->2 USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet-->realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR24xx Askey || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.0.3 || <!--Comments-->2006 32bit only - - 12X 13G 139 14B 143 15J 19O - |- | <!--Name-->Satellite L45 PSL40U S7409 S2416 || <!--Chipset-->945GM with Celeron M 440 1.86 GHz || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 945 || <!--Audio-->{{No|Intel HD with AD1986A codec}} || <!--USB-->2 USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet-->realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR24xx Askey || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.0.3 || <!--Comments-->2006 32bit only - |- | <!--Name-->Satellite Pro A100 || <!--Chipset-->940G || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Nvidia G72M Quadro NVS 110M GeForce Go 7300 / Ati (PSAA3E)|| <!--Audio-->HD Audio with ALC861 codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 100 || <!--Wireless-->Intel 3945 swap with atheros || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Satellite A110 159 (PSAB0), Equium A110 (PSAB2E), Satellite A110 233 (PSAB6), || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio-->ALC861 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8136 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Satellite Pro A120 PSAC0 PSAC1 PSAC1E || <!--Chipset-->Core Solo GMA 950 to T2300 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA 945 || <!--Audio-->ALC262 or AC97 AD1981B || <!--USB-->UHCI EHCI || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Atheros Ar5001 or Intel or Broadcom || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->15V 4A charger - |- | <!--Name-->Satellite Pro A120 || <!--Chipset-->Core Duo ATi RS480 + SB450 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->use VESA - ATI RC410 Radeon Xpress 200M || <!--Audio-->ALC262 || <!--USB-->OCHI UHCI || <!--Ethernet-->RTL 8139 || <!--Wireless-->Intel 3945 or Atheros Ar5001 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->15v 5a proprietary charger needed |- | <!--Name-->Satelite A130 PSAD6U || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8101E || <!--Wireless-->Atheros or Intel || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->ST1311 s1311 ST1312 S2276 S2386 - |- | <!--Name-->Satellite A135 S2686 (Compal LA 3391P) || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8101E || <!--Wireless-->Atheros or Intel || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->S2246 S2346 S2256 S4477 S4666 S4827 - |- | <!--Name-->Satellite A200 PSAE1E (Inventec MW10M) || <!--Chipset-->Pentium M with 945GM Express || <!--IDE--> {{N/A}}|| <!--SATA--> {{Maybe|SATA}}|| <!--Gfx--> {{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D and 3D)}}|| <!--Audio--> {{Yes|HD Audio ALC862}}|| <!--USB--> {{Yes| }}|| <!--Ethernet--> {{yes|RTL8101E}}|| <!--Wireless--> {{yes|Atheros 5000 - FN,F5 or FN,F8 or switch}} || <!--Test Distro--> AspireOS 1.8 || <!--Comments-->2006 Excellent 32 bit support! - Celeron M 520 1.6Ghz or Pentium® Core Duo T2130 1.86 GHz - make sure that your WLAN card is enabled, do this using the hardware switch and FN+F8 key combination |- | <!--Name--> A210, Satellite A215 AMD (Inventec 10A) S5808 || <!--Chipset--> Ati with SB690 || <!--IDE--> {{N/A}}|| <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|SATA}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA HD2600 Mobility M76}} || <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC268 || <!--USB--> {{Yes| }}|| <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8101E}}|| <!--Wireless--> {{yes|Atheros 5000}}|| <!--Test Distro--> AspireOS 1.8 || <!--Comments-->A215-S7422 A215-S7472 A215-S4697 (USA) - |- | <!--Name--> [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showthread.php?t=62036 A215 S4757] || <!--Chipset--> Ati X1200 with SB600 || <!--IDE--> {{N/A}}|| <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|SATA}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe}} || <!--Audio-->HD Audio || <!--USB--> {{Yes| }}|| <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8101E}}|| <!--Wireless--> {{yes|Atheros 5000}}|| <!--Test Distro--> AspireOS 1.8 || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Tecra A10 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> {{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> {{Maybe|IDE mode}} || <!--Gfx--> {{Maybe|Intel GMA 4500M (2D)}} || <!--Audio--> {{Yes|HD Audio}} || <!--USB--> {{Yes|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel PRO 1000}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel WiFi Link 5100}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->64 bit possible |- | <!--Name-->L35 - L40 PSL48E - L45 S7423 || <!--Chipset-->GL960 with Intel Celeron || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|X3100 some 2D but software 3d tunnel 9 gearbox 4}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with ALC660 codec playback}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|REALTEK 8139}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Realtek 8187b replace with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.2 || <!--Comments-->1,73Ghz M 520 or M 540 or Dual T2310 (1.46 GHz) T2330 (1.6 GHz) - 14H 14N 15B 17H 17K 17R 17S 18Z - |- | <!--Name-->Satellite a300 - inventec potomac 10s pt10s A300D 21H || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->ATI Mobility Radeon HD 3650 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio - Realtek || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8102E || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 5005 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->satellite L300D-224 PSLC8E PSLC9E, l305 (inventec ps10s) || <!--Chipset-->AMD M780 with Turion RM70 or QL-64 || <!--IDE--> {{yes|IDE}} || <!--SATA--> {{yes|SATA}} || <!--Gfx--> {{Maybe|use VESA for Radeon 3100}} || <!--Audio-->{{maybe|HD Audio with Realtek ALC268}} || <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet--> {{no|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Atheros G XB63L or Intel or Realtek}} || <!--Test Distro--> Icaros Desktop Live 2.3 AROS One 2.3 || <!--Comments--> Wireless-handler crashing when using Atheros-Wireless-Card |- | <!--Name-->satellite l300-1bw PSLBDE-005005AR, L300-148 PSLB0E, l300-20D PSLB8E-06Q007EN, l300-294 L300-23L PSLB9E || <!--Chipset-->Intel GM45 + PGA478 socket Celeron 900, Pentium T1600, T2390, T3400 (Socket P) to Core2 Duo T6400 T6670 || <!--IDE--> {{unk|IDE}} || <!--SATA--> {{unk|SATA}} || <!--Gfx--> {{Maybe|use VESA for Intel gma 4500M}} || <!--Audio-->{{maybe|HD Audio with Realtek ALC???}} || <!--USB--> {{unk|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet--> {{unk|rtl8169 Realtek 810xE}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel or Realtek}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2009 64-bit - new unfamiliar Bios called insyde H20 - |- | <!--Name-->satellite l350d || <!--Chipset-->AMD Athlon (tm) X2 QL-60 + RS780M || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon HD 3100 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with Realtek || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek || <!--Wireless-->Realtek 8187b || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Satellite L450 12 13 14 || <!--Chipset-->AMD Sempron, 2.1GHz with AMD RS780M || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon HD 3200 (based on HD 2400) || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E || <!--Wireless-->Realtek 8172 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->12X 13P 13X 14V PSLY6E00C006EN |- | <!--Name-->Satellite Pro L450 (Compal LA-5821P) 179 || <!--Chipset-->intel celeron 900 2.20 Ghz || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->intel 4500m || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->RTL8101 /2 /6E PCI Express Gigabit || <!--Wireless-->RTL8191 SEvB || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->39.6cm (15.6”) Toshiba TruBrite® HD TFT High Brightness display with 16:9 aspect ratio internal resolution 1366 x 768 |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->L755D (E-350) L750D (E-450) || <!--Chipset-->AMD || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon HD 6310 6320 || <!--Audio-->HDAudio conexant codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Realtek || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Satellite Pro SP C640 C660D-15X (PSC1YE) C670D- () || <!--Chipset-->AMD E350 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->6310G || <!--Audio-->HD Realtek ALC259 || <!--USB-->USB2 || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2011 zacate |- |<!--Name-->Toshiba Satellite C660D-19X || <!--Chipset-->AMD E-300 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->ATi || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with Realtek codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->r8169 rtl8101e || <!--Wireless-->Realtek RTL8188 8192ce rtl8192ce || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->C70D-A C75D-A || <!--Chipset-->E1-1200 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->AMD HD8330 || <!--Audio-->HA Audio CX20751 11Z || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Atheros AR8162 alx}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Realtek 8188e}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Satelite Pro C40D-A C50D-A C55D-A || <!--Chipset-->Slow E1 2100 or faster A4 5000 kabini || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->8330 || <!--Audio-->HD Realtek ALC269Q || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|AR8162}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|RTL8188EE}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2014 64bit - |- | <!--Name-->Satelite S50D || <!--Chipset-->AMD A10-5745M (4c4t), A8-5545M || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon 8550M || <!--Audio-->HDAudio || <!--USB-->USB3 || <!--Ethernet-->REaltek GbE || <!--Wireless-->Realtek RTL8188E || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2014 64bit - 15.6in 2.38kg and 24mm - |- | <!--Name-->Satelite C50DT-B-107 PSCN6E M50DT-A-210 || <!--Chipset-->AMD A8-6410 A6-5200 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon R3 R5 || <!--Audio-->HDAudio || <!--USB-->USB3 || <!--Ethernet-->REaltek GbE || <!--Wireless-->Realtek RTL8188E || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2015 15.6 Inch Touchscreen 1366 x 768 - |- | <!--Name-->Satellite L50D-C-13G || <!--Chipset-->AMD A10-8700P 6th Gen || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon R6 || <!--Audio-->HD || <!--USB-->USB3 || <!--Ethernet-->1GbE || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2016 64bit - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Sharp formerly 80% Toshiba Computers || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 64bit - |- | <!--Name-->dynabook formerly 20% Toshiba PC, Satellite Pro C40D C50D || <!--Chipset-->intel i? or AMD Ryzen || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 64bit - 14in and 15.6in - ddr4 sodimm - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Misc==== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->Time 500 Packard Bell EasyOne 1450 1550 || <!--Chipset-->K6-3 500Mhz + VIA MVP4 vt82c686a || <!--IDE-->{{N/A|Issues}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->Use VESA || <!--Audio-->{{No|VIA AC97 3058 with wolfson codec WM9703 WM9704 WM9707 WM9708 or WM9717}} || <!--USB-->via 3038 2 ports USB 1.1 untested || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro-->NB May 2013 || <!--Comments-->2001 32bit grub runs but stalls around [PCI] Everything OK |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Sony Vaio PCG FX201/FX202 FX210/FX215 FX401/FX402 FX404/FX405 972M, FX501/FX502 FX504/FX505, FX601/FX602, FX604/FX605 FXA53(US), FX701/FX702, FX704/FX705, FX801/FX802 FX804/FX805 || <!--Chipset-->[http://gaugusch.at/vaio/ FX] [http://tech.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/FX210/ Sony Yahoo Group] VIA KT133A KM133 Duron 800Mhz Athlon 1.3Ghz || <!--IDE-->{{partial|boot issue with 2013 kernel VIA [rev 06]}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{partial|ATI Rage Mobility Pro (VESA only)}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|VIA AC97 686b [rev 50] AD1881A Ear phone and Mic}} || <!--USB-->{{Maybe|UHCI [rev 1a]}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL 8139}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Comments-->Nightly 1st March 2013 || <!--Comments-->booting usb pendrive from Plop Boot Loader floppy (no bios USB boot). Can freeze coz hardware issue or a ram slot problem - no support for iLink firewire VT8363/8365 pci - vt82c686b |- | <!--Name-->Sony Vaio PCG FX100 R505LE || <!--Chipset-->Intel i815 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Use VESA Intel 82815 CGC || <!--Audio-->Intel ICH AC97 with ADI AD1881A codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel e100 || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->PCG-FX105 FX105K PCG-FX108 FX108K PCG-FX109 FX109K FX200 FX203/FX203K FX205 FX205K FX209 FX209K FX220 [http://juljas.net/linux/vaiofx240/ FX240] FX250 FX270 FX290 FX301 FX302 FX340 FX370 FX390 FX403 FX503 FX950 |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | Sony [http://www.trustedreviews.com/laptops/review/2004/06/03/Sony-VAIO-VGN-X505VP-Ultra-Slim-Notebook/p1 VAIO VGN X505VP] || Pentium M ULV and Intel 855GM || {{yes}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|Intel 855 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100 VE}} || {{N/A}} || || 2004 32bit - 0.38 inches at its thinnest point - first laptop to feature a "chiclet" keyboard resemble Chiclets gum - |- | <!--Name-->Sony Z505LE Z505JE || <!--Chipset-->P3 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->n/a || <!--Gfx-->Rage Mobility M1 AGP mach64 || <!--Audio-->no Yamaha DS-XG PCI YMF744 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 8255x based PCI e100 || <!--Wireless-->n/a || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2004 32bit - |- | <!--Name-->Panasonic Toughbook CF-18 || <!--Chipset-->Core || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|gma for i915}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC97 SigmaTel}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|usb2 }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL 8139C}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel swap for atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Deadwoods' D02 test || <!--Comments-->2003 32bit |- | <!--Name-->Panasonic Toughbook CF-29 CF-30 || <!--Chipset-->Core || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->use VESA || <!--Audio-->AC97 SigmaTel || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->RTL 8139C || <!--Wireless-->Intel || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2003 32bit |- | <!--Name-->MSI Microstar PR210 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA ATi RS690M}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio through speaker / head phones but not hdmi}} || <!--USB-->{{yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|Realtek 8111 8169}} || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR242x AR542x aw-ge780 mini pci-e || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.2 || <!--Comments-->2004 32bit - ENE PCI based SD card with no bios boot option |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Advent 7106 EAA-88 || <!--Chipset-->Pentium M 1.7GHz with 915GM || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|2D and 3D tunnel 187 gearbox 67}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AC97 Intel ICH6 with Conexant Cx20468 31 codec playback head phones only}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek 8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 2200BG Fn/F2 replaced with atheros mini pci in small base panel - startup errors in wireless manager}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit 14" cheap rubbish sadly - fan noise through audio channel - |- | <!--Name-->Motion Computing LE1600 PC Slate || <!--Chipset-->915 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->915 || <!--Audio-->Intel AC97 SigmaTel STAC9758 9759 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8169 || <!--Wireless-->Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 serial Wacom digitiser not usb |- | <!--Name-->Panasonic Toughbook CF-51 CF-P1 CF-T5 CF-Y2 || <!--Chipset-->945GMS || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA 950 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom || <!--Wireless-->Intel || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2006 32bit |- | <!--Name-->Sony Vaio VGN UX1XN UMPC || <!--Chipset-->Core Solo U1500 1.33GHz with 945GM chipset || <!--IDE-->1.8 inch ZIF || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->Intel 945GMS || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with Realtek codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Marvell Yukon 8036 || <!--Wireless-->Intel 3945 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->32bit only - 4.5 inch screen ultra mobile PC |- | Sony Vaio VGN SR29VN || Intel ICH9 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE legacy}} || {{partial|ATI HD 3400 (VESA only)}} || {{partial|HD Audio (too quiet)}} || {{yes|USB1.1 and USB2.0}} || {{no|Marvell 8040}} || {{no|Intel 5100}} || Icaros 1.5 || 2007 32bit - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Wyse XM Class DELL WYSE Xn0m LAPTOP || <!--Chipset-->AMD T-G56N 1.6 1.65Ghz || <!--IDE-->{{N/A| }} || <!--SATA-->decased 2.5in ssd || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa 2d only AMD 6320}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--USB-->{{Maybe|EHCI 2.0 with NEC uPD720200 USB 3.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek rtl8169 8111E}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros 93xx}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 1366 x 768 14" - 2 ddr3l slots max 16gb - 19v coax barrel plug psu - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Huawei Matebook D KPL-W00 Honor Magicbook 2018 || <!--Chipset-->2500U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|AMD Vega 8 use VESA}} || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2018 14inch 1080p - internal battery - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Avita Pura 14 AVITA-PURAR3, AVITA-PURAR5 Hong Kong tech giant Nexstgo || <!--Chipset-->AMD Ryzen R3 3200U, R5 3500U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->m.2 || <!--Gfx-->Vega 3 (R3) 7 (R5) || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2019 64bit 1,920 x 1,080 14in IPS but dim 194cd/m² and 59.4% of the sRGB colour gamut - 1 ddr4l sodimm slot - keyboard issues keyboard repair swap requires removal of all - components - flexible plastic build - 3 hr battery internal - |- | <!--Name-->Avita Liber V 3200U Ryzen 5 3500U, Avita Admiror 14 R7 3700U (UK only) || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Vega 8 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2019 64bit - better build but same 3 hr battery - 14" 1080p screen IPS 80% sRGB gamut - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Huawei Matebook D 15 14 AMD KPR-WX9 Honor Magicbook WAQ9AHNR || <!--Chipset-->AMD Ryzen 5 3500U 4700U 5500U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->NVMe || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|AMD Vega 8 use VESA}} || <!--Audio-->{{Unk| }} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3.1 gen 1}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->Intel or Realtek || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2019 2020 - internal 42W later 56W battery - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - f6.5 recessed webcam |- | <!--Name-->Xiaomi Redmibook 16 || <!--Chipset-->AMD Ryzen 7 4700U with FCH 51 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->SSD 3 || <!--Gfx-->AMD Radeon RX Vega 7 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->Realtek RTL8821CE wifi || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 64bit metal 16.1 IPS 99% srgb 240 nits - 46whr battery - no webcam - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - |- | <!--Name-->Medion AG AKOYA® E14304 (MD63780), e14303 (MSN 30031052) (MD62110)(lenovo bought 2011) || <!--Chipset-->4300u or Ryzen7 4700U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->nvme || <!--Gfx-->Vega 6 || <!--Audio-->HDAudio with ALC codec || <!--USB-->USB3 || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 64bits 14" 1080p - 8gb soldered - 19v 65W round port or usb-c charge psu - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ===Netbook=== [[#top|...to the top]] * One of the better options if re-partitioning of the hard disk is not suitable or wanted is to go with AROS hosted i.e. run a small linux distro and host AROS on top. AROS can exist on a Windows(TM) install as well. See here for more information [https://ae.amigalife.org/index.php?topic=779.0 Linux hosted] and [ Windows hosted] with downloads here [http://aros.sourceforge.net/download.php AROS download page] * installation needs an USB optical drive or an USB pen drive (see below) * PC with CD or DVD to install to a USB pendrive for boot purposes on a netbook * SD card sometimes can [ boot] like Dell 2100, EeePC 1001P, ASUS EeePC 900, acer aspire one d150, MSI Wind U100, [http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/article/Audio-Codec-Comparison-Table/520 Audio Codecs] ====Acer Packard Bell Netbooks==== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width=100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | Aspire One AOA110 (A110) (ZG5) || Intel 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA (2D and 3D) tunnel 99 and gearbox 84 score}} || {{Yes|HD Audio ALC6628}} || {{Yes|USB1.1 and USB2.0}} || {{Yes|RTL8101E - rtl8169}} || {{Yes|AR5006}} atheros 5k || AspireOS 1.8 || 2007 32bit 1 core - 19v barrel A13-045N2A 19V2.37A 45W 5.5x1.7mm - |- | Aspire One AOA150 (A150) (ZG5) || Intel 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|ide mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 2D and accelerated 3D with tunnel 99 and gearbox 84.1 result}} || {{Yes|HD Audio ALC6628}} || {{Yes|uhci and ehci}} || {{Yes|RTL8101E - rtl8169}} || {{Yes|AR5006}} atheros 5k || AspireOS 1.8 || 2007 32bit 1 core - 19v barrel - |- | Aspire One AOD150 D150 (Compal LA-4781P), AOD110 D110 (ssd) || Intel 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|ide legacy}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{Yes|HDAudio with alc272}}] || {{Yes|USB}} || {{No|Atheros AR8121 AR8113 AR8114 l1e}} || {{Maybe|AR5007EG AR5BXB63 works but Broadcom BCM4312 has no support}} || Icaros Desktop 1.3 || 2008 32bit 1 core - 19v barrel - |- | Aspire One AOD250 D250 emachines em250 || 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|ide legacy}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{Yes|alc272 HD Audio}} || {{Yes}} || {{No|AR8132 (L1c)}} || {{No|BCM4312 or Atheros AR5B95}} || Icaros 1.3 || 2009 32bit 1 core - 19v barrel - |- | <!--Name-->Aspire AO532H (Compal LA-5651p) 533H Pineview || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio playback}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|AR8132 (L1c)}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros 9k}} || [http://www.amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?mode=flat&order=0&item_id=5968 Tested AspireOS June 2011] || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->emachines eM350 NAV51 || <!--Chipset--> with N450 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 3150 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.2 || <!--Comments-->Single core 64bit - 160GB HDD 1GB RAM 10.1" LED backlit screen and Webcam - 3 cell li-ion battery for 3 hours usage - |- | <!--Name-->emachines eM355 || <!--Chipset--> with N455 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->64bit support possible - |- | <!--Name-->Aspire One 533 || <!--Chipset-->N455 with NM10 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|2D 0x8086 0xa011}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes| ALC272 codec ich7}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Atheros AR8152 v1.1 1c}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom 4313}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1 and AROS One 2.3 || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit - f2 setup - 10.1inch 1024 x 768 - |- | Aspire One AOD255 AOD255e AOD260 AOHAPPY (Compal LA-6221P) || N570 and Nm10 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|SATA}} || {{Maybe|Intel GMA 3150}} || Audio || USB || {{No|Atheros AR8152 V1.1 (1lc)}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM4313}} || || a little support |- | Aspire One 522 AO522 (Compal LA-7072p) || 1GHz dual C-50 C50 or C-60 C60 + Hudson M1 || {{N/A}} || SATA || AMD 6250 (ATI 9804) or 6290 || ATI SB CX20584 HD Audio || USB || Atheros 8152 v2.0 l1c || {{No|Broadcom BCM4313 or Atheros ath9k}} || || |- | <!--Name-->AAOD270 Aspire One D270 || <!--Chipset-->N2600 Cedarview || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|2D on Intel GMA 3650}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes| }} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL 8169 RTL8101E}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom BCM4313 but swap for Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->2011 64bit atom - ddr2 so-dimm 2gb max - |- | <!--Name-->Aspire One AO532G (Compal LA-6091p) || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Aspire One D257 (Quanta ZE6) || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Acer Aspire One 722 AO722 P1VE6 || <!--Chipset-->AMD C-60 C60 with SB900 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A| }} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe| use VESA Ati 6290}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with codec but no Wrestler HDMI output}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Qualcomm Atheros AR8152 v2.0}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR9485}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.2 || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Aspire One AO721 (Wistron SJV10-NL) || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->AO751 AO751H (Quanta ZA3) || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Packard Bell Dot .S || <!--Chipset-->N280 + || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{maybe|legacy}} || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA950 (2D)}}|| <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC272X || <!--USB--> USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet--> {{no|Atheros l1e}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Atheros 9k}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Packard Bell Dot .SE || <!--Chipset-->N450 + || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->legacy || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA950 (2D) || <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC|| <!--USB-->USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Packard Bell Dot .S2 NAV50 || <!--Chipset-->N455 NM10 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel X3150 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC269 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Atheros || <!--Wireless-->Atheros || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Packard Bell Dot M/A || <!--Chipset-->1.2GHz Athlon L110 + RS690E || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->legacy mode? || <!--Gfx-->AMD ATI Radeon Xpress X1270 (VESA only) || <!--Audio-->HD Audio ATI SBx00 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E rtl8169 || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Atheros AR9285}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Asus Netbooks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | [http://wiki.debian.org/DebianEeePC/Models eeePC] 700 701 2G 4G 8G Surf || Intel 910GML + ICH7 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 900 2D and 3D tunnel 68 gearbox 43 on 701 800x480}} || {{Yes|ALC662 HD Audio}} || {{Yes|UHCI and EHCI}} || {{No|Atheros L2}} || {{Yes| }} AR5007EG (AR2425) - [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=32391&forum=28&start=20&viewmode=flat&order=0#583583 works] || NB 2013 and 2.1.1 (best) and 2.1.2 || 2007 32bit - power supplies fail due to bad caps issue psu Power Charger 9.5V 2.5A 24W Charger 4.8*1.7MM - |- | [http://wiki.debian.org/DebianEeePC/Models eeePC] 701SD || Intel 910GML + ICH7 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Maybe|Intel GMA 900 (2D)}} || {{Yes|ALC662 HD Audio}} || {{Yes|UHCI and EHCI}} || {{No|Atheros L2}} || {{No|RTL8187SE swap with Atheros 5k}} || AspireOS 1.7 || 2007 32bit - boot issues but does boot with ATA=32bit,nopoll or ATA=nodma,nopoll |- | [http://wiki.debian.org/DebianEeePC/Models eeePC] 900 || Intel 910GML + ICH7 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Maybe|Intel GMA 900 (2D, 3D in some models)}} || {{Yes|ALC662 HD Audio]}} || {{Yes|UHCI and EHCI}} || {{No|Atheros L2}} || {{Maybe|depends on chipset}} AR5007EG (AR2425) - [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=32391&forum=28&start=20&viewmode=flat&order=0#583583 works] but not RaLink || AspireOS 1.7 || 2008 32bit - boot issues but does boot with ATA=32bit,nopoll or ATA=nodma,nopoll. 900's may need BIOS upgrade to boot usb optical drives. 3D available in some and not all model revisions - |- | eeePC 900A || 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (3D)}} || {{Yes|HD Audio ALC269}} || {{Yes|USB2.0}} || {{No|Atheros L1e [1969 1026]}} || {{Yes|Atheros 5k AR242x}} || Nightly Build 2012 05-25 || 2009 32bit |- | eeePC 901 1000 || 945GM || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{Yes|ALC269 HD Audio}} || {{Yes|USB}} || {{No|Atheros L1E (AR8121 AR8113 AR8114)}} || {{No|RaLink Device 2860 swap with Atheros 5k}} || Icaros 1.4 || 2009 32bit |- | eeePC Seashell 1000HA 1000HE 1008 1005HA || N280 + Intel GMA950 || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{Yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{Yes|HD Audio ALC269}} || {{Yes|USB}} || {{Maybe|Realtek but not Atheros AR8132 (L1c)}} || {{No|Atheros AR9285 swap with Atheros 5k}} || Aspire OS 1.6 || 2010 32bit |- | <!--Name-->eeePC 1001ha || <!--Chipset-->GMA945 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->legacy || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA 950 (2D) || <!--Audio-->ALC269 HD Audio || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Attansic Atheros AR8132 l1c}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|RaLink RT3090 swap with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->2010 32bit |- | eeePC 1001P T101MT 1005PX 1005PE 1015PE Pineview 1001PXD || NM10 and N450 N455 CPU || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D)}} || {{Yes|HD Audio}} || {{Yes|USB 2.0}} || {{No|Atheros AR8132 (l1c)}} || {{No|Atheros AR928x 802.11n}} || Icaros 1.3.3 || 2011 64bit |- | EeePC 1015B 1215B || single C-30 C30 or dual C-50 C50 + Hudson M1 || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{partial|AMD 6250 (VESA only)}} || ATI SBx00 HD Audio || USB || {{No|AR8152 v2.0 atl1c}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM4313 [14e4 4727]}} || || 2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - |- | <!--Name-->Flare X101CH Cedarview || <!--Chipset-->N2600 + N10 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA 6300 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Atheros l1c 2.0}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros 9k AR9285}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2012 64bit |- | <!--Name-->Flare 1025CE 1225CE || <!--Chipset-->N2800 + N10 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{dunno|Intel GMA 3600}} || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Atheros l1c 2.0}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros 9k AR9285}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2012 64bit |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Dell Netbooks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | Inspiron 910 Mini 9 PP39S Vostro A90 || GMA945 || {{Maybe|STEC 8G 16G 32G IDE PATA Parallel ATA miniPCIE SSD 50MM / 70MM very slow}} || {{N/A| }} || {{yes|Intel GMA 2D and 3D opengl1}} || {{yes|ALC268 HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB2 boots and works}} || {{yes|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8102E}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4310 and 4312 swap with atheros 5k bx32}} || ICAROS 1.3 but Icaros 2.3 (pci issues), AROS One 2.6 and Tiny AROS (digiclock startup) mouse cursor vanishes || 2009 32bit - 9inch 1024x600 screen - 1 ddr2 sodimm slot max 2gig - 19v 1.58a - 0 boot disk select - cr2032 battery under laptop base cover, while mem 2GB max under base flap - |- | <!--Name-->Mini 10 1010 PP19S || <!--Chipset-->Atom Z520 Z530 Intel US15W Poulsbo || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|Intel GMA 500 (VESA only)}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|HD Audio ALC269 codec}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8169 RTL8102E}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel or BCM4312}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2008 32bit - 10.10 inch 16:9, 1366 x 768 glossy - 28whr or 56wHr battery options - |- | [https://wiki.ubuntu.com/HardwareSupport/Machines/Netbooks#Dell%20Mini%2010v%20(Inspiron%201011) Mini 10v 1011] [http://wiki.debian.org/InstallingDebianOn/Dell/InspironMini10v ] || Intel 950 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|ide legacy mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || HD Audio || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|RTL8102E 8103E}} || {{no|Dell 1397 Wireless}} || || |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron Mini 1018 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{partial|IDE mode }} || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D, no VGA output)}} || <!--Audio-->{{partial|HD Audio head phones only - speaker and micro phone do not work}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|RTL8188CE or AR928X}} || <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.5.1 || <!--Comments--> |- | Latitude 2100 || Intel Atom N270 N280 1.60Ghz GMA 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{Yes|set to IDE in bios as ahci not working || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D and 3D with tunnel 98 and gearbox 84)}} || {{yes|HD Audio with ALC272 codec}} || {{yes|USB2.0}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM5764M}} || {{No|Intel 5100 or BCM4322 DW 1510 half height mini pcie use small Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->AspireOS 1.8, Icaros 2.1.1 and AROS One USB 2.4 || 2009 32bit ddr2 sodimm max 2G - [https://sites.google.com/site/arosaspireone/about-aspire-one Webcam and card reader not working] lcd cable over hinge an issue - f12 bios and boot - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude 2110 2120 || <!--Chipset-->N470 1.83Ghz, N455 1.6Ghz, N550 1.5Ghz || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|ATA mode in bios not ahci}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel 3150 2D only}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|HD Audio with ALC269 codec}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No| }} || <!--Wireless-->{{No| swap for Atheros}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icros 2.3 || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - ddr2 sodimm |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====HP Compaq Netbooks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | HP Mini 2133 || VIA C7-M P4M900 / 8237 VX700 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SATA}} || {{maybe|VIA Chrome 9 HC (VESA only)}} || VT1708/A HD Audio || USB || {{no|Broadcom Corp NetXtreme BCM5788}} || {{no|Broadcom Corp BCM4312}} || || |- | HP mini 1000 Mi 2140 ks145ut || N270 + 945GM || {{N/A}} || SATA || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D and opengl1 3d)}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio (playback tested)}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || {{no|Broadcom Corp BCM4312 hard blocked}} || || 2011 32Bit - unable to change wifi card |- | <!--Name-->HP Mini 700 702 || <!--Chipset-->N270 + 945GSE || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio IDT 92HD75B (111d:7608, only playback tested)}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom hard locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | Compaq HP Mini 110 110-3112sa || 945GM Express || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{yes|HD Audio IDT STAC 92xx}} || {{yes|USB 2.0}} || {{no|Atheros}} || {{no|Broadcom hard blocked Fn+F12}} || || 2011 32bit - unable to change wifi |- | HP Mini 200 210 || 945GM NM10 Express || {{N/A}} || SATA || Intel GMA 950 || HD Audio || USB || RTL8101E RTL8102E || {{no|Broadcom BCM4312 hard locked}} || || |- | HP Mini 311 DM1 (Quanta FP7) || N280 + ION LE || {{N/A}} || SATA || nVidia Geforce ION || HD Audio || USB || eth || {{No|hard locked}} || || 2009 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Wireless--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |} ====Lenovo Netbooks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | IdeaPad S9 S9e(3G) S10 S10e(3G) || 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SATA}} || {{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{no|ALC269 or SigmaTel HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Broadcom NetLink BCM5906M}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4312 hard blocked}} || || little support |- | IdeaPad S12 || N270 + Nvidia ION LE MCP79 || {{N/A}} || SATA || nVidia C79 ION [Quadro FX 470M] || ALC269 HD Audio || USB || Broadcom || Intel hard blocked || || Does not boot - cause unknown |- | S10-2 || 945GME and N280 CPU || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{no|ALC269 HD Audio}} || {{yes}} || {{yes|rtl8169}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4312 hard blocked}} || Icaros 1.3 || |- | S10-3 || NM410 and N450 CPU || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D)}} || {{no|HD Audio ALC269}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|rtl8169}} || {{no|Atheros 9285 or Broadcom BCM4312 hard blocked}} || Icaros 1.3 || |- | <!--Name-->Ideapad 100S || <!--Chipset-->Atom Z36xxx Z37xxx Series SoC || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel || <!--Audio-->Intel SST Audio Device (WDM) || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->Realtek RTL8723BS hard blocked || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2015 64bit - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Samsung Netbooks==== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | [http://www.amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=616910&topic_id=33755&forum=28#616910 NC10] || 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SATA}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{partial|SigmaTel HD Audio (playback only)}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{maybe|rtl8169 works but not Marvell 88E8040 sky2}} || {{yes|AR5007EG}} || Icaros 1.4 || 2009 32bit - Nano silver on keyboard and lcd ribbon cable over hinge issues |- | [http://www.sammywiki.com/wiki/Samsung_NC20 NC20] || VIA VX800 || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{maybe|VIA Chrome9 (VESA only)}} || ALC272 GR (VT1708A) HD Audio || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || {{yes|Atheros AR5001}} || || 2009 32bit - little support |- | N110 N120 || 945GSE || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{yes|ALC272 HD Audio or ALC6628}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || {{no|Realtek rtl8187}} || || 2009 32bit - some support - Namuga 1.3M Webcam none |- | N130 || 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{yes|SATA in IDE mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 2D and opengl 1.x 99.5 tunnel 99 gearbox}} || {{yes|Intel HD with ALC272 ALC269 codec playback}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|RTL 8169.device - 8101e 8102e}} || {{no|rtl 8192se rtl8187 too small an area to swap for atheros 5k}} || || 2009 32bit - 10.x inch 1024 x 600 - Namuga 1.3M Webcam - front slide power on and f2 setup bios - keyboard 17.7mm Pitch is made with Silver Nano (Anti-Bacterial) tech - small touchpad - 1 ddr2 2rx16 sodimm slot 2G max - 44Wh |- | <!--Name-->Go NP-N310 || <!--Chipset-->N270 + 945GME || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio ALC6628}} || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{yes|Atheros5k}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->2010 32bit - N280 version changed specs |- | N510 || N270 euro N280 uk + ION MCP79 || {{N/A}} || SATA || nVidia C79 ION [Quadro FX 470M] || HD Audio || USB || Marvell 88E8040 || Realtek 8192E || || Does not boot - cause unknown |- | <!--Name-->NC110 Axx || <!--Chipset-->NM10 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->Sata || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio-->HDAudio with ALC269 codec A9M22Q2 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Rtl8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom BCM4313 or Atheros}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit - |- | NF210 Pineview || n455 or n550 + N10 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SATA}} || {{maybe|Intel GMA 3150 (needs retesting, VESA works)}} || {{yes|HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || Wireless || || 2011 64bit - some support |- | NP N145 Plus || n450 + NM10 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D, no VGA output)}} || {{yes|Realtek HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB2.0}} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || {{no|Atheros AR9285}} || || 2010 some support but often the trackpad does not work |- | <!--Name-->NS310 NP-NS310-A03UK || <!--Chipset-->N570 with NM10 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{yes| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use Vesa 2d }} || <!--Audio-->{{yes| ich7}} || <!--USB-->{{yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8169 realtek 810xe }} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|bcm4313 }} || <!--Test Distro-->AROS One 2.3 || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit Atom N570 or 1.5 GHz Intel Atom N550 dual core processor, 1 DDR3 sodimm slot memory, a 250GB hard drive, and a 10.1 inch, 1024 x 600 pixel 10.1" W7St - 2300mAh short life - |- | <!--Name-->[https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Samsung_N150 N150] NB30 || <!--Chipset-->MN10 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->{{No| }} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell 88E8040}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR9285 or Realtek 8192E}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->a little support |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.kruedewagen.de/wiki/index.php/Samsung_N220 N210 N220] N230 || <!--Chipset-->N450 + NM10 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC269 || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR9285}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->a little |- | <!--Name-->NC110 Pxx Cedarview || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{dunno|Intel GMA 3600}} || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 6000g}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Toshiba Netbooks==== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->NB100 || <!--Chipset-->945GM || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{maybe|legacy}} || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC262 HD Audio}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{yes|AR5001}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2009 32bit - some support |- | <!--Name-->Mini NB200 series NB205 || <!--Chipset-->N280 + GSE945 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{maybe|IDE legacy mode}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->ALC272 HD Audio || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|AR9285}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->2009 32bit - |- | <!--Name-->Mini 300 series NB305 || <!--Chipset-->N455 with NM10 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->legacy || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA 3150 (2D) || <!--Audio-->ALC272 HD Audio || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->RTL8101E RTL8102E || <!--Wireless-->{{no|AR9285}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->2010 64bit - |- | <!--Name-->Mini 500 series NB505 NB520 NB550-10v || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->legacy || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA 3150 (2D) || <!--Audio-->HD Audio || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->RTL8101E RTL8102E || <!--Wireless-->Realtek 8176 RTL 8188CE || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->2011 64bit - |- | [http://www.notebookcheck.net/Review-Toshiba-NB550D-AMD-Fusion-Netbook.46551.0.html Mini NB550D 10G] 108 (c30) 109 (c50) || C-50 + M1 || {{N/A}} || SATA || AMD 6250 (VESA only) || HD Audio || USB || Realtek 8111e rtl8169 || Atheros 9k || || 2011 64bit Realtek SD card reader |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Misc Netbooks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="30%" |Comments |- | Cammy's A1600 || GME945 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe}} || {{yes|Intel GMA950 (2D)}} || {{yes|HD Audio playback}} || {{yes}} || {{no|JMC 250/260}} || Wireless || Icaros 1.2.4 || |- | <!--Name-->Fujitsu Siemens Amilo Mini Ui 3520 || <!--Chipset-->Intel 945 || <!--ACPI--> || <!--SATA-->{{yes}} || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->ALC269 HD Audio || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{yes|AR5001}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->good |- | Guillemot Hercules eCafe EC-900 H60G-IA], Mitac MiStation and Pioneer Computers Dreambook Light U11 IL1 || Intel 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{maybe}} || {{yes|Intel GMA950 (2D)}} || {{Yes|HD Audio (playback only)}} || {{yes|uhci and ehci}} || {{yes|rtl8169}} || {{no|RAlink RT2860}} || || Slowly gaining support |- | <!--Name-->Hannspree Hannsnote SN10E2 24 48 || <!--Chipset-->N450 + NM10 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->IDE legacy mode || <!--Gfx-->Pineview Intel (2D) || <!--Audio-->ALC HD Audio || <!--USB-->USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet-->Atheros l1c || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR9285 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion--> |- | MSI Wind U90/U100 || GME945 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{partial|HD Audio ALC888s (playback only?)}} || {{yes|uhci 1.1 and ehci 2.0}} || {{yes|rtl8169}} || {{no|RaLink RT2860 RT2700E or rtl8187se (u100x)}} || Icaros 1.3 || |- | Advent 4211 || 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || Intel GMA950 (2D) || ALC HD Audio || USB || rtl8169 || {{no|Intel 3945 ABG}} || || MSI U100 clone |- | <!--Name-->Hannspree Hannsnote SN10E1 || <!--Chipset-->N270 + GMA945 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->ALC HD Audio || <!--USB-->USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E RTL8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|RaLink RT2860}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->MSI U100 clone |- | <!--Name--> Vaio VGN-P11Z | <!--Chipset--> | <!--IDE--> {{dunno}} | <!--SATA--> {{N/A}} | <!--Gfx--> {{Partial|Intel (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio--> {{no|HD Audio}} | <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{no|Marvell}} | <!--Wireless--> {{no|Atheros AR928X}} | <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 2.0.3 | <!--Comments--> Rarely boots! |- | <!--Name-->Sony VPC-W11S1E | <!--Chipset-->N280 with 945GSE | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA950 - hdmi}} | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with realtek codec | <!--USB-->3 USB2 | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Atheros AR8132}} | <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR9285 swap with 5k}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2009 32bit - 10.1" 1366 x 768 glossy - 3hr battery life - |- | <!--Name-->Archos 10 Netbook || <!--Chipset-->Atom with ICH7 NM10 945GSE || <!--IDE-->{{No }} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA 950 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with ALC662 codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI Wind U135 DX MS-N014 || <!--Chipset-->Intel N455 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|2D only accelerated}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|ALC662 rev 1}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|RTL}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR 9K}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1 || <!--Comments-->needs noacpi notls added to grub boot line to start up |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ===Desktop Systems=== [[#top|...to the top]] Most Intel Atom and equivalent AMD Fusion CPUs / APUs are faster than Intel P3s but still some way short of P4 or Dual Core performance. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" | <!--OK-->{{Yes|'''Works well'''}} || <!--May work-->{{Maybe|'''Works a little'''}} || <!--Not working-->{{No|'''Does not work'''}} || <!--Not applicable-->{{N/A|'''N/A not applicable'''}} |- |} ====Acer==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="15%" |Name ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Integrated Gfx ! width="10%" |Audio ! width="10%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->[https://www.acer.com/ac/en/ID/content/support-product/486;-; Veriton X270 VTX270] Intel Core 2 Duo ED7400C or Pentium dual-core UD7600C with 630i | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa 2d Nvidia 7100 VGA and HDMI connections}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe| with realtek codec}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe|4 rear and 5 front}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe| nForce}} | <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.3 dvd | <!--Comments-->2009 64bit capable but would not fully boot, DHCP address timeout too short and failed often. Put in a third party NIC, worked - 1 PCI Express x16 slot and a free PCI x1 slot - internal thin long psu with 12pin - |- | <!--Name--> Imedia S1710 with Intel Dual Core E5200 | <!--IDE--> {{Yes|SATA/AHCI}} | <!--SATA--> {{Maybe|Native IDE}} | <!--Gfx--> {{Yes|Nvidia nForce 7100}} | <!--Audio--> {{Yes|Nvidia MCP73}} | <!--USB--> {{Yes|USB 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{No|NVIDIA MCP73 Ethernet}} | <!--Test Distro--> Nightly Build 14-09-2023, AROS One 2.3 | <!--Comments--> 2009 64-bit - Boot over USB not working on front - 2 DDR2 dual channel max 8GB - DEL for entering Bios - F12 for boot menu - Bus weird, could be reason for Ethernet issue |- | <!--Name-->Acer Revo AR1600, R1600 AR3600, R3600 Packard Bell iMax Mini, ACER Veriton N260G N270G slim nettop subcompact | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|Native IDE mode, '''when it works''' boots}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Nvidia ION GeForce 9300M - nouveau 3d - '''when it boots''' 400 fps in shell'ed gearbox, 278 in tunnel, 42 in teapot}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|HD Audio with alc662 codec but nothing from HDMI audio}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe|Nvidia USB boot usb2 stick issues and slower with usb3 drives}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|MCP79 nForce}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2009 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 Intel Atom 230 N280 - 20cm/8" high 1 ltr noisy fan - very often boot stuck around ehciInit - DEL setup F12 boot options - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots max 4GB - 19v special barrel size 5.5mm/1.7mm psu - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots max 4GB - atheros 5k AR5BXB63 wifi - |- | <!--Name-->Revo AR3610 R3610 3610 Atom 330 nettop subcompact dual core | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|Native IDE mode, '''when it works''' boots}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Nvidia ION GeForce 9400M LE MCP79MX - nouveau 3d - '''when it boots''' 400 fps in shell'ed gearbox, 278 in tunnel, 42 in teapot}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with Realtek alc662 rev1 alc662-hd later ALC885 codec but nothing from HDMI audio}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe|Nvidia USB with 1% chance boot with usb2 sticks, more issues with usb3 drives}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|RTL 8211CL MCP79 nForce}} | <!--Test Distro-->AROS One 1.5, 1.6 and 2.4 usb | <!--Comments-->2010 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 20cm/8" high 1 ltr noisy fan - boot often stuck around ehciInit, SATA, etc try ATA=off, non usb hub keyboard, - DEL bios setup, F12 BBS POPUP/drive boot - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots max 4GB - 19v barrel psu with smaller inner pin size 5.5mm/1.7mm - replace wifi RT3090 ver c (linux) with atheros 5k - |- | <!--Name-->REVO AR3700 R3700 3700 Atom D525 dual core - ACER Veriton N282G *one long beep followed by two short, bios damaged *looping one long two short, a video card fault *two short beeps... CMOS damaged *got one long and one short beep... board error? | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE ready in Bios}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Nvidia ION2 GT218 ION vga fine '''but''' hdmi fussy over display used - nouveau 2d & 3d gearbox 404 tunnel 292 teapot 48}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HDA Intel with Realtek ALC662 rev1 codec, head phones only but nothing from NVidia HDMI}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|Intel® NM10 Express (NM10 is basically an ICH7 with a die shrink and IDE removed) USB boots usb, installs usb, accesses ok}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek 8169 8111g}} | <!--Test Distro-->AROS one USB 1.5 and 1.6 | <!--Comments-->2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 20cm/8" high 1 ltr noisy fan - early 2 ddr2 sodimm slots but later 2 ddr3 sodimm slots 1Rx8 max 4GB - 19v barrel psu thinner pin - replace wifi RT3090 ver d with atheros 5k mini pci-e - ACPI Suspend Mode = S1, S3 (STR), S4 - Power on PCIe * Known Acer issue, Boot into bios, set bios to UEFI and reboot, set bios back to defaults and reboot, blank display, repair with reflash of 8 pin Winbond W25Q socketed bios chip with ch341a using 2011/09/19 P01.B0L, 2011/05/09 P01.A4, 2011/05/03 P01.A3L, 2010/12/27 P01.A2L, 2010/12/27 P01.A2 amiboot.rom - |- | <!--Name-->Revo 70 (RL70) with or without dvdrw | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->6320 or 6310 | <!--Audio-->HD audio ALC662-VCO-GR codec | <!--USB-->USB2, 1.1 Hudson D1 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111E | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 AMD E450 1.65GHz - 19v 65w barrel psu thinner inner pin - 2 DDR3L single channel max 4GB - replace wifi RT3090 ver d with atheros 5k mini pci-e - 1lr or 1.5 ltr dvdrw case 209.89 mm, (D) 209.89 mm, (H) 35.35 mm - del enter bios - |- |} ====Asus==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="15%" |Name ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Integrated Gfx ! width="10%" |Audio ! width="10%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->EEEbox B202 | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA950 | <!--Audio-->Intel Azalia HDaudio with Realtek ALC662 or ALC888-GR CODEC | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111 or JM250 | <!--Test Distro-->Icaros | <!--Comments-->internal 3 types of wifi chipset not supported |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Dell==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Integrated Gfx ! width="10%" |Audio ! width="10%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name--> Precision 340 | <!--IDE--> {{yes}} | <!--SATA--> {{n/a}} | <!--Gfx--> {{n/a}} | <!--Audio--> {{yes|Intel AC97}} | <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 1.1 (UHCI)}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{yes|3Com}} | <!--Test Distro--> Nightly Build 2014 09-27 | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Dimension 2400 | <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel 82845GL Brookdale G/GE (VESA 640x480 by 16)}} | <!--Audio-->{{Unk|AC97 with ADI codec}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|UHCI EHCI}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Broadcom 440x 4401}} | <!--Test Distro-->[http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?p=832495 Icaros 1.4] | <!--Comments-->Graphics chipset is capable of higher resolution. |- | <!--Name-->Dimension 4600 | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{dunno}} | <!--Gfx-->{{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|Intel AC97 (use rear black port)}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|UHCI/EHCI}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|Intel PRO/100}} | <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.5.2 | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> Optiplex 170L | <!--IDE--> {{yes|IDE}} | <!--SATA--> {{partial|IDE mode}} | <!--Gfx--> {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio--> {{no|Intel AC97}} | <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{yes|Intel PRO/100}} | <!--Test Distro--> {{dunno}} | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> Optiplex GX260 | <!--IDE--> {{yes|IDE}} | <!--SATA--> {{N/A}} | <!--Gfx--> {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio--> {{yes|Intel AC97}} | <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{no|Intel PRO/1000}} | <!--Test Distro--> Nightly Build 2014 09-27 | <!--Comments--> |- | Optiplex GX270 | {{yes|Working}} | {{partial|IDE mode}} | {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}} | {{yes|Intel AC97}} | {{yes|USB 2.0}} | {{no|Intel PRO/1000}} | Icaros 1.5.2 | <!--Comments--> |- | Optiplex GX280 | {{yes|Working}} | {{partial|IDE mode}} | {{maybe|Intel GMA (only VESA tested)}} | {{yes|Intel AC97}} | {{yes|USB 2.0}} | {{no|Broadcom}} | Nightly Build 2014 09-27 | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> Optiplex GX520 | <!--IDE--> {{yes|IDE}} | <!--SATA--> {{partial|IDE mode}} | <!--Gfx--> {{yes|Intel GMA}} | <!--Audio--> {{partial|Intel AC97 (no line-out)}} | <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{no|Broadcom}} | <!--Test Distro--> {{dunno}} | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> Optiplex 745 | <!--IDE--> {{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> {{partial|IDE mode}} | <!--Gfx--> {{partial|Intel GMA (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio--> {{partial|HD Audio (no volume control)}} | <!--USB--> {{partial|Only keyboard mouse (legacy mode)}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{no|Broadcom}} | <!--Test Distro--> {{dunno}} | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> Optiplex 755 | <!--IDE--> {{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> {{partial|IDE mode}} | <!--Gfx--> {{partial|Intel GMA (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio--> {{no|HD Audio}} | <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{no|Intel Gigabit}} | <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.5.1 | <!--Comments--> Around 25 second delay in booting from USB |- | <!--Name--> Optiplex 990 | <!--IDE--> {{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> {{partial|non-RAID mode}} | <!--Gfx--> {{partial|Intel HD (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio-->{{no|HD Audio}} | <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{no|Intel Gigabit}} | <!--Test Distro--> Nightly Build 2014 09-27 | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Optiplex 360 | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|ordinary boot gives VGA mode only - VESA}} | <!--Audio-->{{no|HD Audio (Analog Devices ID 194a)}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom}} | <!--Test Distro-->Aspire Xenon | <!--Comments-->poor support |- | <!--Name-->Dell Wyse Vx0 (V90 V30), Vx0L (V10L V90L), Vx0LE (V30LE V90LE) from VIA C7 800GHz to Eden 1.2GHz | <!--IDE-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A| }} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa 2d for S3 UniChrome Pro}} | <!--Audio-->{{No|AC97 VIA VT8233A with ?? codec}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|2 back and 1 front USB2}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|early models work but later VT6102-3 do not}} | <!--Test Distro-->AROS One 2.2 | <!--Comments-->2006 to 2009 32bit - 12V 4A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm - 1 sodimm DDR 333MHz SO-DIMM later DDR2 - early V90s do seem to have a reliability problem - |- | <!--Name-->[https://www.poppedinmyhead.com/2021/01/wyse-cx0-thin-client-notes-experiences.html Dell Wyse Cx0] C00LE, C10LE, C30LE, C50LE, C90LE, C90LE7, C90LEW VIA C7 Eden 1GHz | <!--IDE-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A| }} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa 2d VX855 VX875 Chrome 9}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|some VIA VT8237A VT8251 HDA with ?? codec work}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|4 outside 2 inside USB2}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|VT6120 VT6121 VT6122 Gigabit}} | <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.3 | <!--Comments-->2010 to 2013 32bit - [https://ae.amigalife.org/index.php?topic=815.0 boots and works] - 12V 2.5A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm - 1 sodimm ddr2 - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Dell RxxL Rx0L thin client *R00L Cloud PC of Wyse WSM *R10L Wyse Thin OS *R50L Suse Linux Enterprise *R90L Win XP Embedded *R90LW Win Embedded Standard 2009 *R90L7 Win Embedded Standard 7 | <!--IDE-->128Mb IDE or 1GB | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|SATA Hyperdisk}} | <!--Gfx-->AMD 690E RS690M Radeon Xpress 1200 1250 1270 | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->4 usb2 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2009 64bit AMD Sempron™ 210U SMG210UOAX3DVE 1.5GHz SB600, up to 4GB single slot 240-pin DDR2 DIMM, 19v barrel psu, DEL key bios - Late 2012 2 data sockets added but only CN18 be used with two white sockets (CN13 & CN15) can used to power the SATA device "4-pin Micro JST 1.25mm |- | <!--Name-->Optiplex 390 sff small form factor - mt mini tower desktop - dt full desktop | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|1 pci-e}} | <!--Audio-->{{maybe|HD Audio}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{maybe|realtek}} | <!--Test Distro-->aros one 1.6 usb | <!--Comments-->2011 64bit dual i3 2xxx - kettle iec plug psu cable - add nvidia gf218 gfx - error code 3 mobo or cpu - |- | <!--Name-->Optiplex 3010 sff small form factor | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|1 pci-e}} | <!--Audio-->{{maybe|HD Audio}} | <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom 57XX}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2012 64bit dual i3 3xxx - kettle iec plug psu cable - |- | <!--Name-->Optiplex 7010 sff small form factor | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|1 pci-e}} | <!--Audio-->{{maybe|HD Audio}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom or Intel 825xx}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2012 64bit dual i3 3xxx Q77 - kettle iec plug psu cable - add pci-e ethernet and nvidia gf218 gfx - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Dell Wyse 5010 thin client ThinOS D class (D10D D00D D00DX, Dx0D), PCoIP (D10DP) or D90D7, 5040 *username: Administrator, admin, [blank] *password: Fireport, DellCCCvdi, rappot, Wyse#123, Administrator, administrator, r@p8p0r+ | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE mode may need 30cm ext cable as small area for half-slim sata ssd - decased new ssd??}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa 2d 1400x1050 HD6250E IGP by using DVI to hdmi cable and 1 display port, no hdmi port}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|HD 6.34 audio chipset detected but codec alc269 working from one case speaker - none if v6.29 used}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|most 5010 have 4 USB 2.0 but D90Q7 has 2 USB3 instead}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|rtl8169 Realtek 8168 8169 - rev 1.?? 8111? - rev 1.91 8111E}} | <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.3 | <!--Comments-->2011 64bit slow AMD G-T44R 1.2Ghz later G-T48E 1.4Ghz Dual Bobcat Brazos BGA413 - Del for BIOS - p key to select boot with noacpi - single DDR3 sodimm slot max 4Gb, (8Gb hynix 2rx8 ddr3l)? (remove small board to upgrade) - passive no fan - 15cm/6" small 1ltr case and lack of expansion options - PA16 19v barrel psu Coax 5.5mm/2.5mm |- | <!--Name-->Dell Wyse 7010 DTS thin client (Z class Zx0D) *2011 Zx0 Z90D7 2GF/2GR *2013 Z10D *2014 Z50D 2GF/2GR *2012 Cisco VXC 6000 CVXC-6215-K9 white | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{Yes|Bios set Sata mode to IDE mode and grub boot add 'noacpi' for half slim sata2 ssd or/with 50cm sata ext cable}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA 2d HD6310 6320 Terascale 2 through DVI and DP 1.1a - no 3d support r600 and no hdmi port}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|HD Audio 6.34 detected but ALC269VB codec works on the one case speaker only}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|2.0 works but NEC 720200 3.0 not detected but sometimes works like 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|rtl8169 Realtek 8169 8111e 8111F}} | <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.3 and Aros One 1.5, 1.9 and 2.3 usb | <!--Comments-->2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 slow cores AMD G-t52R 1.5GHz later G-T56N 1.65 GHz Dual with A50M FCH - 20cm/8" high 1.5ltr larger fanless black plastic case with metal ventilated box inside - 2 desktop DIMM slots max 16GB - miniPCIe CN14 no msata ssd support in bios - PA-16 19v external psu Coax 5.5mm/2.5mm - 2 40cm SMA female WiFi Antenna to IPEX IPX u.fl Ufl Cable pigtail needed - does not like uefi boot devices - |- | <!--Name-->Wyse 7020 Thin Client * 2013 Quad-core AMD GX-420CA 2.0 GHz (25W) - * 2018 Zx0Q Quad-core AMD GX-415GA 1.5 GHz (15W) with Quad display 3dp and 1dvi | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->1 sata port | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa 2d only for AMD Radeon HD8400E radeonsi (dual display) or AMD Radeon HD 8330E IGP with AMD Radeon E6240 Seymour E6460 (quad display), no hdmi ports}} | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->4 x USB2.0 works but 2 USB3 issues | <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 Realtek 8169 8111 | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2013 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 quad eKabini Jaguar cores - two SODIMM sockets layered in centre of mobo DDR3L RAM - Coax 5.5mm/2.5mm ac psu 9mm plug is too short but 14mm length is fine - 15cm/6" high smaller 1ltr case and lack of expansion options - |- | <!--Name-->Dell Wyse Dx0Q (5020) D90Q8 NJXG4 AMD G-Series | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->1 sata port | <!--Gfx-->HD 8330E | <!--Audio--> with Realtek codec | <!--USB-->4 x USB2.0 works but 2 USB3 issues | <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 Realtek 8169 8111 | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2014 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 Quad-core AMD GX-415GA 1.5 GHz - 2 layered near edge of mobo 204-pin DDR3L SODIMM (bottom one tricky to insert) - 19v Coax 5.5mm/2.5mm - passive no fan - 15cm/6" high smaller 1ltr case and lack of expansion options |- | <!--Name-->Dell Wyse 5060 N07D thin client | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE bios mode for sata2 port}} | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|Vesa 2d - AMD R5E GCN2 IGP Sea Islands thru dp1 with an hdmi adapter no output thru dp2 - no hdmi dvi ports}} | <!--Audio-->{{maybe|HD Audio with Realtek ALC231 codec head phones only}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe|4 x USB2.0 works but 2 USB3 issues}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8169 realtek 8169 8111h}} | <!--Test Distro-->AROS One 1.6 usb | <!--Comments-->2017 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 quad GX-424CC 19.5v external psu - CN-0Y62H1 mobo with 2 layered ddr3l 16Gb max sodimm slots at edge of mobo, bottom 0 one blocking - passive no fan so quiet - 15cm/6" high smaller 1ltr case and lack of expansion options - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Wyse 3040 (N10D) | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Intel | <!--Audio-->HDaudio | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2016 4c4t Intel Cherry Trail x5 Z-8350 (1.44 GHz Quad) - two versions, one is 5V-3A, the other is 12V-2A - 2 GB DDR3L 1600 MHz, 8 GB or 16 GB eMMC flash chip, all soldered down - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Fujitsu Siemens==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="15%" |Name ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Integrated Gfx ! width="10%" |Audio ! width="10%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="15%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | Scenic [http://uk.ts.fujitsu.com/rl/servicesupport/techsupport/ProfessionalPC/Scenic/ScenicE/ScenicE.htm E600] (compact desktop) | | | {{partial|VESA only}} | {{yes|AC97}} | | {{no|Intel PRO/1000}} | {{dunno}} | Nice small, silent PC with good AROS support. |- | Scenic T i845 | {{dunno}} | {{n/a}} | {{n/a}} | {{dunno|Intel AC97}} | {{dunno|UHCI}} | {{dunno|Intel PRO/100}} | Icaros 1.5.2 | AROS does not boot |- | <!--Name-->Futro S200 S210 S220 and later S300 | <!--IDE-->{{yes| compactflash CF card max ??}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|VESA Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] 315PRO PCI/AGP }} | <!--Audio-->{{unk|AC97 via }} | <!--USB-->{{unk|via uhci and ehci}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{unk|via VT6102 [Rhine-II] (rev 74) }} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2008 32bit - TR5670 Rev 1.4 mother with Transmeta TM5800 cpu - pci socket - single SODIMM socket for DDR memory PC2700S max 512MB - |- | <!--Name-->Futro S400 | <!--IDE-->{{yes| but swap with compactflash CF card already with AROS installed}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|VESA Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] SiS741CX }} | <!--Audio-->{{unk|AC97 SiS7018}} | <!--USB-->{{unk|sis uhci and ehci}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{unk|rtl8169 }} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2008 32bit - AMD Geode NX1500 1GHz gets hot - SiS 963L / SiS 741CX chipset - 12V 4.2A 4-pin (DP-003-R) psu - single SODIMM socket for DDR PC2700S max 1G - large case 246 x 48 x 177cms torx screws - pci socket - |- | <!--Name-->FUJITSU Futro S700 and S900 Thin Client (based on mini-ITX motherboard D3003-A12, D3003-C1 lesser variant of [https://www.parkytowers.me.uk/thin/Futro/s900/TechNotes_V3.1_Mini-ITX_D3003-S.pdf D3003-S]) *G-T56N 1.65GHz *G-T40N 1.00GHz *G-T44R 1.20GHz | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->1 sata data socket but mSata | <!--Gfx-->Radeon HD 6320, HD 6250, HD 6290 dvi or displayport (DP runs higher) | <!--Audio-->HDAudio | <!--USB-->{{yes|two USB2 front sockets and four on the rear}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Realtek}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2011 64bit AMD slow atom-like and fanless - 20V 2A psu 5.5mm/2.1mm coax (S900) - mSATA 1GB-16GB - 2 DDR3L SODIMM sockets max 8GB tricky to run 1333 MHz on the Futro S900 - proprietary X2 PCI-e - 1 PCI socket but need a right-angle adaptor - |- | <!--Name-->esprimo p420 e85 desktop case | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|IDE mode}} | <!--Gfx-->Intel 4600 or old Geforce in pci-e slot | <!--Audio-->HDAudio realtek alc671 codec | <!--USB-->USB3 | <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 8111 | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2013 64bit - 2 ddr3 dimm slots - 16 pin special psu - |- | <!--Name-->esprimo E420 e85+ SFF case | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|IDE mode}} | <!--Gfx-->Intel 4600 or low profile pci-e card | <!--Audio-->HDAudio realtek alc671 codec | <!--USB-->USB3 | <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 8111G | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2013 64bit - 2 ddr3 dimm slots - 16ish pin special psu - hd under front metal bracket, take front cover off first with 3 tabs - 3 slim pci-e slots - |- | <!--Name-->Futro S520 AMD dual 1.0Ghz codenamed "Steppe Eagle" * GX-210HA @ 1.0GHz * GX-212ZC @ 1.2GHz | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->no sata - 4Gb or 16Gb flash memory soldered to the board | <!--Gfx-->AMD Radeon HD 8210E (GX210HA) or AMD Radeon R1E (GX212ZC) | <!--Audio-->HDAudio | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 rtl8111e | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2016 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 - smaller than ITX 160mm x 160mm Fujitsu D3314-A11 - 19V 3.4A PSU standard 5.5mm/2.1mm coax plug - 1 ddr3 sodimm slot - |- | <!--Name-->Fujitsu Futro S720 ThinClient D3313-B13 D3313-F *2014 64bit AMD GX-217GA 1.65GHz VFY:S0720P8009FR VFY:S0720P8008DE VFY:S0720P4009GB *2015 64bit AMD GX-222GC 2.20GHz VFY:S0720P702BDE VFY:S0720P702BFR all begin VFY:S0720P and end two digit country code | <!--IDE--> {{N/A|}} | <!--SATA--> {{Yes|up to 2 Sata-cable-connector with space in casing so normal SSD/HDD over Sata was running very well on AHCI and IDE-Mode and 2242 mSata}} | <!--Gfx--> {{Maybe|use VESA 2D for AMD Radeon HD 8280E GCN2 IGP ( islands) or later R5E GCN3 IGP (southern islands)}} | <!--Audio--> {{yes|HDAudio ALC671 codec partially working, external audio speaker}} | <!--USB--> {{yes|4 rear USB 2.0 but not front 2 USB 3.1}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8169 Realtek 8169}} | <!--Test Distro-->AROS One USB 2.0 | <!--Comments-->2014 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 slow energy efficient atom like cores so fanless - 1 ddr3 Sodimm slot max 8Gb - 19V-20V 2A 5.5mm/2.5mm coax - D3313-B13 stripped down Mini-ITX mobo D3313-S1/-S2/-S3 (eKabini) D3313-S4/-S5/-S6 - SATA data socket can be located under the fins of the heatsink - mPCIe socket for wireless card - |- | <!--Name-->Fujitsu FUTRO S920 D3313-E D3313-G *2016 AMD GX-222GC SOC 2.20GHz Dual *2017 AMD G-Series GX-415GA (1.50 GHz, Quad Core, 2 MB, AMD Radeon™ HD 8330E) *2017 AMD G-Series GX-424CC 2.40 GHz Quad | <!--IDE--> {{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> {{yes|2242 mSata and 1 Sata-cable-connector with space in casing so normal SSD/HDD over Sata possible}} | <!--Gfx--> {{yes|use VESA 2D for Radeon R5E GCN2/3 IGP}} | <!--Audio--> {{yes|HDAudio ALC671 codec partially working}} | <!--USB--> {{yes|4 rear USB 2.0, front 2 USB 3.1 downgradable to 2.0 in BIOS setting}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{yes|rtl8169 Realtek 8169}} | <!--Test Distro--> AROS One USB 2.4 | <!--Comments-->2016 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 2 so dimm slot with max of 8 GB - 19v barrel psu 5.5mm 2.5mm - SATA data socket can be located under the fins of the heatsink - mPCIe a e keyed socket for wireless card - propetary X2 connector with official raizer to X1 connector - almost silent background noise, not affecting sound quality in any way |- | <!--Name-->Fujitsu Thin Client Futro S5011 S7011 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->NVMe | <!--Gfx-->{{No|Vesa 2D for AMD Vega 3 on 2 dp 1.4}} | <!--Audio-->{{No|HDAudio with ALC623 codec}} | <!--USB-->USB3 USB 3.2 Gen 2 front and 3 usb2 rear | <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111H | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2019 64bit - AMD Ryzen Dual Core R1305G or R1505G 1ltr case - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - TPM 2.0 - 19v 3.42amp round coax or usb-c 20c 3.25a external psu - |- | <!--Name-->Fujitsu FUTRO S9011 Thin Client VFY:S9011THU1EIN || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->NVMe || <!--Gfx-->{{No|Vesa 2D for AMD Vega 3 on 2 dp 1.4}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HDAudio with ALC623 codec}} || <!--USB-->USB3 USB 3.2 Gen 2 front and 3 usb2 rear || <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111H || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 64bit Ryzen Embedded R1606G - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - TPM 2.0 - |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} ====HP Compaq==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="15%" |Name ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Integrated Gfx ! width="10%" |Audio ! width="10%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->Compaq presario 7360 | <!--IDE-->{{yes|Working}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|AC97 via}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe|issues}} | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Compaq EP Series 6400/10 | <!--IDE--> {{yes|IDE}} | <!--SATA--> {{N/A}} | <!--Gfx--> {{N/A}} | <!--Audio--> {{no|ISA}} | <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 1.1}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{N/A}} | <!--Test Distro--> {{dunno}} | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Compaq Evo D510 | {{yes|Working}} | {{N/A}} | {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}} | {{yes|AC97}} | {{yes|Working}} | {{yes|Intel PRO/100}} | Icaros 1.5 | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Compaq DX2000 MT | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe}} | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|Intel Extreme 2 (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio-->{{no|detects AC97 but no support for ADI AD1888 codec}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|OHCI/EHCI }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel 82526EZ e1000}} | <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.51 | <!--Comments-->boots ok but no audio |- | <!--Name-->Compaq DX 2200 | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe}} | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|RC410 [Radeon Xpress 200] (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio-->{{dunno|HD Audio}} | <!--USB-->{{maybe|OHCI/EHCI issues }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} | <!--Test Distro--> {{dunno}} | <!--Comments-->issues |- | <!--Name--> d230 | <!--IDE--> {{yes|UDMA}} | <!--SATA--> {{N/A}} | <!--Gfx--> {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio--> {{partial|Intel AC97 (speaker and headphones only, no line-out)}} | <!--USB--> {{yes|USB}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401}} | <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.4.5 | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->HP Pavilion a220n || <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|VESA 1024x768 on nVidia GF4 MX with 64MB shared video ram}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|Realtek ALC650 AC'97 comp.}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek 8201BL 10/100 LAN}} || <!--Test Distro-->AROS One 2.5|| <!--Comments-->2004 32bit athlon xp 2600+ Socket 462 / Socket A - 2 dimm ddr pc2700 - |- | <!--Name-->t500 | <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|FX5200 (2D; 3D with older driver)}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AC97 ICH4 ALC658D}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|UHCI/EHCI}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL 8101L 8139}} | <!--Test Distro-->Nightly Build 2012-09-22 | <!--Comments-->2004 |- | <!--Name-->DC7700 | <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{Yes}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|GMA 2D}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes| ICH8}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|82566DM e1000e}} | <!--Test Distro-->Nightly Build 2013-??-?? | <!--Comments-->2006 Some support at low cost |- | <!--Name-->HP dc 7600 CMT | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel Graphics Media Accelerator 950}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|Realtek ACL 260}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|USB 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel PRO/1000 GT}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2007 |- | <!--Name--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->HP t5000 thin client series t5500 t5510 t5515 PC538A or PC542A t5700 t5710 Transmeta Crusoe Code Morphing TM 5400 5600 800Mhz | <!--IDE-->128mb to 512MB | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->Ati Radeon 7000M | <!--Audio-->VIA with codec | <!--USB-->{{No|Issues}} | <!--Ethernet-->VIA Rhine 2 | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2006 32bit - ddr max 1GB - F10 setup - all t51xx and some t55xx units will not include a SODIMM slot - |- | <!--Name-->HP t5000 thin client series CN700 *HSTNC-002L-TC t5135, t5530 | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Vesa 2d 128Mb Via S3 1600 x 1200 32-bit colour | <!--Audio-->AC97 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->VIA VT6102 VT6103 [Rhine-II] (rev 78) | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2007 32bit t5135 appears identical to the t5530 except the CPU VIA Esther 400 MHz - RAM 64Mb (? max) - 8 x USB2.0 - 12V 3.33A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm |- | <!--Name-->HP t5720, t5725 HSTNC-001L-TC | <!--IDE-->{{unk| }} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->VESA 2d SiS741GX 2048 x 1536 32-bit colour | <!--Audio-->AC97 SiS SiS7012 AC'97 | <!--USB-->6 x USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->VIA VT6102 VT6103 [Rhine-II] (rev 8d) | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2007 32bit AMD Geode NX1500 1GHz socketed - RAM 512MB or 1GB, 256MB, 512MB or 1GB - 12V psu - sis DDMA support - custom 1.13 BIOS - pci low profile - |- | <!--Name-->t5000 series VX800 HSTNC-004-TC t5145, t5540, t5545, t5630 | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Vesa 2d VIA Chrome9 | <!--Audio-->HD Audio VIA | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|VT6120 VT6121 VT6122 Gigabit (rev 82)}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2010 32bit - RAM 64Mb (? max) - 8 x USB2.0 - 12V 4.16A Coax: 5.5mm/2.1mm - |- | <!--Name-->t5730w HSTNC-003-TC t5730 | <!--IDE-->{{n/a|ATA 44pin DOM Flash}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Vesa 2d ATI Radeon X1250 2048 x 1536 no 3D | <!--Audio-->HD audio with codec | <!--USB-->{{Yes|6 x USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom 5707M tg3 10/100/1000}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2008 64bit AMD Sempron 2100+ 1GHz - 1 slot of ddr2 sodimm (Max 2GB) - 12V 4.16A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm - F10 enter bios F12 boot devices - |- | <!--Name-->HSTNC-005-TC gt7720, gt7725 | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Vesa 2d AMD RS780G HD 3200 - 2560 x 1600 DVI-D & DVI-H | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->8 x USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom BCM5787M}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2009 64bit AMD Turion Dual Core CPU 2.3GHz - 1 DDR2 200-pin SODIMM - 19V 4.16A Coax 7.4mm/5.0mm (gt7725) - |- | <!--Name-->HP t5740 Thin Client HSTNC-006-TC t5740, t5745, st5742 | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->1 port | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA for Intel CL40 VGA and DisplayPort connectors}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD audio with IDT codec}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom BCM57780 Gigabit}} | <!--Test Distro-->Nightly build and Icaros | <!--Comments-->2009 32bit Atom N280 - F10 on power up to get into the BIOS screens. F12 brings up the boot options - hp 19V one with a coax connector, outer diameter 4.8mm with inner to be 1.7mm to 1.4mm - 2 ddr3 sodimm slots max 3gb due to 32bit - 1 pci-e slot completely non standard - |- | <!--Name-->t5000 series HSTNC-012-TC VIA Nano u3500 VX900 *t5550 512MB/1GB Windows CE6 R3 *t5565 1GB/1GB HP ThinPro *t5570 2GB/1GB WES 2009 | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Vesa 2d VIA ChromotionHD 2.0 GPU Chrome9 | <!--Audio-->VIA 9170 VT1708S codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom BCM57780 Gigabit}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->32bit - 1 sodimm - 19V 3.42A supply connector standard yellow-tip coax plug 4.8mm/1.8mm "Standard HP Compaq DC Power Plug 4.8mm x 1.5mm / 1.7mm Yellow Tip Connector - |- | <!--Name-->HP t510 Via Eden X2 U4200 HSTNC-012-TC shares features with t5570e, t5565z | <!--IDE-->2G ATA Flash DOM | <!--SATA-->one | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa 2d for Chrome9 VIA ChromotionHD 2.0 gfx}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|VIA VT8237A VT8251 HDA with codec}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe|6 USB2 }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom Corporation NetLink BCM57780 Gigabit Ethernet PCIe}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2010 32bit - one slot ddr3 sodimm max 4GB - 19V 3.42A Coax 4.8mm/1.8mm - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->HP T610 Thin Client and thicker PLUS version | <!--IDE-->{{Maybe|}} | <!--SATA-->2 sata | <!--Gfx-->Radeon 6320 1 dp port 1 dvi | <!--Audio-->HDAudio with ALC codec | <!--USB-->two USB2 on the front, two USB2 and two USB 3 ports on the rear | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom BCM57780}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2010 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 AMD G-T56N A55E - 2 204-pin DDR3 1600MHz SODIMMs PC3-12800 under motherboard via removable panel - 19.5V 3A Coax male 7.4mm/5.0mm + centre pin - |- | <!--Name-->HP T420 Thin Client | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->Radeon 8180 dvi vga | <!--Audio-->HDAudio with ALC codec | <!--USB-->2 front 2 rear USB2 | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2015 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 AMD Embedded G-Series GX-209JA SOC (1 GHz, 2 cores) 1GHz - soldered in place 2GB DDR3 - smaller than usual 19.5V 2.31A Coax male 4.5mm/3.0mm + centre pin - usb stick internal for storage - E15 BBR - |- | <!--Name-->HP t520 TPC-W016 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->1 m.2 mounting holes for 2242 and 2260 SSDs SATA (not NVME) | <!--Gfx-->Radeon R2E GCN2 IGP Sea Islands | <!--Audio-->HDAudio with ALC codec | <!--USB-->2 USB3 front, 4 USB2 back | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2014 2017 64 bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 AMD GX-212JC 1.2Ghz (2 core) - 1 204-pin DDR3 SODIMM - 19.5V 3.33A 7.4mm Coax with central pin |- | <!--Name-->HP t620 TPC-I004-TC and t620 PLUS (PRO wider version) TPC-I020-TC | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->single M.2 2242 socket sata only most models, mSATA socket removed end of 2014, | <!--Gfx-->Radeon HD 8280E graphics 8330E Islands GCN2 IGP - 2 dp ports no dvi | <!--Audio-->HDAudio with ALC codec | <!--USB-->4 front, 2 back, 2 inside | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2014 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 AMD G-Series GX-217GA 2 core APU 1.65GHz, AMD GX-415GA - 2 DDR3L SODIMMs side by side - mSATA ssd and M.2 SSD are M1.6 screws, M2.0 screws used on most SSDs - 19.5V 3.33A Coax male 7.4mm with centre pin - |- | <!--Name-->HP T530 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->1 m.2 sata ssd up to 2280 | <!--Gfx-->Radeon R2E | <!--Audio-->HDAudio with ALC codec | <!--USB-->1 USB3.1, 1 usb-c front, 4 USB2 back | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2015 64 bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 AMD GX-215JJ (2 core) 1.5GHz - 1 204-pin DDR4 SODIMM - smaller 19.5V 2.31A Coax male 4.5mm/3.0mm + centre pin - |- | <!--Name-->HP T730 Wider "Thin" Client TPC-I018-TC Pixar - no display and fans blowing full speed caused by '''disabling internal gpu in bios''' flash L43_0116.bin onto smc MX25L6473F (3.3V 8-PIN SOP (200mil) SPI 25xx) ([https://www.badcaps.net/forum/troubleshooting-hardware-devices-and-electronics-theory/troubleshooting-desktop-motherboards-graphics-cards-and-pc-peripherals/bios-schematic-requests/96303-hp-t730-password-locked-bios in the rom rcvry socket under a delicate thin narrow surface flap]) with ch341a alike switchable from 5v, 3.3v to 1.8v | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{partial|Set bios to IDE and not AHCI - add noacpi to end of grub line - 1 M.2 SATA slot (Key B+M) up to 2280 with T8 torx secure stub}} | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|use VESA for Radeon R7 GCN 2 UVD4.2 Sea Islands with 4 dp outs '''but too easy bricking''' if swapping with 1 PCIe 3.0 x8 slot 30W slim factor low profile 8400gs gt210 nvs295 nvs310 gt1030}} | <!--Audio-->{{maybe|HDaudio 6.34 realtek alc221 codec thru case speaker only}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|'''Works''' for 4 USB2 in the back with 2 in the front but '''not''' for 2 USB3 ports on front and 1 more internal (not bootable)}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111HSH-CG set up first in Prefs/Network}} | <!--Test Distro-->AROS One 2.2 USB with added noacpi grub boot | <!--Comments-->2016 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 RX-427BB With 2 DDR3L notebook RAM sodimm stacked slots max 32GB - '''Larger''' 20cm/8" high 3.5ltr case noisy fan TPM 1.2 - esc/F9 boot selector F10 enter bios - 2 serial and 1 parallel old ports - Key E Wireless - PCIe slot (x16 physical, x8 electrical - 19.5V 4.36A 85w standard HP 7.4mm black-ring-tip power plug, red flashing power button, wrong psu or bad MotherBoard MB - |- | <!--Name-->HP t630 Thin Client TPC-I020-TC | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{partial|2 Sata M.2, sata0 up to 2280 (1tb max), sata1 2242 (64gb max), both T8 torx secure stubs}} | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|use VESA for Radeon AMD Wani R7E with 2 displayport 1.2 sockets - no dvi / hdmi}} | <!--Audio-->{{No|HDAudio 6.34 VOID for controller 0x1022 0x157a and not detected ALC255 codec x10ec x0255 aka ALC3234, pins 0x17 as LFE and 0x1b as int speaker}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|USB2 2 front and 2 rear but not 2 front USB3 and 1 inside}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek 8169 8111H}} | <!--Test Distro-->AROS One USB 2.2 | <!--Comments-->2016 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 AMD Embedded G-Series SoC GX-420GI quad core 2Ghz - 2 DDR4 SODIMMs side by side speed 1866Mhz limit - 19.5V 3.33A Coax male 7.4mm with centre pin - can be easily bricked, might reflash bios with M40 SP149736 - 20cm/8" high 1.5ltr larger fanless case - esc f1 f9 f10 - |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->HP Compaq Elite 7200 7300 8200 8300 SFF with kettle IEC psu cable | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->{{yes|IDE ata legacy only in BIOS}} | <!--Gfx-->i pci-e | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|8200 works}} | <!--USB-->{{yes| }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel or Broadcom}} | <!--Test Distro-->icaros 2.3 | <!--Comments-->2013 64bit dual core - add pci-e rtl8169 ethernet card and pci-e gf210 nvidia low height - |- | <!--Name-->HP Compaq Pro 6305 Small Form Factor SFF AMD A75 chipset (FCH 6 SATA 6 Gb/s, 4 USB 3.0) *AMD Quad A10-5800B *AMD A8-5500B *AMD Dual A6-5400B *AMD A4-5300B | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Radeon 7000 Terascale iGPU series Radeon HD 7660D, Radeon HD 7560D, Radeon HD 7540D, Radeon HD 7480D | <!--Audio-->HD ALC221 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom 5761}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2012 64bit |- | <!--Name-->Elitedesk 705 G1 - SFF *AMD A10-8850B, Quad-Core A10 PRO-7850B, A10-8750B *AMD A10-7800B, A10 PRO-6800B, A8-7600B *AMD A8-8650B, A6-8550B *AMD A6-8350B, Dual A6 PRO 7400B, A4-7300B | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA 2D with Radeon R7 or 8000}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|HD audio with Realtek ALC221 codec}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom or Intel}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2014 64bit - T15 security torx psu with 6pin PWR 200W connector - |- | <!--Name-->HP EliteDesk 705 G2, 705 G3 Mini PC USFF thin client | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->2.5in and m.2 | <!--Gfx-->Radeon R7 | <!--Audio-->HDAudio | <!--USB-->USB3 | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom BCM5762 GbE}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2014 64bit AM4 socket with 35W TDP A10-8770E (4c), AMD PRO A6-8570E (2c), AMD Pro A6-9500E, or AMD PRO A10-9700E on AMD B300 FCH - ddr4 sodimm slots - 77 x 175 x 34mm (6.97 x 6.89 x 1.34in) 1L and about 3lbs - |- | <!--Name-->HP EliteDesk 705 G4 Mini 1ltr USFF AMD Ryzen 3 2200G (4c t) or 5 2400G (4c t) | <!--IDE-->{{N/A|}} | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|Nvme 2280 and 2.5in sata}} | <!--Gfx-->Vega 8 thru DP1.2 port | <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio Conexant codec}} | <!--USB-->USB2 usb3 | <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 realtek | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2016 64bit Am4 socket - 2 sodimm 16GB max - 19.5v hp socket ext psu - |- | <!--Name-->Elitedesk 705 G4 35w, Elitedesk 705 G4 65w, HP Prodesk 405 G4 35W USFF - AMD Athlon PRO 200GE (2c 4t), 2200GE (4c t) or 2400GE (4c t) on AMD B350 FCH, Elitedesk 705 G5 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|Nvme 2280 and older models 2.5in sata}} | <!--Gfx-->Vega 3, 8 or 11 with 2 dp1.2 ports | <!--Audio-->HD audio with Conexant CX20632 codec | <!--USB-->USB3 | <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 Realtek 8169 8111EPH 1Gbe or Realtek RTL8111F | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2017 64bit - realtek wifi 8821 or 8822 - up to 1 ddr4 dimm slots - 12v up to 180w ac - |- | <!--Name-->HP Elitedesk 806 G6, Prodesk 405 G6 3400GE Ryzen 5 PRO 3350GE (4c 8t), Ryzen 3 PRO 3200GE 3150GE (4c 4t), AMD Athlon Silver PRO 3125GE (2c 4t) on AMD PRO 565 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->2x NVMe or 1x SATA + 1x NVMe, but not all three drives at the same time without serious modding of hd caddie || <!--Gfx-->Vega with DP1.4 port || <!--Audio-->HDAudio with Realtek ALC3205 codec || <!--USB-->USB3 || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2018 64bit - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - |- | <!--Name-->HP t540 1ddr4 slot, t640 2 DDR4 SDRAM sodimm SO-DIMM 260-pin non-ECC max 32gb thin client USFF | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->1 NVM Express (NVMe) 2230 or 2280 | <!--Gfx-->Vega 3 VGA, DisplayPort | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with codec | <!--USB-->2 USB3 gen1 | <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 Realtek Realtek RTL8111HSH or RTL8111E PH-CG | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2019 64bit ryzen r1000 series Ryzen Embedded R1305G 1.5 GHz, R1505G dual (2c 4t) 2.0Ghz or R1606G ?.?Ghz (2c4t) - Realtek RTL8852AE wifi - 45W psu Coax male 4.5mm/3.0mm + centre pin - |- | <!--Name-->HP t740 SFF Thin Client | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->2 M.2, one is sata and other nvme | <!--Gfx-->Vega 8 DisplayPort or + optional pci-e 30W Radeon E9173 | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with codec | <!--USB-->USB3 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8111E PH-CG 1Gbe | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2019 64bit - Ryzen Embedded V1756B 3.25Ghz quad - 90W 19.5V 4.62A psu Coax male 4.5mm/3.0mm + centre pin - sodimm DDR4 max 64Gb - slightly noisy fan - |- | <!--Name-->HP EliteDesk 805 G6 Mini 4750GE (8t 16t), Prodesk 405 G6 Ryzen 5 PRO 4650GE (6c 12t) or Ryzen 3 PRO 4350GE (4c 8t) on AMD PRO 565 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->2.5in carrier and 2 slots m.2 nvme | <!--Gfx-->Vega 8 with DP1.4 and HDMI flex io2 output options | <!--Audio-->HDAudio with Realtek ALC3205 codec | <!--USB-->4 usb a - gen 2 10gig and gen 1 5gig ports | <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2021 64bit AMD Ryzen 4000 SBC unlocked - 2 sodimm ddr4 slots - wifi6 - 90W ac - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Lenovo==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="15%" |Name ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Integrated Gfx ! width="10%" |Audio ! width="10%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->Lenovo Nettop IdeaCentre Q150 (40812HU) | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->ION2 | <!--Audio--> realtek codec | <!--USB-->USB2 | <!--Ethernet-->intel 10/100 | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2011 64bit D510 |- | <!--Name-->M625q Tiny (1L) | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->M.2 Sata | <!--Gfx-->Stoney Radeon R2, R3 or R4 and later R5 with 2 dp ports | <!--Audio-->HD audio with ALC233-VB2-CG codec | <!--USB-->{{No|3 usb3.1 Gen 1 and 3 usb2}} | <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 RTL8111 | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2016 64bit all dual cores - e2-9000e or a4-9120e later A9-9420e - heatsink covers 70% area covers wifi - 65w or 135w lenovo rectangle ac - 1 ddr4 2666MHz slot max 8gb - tpm 2.0 - |- | <!--Name-->M715q Gen 1 AMD A6 A8 A10-9700E 9770E (2c2t) | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->m.2 | <!--Gfx-->R4 | <!--Audio-->HDAudio | <!--USB-->USB3 | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2016 64bit - |- | <!--Name-->M715q Gen 2 Ryzen 5 PRO 2400GE 4C 8T | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->m.2 | <!--Gfx-->Vega 11 | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with codec | <!--USB-->USB3 | <!--Ethernet-->1GbE | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2018 64bit - f1 enter setup, esc device boot - fixed 1.8v ch341a needed to reflash 1.8v bios if no boot SOP8 DIP8 Winbond W25Q64, MXIC MX25U1635, MX25U6435 - |- | <!--Name-->ThinkCenter M75n nano Ryzen3 3300U | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->ThinkCentre M75q M75q-1 Tiny 1ltr TMM AMD Ryzen 5 PRO Quad 3500 Pro 3400GE (4c 8t) 11a5 soe400, 3200GE (2c 4t) zen1+ 11a4 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A|}} | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|NVMe 2280 1Tb max - untested 2.5inch}} | <!--Gfx-->Vega 11 | <!--Audio-->HD Audio codec | <!--USB-->3 USB3 Gen 1 | <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 Realtek 8169 8111 | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2019 64bit - 65w 20v 3.25A to 135W rectangle psu - 2 sodimm ddr4 sodimm max 32GB locked 2666MHz - |- | <!--Name-->ThinkCentre Ryzen 7 PRO Tiny 1ltr Gen 2 AMD 4000 series 4650GE (6c12t) 4750GE (8c16t) 4350G (4c8t) Zen2 - | <!--IDE-->{{N/A|}} | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|NVme}} | <!--Gfx-->Vega 8 | <!--Audio-->HD Audio codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8169 8111 | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2021 64bit vendor locked - 20v psu - 2 sodimm - |- | <!--Name-->Thinkcenter M75q-2 Gen2 refresh | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->m.2 nvme | <!--Gfx-->Radeon Vega | <!--Audio-->HDAudio | <!--USB-->USB3 | <!--Ethernet-->1GigE | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2022 64bit 5650GE (6c12t) 5750GE (8c16t) - vendor/PSB can lock your AMD CPU - f12 boot devices |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Thinkcentre M75q Tiny Gen5 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A| }} | <!--SATA-->2 NVMe | <!--Gfx-->Radeon 780M dp1.4a or hdmi | <!--Audio-->HDAudio with codec | <!--USB-->USB3 usb-c | <!--Ethernet-->1GBe port | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2024 Ryzen PRO 7 8700GE - 90W yellow rectangle connector psu - 2 DDR5 sodimm slots max 128Gb - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |} ====Misc==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="15%" |Name ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Integrated Gfx ! width="10%" |Audio ! width="10%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->Impart impact Media Group IQ Box mini Digital Signage with MB896 mini itx | <!--IDE-->{{Yes| }} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->GMA 915 gme | <!--Audio--> via audio | <!--USB-->{{yes| }} | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2007 32bit - 1 ddr2 slot - pentium m 1.73GHz - |- | <!--Name-->[https://everymac.com/systems/apple/mac_mini/specs/mac_mini_cd_1.83-specs.html Apple A1176 Intel MacMini1,1] | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{unk|gpt/efi }} | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|gma950 2d and 3d}} | <!--Audio-->{{No|HDAudio with ICH7 [https://answers.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/alsa-driver/+question/186749 Sigmatel Stac 9221] [https://android.googlesource.com/kernel/msm/+/android-wear-5.1.1_r0.6/sound/pci/hda/patch_sigmatel.c codec][https://alsa-devel.alsa-project.narkive.com/Yt20W6cE/sigmatel-stac9221-mux-amp-out-0x02-microphone-not-working mic]}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|USB2}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2006 32bit possible 1.83 GHz Intel “Core Duo” (T2400) - swap pci-e wifi for atheros 5k AR5007EG - maybe hack with a 2,1 firmware - max 4GB Ram ddr2 sodimms - external apple psu - dvd boot only with c key - |- | <!--Name-->[https://everymac.com/systems/apple/mac_mini/specs/mac-mini-core-2-duo-1.83-specs.html Apple A1176 Intel Mac Mini2,1] | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{unk|gpt/efi }} | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|gma950 2d and 3d}} | <!--Audio-->{{No|HDAudio with ICH7 Sigmatel Stac 9221 codec}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|USB2}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell}} | <!--Test Distro-->Aros One 2.0/ Icaros (latest beta) | <!--Comments-->2007 64bit - swap pci-e wifi for atheros 5k AR5007EG - hacked with a 2,1 firmware and replaced the cpu for T7600 2.33 Ghz C2D and max 4GB Ram ddr2 sodimms - external apple psu - dvd boot only via c key |- | <!--Name-->Apple iMac 5,1 "Core 2 Duo" 1.83GHz 17" T5600 MA710LL || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA 950 with 64Mb || <!--Audio-->HDAudio idt codec || <!--USB-->3 USB2 || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2006 64bit - 2 ddr2 667MHz sodimm slots - 17.0" TFT widescreen 1440x900 - polycarbonate |- | <!--Name-->Apple iMac 6,1 "Core 2 Duo" 2.16 2.33 24" only T7400 T7600 aka MA456LL/A A1200 (EMC 2111) || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Nvidia 7300GT with 128 MB of GDDR3 SDRAM PCI Express or GeForce 7600GT with 256Mb mini dvi, vga || <!--Audio-->HDAudio || <!--USB-->3 USB2 || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2006 64bit - 2 ddr2 667MHz sodimm slots - 24.0" TFT widescreen 1920 x 1200 - polycarbonate plastic case iMacs of this generation are the most difficult iMacs to service due to their front bezel design |- | <!--Name-->VXL Itona TC3200 (), TC3x41 (P3VB-VXL), TC3xx1 (6VLE-VXL0), TC43xx (Gigabyte C7V7VX) thin client | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->VIA | <!--Audio-->AC'97 Audio with VIA VT | <!--USB-->VIA | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8100B | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2005 2006 32bit VIA CPUs, 1 DIMM slot, internal psu, *TC3200, VIA Samuel 2 533Mhz, PC133 *TC3541, VIA C3 Nehamiah 800MHz, PC133 *TC3641, VIA C3 Nehamiah 1GHz, PC133 *TC3841, VIA Samuel 2 800MHz, PC2100 *TC3931, VIA C3 Nehamiah 1GHz, PC2100 *TC4321, VIA |- | <!--Name-->Neoware CA2 | <!--IDE-->flash "DiskOnModule" | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->S3 Inc ProSavage PM133 (rev 02) | <!--Audio-->VIA VT82C686 AC97 Audio | <!--USB-->USB | <!--Ethernet-->rtl8139 | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2003 32bit - VIA Ezra 800MHz - 2 PC100 sodimm slots - riser board carries an ISA slot and a PCI slot - external 12V power supply.with 4 pins - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Neoware Capio C50, model CA15 Thin Clients] *Login Administrator Password Administrator *Login User Password User | <!--IDE-->1 flash DiskOnModule | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->VIA VT8623 (Apollo CLE266) | <!--Audio-->AC97 with via codec | <!--USB-->USB | <!--Ethernet-->VIA | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2006 32bit VIA Eden (Samuel II core) CPU - 1 ddr sodimm slot max 512mb - slot - internal psu clover leaf - |- | <!--Name-->10Zig RBT402, Clientron U700, | <!--IDE-->{{Yes|44 pin header very little room}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Partial|VESA dvi}} | <!--Audio-->{{unk|AC97 with codec}} | <!--USB-->{{unk|VIA }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{unk|}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2008 32bit - very small cases with very limited expansion - 1 sodimm 2GB max - 12v 3a psu - Password Fireport |- | <!--Name-->[http://etoy.spritesmind.net/neowareca21.html Neoware CA21 Thin Clients] Igel 3210 (and maybe the Clientron G270) *Login Administrator Password Administrator *Login User Password User | <!--IDE-->1 flash DiskOnModule | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->VIA CN700 | <!--Audio-->AC97 with via codec | <!--USB-->USB2 | <!--Ethernet-->VIA | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2007 32bit VIA C3 Nehemiah instead of Ezra-T - made 2 version of the CA 21, one with an Award bios and one with a Phoenix bios - 1 ddr2 sodimm slot max 1gb - VT6656 wireless - slot - internal psu iec - |- | <!--Name-->Neoware CA22, Neoware part number DD-L2-GE BCOM WinNET P680 (V4) as the Igel 4210LX | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->AC97 with codec | <!--USB-->USB2 VIA VT8237R Plus | <!--Ethernet-->VIA VT6103 | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2007 32bit - VIA Esther 1GHz - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots - +12V DC/4.16A/50W - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Dell Optiplex FX170 D05U thin client, 10Zig 56xx range 5602, 5616v, 5617v, 5672v, Clientron U800, Devon IT TC5, | <!--IDE-->{{Yes|44 pin header very little room}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Gfx-->{{partial|GMA 950 dvi}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with codec}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom}} | <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.3 | <!--Comments-->2009 32bit - very small cases with very limited expansion - 1 ddr2 sodimm 2GB max - 12v 3a psu - Password Fireport - ps2 keyboard socket - |- | <!--Name-->10Zig RBT-616V or Chip PC Technologies EX-PC (model number XPD4741) | <!--IDE-->{{unk|44 pin header very little room}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|GMA 950}} | <!--Audio-->{{unk|HD Audio with codec}} | <!--USB-->{{unk| }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{unk|rtl8169}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2010 32bit N270 on NM10 with ICH7 - very small cases with very limited expansion - 1 sodimm 2GB max - 12v 4a psu - Password Fireport |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte Brix GS-A21S-RH (rev. 1.0) SFF | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|X3100}} | <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio with ALC883-GR codec}} | <!--USB-->Intel USB | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel 82566DC}} | <!--Test Distro-->ICAROS 2.3 | <!--Comments-->2009 64bit Intel GME965 chipset with Intel ICH8M - 2 DDR2 Dimm slots - GA-6KIEH2-RH Rev.1.x mini ITX Case 213mm(D) x 64mm(W) x 234mm(H) - custom psu - |- | <!--Name-->VXL Itona MD+24 MD27 MD54 MD64 MD76 thin client | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->VIA Chrome 9 | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with VIA VT | <!--USB-->VIA | <!--Ethernet-->VIA | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2009 32bit VIA X2 U4200 - 12v-19v barrel psu - |- | <!--Name-->Acer Revo 100 RL100 AMD Athlon II X2 K325 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->NVIDIA® ION™ 9300m || <!--Audio-->HDAudio with ALC662 codec || <!--USB-->USB2 1 front 2 back || <!--Ethernet-->NVIDIA nForce 10/100/1000 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2010 64bit but no AVX - 4Gb DDR3 sodimm - 500 GB - 19v 3.42a 65W - dvd but later BD drive - |- | <!--Name-->Asrock ION 330 330Pro HT-BD, Foxconn NT-330i, Zotac ION F (IONITX mini itx), | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|ION geforce 9400}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe|Nvidia USB}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Nvidia }} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2010 32bit slow atom cpu - 2.5L 8" by 8" plastic case - 2 ddr2 sodimm max 4G - external 19v 65W 3.42A Plug 5.5mm X 2.5mm - little whiny fan - |- | <!--Name-->Zotac ZBOXHD-ND01 | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->ION1 | <!--Audio-->HDaudio | <!--USB-->USB2 | <!--Ethernet-->NVidia | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2009 32bit |- | <!--Name-->Zotac ZBOX HD-ID11 | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->ION2 | <!--Audio-->HDaudio with ALC888 codec | <!--USB-->USB2 | <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 rtl8111D | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2010 |- | <!--Name-->ZOTAC ZBOX Blu-ray 3D ID36 Plus | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->sata | <!--Gfx-->ION2 | <!--Audio-->HDaudio | <!--USB-->2 USB3 | <!--Ethernet-->GbE | <!--Opinion-->2011 64bit - |- | <!--Name-->Shuttle XS35GT || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->ION || <!--Audio-->HD audio IDT92HD81 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|JMC261}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit - Atom™ D510 NM10 - DDR2 |- | <!--Name-->Shuttle XS35GT V2 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->ION2 || <!--Audio-->HD audio IDT92HD81 || <!--USB-->Intel || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|JMC251}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit Atom™ D525 NM10 chipset - DDR3 |- | <!--Name-->Sapphire Edge-HD || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->ION2 GT218 with vga and hdmi || <!--Audio-->HDAudio realtek codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Unk|Realtek}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit - Atom™ D510 NM10 - DDR2 65 W AC, DC 19V~3.42A, 19.3L x 14.8w x 2.2H cm (1l), weight 530g, |- | <!--Name-->Sapphire Edge-HD2 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{yes|IDE mode}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|nouveau ION2 GT218 with vga and hdmi 2d and 3d}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HDAudio}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|Intel USB2}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit Atom™ D525 NM10 chipset - DDR3 |- | <!--Name-->[https://www.jetwaycomputer.com/JBC600C99352W.html Jetway JBC600C99352W] | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->ION2 | <!--Audio-->{{No|C-Media CM108AH}} | <!--USB-->USB2 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111DL | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2011 64bit D525 - DDR3 - 12v psu |- | <!--Name-->Foxconn nT-A3550 A3500 AMD A45 Chipset DDR3 Nettop Barebones - White | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->1 slot | <!--Gfx-->AMD Radeon HD6310 | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->4 USB2 back and 2 USB3 front | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 AMD Dual-core E350 1.6GHz CPU - 1 ddr3 sodimm - |- | <!--Name-->Asus EeeBox PC EB1021 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon HD6320M || <!--Audio-->HDAudio with ALC codec || <!--USB-->USB2 || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek GbE1 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2012 64bit - AMD® Brazos E-350 SFF or E-450 with A50M - 2 ddr3l so-dimm - 40W ac - |- | <!--Name-->Xi3 Piston PC Athlon64 X2 3400e (X5A), AMD R-464L quad (X7A) Z3RO NUC | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->AMD mobility HD3650 to radeon HD 7660G | <!--Audio--> codec | <!--USB-->4 USB2 3 USB3 | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Atheros AR8161}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2012 - 2 sodimm 8GB max - 19v 3.3a round - Titan105 bios update - |- | <!--Name-->Sapphire Edge-HD3 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon HD6320M with vga and hdmi || <!--Audio-->HDAudio with Realtek ALC662 codec || <!--USB-->USB2 || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek GbE1 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 AMD® Brazos E-450 with A45M - ddr3l so-dimm - 65W ac - Wireless is Realtek 8191SU WiFi (802.11n) or AzureWave (802.11bgn) - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Samsung Syncmaster Thin Client Display TC-W Series 24" LF24 TOWHBFM/EN TC220W LED LF22TOW HBDN/EN || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->8gb SSD || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe| VESA mode only Radeon HD 6290}} || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->2 USB 2.0 || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 thin Client C-50 C50 AMD® 1000 MHz and no wireless |- | <!--Name-->Advantech TPC-2140 thin client | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA }} | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->USB2 | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 atom-like G-T56E 1.65Ghz up to SSE3, BGA413 soldered - |- | <!--Name-->CompuLab FIT-PC3 fitPC3 USFF PC AMD G-T56N || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{yes| }} || <!--Gfx-->RADEON HD 6320 || <!--Audio-->{{yes|HDAudio ALC888 codec}} || <!--USB-->{{yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8169 8111}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2012 64 bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 12v 3a - 2x sodimm DDR3 max 4GB - wifi rtl8188ce |- | <!--Name-->10Zig 6872 thin client | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA }} | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 atom-like G-T56N up to SSE3 BGA413 (FT1) soldered - DDR3l single channel - |- | <!--Name-->10ZiG 7800q thin client | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->AMD Radeon 5E 3840 x 2160 @ 30Hz to 2560 x 1600 @ 60Hz 2 x Display Port | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->6 x USB2.0 2 x USB3.0 | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Realtek}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2016 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 AMD GX-424CC (Quad Core) 2.4GHz BGA769 (FT3b) SSE4 and AVX - 1 ddr3 sodimm - 12V 4A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm |- | <!--Name--> *Itona VXL MZE12 AMD a4-5000 thin client *VXL Itona LQ27 LQ+27 LQ44 LQ+44 LQ49 LQ+49 LQ50 LQ+50 LQ64 LQ+64 thin client | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Ati 8330 vga hdmi dp | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->4 usb2 2 usb3 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2014 64bit quad BGA769 (FT3) soldered - 2 stacked sodimm ddr3 middle of mobo - 2 m.2 sata slots - 1 sata short cable half size space - limited 1ltr 8in case no fan - 19v hp style psu connector - |- | <!--Name-->Dell Wyse 5212 21.5" AIO Thin Client W11B | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->Sata | <!--Gfx-->R3 out from DP or vga | <!--Audio-->HDAudio | <!--USB-->USB2 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2015 64bit slow atom like dual core AMD G-T48E 1.4 GHz - dell type round ac needed 90W 19.5V 4.62A - 21 inch 1080p screen - |- | <!--Name-->LG 24CK560N-3A 24' All-in-One Thin Client Monitor, 27CN650N-6N 27CN650W-AC 27', 34CN650W-AC 34', | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2018 64bit AMD Prairie Falcon GX-212JJ |- | <!--Name-->CompuLab fit-PC4 fitPC4 4x 2Ghz AMD || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2018 64 - 2x DDR4 sodimm - |- | <!--Name-->IGEL Hedgehog M340C UD3 thin client *2016 V1.0 AMD GX-412HC 1.2GHz-1.6GHz Radeon R3E, normal bios DEL for Bios or F12 boot selector *2018 AMD GX-424CC 2.4GHz, Radeon R5E, UEFI hit DEL and choose boot or SCU icon | <!--IDE-->{{N/A|}} | <!--SATA-->SATA half slim version '''limited space''' with msata slot on earlier 2016 models | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA for Radeon R3E later R5E sea islands vulkan 1.2 with dvi dp output}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with codec ?? (412) and Realtek ALC662-VD0-GR (424), both case speaker}} | <!--USB-->amd usb3 boot usb2 with bios "disable usb" entry | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek 8169 8111 (412) and (424)}} | <!--Test Distro-->Aros One x86 USB 1.5, 1.8 and 2.2 | <!--Comments-->2016 64bit - 20cm/8" high case - 1 DDR3L sodimm slot max 8Gb 1600MHz - external '''12V 3A''' supply with 5.5mm/2.1mm coaxial - IDE like interface under base stand is for legacy addon ports RS232 parallel etc - capacitive touch power on - case opening 3 stages, remove stand and narrow black plastic strip from the back, top cover slides off to the back and lifts off - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->IGEL UD3 M350C (UEFI issues) | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->None but 8gb emmc | <!--Gfx-->Vega 3 | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with Realtek ALC897 or ALC888S codec | <!--USB-->USB 3.2 and 2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->1GbE | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2018 64bit - AMD Ryzen™ R R1505G Dual-Core 10W TDP - 2 DDR4 sodimms slots max 16Gb - 12V 4A psu - 2x DisplayPort 1.2 no dvi or hdmi - Intel® 9260 or SparkLAN WNFT-238AX wifi - 1x rear serial Prolific PL2303 chipset - locked down components and very limited expansion options - |- | <!--Name-->IGEL UD7 H860C AMD Ryzen V1605B Thin Client | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->HDAudio | <!--USB-->USB3 | <!--Ethernet-->1GbE | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2020 AMD Ryzen™ Embedded V1605B 2 – 3.6 GHz (Quad-Core) - 12v 5A psu - up to 16GB RAM DDR4 - locked down components and very limited expansion options - |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte Brix Barebone Mini PC BSRE-1605 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->2 M.2 | <!--Gfx-->Vega 8 | <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC269 codec | <!--USB-->USB3 | <!--Ethernet-->2 GbE | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2020 64bit AMD Ryzen V1605B - 2 DDR4 sodimm slots |- | <!--Name-->EliteGroup LIFA Q3 Plus | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2020 64bit AMD Ryzen Embedded V1000, V1605B - |- | <!--Name-->MINISFORUM Deskmini UM250 Mini PC | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2020 64bit AMD Ryzen V1605B - |- | <!--Name-->Shuttle DA320 | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->R3 R5 | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with ALC662 codec | <!--USB-->USB3 | <!--Ethernet-->dual realtek 1GbE 8111H | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Opinion-->2017 64bit AMD 2200G 2400G - Robust metal 1.3-liter case - A320 chipset DDR4 - 19V 6.32A DC PSU - |- | <!--Name-->T-Bao MN25 Mini PC 2500U | <!--IDE-->{{N/A| }} | <!--SATA-->{{Unk|Intel NVMe}} | <!--Gfx-->{{No|VESA Radeon Vega 8}} | <!--Audio-->{{Unk| }} | <!--USB-->{{No|USB 3}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek PCIe 1GbE}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Minis Forum M200 Silver Athlon M300 3300U | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Vega 8 | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->{{No|USB 3.1 gen 1 and 2}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Realtek PCIe 2.5G}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2021 64bit |- | <!--Name-->Minis Forum DeskMini UM300 3300U, UM350 DMAF5 3550H, UM370 and UM700 with 3750H | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Vega 8 | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->{{No|USB 3.1 gen 1 and 2}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Realtek PCIe 2.5G}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2021 64bit |- | <!--Name-->MinisForum X300 with AMD 3400G | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Vega 8 | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->{{No|USB 3.1 gen 1 and 2}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Realtek PCIe 2.5G}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2021 64bit |- | <!--Name-->Beelink SER3 GTR4 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->AMD Vega 3 or 10 | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with codec | <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RJ45 1GbE | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2020 64bit 3200u or 3750h |- | <!--Name-->Beelink SER4 GTR5 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->cant boot from installed SSDs unless its an M.2 | <!--Gfx-->AMD Vega | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->{{No|USB3}} | <!--Ethernet-->1 or 2 Realtek | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2021 64bit 4700U or 5900HX |- | <!--Name-->MSI PRO DP20Z 5M Mini PC - AMD Ryzen 5 5300G | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Realtek 2.5G LAN RTL8125}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->R3 3200G Vega 8 - R5 3400G Vega 11 - Ryzen 5 5600G Vega 7 - Athlon 3000G |- | <!--Name-->Minisforum UM450 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->NVMe | <!--Gfx-->Vega | <!--Audio-->HDaudio | <!--USB-->USB3 | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Realtek 2.5G LAN RTL8125}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2022 64bit - Ryzen 4500U - |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte Brix GB-BRR7-4800 (rev. 1.0) GB-BRR7-4700 (rev. 1.0) GB-BRR5-4500 (rev. 1.0) GB-BRR3-4300 (rev. 1.0) | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->{{No|}} | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 2.5G LAN RTL8125 | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->ASUS PN50 mini PC AMD Ryzen 7 4700U | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Vega | <!--Audio-->HD audio with codec | <!--USB-->{{No|3.1 gen1}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|realtek 2.5GbE}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2022 64bit - |- | <!--Name-->ASUS PN51-S1 mini PC AMD Ryzen 7 5700U | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->NVMe | <!--Gfx-->Vega thru dp or hdmi | <!--Audio-->HD audio with codec | <!--USB-->{{No|3.1 gen1}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|realtek 2.5GbE}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2022 64bit - 19v or 19.5v 90w psu round barrel - 32gb ddr4 sodimm - |- | <!--Name-->Minis Forum Bessstar Tech EliteMini B550 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->1 x 2.5in and 2 nvme | <!--Gfx-->Vega 8 | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->{{no|4 usb3.1}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|realtek 8125 2.5GbE}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2022 64bit AMD 4700G 5700G desktop cpu - 19v 120w round barrel - |- | <!--Name-->ASRock A300 and later X300 Mini itx with Desktop AM4 socket | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->NVMe | <!--Gfx-->Vega | <!--Audio-->HDAudio | <!--USB-->USB3 | <!--Ethernet-->1GbE | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2022 64bit - choose your own AMD APU GE 35w based - DDR4 - |- | <!--Name-->ASRock 4x4 BOX-5800U Zen 3-based AMD Ryzen 7 5800U 15W - | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->m.2 slot gen 3 and sata | <!--Gfx-->vega | <!--Audio-->HD audio with codec | <!--USB-->{{No|}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|1 GbE and 1 2.5GbE}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2022 64bit - WiFi 6E - |- | <!--Name-->Topton S500+ Gaming Mini PC - Morefine S500+ 5900HX Mini PC - Minisforum UM590 Ryzen AMD Zen3 Ryzen 9 5900HX 7 5800H 45W - | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->2 nvme 1 sata | <!--Gfx-->Vega 8 thru HDMI 2.0, DP 1.4, and USB type-C | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->{{no|usb3.1}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|1 realtek rtl 8111h and 1 8125 2.5GbE bg-cg}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2022 64bit - 2 sodimm ddr4 3200MHz - |- | <!--Name-->Chuwi RzBox later Ubox | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->2 nvme | <!--Gfx-->Vega 8 later to 660m vga, dp, hdmi | <!--Audio-->HDaudio | <!--USB-->{{No|usb-c usb2}} | <!--Ethernet-->dual gigabit | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2022 2025 64bit amd 5800h 4800h 6600H - 90w psu - |- | <!--Name-->Beelink Mini PC SER5, Trigkey AZW S5, Asus PN52, ZHI BEN MX-JB560, | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->PCIe3 M.2 2280 nvme | <!--Gfx-->AMD Vega 6 with 1 or 2 hdmi | <!--Audio-->HDAudio | <!--USB-->{{No|USB3.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Realtek 1GbE}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2022 64bit 5500U 5560u 5600U to PRO 5600H 5800H - 19v 3.42W 65W psu - |- | <!--Name-->NIPOGI Kamrui ACEMAGICIAN AM06PRO Dual LAN Mini PC AMD Ryzen 7 5800U, 5 5500U or 5600U/5625U | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->M.2 and 2.5in sata | <!--Gfx-->Vega 7 | <!--Audio-->HDAudio | <!--USB-->USB3 | <!--Ethernet-->2 GbE ports | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2022 64bit - plastic build - 90w usb-c power - loud at 25W setting - |- | <!--Name-->Topton FU02 Fanless Mini PC AMD Ryzen 7 4700U 5600U 5800U 8 Core 16 Threads | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->NVMe and 2.5in sata | <!--Gfx-->Vega | <!--Audio-->HDAudio | <!--USB-->4 3.0 with 2 2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->2 x 1G | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2022 64 - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - fanless with copper cube from cpu to metal sheet which gets warm |- | <!--Name-->Xuu XR1 Lite (5300u 4c 8t) PRO 5400U MAX 5600U | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->1 NVMe 2242 slot | <!--Gfx-->Vega 6 | <!--Audio-->HDAudio | <!--USB-->2 3.0 | <!--Ethernet-->1G | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2022 64 quiet fan - very small case no expansions - |- | <!--Name-->MINISFORUM UM690 Venus Series | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->pcie4 nvme 2280 and 1 sata3 2.5in | <!--Gfx-->680m RNDA2 12CU with 2 hdmi | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with codec | <!--USB-->{{No|1 USB4 and 2 USB3.2}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|2.5G LAN}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2022 64bit 6900hx 8C16T - 2 ddr5 sodimmm - 19v ???W - |- | <!--Name-->Beelink Mini PC GTR6 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->PCIe4 | <!--Gfx-->AMD 680M RDNA2 | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->USB3.2 | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Realtek 2.5GbE or intel i225}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2022 64bit Ryzen 9 6900HX Zen3+ and a 2gb Radeon 680m 12CU ddr5 sodimm - 19v 120w psu - |- | <!--Name-->Asus PN53, Geekom AS 6, | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->pcie gen4 nvme and ata 2.5in | <!--Gfx-->680m RNDA2 12CU with 2 hdmi and 1 dp | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with codec | <!--USB-->{{No|2 usb-c, 2 USB2.1 and 3 USB3.2}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|1G LAN}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2022 64bit 6900hx 8C 16T - 2 slots ddr5 sodimmm (64Gb max) - 19v 120W - 4 retained base screws beware ribbon cable - |- | <!--Name-->Micro Computer (HK) Tech Ltd MinisForum UM773 Lite, GMKtec K2 Mini PC | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->NVMe PCIe4.0 | <!--Gfx-->RDNA | <!--Audio-->HD Audio | <!--USB-->USB4 | <!--Ethernet-->2.5GbE | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2023 64bit - AMD Zen 3+ (8c 16t) Ryzen 7 7735HS, 7840HS and AMD Ryzen 9 7845HX - 120w ac adapter - ddr5 sodimm 4800Mhz - |- | <!--Name-->[https://www.asrockind.com/en-gb/4x4 ASrock 4x4 SBC] | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->sata or nvme | <!--Gfx-->Vega or 680M | <!--Audio-->HDAudio | <!--USB-->USB3 or USB4 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 1GbE or intel 2.5GbE | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2022 64bit - |- | <!--Name-->Beelink Mini PC GTR7 SER7 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->PCIe4 nvme 2280 up to 2Tb | <!--Gfx-->AMD 780M RDNA3 GPU output on hdmi and dp | <!--Audio-->HDAudio | <!--USB-->USB3.2 | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|1 or 2 2.5GbE}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2023 64bit AMD Phoenix APUs Zen 4 CPU Ryzen 7 7840HS or 9 7940HS (8c 16t) - 19v 5.26A 120w psu - del dios setup f7 choose boot - 2 thunderbolt-type usb-c on back - up to 64gb via 2 ddr5 sodimm slots - |- | <!--Name-->MINISFORUM BD770i Ryzen 7 7745HX (8c16t) or BD795i SE 790i 9 7945HX (16c32t) or F1FXM_MB_V1.1 795M LGA1700 mATX | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->2 NVMe | <!--Gfx-->Radeon 610m over usb-c, dp or hdmi | <!--Audio-->HDAudio with codec | <!--USB-->USB3 with 2 rear USB2 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 2.5G | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 mini-ITX M/B is the first MoDT (Mobile on Desktop) with soldered AMD CPU - 2 dual PCIe4.0 M.2 slots - 2 ddr5 sodimm slots max 5200Mhz - 8pin cpu power - battery not easily replaceable underneath - |- | <!--Name-->mINISORUM ms-a1 MS-a2 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->2 nvme | <!--Gfx-->AMD 610M | <!--Audio-->HDAudio | <!--USB-->USB3 | <!--Ethernet-->dual 2.5GbE | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2024 64bit - 19v ?A round barrel jack - 2 ddr5 so-dimm slots - choose from 5700G to 8700G apu - |- | <!--Name-->NextSBC 7840HS | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->Nvme | <!--Gfx-->AMD 780M 12CU | <!--Audio-->HDAudio with codec | <!--USB-->USB4 and USB 3.2 | <!--Ethernet-->2 GbE | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2025 64bit - 32Gb soldered - |- | <!--Name-->Minisforum UM870 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->NVme || <!--Gfx-->AMD 780M || <!--Audio-->HDaudio || <!--USB-->USB3 || <!--Ethernet-->2.5GbE || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2025 64bit - |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} ===Server Systems=== [[#top|...to the top]] ====IBM==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="15%" |Name ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Integrated Gfx ! width="10%" |Audio ! width="10%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="15%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->xSeries 206m | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{yes}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|ATI RN50b (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio-->{{n/a}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|USB 2.0 (UHCI/EHCI)}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom}} | <!--Test Distro-->Nightly Build 2014-09-27 | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} ===Motherboard=== [[#top|...to the top]] * Late 2002, USB2.0 added and slightly better AROS sound support (AC97) appeared * 2002-2005 and still, to a limited extent, ongoing [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor_plague bad capacitors] * Late 2003, ATX PSUs moved from 5V to 12v rails (extra 4pin on motherboard for CPU) * Late 2005, PCI Express replaced AGP and HDAudio replaced AC97 * Late 2007, ATX PSUs added extra 12V PCI-E connectors and 4+4pin for CPUs * Late 2010, USB3.0 appears on motherboards or needing a PCI-E motherboard slot * Late 2014 Hardware USB2 removed from USB3 chipsets ====AMD==== [[#top|...to the top]] =====Socket 7 (1997/1999)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->1997 VT82C586B (QFP-208) is the first from VIA with DDMA |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->2000 VT82C686 has close to excellent DDMA support |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->SiS 5581/5582 SiS 5591/5595 SiS 530 /5595 SiS 600/5595 SiS 620/5595 |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |} =====Socket A 462 (2001/4)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.sharkyextreme.com/hardware/motherboards/article.php/2217921/ABIT-NF7-S-nForce2-Motherboard-Review.htm Abit NF7-S] | <!--Chipset-->nForce 2 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->2 ports | <!--SATA-->SIL 3112A | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC650 AC97 (Nvidia APU)}} | <!--USB-->{{yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL 8201LB | <!--Opinion-->Firewire Realtek RTL8801B |- | <!--Name-->ASRock K7NF2 | <!--Chipset-->nforce2 ultra 400 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|AGP 8x}} | <!--Audio-->CMedia CMI 9761A AC'97 | <!--USB-->{{yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8201 | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->ASRock K7S8X | <!--Chipset-->SIS 746FX | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|AGP 8x}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC'97 cmedia}} | <!--USB-->{{maybe|USB2.0 works but does not boot}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|SiS900}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->ASRock K7S41GX | <!--Chipset-->SIS 741GX + DDR 333 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|onboard sis does not work with vga or vesa but AGP 8x works}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC97 SIS 7012}} | <!--USB-->{{maybe|USB2.0 works but does not boot}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|SiS 900}} | <!--Opinion-->works ok |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.asus.com ASUS A7N8X] | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->Silicon Image Sil 3112A | <!--Gfx-->1 AGP slot | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ac97 ALC650}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|ehci USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8201BL - nforce}} | <!--Opinion-->first total support for AROS in 2004/5 - damocles and M Schulz |- | <!--Name-->Biostar M7NCD | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 Ultra 400 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC650 AC97}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8201BL}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Chaintech 7NJS Ultra Zenith | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 Ultra 400 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->Promise PDC 20376 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{yes|CMI8738}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->DFI Lanparty NF2 Ultra | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 Ultra 400 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{no|via ac97 VT1616}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->RTL8139C | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->ECS N2U400-A | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 Ultra 400 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{no|Cmedia 9379A AC97}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|usb2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|VIA VT6103L}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA7N400L | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 Ultra 400 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->1 AGP 8x slot | <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC97 ALC650}} | <!--USB-->2 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->RTL8100C | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.gigabyte.lv/products/page/mb/ga-8siml Gigabyte 8SIML] | <!--Chipset-->SIS 650 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|VESA}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC'97}} | <!--USB-->{{maybe|working}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Realtek RTL8100L LAN}} | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Matsonic [http://www.elhvb.com/mobokive/archive/matsonic/manual/index.html Manuals] MS83708E | <!--Chipset-->SIS730 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes|SiS 5513}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|sis 305 no support use VESA}} | <!--Audio-->{{no|sis7018}} | <!--USB-->{{no|SiS 7001 USB 1.1 only}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|SIS900}} | <!--Opinion-->little support |- | <!--Name-->[http://h10025.www1.hp.com/ewfrf/wc/document?docname=bph07585&lc=en&dlc=en&cc=us&dest_page=softwareCategory&os=228&tool=softwareCategory&query=Pavilion%20742n&product=89232 MSI MS-6367 HP 722n 742n (Mambo) (2001/2)] | <!--Chipset-->Nvidia nforce 220D (2001/2) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->GeForce2 AGP works 2D nouveau only | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|AC97 ADI 1885 no volume control on Units 0-3}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|4 USB1.1 ports AMD based - front 2 ports iffy}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|nForce}} | <!--Opinion-->Tested 20th Aug 2012 NB |- | <!--Name-->MSI K7N2 [http://us.msi.com/index.php?func=proddesc&maincat_no=1&prod_no=546/ Delta ILSR] Delta-L | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 (2002/3) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes|Primary & Secondary ports}} IDE Tertiary port (RAID) | <!--SATA-->2 ports (RAID) | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|when fitted with an agp video card}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ac97 ALC650}} | <!--USB-->{{yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8201BL - nforce}} | <!--Opinion-->runs AROS well. Tested with Icaros 1.2.3 |- | <!--Name-->MSI K7N2 Delta2-LSR Platinum | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 (2002/3) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes|Primary & Secondary ports}} IDE Tertiary port (RAID) | <!--SATA-->2 ports (RAID) | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|when fitted with an agp video card}} | <!--Audio-->{{No|ac97 ALC655}} | <!--USB-->{{yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8201BL - nforce}} | <!--Opinion-->runs AROS well. Tested with Icaros 1.2.3 |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.sharkyextreme.com/hardware/motherboards/article.php/2204281/Soltek-SL-75MRN-L-nForce2-Motherboard-Review.htm Soltek 75FRN-L] | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes|2 ports}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->AGP slot | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC650}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|2 usb2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|Realtek RTL8201BL}} | <!--Opinion-->good support |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.3dvelocity.com/reviews/mach4nf2ultra/mach4.htm XFX Pine Mach4 nForce2 Ultra 400] | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes|3 ports}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe|2 ports VIA VT6240}} | <!--Gfx-->1 AGP 8x slot | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC650}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|2 USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8201BL}} | <!--Opinion-->some support |- | <!--Name-->ASUS A7V266 | <!--Chipset-->via KT266A + 8233 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{no|issues}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->1 AGP slot | <!--Audio-->AC97 with AD1980 codec | <!--USB-->via 8233 | <!--Ethernet-->VIA VT6103 | <!--Opinion-->2002 issues with booting |- | <!--Name-->Asus A7V8X-X | <!--Chipset-->VIA KT400 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{unk| }} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|agp}} | <!--Audio-->{{unk|AC97 with ADI AD1980 codec}} | <!--USB-->{{unk|VIA 8235}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{unk|Realtek 10/100}} | <!--Opinion-->2003 not booting for Socket A for AMD Barton/Thoroughbred/Athlon XP/Athlon/Duron 2.25+ GHz CPU - 3 x DDR DIMM Sockets Max. 3 GB - |- |} =====Socket 754 (2004/5)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Abit NF8-V2 | <!--Chipset-->nForce3 250GB (2004/5) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes|2 ports}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe|2 ports}} | <!--Gfx-->1 AGP slot x8 | <!--Audio-->ALC658 ac97 | <!--USB-->{{yes|2 USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|RTL8201C}} | <!--Opinion-->a little support but no Firewire VIA VT6306 |- | <!--Name-->Biostar CK8 K8HNA Pro | <!--Chipset-->nforce3 150 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->VT6420 thru ide legacy only | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{no|AC97 ALC655}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8110S | <!--Opinion-->Firewire VT6307 no |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.extremeoverclocking.com/reviews/motherboards/Chaintech_ZNF3-150_3.html Chaintech ZNF3-150 Zenith] | <!--Chipset-->nforce3 150 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->2 ports | <!--SATA-->{{maybe|Sli3114 SATA via IDE emul}} | <!--Gfx-->1 AGP slot | <!--Audio-->{{no|VIA Envy24PT (VT1720) + VT1616}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe|2 USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom GbE 5788}} | <!--Opinion-->very little support needs PCI cards but no Firewire VIA VT6306 |- | <!--Name-->DFI Lanparty UT nF3 250GB | <!--Chipset-->nForce3 250gb | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->2 ports | <!--SATA-->{{maybe|2 ports nForce3 and 2 Marvell SATA PHY}} | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC97 ALC850}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe|2 USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->CK8S - Winfast NF3 250K8AA works and Marvell 88E1111 does not work | <!--Opinion-->2005 some support but no Firewire VIA VT6307 |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-K8N | <!--Chipset-->NVIDIA nForce3 150 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Realtek ALC658 AC97 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8100C | <!--Opinion-->Firewire TI43AB23 no |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte K8NNXP | <!--Chipset-->nForce3 150 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->Sata sil3512 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->ALC658 AC97 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->RTl8110S | <!--Opinion-->Firewire TI STB82AA2 no |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-K8NSNXP | <!--Chipset-->nForce3 250GB | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->SiI 3512 CT128 Sata Sil3515 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->ALC850 AC97 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvel 88E8001}} | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->MSI K8N Neo-FIS2R | <!--Chipset-->nVIDIA NF3-250Gb | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Realtek 7.1 AC'97 ALC850 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell 88E1111}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->[http://techreport.com/articles.x/5748/1 Shuttle AN50R] | <!--Chipset-->nF3-150 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->Sil 3112 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->ALC650 AC97 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Nvidia nF3 (10/100) Intel 82540EM Gigabit | <!--Opinion-->Firewire VT6307 no |- | <!--Name--> Foxconn WinFast K8S755A | <!--Chipset-->SiS755 + SiS964 (DDR333) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> {{yes|AC97}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> {{yes|RTL8169}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket 939 (2005)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus A8N-LA GeForce 6150 LE | <!--Chipset-->Geforce 6150 (MCP51) + nForce 430 (PC-3200) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes|two ATA 133}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe|four 3.0GB/s SATAII ports}} | <!--Gfx-->built in or PCI-E x16 | <!--Audio-->Realtek ALC883 HD Audio | <!--USB-->6 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL 8201CL | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus A8N-SLI Premium | <!--Chipset-->NVidia | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|PCIe slot}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AC97}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|nForce LAN but not Marvell}} | <!--Opinion-->Works well |- | <!--Name-->DFI nF4 Ultra-D LanParty - Diamond Flower International sold to BenQ group 2010 | <!--Chipset-->nF4 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->2 ports | <!--SATA-->4 ports SATA 2 | <!--Gfx-->2 PCIe x16 slots | <!--Audio-->AC97 with ALC850 codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Dual Gigabit Ethernet, PCIe by Vitesse VSC8201 PHY nee Cicada 8201, PCI by Marvel 88E8001 | <!--Opinion-->2006 64bit - Four 184-pin DDR Dual-Channel Slots - 1 pci on Ultra, 2 pci on sli, |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus A8V E SE | <!--Chipset-->VIA K8T890 +VT8237R CHIPSET ATX AMD Motherboard with Athlon 64 X2 / Athlon 64 FX / Athlon 64 | <!--ACPI-->{{N/A}} | <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->{{N/A}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe}} AC97 driver using Realtek ALC850 codec | <!--USB-->{{Yes}} USB 2.0 only | <!--Ethernet-->{{No}} Marvell 88E8053 | <!--Opinion-->Good base but needs additional PCI cards added for better support |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->ASUS A8V Deluxe (2004) | <!--Chipset-->VIA K8T800 Pro (DDR400) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->Promise 20378 2 ports | <!--SATA-->2 SATA2 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{no|VIA VT8233A 8235 8237 AC97}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Marvell 88E8001 Gigabit}} | <!--Opinion-->needs extra PCI cards |- |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->AsRock 939Dual-SATA2 | <!--Chipset-->Ali Uli M1695 PCIe with M1567 AGP | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->2 ports | <!--SATA-->1 Sata with JMicron JMB360 chip | <!--Gfx-->1 pci-e and 1 agp | <!--Audio-->AC97 with ALC850 codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8201CL PHY ULi 10/100 | <!--Opinion-->64bit pci-e and agp combo on board - 4 ddr slots - |} =====Socket AM2 (2006/8) and AM2+ (2007-2010) ===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-M61PME-S2 (rev. 2.x) | <!--Chipset-->NVIDIA® GeForce 6100 / nForce 430 chipset | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|VESA 2d for vga}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|HDAudio Realtek ALC662 Audio Codec}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus M2N61-AR mini itx | <!--Chipset-->NVIDIA nForce 430 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 | <!--SATA-->2 | <!--Gfx-->GeForce 6150SE via vga or 1 pci-e slot | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with codec | <!--USB-->Nvidia | <!--Ethernet-->Nvidia | <!--Opinion-->2006 32bit - 1 pci - 2 ddr2 dimm slots non-eec - |- | <!--Name-->asus m2n68-am se2 | <!--Chipset-->nvidia 630a 630/a MCP68SE | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 ports | <!--SATA-->2 ports MCP61 chipset is SATA over IDE, not SATA over AHCI and reports subsystem as 0x1 IDE, not 0x6 SATA | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|nvidia 7025 2d and 3d thru vga}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|hd audio with realtek alc662 codec}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|nForce chipset RTL 8201CP}} | <!--Opinion-->2007 64bit Phenom IIX2, Athlon 64 LE X2, Sempron, and Phenom FX processors - ddr2 667Mhz ram max 4Gb - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-MA770-UD3 (rev. 1.0) | <!--Chipset-->AMD 770 with SB700 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes| }} | <!--SATA-->{{yes| }} | <!--Gfx-->pci-e | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC888 codec }} | <!--USB-->{{yes|USB2}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8169 8111C later 8111D}} | <!--Opinion-->Good support for AM2+ / AM2 with 4 ddr2 ram - 4 x PCI Express x1, 2 x PCI slots - firewire T.I. TSB43AB23 chip no support - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus M3A32-MVP Deluxe | <!--Chipset-->AMD 790FX RD790 + SB600 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->{{No|Marvell 88SE6121 SATA II}} | <!--Gfx-->pci-e 1.1 support | <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio ADI® AD1988}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell 88E8056}} | <!--Opinion--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->ASROCK N68-S N68C-S | <!--Chipset-->AMD based nForce 630a | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{yes|slimline DVD drive works}} | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|GF 7025 use vesa}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|HDAudio for VIA 1708S VT1705}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe|echi usb 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|RTL8201EL / 8201CL - nforce}} | <!--Opinion-->2008 unbuffered 1066Mhz ddr2 ram - N68C-S may need noacpi added to grub boot line to disable pci temporarily to run as it cannot get to [PCI] Everything OK - |- | <!--Name-->Asus M2N68-AM Plus | <!--Chipset-->Athlon 64, Sempron, Athlon 64 X2, Athlon 64 FX with nvidia 630a | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->no vga, pci-e slot only | <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio with ALC662 codec}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|RTL8211CL Gigabit LAN}} | <!--Opinion-->adding "noacpi noapic noioapic" to the GRUB options - Dual channel DDR2 1066, 800, 667 MHz - |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-M68M-S2 (1.0) S2P (2.3) S2L GA-M68SM-S2 (1.x) | <!--Chipset-->nForce 630a chipset | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->NVIDIA® GeForce 7025, vga (s2 and s2p), dvi (s2l) | <!--Audio-->ALC883 (S2), ALC888B (S2P), ALC662 (S2L), | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->RTL 8201CL (S2), 8211CL (S2P), 8211BL (S2L), | <!--Opinion-->2008 64bit possible with AMD AM2+ CPU on AM2 motherboard, the system bus speed will downgrade from HT3.0(5200MHz) to HT1.0(2000 MT/s) spec |- | <!--Name-->ASUS M2N68-VM | <!--Chipset-->nForce 630a (MCP68PVNT) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Nvidia GeForce ® 7050PV hdmi, dvi and vga | <!--Audio-->HD audio VIA 1708B codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->RTL 8211C | <!--Opinion-->2008 64bit - ddr2 800Mhz |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket AM3 White socket (2010/11)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-MA74GM-S2 GA-MA74GM-S2H | <!--Chipset-->740g with sb710 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes| }} | <!--SATA-->{{yes|bios IDE}} | <!--Gfx-->Radeon 2100 and pci-e slot | <!--Audio-->ALC888 (r1.x),ALC888b (r2.0), ALC888B (rev4.x) | <!--USB-->USB2 | <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 Realtek 8111C later 8111D | <!--Opinion-->2010 64bit - 2 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM sockets max 8 GB - Micro ATX Form Factor 24.4cm x 23.4cm - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.vesalia.de/e_aresone2011.htm Aresone 2011] | <!--Chipset-->760g | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{Yes}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|no Radeon HD3000 driver yet<br>vesa driver works<br>and add PCIe card}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes}} | <!--Opinion-->Good support - 4 DDR3 memory sockets - |- | <!--Name-->Foxconn A76ML-K 3.0 | <!--Chipset-->AMD 760g rev3.0 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{Yes|1 }} | <!--SATA-->{{Yes|4 in IDE mode }} | <!--Gfx-->HD3000 with pci-e slot | <!--Audio-->HDAudio with ALC662-GR codec | <!--USB-->USB2 | <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 rtl8111E | <!--Opinion-->2011 64bit - 2 ddr3 slots - 2 pci slots - |- | <!--Name-->GA-MA770T-UD3P (rev. 1.0 to 1.4) | <!--Chipset-->amd 770 with sb710 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{yes|4 sata}} | <!--Gfx-->pci-e | <!--Audio-->{{yes|HDAudio with Realtek ALC888 codec}} | <!--USB-->{{yes| }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8168 rtl8111c/d}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 64 - 4 ddr3 dimm slots - |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-MA770-UD3 (rev. 2.0 2.1) | <!--Chipset-->AMD 770 with SB700 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes| }} | <!--SATA-->{{yes| }} | <!--Gfx-->pci-e | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC888 codec }} | <!--USB-->{{yes|USB2}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8169 8111C later 8111D}} | <!--Opinion-->Good support for AM3 with 4 ddr2 ram - 4 x PCI Express x1, 2 x PCI slots - firewire T.I. TSB43AB23 chip no support - |- | <!--Name-->Asus M4A785TD-M PRO | <!--Chipset-->785G and SB710 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|ide legacy}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|ATI Radeon HD 4200 - use vesa}} or pci-e 2.0 slot | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Opinion-->Good support with 1366 ddr3 ram - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->ASUS M4A88T-I Deluxe ITX | <!--Chipset-->AMD 880G with AMD SB710 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->Three SATA 3Gbps | <!--Gfx-->Radeon HD 4350 GPU with HDMI and DVI or One 16x PCI-Express 2.0 | <!--Audio-->HDAudio with Realtek ALC889 | <!--USB-->6 x USB 2, 2 x USB 3 | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Realtek RTL8112L}} | <!--Opinion-->2014 64bit - 2 SODIMM DDR3 slots max 8GB |- | <!--Name-->Asus M4A88T-M Version E5907 E5826 | <!--Chipset-->AMD 880G SB710 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Radeon 4250 | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with VIA VT 1708S codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek rtl8169 8111E | <!--Opinion-->2010 64bit - |- | <!--Name-->GigaByte 890GPA-UD3H | <!--Chipset-->AMD 890GX together with SB850 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->Yes | <!--Gfx-->use pci-e nvidia | <!--Audio-->Maybe - ALC892 rev. 1.0, ALC892 rev 2.1, ALC889 rev. 3.1 | <!--USB-->Yes | <!--Ethernet-->Yes | <!--Opinion-->works well overall |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-890FXA-UD7 | <!--Chipset-->AMD 890FX with SB850 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes| }} | <!--SATA-->{{yes|IDE }} | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->ALC889 (rev 2.x) | <!--USB-->{{Yes|AMD USB2 but limited with NEC D720200F1 USB3}} | <!--Ethernet-->2 x Realtek 8111D | <!--Opinion-->2012 64bit - XL-ATX Form Factor 32.5cm x 24.4cm - 4 ddr3 slots - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI 890GXM-G65 | <!--Chipset-->890GX + SB750 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|legacy}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|ATI 4290 built-in (vesa)}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|ALC889 DD GR}} HD Audio crackles | <!--USB-->{{Yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL 8169}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->ASRock N68-VS3 FX | <!--Chipset-->NVIDIA® GeForce 7025 / nForce 630a | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->4 Sata2 | <!--Gfx-->Integrated NVIDIA® GeForce 7025 | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with VIA® VT1705 Codec | <!--USB-->USB2 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek PHY RTL8201EL | <!--Opinion-->2010 64bit - 2 x DDR3 DIMM slots - |- | <!--Name-->MSI GF615M-P35 MS-7597 | <!--Chipset-->NVIDIA® nForce 430 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->GeForce 6150SE | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|HD Audio with Realtek® ALC888S}} | <!--USB-->{{No|freezes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Realtek 8211CL}} | <!--Opinion-->2010 64bit |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-M68MT-S2 | <!--Chipset--> nForce 630a | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->NVIDIA® GeForce 7025 vga | <!--Audio-->ALC888B (1.3), ACL887 (3.1), | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->RTL8211CL (all) | <!--Opinion-->2010 64bit possible, AMD AM3 CPU on this motherboard, the system bus speed will downgrade from HT3.0 (5200MT/s) to HT1.0 (2000 MT/s) spec |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-M68MT-S2P | <!--Chipset--> nForce 630a | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->NVIDIA® GeForce 7025 vga | <!--Audio-->ALC888B (1.x 2.x), ALC889 (3.0), ALC888B/889 (3.1), | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->RTL8211CL (all) | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus M4N78 PRO | <!--Chipset-->NVIDIA GeForce 8300 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 xUltraDMA 133/100 | <!--SATA-->6 xSATA 3 Gbit/s ports | <!--Gfx-->Integrated NVIDIA® GeForce® 8 series GPU with 1 PCIe 2.0 slot | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with VIA1708S 8 -Channel codec | <!--USB-->12 USB 2.0 ports (8 ports at mid-board, 4 ports at back panel) | <!--Ethernet-->NVIDIA Gigabit | <!--Opinion-->4 x DIMM, Max. 16 GB, DDR2 1200(O.C.)/1066*/800/667 ECC,Non-ECC,Un-buffered Memory - ATX Form Factor 12 inch x 9.6 inch ( 30.5 cm x 24.4 cm ) - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |} =====Socket AM3+ Black socket (2012/15)===== *095W FX-6300 FD6300WMHKBOX (bulldozer SSE4.1 AVX) 970 mobos with FX-8320E 8core Black Editions FD832EWMHKBOX FX-8370E (Vishera/Piledriver) *125W FX-6310 (bulldozer) 970 mobos with FX-8320 FX-8350 FX-8370 (Vishera/Piledriver) *220W 990FX mobos with FX-9000 FX-9370 FX-9590 {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->ASUS M5A78L-M LX3 | <!--Chipset-->AMD 760G with SB710 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes| }} | <!--SATA-->{{Yes|bios IDE mode}} | <!--Gfx-->HD3000 with pci-e slot | <!--Audio-->HDAudio with ALC887, V? ALC892 codecs | <!--USB-->USB2 | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Qualcomm Atheros 8161/8171 add realtek 8111? pci-e card}} | <!--Opinion-->2012 64bit - uATX Form Factor 9.6 inch x 7.4 inch ( 24.4 cm x 18.8 cm ) - 2 x DIMM, Max. 16GB, DDR3 - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-78LMT-S2P | <!--Chipset-->AMD 760G and SB710 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{yes|6 SATA2 ports}} | <!--Gfx-->GT240 and a nv7900gs, both pci-e | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|ALC889 (r3.1), ALC??? (rev. 4.0), ALC887 (r5.x)}} | <!--USB-->4 USB2 | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Realtek 8111E (r3.1), Atheros (rev4.0), Atheros (r5.x) }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 offers very poor control over its EFI vs. BIOS booting partition features |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-78LMT-USB3 (r3.0), (r4.1 Blue board), (r5.0 dark board), (rev6 dark mobo) | <!--Chipset-->AMD 760G and SB710 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes| }} | <!--SATA-->{{yes|Bios IDE mode for SATA2 on early ones}} | <!--Gfx-->AMD HD3000, pci-e GT240 and a nv7900gs | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|ALC??? (r3.0), ALC887 (r4.1), VIA VT2021 (r5.0), Realtek® ALC892 codec (rev6) }} | <!--USB-->{{yes|AMD USB2 but not VIA® VL805 USB3}} | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek GbE | <!--Opinion-->2013 64bit - Micro ATX Form Factor 24.4cm x 24.4cm - 4 x DDR3 DIMM sockets - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI 760GM | <!--Chipset-->ATI 760G plus SB710 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{yes| }} | <!--Gfx-->HD3000 Use Vesa | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|P33 VT1705; P34, P21 and P23 (FX) MS7641 v3.0 ALC887, E51 ALC892}} | <!--USB-->{{yes| }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek}} | <!--Opinion-->P23 issues with audio ALC887 crackles thru earphones - |- | <!--Name-->Gigayte GA-MA770T-UD3P (rev. 3.1) | <!--Chipset-->amd 770 with sb710 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->4 sata | <!--Gfx-->pci-e slot | <!--Audio-->HDaudio with Realtek ALC888/892 codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 rtl8111d/e | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->ASRock 890FX Deluxe5 Extreme3 | <!--Chipset-->AMD 890FX + AMD SB850 or SB950 (Extreme3) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{Yes}} | <!--Gfx-->{{N/A}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|ALC892}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL8111E rtl8169}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus M5A97 R2.0 EVO | <!--Chipset-->AMD 970 and SB950 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->Asmedia SATA Controller | <!--Gfx-->n/a | <!--Audio-->HDAudio with Realtek ALC887 (LE), ALC887 (Regular), ALC892 (EVO) codec | <!--USB-->4 USB 2.0 and 2 Asmedia USB3.0 Controller | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111F | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-970A-D3 | <!--Chipset-->AMD 970 with SB950 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{Yes| }} | <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE mode}} | <!--Gfx-->pci-e | <!--Audio--> ALC??? (rev. 1.0/1.1), ALC887 (rev1.2), VIA VT2021 codec (rev 1.3 1.4 and rev3.0) | <!--USB-->{{yes|AMD USB2 but not Etron EJ168 chip (USB3)}} | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek GbE 8111E (all revisions), | <!--Opinion-->2015 64bit - ATX Form Factor 30.5cm x 22.4cm - 4 x 1.5V DDR3 DIMM sockets - |- | <!--Name-->MSI 970 Gaming | <!--Chipset-->970FX SB950 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Realtek® ALC1150 Codec | <!--USB-->6 usb2 with 2 USB3 VIA VL806 Chipset | <!--Ethernet-->Killer E2205 Gigabit LAN | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus M5A99X EVO | <!--Chipset-->990X - RD980 with SB920 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->2 pci-e gen ? | <!--Audio-->HDAudio with ALC892 codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 realtek 8111e | <!--Opinion-->2012 64bit - |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-990XA-UD3 | <!--Chipset-->AMD 990 with SB950 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes| }} | <!--SATA-->{{yes| }} | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->ALC889 (rev 1.x, 3.0, 3.1), | <!--USB-->{{yes|AMD USB2 not 2 x Etron EJ168 chips for USB3}} | <!--Ethernet-->realtek rtl8169 8111e | <!--Opinion-->2012 64bit - ATX Form Factor; 30.5cm x 24.4cm - 4 ddr3 slots - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====AMD Fusion (2011/14)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | 1.2GHz single Bobcat Fusion C30 + Hudson M1 | ACPI | IDE | SATA | AMD 6250 | Audio | USB | Ethernet | <!--Opinion-->2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | Asus E35M1-M PRO uATX | 1.6GHz 18W AMD Fusion E-350 dual core + Hudson M1 | ACPI | {{N/A}} | SATA | AMD 6310 - no HD driver yet | ALC887 VD2 | USB | RTL8111E | 2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - EFI bios [http://www.anandtech.com/show/4023/the-brazos-performance-preview-amd-e350-benchmarked] |- | Asus E35M1-I Deluxe miniITX | 1.6GHz dual AMD Fusion E350 + Hudson M1 + DDR3 | ACPI | {{N/A}} | SATA | AMD 6310 - no HD driver yet | ALC892 | USB | Realtek 8111E | 2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - no support for Atheros AR5008 on a Mini PCI-E |- | ASRock E350M1 / USB3 (also version with USB3.0 added) | 1.6GHz dual AMD Fusion E350 + Hudson M1 | ACPI | {{N/A}} | SATA - 4 SATA3 | {{Maybe|AMD 6310 - use vesa with hdmi and dvi}} | {{Yes|Audio ALC892 playback but no HDMI output}} | USB - 4 USB2.0 and 2 USB3.0 | {{Yes|rtl8169 for Realtek 8111E 8411 ethernet chipset}} | 2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-E350N-USB3 mini-ITX | <!--Chipset--> Hudson M1 FCH | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->4 SATA3 | <!--Gfx--> plus HDMI, DVI | <!--Audio-->ALC892 | <!--USB-->2 NEC USB3.0 with 4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111E | <!--Opinion-->2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-E350N Win8 V1.0 | <!--Chipset-->Hudson M1 FCH A45 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->4 SATA3 | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|Use VESA - AMD 6310 plus HDMI, DVI}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC887 playback through headphones but not thru hdmi}} | <!--USB-->{{maybe|4 USB2.0 needs more testing}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|Realtek 8111 8168B}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - works well but need to test with sata hard disk |- | <!--Name-->MSI E350IA-E45 | <!--Chipset-->e-350 + Hudson M1 + DDR3 | <!--ACPI-->no support | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->4 Sata3 ports | <!--Gfx-->AMD 6310 gpu | <!--Audio-->ALC HDA | <!--USB-->6 USB2.0 and 2 USB3.0 through NEC 720200 chipset | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8111E | <!--Opinion-->2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->ASUS E45M1-M PRO | <!--Chipset-->E450 APU with Hudson M1 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->ALC887 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek | <!--Opinion-->2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - |- | <!--Name-->ASUS E45M1-I Deluxe | <!--Chipset-->E-450 together | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->ALC892 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111E | <!--Opinion-->2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket FM1 (2011/13)===== On board Graphic on CPU - HD6410D, HD6530D, HD6550D, {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->ASUS F1A55-M LE | <!--Chipset--> with AMD A55 FCH (Hudson D2) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->6 x SATA 3Gbit/s port(s), blue Support Raid 0, 1, 10, JBOD | <!--Gfx-->PCI-e 2.0 slot or Integrated AMD Radeon™ HD 6000 in Llano APU | <!--Audio-->Realtek® ALC887 Audio CODEC | <!--USB-->6 USB2.0 ports | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111E rtl8169 | <!--Opinion-->2012 2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - A-Series/E2- Series APUs up to 4 cores - 2 x DIMM, Max. 32GB, DDR3 2250(O.C.)/1866/1600/1333/1066 MHz Non-ECC, Un-buffered Memory Dual Channel Memory Architecture - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket FM2 White Socket (2012/13)===== Onboard Gfx on CPU - HD6570, HD7480D, HD7540D, {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->A75 A85X | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket FM2 Plus Black socket (2013/15)===== Onboard Gfx on CPU - HD6570, HD7480D, HD7540D, {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->A88X | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket AM1 FS1b socket (2014/1x)===== 5350 4 core Jaguar cores 2GHz with Integrated AMD Radeon R Series Graphics in the APU Kabini [Radeon HD 8400] Later Beema APU with 2/4 core Puma (slightly updated Jaguar) cores, GCN graphics and a compute capable Radeon core, along with a brand new AMD security processor and FT3 BGA packaging (probably best avoided for long term survival). {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->ASUS AM1I-A | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->HD Audio Realtek® ALC887-VD | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111GR 8168 | <!--Opinion-->2011 64bit may support AVX or SSE 4.1 - |- | <!--Name-->MSI AM1I | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC887 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111G | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI AM1M | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC887 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111G | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->BGA FT3 AM1x |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket AM4 FM3 Summit Ridge Zen Zen+ (2016/22)===== Jim Keller’s group designed x86 Zen CPU - new and covering the same AM4 platform/socket for desktop Zen will also shift from Bulldozer’s Clustered Multithreading (CMT) to Simultaneous Multithreading (SMT, aka Intel’s Hyperthreading). CMT is the basis for Bulldozer’s unusual combination of multiple integer cores sharing a single FPU within a module, so the move to SMT is a more “traditional” design for improving resource usage Trusted Platform Module, or fTPM, that Windows 11 requires. Ryzen processors using a firmware TPM are causing stutters, even when doing mundane tasks. To enable TPM 2.0 on your AMD system please follow the steps below. <pre> Power on system and press DEL or F2 to get into the BIOS. Navigate to Advanced\CPU Configuration. Enable AMD fTPM switch. Press F10 to save changes. </pre> {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus ROG Crosshair VI Hero | <!--Chipset-->X370 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->pci-e 3.0 (1x16 or 2x8) | <!--Audio-->SupremeFX audio features an S1220 codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Intel I211 | <!--Opinion-->Ryzen 7 1800X 1700X |- | <!--Name-->Biostar X370gtn Itx Am4 | <!--Chipset-->AMD X370 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->PCIe 3.0 | <!--Audio-->HDAudio with ALC892 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek Dragon LAN RTL8118AS | <!--Opinion--> 2 ddr4 slots |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-AX370 K7 | <!--Chipset--> X370 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->PCIe 3.0 | <!--Audio-->HDAudio with 2 x Realtek® ALC1220 codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->1 intel and 1 E2500 | <!--Opinion--> 4 ddr4 slots |- | <!--Name-->MSI Xpower Gaming Titanium | <!--Chipset--> X370 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->PCIe 3.0 | <!--Audio-->8-channel Realtek 1220 Codec | <!--USB-->ASMedia® ASM2142 and amd cpu | <!--Ethernet-->1 x Intel® I211AT Gigabit LAN | <!--Opinion--> 2 ddr4 slots |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus Prime B350 Plus ATX | <!--Chipset-->B350 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> x PCIe 3.0/2.0 x16 (x16 mode) | <!--Audio-->Realtek® ALC887 8-Channel | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek® RTL8111H | <!--Opinion-->Ryzen 5 1600x 1600 1500X 1400 - 4 x DIMM Max 64GB, DDR4 up to 2666MHz ECC and non-ECC Memory - ATX 12 inch x 9.35 inch ( 30.5 cm x 23.7 cm ) - 2 pci |- | <!--Name-->Asus PRIME B350M-A/CSM Micro ATX | <!--Chipset-->AMD B350 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->PCIe 3.0 | <!--Audio-->HDaudio with | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek LAN | <!--Opinion-->Ryzen 3 1300x 1200 1100 |- | <!--Name-->AsRock Pro4 AB350 | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->2 PCIe 3.0 x16, 4 PCIe 2.0 x1 | <!--Audio-->Realtek ALC892 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek | <!--Opinion-->2017 64bit - |- | <!--Name-->ASRock AB350 Gaming-ITX/ac | <!--Chipset--> B350 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->PCIe 3.0 | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Intel LAN | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI B350 Tomahawk Arctic Mortar | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->1 x PCIe 3.0 x16 (x16 mode) | <!--Audio-->Realtek ALC892 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8111H | <!--Opinion-->white and grey colours - 2 pci-e and 2 pci slots - m.2 in middle - atx 12 in by 9.6 in and matx versions - |- | <!--Name-->Jginyue M-ATX B350M-TI | <!--Chipset-->B350 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Jginyue B350I-Plus ITX | <!--Chipset-->B350 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->ASRock A320M-ITX MINI ITX Rev1.0 Rev2 Rev2.1 | <!--Chipset-->A320 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->pci-e | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->2018 |- | <!--Name-->Asus PRIME A320M-C R2.0 rev1.1 A320M-K | <!--Chipset-->A320 A/B300 SFF | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->NVMe | <!--Gfx-->PCIe 3.0 | <!--Audio-->HD audio with Realtek ALC887 alc897 CODEC | <!--USB-->2 usb 3.1 gen 1 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111E | <!--Opinion-->2019 64bit - 3rd/2nd/1st Gen AMD Ryzen™ / 2nd and 1st Gen AMD Ryzen™ with Radeon™ Vega |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI A320M-A PRO MicroATX | <!--Chipset-->AMD A320 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->NVMe | <!--Gfx-->pci-e 3.0 | <!--Audio-->HDAudio Realtek® ALC892 | <!--USB-->USB3 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek® 8111H | <!--Opinion-->2019 64bit - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus ROG X399 Zenith Extreme | <!--Chipset-->AMD X399 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->PCIe 3.0 | <!--Audio--> supremefx s1220 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->intel | <!--Opinion-->Threadripper 1950X 1920X 1900X TR4 skt |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->PCIe 3.0 | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->AsRock Fatality X470 Gaming K4 mATX | <!--Chipset-->X470 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->nvme | <!--Gfx-->pci-e rebar possible | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->intel | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asrock Fatal1ty X470 Gaming-ITXac AMD AM4 | <!--Chipset-->AMD X470 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->intel | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->ASUS ROG STRIX X470-I GAMING AM4 ITX Motherboard | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus B450-I Gaming | <!--Chipset-->AMD B450 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->PCIe 3.0 | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->high VRM temps - raven ridge 14nm+ like 2200G 2400G |- | <!--Name-->AsRock B450 Gaming K4 | <!--Chipset-->B450 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> alc892 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> 4 ddr4 slots - low VRM thermals 3900x 3950x |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte B450 I Aorus Pro Wifi | <!--Chipset-->AMD B450 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->1 nvme pcie3 with 4 sata | <!--Gfx-->pcie | <!--Audio-->HDAudio with Realtek® ALC1220-VB codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Intel LAN | <!--Opinion-->very high vrm temps |- | <!--Name-->Jginyue B450i Gaming ITX | <!--Chipset-->B450 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->4 sata3 - none nvme | <!--Gfx-->pcie3 | <!--Audio-->HDAudio | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->1G | <!--Opinion-->2021 64 2nd 3rd AMD - 2 ddr4 dimm slots |- | <!--Name-->MSI b450 tomahawk max | <!--Chipset--> b450 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{n/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->PCIe 3.0 | <!--Audio-->HD audio with Realtek® ALC892 Codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111H | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI B450 Pro Carbon | <!--Chipset-->B450 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> ALC codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Intel LAN | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI B450-A PRO | <!--Chipset-->B450 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->ALC892 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 8111h | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI B450I GAMING Plus AC ITX | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->2019 - 2nd and 3rd gen AMD - 2 ddr4 slots - |- | <!--Name-->MSI B450 GAMING PLUS MAX | <!--Chipset-->B450 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->HDAudio with Realtek® ALC892/ALC897 Codec | <!--USB-->USB3 | <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 8111H | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MAXSUN AMD Challenger B450M M-ATX (aka Soyo) | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->ASRock X570 PHANTOM GAMING-ITX/TB3 Mini ITX AM4 | <!--Chipset-->X570 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->nvme | <!--Gfx-->PCIe 4.0 | <!--Audio--> ALC1200 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Intel LAN | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus ROG Crosshair VIII Dark Hero | <!--Chipset-->AMD X570 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> SupremeFX7.1 codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Intel® I211-AT and Realtek® RTL8125-CG 2.5G LAN | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus ROG Strix X570-I Gaming Mini ITX AM4 Motherboard | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI MPG X570 Gaming Plus | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> alc1220 codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus ROG Strix B550-i AM4 ITX Motherboard | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->2022 - |- | <!--Name-->Jginyue Jingyue B550i Gaming itx | <!--Chipset-->B550 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->3 with 1 nvme | <!--Gfx-->1 pci-e 4 | <!--Audio-->HDAudio alc | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->1G | <!--Comments-->2022 64bit max of Ryzen 5500 (c t), 5600, 5600g (6c12t) - 2 ddr4 |- | <!--Name-->Asrock B550 PHANTOM GAMING ITX/AX | <!--Chipset-->AMD B550 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> alc1220 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->intel 2.5G | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->AsRock B550M-ITX/ac | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> Realtek ALC887/897 Audio Codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek Gigabit LAN | <!--Opinion-->2022 - 2 ddr4 slots |- | <!--Name-->Asus ROG STRIX B550-A GAMING | <!--Chipset-->B550 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->PCIe Gen4 x4 & SATA3 | <!--Gfx-->pci-e 4 | <!--Audio--> supremefx S1220A | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Intel® I225-V 2.5Gb | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte AMD B550I AORUS PRO AX Mini-ITX rev 1.0 | <!--Chipset-->AMD B550 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->2 nvme pci-e3 with 4 sata3 | <!--Gfx-->pci-e | <!--Audio-->Realtek® ALC1220-VB codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek® 2.5GbE LAN | <!--Opinion-->2021 2 x DDR4 DIMM sockets 1Rx8/2Rx8/1Rx16 - |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte B550 AORUS ELITE AX V2 ATX | <!--Chipset-->B550 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->NVMe | <!--Gfx-->PCI-e 4.0 DP and hdmi | <!--Audio-->HDAudio ALC1200 | <!--USB-->USB3 USB 3.2 Gen1 Type-C | <!--Ethernet-->2.5GbE LAN | <!--Opinion-->2022 64bit- finer tuning than A520's - AMD Ryzen 5000 Series/ 3rd Gen Ryzen and 3rd Gen Ryzen with Radeon Graphics CPU - Dual Channel ECC/ Non-ECC Unbuffered DDR4, 4 DIMMs - |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte B550M DS3H mATX | <!--Chipset--> B550 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->2 NVMe | <!--Gfx-->PCI-e 4.0 | <!--Audio-->HDaudio ALC887 | <!--USB-->USB3 | <!--Ethernet-->realtek rtl8118 | <!--Opinion-->2021 64bit - 4 ddr4 dimms - |- | <!--Name-->MSI MPG B550 GAMING PLUS ATX | <!--Chipset--> B550 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->NVMe | <!--Gfx-->PCI-e 4.0 | <!--Audio-->HDAudio ALC892 | <!--USB-->USB 3 | <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 Realtek 8111H | <!--Opinion-->2022 64bit - 3rd Gen AMD Ryzen Processors - 4 dimm ddr4 - |- | <!--Name-->MSI MAG B550 TOMAHAWK ATX | <!--Chipset--> B550 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->NVMe 1 x M.2, Socket 3, M Key (up to Type 22110) and 1 x M.2, Socket 3, M Key (Type 2242/2260/2280) | <!--Gfx-->PCI-e 4.0 with dp and hdmi | <!--Audio-->HDaudio ALC1200 | <!--USB-->USB3 1 x USB 3.1 Type-C and 1 x USB 3.1 Type-A | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8125B and Realtek RTL8111H | <!--Opinion-->2022 64bit - 4 Dimm slots - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Jginyue A520M-H mATX | <!--Chipset-->A520 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> old bios with random issues with APU ryzens - |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte A520M S2H mATX | <!--Chipset-->AMD A520 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->HDAudio | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 1GbE | <!--Opinion-->2022 64bit Zen3 65W and up - 2 ddr4 - |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte A520I AC mITX mini-itx | <!--Chipset-->AMD A520 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->HDAudio | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->2022 64bit Zen3 65W and up 5600G (6c12t) or 5700G (8c16t) - 2 ddr4 dimm slots - |- | <!--Name-->MSI A520M-A PRO mATX | <!--Chipset-->A520 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->NVMe 1 x M.2, Socket 3, M Key (Type 2242/2260/2280) | <!--Gfx-->PCI-e 3.0 | <!--Audio-->HDAudio ALC892 | <!--USB-->USB3 | <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 rtl8111H | <!--Opinion-->2022 64bit - 2 ddr4 dimm slots - 3rd Gen AMD Ryzen Desktop and AMD Ryzen 4000 G-Series CPU |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |} ===== (Socket AM5 LGA1718 Zen4 2022/2x)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asrock Steel Legend | <!--Chipset-->x670e | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->NVMe | <!--Gfx-->PCI-e rnda2 | <!--Audio-->HD audio | <!--USB-->USB3 | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->2022 64bit - ddr5 ecc (10 chip) and non-ecc (8 chips) 64Gb @ 6000Mhz or 128GB @ 4800Mhz - |- | <!--Name-->Asrock TaiChi | <!--Chipset-->x670e | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->NVMe | <!--Gfx-->PCI-e rnda2 | <!--Audio-->HD Audio | <!--USB-->USB4 with Thunderbolt 4 equivalent | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Realtek killer E3000 2.5GbE}} | <!--Opinion-->2022 64bit - ddr5 ecc (10 chip) and non-ecc (8 chips) |- | <!--Name-->Asus ROG Crosshair Hero | <!--Chipset-->x670e | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->PCIe rnda2 | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->2022 64bit |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->x670e | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->rnda3 | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->2022 64bit 7950x3d 120W, 7900 7800 7600 90W |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->x670e | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->rnda3 | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->2022 64bit |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus B650E-I | <!--Chipset-->B650 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->NVMe | <!--Gfx-->pci-e 5 | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->2023 - better sound with an actual AMP, PCIe 5, USB-C display outs - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->x650 B650 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->x650 B650 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->x650 B650 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MAXSUN AMD Challenger B650M WIFI M-ATX (aka Soyo) | <!--Chipset-->B650 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI b650i mini itx | <!--Chipset-->B650 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->NVMe | <!--Gfx-->pci-e 4 | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek | <!--Opinion-->2023 - front panel connectors at the back of the board - dead rear nvme slot and a drained CMOS battery as the CMOS button being pressed during shipping - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->A620M Zen4 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->A620M | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->A620M | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->A620M | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> Zen5 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> Zen6 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} ===== (Zen? AM? 203x/3x)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} ====Intel==== [[#top|...to the top]] =====Socket 370 (2000/2)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Intel D815EEA | <!--Chipset-->866Mhz P3 and i815 chipset | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Nvidia AGPx8 6200LE added}} | <!--Audio-->{{N/A}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|2 USB1.1}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} | <!--Opinion-->Tested AspireOS 1.7, simple basic board with useful 5 PCI slots |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |} =====Socket 478 (2002/4)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->[http://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&sl=zh-CN&u=http://detail.zol.com.cn/motherboard/index46381.shtml&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dc.865pe.l%2Bmotherboard%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DsZB%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official Colorful Technology C.865PE-L Silver Fighter Warrior V2.3] | <!--Chipset-->865PE | <!--ACPI-->{{dunno| }} | <!--IDE-->{{Yes|tested with CDROM}} | <!--SATA-->{{dunno| }} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|AGP slot}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|ALC650 AC97}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|USB 1.1 and 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL 8100 8139}} | <!--Opinion-->Still testing with NB (Nightly Build) May 2013 |- | <!--Name-->Intel 845 | <!--Chipset-->865P | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{No|intel 800}} | <!--Audio-->{{No|AC97 AD1985}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|USB1.1 and USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|e1000}} | <!--Opinion-->Tested ICAROS 1.3 |- | <!--Name-->Intel 845 | <!--Chipset-->865GC | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{No|intel 865 Extreme Graphics 2}} | <!--Audio-->{{No|AC97 AD1985}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|USB1.1 and USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|e1000}} | <!--Opinion-->Tested ICAROS 1.3 |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket LGA775 s775 (2005/8)===== an industry standard DDR2 module could in theory contain fallback JEDEC, intel XMP and AMD EPP configuration data Intel PC CL5 ram modules but an "AMD" CL5 ram module the BIOS cannot read the AMD EPP info on the SPD (Serial Presence Detect) but can recognize the CL5 timing info in the JEDEC data table. PC BIOS auto configures for the AMD ram module and boots normally. an AMD PC CL6 ram modules but an "INTEL" CL6 ram module the BIOS cannot read the INTEL XMP info on the SPD but can recognize the CL6 timing info in JEDEC data table. PC BIOS auto configures for the AMD ram module and boots normally. an INTEL PC needs CL6 ram modules but have an "AMD" CL4 ram module. INTEL BIOS cannot read the AMD EPP info on the SPD but can recognize the CL4 timing info in JEDEC data table. PC BIOS recognizes module timings as incompatible an refuses to boot. entirely separate issue if the RAM module timing specs are incompatible.(i.e. CL4 RAM in a "CL6 only" PC) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Abit AG8 | <!--Chipset-->P915 + ICH6R | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->4 ports SATA1 | <!--Gfx-->1 PCIe x16 Slot | <!--Audio-->Realtek ALC658 AC97 | <!--USB-->4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8110S-32 | <!--Opinion-->2004 32bit - Firewire TI 4200R7T no |- | <!--Name-->MSI 915 Neo2 | <!--Chipset-->P915 + ICH6R | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->4 ports SATA1 | <!--Gfx-->1 PCIe x16 Slot | <!--Audio-->CMI 9880L HD Audio | <!--USB-->4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcomm BCM5751 PCIe}} | <!--Opinion-->Firewire VIA VT6306 no |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus P5GC P5GC-MX | <!--Chipset-->P945GC Lakeport-GC + ICH7R northbridge | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->4 SATA1 3.0 Gbit/s ports | <!--Gfx-->1 PCIe 1.1 slot | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with ALC662 codec | <!--USB-->{{yes|2 usb2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|atheros L2}} | <!--Opinion-->2005 32bit - 3 pci slots - 4 x 240-pin DIMM Sockets max. 4GB DDR2 667/533 non-ECC - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Foxconn PC45CM-SA 45CM-S | <!--Chipset-->945GC with ICH7 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->4 sata2 ports | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|pcie 1.0 slot with gma950 integrated}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD audio with aLC883 codec playback}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|realtek 8139 8100sc}} | <!--Opinion-->2 dimm slots 667mhz max 4gb - can be found in Advent desktops - 2 pci-e and 2 pci - core 2 duo only e6xxx - Micro ATX (9.6” x 8.8”) - |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-81945GM MFY-RH | <!--Chipset-->Intel® 945GM Express with ICH7M-DH | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|GMA950 VGA15 and PCI-e 1.0 slot}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with ALC880 codec playback only rear port}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|4 usb 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel PRO1000PL 82573L Gigabit Ethernet}} | <!--Opinion-->2006 MoDT term “Mobile on DeskTop.”, low TDP CPUs to work on desktop form-factor motherboards. mATX Micro ATX 24.4cm x 24.4cm - 2 DDR2 dimm 1.8v slots with 4Gb max - will not boot if PCI2 slot occupied - |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-945 GCM S2C | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC662 (1.x)}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|8101E Rtl 8169 (1.x)}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA945-GCM S2L | <!--Chipset-->945GC with ICH7 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->4 SATA1 ports | <!--Gfx-->PCi-E slot | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|Intel HD Audio with ALC662 codec 2/4/5.1-channel (1.x)}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|4 USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek 8111c 8169 (1.x)}} | <!--Opinion-->2 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM 4GB DDR2 memory max - 2 PCI-e and 2 PCI - Micro ATX form factor; 24.4cm x 19.3cm - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI 945P Neo-F rev 1.0 | <!--Chipset-->P945 + ICH7 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->4 SATA1 ports | <!--Gfx-->PCie 1.0 slot | <!--Audio-->ALC662 HDA | <!--USB-->4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->8110SC (rtl8169) | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI 945P Neo2-F rev 1.2 | <!--Chipset-->P945 + ICH7 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->4 SATA1 ports | <!--Gfx-->PCie 1.0 slot | <!--Audio-->ALC850 AC97 | <!--USB-->4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->8110SC (rtl8169) | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-P31-DS3L | <!--Chipset-->P31 with ICH7 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->PCI Express x16 | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with ALC888 codec | <!--USB-->4 USB 2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111B | <!--Opinion-->DDR2 800Mhz up to 4Gb 4 x 240 pin - 3 PCI - ATX 12.0" x 8.3" - |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus P5KPL-AM /PS | <!--Chipset-->G31 with ICH7 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->4 xSATA 3 Gbit/s ports | <!--Gfx-->PCIe 1.1 with integrated Intel® GMA 3100 | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with VIA VT1708B with ALC662 codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8102EL 100/10 LAN with Realtek RTL8111C Gigabit LAN | <!--Opinion-->2 x 2 GB DDR2 Non-ECC,Un-buffered DIMMs with 2 PCI - Intel Graphics Media Accelerator - |- | <!--Name-->Asus P5KPL/EPU | <!--Chipset-->G31 with ICH7 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Pci-e 1.0 slot | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD audio with ALC887 codec}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL8169 Realtek 8111C}} | <!--Opinion-->Tested - 4 240-pin DIMM, Max. 4 GB - 4 pci-e and 3 pci - ATX Form Factor 12 inch x 8.2 inch ( 30.5 cm x 20.8 cm ) - |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-G31M ES2L | <!--Chipset-->G31 plus ICH7 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel GMA 3100 2d}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|ALC883 (1.x), ALC883/888B (2.x)}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|RTL8111C (1.x), Atheros 8131 (2.x)}} | <!--Opinion-->reduces DRAM capacity to 4GB |- | <!--Name-->ASRock G31M-S r1.0 G31M-GS | <!--Chipset-->G31 + ICH7 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->{{maybe|4 sata2}} | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|GMA 3100 2d not 3d}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC662}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|4 USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{partial|rtl8169 RTL8111DL 8169 (for -GS) RTL8102EL (for -S)}} | <!--Opinion-->2007 64bit Core2 - 2 DDR2 800 max 8Gig AMI bios MicroATX - |- | <!--Name-->ASRock G31M-S r2.0 | <!--Chipset-->G31 + ICH7 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->{{maybe|4 sata2}} | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|GMA 3100 2d not 3d}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC662}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|4 USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL 8111DL 8169}} | <!--Opinion-->2008 64bit core2 - 2 DDR2 800 max 8Gig MicroATX |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.intel.com/cd/channel/reseller/apac/eng/products/desktop/bdb/dg31pr/feature/index.htm Intel DG31PR] | <!--Chipset-->iG31 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|3100 but can use PCIe 1.1 slot}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC888 playback}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8111B Rtl 8169}} | <!--Opinion-->good support |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->Intel G33 Express Chipset with ich9 southbridge | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Intel 3100 powervr tile based | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->2008 64bit - embedded on Core 2 Quad, Core 2 Duo, Pentium Dual-Core CPUS with Integrated GPU Intel GMA 3100 - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->ASUS P5G41T-M LX | <!--Chipset-->G41 + ICH8 + DDR3 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe}} | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|X4500 some 2d only)}} | <!--Audio-->ALC887 | <!--USB-->3 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Atheros L1c AR8131}} | <!--Opinion-->reduces maximum supported memory ddr3 from 16 to 8GB 2 dimm slots non-EEC - demotes the PCIe controller mode from revision 2.0 (5.0GT/s) to revision 1.1 (2.5GT/s |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-G41MT S2 | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->VT1708S (1.3), ALC887-VD2 (1.4), ALC887 (2.1), | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Atheros AR8151 l1c (1.x 2.x), | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-G41MT S2PT | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->ALC887 (1.0), VIA (2.0), ALC887 (2.1) | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->RTL8111E (1.x), Atheros AR8151 l1c (2.1), | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-G41MT D3 | <!--Chipset-->G41 + ICH7 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 Port | <!--SATA-->4 Ports | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|GMA X4500 2d only and pci-e 1.1 slot}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC888B}} | <!--USB-->4 ports + headers | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8111 D/E}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-P41T D3P | <!--Chipset-->G41 + ICH7 with Intel Core 2 Duo (E6xxx) CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->4ports | <!--Gfx-->GMA X4500 2d | <!--Audio-->ALC888 889/892 | <!--USB-->4 ports | <!--Ethernet-->RTL 8111C or D/E | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Intel DG41AN Classic | <!--Chipset-->iG41 + | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->4 ports | <!--Gfx-->X4500 2d | <!--Audio-->ALC888S ALC888VC | <!--USB-->4 ports | <!--Ethernet-->8111E | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->AsRock P5B-DE | <!--Chipset-->P965 + ICH8 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|works ide legacy}} |<!--Gfx-->{{Yes|with PCI-E 1.1 slot}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio via VT1708S}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL8169}} | <!--Opinion-->2006 works well |- | <!--Name-->Asus P5B SE | <!--Chipset-->965 intel | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{Yes| }} | <!--SATA-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Gfx-->{{N/A}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio ALC662 codec}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->works well except ethernet |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus P5W DH Deluxe P5WDG2 WS PRO | <!--Chipset-->975X | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->2 ports | <!--Gfx-->2 PCIe x16 slots | <!--Audio-->ALC882 AND LATER ADI 1988B | <!--USB-->2 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell 88E8052 88E8053}} | <!--Opinion-->Firewire TI TSB43AB22A no |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Abit IP35 | <!--Chipset-->P35 Express + ICH9R | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->6 ports | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->ALC888 HDA | <!--USB-->4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->two RTL8110SC | <!--Opinion-->Firewire Texas TSB43 AB22A no |- | <!--Name-->MSI P35 Neo F FL MS-7630 rev 1 | <!--Chipset-->Intel P35 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->pci-e 1.1 support | <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC888 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek | <!--Opinion-->Base model of this range of P35 mobos |- | <!--Name-->GA-P35-DS3 | <!--Chipset-->P35 and ICH9 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->4 ports | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->HDAudio with Realtek ALC889A codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 Realtek 8111B | <!--Opinion-->2008 - 4 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM sockets max 8 GB - |- | <!--Name-->GA-EP35-DS3 (rev. 2.1) | <!--Chipset-->Intel® P35 + ICH9 Chipset | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{unk|}} | <!--SATA-->{{unk|4 }} | <!--Gfx-->pci-e | <!--Audio-->{{unk|Realtek ALC889A codec }} | <!--USB-->{{yes | }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8169 Realtek 8111B}} | <!--Opinion-->good |- | <!--Name-->Abit IX38 Quad GT | <!--Chipset-->X38 / ICH9R Chipset | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->6 ports | <!--Gfx-->PCI-E 2.0 slot | <!--Audio--> HD Audio ALC888 | <!--USB-->4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL 8110SC 8169SC | <!--Opinion-->Firewire Texas TSB 43AB22A no |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte X38-DQ6 | <!--Chipset-->X38 / ICH9R Chipset | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->6 ports | <!--Gfx-->PCI-E 2.0 slot | <!--Audio-->ALC889A HDA | <!--USB-->4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->twin 8111B 8169 | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-EP45 DS3 (2008) | <!--Chipset-->P45 + ICH9 or ICH10 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->6 x SATA 3Gbit/s (SATAII0, SATAII1, SATAII2, SATAII3, SATAII4, SATAII5) | <!--Gfx-->two PCI-E v2.0 x16 slots support splitting its 16 PCIe 2.0 lanes across two cards at x8 transfers | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with ALC888 or ALC889A codec | <!--USB-->6 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->2 x Realtek 8111C chips (10/100 /1000 Mbit) | <!--Opinion-->4 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM sockets non-EEC |- | <!--Name-->MSI P45 Platinum (2008) | <!--Chipset-->P45 + ICH9 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->6 sata2 ports | <!--Gfx-->two PCI-E x16 v2.0 slots | <!--Audio-->ALC888 HD Audio | <!--USB-->6 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->G45 + | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->adds Intel’s GMA X4500HD graphics engine to P45 Express features | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->G43 + | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->GMA X4500 2d | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->removes HD video acceleration from the G45’s features |- | <!--Name-->Asus P5E Deluxe | <!--Chipset--> X48 with ICH9 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with ADI 1988B codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Marvell 88E8001 | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->GigaByte GA-X48 DQ6 | <!--Chipset-->X48 plus ICH9R | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->8 ports | <!--Gfx-->two PCI-E x16 v2.0 slots | <!--Audio-->ALC889A | <!--USB-->8 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->RTL 8111B 8169 | <!--Opinion-->Firewire TSB43AB23 no - ICH9 pairs with Intel’s 3-series (X38, P35, etc.) chipsets, in addition to the X48 Express, but excluding the G35 Express |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte EP43-DS3L and Gigabyte GA-EP43-UD3L | <!--Chipset-->P43 with ICH10 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->6 x SATA 3Gbit/s connectors | <!--Gfx-->1 x PCI Express x16 slot PCI Express 2.0 standard | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with ALC888 codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->realtek 8111C | <!--Opinion-->4 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM sockets - 4 pcie x1 - 2 pci - ATX Form Factor; 30.5cm x 21.0cm |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte 73-pvm-s2h rev.1.0 | <!--Chipset-->NVIDIA GeForce 7100 nForce 630i | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{Yes|1 port}} | <!--SATA-->{{yes|3 ports SATA2}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa 2d GeForce 7100 (vga /hdmi/dvi), 1 PCIe x16 Slot }} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|Realtek ALC889A MCP73}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|7 USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|RTL 8211B MCP73}} | <!--Opinion-->Firewire Not, tested with Icaros Desktop 2.0.3 MCP73 is a single chip solution in three different versions |- | <!--Name-->Nvidia 7150 630i | <!--Chipset-->intel based nForce 630i (MCP73) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe|ide legacy}} | <!--GFX-->GF 7150 | <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD AUDIO ALC883}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|ohci echi}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|RTL8201C}} | <!--Opinion-->being tested |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->pci-e 2.0 x16 | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> the MCP73PV or the GeForce 7050/nForce 630i |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->the MCP73S or the GeForce7025/nForce 630i |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->the MCP73V or the GeForce 7025/nForce 610i |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Atom SOC (2008/2x)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->D945CLF | <!--Chipset-->N230 single core | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|GMA945}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC662}} Skt 441 | <!--USB-->{{yes|uhci and ehci}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8169}} | <!--Opinion-->works very well |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.clusteruk.com iMica D945GCKF2 mobo] | <!--Chipset-->Intel Atom N330 Dual Core | <!--ACPI-->wip | <!--IDE-->{{yes|IDE}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe}} | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|gma}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD AUDIO}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|uhci ehci}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8169}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->D945GSEJT + Morex T1610 | <!--Chipset-->Atom 230 with 945GSE | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe}} | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|GMA900 vga but issues with DVI output}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|HDAudio with ALC662 codec}} | <!--USB-->{{yes| }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8169 8111DL}} | <!--Opinion-->small size, runs off 12V |- | <!--Name-->ASUS AT3N7A-I | <!--Chipset-->Atom N330 Nvidia ION | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe|3 ports legacy IDE}} | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|nouveau cube cube 2 45 quake 3 }} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio with VIA 1708S codec playback}} | <!--USB-->{{yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8169 device}} | <!--Opinion--><ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EAiJpvu73iw</ref> good but can freeze randomly at times |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->D410PT 45nm pinetrail | <!--Chipset-->D410 and NM10 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe|ide legacy}} | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|GMA3150}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC262 or ALC66x odd clicks}} | <!--USB-->{{yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8111DL}} | <!--Opinion-->some support |- | <!--Name-->45nm pinetrail | <!--Chipset-->D510 and NM10 + GMA3150 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->GMA3150 | <!--Audio-->ALC888B or ALC66x | <!--USB-->{{yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->RTL8111DL | <!--Opinion-->some support |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-D525TUD (rev. 1.0 1.2 1.5) | <!--Chipset-->D525 NM10 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->gma 3150 | <!--Audio-->HDAudio ALC887 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 rtl8111f | <!--Opinion-->2012 64 - 2 ddr3 dimm slots max 8g - Mini-ITX Form Factor; 17.0cm x 17.0cm - |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- |} =====Socket 1366 (2009/10)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus P6T DELUXE | <!--Chipset-->x58 + ICH10 and Intel 1st gen. (Nehalem/Lynnfield) Core i7 (8xx) CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes|1 port}} | <!--SATA-->4 ports | <!--Gfx-->2 PCIe x16 (r2.0) slots | <!--Audio-->ADI AD2000B HD Audio | <!--USB-->{{yes|4 USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Marvell 88E8056 Gigabit}} | <!--Opinion-->Firewire VIA VT6308 no |- | <!--Name-->gigabyte ex58 ds | <!--Chipset--> x58 + ICH10 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111D rtl8169 | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket 1156 (2010)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Acer Aspire M3910 | <!--Chipset-->i3 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->{{unk| }} | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|VESA intel HD}} | <!--Audio-->{{unk|HDAudio with Realtek ALC}} | <!--USB-->{{yes| }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{unk| Realtek}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-H55M-S2H | <!--Chipset-->H55 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->PCIe slot | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|ALCxxx playback}} ALC888B (Rev1.x) | <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL8111D}} (Rev 1.x) | <!--Opinion-->Tested but no support for WLAN Realtek 8188su |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI H55M-E33 v1.0 | <!--Chipset-->E7636 M7636 H55 chipset so older i3/i5/i7 system | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio ALC889}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|PCI-E Realtek 8111DL}} | <!--Opinion-->Works well |- | <!--Name-->Asus P7P55D | <!--Chipset-->P55 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{unk| }} | <!--SATA-->{{unk| }} | <!--Gfx-->pci-e | <!--Audio-->{{maybe | via codec}} | <!--USB-->{{unk| }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{maybe |rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111B/C RTL8112L }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket LGA 1155 H2 (2010/13)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->ASUS P8H61-I LX R2.0 | <!--Chipset-->H61 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->4 sata | <!--Gfx-->1 pci-e slot | <!--Audio-->HDAudio | <!--USB-->USB3 | <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 8111f | <!--Opinion-->2013 - up to ivybridge cpus - 2 ddr3 dimm slots - |- | <!--Name-->Asus P8H61-I/RM/SI mini-itx | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->2 sata | <!--Gfx-->pci-e 2 | <!--Audio-->HDAudio | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->2012 64 up to i3-2010 - OEM board from an RM machine but not ivybridge as the Asus BIOS isn't compatible with these, 0909 hacked one might work - |- | <!--Name-->asus p8h61-i lx r2.0/rm/si mini itx | <!--Chipset-->h61 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->pci-e 2.0 | <!--Audio-->HDaudio with VIA codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 rtl8111e | <!--Opinion-->2012 sandy and ivy - oem from rm machine 2 x 240-Pin DDR3 DIMM sockets max DDR3 1333MHz - |- | <!--Name-->‎Bewinner 63q9c7omvs V301 ITX | <!--Chipset-->H61 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->4 sata with nvme | <!--Gfx-->pci-e 4 | <!--Audio-->HDAudio | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8106E 100M Network Card | <!--Opinion-->2022 64 |- | <!--Name-->Biostar H61 H61MHV2 H61MHV3 Ver. 7.0 | <!--Chipset-->H61 with Intel Pentium G 2xxx series CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->pci-e | <!--Audio-->Realtek ALC662 later ALC897 | <!--USB-->4 usb2 | <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111H | <!--Opinion-->2014 - 2 ddr3 dimm slots - |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-H61M-D2-B3 | <!--Chipset-->H61 + Sandybridge | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->4 ports sata2 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->ALC889 | <!--USB-->2 ports | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8111E | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-H61MA-D3V | <!--Chipset-->H61 + | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->4 ports sata2 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Maybe No Realtek ALC887 (Rev 2.0) ALC887 (Rev2.1) | <!--USB-->2 ports | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8111E | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->GA-H61M-S2PV | <!--Chipset-->H61 with 2400k 2500k 2600k 2700k | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->pci-e 2.0 slot | <!--Audio-->ALC887 (rev 1.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3) | <!--USB-->4 USB 2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->Rtl811E (1.0) 8151 (2.0) Rtl8111F (2.1 2.2 2.3) | <!--Opinion-->Micro ATX Form Factor; 24.4cm x 20cm with 2 pci-e and 2 pci - |- | <!--Name-->Intel Classic Series DH61CR Desktop | <!--Chipset-->H61 + | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->4 ports | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC892 | <!--USB-->4 ports | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel 82579V}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI H61M-P20 (G3) MS-7788 *retail MSI board *OEM Advent, etc | <!--Chipset-->H61 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{yes|four SATAII ports}} | <!--Gfx-->1 PCI Express gen3 (retail) gen2 (oem) x16 slot | <!--Audio-->{{yes|HDAudio ALC887 codec}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|Realtek 8105E 100M Network Card}} | <!--Opinion-->2012 64bit - 2 ddr3 slots - 22.6cm(L) x 17.3cm(W) M-ATX Form Factor - BIOS - [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1149&rowstart=140&pid=6009#post_6007 works well], |- | <!--Name-->MSI H61I-E35 (B3) MS-7677 Ver.1.2 | <!--Chipset-->H61 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|VESA 2d for hdmi}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1149&rowstart=140&pid=5861#post_5861 works}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus P8H67-M | <!--Chipset-->H67 + | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->2 sata3 - 4 sata2 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC887 | <!--USB-->6 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek® 8111E | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus P8Z68-V LX | <!--Chipset-->Z68 + Intel 2nd generation (Sandy Bridge) Core i7 (2xxx) CPU and possibly ivybridgev | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{yes|2 sata3 - 4 sata2}} | <!--Gfx-->pci-e slot | <!--Audio-->{{yes|HDAudio Intel HD with ALC887 codec}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|2 USB3.0 - 4 USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8169 Realtek® 8111E}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 64bit SSE 4.1 and AVX - EFI bios - 4 ddr3 dimm slots - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte Z68AP-D3 (B3) | <!--Chipset-->Z68 + Ivybridge | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->2 sata3 - 4 sata2 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC889 | <!--USB-->2 USB3.0 - 4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek® 8111E | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->H77 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-H77-D3H 1.0 1.1 | <!--Chipset-->H77 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->4 sata 3.0 | <!--Gfx-->pci-e | <!--Audio-->{{No|HDAudio VIA VT2021 codec}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Atheros GbE LAN chip}} | <!--Opinion-->2013 64bit i5 3550 7 3770 - 4 DDR3 slots - 2 full pci-e 2 pci slots - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA Z77 D3H with i3 3225 dual | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->pci-e | <!--Audio-->{{No|HDAudio VIA VT2021 codec}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Atheros GbE LAN chip}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket LGA 1150 H3 (2013/2016)===== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-H87N-WIFI mITX | <!--Chipset-->H87 and Intel 4th generation (Haswell) Core i5 (4xxx) CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC892 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Intel Atheros | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus H81M-C H81M-P-SI | <!--Chipset-->H81 with 4th generation (Haswell) Core i7 (4xxx) CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->2x3g 2x6g | <!--Gfx-->pci-e slot | <!--Audio-->hdaudio alc887 vd | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->realtek 8111gr | <!--Opinion-->skt 1150 - 2 ddr3 max 16g - mini atx - |- | <!--Name-->Asus H81T | <!--Chipset-->H81 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->2 sata | <!--Gfx-->HD4000 igpu only | <!--Audio-->HDAudio ALC887-VD | <!--USB-->Intel USB3 | <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 realtek 8111G | <!--Opinion-->2013 64bit intel 4th gen mini itx - external dc brick with 19v rare barrel pin 7.4MM x 5.0MM - 2 ddr3 laptop sodimm slots - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-H81M-S2V | <!--Chipset-->H81 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A|}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->pci-e | <!--Audio-->HDAudio ALC887 | <!--USB-->USB3 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek® GbE LAN chip | <!--Opinion-->2014 64bit up to i7 4790K - 2 DDR3 slots - |- | <!--Name-->GA-H81M-D3V (rev. 1.0) | <!--Chipset-->H81 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A| }} | <!--SATA-->{{yes|2 sata2 2 sata3 }} | <!--Gfx-->pci-e | <!--Audio-->{{unk| HDAudio Realtek® ALC887 codec}} | <!--USB-->{{unk|intel and VIA® VL805}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{unk|rtl8169 Realtek }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus Z87-K | <!--Chipset-->Z87 with 4th generation (Haswell) Core i7 4c8t i5 4c4t CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->pci-e | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek lan | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-Z87X-UD3H | <!--Chipset-->Z87 Express | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->pci-e | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with Realtek® ALC898 codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->intel | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA H97M D3H r1.0 r1.1 with i3 4360 or 4370 dual | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->pci-e | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC892 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek lan | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus Z97 A with i7 4790K | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->750, 960, 970 and 980 nvidia GTX cards | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->intel lan ethernet | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA Z97X UD3H rev1.0 1.1 1.2 | <!--Chipset-->Z97 with i5 4690K | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->HDaudio with ALC1150 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->intel lan | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI GAMING 5 Z97 | <!--Chipset-->Z97 with 4th generation (Haswell) Core i7 4c8t CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->ASUS Q87M-E | <!--Chipset-->Q87 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->2014 64bit - 4 DDR3 slots - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->H99 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket LGA 1151 Socket H4 (2015/2018)===== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->Skylake CPUs have TPM 2.0 imbedded |- | <!--Name-->Asus H110 Plus H110M-A/DP | <!--Chipset--> with 6th Gen Core and 7th with bios update | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->Sunrise Point-H SATA [AHCI mode] [8086 a102] | <!--Gfx-->{{No|Skylake Integrated HD Graphics use PIC-E slot}} | <!--Audio-->Intel HD Audio with Realtek ALC887 Audio CODEC | <!--USB-->Sunrise Point-H USB 3.0 xHCI [8086: a12f] no usb2.0 fallback | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek 8111GR or 8111H RTL8111 8168 8411}} | <!--Opinion-->ATX with 3 pci-e and 2 DDR4 slots - uatx version smaller - turn off TLSF as it was causing AHI driver to corrupt. Turned off ACPI for errors but works fine once booted - |- | <!--Name-->ASUS H110M-R M-ATX | <!--Chipset-->H110 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->4 x SATA 6Gb/s | <!--Gfx-->pci-e | <!--Audio-->HDAudio Realtek® ALC887 codec | <!--USB-->Intel USB3 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek® RTL8111H | <!--Opinion-->2016 64bit 6th Gen Skylake Core™ i7/Core™ 6950X i7-6970HQ i7-6700K 4c8t hyperthreading, i5/Core™ i5-6600K 4c4t i3/Pentium® / Celeron® - 2 DDR4 DIMMS Max 32GB 2133MHz - 1 full pci-e and 2 pci-e 1 - |- | <!--Name-->Asus H110T | <!--Chipset-->H110 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->2 sata | <!--Gfx-->intel igpu only | <!--Audio-->HDaudio | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Dual Intel/Realtek GbE languard | <!--Opinion-->2016 - mini itx 12v / 19v laptop type rare barrel pin 7.4MM x 5.0MM - 2 sodimm ddr4 slots - no pci-e slot - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-H110M-S2H MATX Rev1.0 | <!--Chipset-->H110 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->4 sata | <!--Gfx-->pci-e 3.0 | <!--Audio-->Realtek® ALC887 codec | <!--USB-->2 (USB 3.1 Gen 1) ports with 4 us2 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek® GbE LAN | <!--Opinion--> 2 ddr4 slots |- | <!--Name-->Msi H110M-PRO-VH | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->4 x SATA 6Gb/s | <!--Gfx-->pci-e 3.0 | <!--Audio--> Realtek® ALC887 Codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 rtl8111h | <!--Opinion--> 6th gen intel - 2 ddr4 slots |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus H170 Pro Gaming | <!--Chipset-->H170 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->4 sata | <!--Gfx-->pci-e | <!--Audio-->HDAudio | <!--USB-->Asmedia USB3.1/3.0 | <!--Ethernet-->intel lan | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI Z170A TOMAHAWK | <!--Chipset-->Z170 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->4 sara, 1 x 2280 Key M(PCIe Gen3 x4/SATA), 1 x 2230 Key E(Wi-Fi) | <!--Gfx-->pci-e | <!--Audio-->HDAudio | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->intel lan | <!--Opinion-->2016 64bit up to i7 7700k - 2 DDR4 - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->GIGABYTE GA-B250M-DS3H HD3P D3H D2V | <!--Chipset-->B250 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->2018 coffee lake intel 8th gen |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus | <!--Chipset--> with Kaby Lake X Intel 7th Gen | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> up to 16 pcie lanes |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus | <!--Chipset--> Z390 with Kaby Lake X | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> up to 16 pcie lanes |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> Q370M | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> H370M | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> B360M | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus Rampage | <!--Chipset-->x299 with i9 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> - up to 24 to 44 pcie lanes |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte | <!--Chipset--X299 > | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |} =====Socket LGA 1200 (2020/2022)===== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->MSI H510M-A PRO (MS-7D22) | <!--Chipset--> with 10th gen Comet Lake X | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->2021 64bit - up to 16 pcie lanes rebar possible |- | <!--Name-->Asus PRIME H410M-E Asrock H470M-HDV/M.2 | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus | <!--Chipset--> with 11th gen Rocket Lake X | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> up to 16 pcie lanes |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |} =====Socket LGA 1700 (2023/ )===== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->Alder Lake / 14th gen Raptor Lake | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->2021 2022 64bit - QoS work to 2 level cpus, P down to E cores - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->Meteor Lake / 15th gen Arrow Lake | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->2023 2024 64bit 10nm - 3 level cpus, Low Power Island (SOC tile) to E onto P cores - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->Lunar lake | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 64bit 7nm - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} ===Chromebooks=== For most (EOL) cromebooks, the recommended UEFI path forward is to: *put the device into Developer Mode *disable firmware write protection *flash MrChromebox's UEFI Full ROM firmware *install ChromeOS Flex, Linux, etc See [https://mrchromebox.tech/#home MrChrome], [https://mrchromebox.tech MrChrome] and the [https://www.reddit.com/r/chrultrabook/ chrultrabook subreddit] for more info ChromeOS has several different boot modes, which are important to understand in the context of modifying your device to run an alternate OS: *Normal/Verified Boot Mode Can only boot Google-signed ChromeOS images Full verification of firmware and OS kernel No root access to the system, no ability to run Linux or boot other OSes Automatically enters Recovery Mode if any step of Verified Boot fails Default / out-of-the-box setting for all ChromeOS devices *Recovery Mode User presented with Recovery Mode boot screen (white screen with 'ChromeOS is missing or damaged') Boots only USB/SD with signed Google recovery image Automatically entered when Verified Boot Mode fails Can be manually invoked: On Chromebooks, via keystroke: [ESC+Refresh+Power] On Chromeboxes, by pressing a physical recovery button at power-on On Convertibles/Tablets, by holding the Power, Vol+, and Vol- buttons for 10s and then release Allows for transition from Verified Boot Mode to Developer Mode On Chromebooks/Chromeboxes, via keystroke: [CTRL+D] On Convertibles/Tablets, via button press: Vol+/Vol- simultaneously Booting recovery media on USB/SD will repartition/reformat internal storage and reload ChromeOS Note: The ChromeOS recovery process does not reset the firmware boot flags (GBB Flags), so if those are changed from the default, they will still need to be reset for factory default post-recovery. *Developer Mode "Jailbreak" mode built-in to every ChromeOS device Loosened security restrictions, allows root/shell access, ability to run Linux via crouton Verified Boot (signature checking) disabled by default, but can be re-enabled Enabled via [CTRL+D] on the Recovery Mode boot screen Boots to the developer mode boot screen (white screen with 'OS verification is off' text), The user can select via keystroke <pre> ChromeOS (in developer mode) on internal storage ( [CTRL+D] ) ChromeOS/ChromiumOS on USB ( [CTRL+U] ) Legacy Boot Mode ( [CTRL+L] ) </pre> Boot screen displays the ChromeOS device/board name in the hardware ID string (eg, PANTHER F5U-C92, which is useful to know in the context of device recovery, firmware support, or in determining what steps are required to install a given alternate OS on the device. *Legacy Boot Mode Unsupported method for booting alternate OSes (Linux, Windows) via the SeaBIOS RW_LEGACY firmware Accessed via [CTRL+L] on the developer mode boot screen Requires explicit enabling in Developer Mode via command line: sudo crossystem dev_boot_legacy=1 Most ChromeOS devices require a RW_LEGACY firmware update first Boots to the (black) SeaBIOS splash screen; if multiple boot devices are available, prompt shows the boot menu Note: If you hear two beeps after pressing [CTRL+L], then either your device doesn't have a valid Legacy Boot Mode / RW_LEGACY firmware installed, or legacy boot capability has not been been enabled via crossystem. https://www.howtogeek.com/278953/how-to-install-windows-on-a-chromebook/ Chromebooks don’t officially support other OSs. You normally can’t even install as Chromebooks ship with a special type of BIOS designed for Chrome OS. But there are ways to install, if you’re willing to get your hands dirty and potentially ruin everything [https://mrchromebox.tech/#devices Firmware Compatibility] [https://wiki.galliumos.org/Hardware_Compatibility Here is the list of hardware that the GalliumOS supports and information on getting Gallium OS on to those devices] Development on GalliumOS has been discontinued, and for most users, GalliumOS is not the best option for running Linux due to lack of hardware support or a kernel that's out of date and lacking important security fixes. Meet Eupnea and Depthboot, the successors to Galliumos and Breath [https://eupnea-linux.github.io This is the bleeding edge] Most older Chromebooks need the write-protect screw removed in order to install MrChromebox's firmware that allows you to install other operating systems. Most newer Chromebooks don't work in the same way as there is no write-protect screw on them. Very rough guide to '''total''' (i.e. all cores / threads) processor performance (AROS usually uses only the [https://gmplib.org/gmpbench one core]) [[#top|...to the top]] <pre> 060000 AMD Ryzen 9 7900X (AM5 170W) 056000 AMD Ryzen 9 5950X 055000 AMD Ryzen 9 5900X3D 053000 AMD Ryzen 9 5900X (AM4 105W), AMD Ryzen 9 3950X (105W), 049000 AMD Ryzen 9 PRO 7940HS (FP8 65W) 048000 AMD Ryzen 7 5800X3D, 047000 AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 7840HS (FP7 65W), AMD Ryzen 7 8840HS, AMD Ryzen Z2 Extreme, 045000 AMD Ryzen 9 6900HX, Intel Core i7-12800H 044000 AMD Ryzen 7 5700G (AM4 ), AMD Ryzen 9 6900HS, 043000 Intel Core i5-13500H, AMD Ryzen 5 5600X3D (AM4 95W), AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 5750GE (AM4 35W) 042000 AMD Ryzen 7 5700GE (AM4 35W), AMD Ryzen Z1 Extreme (top TDP), AMD Ryzen 5 8600G, 041500 AMD Ryzen 9 5900HS, Intel Core i7-12700T, AMD Ryzen 7 7735HS (8c16t 45W), AMD 8840U, 041000 AMD Ryzen 7 5800H (FP6 45W), AMD Ryzen 5 5600 (65W), 040000 AMD Ryzen 7 6800U, Intel Core i5-12490F, Intel Core i5-12500E, 039000 AMD Ryzen 7 5800HS (FP6 35W), AMD Ryzen 5 8500G 8600GE, AMD Ryzen Z2 (8c16t), 037000 AMD Ryzen 5 6600H, AMD Ryzen 3 7736U, AMD Ryzen 5 7640U, 036000 AMD Ryzen 5 3600X (95W), AMD Ryzen 5 5500 (AM4 65W), 035000 AMD Ryzen 5 6600U, Intel Core i5-11400F, AMD Ryzen 5 5600H, 034000 AMD Ryzen 7 7730U (FP6 15W 8c16t), AMD Ryzen 5 8540U, AMD Ryzen 4800H, AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 5650GE, 033000 AMD Ryzen 7 5800U (FP6 25W 8c16t), AMD Ryzen 7 4800HS, AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 4750GE, 032500 AMD Ryzen 7 2700X, AMD Ryzen 5 5600GE (AM4 35W), AMD Ryzen Z1, AMD Ryzen 7 7840U, 032000 AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 4650G (AM4 45W), AMD Ryzen 7 4800U, AMD Ryzen 7 5825U (FP6 8c16t 15W), 031500 AMD Ryzen 7 5700U (FP6 25W 8c16t Zen2), AMD Ryzen 5 4500 (AM4 65W), AMD Ryzen 5 3600 (65W), 029000 AMD Ryzen 5 4600G (AM4 65W), AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 4650GE (AM4 35W), AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 1700X (AM4 95W), 028500 AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 5675U, AMD Ryzen 7 1700 (AM4 65W), AMD Ryzen 7 2700 (65W), M3 Pro 12c, 028000 AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 5650U, AMD Ryzen 5 4400G, AMD Ryzen 5 5560U (FP6 25W 6c12t Zen3), 027000 AMD Ryzen 5 5600U (FP6 25W 6c12t), AMD Ryzen 5 5625U (FP6 15W 6c12t), 026500 AMD Ryzen 5 4600HS (FP6 35W 6c12t), Apple M1 Pro, 026000 AMD Ryzen 3 PRO 5350GE (AM4 35W), AMD Ryzen 5 2600 (65W), AMD Ryzen 5 3500X (AM4 95W), 025000 AMD Ryzen 5 5500U (FP6 25W 6c12t Zen2), AMD Ryzen 3 5300GE, AMD Ryzen 7 4700U (FP6 25W 8c8t), 024000 AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 4650U, AMD Ryzen 5 1600X (95W), AMD Ryzen V3C18I (? 15W), 023000 AMD Ryzen 3 7330U (FP6 15W 4c8t), AMD Ryzen 5 4600U (FP6 25W 6c12t), 022800 AMD Ryzen 3 5400U, Intel Core i5-11300H, AMD Ryzen Z2 Go (4c8t), 022000 AMD Ryzen 5 4500U (FP6 25W 6c6t), AMD Ryzen 3 5450U 5425U, 021500 AMD Ryzen 3 PRO 4350GE (AM4 35W), AMD Ryzen 3 4300G (AM4 65W), 019500 Intel Core i5-1135G7, AMD Ryzen 5 5500H, AMD Ryzen 3 PRO 4200GE, 019000 AMD Ryzen 5 3400G (AM4 65W), AMD Ryzen 5 2500X, AMD Ryzen 5 7520U, 017750 AMD Ryzen 5 3400GE (AM4 35W), Intel Core i5-8400, AMD Ryzen 5 1500X (AM4 65W), 017500 AMD Ryzen 3 5300U (FP6 25W 4c8t), Intel Core i7-6700K, Intel i5-10400, 016600 AMD Athlon Gold PRO 4150GE, Intel Core i7-6700, 016500 AMD Ryzen 7 3750H, AMD Ryzen Embedded V1756B (FP5 45W), 016000 AMD Ryzen 5 2400G (AM4 65W), AMD Ryzen 5 3550H, Intel Core i7-6700T, 015500 AMD Ryzen 3 7320U, 014500 AMD Ryzen 5 2400GE (AM4 35W), Intel Core i5-8500T, AMD Ryzen 2700U, AMD Ryzen 5 3550U, 014000 AMD Ryzen 5 3500U (FP5 15W 4c8t), AMD Ryzen 3 4300U, AMD Ryzen 3 3200G (AM4 65W), 013250 AMD Ryzen 3 3200GE (AM4 45W), AMD Ryzen 3 1300X (65W), AMD Ryzen 3 2200G, 013000 AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 2500U (FP4 25W), AMD Ryzen Embedded V1605B (FP5 25W), 012500 AMD Ryzen 5 2500U (FP5 25W 4c8t), Intel Core i3-8300T, Intel Xeon X5680, 012300 Intel Core i7-8565U, Intel Core i5-8350U, Intel Core i7-8700, 012200 ARM Cortex-X3 Prime Snapdragon SD8G2 Gen2 4nm 64-bit Kryo CPU, 012000 AMD Ryzen 3 2200GE, AMD Ryzen 3 1200 (65W), 011500 AMD Ryzen 3 3300U, Intel Core i3-8100T, 010500 AMD Ryzen 3 2300U (FP5 25W 4c4t), 010300 Intel Core i7-3630QM, Intel Core i5-6600T, 010200 Intel Core i5-6440HQ, Intel Core i7-3610QM, 010000 AMD FX-8320E (AM3+ 125W 8c8t), Intel Core i5-7500T, Intel Core i5-4690, 008700 AMD FX-6130 (AM3+ 90W 6c6t), Intel Core i5-7400T, Intel Core i5-4590T, 008600 Intel Core i5-6500T, AMD Athlon 300GE (AM4, 35W), AMD Athlon Gold 7220U, 008200 AMD Ryzen R1606G (FP5 15W), AMD FX-6300 (AM3 65W 6c6t), Intel Core i5-2500K, 007600 AMD Ryzen 3 3200U, AMD Ryzen 3 3250U, Intel Alderlake ULX N100 / N95, 007200 AMD Ryzen 3 2200U (FP5 25W 2c4t), Intel Core i3-7100T, Intel Twinlakes N150 N200, 006900 AMD Ryzen R1505G (FP5, 15W), Intel Core i7-6600U, Qualcomm Snapdragon 888 5G, 006500 Intel Core i7-6500U, AMD Athlon Gold 3150U, Intel Celeron N5105 (FCBGA1338, 15W), 006300 Intel Core i3-8130 (15W), Intel Celeron N5095 (FCBGA1338 15W), 006100 Intel Core i5-6300U, Intel Core i5-7200U, Snapdragon 7325, 006060 AMD A10-6800B APU, Intel Core i5-4570T, Intel Core i5-5257U, 006000 Intel Core i5-6200U, Intel Core i3-7130U, Qualcomm Snapdragon 888 4G, 005900 AMD Athlon Silver 3050U, Intel Xeon X5550, Intel Core i5-4300M, ARM A76 RK3588, 005800 Intel Celeron J4125 J4105 (FCBGA1090 15W), Intel Core i5-3470T, AMD A8-6600K APU, 005600 Intel Core i5-3360M, Intel Core i7-3520M, Intel Core i5-4210M, ARM A76 RK3588S, 005400 ARM Cortex-A78 MediaTek Dimensity 1200 900, AMD Athlon Silver 7120U, Snapdragon 860, 005300 AMD PRO A12-9800B 7th Gen APU (FP4 15W), AMD FX-4300 4c4t, AMD Ryzen R1305G, 005200 AMD PRO A10-8770E, AMD A10-9700E, AMD PRO A10-9700B (FP4 15W), Intel Core i3-4130T, 005100 AMD RX-427BB (FP3 15W), AMD A10-9620P, AMD A12-9720P, Intel Core i5-5350U, 005100 AMD A8-5500 (FM2 65W), AMD A10 PRO-7800B APU, Intel Pentium Silver N5000, 005100 Intel Core i3-7100U (FCBGA1356 15W), Intel Core i7-5500U, Intel Core i3-6100U, 005000 Intel Core i5-5300U, Intel Core i5-3320M, AMD Athlon 300U, 004900 Intel Core i5-4300U, Intel Core i5-5200U, Intel Core i3-4100M, 004860 Intel Core i7-2620M, Intel Core i7-2640M, 004650 Intel Core i5-2520M, Intel Core i5-3210M, AMD A10-9600P (FP4 4c 15W), 004600 AMD PRO A8-9600B, AMD PRO A12-8830B, AMD PRO A10-8730B, AMD A12-9700P, 004400 AMD A10-8700P A8-8600P, Intel Core i5-4200U, Intel Core i5-2540M, 004000 Intel Core i5-2430M, AMD PRO A8-8600B, AMD 3020e, MT6797, 003850 Intel Core i5-2410M, Intel Core i3-2120 (LGA1155 65W), 003800 AMD A10-4600M APU, AMD A10 PRO-7350B APU, AMD A10-5750M APU, 003600 AMD A8-6500T APU, AMD A8-7410 APU, AMD PRO A6-8550B, AMD A8-5550M APU 003500 AMD GX-424CC SOC (FT3b 25W 4c4t), Intel Core i3-4000M, 003450 ARM A75 Unisoc Tiger T610 (8c 5W), 003400 AMD A10-7300 APU, AMD A6-7310 APU, AMD A8-6410, AMD A10-5745M APU 003350 Intel Pentium G2020, Intel Core i3-3120M, AMD R-464L APU, 003300 AMD GX-420CA SOC (FT3 BGA769 25W), AMD A6-9500E, 003200 AMD A6-6310 APU, AMD A6-6400B APU, AMD A6-8570E, AMD A8-4500M APU, AMD A6-7400K APU 003000 AMD A8-7150B, AMD A9-9410 / A9-9425, AMD A6-8500B (FP4 15W), AMD A8-7100, 002900 AMD PRO A6-8530B, AMD A6-8500P, AMD A8-3500M APU, Intel Core i3-2120T, 002700 AMD Embedded GX-420GI (FP4 15W), AMD PRO A6-9500B, AMD GX-415GA, AMD A4-6210 APU, 002600 AMD A6-9225, AMD A8-4555M APU, 002500 AMD A4-5000 APU (FT3 15W), AMD A6-9220, AMD A6-3420M APU, 002450 Intel Celeron 2950M, Intel Pentium N3700, Intel Core i3-2350M, 002400 Intel Celeron N3150, Intel Core i3-2330M, Intel Xeon W3505, 002300 Intel Celeron N3350, AMD A4-9120, AMD A4-9125, Intel Core i3-2310M, 002200 AMD A9-9420e, AMD A6-5350M APU, AMD E2-6110 APU, AMD A6-9210, AMD E2-9000e, 002000 AMD GX-412HC, AMD A4-4300M APU, AMD A6 PRO-7050B APU, AMD A6-4400M APU, AMD A6-7000, 001925 Intel Core2 Duo E6700, Intel Pentium Extreme Edition 965, Intel Core i3-370M, 001750 Intel Core i3-2365M 2375M, AMD A4-9120C, Intel Core2 Duo T8300, AMD E2-3800, Qualcomm MSM8939, 001600 AMD GX-222GC (BGA769 FT3b 15W), AMD A4-9120e, AMD Embedded GX-215JJ, AMD A4-4355M APU, 001550 Intel Core2 Duo SL9400 T7600 T6600, AMD E2-3200, AMD A6-9220e, MT8783, 001500 AMD GX-218GL SOC, AMD A6-4455M, AMD A4-5150M APU, ARM A55 RK3566 (4c 3W), 001400 AMD GX-217GA SOC, ARM Cortex-A53 4c4t H700, Allwinner A133P, AMD A4-3300M APU, 001300 AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-64 TL-62, Intel Core2 Duo T7300, Intel Core2 Duo T5600, 001250 AMD GX-412TC SOC, AMD A4-3320M APU, AMD Athlon 64 X2 QL-66, Intel Core2 Duo T7200 001200 AMD Athlon 64 X2 2c TK-57, AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-60 RM-74, AMD E1-2500 APU 001150 Intel Core2 Duo T5550, Intel Core2 Duo L7500, AMD E2-3000M APU, ARM A35 RK3266, 001100 Intel Core2 Duo T5300, AMD Athlon 64 X2 3800, Intel Core2 Duo E4300, MT8127, 001050 AMD E1-6010 APU, Intel Pentium T4300, 001050 AMD Athlon 64 FX-57, AMD Athlon 64 X2 Dual-Core TK-55, AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-52 001000 Intel Core2 Duo T5500, Intel Core2 Duo L7300, Intel Core2 Duo SU9400, 000950 AMD G-T56N, AMD Athlon 64 3100+, AMD E2-2000 APU, 000950 AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-50, AMD E1-2200 APU, Intel Celeron U3400, 000925 AMD TurionX2 Dual Core Mobile RM-72, AMD Sempron 140 000920 Intel Celeron SU2300, Intel Core2 Duo T5200, AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-56 000890 AMD E2-1800 APU, AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-58 000880 AMD G-T56E, AMD G-T48E, 000860 AMD E-450 APU, AMD E-350 APU, AMD Athlon LE-1620 000820 AMD A4-1250 APU, AMD Athlon LE-1600, 000810 AMD E1-2100 APU, Intel Core Duo T2500, 000810 Intel Atom D510, Intel Core2 Duo U7500, 000800 AMD Geode NX 2400+, AMD Turion 64 Mobile ML-42, AMD Athlon II Neo K325, 000760 AMD V140, AMD E1-1200 APU, AMD Athlon 64 3300+, 000730 Intel Core Duo T2400, AMD Turion 64 Mobile MK-38, AMD Sempron 3600+, 000700 Intel Core2 Duo U7600 U7700, AMD Sempron LE-1200, AMD V120 000680 AMD GX-212JC SOC, AMD E-300 APU, AMD A4-1200 APU, 000670 AMD Turion 64 Mobile MK-36 ML-37 ML-40, Mobile AMD Sempron 3800+ 000640 Intel Atom N2600, Intel Atom N570, Mobile AMD Athlon 64 3200+ 000640 Intel Core Duo T2300, Intel Core Duo T2050, 000630 VIA Eden X2 U4200, AMD Sempron LE-1100, AMD Sempron 3100+ 3600+, 000620 AMD C-70 C70 APU, Intel Atom 330, AMD G-T40N, AMD Athlon Neo MV-40, 000610 Intel Core2 Duo U7300, AMD Athlon II Neo K125 K145, 000600 Intel Atom N550, Intel Pentium 4, AMD Athlon 64 2800+, 000580 AMD C-60 C60, AMD G-T40E, AMD Sempron LE-1250 000530 AMD C-50 C50, Intel Celeron M 723, AMD Sempron 210U, 000490 AMD GX-210JA SOC, 000470 Mobile AMD Sempron 3500+, Mobile AMD Athlon XP-M 2200+, 000460 AMD Athlon XP 2500+, AMD Sempron 3500+, Mobile Intel Pentium 4, 000440 Intel Atom D425, Intel Atom N470, PowerPC 970 G5 (2c), 000410 Intel Pentium M, Intel Celeron M, AMD Sempron 2300+ 000400 Intel Atom N450, AMD Sempron 2400+, POWER 4 PPC, 000360 Intel Atom D410, AMD G-T52R, AMD C-30, AMD Sempron 2200+ 000350 Intel Atom N455, Intel Atom N280, Intel Atom N270 (1c1t 2W), Intel P3, 000330 Freescale NXP QorIQ P1022 000320 PPC440 core 000300 PowerPC G4 7447 1Ghz (1c1t 15W), </pre> === Recommended hardware (32-bit) === [[#top|...to the top]] Recommended hardware is hardware that has been tested with latest release of AROS and is relatively easy to purchase second hand (ie. ebay). This hardware also comes with commitment that compatibility will be maintained with each future release. If in future decision will be made to drop any of the recommended hardware from the list (for example due to it no longer being available for purchase), such hardware will move to list of legacy supported systems and will have an indicated end of life date so that users have time to switch to other hardware. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" | <!--OK-->{{Yes|'''Works well'''}} || <!--Not working-->{{No|'''Does not work'''}} || <!--Not applicable-->{{N/A|'''N/A not applicable'''}} |- |} ==== Virtual Hardware ==== {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Name ! width="5%" |Storage ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="5%" |Wireless ! width="10%" |Additional hardware ! width="45%" |Comments |- | VirtualBox 7.x (Other/Unknown template) || {{Yes|IDE<br/>SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VMWARESVGA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}} || {{Yes|PCNET32<br/>E1000}} || NOT APPLICABLE || NOT APPLICABLE || <!--Comments--> |- | VMware 16+ (Other32 template) || {{Yes|IDE<br/>SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VMWARESVGA}} || {{Yes|SB128}} || {{Yes|PCNET32}} || NOT APPLICABLE || NOT APPLICABLE || <!--Comments--> |- | QEMU 8.x ("pc" and "q35" machines) || {{Yes|IDE<br/>SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VESA}} || {{Yes|SB128}} || {{Yes|PCNET32}} || NOT APPLICABLE || NOT APPLICABLE || <!--Comments--> |- |} ==== Laptops ==== {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Name ! width="5%" |Storage ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="5%" |Wireless ! width="10%" |Additional hardware ! width="45%" |Comments |- | ACER Aspire One ZG5 || {{Yes|IDE<br/>SATA(IDE)}} || {{Yes|GMA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}} || {{Yes|RTL8169}} || {{Yes|ATHEROS}} || NOT APPLICABLE || <!--Comments--> |- | Dell Latitude D520 || {{Yes|IDE}} || {{Yes|GMA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}} || {{Yes|BCM4400}} || {{No|}} || {{Yes|Atheros AR5BXB63}} || * select Intel Core 2 64-bit version, not Celeron 32-bit version <br/> * replace WiFi card to get wireless working |- |} ==== Desktop Systems ==== {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Name ! width="5%" |Storage ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="5%" |Wireless ! width="10%" |Additional hardware ! width="45%" |Comments |- | Fujitsu Futro S720 || {{Yes|SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VESA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}} || {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE || NOT APPLICABLE || * no 2D/3D acceleration<br/> * use USB ports at back |- |} ==== Motherboards ==== {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Name ! width="5%" |Storage ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="5%" |Wireless ! width="10%" |Additional hardware ! width="45%" |Comments |- | ASUS P8Z68V LX || {{Yes|SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VESA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE || {{Yes|GeForce 8xxx/9xxx}} || * add external PCIe video card for better performance |- | Gigabyte GA-MA770T UD3/UD3P || {{Yes|IDE<br/>SATA(AHCI)}} || NOT APPLICABLE || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE || {{Yes|GeForce 8xxx/9xxx}} || * requires external PCIe video card |- | ASUS M2N68-AM SE2 || {{Yes|IDE}} || {{Yes|NVIDIA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|NVNET}} || NOT APPLICABLE || {{Yes|GeForce 8xxx/9xxx}} || * connecting a disk via SATA connector is not supported at this time <br/> * add external PCIe video card for better performance |- | Gigabyte GA-H55M-S2H || {{Yes|IDE<br/>SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VESA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE || {{Yes|GeForce 8xxx/9xxx}} || * add external PCIe video card for better performance |- |} ==== Legacy supported hardware ==== {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Name ! width="5%" |Storage ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="5%" |Wireless ! width="10%" |Additional hardware ! width="10%" |EOL ! width="35%" |Comments |- | iMica || {{Yes|IDE}} || {{Yes|GMA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE || NOT APPLICABLE || 2026-12-31 || |- | Gigabyte GA-MA770 UD3 || {{Yes|IDE<br/>SATA(IDE)}} || NOT APPLICABLE || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE || {{Yes|GeForce 8xxx/9xxx}} || 2026-12-31 || * requires external PCIe video card |- |} === Recommended hardware (64-bit) === [[#top|...to the top]] Recommended hardware is hardware that has been tested with latest release of AROS and is relatively easy to purchase second hand (ie. ebay). This hardware also comes with commitment that compatibility will be maintained with each future release. ==== Virtual Hardware ==== {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Name ! width="5%" |Storage ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="5%" |Wireless ! width="10%" |Additional hardware ! width="45%" |Comments |- | VirtualBox 7.x (Other/Unknown (64-bit) template) || {{Yes|IDE<br/>SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VMWARESVGA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}} || {{Yes|PCNET32<br/>E1000}} || NOT APPLICABLE || NOT APPLICABLE || * No accelerated 3D support |- | VMware 16+ (Other64 template) || {{Yes|IDE<br/>SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VMWARESVGA}} || {{Yes|SB128}} || {{Yes|E1000}} || NOT APPLICABLE || NOT APPLICABLE || * No accelerated 3D support |- | QEMU 8.x ("pc" and "q35" machines) || {{Yes|IDE<br/>SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VESA}} || {{Yes|SB128}} || {{Yes|PCNET32}} || NOT APPLICABLE || NOT APPLICABLE || * No accelerated 3D support |- |} ==== Motherboards ==== {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Name ! width="5%" |Storage ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="5%" |Wireless ! width="10%" |Additional hardware ! width="45%" |Comments |- | ASUS P8Z68V LX || {{Yes|SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VESA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE || NOT APPLICABLE || * No accelerated 3D support |- |} ==References== [[#top|...to the top]] {{reflist}} {{BookCat}} qndp2nuim8wddxxj219ylfife8cx2oi 0 291768 4498373 4463510 2025-06-02T20:21:57Z AnRo0002 147596 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:20140408Lamiastrum galeobdolon2.jpg]] → [[File:20140408Lamium galeobdolon2.jpg]] 4498373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{../header | this = Lamiales 2: | this-stxt = Lamiaceae | prev-link = Lamiales 1 | prev-text = Lamiales 1: | prev-stxt = Oleaceae<br>↓<br>Scrophulariaceae | next-link = Lamiales 3 | next-text = Lamiales 3: | next-stxt = Mazaceae<br>↓<br>Lentibulariaceae }} ==Family Lamiaceae== {{../txt|The '''{{../w|Lamiaceae}}''' (mint family) is the sixth largest family of the flowering-plants.<ref>[http://www.botany.wisc.edu/sytsma/pdf/DrewSytsma2012.pdf Bryan T. Drew & Kenneth J. Sytsma (2012), Phylogenics, Biogeography, and Staminal Evolution in the tribe Mentheae (Lamiaceae), ''American Journal of Botany'' 99(5): 933-953]</ref> }} ===Subfamily Viticoideae=== {{../txt|Although no members of the '''{{../w|Viticoideae}}''' (sage subfamily) have yet been verified outside of cultivation in New York, the beach vitex has been documented as having the potential to be highly invasive in the Long Island region. The genus ''Callicarpa'' is included here only for convenience, as it is currently unplaced within the Lamiaceae but is said to be "allied" to the Viticoideae.<!-- -- --><ref>[http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/research-data/science-directory/projects/systematics-lamiaceae-subfamily Systematics of Lamiaceae subfamily Viticoideae and allies]</ref> ''Callicarpa americana'' has also not been found to have naturalized in New York, but it is cultivated and sold in the "native plant" trade.}} ====''Vitex''==== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Starr 061129-1715 Vitex rotundifolia.jpg |cap=''Vitex rotundifolia'' |''Vitex rotundifolia'' ('''beach vitex''') is listed as potentially being highly invasive in New York. It was introduced in the southeasterm US for beach stabilizaiton but is now banned in most areas,<!-- -- --><ref>[http://nyis.info/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/bf8f1_Vitex.rotundifolia.NYS_.pdf {{Skaneateles Conservation Area/Cite NY ranking form |taxon=''Vitex rotundifolia'' |assessors=Steve Glenn, Gerry Moore |date=3 June 2009; edited August 19, 2009}}]</ref> <!-- -- -->including New York State.<!-- -- --><ref>[https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/lands_forests_pdf/isprohibitedplants2.pdf NYSDEC (2014) New York State Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Plants. Cornell University, September 10, 2014]</ref> There appear to have been no East Coast reports north of southern New Jersey. }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Viticoideae|||Vitex| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Vitex|Chaste-tree||0|VITEX|0| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Vitex agnus-castus | au-abbr = L. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1||Vitex agnus-castus|L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Lilac chaste tree|2021 iNaturalist}} {{../vn1||}} {{../vn1||}} | fr-vns = {{../vn1||}} {{../vn1||}} {{../vn1||}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Potentially invasive | status2 = | gbif-e = 2925562 | imap = 1440 | ipa-us = 14022 | ny-tier = | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|||}} | inatc = {{../inat|170271-Vitex-agnus-castus||}} | gbifc = {{../gbif||present in NY|present in New York State}} | usda = {{../usda|VIAG|X0|}} <!-- ========= --> | gbif = 2925562 | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | fna-i1 = | fna-i2 = | tro-id = | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = Not in Flora Atlas | inat-co = <abbr title="Bronx, Kings, New York, Queens, Suffolk, Westchester">6 counties</abbr> | image1 = Moenchspfeffer roscheiderhof H1a.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Vitex rotundifolia | au-abbr = L.f. | au-full = Linnaeus, Carl von <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1782|Vitex rotundifolia|L.f.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1784|Vitex ovata|Thunb.}} | sn2 = {{../sn|1847|Vitex trifolia|var=unifoliolata|var-au=Schauer}} | sn3 = {{../sn|1891|Vitex ovata|var=subtrisecta|var-au=Kuntze}} | sn4 = {{../sn|1903|Vitex trifolia|var=ovata |var-au=(Thunb.) Makino}} | sn5 = {{../sn|1959|Vitex trifolia|var=simplicifolia|var-au=Cham.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Beach vitex | en2 = Roundleaf chaste-tree | en3 = Chasteberry | en4 = Monk's pepper <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = western Pacific | status1 = Highly invasive | gbif-e = 2925558 | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Shrub <!-- ========= --> | nyis = 73%<ref>{{../nyis-ref|Vitex rotundifolia|High|73|Of concern on Long Island}}</ref> | usda = {{../usda|VIRO80|X0|GA,HI only}} | gbif = 2925558 | vascan = 0 | gobot = 0 | inat = 126845-Vitex-rotundifolia | its-id = 505725 | ars-id = 41839 | fna-id = | tro-id = 33702224 | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Vitex%20rotundifolia | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = 56553 | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = Excluded nymap.svg | cos = no NY reports | image1 = Starr 010209-0295 Vitex rotundifolia.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ====''Callicarpa''==== {{../txt |img=Callicarpa americana 2.jpg |cap=''Callicarpa americana'' |'''American beautyberry''' is native to the Southeast and occasionally planted in New York as a "native" shrub, but its has not been known to naturalize in the Northeast.}} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Viticoideae|||Callicarpa| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Callicarpa|Beautyberry|0|0| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Callicarpa americana | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1753|Callicarpa americana|L.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1755|Burchardia americana|(L.) Duhamel}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = American beautyberry | en2 = Beauty-berry | en3 = French mulberry | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = southeastern US | status1 = US South native | habit0 = | habit1 = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|0|0|}} | usda = {{../usda|CAAM2|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = 8516 | fna-id = | tro-id = | nse-id = Callicarpa+americana | bna-id = Callicarpa%20americana | ipn-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title=" ">xx counties</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title=" ">xx counties</abbr> | image1 = Callicarpa americana (24976139485).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Callicarpa dichotoma | au-abbr = (Lour.) K.Koch | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1790|Porphyra dichotoma|Lour.}} {{../sp-1|1872|Callicarpa dichotoma|(Lour.) K.Koch}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Purple beauty-berry|2021 GBIF}} {{../vn1||}} {{../vn1||}} | fr-vns = {{../vn1||}} {{../vn1||}} {{../vn1||}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Potentially invasive | imap = | ipa-us = | griisus = 160934127/verbatim Invasive | ny-tier = | status2 = Uncertain naturalization | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|||}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | gbif = 5341132 | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 159658-Callicarpa-dichotoma | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | fna-i1 = | fna-i2 = | tro-id = | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title=" ">xx counties</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title=" ">xx counties</abbr> | image1 = Callicarpa dichotoma kz03.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ===Subfamily Ajugoideae=== The {{../w|Ajugoideae}} (bugle subfamily). ====''Trichostema''==== {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Ajugoideae|Ajugeae||Trichostema| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Trichostema|Bluecurls|831|3|sect=Trichostema }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Trichostema dichotomum | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Trichostema dichotomum|L.}} {{../sp-1|1821|Trichostema pilosum|Roth}} {{../var1|1937|T. dichotomum|L.|puberulum|Fernald & Griscom}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Forked bluecurls | en2 = Bastard pennyroyal | en3 = Common blue curls | en4 = Blue curls <!-- ========= --> | fr-vns = {{../vn1|Trichostème fourchu|VASCAN 2017: Newcomb 1983}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1719|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|TRDI2|NN|}} | vascan = 6484 | gobot = trichostema/dichotomum | its-id = 32364 | ars-id = 316852 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17600446 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = TRDI2 | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = Trichostema dichotomum nymap.svg | image1 = Trichostema dichotomum 4564.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Trichostema setaceum | author = {{../w|Houtt.}} <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1778|Trichostema setaceum|Houtt.}} {{../sp-1|1788|T. lineare|Walter}} {{../var1|1814|T. dichotomum|L.|lineare|(Walter) Pursh}} {{../sp-1|1818|T. lineare|Nutt.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Narrowleaf bluecurls | en2 = Narrow-leaved blue-curls <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Endangered <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1738|1|Nassau & Suffolk 1990; Richmond 1889}} | usda = {{../usda|TRSE5|N0|}} | vascan = 0 | gobot = trichostema/setaceum | its-id = 32362 | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = 17601922 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Trichostema setaceum BB-1913.png }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Trichostema|Bluecurls|831|3|sect=Orthopodium }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Trichostema brachiatum | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | sn1 = {{../sn|1753|Trichostema brachiatum|L.}} | sn2 = {{../sn|1803|Isanthus coeruleus|Michx.}} | sn3 = {{../sn|1888|Isanthus brachiatus|B.S.P.}}<ref>Weakley (2005) suggests that ''Trichostema'' sect. ''Orthopodium'' could be moved to ''Isanthus'', which would return ''Trichostema brachiatum'' to ''Isanthus brachiatus''. Weakley, Alan. 2005. ''Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia''. Working draft. June 10, 2005. University of North Carolina Herbarium, Chapel Hill, NC.</ref> | sn4 = {{../sn|1933|Isanthus brachiatus|var=linearis}} | sn5 = {{../sn|1943|Tetraclea viscida|Lundell}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Fluxweed | en2 = False pennyroyal | en3 = Glade blue curls | en4 = Pennyroyal blue curls <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Rare <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1720|3|}} | usda = {{../usda|TRBR5|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = trichostema/brachiatum | its-id = 32372 | ars-id = 40118 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Trichostema brachiatum BB-1913.png }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ====''Ajuga''==== {{../txt |img=Ajuga reptans 20070429 132711 1.jpg |cap=''Ajuga reptans'' L.<br>carpet bugle |''Ajuga'', or '''bugleweed''', contains about 40 species of herbaceous plants, none of which are native to North America. The two species ''Ajuga reptans'' and to a lesser extent ''Ajuga genevensis'' have been found to naturalize in New York State. }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Ajugoideae|Ajugeae||Ajuga| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Ajuga|Bugle|806|2| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ajuga reptans | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Ajuga reptans|L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Carpet bugle | en2 = Common bugle | en3 = Blue bugle <!-- ========= --> | fr-vns = {{../vn1|Bugle rampante|ARS-GRIN}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Widespread weed | status2 = CP-5<ref name=CP5>{{flora-of-ref|CP5}}</ref> | status3 = NE-3<ref name=NE3>{{flora-of-ref|NE3}}</ref> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1707|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|AJRE|XX|}} | gbif = 2927078 | pow-id = 444664-1 | wfo-id = 0000935107 | vascan = | gobot = Ajuga/reptans | its-id = 32453 | ars-id = 314389 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Ajuga%20reptans | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = Ajuga reptans nymap.svg | image1 = 20170520Ajuga reptans1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ajuga genevensis | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Ajuga genevensis|L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Erect bugle | en2 = Standing bugle | en3 = Geneva bugle <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1708|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|AJGE|XX|}} | gbif = 2927079 | pow-id = | wfo-id = 0000933858 | i-tsn = 32453 | ars-id = | map = Ajuga genevensis nymap.svg | image1 = 20150512Ajuga genevensis2.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} ====''Teucrium''==== {{../txt |img=Teucrium canadense 2017-05-23 0687.jpg |cap=''Teucrium canadense'' L.<br>American germander | }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Ajugoideae|Teucrieae||Teucrium| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Teucrium|Germander|580|2| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Teucrium canadense | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Teucrium canadense|L.}} {{../var1|1829|T. canadense|L.|virginicum|(L.) Eaton}} {{../sp-1|1878|T. occidentale|A. Gray}} {{../sp-1|1901|T. boreale|E.P. Bicknell}} {{../sp-1|1901|T. littorale|E.P. Bicknell}} {{../var1|1908|T. canadense|L.|littorale|(E.P. Bicknell) Fernald}} {{../var1|1946|T. canadense|L.|occidentale|(A. Gray) E. M. McClint. & Epling}} {{../var1|1963|T. canadense|L.|boreale|(E.P. Bicknell) Shinners}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|American germander|}} {{../vn1|Canada germander|}} {{../vn1|Canadian germander|}} {{../vn1|Hairy germander|}} {{../vn1|Western germander|}} {{../vn1|Wood sage|}} <!-- ========= --> | fr-vns = {{../vn1|Germandrée du Canada|VASCAN 2017: Darbyshire et al. 2000}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 4 | nwi1 = FACW | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb=forb | light = Part shade | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1723|5|Floodplain forests, alluvial thickets, edges of streams, and sand and gravel bars in streams. Sometimes somewhat weedy.}} | usda = {{../usda|TECA3|NN|}} | vascan = 6476 | gobot = Teucrium/canadense | its-id = | ars-id = 316849 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17600390 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = TECA3 | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Teucrium canadense - American Germander.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Teucrium botrys | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Teucrium botrys|L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Cutleaf germander | en2 = Cut-leaved germander | en3 = Cut-leaf germander <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Europe | status1 = Possibly naturalized <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1691|X|State exotic or non-native}} | usda = {{../usda|TEBO|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = teucrium/botrys | its-id = | ars-id = 316848 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Teucrium botrys sl28.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table|Lamiaceae|Ajugoideae| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ====''Clerodendrum''==== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Clerodendrum trichotomum—leaves and fruits.jpg |cap=''Clerodendrum trichotomum'' |Although ''Clerodendrum trichotomum'' ('''harlequin glorybower''') is now listed in Suffolk County in the New York Flora Atlas. It has been cultivated, and there are reports of it naturalizing in eastern Long Island.<ref>[https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/88936820 iNaturalist observation of ''Clerodendrum trichotomum'' (Harlequin Glorybower) North Haven, Suffolk County, Jul. 28, 2021.]</ref> It is listed as Invasive Species Tier 5 (Monitor) in the Lower Hudson and Long Island PRISMs.<ref>[https://www.nynhp.org/invasives/species-tiers-table/ New York State Invasive Species Tiers. New York Natural Heritage Program. May 11, 2021.]</ref> }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae||||Clerodendrum| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Clerodendrum|Glorybower|0| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Clerodendrum trichotomum | au-abbr = Thunb. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1784|Clerodendrum trichotomum|Thunb.}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = '''Harlequin glory-bower''' <br> Harlequin glorybower <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Potentially invasive | status2 = | ipa-us = 15400 | griisus = 2925366 established (category C3) | ny-tier = (5) | c-rank = X | nwi1 = | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Shrub | light = Heliophily: 5 | chro-no = | ny-rank = SNA, GNR <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7851|Suffolk (2021)|Suffolk (2021)}} | inatc = {{../inat|67539-Clerodendrum-trichotomum|6 counties|Bronx, Kings, New York, Queens, Richmond, Suffolk}} | gbifc = {{../gbif|2925366|present in NY|present in New York State}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | fsus = 5282 | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | fna-i1 = | fna-i2 = | tro-id = | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Clerodendrum trichotomum kz01.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} ===Subfamily Scutellarioideae=== =====''Scutellaria''===== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Marsh Skullcap (Scutellaria galericulata) - Flickr - wackybadger.jpg |cap=''Scutellaria galericulata'' |'''Skullcap''' (''Scutellaria'') contains about eight species that are or have been found in New York. Several of these are presumed to be extirpated in the state. }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Scutellarioideae|||Scutellaria| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Scutellaria|Skullcap|170|10||?| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Scutellaria galericulata | au-abbr = L. | au-full = | au-pub = Sp. Pl.: 599 (1753) <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> 1753.'' '''Scutellaria galericulata''' ''L. Sp. Pl.:599 1771.'' Cassida galericulata ''(L.) Scop. in Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 1:430 1782.'' Cassida major ''Gilib. in Fl. Lit. Inch. 1:90, opus utique oppr. 1825.'' Scutellaria adamsii ''Spreng. in Syst. Veg., ed. 16. 2:701 1832.'' Scutellaria epilobiifolia ''A.Ham. in Esq. Monogr. Scutellaria:32 1834.'' Scutellaria galericulata ''var. ''vulgaris ''Benth. in Labiat. Gen. Spec., not validly publ. 1873.'' Scutellaria pauciflora ''Pant. in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 23:266 </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = '''Marsh skullcap''' <br><!-- -->Hooded skullcap <br><!-- -->Willowherb skullcap | fr-vns = Scutellaire toque <br><!-- -->Grande toque <br><!-- -->Scutellaire à casque <br><!-- -->Scutellaire à grande fleur <br><!-- -->Tertianaire <br><!-- -->Scutellaire à feuilles d'épilobe <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 6 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = Heliophily: 7 | ny-rank = S5, G5 | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1764|53 counties|}} | inatc = {{../inat|79016-Scutellaria-galericulata|50 counties|50 counties}} | gbifc = {{../gbif|2926759|present in NY|present in New York State}} | usda = {{../usda|SCGA|NN|}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | fsus = 5431 | vascan = 6455 | gobot = Scutellaria/galericulata | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = Scutellaria galericulata NY-dist-map.png | image1 = Scutellaria galericulata20140607 089.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Scutellaria lateriflora | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = '''Mad dog skullcap''' <br> Mad-dog skullcap <br> Blue skullcap <br> Tall blue skullcap <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 7 | nwi1 = OBL | nwi2 = FACW | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = Heliophily: 6 | chro-no = | ny-rank = S5, G5 | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1718|56 counties|Demonstrably secure in New York State.}} | inatc = {{../inat|||}} | gbifc = {{../gbif||present in NY|present in New York State}} | usda = {{../usda|SCLA2|NN|}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = 458402-1 | wfo-id = | fsus = 5437 | vascan = | gobot = Scutellaria/lateriflora | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Scutellaria lateriflora 02.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Scutellaria parvula | author = Michx. | var0 = parvula | en1 = Small skullcap | status = Native | status1 = Rare | status2 = DEC-C<ref name=DECC>{{flora-of-ref|DECC}}</ref> | c-rank = 8 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6946|3|}} | usda = {{../usda|SCPAP3|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Scutellaria parvula (9058141480).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Scutellaria parvula | var0 = missouriensis | author = | en1 = Leonard's skullcap | status = Native | status1 = No recent reports | c-rank = 10 | nwi1 = FACU | nwi2 = UPL | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = S1, G4-T4 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6929|Z|}} | usda = {{../usda|SCPAM|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Scutellaria parvula var. missouriensis (26069984332).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Scutellaria incana | author = Biehler | var0 = incana <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Hoary skullcap | en2 = Downy skullcap <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Endangered | status2 = No recent reports | status3 = DEC-A<ref name=DECA>{{flora-of-ref|DECA}}</ref> | c-rank = 10 | nwi1 = | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = SH, G5 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1763|Cattaraugus 1934|Historically known from New York State, but not seen in the past 15 years. (Cattaraugus 1934)}} | inatc = {{../inat|133094-Scutellaria-incana|6 counties|6 counties}} | gbifc = {{../gbif|5341378|present in NY|present in New York State}} | usda = {{../usda|SCIN|N0|}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | fsus = | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Scutellaria incana 1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Scutellaria integrifolia | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Hyssop skullcap|2021 New York Flora Atlas}} {{../vn1|Helmet flower|}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Endangered | status2 = DEC-A<ref name=DECA>{{flora-of-ref|DECA}}</ref> | nynhp = '''S1'''<ref>[https://guides.nynhp.org/hyssop-skullcap/ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for ''Scutellaria integrifolia''.]</ref> | c-rank = 10 | nwi1 = FACW | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | ny-rank = S1, G5 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1753|1|Native, especially vulnerable in New York State.}} | usda = {{../usda|SCIN2|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Scutellaria integrifolia NRCS-1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Scutellaria elliptica | author = Muhl. ex Spreng. | var = elliptica <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn||Scutellaria ovalifolia|Pers.|}} | sn1 = {{../sn||Scutellaria pilosa|Michx.|}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Hairy skullcap | status = Native | status1 = Likely extirpated | c-rank = 10 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1765|Z|}} | usda = {{../usda|SCELE|N0|}} | i-tsn = | ars-id = | map = | image1 = Scutellaria elliptica, Rosaryville (14222531929).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Scutellaria nervosa | author = Pursh | en1 = Veined skullcap | status = Native | status1 = Likely extirpated | c-rank = 10 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1731|Z|}} | usda = {{../usda|SCNE2|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Scutellaria nervosa.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Scutellaria serrata | author = | en1 = Showy skullcap | status = Native | status1 = No recent reports | c-rank = 10 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1729|Z|Bronx & Manhattan ca. 1900}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Scutellaria serrata kz1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Scutellaria × churchilliana | author = Fernald | hp1 = Scutellaria galericulata | hp2 = Scutellaria lateriflora <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Skullcap <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|457|Clinton & Sullivan ca. 1990}} | usda = {{../usda|SCCH2|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Ny hybrid.svg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ===Subfamily Lamioideae=== ====Tribe Marrubieae==== ======''Ballota''====== {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Lamioideae|Marrubieae||Ballota| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Ballota|Horehound|502|1||?| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ballota nigra | author = L. | ssp = foetida | ssp-au = (Koch) Hayek <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|1929|Ballota nigra|ssp=foetida|ssp-au=(Lam.) Hayek}} |{{../sn||Ballota nigra|var=alba|var-au=(L.) Sm.}} |{{../sn||Ballota nigra|var=foetida|var-au=(Hayek) Vis.}} |{{../sn||Ballota borealis|Schweigg.}} }} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Black horehound | en2 = Fetid horehound | fr1 = Ballote vulgaire | fr2 = Ballote noire | fr3 = Marrube noire <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Europe | from1 = northern Africa | status1 = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1742|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|BANIF2|X0|}} | vascan = 6358 <!-- Ballota nigra L. 1753 --> | gobot = Ballota/nigra | its-id = 526920 <!-- Ballota nigra var. foetida (Hayek) Vis. --> | ars-id = 104824 <!-- Ballota nigra L. 1753 --> | fna-id = | tro-id = 17601925 <!-- Ballota nigra subsp. foetida Hayek --> | ipn-id = 147472-3 <!-- Ballota nigra subsp. foetida ( Lam. ) Hayek --> | lbj-id = | nse-id = Ballota+nigra | bna-id = Ballota%20nigra | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = Ballota nigra NY-dist-map.png | image1 = Ballota nigra fresnes-au-mont 55 03062007 2.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Marrubium''====== {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Lamioideae|Marrubieae||Marrubium| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Marrubium|Horehound|503|||?| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Marrubium vulgare | author = L. | en1 = White horehound | status = Introduced | status1 = | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6919|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|MAVU|XX|}} | gbif = 2927069 | image1 = Marrubium vulgare 002.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Marrubium peregrinum | au-abbr = L. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1||Marrubium peregrinum|L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Horehound|}} {{../vn1||}} {{../vn1||}} | fr-vns = {{../vn1||}} {{../vn1||}} {{../vn1||}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Not naturalized | status2 = | imap = | ipa-us = | ny-tier = | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7432|Xm|}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | gbif = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 512073-Marrubium-peregrinum | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | fna-i1 = | fna-i2 = | tro-id = | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title="Bronx (1899) only">Bronx (1899)</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title="No western hemisphere observations as of Nov. 2021">No observations</abbr> | image1 = Marrubium peregrinum sl2.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Moluccella''====== {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Lamioideae|Marrubieae||Moluccella| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Moluccella|Moluccella|371|1||?| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Moluccella laevis | author = L. | en1 = Shellflower | status = Introduced | status1 = Impersistent | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1740|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|MOLA|XW|}} | image1 = Moluccella cf laevis 2.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ====Tribe Lamieae==== =====''Lamium''===== {{../txt |img=20140408Lamium galeobdolon2.jpg |cap=''Lamium galeobdolon'' |''Lamium'' species are commonly known as '''dead-nettles''' and are native to Eurasia and northern Africa. About six of these species have naturalized in New York.}} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Lamioideae|Lamieae||Lamium| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Lamium|Deadnettle|681|5| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Lamium galeobdolon | author = (L.) L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Galeopsis galeobdolon|L.}} {{../sp-1|1759|Lamium galeobdolon|(L.) L.}} {{../sp-1|1778|Galeobdolon luteum|Huds.}} {{../sp-1|1966|Lamiastrum galeobdolon|Ehren. & Polatschek}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Yellow archangel | en2 = Yellow henbit | en3 = Aluminum plant | en4 = Artillery plant | fr1 = Lamier jaune | fr2 = Ortie jaune | fr3 = Lamier doré <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | status1 = Invasive | status2 = Weed<ref>[https://www.nynhp.org/invasives/species-tiers-table/ ''Lamium galeobdolon'' is declared as a noxious weed in Oregon and Washington state, and the Lower Hudson PRISM has placed it in Invasive Species Tier 5.]</ref> | imap = 1380 | ipa-us = 14085 | gbif-i = 2927324 | ny-tier = U, LH: 5 | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1690|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|LAGA2|X0|}} | gbif = 2927324 | vascan = 9816 | Lamiastrum galeobdolon (L.) Ehren. &al. (sensu FNA Ed. Comm., in prep. i.) | gobot = lamium/galeobdolon | i-tsn = 515591 | Lamium galeobdolon (L.) L. | ars-id = 403966 | Lamium galeobdolon (L.) Crantz | fna-id = | tro-id = | map = Lamiastrum galeobdolon NY-dist-map.png | nyfa-co = <abbr title="Ontario (2010), Otsego (2011), Suffolk (2007-2011), Tompkins (2008), Westchester (2004)">5 counties</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title="307 research grade observations, as of 2022">~30 counties</abbr> | image1 = 20150421Lamiastrum galeobdolon.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Lamium maculatum | author = (L.) L. <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1753|Lamium album|var=maculatum|L.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1763|Lamium maculatum|L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Spotted deadnettle | en2 = Spotted henbit | en3 = Variegated deadnettle | fr1 = Lamier maculé | fr2 = Lamier tacheté | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | status1 = Widespread weed | status2 = NE-3<ref name=NE3>{{flora-of-ref|NE3}}</ref> | status3 = | imap = | ipa-us = 11558 | gbif-i = 2926684 | ny-tier = | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1679|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | gbif = 2926684 | vascan = 6384 | gobot = lamium/maculatum | i-tsn = 32541 | ars-id = 400264 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17600101 | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Lamium maculatum RF (3x4).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Lamium purpureum | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1753|Lamium purpureum|L.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1852|Lamiopsis purpurea|(L.) Opiz}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Purple deadnettle | en2 = Red hanbit | en3 = Red deadnettle <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Widespread weed | gbif-i = 2926682 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1705|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|LAPUP|XX|}} | gbif = 2926682 | vascan = | gobot = lamium/purpureum | i-tsn = 528671 | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Lamium purpureum, 2020-05-05, Beechview, 01.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Lamium hybridum | author = L. | var-au = Vill. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1786|'''Lamium hybridum'''|Vill.}} {{../var1|1787|Lamium purpureum|L.|hybridum|(Vill.) Vill.}} {{../sp-1|1796|Lamium dissectum|With.}} {{../var1|1806|Lamium purpureum|L.|incisum|(Willd.) Pers.}} {{../ssp1|1881|Lamium hybridum|Vill.|hybridum |(With.) Nyman}} {{../ssp1|1927|Lamium hybridum|Vill.|dissectum|(With.) Gams}} {{../var1|1927|Lamium hybridum|Vill.|dissectum|(With.) Gams}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Hybrid deadnettle | en2 = Purple deadnettle | en3 = Red deadnettle | en4 = Red hanbit <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1682|X|Bronx only}} | usda = {{../usda|LAPUI|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = lamium/purpureum | i-tsn = 528670 | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Lamium hybridum 01 (3x4).JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Lamium amplexicaule | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Lamium amplexicaule|L.}} {{../var1|1960|Lamium amplexicaule|L.|album|Pickens & M.C.W.Pickens}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Henbit deadnettle | en2 = Common dead-nettle | en3 = Common henbit | en4 = Clasping henbit | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia, n. Africa | status1 = Potentially invasive | gbif-i = 2926679 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6918|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|LAAM|XX|}} | gbif = 2926679 | vascan = 6382 | gobot = lamium/amplexicaule | i-tsn = 32539 | ars-id = 21418 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17600099 | map = nymap.svg | image1 = 20150424Lamium amplexicaule.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Lamium album | author = L. | ssp0 = album <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1753|Lamium album|L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = White deadnettle | en2 = White-nettle | en3 = White henbit | en4 = Snowflake | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | status1 = Unknown naturalization | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1678|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|LAAL|XX|}} | vascan = 6381 | gobot = lamium/album | its-id = | ars-id = 314991 | fna-id = | tro-id = | map = Lamium album NY-dist-map.png | cos = Albany, Allegany, Herkimer, Tompkins (1925), Washington | image1 = Deadnettle 800.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table|Lamiaceae|Lamioideae|Lamieae| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ====Tribe Leonureae==== ======''Leonurus''====== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Leonurus cardiaca 201922.jpg |cap=''Leonurus cardiaca'' |'''Motherwort''' }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Lamioideae|Leonureae||Leonurus| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Leonurus|Motherwort|364|2||?| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Leonurus cardiaca | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|1753|'''Leonurus cardiaca'''|L.}} |{{../sn|1830|Leonurus glaucescens|Bunge}} |{{../sn|1849|Leonurus cardiaca|var=villosus|var-au=(Desf. ex Spreng.) Benth.}} |{{../sn|1874|Lamium cardiaca|(L.) Baill.}} |{{../sn|1945|Leonurus cardiaca|ssp=villosus|ssp-au=(Desf. ex Spreng.) Hyl.}} }} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Common mother-wort|}} {{../vn1|Motherwort|}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | status1 = Widespread weed | status2 = NE-3<ref name=NE3>{{flora-of-ref|NE3}}</ref> | ipa-us = 5923 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1683|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|LECA2|XX|}} | col-id = 6P8L5 | vascan = | gobot = Leonurus/cardiaca | its-id = 32548 | ars-id = 21756 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = | image1 = 20140928Leonurus cardiaca4.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Leonurus japonicus | author = Houtt. <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1753|Leonurus sibiricus|L. misapplied}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1778|'''Leonurus japonicus'''|Houtt.}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Chinese motherwort|iNaturalist}} {{../vn1|Honeyweed|2022 New York Flora Atlas}} {{../vn1|Siberian motherwort|2022 New York Flora Atlas (missapplied?)}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7413|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|CHMA18|X0|}} | col-id = 3T76H | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title="Queens (2013)">Queens (2013)</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title="Queens (2020), Rockland (2021)">Queens (2020), Rockland (2021)</abbr> | image1 = Leonurus japonicus - Guangfeng, Jiangxi, China 2014.05.24 15-59-28.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} ======''Chaiturus''====== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Leonurus marrubiastrum detail.jpeg |cap=''Leonurus marrubiastrum'' |'''False motherwort''' }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Lamioideae|Leonureae||Chaiturus| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Chaiturus|Lion's tail|1245|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Chaiturus marrubiastrum | author = (L.) Ehrh. ex Rchb. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Leonurus marrubiastrum|L.}} {{../sp-1|1771|Cardiaca marrubiastrum|(L.) Schreb.}} {{../sp-1|1787|Chaiturus leonuroides|Willd. (nom. superfl.)}} {{../sp-1|1796|Leonurus parviflorus|Salisb. (nom. illeg.)}} {{../sp-1|1831|'''Chaiturus marrubiastrum'''|(L.) Ehrh. ex Rchb.}} {{../sp-1|1839|Chaiturus marrubiastrum|(L.) Spenn.}} {{../var1|1844|Leonurus marrubiastrum|L.|simplicissimus|K.Koch}} {{../sp-1|1880|Leonurus marrubifolius|St.-Lag.}} {{../sp-1|1889|Chaiturus marrubifolius|St.-Lag.}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|False motherwort|2022 iNaturalist}} {{../vn1|Lion's tail|2022 New York Flora Atlas & USDA-NRCS}} {{../vn1||}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Not naturalized | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1702|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|CHMA18|X0|}} | col-id = TFDJ | gbif = | kew-id = 37383 | pow-id = 77176662-1 | wfo-id = 0000836548 | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 333399-Chaiturus-marrubiastrum | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | fna-i1 = | fna-i2 = | tro-id = | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title="Ulster (1897)">Ulster (1897)</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title="Sullivan (2020), Ulster (2020)">Sullivan (2020), Ulster (2020)</abbr> | image1 = Leonurus marrubiastrum sl2.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} ====Tribe Phlomideae==== =====''Phlomis''===== {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Lamioideae|Phlomideae||Phlomis| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Phlomis|Jerusalem-sage||1||?| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Phlomis tuberosa | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|1753|Phlomis tuberosa|L.}} |{{../sn|1794|Phlomoides tuberosa|(L.) Moench}} |{{../sn|1824|Leonotis tuberosa|(L.) Hoffmanns.}} |{{../sn|1829|Phlomidopsis tuberosa|(L.) Link}} |{{../sn|1837|Trambis tuberosa|(L.) Raf.}} |{{../sn|1843|Phlomitis tuberosa|(L.) Rchb.|ex T.Nees}} }} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Tuberous Jerusalem sage | en2 = Jerusalem sage | fr1 = Sauge de Jérusalem <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | status1 = Unk. naturalization <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1713|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|PHTU2|X0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = 402008 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17600552 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Phlomis tuberosa habitus 2.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table|Lamiaceae|Lamioideae|Phlomideae| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ====Tribe Synandreae==== =====''Physostegia''===== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Gardenology-IMG 7851 hunt10aug.jpg |cap=''Physostegia virginiana'' |The only native or naturalized member of ''Physostegia'' found in New York is ''P. virginiana'', the commonly-cultivated '''northern obedient-plant'''. Although it is considered native to New York, most populations are probably the result of naturalized escapes.<ref>[http://www.newyork.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=1750 Troy Weldy, David Werier, and Andrew Nelson (2014). ''New York Flora Atlas''. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.]</ref> }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Lamioideae|Synandreae||Physostegia| }} {{../genus|Physostegia|Lionsheart||1||?| }} {{../taxon | species = Physostegia virginiana | author = (L.) Benth. | ssp = virginiana <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1753|Dracocephalum virginianum|L.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1789|Dracocephalum denticulatum|Aiton}} | sn2 = {{../sn|1830|Physostegia speciosa|Sweet}} | sn3 = {{../sn|1834|Physostegia virginiana|(L.) Benth.}} | sn4 = {{../sn|1908|Physostegia formosior|Lunell}} | sn5 = {{../sn|1931|Dracocephalum formosius|Rydb.}} | sn6 = {{../sn|1982|P. virginiana|ssp=virginiana|autonym}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Obedient plant | en2 = False dragon-head | en3 = Obedient false dragon-head | en4 = Virginia false dragon-head | fr1 = Physostégie de Virginie <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 9 | nwi1 = FACW | nwi2 = FAC | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = S5, G5 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1750|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|PHVIV|NN|}} | vascan = 9888 | gobot = physostegia/virginiana | its-id = 196102 | ars-id = 316915 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17600246 | nse-id = Physostegia+virginiana | ipn-id = 30043311-2 | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Physostegia virginiana 9620.jpg }} {{../end table|Lamiaceae|Lamioideae|Synandreae| }} ====Tribe Stachydeae==== ======''Stachys''====== {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Lamioideae|Stachydeae||Stachys| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Stachys|Hedgenettle|528|11|STACH|10| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Stachys hispida | author = Pursh <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1800|Stachys tenuifolia|Willd. (misappl.)}} {{../sp-1|1814|Stachys hispida|Pursh}} {{../sp-1|1836|Stachys glabra|Riddell}} {{../var1|1920|Stachys palustris|L.|macrocalyx|Jenn.}} {{../var1|1943|Stachys tenuifolia|Willd.|platyphylla|Fernald}} {{../var1|1943|Stachys tenuifolia|Willd.|perlonga|Fernald}} {{../var1|1943|Stachys tenuifolia|Willd.|hispida|Fernald}} {{../var1|1972|Stachys palustris|L.|hispida|B.Boivin}} {{../ssp1|1982|Stachys pilosa|L.|hispida|(Pursh) Á.Löve & D.Löve}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Hispid hedgenettle | en2 = Smooth hedge-nettle | en3 = Slender betony <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Likely secure <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1732|4|}} | usda = {{../usda|STTE|NN|}} | col-id = 4ZFLY | gbif = 2927251 | pow-id = 243177-2 | kew-id = 195163 | vascan = 26921 <!-- extirpated in Canada --> | gobot = stachys/hispida | inat = 204419-Stachys-hispida | its-id = 32323 | ars-id = 312175 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17601825 | nse-id = | bna-id = STTE | ipn-id = | map = Stachys tenuifolia NY-dist-map.png | image1 = Stachys hispida (cropped).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Stachys hyssopifolia | author = Michx. | var = hyssopifolia <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn||Stachys hyssopifolia|Michx.}} | sn1 = {{../sn||Stachys atlantica|Britton}} | sn2 = {{../sn||Stachys lythroides|Small}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Hyssopleaf hedgenettle | en2 = Hyssop-leaved hedge-nettle <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Threatened <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1727|2|}} | usda = {{../usda|STHY3|N0|}} | vascan = 0 | gobot = stachys/hyssopifolia | its-id = 32340 | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | ipn-id = | map = Stachys hyssopifolia nymap.svg | image1 = Stachys hyssopifolia var hyssopifolia iNat-21425341 (2x3).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Stachys pilosa | au-abbr = Nutt. | au-full = | au-pub = | var0 = pilosa <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1834|'''Stachys pilosa'''|Nutt.}} {{../var1|1900|Stachys palustris|L.|homotricha|Fernald}} {{../sp-1|1909|Stachys asperrima|Rydb.}} {{../var1|1920|Stachys palustris|L.|nipigonenis|Jenn.}} {{../ssp1|1934|Stachys palustris|L.|pilosa|(Nutt.) Epling}} {{../var1|1943|Stachys palustris|L.|pilosa|(Nutt.) Fernald}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Hairy hedgenettle|USDA NRCS 2018}} {{../vn1|Hairy hedge nettle|NYFA 2018}} {{../vn1|hairy hedge-nettle|Go Botany, New England Wild 2018}} <!-- ========= --> | fr-vns = {{../vn1||}} {{../vn1||}} {{../vn1||}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Unranked | c-rank = 3 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7525|Nu|}} | usda = {{../usda|STPI6|NN|}} | col-id = | gbif = | kew-id = | pow-id = 77171674-1 | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = stachys/pilosa | its-id = | ars-id = 468327 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title="Essex (1940)">Essex (1940)</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title=" ">? counties</abbr> | image1 = Stachys pilosa (2x3).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Stachys pilosa | au-abbr = Nutt. | au-full = | au-pub = | var = arenicola | var-au = (Britton) G.A.Mulligan & D.B.Munro <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1901|Stachys arenicola|Britton}} {{../sp-1|1931|Stachys brevidens|Rydb.}} {{../var1|1989|'''Stachys pilosa'''|Nutt.|'''arenicola'''|(Britton) G.A.Mulligan & D.B.Munro}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Marsh hedge-nettle|20022 iNaturalist}} {{../vn1|Sand hedge nettle|2022 New York Flora Atlas}} | fr-vns = {{../vn1||}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Very rare | status2 = | imap = | ipa-us = | gbif-e = | gbif-i = | gbif-n = | ny-tier = | c-rank = 0 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = S1 | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7524|N1|}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | col-id = 5RMPS <!-- as Stachys pilosa var. arenicola (Britton) G.A.Mulligan & D.B.Munro --> | gbif = 3904735 <!-- as Stachys pilosa var. arenicola (Britton) G.A.Mulligan & D.B.Munro --> | kew-id = 195465 <!-- as Stachys pilosa var. arenicola (Britton) G.A.Mulligan & D.B.Munro --> | pow-id = 285497-2 <!-- as Stachys pilosa var. arenicola (Britton) G.A.Mulligan & D.B.Munro --> | wfo-id = 0000314415 <!-- as Stachys pilosa var. arenicola (Britton) G.A.Mulligan & D.B.Munro --> | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 243076-Stachys-pilosa-arenicola | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | fna-i1 = | fna-i2 = | tro-id = | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title="Cattaraugus (1929)">Cattaraugus (1929)</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title="Cortland (2018)">Cortland (2018)</abbr> | image1 = Stachys pilosa var arenicola iNat-23771803 (2x3).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Stachys palustris | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1753|Stachys palustris|L.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1849|S. palustris|var=elliptica|Clos}} | sn2 = {{../sn|1879|S. palustris|var=petiolata|T.Durand}} | sn3 = {{../sn|1881|S. palustris|var=segetum|Nyman}} | sn4 = {{../sn|1908|S. palustris|var=homotricha|Fernald}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Marsh hedge-nettle | en2 = Marsh woundwort | en3 = Marsh betony | fr1 = Épaire des marais | fr2 = Crapaudine | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1726|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|STPA|NX|}} | vascan = 6469 | gobot = stachys/palustris | its-id = 32344 | ars-id = 312174 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17606473 | nse-id = | bna-id = | ipn-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Stachys palustris kz3 (2x3).JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Stachys byzantina | author = K.Koch | en1 = Woolly hedgenettle | en2 = Lamb's ears | en3 = Epiaire laineuse | status = Introduced | gbif-e = 2927230 | from = temperate Asia | status1 = | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1725|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|STBY|XX|}} | gbif = 2927230 | vascan = | gobot = stachys/byzantina | its-id = 505350 | ars-id = 316846 | fna-id = | tro-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | ipn-id = | map = Stachys byzantina nymap.svg | image1 = 0 Stachys byzantina - Yvoire (2).JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Stachys sylvatica | author = L. | sn0 = {{../sn|1753|Stachys sylvatica|L.}} | en1 = Whitespot | en2 = Woodland hedge-nettle | en3 = Hedge woundwort | fr1 = Épaire des bois | fr2 = Épaire des forêts | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6931|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|STSY2|XX|}} | vascan = 6473 | gobot = | its-id = 32322 | ars-id = 407652 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17600383 | nse-id = | bna-id = | ipn-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Stachys sylvatica 1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Stachys annua | author = (L.) L. | sn0 = {{../sn|1753|Betonica annua|L.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1763|Stachys annua|(L.) L.}} | en1 = Annual hedgenettle | fr1 = Épiaire annuelle | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | status1 = Impersistent | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1755|Xm|}} | usda = {{../usda|STAN|XW|}} | vascan = 6460 | gobot = stachys/annua | its-id = | ars-id = 316844 | fna-id = | tro-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | ipn-id = | map = Stachys annua nymap.svg | image1 = Pouzdřanská step – Kolby 11.8.2016 (18).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Stachys affinis | author = Bunge <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1833|Stachys affinis|Bunge}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1865|Stachys sieboldii|Miq.}}<ref>[http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=833974 ITIS lists ''Stachys affinis'' as ''Stachys sieboldii'' var. ''sieboldii'']. Other sources list as ''Stachys affinis''.</ref> | sn2 = {{../sn|1887|Stachys tuberifera|Naudin}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Artichoke betony | en2 = Chinese artichoke | en3 = Crosne du Japon <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = China | status1 = Impersistent <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1728|Xm|Washington County only}} | usda = {{../usda|STAF2|X0|NY only}} | vascan = | not listed in Canada | gobot = | not listed in New England | its-id = 833974 | Stachys sieboldii var. sieboldii Miq. | ars-id = 35402 | Stachys affinis Bunge | fna-id = | Stachys not listed | tro-id = 17606500 | Stachys sieboldii var. sieboldii, citing FOC | nse-id = | bna-id = | ipn-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Stachys sieboldii0.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Stachys arvensis | author = (L.) L. <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1753|Glechoma arvensis|L.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1763|Stachys arvensis|(L.) L.}} | sn2 = {{../sn|1778|Cardiaca arvensis|(L.) Lam.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Field hedgenettle | en2 = Staggerweed | en3 = Field woundwort | fr1 = Épiaire des champs | status = Introduced | status1 = Impersistent | from = Eurasia | from1 = N. Africa | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1717|Xm|}} | usda = {{../usda|STAR|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = stachys/arvensis | its-id = 32326 | ars-id = 316845 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17602133 | nse-id = | bna-id = | ipn-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Stachys arvensis 01.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Stachys macrantha | author = (K. Koch) Stearn <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1800|Betonica grandiflora|Stephan|ex Willd.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1834|S. grandiflora|(Willd.) Benth. ''hom''.}} | sn2 = {{../sn|1849|Betonica macrantha|K.Koch}} | sn3 = {{../sn|1951|Stachys macrantha|(K.Koch) Stearn}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Big-sage <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = temperate Asia | status1 = Impersistent | status2 = No specimens <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1744|Xm|}} | usda = {{../usda|STMA12|X0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = 832911 | ars-id = 401210 | fna-id = | tro-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | ipn-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Stachys macrantha0.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Stachys officinalis | author = (L.) Trevis. | sn0 = {{../sn|1753|Betonica officinalis|L.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1834|Stachys betonica|Benth.}} | en1 = Common hedgenettle | status = Introduced | status1 = Impersistent | from = Eurasia | from1 = N.Africa | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1745|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|STOF2|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = 35407 | fna-id = | tro-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | ipn-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Betonica Officinalis.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Stachys cordata | author = Riddell <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1848|Stachys nuttallii|Shuttlw. ex Benth.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1903|Stachys salvioides|Small}} | sn2 = {{../sn|1920|Stachys riddellii|House}} | sn3 = {{../sn|1927|Stachys subcordata|Rydb.}} | sn4 = {{../sn|1936|Stachys cordata|Riddell}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Heartleaf hedgenettle | en2 = {{../en|Heart-leaved|hedge-nettle}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Excluded <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|615|}} | usda = {{../usda|STCO9|X0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = 32314 | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Stachys%20cordata | ipn-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Stachys cordata BB-1913-2.png }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ====Tribe Galeopseae==== {{:Flora of New York/txt |Tribe '''Galeopseae''' (Dumort.) Vis.<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7796571/ Zhao F, Chen YP, Salmaki Y, et al. An updated tribal classification of Lamiaceae based on plastome phylogenomics. BMC Biol. 2021;19(1):2. Published 2021 Jan 8. doi:10.1186/s12915-020-00931-z]</ref> }} =====''Galeopsis''===== {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Lamioideae|uncertain||Galeopsis| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Galeopsis|Hempnettle|518|4|Galeo|3| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Galeopsis bifida | au-abbr = Boenn. | au-full = Clemens Maria Griedrich von Boenninghausen (1785-1864). | au-pub = Prodromus Florae Monasteriensis Westphalorum 178. 1824. <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1824|Galeopsis bifida|Boenn.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1831|G. tetrahit|var=bifida|var-au=(Boenn.) Lej. & Courtois}} | sn2 = {{../sn|1848|G. tetrahit|var=parviflora|var-au=Benth.}} | sn3 = {{../sn|1881|G. tetrahit|ssp=bifida|ssp-au=(Boenn.) Nyman}} | sn4 = {{../sn|1921|G. bifida|var=emarginata|var-au=Nakai}} | sn5 = {{../sn|1929|G. tetrahit|var=bifida|var-au=(Boenn.) Kudô}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Notched hemp-nettle | en2 = Bifid-lip hempnettle | en3 = Splitlip hempnettle | en4 = Common hempnettle | fr1 = Galéopside bifide | fr2 = Galéopsis bifide <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Naturalized | status2 = Widespread <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1711|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|GABI3|XX|}} | vascan = 6373 | gobot = galeopsis/bifida | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = 17600076 | ipn-id = 447034-1 | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = | image1 = Galeopsis bifida 230711.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Galeopsis tetrahit | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1753|Galeopsis tetrahit|L.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1763|Lamium tetrahit|(L.) Crantz}} | sn2 = {{../sn|1771|G. tetrahit|var=tetrahit|var-au=(autonym)}} | sn3 = {{../sn|1794|Tetrahit nodosum|(L.) Moench}} | sn4 = {{../sn|1821|G. nodosum|(Moench) Gray|info=nom. illeg.}} | sn5 = {{../sn|1862|G. tetrahit|ssp=tetrahit|ssp-au=(autonym)}} | sn6 = {{../sn|1891|Ladanum tetrahit|(L.) Kuntze}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Common hempnettle | en2 = Common hemp-nettle | en3 = Brittle-stemmed hemp-nettle | en4 = Brittlestem hempnettle | en5 = Dog nettle | en6 = Ironwort | fr1 = Galéopside à tige carrée | fr2 = Galéopside tétrahit | fr3 = Ortie royale <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Europe | status1 = Naturalized | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1739|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|GATE2|XX|}} | vascan = 6376 | gobot = galeopsis/tetrahit | its-id = | ars-id = 316890 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17600083 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = 20140630Stachys palustris4.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Galeopsis ladanum | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1753|Galeopsis ladanum|L.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|||}} | sn2 = {{../sn|||}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Broad-leaved hemp-nettle | en2 = Broadleaf hempnettle | en3 = Hemp nettle | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | status1 = Not naturalized | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1688|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|GALAL|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = 316889 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = Galeopsis ladanum var latifolia NY-dist-map.png | image1 = Galeopsis angustifolia.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Galeopsis angustifolia | author = Ehrh. ex Hoffm. <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn||G. angustifolia|Ehrh. ex Hoffm.}} | sn1 = {{../sn||G. ladanum|var=angustifolia|var-au=(Ehrh. ex Hoffm.) Wallr.}} | sn2 = {{../sn|||}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Narrow-leaved hemp-nettle | en2 = Narrowleaf hempnettle | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Not naturalized | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7379|Xm|no reports}} | usda = {{../usda|GAAN5|X0|Wisconsin only}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Galeopsis angustifolia ENBLA01.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ===Subfamily Nepetoideae=== ====Tribe Elsholtzieae==== =====''Collinsonia''===== {{../txt |img=Collinsonia canadensis SCA-4392.jpg |cap=''Collinsonia canadensis''<br>stoneroot, horsebalm, richweed | }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Elsholtzieae||Collinsonia| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Collinsonia|Horsebalm|498|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Collinsonia canadensis | au-abbr = L. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|1753|Collinsonia canadensis|L.}} }} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Stoneroot | en2 = Horsebalm | en3 = Canada horse-balm | en4 = Northern horsebalm | en5 = Richweed | en6 = Citronella | en7 = Citronella horse balm <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 7 | nwi1 = FAC | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1680|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|COCA4|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = collinsonia/canadensis | its-id = | ars-id = 423713 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17600043 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = COCA4 | nse-id = | bna-id = Collinsonia%20canadensis | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = | image1 = Collinsonia canadensis 003.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> =====''Elsholtzia''===== {{../txt |img=Elsholtzia ciliata 02.JPG |cap=''Elsholtzia ciliata''<br>crested late-summer mint |''Elsholtzia ciliata'' (crested late-summer mint) is listed as invasive in Connecticut.<ref>[https://cipwg.uconn.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/244/2014/12/CT-Invasive-Plant-List-2014Scientific-Name.pdf Connecticut Invasive Plants Council (2014)]</ref> }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Elsholtzieae||Elsholtzia| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Elsholtzia|Elsholtzia|645|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Elsholtzia ciliata | author = (Thunb.) Hyl. <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = Elsholtzia cristata <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Crested elsholtzia | en2 = Crested latesummer mint | en3 = Crested late-summer mint | en4 = Vietnamese balm <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Asia | status1 = Potentially invasive | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1699|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|ELCI|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = elsholtzia/ciliata | its-id = | ars-id = 403974 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Elsholtzia%20ciliata | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = | image1 = Elsholtzia ciliata 2010.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> =====''Perilla''===== {{../txt |img=Perilla frutescens' flower.jpg |cap=''Perilla frutescens''<br>beefsteak plant | }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Elsholtzieae||Perilla| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Perilla|Perilla-mint|304|2|PERIL|2| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Perilla frutescens | author = (L.) Britton | var = frutescens <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Ocimum frutescens|L.}} {{../sp-1|1764|Perilla ocymoides|L. superfl.}} {{../var1|1856|Perilla ocymoides|L.|japonica|Hassk.}} {{../sp-1|1939|Salvia infuscata|Epling}} {{../var1|1948|Perilla frutescens|(L.) Britton|japonica|(Hassk.) H.Hara}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Beefsteak plant|2018 New York Flora Atlas}} {{../vn1|Beefsteakplant|2018 USDA NRCS National Plant Data Team}} {{../vn1|Perilla-mint|2018 gobotany.newenglandwild.org}} {{../vn1|Wild sesame|2018 gobotany.newenglandwild.org}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Naturalized | c-rank = X | nwi1 = FAC | habit0 = Annual | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6923|X|5 counties on Hudson}} | usda = {{../usda|PEFRF2|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = perilla/frutescens | its-id = | ars-id = 450233 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17601586 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = | image1 = Perilla frutescens 36.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Perilla frutescens | author = (L.) Britton | var = crispa | var-au = (Benth.) W. Deane <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1784|Ocimum crispum|Thunb.}} {{../var1|1848|Perilla ocymoides|L.|crispa|Benth.}} {{../sp-1|1848|Perilla arguta|Benth.}} {{../var1|1923|Perilla frutescens|(L.) Britton|crispa|(Benth.) W. Deane}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Crisped beefsteak plant|2018 New York Flora Atlas - 1}} {{../vn1|Shiso|2018 New York Flora Atlas - 2}} {{../vn1|Beefsteakplant|2018 USDA NRCS National Plant Data Team}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Unk. naturalization | c-rank = X | nwi1 = FAC | habit0 = Annual | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6924|X|Tompkins only}} | usda = {{../usda|PEFRC2|X0|}} | vascan = | gobot = perilla/frutescens | its-id = | ars-id = 450235 | fna-id = | tro-id = 100240474 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = | image1 = Perilla frutescens crispa purpurea.fleurs et graines.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ====Tribe Mentheae==== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img= |cap= |{{../w|Mentheae}} is the largest Lamiaceae tribe and contains the herbs sage, thyme, and of course mint. The subtribes used here are from Drew & Sytsma (2012).<ref>[http://www.botany.wisc.edu/sytsma/pdf/DrewSytsma2012.pdf Bryan T. Drew & Kenneth J. Sytsma (2012), Phylogenics, Biogeography, and Staminal Evolution in the tribe Mentheae (Lamiaceae), ''American Journal of Botany'' 99(5): 933-953]</ref> }} =====Subtribe Salviinae===== ======''Salvia''====== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Salvia lyrata (2404034581).jpg |cap=''Salvia lyrata'' |''Salvia'' is the largest genus in the Lamiaceae. Its only native species, ''Salvia lyrata'', is listed as Endangered but has not been reported in the state recently. }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Salviinae|Salvia| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Salvia|Sage|204|8| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Salvia lyrata | au-abbr = L. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|1753|Salvia lyrata|L.}} |{{../sn|1768|Horminum lyratum|(L.) Mill.}} |{{../sn|1837|Larnastyra lyrata|(L.) Raf.}} |{{../sn|1828|Cunila lyrata|(L.) Schrank}} }} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Lyre-leaved sage | en2 = Lyreleaf sage | en3 = Cancerweed <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Endangered | status2 = No recent reports | c-rank = 10 | nwi1 = FACW | nwi2 = FACU | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = Sun - part shade | chro-no = | ny-rank = SH, G5 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1770|Z|}} | usda = {{../usda|SALY2|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = Salvia/lyrata | its-id = | ars-id = 32945 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17601711 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Salvia%20lyrata | map = | cos = Orange (1990),<br>Rockland (1990),<br>Ulster,<br>Westchester (1898) | image1 = Salvia lyrata Kaldari.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Salvia azurea | author = Michx. ex Lam. | var = grandiflora | var-au = Benth. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|1833|Salvia pitcheri|Torr. ex Benth.}} |{{../sn|1848|Salvia azurea|var=grandiflora|var-au=Benth.}} |{{../sn|1894|Salvia azurea|var=pitcheri|var-au=(Torr. ex Benth.) E.Sheld.}} |{{../sn|1939|Salvia azurea|ssp=pitcheri|ssp-au=(Torr. ex Benth.) Epling}} |{{../sn|1939|Salvia azurea|ssp=intermedia|ssp-au= Epling}} }} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Blue sage | en2 = Pitcher sage | en3 = Pitcher's sage <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = southern U.S. | status1 = N. America native | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1767|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|SAAZG|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = 530228 | ars-id = 70592 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17603237 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = SAAZG | nse-id = | bna-id = Salvia%20azurea | map = nymap.svg | cos = Suffolk (1941) | image1 = Salvia azurea (15355500781).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Salvia reflexa | author = Hornem. | au-abbr = | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1806|Salvia lanceolata|Brouss.}} {{../sp-1|1807|Salvia reflexa|Hornem.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Lance-leaved sage | en2 = Rocky Mountain sage | en3 = Blue sage | en4 = Lambsleaf sage | en5 = Sage mint <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = great plains | status1 = N. America native | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1748|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|SARE3|NW|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = 316816 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = | cos = Albany (1994),<br>Madison (1940),<br>Oswego (2003),<br>St. Lawrence (1994),<br>Suffolk (2001) | image1 = Salvia reflexa iNat-42878716.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Salvia glutinosa | author = L. | au-abbr = | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|1753|Salvia glutinosa|L.}} |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} }} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Sticky sage | en2 = Jupiter's sage | en3 = Jupiter's distaff <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | status1 = Potentially invasive | status2 = Naturalized<ref>Nava M. Tabak (2011). ''Salvia glutinosa'' (Lamiaceae) naturalized in southeastern New York. ''Rhodora'' '''113:''' 220-224.</ref> | imap = 1384 | ipa-us = 50622 | gbif-e = 2927026 | gbif-i = | gbif-n = | ny-tier = | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7500|Xn|}} | usda = {{../usda|SAGL12|X0|NY & OR only}} | gbif = 2927026 | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = 504993 | ars-id = 32931 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Salvia%20glutinosa | map = nymap.svg | cos = Dutchess (2010) | image1 = Salvia glutinosa ENBLA02.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Salvia nemorosa | author = Benth. | au-abbr = | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} }} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Wood sage <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Unk. naturalization | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1734|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Botanical Garden in Poznan (Salvia nemorosa, Blauhugel) (2).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Salvia officinalis | author = L. | au-abbr = | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} }} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Kitchen sage <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6926|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|SAOF2|XW|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = | image1 = Sauge officinale01.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Salvia pratensis | author = L. | au-abbr = | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../spa1|||}} {{../spa1|||}} {{../spa1|||}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Meadow sage|NYFA: 2017 / ARS-GRIN:Websters Dict 2003}} {{../vn1|Meadow clary|ARS-GRIN: A.Huxley, ed. (Dict Gard) 1994}} {{../vn1|Introduced sage |USDA NRCS National Plant Data Team: 2017}} <!-- ========= --> | fr-vns = {{../vn1|Sauge des près|ARS-GRIN: D.Demilly, et al. (L Noms French ed7) 2008}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Naturalized | c-rank = X | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1698|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|SAPR2|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = 32955 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Wiesensalbei 1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Salvia verticillata | author = L. | au-abbr = | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} }} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Lilac sage <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1697|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|SAVE5|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = | image1 = Salvia verticillata RHu 01.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Salvia|author=(excluded species)|Sage|204|2| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Salvia sclarea | au-abbr = L. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../spa1|||}} {{../spa1|||}} {{../spa1|||}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Clary|USDA NRCS National Plant Data Team / ARS-GRIN: G.M.Markle, et al., eds. (Food Feed Crops US) 1997}} {{../vn1|Clary sage|USDA NRCS National Plant Data Team / ARS-GRIN: J.H.Wiersema & B.León (World Econ Pl) 1999}} {{../vn1|Europe sage|USDA NRCS National Plant Data Team}} <!-- ========= --> | fr-vns = {{../vn1|Sauge sclarée|ARS-GRIN:Dict Rehm}} {{../vn1|Sclarée|ARS-GRIN:Dict Rehm}} {{../vn1|Toute-bonne|ARS-GRIN:Zander Ency}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|465|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|SASC2|XW|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Lamiaceae - Salvia sclarea. Agata Fossili127.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Salvia argentea | au-abbr = | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} }} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Silver sage <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|841|}} | usda = {{../usda|SAAR25|X0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Salvia argentea 14May2009 plant CampoCalatrava.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Salvia nutans | author = L. | au-abbr = | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} }} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Nodding sage <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|756|}} | usda = {{../usda|SANU5|X0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Salvia nutans2.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Salvia × sylvestris | au-abbr = L. (pro. sp) | au-full = | au-pub = | hp1 = Salvia nemorosa | hp2 = Salvia pratensis <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../spa1|||}} {{../spa1|||}} {{../spa1|||}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../hybrid-of|wood sage|meadow sage}} <!-- ========= --> | fr-vns = {{../vn1||}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|466|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Ny hybrid.svg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Melissa''====== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Melissa officinalis.jpeg |cap=''Melissa officinalis'' | }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Salviinae|Melissa| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Melissa|Balm|881|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Melissa officinalis | au-abbr = L. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1||Melissa officinalis|L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Lemonbalm| 2021 New York Flora Atlas}} {{../vn1|Lemon balm|}} {{../vn1|Common balm|}} {{../vn1|Garden balm|}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Potentially invasive | status2 = Naturalized | imap = | ipa-us = 14130 | gbif-e = | gbif-i = 5341501 | gbif-n = | ny-tier = | c-rank = X | nwi1 = UPL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Heerb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = SNA, GNR | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1768|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|MEOF2|XX|}} | gbif = 5341501 | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 59901-Melissa-officinalis | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = | image1 = Melissa officinalis, 2020-07-11, Beechview, 03.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> =====Subtribe Prunellinae===== ======''Prunella''====== {{../txt |img=20120714Prunella vulgaris2.jpg |cap=''Prunella vulgaris'' | In New York, ''Prunella'' ('''self-heal''' or '''heal-all''') consists primarily of the single species ''Prunella vulgaris'', which (depending on the source) has two subspecies present: the Eurasian ''P. vulgaris'' ssp. ''vulgaris'' and the North American ''P. vulgaris'' ssp. ''lanceolata''. }} {|class=wikitable width=1024px style="font-size:12px" !rowspan=2|''Prunella vulgaris'' !rowspan=2|self-heal !colspan=3|middle cauline (mid-stem) leaves !rowspan=2|growth form |- !base shape !leaf shape !length/width ratio |- |ssp. ''lanceolata'' |American |cuniate (wedge-shape) |lanceolate to oblong |2.0 - 5.0 (avg. 3.0) |upright or reclining, tips ascending |- |ssp. ''vulgaris'' |Eurasian |rounded |ovate to ovate-oblong |1.5 - 2.5 (avg. 2.0) |flat on ground |} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Prunellinae|Prunella| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Prunella|Selfheal|184|3| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Prunella vulgaris | author = L. | ssp0 = lanceolata | ssp-au = (W.P.C.Barton) Piper & Beattie <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../var1|1818|Prunella pennsylvanica|Willd.|lanceolata|W.P.C.Barton}} {{../var1|1834|Prunella vulgaris|L.|elongata|Benth.}} {{../var1|1913|Prunella vulgaris|L.|lanceolata|(W.P.C.Barton) Fernald}} {{../ssp1|1915|'''Prunella vulgaris'''|L.|'''lanceolata'''|(W.P.C.Barton) Piper & Beattie}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = American self-heal | en2 = American heal-all | en3 = Lance selfheal | en4 = Mountain selfheal | en5 = Narrowleaf selfheal <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Unranked | c-rank = 1 | nwi1 = FAC | nwi2 = FACU | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = SNR | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7201|3 counties|Jefferson (2001), Ontario (1951), St. Lawrence (2019)}} | usda = {{../usda|PRVUL2|NN|}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | fsus = 5389 | vascan = | gobot = Prunella/vulgaris | its-id = | ars-id = 459329 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Prunella%20vulgaris | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Prunella vulgaris - Selfheal.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Prunella vulgaris | author = L. | ssp0 = vulgaris <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Prunella vulgaris|L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Eurasian self-heal | en2 = Common self-heal <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Widespread weed | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1695|53 counties|}} | usda = {{../usda|PRVUV|NX|not shown in NY}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | fsus = 5390 | vascan = | gobot = | inat = | its-id = | ars-id = 454268 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = Prunella vulgaris var vulgaris NY-dist-map.png | image1 = Atlas roslin pl Głowienka pospolita 8345 7678.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Prunella laciniata | au-abbr = (L.) L. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn||Prunella laciniata|(L.) L.}} |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} }} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Cutleaf selfheal | en2 = Cut-leaved selfheal | en3 = Cut-leaved heal-all <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1709|X|Chemung only}} | usda = {{../usda|PRLA7|X0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = 32385 | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | image1 = Prunella laciniata sl16.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} =====Subtribe Lycopinae===== ======''Lycopus''====== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Lycopus americanus 5475282.jpg |cap=''Lycopus americanus'' |'''Bugleweed''', '''waterhorehound''', or '''gypsywort''' (genus ''Lycopus'') species are herbaceous perennials that grow in a variety of wetlands, on stream banks, and in low-lying meadows. }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Lycopinae|Lycopus| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Lycopus|Bugleweed|60|7|LYCOP|n| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Lycopus americanus | ssp0 = americanus | author = Muhl. ex W.P.C.Barton <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1813|Lycopus americanus|Muhl.|info=nom. subnud.; ex Barton }} | sn1 = {{../sn|1815|'''Lycopus americanus'''|Muhl. ex W.P.C.Barton}} | sn2 = {{../sn|1917|Phytosalpinx americana|(Muhl. ex W.P.C.Barton) Lunell}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|American bugleweed|}} {{../vn1|American water horehound|}} {{../vn1|Common water horehound<ref>[http://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1557 ''Lycopus americanus'' (Common water horehound), A. A. Reznicek, E. G. Voss, & B. S. Walters. February 2011. University of Michigan. Web.]</ref>|}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 4 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = S5, G5 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1686|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|LYAM|NN|}} | col-id = 3WN4L | gbif = 5341461 | vascan = | gobot = Lycopus/americanus | its-id = | ars-id = 430583 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17603079 | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title=" ">56 counties</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title=" ">? counties</abbr> | image1 = Lycopus americanus NRCS-1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Lycopus americanus | ssp = laurentianus | ssp-au = (Roll.-Germ.) Coursol & Bailleul | au-abbr = Muhl. ex W.P.C. Barton | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> 1945. '' Lycopus laurentianus ''Roll.-Germ. in Naturaliste Canad. 72:177 1966. '' Lycopus americanus ''var. ''laurentianus'' (Roll.-Germ.) B.Boivin 2021. '' '''Lycopus americanus''' ''ssp. ''' ''laurentianus'' (Roll.-Germ.) Coursol & Bailleul </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = | fr-vns = <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Unranked | status2 = | imap = | ipa-us = | griisus = | ny-tier = | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = SNR, G5-T3Q | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7818|3 counties|}} | inatc = {{../inat|164972-Lycopus-laurentianus||}} | gbifc = {{../gbif||present in NY|present in New York State}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = 77234735-1 | wfo-id = | fsus = | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-i1 = | fna-i2 = | tro-id = <!-- ========= --> | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Lycopus uniflorus | author = Michx. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1803|'''Lycopus uniflorus'''|Michx.}} {{../sp-1|1901|Lycopus communis|E.P.Bicknell}} {{../sp-1|1901|Lycopus membranaceus|E.P.Bicknell}} {{../sp-1|1910|Lycopus coreanus|H.Lév.}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Northern bugleweed|2021 New York Flora Atlas, USDA NRCS National Plant Data Team}} {{../vn1|Northern water horehound|2021 New York Flora Atlas}} {{../vn1|Northern water-horehound|2021 Native Plant Trust (Go Botany)}} {{../vn1|Tuberous water-horehound|2021 ARS-GRIN: Darbyshire, S.J. 2003. Inventory of Canadian Agricultural Weeds Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.}} {{../vn1|Slender bugleweed|}} {{../vn1|One-flowered horehound|2004 Flora of Missouri}} | fr-vns = {{../vn1|Lycope à une fleur|2021 ARS-GRIN: Darbyshire, S.J. 2003. Inventory of Canadian Agricultural Weeds Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 4 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | ny-rank = S5, G5 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1735|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|LYUN|NN|}} | col-id = 733CW | gbif = 5341480 | kew-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = Lycopus/uniflorus | its-id = | ars-id = 22976 | fna-i2 = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title=" ">54 counties</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title=" ">? counties</abbr> | image1 = Lycopus uniflorus 5499186.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Lycopus virginicus | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|'''Lycopus virginicus'''|L.}} {{../var1|1814|Lycopus virginicus|L.|quercifolius|Pursh}} {{../sp-1|1833|Lycopus macrophyllus|Benth.}} {{../var1|1833|Lycopus virginicus|L.|pauciflorus|Benth.}} {{../sp-1|1840|Euhemus officinalis|Raf.}} {{../sp-1|1840|Euhemus sylvaticus|Raf.}} {{../var1|1870|Lycopus virginicus|L.|macrophyllus|(Benth.) A.Gray}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Virginia bugleweed | en2 = Virginia water horehound | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Likely secure | c-rank = 4 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = S4, G5 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1769|4|}} | usda = {{../usda|LYVI4|NN|}} | col-id = 3WN6W | gbif = 5341476 | kew-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = Lycopus/virginicus | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title=" ">40 counties</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title=" ">? counties</abbr> | image1 = Lycopus virginicus 002.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Lycopus × sherardii | au-abbr = Steele | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | hp1 = Lycopus uniflorus | hp2 = Lycopus virginicus <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1901|Lycopus sherardii|E.S.Steele}} {{../sp-1|1901|'''Lycopus × sherardii'''|Steele}} {{../var1|1972|Lycopus virginicus|L.|sherardii|(Steele) B.Boivin}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Sherard’s bugleweed|2021 New York Flora Atlas}} {{../vn1|Sherard’s water horehound|2021 New York Flora Atlas}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Unraked | status2 = | c-rank = | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = SNA <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7430|U|}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | col-id = 3WN6M | gbif = | kew-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 170866-Lycopus---sherardii | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title="Suffolk (1926)">Suffolk (1926)</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title="No iNaturalist observation as of 2022">not observed</abbr> | image1 = Lycopus × sherardii iNat-159011027.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Lycopus amplectens | author = Raf. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1||Lycopus amplectens|Raf.}} {{../sp-1||Lycopus sessilifolius|A.Gray}} {{../var1||Lycopus amplectens|Raf.|pubens|(Britton ex Small) Fernald}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Clasping bugleweed|2021 New York Flora Atlas}} {{../vn1|Clasping water horehound|2021 New York Flora Atlas, USDA NRCS National Plant Data Team}} {{../vn1|Clasping water-horehound|2021 Native Plant (Go Botany)}} {{../vn1|Sessile-leaved bugleweed|}} | en1 = | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Threatened | c-rank = 10 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = S2, G5 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1687|2|}} | usda = {{../usda|LYAM2|N0|}} | col-id = | gbif = | kew-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = Lycopus/amplectens | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title="Nassau (?), Suffolk (1914-1988)">2 counties (1988)</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title="No research=grade observations as of 2022">not observed?</abbr> | image1 = Lycopus amplectens (cropped).JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Lycopus rubellus | author = Moench <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1||Lycopus rubellus|Moench}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Stalked bugleweed|}} {{../vn1|Stalked water horehound|}} {{../vn1|Taperleaf water horehound|}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Endangered | c-rank = 3 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Ferb-forb | ny-rank = S1, G5 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1710|1|}} | usda = {{../usda|LYRU|N0|}} | col-id = | gbif = | kew-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = Lycopus/rubellus | inat = 164973-Lycopus-rubellus | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title=" ">? counties</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title="Bronx (2018)">Bronx (2018)</abbr> | image1 = Lycopus rubellus NRCS-1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Lycopus asper | author = Greene <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1848|Lycopus obtusifolius|Benth.}} {{../sp-1|1898|'''Lycopus asper'''|Greene}} {{../sp-1|1898|Lycopus maritimus|Greene}} {{../sp-1|1917|Phytosalpinx aspera|(Greene) Lunell}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Western bugleweed|2022 New York Flora Atlas}} {{../vn1|Western water horehound|2022 New York Flora Atlas}} {{../vn1|Western water-horehound|2022 Native Plant Trust, Go Botany}} {{../vn1|Rough bugleweed|}} {{../vn1|Rough water horehound|http://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1558 ''Lycopus asper'' (Rough water horehound), A. A. Reznicek, E. G. Voss, & B. S. Walters. February 2011. University of Michigan.}} | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = N. America native | status2 = Unknown naturalization | c-rank = | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | ny-rank = SNA, G5 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1703|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|LYAS|NN|}} | col-id = | gbif = | kew-id = | pow-id = 147711-2 | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = Lycopus/asper | inat = 62651-Lycopus-asper | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title="Erie (1981), Genesee (?), Onondaga (1949)">3 counties (1981)</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title="No iNaturalist observations in New York as of 2022">not observed</abbr> | image1 = Lycopus asper NRCS-1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Lycopus europaeus | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Lycopus europaeus|L.}} {{../var1|1891|Lycopus europaeus|L.|mollis|Briq.}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|European bugleweed|2021 New York Flora Atlas - McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2}} {{../vn1|European water horehound|2021 New York Flora Atlas}} {{../vn1|Gypsywort|2021 ARS-GRIN: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India. 1948-1976. }} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Potentially invasive | status2 = Naturalized | imap = 1168 | ipa-us = 18751 | gbif-e = | gbif-i = 5341478 | gbif-n = | ny-tier = | c-rank = X | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = SNA, GNR <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1743|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|LYEU|XX|}} | col-id = | gbif = 5341478 | kew-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = Lycopus/europaeus | inat = 133036-Lycopus-europaeus | its-id = | ars-id = 423463 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title="Albany, Broome, Cayuga, Chautauqua, Erie, Kings, Livingston, Monroe, Nassau, Niagara, Oswego, St.Lawrence, Suffolk">13 counties</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title="Chautauqua (2018), Monroe (2021), Niagara (2020), Wayne (2010), ">10 counties</abbr> | image1 = Gipsywort^ Lycopus europaeus - Flickr - gailhampshire.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> =====Subtribe Nepetineae===== ======''Agastache''====== {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Neptinae|Agastache| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Agastache|Giant-hyssop|1032|3|author=J.Clayton ex Gronov. }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Agastache scrophulariifolia | author = (Willd.) Kuntze <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1800|Hyssopus scrophulariaefolia|Willd.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1891|Agastache scrophulariifolia|(Willd.) Kuntze}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = '''Purple giant-hyssop''' | en2 = Figwort giant-hyssop | en3 = Purple giant hyssop | en4 = Figwort giant hyssop | fr1 = Agastache à feuilles de scrofulaire <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Likely secure | c-rank = 2 | nwi1 = | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = Heliophily: 6 <br> Sun - shade | chro-no = | ny-rank = S4 | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6915|16 counties|16 counties}} | inatc = {{../inat|158084-Agastache-scrophulariifolia|5 counties|5 counties}} | gbifc = {{../gbif||present in NY|present in New York State}} | usda = {{../usda|AGSC|NN|}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | fsus = 5268 | vascan = 6353 | gobot = agastache/scrophulariifolia | its-id = | ars-id = 316018 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = AGSC | nse-id = | bna-id = Agastache%20scrophulariifolia | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Agastache scrophulariifolia.jpg|width1=120 }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Agastache nepetoides | author = (L.) Kuntze <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1753|Hyssopus nepetoides|L.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1808|Vleckia nepetoides|(L.) Raf.}} | sn2 = {{../sn|1891|A. nepetoides|(L.) Kuntze}} | sn3 = {{../sn|1829|Lophanthus nepetoides|(L.) Benth.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Yellow giant hyssop | en2 = Catnip giant-hyssop | fr1 = Agastache faux-népéta | fr2 = Agastache faux-népète <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Threatened | c-rank = 6 | nwi1 = | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Forb-herb <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6914|2-3|}} | usda = {{../usda|AGNE2|NN|}} | vascan = 6352 | gobot = agastache/nepetoides | its-id = | ars-id = 312122 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17600008 | nse-id = | ipn-id = | bna-id = Agastache%20nepetoides | map = | image1 = Agastache nepetoides - Catnip giant hyssop.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Agastache foeniculum | author = (Pursh) Kuntze <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1813|Hyssopus anethiodorus|Nutt.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1814|Stachys foeniculum|Pursh}} | sn2 = {{../sn|1818|Hyssopus foeniculum|(Pursh) Spreng.}} | sn3 = {{../sn|1829|Lophanthus anisatus|Benth. }} | sn4 = {{../sn|1891|Agastache foeniculum|(Pursh) Kuntze}} | sn5 = {{../sn|1892|Vleckia foeniculum|(Pursh) MacMill.}} | sn6 = {{../sn|1894|Vleckia anethiodora|(Nutt.) Greene}} | sn7 = {{../sn|1898|Agastache anethiodora|(Nutt.) Britton}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Anise-hyssop | en2 = Fragrant giant-hyssop | en3 = Lavender giant-hyssop | en4 = Anise mint | en5 = Blue giant hyssop | en6 = Fennel giant hyssop | en7 = Licorice mint | fr1 = Agastache fenouil <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = S-central Canada | from1 = N-central US | status1 = N. America native | status2 = Cultivated | status3 = Naturalized: ? | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Forb-herb | light = Sun-shade | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6913|X|Cultivated and perhaps very rarely naturalizing.}} | usda = {{../usda|AGFO|NN|}} | vascan = 6351 | gobot = agastache/foeniculum | its-id = 32440 | ars-id = 312121 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = AGFO | nse-id = Agastache+foeniculum | bna-id = Agastache%20foeniculum | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = Agastache foeniculum nymap.svg | image1 = Agastache foeniculum 'Anise Hyssop' (Labatae) plant.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Dracocephalum''====== {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Neptinae|Dracocephalum| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Dracocephalum|Dragonhead||2| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Dracocephalum parviflorum | author = Nutt. | sn0 = {{../sn|1818|Dracocephalum parviflora|Nutt.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1913|Moldavica parviflora|Britton}} | en1 = American dragonhead | en2 = Dragonhead mint | status = Native | status1 = Endangered | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6916|1|}} | usda = {{../usda|DRPA2|NN|}} | i-tsn = | ars-id = 316657 | map = | image1 = Dracocephalum parviflorum drawing 1.png }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Dracocephalum thymiflorum | author = L. | sn1 = {{../sn||Moldavica thymiflora|(L.) Rydb.}} | en1 = Thymeleaf dragonhead | en2 = Thyme-leaved dragon-head | status = Introduced | status1 = Impersistent | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1696|X|Chemung only}} | usda = {{../usda|DRTH|XX|}} | i-tsn = | ars-id = | map = | image1 = }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} ======''Glechoma''====== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Atlas roslin pl Bluszczyk kurdybanek 3621 7088.jpg |cap=''Glechoma hederacea'' |'''Ground ivy''' (''Glechoma hederacea'') is a common weed found in cultivated places throughout most of New York State. }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Neptinae|Glechoma| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Glechoma|Glechoma|576|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Glechoma hederacea | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|'''Glechoma hederacea'''|L.}} {{../sp-1|1771|Calamintha hederacea|(L.) Scop.}} {{../var1|1822|Glechoma hederacea|L.|parvifolia|Gray}} {{../sp-1|1834|Nepeta glechoma|Benth.}} {{../sp-1|1842|Nepeta hederacea|(L.) Trevis.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Ground ivy | en2 = Gill-over-the-ground | en3 = Creeping Charlie <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Highly invasive | status2 = Widespread weed | imap = 1132 | ipa-us = 3026 | gbif-e = | gbif-i = 2926557 | gbif-n = | ny-tier = 4 | c-rank = X | nwi1 = FACU | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = SNA, GNR | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1714|Xn|}} | usda = {{../usda|GLHE2|XX|}} | col-id = 3G6WF | gbif = 2926557 | kew-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = Glechoma/hederacea | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Glechoma hederacea 02.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} ======''Hyssopus''====== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Hyssopus officinalis HC2.jpg |cap=''Hyssopus officinalis'' |'''Hyssop''' (''Hyssopus officinalis'') }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Neptinae|Hyssopus| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Hyssopus|Hyssop||1||?| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Hyssopus officinalis | au-abbr = | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|'''Hyssopus officinalis'''|L.}} {{../sp-1|2020|Hyssopus schleicheri|G.Don ex Loudon}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Hyssop|}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6917|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|HYOF|XX|}} | col-id = | gbif = 5341387 | kew-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = Hyssopus/officinalis | inat = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | fna-i1 = | fna-i2 = | tro-id = | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Hyssopus officinalis 004.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} ======''Nepeta''====== {{../txt |img=Die Katzenminze lat. Nepeta 11.jpg |cap=''Nepeta cataria'' L. catnip | }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Neptinae|Nepeta| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Nepeta|Catnip|765|3| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Nepeta cataria | author = L. | en1 = Catnip | status = Introduced | status1 = Widespread weed | status2 = [http://www.invasive.org/browse/subinfo.cfm?sub=6078 IO] | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6921|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|NECA2|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = Nepeta/cataria | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | image1 = Nepeta cataria 1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Nepeta grandiflora | author = M.Bieb. | en1 = Caucasus catmint | status = Introduced | status1 = Impersistent | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1737|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|NEGR3|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = | image1 = Nepeta grandiflora1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Nepeta racemosa | author = Lam. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1||Nepeta racemosa|Lam.}} {{../sp-1||Nepeta mussinii|Spreng. ex Henckel}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Racemed catnip|}} {{../vn1|Persian catmint|}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Impersistent | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1704|X|Monroe only}} | usda = {{../usda|NERA2|X0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = 20170526Nepeta racemosa1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} ======''Meehania''====== {{../txt |img=Meehania cordata Kentucky.jpg |cap=''Meehania cordata''<br>Meehan's mint |'''Meehan's mint''' is native to the Appalachians from North Carolina to Pennsylvania. It doesn't appear to have naturalized in New York, though it is planted as a "native" groundcover. }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Nepetineae|Meehania| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Meehania|Meehan's mint|0|0| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Meehania cordata | au-abbr = (Nutt.) Britton | au-full = Nathaniel Lord Britton (1859-1934). | au-pub = Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 21(1):33. 1894. <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1818|Dracocephalum cordatum|Nutt.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1834|Cedronella cordata|Benth.}} | sn2 = {{../sn|1894|Meehania cordata|(Nutt.) Britton}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Meehan's mint | en2 = Creeping mint | en3 = Trailing mint <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Appalachians | status1 = US South native | status2 = No NY reports | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|0|0|}} | usda = {{../usda|MECO|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = 503731 | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = 17601497 | ipn-id = 155825-2 | lbj-id = | nse-id = Meehania+cordata | bna-id = Meehania%20cordata | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Meehania cordata iNat-132589536.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} =====Subtribe Menthinae===== {{../txt |img= |cap= |The large {{../w|Menthinae}} subtribe can ce separated into Old-World and New-World clades along the lines presented in Drew and Sytsma (2012).<ref>[http://www.botany.wisc.edu/sytsma/pdf/DrewSytsma2012.pdf Bryan T. Drew & Kenneth J. Sytsma (2012), Phylogenics, Biogeography, and Staminal Evolution in the tribe Mentheae (Lamiaceae), ''American Journal of Botany'' 99(5): 933-953]</ref> However, many of the genera have been found to be polyphyletic, including ''Mentha'' and ''Clinopodium'', which have New York species in both clades. }} ======''Hedeoma''====== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Hedeoma pulegioides 2017-09-26 4956b.jpg |cap=''Hedeoma pulegioides'' |'''False-pennyroyal''' (''Hedeoma'' species). }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Menthinae|Hedeoma| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Hedeoma|False-pennyroyal|623|2| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Hedeoma pulegioides | author = (L.) Pers. (1806) <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../spa1||Cunila pulegioides}} {{../spa1||Melissa pulegioides}} {{../spa1||Ziziphora pulegioides}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = American false pennyroyal | en2 = American pennyroyal | status = Native | status1 = Secure | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1689|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|HEPU|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = Hedeoma/pulegioides | its-id = 32520 | ars-id = 316705 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Hedeoma pulegioides 2017-09-26 4959.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Hedeoma hispida | author = Pursh | en1 = Rough false pennyroyal | status = Native | status1 = Threatened | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1715|2-3|}} | usda = {{../usda|HEHI|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = Hedeoma/hispida | ars-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Hedeoma hispida (7495953168) (cropped).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} ======''Blephilia''====== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Blephilia hirsuta - Flickr - aspidoscelis.jpg |cap=''Blephilia hirsuta'' | }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Menthinae|Blephilia| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Blephilia|Pagoda-plant|324|2|Bleph|?| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Blephilia hirsuta | author = (Pursh) Benth. | en1 = Hairy pagoda plant | en2 = Hairy woodmint | status = Native | status1 = Likely secure | status2 = | imap = | ipa-us = | gbif-e = | gbif-i = | gbif-n = | ny-tier = | c-rank = 6 | nwi1 = FACU | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = S4, G5? | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1716|4|}} | usda = {{../usda|BLHI|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = Blephilia/hirsuta | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | image1 = Blephilia hirsuta inflorescence (3x4).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Blephilia ciliata | author = (L.) Raf. | en1 = Downy pagoda plant | en2 = Downy woodmint | en3 = Ohio horsemint | en4 = Sunny woodmint | status = Native | status1 = Endangered | status2 = DEC-A<ref name=DECA>{{flora-of-ref|DECA}}</ref> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1706|1|}} | usda = {{../usda|BLCI|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = Blephilia/ciliata | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = | image1 = Blephilia ciliata.jpg|width1=96 }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Monarda''====== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Monarda fistulosa - Flickr - gailhampshire.jpg |cap=''Monarda fistulosa'' |'''Beebalm''' or '''Bergamot''' contains about 12 to 20 species in North America. }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Menthinae|Monarda| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Monarda|Beebalm|862|7| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Monarda fistulosa | author = L. | var0 = fistulosa <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|'''Monarda fistulosa'''|L.}} {{../sp-1|1789|Monarda oblongata|Aiton}} {{../sp-1|1813|Monarda purpurea|Pursh}} {{../sp-1|1821|Monarda affinis|Link}} {{../sp-1|1826|Monarda scabra|Beck}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Common wild bergamot | en2 = Wild bergamot | en3 = Wild bergamot bee-balm | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 2 | nwi1 = FACU | nwi2 = UPL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = Sun - part shade | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1758|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|MOFIF2|N0|ssp. fistulosa var. fistulosa}} | gbif = | pow-id = 77171472-1 | wfo-id = | vascan = 6416 | gobot = monarda/fistulosa | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = MOFI | nse-id = | bna-id = Monarda%20fistulosa | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = Monarda fistulosa var fistulosa NY-dist-map.png | image1 = 6296 NRCS projects (38166024904) (3x4).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Monarda fistulosa | author = L. | var0 = mollis | var-au = (L.) L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1756|Monarda mollis|L.}} {{../var1|1762|'''Monarda fistulosa'''|L.|'''mollis'''|(L.) L.}} {{../var1||Monarda fistulosa|L.|mollis|(L.) Benth.}} {{../for1|1924|Monarda mollis|L.|albiflora|Farw.}} {{../for1|1945|Monarda fistulosa|L.|albiflora|(Farw.) Sherff}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Pale wild bergamot | status = Native | status1 = Likely secure | c-rank = 2 | nwi1 = FACU | nwi2 = UPL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6920|4-5|}} | usda = {{../usda|MOFIM3|NN|ssp. fistulosa var. mollis}} | gbif = 5605434 | pow-id = 77189955-1 | wfo-id = | vascan = 6419 | gobot = monarda/fistulosa | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = MOFI | nse-id = | bna-id = Monarda%20fistulosa | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Monarda fistulosa - Wild Bergamot.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Monarda didyma | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|'''Monarda didyma'''|L.}} {{../sp-1|1797|Monarda purpurea|Lam.}} {{../sp-1|1815|Monarda oswegoensis|W.P.C.Barton}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Oswego tea | en2 = Scarlet beebalm | en3 = Bee-balm | en4 = Red bergamot | en5 = Bergamot | en6 = Mountain-mint <!-- ========= --> | fr1 = Monarde écarlate | fr2 = Monarde pourpre <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 7 | nwi1 = FAC | nwi2 = FACU | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = Sun - part shade | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1759|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|MODI|NN|}} | gbif = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = 6415 | gobot = monarda/didyma | its-id = | ars-id = 24535 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = MODI | nse-id = | bna-id = Monarda%20didyma | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = | image1 = Monarda July 2013-1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Monarda media | author = Willd. <!-- ========= --> | hp1 = Monarda didyma | hp2 = Monarda fistulosa <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1809|'''Monarda media'''|Willd.}} {{../var1|1878|Mondarda fistulosa|L.|media|(Willd.) Gray}} {{../for1|1895|Mondarda fistulosa|L.|media|(Willd.) Voss}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Purple wild bergamot | en2 = Purple bergamot | en3 = Purple horsemint <!-- ========= --> | fr1 = Monarde moyenne | fr2 = Monarde pourpre <!-- ========= --> | status = N. America native | status1 = NY nativity unk. | c-rank = 0 | nwi1 = FACU | nwi2 = FAC | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = Heliophily: 6 | chro-no = | ny-rank = S1, G4? | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1757|11 counties|11 counties}} | inatc = {{../inat|133093-Monarda-media|Cortland county|Cortland county}} | gbifc = {{../gbif||present in NY|present in New York State}} | usda = {{../usda|MOME|NN|Ontario & Eastern US}} <!-- ========= --> | pow-id = 452059-1 | wfo-id = | fsus = 5369 | vascan = 6422 | gobot = monarda/media | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Monarda%20X%20media | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Monarda media iNat-9365253 (3x4).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Monarda punctata | author = L. | var0 = villicaulis | var-au = (Pennell) Shinners <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> 1919.'' Monarda punctata ''ssp. ''villicaulis ''Pennell 1953.'' '''Monarda punctata''' ''var. ''villicaulis ''(Pennell) Shinners </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = '''Hairy-stem spotted horsemint''' <br> Hairy horsemint <br> Horsemint <br> Spotted beebalm | fr-vns = Monarde à tige velue <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Likely secure | ny-tier = | c-rank = 6 | nwi1 = UPL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = S4, G5T5? | ns-rank = 2.130970/Monarda_punctata_var_villicaulis S4, T5 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1733|13 counties|Native, Apparently secure in New York State.}} | inatc = {{../inat|241777-Monarda-punctata-villicaulis|Warren, Saratoga|Warren, Saratoga}} | gbifc = {{../gbif|7842101|present in NY|present in New York State}} | usda = {{../usda|MOPUV|NN|as M. punctata ssp. punctata var. villicaulis}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = 77188777-1 | wfo-id = 0000245393 | fsus = 5372 <!-- as Monarda species 4 [=villicaulis] . Hairy-stem Horsemint.--> | vascan = 6420 | gobot = monarda/punctata | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Monarda%20punctata | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = Monarda punctata var villicaulis NY-dist-map.png | image1 = Monarda punctata var villicaulis iNat-150724290.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Monarda punctata | author = L. | var0 = punctata <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> 1753.'' Monarda punctata ''L. in Sp. Pl.: 22 1803.'' Monarda lutea ''Michx. in Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1:16 1896.'' Monarda punctata ''var. ''leucantha ''Nash in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 23:104 1935.'' Monarda punctata ''var. ''typica ''Epling </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = '''Eastern Horsemint''' <br> Spotted beebalm <br> Dotted horse mint <br> Common spotted horse mint | fr-vns = Monarde ponctuée <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Especially vulnerable | c-rank = 10 | nwi1 = UPL | habit0 = Perrenial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = Heliophily: 8 | chro-no = | ny-rank = S1 | ns-rank = 2.152787/Monarda_punctata_ssp_punctata S2, T5 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1701|4 counties|Jefferson (1976), Richmond (1901), Saratoga (1934), Suffolk (?)}} | inatc = {{../inat|237310-Monarda-punctata-punctata|no observations|no observations in New York State}} | gbifc = {{../gbif|7226105|present in NY|present in New York State}} | usda = {{../usda|MOPUP|NN|as Monarda punctata L. ssp. punctata}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = 77172202-1 | wfo-id = 0000245388 | fsus = 5371 | vascan = 6421 | gobot = monarda/punctata | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-i2 = Monarda_punctata | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Monarda%20punctata | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Monarda punctata var punctata iNat-4780298.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Monarda clinopodia | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> 1753.'' '''Monarda clinopodia''' ''L. in Sp. Pl.:22 1756.'' Monarda clinopodifolia ''L. in Amoen. Acad. 3:399 1789.'' Monarda rugosa ''Aiton in Hort. Kew. 1:36 1797.'' Monarda glabra ''Lam. in Encycl. 4:256 1803.'' Monarda allophylla ''Michx. in Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1:16 1809.'' Monarda altissima ''Willd. in Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol.:33 1834.'' Monardella caroliniana ''Benth. in Labiat. Gen. Spec.:332 1984.'' Monarda fistulosa ''var. ''clinopodia ''(L.) Cooperr. in Michigan Bot. 23:166 </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Basil balm | en2 = Basilbalm | en3 = Basil bee-balm <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Endangered | nynhp = '''S1'''<ref>[https://guides.nynhp.org/basilbalm/ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for ''Monarda clinopodia''.]</ref> | imap = | ipa-us = | gbif-e = | gbif-i = | gbif-n = | ny-tier = | c-rank = 7 | nwi1 = FACU | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = S1, G5 | ns-rank = 2.133611/Monarda_clinopodia S1, G5 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1760|1-2|}} | usda = {{../usda|MOCL|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Monarda%20clinopodia | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Monarda clinopodia - White Bergamot.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Pycnanthemum''====== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Pycnanthemum cf. tenuifolium (9554437170).jpg |cap=''Pycnanthemum tenuifolium'' |The 7 New York species of the genus ''Pycnanthemum'' (pick-NAN-thuh-mum) are commonly referred to as '''mountain mints''', although that common name may be misleading since these plants often occur in moist lowland locations. All of the approximately 20 species of this genus are native to North America.<ref>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331891-2 ''Pycnanthemum'' Michx. in Plants of the World Online, 2023]</ref> }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Menthinae|Pycnanthemum| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Pycnanthemum|sect=Capitellatae|Mountainmint|362|8| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Pycnanthemum tenuifolium | author = {{../w|Schrad.}} <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> 1809.'' '''Pycnanthemum tenuifolium''' ''Schrad. in Hort. Gott.:10 1970.'' Pycnanthemum tenuifolium ''var. ''lawrencei ''F.Seym. in Rhodora 72:50 </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = '''Slender mountain-mint''' <br> Narrow-leaved mountain-mint <br> Narrowleaf mountain-mint <br> Slenderleaf mountain-mint | fr-vns = Pycnanthème à feuilles étroites <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 3 | nwi1 = FAC | nwi2 = FACW | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = Heliophily: 7<br>Sun - part shade | chro-no = 4x (n = 20, 40) | ny-rank = S5, G5 | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1774|46 counties|Native, Demonstrably secure in New York State.}} | inatc = {{../inat|||}} | gbifc = {{../gbif||present in NY|present in New York State}} | usda = {{../usda|PYTE|NN|}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = 455236-1 | wfo-id = | fsus = 5405 | vascan = 6441 | gobot = Pycnanthemum/tenuifolium | its-id = | ars-id = 312141 | fna-i2 = Pycnanthemum_tenuifolium | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = PYTE | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Pycnanthemum tenuifolium - Narrow Leaved Mountain Mint 2 (2x3).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Pycnanthemum virginianum | au-abbr = (L.) T.Durand & B.D.Jacks. ex B.L.Rob. & Fernald | au-full = | au-pub = A.Gray, Manual, ed. 7: 707 (1908) <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> 1753.'' Satureja virginiana ''L. in Sp. Pl.:567 1771.'' Satureja virginica ''L. in Mant. Pl. 2:40, nom. superfl. 1800.'' Thymus virginicus ''(L.) Willd. in Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 3:145 1803.'' Brachystemum virginicum ''(L.) Michx. in Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2:6 1806.'' Thymus verticillatus ''Poir. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 7:653 1809.'' Brachystemum lanceolatum ''Willd. in Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol.:623 1813.'' Pycnanthemum lanceolatum ''(Willd.) Pursh in Fl. Amer. Sept. 2:410 1817.'' Thymus lanceolatus ''(Willd.) Poir. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, nom. illeg. 1891.'' Koellia virginiana ''(L.) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2:520 1891.'' Koellia lanceolata ''(Willd.) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2:520 1892.'' Koellia virginica ''(L.) Baill. in Hist. Pl. 10:31 1908.'' '''Pycnanthemum virginianum''' ''(L.) T.Durand & B.D.Jacks. ex B.L.Rob. & Fernald </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = '''Virginia mountain-mint''' <br> American mountain-mint <br> Common mountain-mint | fr-vns = Pycnanthème de Virginie <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Virginia mountain-mint | status = Native | status1 = Likely secure | c-rank = 3 | nwi1 = FACW | nwi2 = FAC | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = Heliophily: 8<br>Sun - part shade | chro-no = 4x (n = 40) | ny-rank = S4, G5 | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1771|39 counties|39 counties}} | inatc = {{../inat|||}} | gbifc = {{../gbif||present in NY|present in New York State}} | usda = {{../usda|PYVI|NN|}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = 1128143-2 | wfo-id = | fsus = 5408 | vascan = 6445 | gobot = Pycnanthemum/virginianum | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = PYVI | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Pycnanthemum-virginianum.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Pycnanthemum verticillatum | var0 = verticillatum | author = (Michx.) Pers. <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> 1803.'' Brachystemum verticillatum ''Michx. in Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2:6 1806.'' '''Pycnanthemum verticillatum''' ''(Michx.) Pers. in Syn. Pl. 2:128 1842.'' Pycnanthemum dubium ''A.Gray in Amer. J. Sci. Arts 42:45 1878.'' Pycnanthemum leptodon ''A.Gray in Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 2(1):355 1878.'' Pycnanthemum tullia ''var. ''dubium ''(A.Gray) A.Gray in Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 2(1):355 1891.'' Koellia leptodon ''(A.Gray) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2:520 1891.'' Koellia verticillata ''(Michx.) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2:520 1896.'' Koellia dubia ''(A.Gray) Briq. in H.G.A.Engler & K.A.E.Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 1948.'' Pycnanthemum torreyi ''var. ''leptodon ''(A.Gray) Boomhour ex Fernald & B.G.Schub. </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = '''Whorled mountain-mint''' | fr-vns = Pycnanthème verticillé <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Endangered | nynhp = S1-S2<ref>[https://guides.nynhp.org/whorled-mountain-mint/ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Pycnanthemum verticillatum var. verticillatum.]</ref> | c-rank = 6 | nwi1 = FAC | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = Heliophily: 7 | chro-no = 4x (n = 38-39) | ny-rank = S1-S2, G5-T5? | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1772|1-2|}} | usda = {{../usda|PYVEV|NN|}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = 77169026-1 | wfo-id = | fsus = 5407 | vascan = 6444 | gobot = Pycnanthemum/verticillatum | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Pycnanthemum verticillatum var verticillatum iNat-41966251 (2x3).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Pycnanthemum verticillatum | var0 = pilosum | var-au = (Nutt.) Cooperr. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> 1818.'' '''Pycnanthemum pilosum''' ''Nutt. in Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 2:33 1836.'' Pycnanthemum muticum ''var. ''pilosum ''(Nutt.) Hook. in Companion Bot. Mag. 1892.'' Koellia pilosa ''(Nutt.) Baill. in Hist. Pl. 10:31 1984.'' '''Pycnanthemum verticillatum''' ''var. '''''pilosum''' ''(Nutt.) Cooperr. in Michigan Bot. </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Whorled mountain-mint | status = Introduced | status1 = N. America native <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1700|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|PYVEP|NN|}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = 923751-1 | wfo-id = | fsus = 5411 <!-- Pycnanthemum pilosum Nutt. --> | vascan = | gobot = Pycnanthemum/verticillatum | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Pycnanthemum verticillatum var pilosum BB-1913.png }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Pycnanthemum torreyi | author = {{../w|Benth.}} <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> 1834. '' '''Pycnanthemum torreyi''' ''Benth. in Labiat. Gen. Spec.:329 1891. '' Koellia torreyi ''(Benth.) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2:520 </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Torrey's mountain mint | status = Native | status1 = Endangered | nynhp = S1<ref>[https://guides.nynhp.org/torreys-mountain-mint/ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Pycnanthemum torreyi.]</ref> <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1773|6 counties|Bronx (1880), Dutchess (1990-91), New York (1880-1897), Richmond(1896) Rockland (1990, 2000), Westchester (1881, 1898)}} | inatc = {{../inat|1578626-Pycnanthemum-torreyi|Cultivated|Dutchess (Cultivated, 2024)}} | gbifc = {{../gbif|3891042|Bronx County |Bronx County (1841, 1880)}} | usda = {{../usda|PYTO|N0|}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = 214758-2 | wfo-id = | fsus = | vascan = | gobot = Pycnanthemum/torrei | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Pycnanthemum torreyi iNat-410330368.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Pycnanthemum|sect=Pycnanthemum|Mountainmint|362|8| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Pycnanthemum incanum | var0 = incanum | au-abbr = (L.) Michx. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../spa1|1753|Clinopodium incanum|L.}} {{../spa1|1803|P. incanum|(L.) Michx.}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = '''Hoary mountain-mint''' <br> silverleaf mountain mint <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 6 | nwi1 = | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = Heliophily: 7 | chro-no = 4x (n = 38) | ny-rank = S5, G5 | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1754|5|}} | inatc = {{../inat|||}} | gbifc = {{../gbif||present in NY|present in New York State}} | usda = {{../usda|PYIN|NN|}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | fsus = 5395 | vascan = | gobot = pycnanthemum/incanum | its-id = | ars-id = 314792 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17601127 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = PYIN | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Pycnanthemum incanum (2x3).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Pycnanthemum clinopodioides | author = Torr. & A. Gray <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = Koellia clinopodioides | en1 = Basil mountain-mint <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Endangered | nynhp = S1<ref>[https://guides.nynhp.org/basil-mountain-mint/ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Pycnanthemum clinopodioides.]</ref> <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1766|1|}} | usda = {{../usda|PYCL|N0|}} <!-- ========= --> | vascan = | gobot = Pycnanthemum/clinopodioides | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = | image1 = Pycnanthemum clinopodioides drawing 1.png }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Pycnanthemum|sect=Brachystemum|Mountainmint|362|8| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Pycnanthemum muticum | author = ({{../w|Michx.}}) {{../w|Pers.}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = Blunt mountain-mint <br> Short-toothed mountain mint <br> Broad-leaved mountain mint <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Threatened | c-rank = 8 | nwi1 = FAC | nynhp = S2-S3<ref>[https://guides.nynhp.org/blunt-mountain-mint/ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Pycnanthemum muticum.]</ref> <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1775|2-3|}} | usda = {{../usda|PYMU|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = Pycnanthemum/muticum | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = PYMU | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = | image1 = Pycnanthemum muticum (14698450077) (2x3).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Cunila''====== {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Menthinae|Cunila| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Cunila|Cunila||1||?| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Cunila origanoides | author = (L.) Britt. | sn0 = Cunila mariana ''L.'' | sn1 = Mappia origanoides ''(L.) House'' | en1 = Common dittany | status = Native | status1 = Likely secure | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1684|4|}} | usda = {{../usda|CUOR||}} | i-tsn = | ars-id = | map = | image1 = Cunila origanoides drawing 1.png }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} ======''Mentha''====== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Mentha canadensis (32017597572).jpg |cap=''Mentha canadensis'' |'''Mints''' (''Mentha'' spp.) are widely cultivated aromatic herbs with about 40 taxa (20 species, 30 subspecies, and 10 hybrids worldwide.) worldwide.<ref>[https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2020.01217/full Vining Kelly J., Hummer Kim E., Bassil Nahla V., Lange B. Markus, Khoury Colin K., Carver Dan (2020). "Crop Wild Relatives as Germplasm Resource for Cultivar Improvement in Mint (Mentha L.)" ''Frontiers in Plant Science'' 11: 1217.]</ref> The only species of '''mint''' (''Mentha'') listed as native to New York is ''Mentha canadensis'' L. (sensu Tucker & Chambers, 2002) with 2n&#x3D;96, which is believed to be an ancient hybrid of ''Mentha arvensis'' (2n&#x3D;72) and ''Mentha longifolia'' (2n&#x3D;24)<ref>[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2307/3647334 Arthur Tucker & Henrietta Chambers (2002) "''Mentha canadensis'' L. (Lamiaceae): A Relict Amphidiploid from the Lower Tertiary." ''Taxon'' 51(4):703.]</ref> }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Menthinae|Mentha| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Mentha|Mint|379|8| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Mentha canadensis | author = L. | hp1 = Mentha arvensis | hp2 = Mentha longifolia <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|'''Mentha canadensis'''|L.}} {{../var1|1833|Mentha canadensis|L.|glabrata|Benth.}} {{../ssp1|1882|Mentha arvensis|L.|piperascens|Malinv. ex Holmes}} {{../var1|1891|Mentha arvensis|L.|canadensis| (L.) Kuntze}} {{../var1|1894|Mentha arvensis|L.|sachalinensis|Briq.}} {{../var1|1894|Mentha arvensis|L.|haplocalyx|(Briq.) Briq.}} {{../var1|1908|Mentha arvensis|L.|glabrata|(Benth.) Fernald}} {{../sp-1|1921|Mentha sachalinensis|(Briq.) Kudô }} {{../var1|1924|Mentha arvensis|L.|piperascenes|Malinv. ex L.H.Bailey}} {{../ssp1|1956|Mentha arvensis|L.|canadensis|(L.) H. Hara}} {{../ssp1|1956|Mentha arvensis|L.|piperascens|(Malinv. ex Holmes) H.Hara }} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|American wild mint|2022 New York Flora Atlas, Native Plant Trust (Go Botany)}} {{../vn1|American corn mint|}} {{../vn1|Canadian mint|}} {{../vn1|Corn mint|}} {{../vn1|Chinese mint|}} {{../vn1|Japanese mint|}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | of = North America and Asia | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 4 | nwi1 = FACW | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = 2n = 96 | ny-rank = S5, G5 | ns-rank = 2.137740/Mentha_canadensis S5, G5 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1761|5|Marshes, wet thickets, and stream banks. Often grows in somewhat weedy thickets.}} | usda = {{../usda|MEAR4|NN|as Mentha arvensis}} | gbif = 2927198 | kew-id = 124520 | pow-id = 450311-1 | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = mentha/canadensis | inat = 77991-Mentha-canadensis | its-id = 503750 | ars-id = 313998 | fna-id = | fna-i1 = | fna-i2 = | tro-id = 17603412 | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | note = <ref>The USDA-NRCS PLANTS database and ITIS treat ''Mentha canadensis'' as a synonym of ''Mentha arvensis'', while the New York Flora Atlas and ARS-GRIN treat them as separate species.</ref> | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Mentha canadensis.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Mentha arvensis | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|'''Mentha arvensis'''|L.}} {{../sp-1|1753|Mentha gentilis|L.}} {{../sp-1|1764|Calamintha arvensis|(L.) Garsault}} {{../sp-1|1778|Mentha austriaca|Jacq.}} {{../ssp1|1827|Mentha arvensis|L.|parietariifolia|(Becker) Briq.}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Corn mint|2022 iNaturalist}} {{../vn1|European corn mint|2022 GBIF}} {{../vn1|Field mint|2022 New York Flora Atlas}} {{../vn1|Wild mint|}} {{../vn1|Ginger mint|2022 Native Plant Trust (Go Botany)}} | fr-vns = {{../vn1|Menthe des champs|}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | status1 = Naturalized | status2 = | imap = | ipa-us = | griisus = | ny-tier = | c-rank = X | nwi1 = FACW | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = 2n = 72 | ny-rank = SNA, G5 | ns-rank = 2.142008/Mentha_arvensis SNR, G5 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1749|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|MEAR4|NN|}} | gbif = 2927192 | kew-id = 124385 | pow-id = 30026217-2 | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = Mentha/arvensis | inat = 58188-Mentha-arvensis | its-id = 565302 | ars-id = 24069 | fna-id = | fna-i1 = | fna-i2 = | tro-id = | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Mentha arvensis NRCS-1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Mentha spicata | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Mentha spicata|L}} {{../sp-1|1763|Mentha viridis|L.(L)}} {{../ssp1|1890|Mentha sylvestris|L.|Viridis|(L.) Batt.}} {{../sp-1|auct|Mentha cordifolia|non=Opiz ex Fresen.|}} {{../sp-1|auct|Mentha longifolia|non=(L.) Huds.|}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Spearmint|}} {{../vn1|Spear mint|}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Potentially invasive | imap = | ipa-us = 6016 | gbif-e = | gbif-i = 2927175 | gbif-n = | ny-tier = | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1712|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|MESP3|XX|}} | gbif = 2927175 | kew-id = 125402 | pow-id = 451162-1 | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = Mentha/spicata | inat = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | fna-i1 = | fna-i2 = | tro-id = | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title=" ">38 counties</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title=" ">? counties</abbr> | image1 = 20160813Mentha spicata5.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Mentha × gracilis | author = Sole (pro sp.) | hp1 = Mentha arvensis | hp2 = Mentha spicata <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Mentha gentilis|L.}} {{../sp-1|1798|Mentha gracilis|Sole}} {{../var1|1822|Mentha gracilis|Sole|cardiaca|Gray}} {{../sp-1|1865|Mentha cardiaca|(Gray) Gerarde ex Baker}} {{../var1|1896|Mentha gentilis|L.|cardiaca|(Baker) Briq.}} {{../sp-1|auct|Mentha × muelleriana|non=F.W.Schultz|}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Bushy mint|2022 iNaturalist, GBIF}} {{../vn1|Scotch spearmint|}} {{../vn1|Gingermint|}} {{../vn1|Creeping whorled mint|}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Europe | status1 = Potentially invasive | imap = | ipa-us = 55875 | gbif-e = 7923052 | ny-tier = | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1721|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|MEGR2|XX|}} | gbif = 7923052 <!-- as Syn. of Mentha gentilis L.--> | kew-id = 124747 | pow-id = 450553-1 | inat = 181919-Mentha---gracilis | map = nymap.svg | image1 = }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Mentha × piperita | author = L. (pro sp.) | hp1 = Mentha aquatica | hp2 = Mentha spicata <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|'''Mentha piperita'''|L.}} {{../for1|1836|Mentha aquatica|L.|piperita|(L.) G.Mey.}} {{../var1|1866|Mentha aquatica|L.|piperita|(L.) Alef.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Peppermint | status = Introduced | status1 = | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1752|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|MEPI|NN|}} | gbif = 8707933 | kew-id = 125188 | pow-id = 450969-1 | map = nymap.svg | image1 = 胡椒薄荷 Mentha x piperita -香港嘉道理農場 Kadoorie Farm, Hong Kong- (9200946142).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Mentha aquatica | author = L. | var0 = aquatica <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Mentha aquatica|L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Water mint | status = Introduced | status1 = | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1751|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|MEAQ|XX|}} | map = Mentha aquatica NY-dist-map.png | image1 = 20170806Mentha aquatica1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Mentha aquatica | au-abbr = L. | au-full = | au-pub = | var0 = citrata | var-au = (Ehrh.) W.C. Werner <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1792|Mentha citrata|Ehrh.}} {{../for1|1828|Mentha aquatica|L.|citrata|(Ehrh.) Fresen.}} {{../ssp1|1889|Mentha piperita|L.|citrata|(Ehrh.) Briq.}} {{../var1|1893|'''Mentha aquatica'''|L.|'''citrata'''|(Ehrh.) W. C. Werner }} {{../var1|1903|Mentha × piperi|L.|citrata|(Ehrh.) Briq.}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Orange mint|2022 New York Flora Atlas}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Naturalized | status2 = | imap = | ipa-us = | griisus = | ny-tier = | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7434|Xn|}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | gbif = 6710288 | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 360186-Mentha-piperita-citrata | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | fna-i1 = | fna-i2 = | tro-id = | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title="Tompkins (1920)">Tompkins (1920)</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title=" ">? counties</abbr> | image1 = Mentha aquatica Citrata 0zz.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Mentha × rotundifolia | author = (L.) Huds. (pro sp.) | hp1 = Mentha longifolia | hp2 = Mentha suaveolens <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Peppermint <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1736|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|MERO2|X0|}} | image1 = Atlas de poche des plantes des champs, des prairies et des bois (PLATE 59) (6022563436) (2x3).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Mentha × villosa | author = Huds. (pro sp.) | hp1 = Mentha spicata | hp2 = Mentha suaveolens <!-- ========= --> | sn1 = {{../sn||M. alopecuroides|Hull}} | sn2 = {{../sn||M. nemorosa|Willd.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Foxtail mint <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|||}} | usda = {{../usda|MEVI6|XX|}} | image1 = Mentha × villosa kz02.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Mentha pulegium | au-abbr = L. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Mentha pulegium|L.}} {{../sp-1|1796|Mentha aromatica|Salisb.}} {{../sp-1|1812|Thymus bidentatus|Stokes}} {{../sp-1|1827|Mentha pulegioides|Dumort.}} {{../sp-1|1844|Melissa pulegium|(L.) Griseb.}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Pennyroyal|2022 iNaturalist, New York Flora Atlas}} {{../vn1|Penny-royal|2019 iMapinvasives}} {{../vn1||}} | fr-vns = {{../vn1||}} {{../vn1||}} {{../vn1||}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Potentially invasive | status2 = Naturalized | imap = 1521 | ipa-us = 6011 | gbif-e = | gbif-i = 2927189 | gbif-n = | ny-tier = | c-rank = X | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = SNA | ns-rank = 2.152545/Mentha_pulegium SNR <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7436|Xn|}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | gbif = 2927189 | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 57116-Mentha-pulegium | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | fna-i1 = | fna-i2 = | tro-id = | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title="Cortland (1977)">Cortland (1977)</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title="No iNaturalist NY observations">No observations</abbr> | image1 = Mentha pulegium 002.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Mentha suaveolens | au-abbr = Ehrh. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1792|Mentha suaveolens|Ehrh.}} {{../var1|1900|Mentha rotundifolia||suaveolens|(Ehrh.) Briq.}} {{../sp-1|1975|Mentha graveolens|R.Vilm. & M.Barbero}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Apple mint|}} | fr-vns = {{../vn1||}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Potentially invasive | status2 = Not in NY Flora Atlas | imap = 1309 | ipa-us = 24218 | gbif-i = 2927190 | ny-tier = | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = 2.145612/Mentha_suaveolens Exotic in NY <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|0|}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | gbif = 2927190 | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 77993-Mentha-suaveolens | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | fna-i1 = | fna-i2 = | tro-id = | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title="Not listed in New York Flora Atlas">not listed</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title="Tompkins, Putnam">2 counties</abbr> | image1 = Mentha suaveolens4.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Clinopodium''====== {{../txt |img=20151013Clinopodium vulgare.jpg |cap=''Clinopodium vulgare''<br>wild basil |The nativity of ''Clinopodium vulgare'' in North America seems to be uncertain. BONAP and Go Botany show it as native in eastern North America. POWO shows it as only introduced here. The New York Flora Atlas now lists its native status as Unranked. The ''Flora of the Southeastern United States'' states that "plants in our area reflect both native and introduced genotypes,"<ref>[https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu/main.php?pg=show-taxon-detail.php&taxonid=5294 Flora of the Southeastern United States. 2024 A.S. Weakley & SE Flora Team]</ref> which may also be the case for the Northeast, including New York State. }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Menthinae|Clinopodium| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Clinopodium|Clinopodium|740|4| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Clinopodium vulgare | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> 1753. '' '''Clinopodium vulgare''' ''L. in Sp. Pl.:587 1805. '' Thymus clinopodium ''Vest in Man. Bot.:377 1806. '' Acinos vulgaris ''(L.) Pers. in Syn. Pl. 2: 131 1835. '' Calamintha clinopodium ''(Vest) Spenn. in Handb. Angew. Bot. 2:429 1842. '' Melissa vulgaris ''(L.) Trevis. in Prosp. Fl. Eugan.:26 1882. '' Calamintha vulgaris ''(L.) H. Karst. 1884. '' Satureja clinopodium ''(Vest) Caruel in F.Parlatore, Fl. Ital. 6:135 1897. '' Satureja vulgaris ''(L.) Fritsch in Excursionsfl. Oesterreich:477 </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Wild basil | en2 = Field basil <!-- ========= --> | status = Unknown | status1 = Unranked | status2 = Questionable<ref>[http://www.newyork.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=1693 NYFA lists ''Clinopodium'' vulgare with an "Unknown Native Status." Other sources list it as circumboreal, native as far south as North Carolina.]</ref> | c-rank = 0 | nwi1 = | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1693|X|}} | inatc = {{../inat|84281-Clinopodium-vulgare|All counties|}} | gbifc = {{../gbif||present in NY|present in New York State}} | usda = {{../usda|CLVU|NN|}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = 61206-2 | wfo-id = | fsus = 5294 | vascan = | gobot = clinopodium/vulgare | its-id = | ars-id = 316629 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17600035 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Clinopodium%20vulgare | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | image1 = Clinopodium vulgare (8402662385).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Clinopodium arkansanum | author = (Nutt.) House <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> 1836. '' Hedeoma arkansana ''Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n.s., 5:186 1891. '' Clinopodium glabrum ''(Nutt.) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2:515 1896. '' Satureja arkansana ''(Nutt.) Briq. in H.G.A.Engler & K.A.E.Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 1921. '' '''Clinopodium arkansanum''' ''(Nutt.) House in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 7:130 1940. '' Satureja glabella ''var. ''angustifolia ''(Torr.) Svenson in Rhodora 42:7 1955. '' Calamintha glabella ''var. ''angustifolia ''(Torr.) DeWolf in Baileya 3:63 1962. '' Calamintha arkansana ''(Nutt.) Shinners in Sida 1: 72 </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Limestone calamint | en2 = Low calamint <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Likely extirpated | status2 = N. America native | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1681|Z|}} | usda = {{../usda|CLAR5|NN|}} | i-tsn = 511164 | ars-id = 457450 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | note = <ref>NYFA lists ''Clinopodium glabrum'' as ''Calamintha arkansana'' (Nutt.) Shinners. USDA-NRCS PLANTS uses ''Clinopodium arkansanum'' (Nutt.) House. ITIS and ARS-GRIN both use ''Clinopodium glabrum'' (Nutt.) Kuntze.</ref> | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Clinopodium arkansanum kz1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Clinopodium acinos | author = (L.) House <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../spa1|1753|Thymus acinos|L.}} {{../spa1|1794|Acinos thymoides|Moench }} {{../spa1|1811|Calamintha acinos|(L.) Clairv.}} {{../spa1|1843|Satureja acinos|(L.) Scheele }} {{../spa1|1891|Clinopodium acinos|(L.) Kuntze}} {{../spa1|1946|Acinos arvensis|(Lam.) Dandy }} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Basil thyme | en2 = Mother of thyme <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6912|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|ACAR2|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = clinopodium/acinos | inat = | its-id = | ars-id = 476458 | fna-id = | tro-id = 50003424 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Steentijm closeup.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Clinopodium nepeta | author = (L.) Kuntze <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Melissa nepeta|L.}} {{../sp-1|1798|Calamintha nepeta|(L.) Savi}} {{../sp-1|1843|Satureja calamintha|(L.) Scheele}} {{../sp-1|1891|Clinopodium nepeta|(L.) Kuntze}} {{../var1|1896|Satureja calamintha|(L.) Scheele|nepeta|(L.) Briq.}} <!-- ========= --> | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Field balm | en2 = Lesser calamint <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Impersistent <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1694|X|''Clinopodium calamintha'' (L.) Stace}} | inatc = {{../inat|493202-Clinopodium-nepeta|Queens|}} | gbifc = {{../gbif||present in NY|present in New York State}} | usda = {{../usda|CANE17|X0|''Calamintha nepeta'' (L.) Savi.}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | fsus = | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = 511166 | ars-id = 10924 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Calamintha nepeta2.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Satureja''====== {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Menthinae|Satureja| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Satureja|Savory|193|2| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Satureja hortensis | author = L. (1753) | en1 = Summer savory | en2 = Savourée | en3 = Sarriette des jardins | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | status1 = Not naturalized | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1746|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|SAHO3|XW|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = 32308 | ars-id = 33176 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Satureja hortensis Prague 2011 3.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Satureja montana | author = L. | en1 = Winter savory | status = Introduced | from = Mediterranean | status1 = Excluded <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|757|}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Cząber górski Satureja montana flower.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} ======''Origanum''====== {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Menthinae|Origanum| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Origanum|Origanum|331|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Origanum vulgare | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1753|Origanum vulgare|L.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1867|Thymus origanum|(L.) Kuntze}} | sn2 = {{../sn|1934|Micromeria formosana|C.Marquand}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Wild marjoram | en2 = Marjoram | en3 = Oregano | en4 = Organy | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | from1 = northern Africa | status1 = Naturalized | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1747|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|ORVU|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = 25913 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17600223 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Origanum vulgare 002.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} ======''Thymus''====== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Thymus pulegioides.jpg |cap=''Thymus pulegioides'' |'''Large thyme''' (''Thymus pulegioides'') is a common garden escapee in the northeast, while '''garden thyme''' (''Thymus vulgaris''), though often cultivated, rarely escapes and has not been found to naturalize. }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Menthinae|Thymus| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Thymus|Thyme|97| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Thymus pulegioides | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Thymus pulegioides|L.}} {{../sp-1|auct|Thymus serpyllum|L. misapplied}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Large thyme|2021 New York Flora Atlas - ARS-GRIN: Stace, C. 1995. New flora of the British Isles.}} {{../vn1|Lemon thyme|2021 ARS-GRIN: McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.}} {{../vn1|Wild thyme|2021 ARS-GRIN: Harley, R. M. & T. Reynolds, eds. 1992. Advances in labiate science }} {{../vn1|Broad-leaved thyme|https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/thymus-pulegioides/}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Europe | status1 = Naturalized | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Shrub-subshrub | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = SNA, GNR <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1692|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|THPU5|XX|}} | gbif = | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = Thymus/pulegioides | inat = | its-id = | ars-id = 50003 | fna-id = | tro-id = | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Thymus%20pulegioides | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | cos = | image1 = 20160717Thymus pulegioides2.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Thymus|Thyme|97|X|txt=(excluded&nbsp;taxa)| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Thymus vulgaris | author = L. | en1 = Garden thyme | status = Introduced | status1 = Exclueded | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|843|}} | usda = {{../usda|THVU|X0|}} | i-tsn = | ars-id = | map = Excluded nymap.svg | cos = excluded | image1 = Thymus vulgaris 002.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Thymus serpyllum | author = L. | en1 = Breckland thyme | status = Introduced | status1 = Exclueded | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|458|}} | usda = {{../usda| | |}} | i-tsn = | ars-id = 36628 | map = Excluded nymap.svg | cos = excluded | image1 = Thymus serpyllum 002.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} ====Tribe Ocimeae==== =====''Lavandula''===== {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Ocimeae||Lavandula| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Lavandula|Lavender|448|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Lavandula angustifolia | en1 = English lavender | status = Introduced | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1741|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|LAAN81|X0|}} | image1 = True Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) (9734892947).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> =====''Ocimum''===== {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Ocimeae||Ocimum| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Ocimum|Basil|875|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ocimum basilicum | author = L. | en1 = Sweet basil | status = Introduced | status1 = Impersistent | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6922|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|OCBA|XX|}} | image1 = 2008 03 15 - Ocimum basilicum 7.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} {{BookCat}} 30igupxztta4h5p6hanzh63ffrcm39f 4498375 4498373 2025-06-02T21:46:37Z AnRo0002 147596 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:20150421Lamiastrum galeobdolon.jpg]] → [[File:20150421Lamium galeobdolon.jpg]] 4498375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{../header | this = Lamiales 2: | this-stxt = Lamiaceae | prev-link = Lamiales 1 | prev-text = Lamiales 1: | prev-stxt = Oleaceae<br>↓<br>Scrophulariaceae | next-link = Lamiales 3 | next-text = Lamiales 3: | next-stxt = Mazaceae<br>↓<br>Lentibulariaceae }} ==Family Lamiaceae== {{../txt|The '''{{../w|Lamiaceae}}''' (mint family) is the sixth largest family of the flowering-plants.<ref>[http://www.botany.wisc.edu/sytsma/pdf/DrewSytsma2012.pdf Bryan T. Drew & Kenneth J. Sytsma (2012), Phylogenics, Biogeography, and Staminal Evolution in the tribe Mentheae (Lamiaceae), ''American Journal of Botany'' 99(5): 933-953]</ref> }} ===Subfamily Viticoideae=== {{../txt|Although no members of the '''{{../w|Viticoideae}}''' (sage subfamily) have yet been verified outside of cultivation in New York, the beach vitex has been documented as having the potential to be highly invasive in the Long Island region. The genus ''Callicarpa'' is included here only for convenience, as it is currently unplaced within the Lamiaceae but is said to be "allied" to the Viticoideae.<!-- -- --><ref>[http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/research-data/science-directory/projects/systematics-lamiaceae-subfamily Systematics of Lamiaceae subfamily Viticoideae and allies]</ref> ''Callicarpa americana'' has also not been found to have naturalized in New York, but it is cultivated and sold in the "native plant" trade.}} ====''Vitex''==== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Starr 061129-1715 Vitex rotundifolia.jpg |cap=''Vitex rotundifolia'' |''Vitex rotundifolia'' ('''beach vitex''') is listed as potentially being highly invasive in New York. It was introduced in the southeasterm US for beach stabilizaiton but is now banned in most areas,<!-- -- --><ref>[http://nyis.info/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/bf8f1_Vitex.rotundifolia.NYS_.pdf {{Skaneateles Conservation Area/Cite NY ranking form |taxon=''Vitex rotundifolia'' |assessors=Steve Glenn, Gerry Moore |date=3 June 2009; edited August 19, 2009}}]</ref> <!-- -- -->including New York State.<!-- -- --><ref>[https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/lands_forests_pdf/isprohibitedplants2.pdf NYSDEC (2014) New York State Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Plants. Cornell University, September 10, 2014]</ref> There appear to have been no East Coast reports north of southern New Jersey. }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Viticoideae|||Vitex| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Vitex|Chaste-tree||0|VITEX|0| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Vitex agnus-castus | au-abbr = L. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1||Vitex agnus-castus|L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Lilac chaste tree|2021 iNaturalist}} {{../vn1||}} {{../vn1||}} | fr-vns = {{../vn1||}} {{../vn1||}} {{../vn1||}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Potentially invasive | status2 = | gbif-e = 2925562 | imap = 1440 | ipa-us = 14022 | ny-tier = | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|||}} | inatc = {{../inat|170271-Vitex-agnus-castus||}} | gbifc = {{../gbif||present in NY|present in New York State}} | usda = {{../usda|VIAG|X0|}} <!-- ========= --> | gbif = 2925562 | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | fna-i1 = | fna-i2 = | tro-id = | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = Not in Flora Atlas | inat-co = <abbr title="Bronx, Kings, New York, Queens, Suffolk, Westchester">6 counties</abbr> | image1 = Moenchspfeffer roscheiderhof H1a.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Vitex rotundifolia | au-abbr = L.f. | au-full = Linnaeus, Carl von <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1782|Vitex rotundifolia|L.f.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1784|Vitex ovata|Thunb.}} | sn2 = {{../sn|1847|Vitex trifolia|var=unifoliolata|var-au=Schauer}} | sn3 = {{../sn|1891|Vitex ovata|var=subtrisecta|var-au=Kuntze}} | sn4 = {{../sn|1903|Vitex trifolia|var=ovata |var-au=(Thunb.) Makino}} | sn5 = {{../sn|1959|Vitex trifolia|var=simplicifolia|var-au=Cham.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Beach vitex | en2 = Roundleaf chaste-tree | en3 = Chasteberry | en4 = Monk's pepper <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = western Pacific | status1 = Highly invasive | gbif-e = 2925558 | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Shrub <!-- ========= --> | nyis = 73%<ref>{{../nyis-ref|Vitex rotundifolia|High|73|Of concern on Long Island}}</ref> | usda = {{../usda|VIRO80|X0|GA,HI only}} | gbif = 2925558 | vascan = 0 | gobot = 0 | inat = 126845-Vitex-rotundifolia | its-id = 505725 | ars-id = 41839 | fna-id = | tro-id = 33702224 | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Vitex%20rotundifolia | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = 56553 | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = Excluded nymap.svg | cos = no NY reports | image1 = Starr 010209-0295 Vitex rotundifolia.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ====''Callicarpa''==== {{../txt |img=Callicarpa americana 2.jpg |cap=''Callicarpa americana'' |'''American beautyberry''' is native to the Southeast and occasionally planted in New York as a "native" shrub, but its has not been known to naturalize in the Northeast.}} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Viticoideae|||Callicarpa| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Callicarpa|Beautyberry|0|0| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Callicarpa americana | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1753|Callicarpa americana|L.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1755|Burchardia americana|(L.) Duhamel}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = American beautyberry | en2 = Beauty-berry | en3 = French mulberry | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = southeastern US | status1 = US South native | habit0 = | habit1 = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|0|0|}} | usda = {{../usda|CAAM2|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = 8516 | fna-id = | tro-id = | nse-id = Callicarpa+americana | bna-id = Callicarpa%20americana | ipn-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title=" ">xx counties</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title=" ">xx counties</abbr> | image1 = Callicarpa americana (24976139485).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Callicarpa dichotoma | au-abbr = (Lour.) K.Koch | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1790|Porphyra dichotoma|Lour.}} {{../sp-1|1872|Callicarpa dichotoma|(Lour.) K.Koch}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Purple beauty-berry|2021 GBIF}} {{../vn1||}} {{../vn1||}} | fr-vns = {{../vn1||}} {{../vn1||}} {{../vn1||}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Potentially invasive | imap = | ipa-us = | griisus = 160934127/verbatim Invasive | ny-tier = | status2 = Uncertain naturalization | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|||}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | gbif = 5341132 | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 159658-Callicarpa-dichotoma | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | fna-i1 = | fna-i2 = | tro-id = | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title=" ">xx counties</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title=" ">xx counties</abbr> | image1 = Callicarpa dichotoma kz03.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ===Subfamily Ajugoideae=== The {{../w|Ajugoideae}} (bugle subfamily). ====''Trichostema''==== {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Ajugoideae|Ajugeae||Trichostema| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Trichostema|Bluecurls|831|3|sect=Trichostema }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Trichostema dichotomum | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Trichostema dichotomum|L.}} {{../sp-1|1821|Trichostema pilosum|Roth}} {{../var1|1937|T. dichotomum|L.|puberulum|Fernald & Griscom}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Forked bluecurls | en2 = Bastard pennyroyal | en3 = Common blue curls | en4 = Blue curls <!-- ========= --> | fr-vns = {{../vn1|Trichostème fourchu|VASCAN 2017: Newcomb 1983}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1719|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|TRDI2|NN|}} | vascan = 6484 | gobot = trichostema/dichotomum | its-id = 32364 | ars-id = 316852 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17600446 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = TRDI2 | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = Trichostema dichotomum nymap.svg | image1 = Trichostema dichotomum 4564.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Trichostema setaceum | author = {{../w|Houtt.}} <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1778|Trichostema setaceum|Houtt.}} {{../sp-1|1788|T. lineare|Walter}} {{../var1|1814|T. dichotomum|L.|lineare|(Walter) Pursh}} {{../sp-1|1818|T. lineare|Nutt.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Narrowleaf bluecurls | en2 = Narrow-leaved blue-curls <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Endangered <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1738|1|Nassau & Suffolk 1990; Richmond 1889}} | usda = {{../usda|TRSE5|N0|}} | vascan = 0 | gobot = trichostema/setaceum | its-id = 32362 | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = 17601922 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Trichostema setaceum BB-1913.png }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Trichostema|Bluecurls|831|3|sect=Orthopodium }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Trichostema brachiatum | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | sn1 = {{../sn|1753|Trichostema brachiatum|L.}} | sn2 = {{../sn|1803|Isanthus coeruleus|Michx.}} | sn3 = {{../sn|1888|Isanthus brachiatus|B.S.P.}}<ref>Weakley (2005) suggests that ''Trichostema'' sect. ''Orthopodium'' could be moved to ''Isanthus'', which would return ''Trichostema brachiatum'' to ''Isanthus brachiatus''. Weakley, Alan. 2005. ''Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia''. Working draft. June 10, 2005. University of North Carolina Herbarium, Chapel Hill, NC.</ref> | sn4 = {{../sn|1933|Isanthus brachiatus|var=linearis}} | sn5 = {{../sn|1943|Tetraclea viscida|Lundell}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Fluxweed | en2 = False pennyroyal | en3 = Glade blue curls | en4 = Pennyroyal blue curls <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Rare <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1720|3|}} | usda = {{../usda|TRBR5|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = trichostema/brachiatum | its-id = 32372 | ars-id = 40118 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Trichostema brachiatum BB-1913.png }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ====''Ajuga''==== {{../txt |img=Ajuga reptans 20070429 132711 1.jpg |cap=''Ajuga reptans'' L.<br>carpet bugle |''Ajuga'', or '''bugleweed''', contains about 40 species of herbaceous plants, none of which are native to North America. The two species ''Ajuga reptans'' and to a lesser extent ''Ajuga genevensis'' have been found to naturalize in New York State. }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Ajugoideae|Ajugeae||Ajuga| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Ajuga|Bugle|806|2| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ajuga reptans | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Ajuga reptans|L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Carpet bugle | en2 = Common bugle | en3 = Blue bugle <!-- ========= --> | fr-vns = {{../vn1|Bugle rampante|ARS-GRIN}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Widespread weed | status2 = CP-5<ref name=CP5>{{flora-of-ref|CP5}}</ref> | status3 = NE-3<ref name=NE3>{{flora-of-ref|NE3}}</ref> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1707|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|AJRE|XX|}} | gbif = 2927078 | pow-id = 444664-1 | wfo-id = 0000935107 | vascan = | gobot = Ajuga/reptans | its-id = 32453 | ars-id = 314389 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Ajuga%20reptans | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = Ajuga reptans nymap.svg | image1 = 20170520Ajuga reptans1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ajuga genevensis | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Ajuga genevensis|L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Erect bugle | en2 = Standing bugle | en3 = Geneva bugle <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1708|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|AJGE|XX|}} | gbif = 2927079 | pow-id = | wfo-id = 0000933858 | i-tsn = 32453 | ars-id = | map = Ajuga genevensis nymap.svg | image1 = 20150512Ajuga genevensis2.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} ====''Teucrium''==== {{../txt |img=Teucrium canadense 2017-05-23 0687.jpg |cap=''Teucrium canadense'' L.<br>American germander | }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Ajugoideae|Teucrieae||Teucrium| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Teucrium|Germander|580|2| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Teucrium canadense | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Teucrium canadense|L.}} {{../var1|1829|T. canadense|L.|virginicum|(L.) Eaton}} {{../sp-1|1878|T. occidentale|A. Gray}} {{../sp-1|1901|T. boreale|E.P. Bicknell}} {{../sp-1|1901|T. littorale|E.P. Bicknell}} {{../var1|1908|T. canadense|L.|littorale|(E.P. Bicknell) Fernald}} {{../var1|1946|T. canadense|L.|occidentale|(A. Gray) E. M. McClint. & Epling}} {{../var1|1963|T. canadense|L.|boreale|(E.P. Bicknell) Shinners}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|American germander|}} {{../vn1|Canada germander|}} {{../vn1|Canadian germander|}} {{../vn1|Hairy germander|}} {{../vn1|Western germander|}} {{../vn1|Wood sage|}} <!-- ========= --> | fr-vns = {{../vn1|Germandrée du Canada|VASCAN 2017: Darbyshire et al. 2000}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 4 | nwi1 = FACW | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb=forb | light = Part shade | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1723|5|Floodplain forests, alluvial thickets, edges of streams, and sand and gravel bars in streams. Sometimes somewhat weedy.}} | usda = {{../usda|TECA3|NN|}} | vascan = 6476 | gobot = Teucrium/canadense | its-id = | ars-id = 316849 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17600390 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = TECA3 | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Teucrium canadense - American Germander.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Teucrium botrys | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Teucrium botrys|L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Cutleaf germander | en2 = Cut-leaved germander | en3 = Cut-leaf germander <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Europe | status1 = Possibly naturalized <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1691|X|State exotic or non-native}} | usda = {{../usda|TEBO|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = teucrium/botrys | its-id = | ars-id = 316848 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Teucrium botrys sl28.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table|Lamiaceae|Ajugoideae| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ====''Clerodendrum''==== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Clerodendrum trichotomum—leaves and fruits.jpg |cap=''Clerodendrum trichotomum'' |Although ''Clerodendrum trichotomum'' ('''harlequin glorybower''') is now listed in Suffolk County in the New York Flora Atlas. It has been cultivated, and there are reports of it naturalizing in eastern Long Island.<ref>[https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/88936820 iNaturalist observation of ''Clerodendrum trichotomum'' (Harlequin Glorybower) North Haven, Suffolk County, Jul. 28, 2021.]</ref> It is listed as Invasive Species Tier 5 (Monitor) in the Lower Hudson and Long Island PRISMs.<ref>[https://www.nynhp.org/invasives/species-tiers-table/ New York State Invasive Species Tiers. New York Natural Heritage Program. May 11, 2021.]</ref> }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae||||Clerodendrum| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Clerodendrum|Glorybower|0| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Clerodendrum trichotomum | au-abbr = Thunb. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1784|Clerodendrum trichotomum|Thunb.}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = '''Harlequin glory-bower''' <br> Harlequin glorybower <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Potentially invasive | status2 = | ipa-us = 15400 | griisus = 2925366 established (category C3) | ny-tier = (5) | c-rank = X | nwi1 = | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Shrub | light = Heliophily: 5 | chro-no = | ny-rank = SNA, GNR <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7851|Suffolk (2021)|Suffolk (2021)}} | inatc = {{../inat|67539-Clerodendrum-trichotomum|6 counties|Bronx, Kings, New York, Queens, Richmond, Suffolk}} | gbifc = {{../gbif|2925366|present in NY|present in New York State}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | fsus = 5282 | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | fna-i1 = | fna-i2 = | tro-id = | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Clerodendrum trichotomum kz01.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} ===Subfamily Scutellarioideae=== =====''Scutellaria''===== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Marsh Skullcap (Scutellaria galericulata) - Flickr - wackybadger.jpg |cap=''Scutellaria galericulata'' |'''Skullcap''' (''Scutellaria'') contains about eight species that are or have been found in New York. Several of these are presumed to be extirpated in the state. }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Scutellarioideae|||Scutellaria| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Scutellaria|Skullcap|170|10||?| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Scutellaria galericulata | au-abbr = L. | au-full = | au-pub = Sp. Pl.: 599 (1753) <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> 1753.'' '''Scutellaria galericulata''' ''L. Sp. Pl.:599 1771.'' Cassida galericulata ''(L.) Scop. in Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 1:430 1782.'' Cassida major ''Gilib. in Fl. Lit. Inch. 1:90, opus utique oppr. 1825.'' Scutellaria adamsii ''Spreng. in Syst. Veg., ed. 16. 2:701 1832.'' Scutellaria epilobiifolia ''A.Ham. in Esq. Monogr. Scutellaria:32 1834.'' Scutellaria galericulata ''var. ''vulgaris ''Benth. in Labiat. Gen. Spec., not validly publ. 1873.'' Scutellaria pauciflora ''Pant. in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 23:266 </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = '''Marsh skullcap''' <br><!-- -->Hooded skullcap <br><!-- -->Willowherb skullcap | fr-vns = Scutellaire toque <br><!-- -->Grande toque <br><!-- -->Scutellaire à casque <br><!-- -->Scutellaire à grande fleur <br><!-- -->Tertianaire <br><!-- -->Scutellaire à feuilles d'épilobe <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 6 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = Heliophily: 7 | ny-rank = S5, G5 | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1764|53 counties|}} | inatc = {{../inat|79016-Scutellaria-galericulata|50 counties|50 counties}} | gbifc = {{../gbif|2926759|present in NY|present in New York State}} | usda = {{../usda|SCGA|NN|}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | fsus = 5431 | vascan = 6455 | gobot = Scutellaria/galericulata | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = Scutellaria galericulata NY-dist-map.png | image1 = Scutellaria galericulata20140607 089.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Scutellaria lateriflora | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = '''Mad dog skullcap''' <br> Mad-dog skullcap <br> Blue skullcap <br> Tall blue skullcap <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 7 | nwi1 = OBL | nwi2 = FACW | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = Heliophily: 6 | chro-no = | ny-rank = S5, G5 | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1718|56 counties|Demonstrably secure in New York State.}} | inatc = {{../inat|||}} | gbifc = {{../gbif||present in NY|present in New York State}} | usda = {{../usda|SCLA2|NN|}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = 458402-1 | wfo-id = | fsus = 5437 | vascan = | gobot = Scutellaria/lateriflora | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Scutellaria lateriflora 02.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Scutellaria parvula | author = Michx. | var0 = parvula | en1 = Small skullcap | status = Native | status1 = Rare | status2 = DEC-C<ref name=DECC>{{flora-of-ref|DECC}}</ref> | c-rank = 8 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6946|3|}} | usda = {{../usda|SCPAP3|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Scutellaria parvula (9058141480).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Scutellaria parvula | var0 = missouriensis | author = | en1 = Leonard's skullcap | status = Native | status1 = No recent reports | c-rank = 10 | nwi1 = FACU | nwi2 = UPL | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = S1, G4-T4 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6929|Z|}} | usda = {{../usda|SCPAM|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Scutellaria parvula var. missouriensis (26069984332).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Scutellaria incana | author = Biehler | var0 = incana <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Hoary skullcap | en2 = Downy skullcap <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Endangered | status2 = No recent reports | status3 = DEC-A<ref name=DECA>{{flora-of-ref|DECA}}</ref> | c-rank = 10 | nwi1 = | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = SH, G5 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1763|Cattaraugus 1934|Historically known from New York State, but not seen in the past 15 years. (Cattaraugus 1934)}} | inatc = {{../inat|133094-Scutellaria-incana|6 counties|6 counties}} | gbifc = {{../gbif|5341378|present in NY|present in New York State}} | usda = {{../usda|SCIN|N0|}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | fsus = | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Scutellaria incana 1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Scutellaria integrifolia | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Hyssop skullcap|2021 New York Flora Atlas}} {{../vn1|Helmet flower|}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Endangered | status2 = DEC-A<ref name=DECA>{{flora-of-ref|DECA}}</ref> | nynhp = '''S1'''<ref>[https://guides.nynhp.org/hyssop-skullcap/ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for ''Scutellaria integrifolia''.]</ref> | c-rank = 10 | nwi1 = FACW | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | ny-rank = S1, G5 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1753|1|Native, especially vulnerable in New York State.}} | usda = {{../usda|SCIN2|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Scutellaria integrifolia NRCS-1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Scutellaria elliptica | author = Muhl. ex Spreng. | var = elliptica <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn||Scutellaria ovalifolia|Pers.|}} | sn1 = {{../sn||Scutellaria pilosa|Michx.|}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Hairy skullcap | status = Native | status1 = Likely extirpated | c-rank = 10 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1765|Z|}} | usda = {{../usda|SCELE|N0|}} | i-tsn = | ars-id = | map = | image1 = Scutellaria elliptica, Rosaryville (14222531929).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Scutellaria nervosa | author = Pursh | en1 = Veined skullcap | status = Native | status1 = Likely extirpated | c-rank = 10 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1731|Z|}} | usda = {{../usda|SCNE2|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Scutellaria nervosa.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Scutellaria serrata | author = | en1 = Showy skullcap | status = Native | status1 = No recent reports | c-rank = 10 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1729|Z|Bronx & Manhattan ca. 1900}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Scutellaria serrata kz1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Scutellaria × churchilliana | author = Fernald | hp1 = Scutellaria galericulata | hp2 = Scutellaria lateriflora <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Skullcap <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|457|Clinton & Sullivan ca. 1990}} | usda = {{../usda|SCCH2|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Ny hybrid.svg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ===Subfamily Lamioideae=== ====Tribe Marrubieae==== ======''Ballota''====== {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Lamioideae|Marrubieae||Ballota| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Ballota|Horehound|502|1||?| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ballota nigra | author = L. | ssp = foetida | ssp-au = (Koch) Hayek <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|1929|Ballota nigra|ssp=foetida|ssp-au=(Lam.) Hayek}} |{{../sn||Ballota nigra|var=alba|var-au=(L.) Sm.}} |{{../sn||Ballota nigra|var=foetida|var-au=(Hayek) Vis.}} |{{../sn||Ballota borealis|Schweigg.}} }} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Black horehound | en2 = Fetid horehound | fr1 = Ballote vulgaire | fr2 = Ballote noire | fr3 = Marrube noire <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Europe | from1 = northern Africa | status1 = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1742|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|BANIF2|X0|}} | vascan = 6358 <!-- Ballota nigra L. 1753 --> | gobot = Ballota/nigra | its-id = 526920 <!-- Ballota nigra var. foetida (Hayek) Vis. --> | ars-id = 104824 <!-- Ballota nigra L. 1753 --> | fna-id = | tro-id = 17601925 <!-- Ballota nigra subsp. foetida Hayek --> | ipn-id = 147472-3 <!-- Ballota nigra subsp. foetida ( Lam. ) Hayek --> | lbj-id = | nse-id = Ballota+nigra | bna-id = Ballota%20nigra | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = Ballota nigra NY-dist-map.png | image1 = Ballota nigra fresnes-au-mont 55 03062007 2.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Marrubium''====== {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Lamioideae|Marrubieae||Marrubium| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Marrubium|Horehound|503|||?| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Marrubium vulgare | author = L. | en1 = White horehound | status = Introduced | status1 = | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6919|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|MAVU|XX|}} | gbif = 2927069 | image1 = Marrubium vulgare 002.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Marrubium peregrinum | au-abbr = L. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1||Marrubium peregrinum|L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Horehound|}} {{../vn1||}} {{../vn1||}} | fr-vns = {{../vn1||}} {{../vn1||}} {{../vn1||}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Not naturalized | status2 = | imap = | ipa-us = | ny-tier = | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7432|Xm|}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | gbif = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 512073-Marrubium-peregrinum | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | fna-i1 = | fna-i2 = | tro-id = | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title="Bronx (1899) only">Bronx (1899)</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title="No western hemisphere observations as of Nov. 2021">No observations</abbr> | image1 = Marrubium peregrinum sl2.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Moluccella''====== {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Lamioideae|Marrubieae||Moluccella| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Moluccella|Moluccella|371|1||?| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Moluccella laevis | author = L. | en1 = Shellflower | status = Introduced | status1 = Impersistent | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1740|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|MOLA|XW|}} | image1 = Moluccella cf laevis 2.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ====Tribe Lamieae==== =====''Lamium''===== {{../txt |img=20140408Lamium galeobdolon2.jpg |cap=''Lamium galeobdolon'' |''Lamium'' species are commonly known as '''dead-nettles''' and are native to Eurasia and northern Africa. About six of these species have naturalized in New York.}} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Lamioideae|Lamieae||Lamium| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Lamium|Deadnettle|681|5| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Lamium galeobdolon | author = (L.) L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Galeopsis galeobdolon|L.}} {{../sp-1|1759|Lamium galeobdolon|(L.) L.}} {{../sp-1|1778|Galeobdolon luteum|Huds.}} {{../sp-1|1966|Lamiastrum galeobdolon|Ehren. & Polatschek}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Yellow archangel | en2 = Yellow henbit | en3 = Aluminum plant | en4 = Artillery plant | fr1 = Lamier jaune | fr2 = Ortie jaune | fr3 = Lamier doré <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | status1 = Invasive | status2 = Weed<ref>[https://www.nynhp.org/invasives/species-tiers-table/ ''Lamium galeobdolon'' is declared as a noxious weed in Oregon and Washington state, and the Lower Hudson PRISM has placed it in Invasive Species Tier 5.]</ref> | imap = 1380 | ipa-us = 14085 | gbif-i = 2927324 | ny-tier = U, LH: 5 | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1690|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|LAGA2|X0|}} | gbif = 2927324 | vascan = 9816 | Lamiastrum galeobdolon (L.) Ehren. &al. (sensu FNA Ed. Comm., in prep. i.) | gobot = lamium/galeobdolon | i-tsn = 515591 | Lamium galeobdolon (L.) L. | ars-id = 403966 | Lamium galeobdolon (L.) Crantz | fna-id = | tro-id = | map = Lamiastrum galeobdolon NY-dist-map.png | nyfa-co = <abbr title="Ontario (2010), Otsego (2011), Suffolk (2007-2011), Tompkins (2008), Westchester (2004)">5 counties</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title="307 research grade observations, as of 2022">~30 counties</abbr> | image1 = 20150421Lamium galeobdolon.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Lamium maculatum | author = (L.) L. <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1753|Lamium album|var=maculatum|L.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1763|Lamium maculatum|L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Spotted deadnettle | en2 = Spotted henbit | en3 = Variegated deadnettle | fr1 = Lamier maculé | fr2 = Lamier tacheté | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | status1 = Widespread weed | status2 = NE-3<ref name=NE3>{{flora-of-ref|NE3}}</ref> | status3 = | imap = | ipa-us = 11558 | gbif-i = 2926684 | ny-tier = | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1679|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | gbif = 2926684 | vascan = 6384 | gobot = lamium/maculatum | i-tsn = 32541 | ars-id = 400264 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17600101 | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Lamium maculatum RF (3x4).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Lamium purpureum | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1753|Lamium purpureum|L.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1852|Lamiopsis purpurea|(L.) Opiz}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Purple deadnettle | en2 = Red hanbit | en3 = Red deadnettle <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Widespread weed | gbif-i = 2926682 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1705|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|LAPUP|XX|}} | gbif = 2926682 | vascan = | gobot = lamium/purpureum | i-tsn = 528671 | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Lamium purpureum, 2020-05-05, Beechview, 01.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Lamium hybridum | author = L. | var-au = Vill. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1786|'''Lamium hybridum'''|Vill.}} {{../var1|1787|Lamium purpureum|L.|hybridum|(Vill.) Vill.}} {{../sp-1|1796|Lamium dissectum|With.}} {{../var1|1806|Lamium purpureum|L.|incisum|(Willd.) Pers.}} {{../ssp1|1881|Lamium hybridum|Vill.|hybridum |(With.) Nyman}} {{../ssp1|1927|Lamium hybridum|Vill.|dissectum|(With.) Gams}} {{../var1|1927|Lamium hybridum|Vill.|dissectum|(With.) Gams}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Hybrid deadnettle | en2 = Purple deadnettle | en3 = Red deadnettle | en4 = Red hanbit <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1682|X|Bronx only}} | usda = {{../usda|LAPUI|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = lamium/purpureum | i-tsn = 528670 | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Lamium hybridum 01 (3x4).JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Lamium amplexicaule | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Lamium amplexicaule|L.}} {{../var1|1960|Lamium amplexicaule|L.|album|Pickens & M.C.W.Pickens}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Henbit deadnettle | en2 = Common dead-nettle | en3 = Common henbit | en4 = Clasping henbit | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia, n. Africa | status1 = Potentially invasive | gbif-i = 2926679 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6918|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|LAAM|XX|}} | gbif = 2926679 | vascan = 6382 | gobot = lamium/amplexicaule | i-tsn = 32539 | ars-id = 21418 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17600099 | map = nymap.svg | image1 = 20150424Lamium amplexicaule.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Lamium album | author = L. | ssp0 = album <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1753|Lamium album|L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = White deadnettle | en2 = White-nettle | en3 = White henbit | en4 = Snowflake | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | status1 = Unknown naturalization | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1678|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|LAAL|XX|}} | vascan = 6381 | gobot = lamium/album | its-id = | ars-id = 314991 | fna-id = | tro-id = | map = Lamium album NY-dist-map.png | cos = Albany, Allegany, Herkimer, Tompkins (1925), Washington | image1 = Deadnettle 800.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table|Lamiaceae|Lamioideae|Lamieae| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ====Tribe Leonureae==== ======''Leonurus''====== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Leonurus cardiaca 201922.jpg |cap=''Leonurus cardiaca'' |'''Motherwort''' }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Lamioideae|Leonureae||Leonurus| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Leonurus|Motherwort|364|2||?| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Leonurus cardiaca | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|1753|'''Leonurus cardiaca'''|L.}} |{{../sn|1830|Leonurus glaucescens|Bunge}} |{{../sn|1849|Leonurus cardiaca|var=villosus|var-au=(Desf. ex Spreng.) Benth.}} |{{../sn|1874|Lamium cardiaca|(L.) Baill.}} |{{../sn|1945|Leonurus cardiaca|ssp=villosus|ssp-au=(Desf. ex Spreng.) Hyl.}} }} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Common mother-wort|}} {{../vn1|Motherwort|}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | status1 = Widespread weed | status2 = NE-3<ref name=NE3>{{flora-of-ref|NE3}}</ref> | ipa-us = 5923 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1683|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|LECA2|XX|}} | col-id = 6P8L5 | vascan = | gobot = Leonurus/cardiaca | its-id = 32548 | ars-id = 21756 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = | image1 = 20140928Leonurus cardiaca4.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Leonurus japonicus | author = Houtt. <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1753|Leonurus sibiricus|L. misapplied}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1778|'''Leonurus japonicus'''|Houtt.}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Chinese motherwort|iNaturalist}} {{../vn1|Honeyweed|2022 New York Flora Atlas}} {{../vn1|Siberian motherwort|2022 New York Flora Atlas (missapplied?)}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7413|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|CHMA18|X0|}} | col-id = 3T76H | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title="Queens (2013)">Queens (2013)</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title="Queens (2020), Rockland (2021)">Queens (2020), Rockland (2021)</abbr> | image1 = Leonurus japonicus - Guangfeng, Jiangxi, China 2014.05.24 15-59-28.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} ======''Chaiturus''====== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Leonurus marrubiastrum detail.jpeg |cap=''Leonurus marrubiastrum'' |'''False motherwort''' }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Lamioideae|Leonureae||Chaiturus| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Chaiturus|Lion's tail|1245|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Chaiturus marrubiastrum | author = (L.) Ehrh. ex Rchb. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Leonurus marrubiastrum|L.}} {{../sp-1|1771|Cardiaca marrubiastrum|(L.) Schreb.}} {{../sp-1|1787|Chaiturus leonuroides|Willd. (nom. superfl.)}} {{../sp-1|1796|Leonurus parviflorus|Salisb. (nom. illeg.)}} {{../sp-1|1831|'''Chaiturus marrubiastrum'''|(L.) Ehrh. ex Rchb.}} {{../sp-1|1839|Chaiturus marrubiastrum|(L.) Spenn.}} {{../var1|1844|Leonurus marrubiastrum|L.|simplicissimus|K.Koch}} {{../sp-1|1880|Leonurus marrubifolius|St.-Lag.}} {{../sp-1|1889|Chaiturus marrubifolius|St.-Lag.}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|False motherwort|2022 iNaturalist}} {{../vn1|Lion's tail|2022 New York Flora Atlas & USDA-NRCS}} {{../vn1||}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Not naturalized | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1702|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|CHMA18|X0|}} | col-id = TFDJ | gbif = | kew-id = 37383 | pow-id = 77176662-1 | wfo-id = 0000836548 | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 333399-Chaiturus-marrubiastrum | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | fna-i1 = | fna-i2 = | tro-id = | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title="Ulster (1897)">Ulster (1897)</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title="Sullivan (2020), Ulster (2020)">Sullivan (2020), Ulster (2020)</abbr> | image1 = Leonurus marrubiastrum sl2.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} ====Tribe Phlomideae==== =====''Phlomis''===== {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Lamioideae|Phlomideae||Phlomis| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Phlomis|Jerusalem-sage||1||?| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Phlomis tuberosa | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|1753|Phlomis tuberosa|L.}} |{{../sn|1794|Phlomoides tuberosa|(L.) Moench}} |{{../sn|1824|Leonotis tuberosa|(L.) Hoffmanns.}} |{{../sn|1829|Phlomidopsis tuberosa|(L.) Link}} |{{../sn|1837|Trambis tuberosa|(L.) Raf.}} |{{../sn|1843|Phlomitis tuberosa|(L.) Rchb.|ex T.Nees}} }} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Tuberous Jerusalem sage | en2 = Jerusalem sage | fr1 = Sauge de Jérusalem <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | status1 = Unk. naturalization <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1713|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|PHTU2|X0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = 402008 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17600552 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Phlomis tuberosa habitus 2.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table|Lamiaceae|Lamioideae|Phlomideae| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ====Tribe Synandreae==== =====''Physostegia''===== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Gardenology-IMG 7851 hunt10aug.jpg |cap=''Physostegia virginiana'' |The only native or naturalized member of ''Physostegia'' found in New York is ''P. virginiana'', the commonly-cultivated '''northern obedient-plant'''. Although it is considered native to New York, most populations are probably the result of naturalized escapes.<ref>[http://www.newyork.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=1750 Troy Weldy, David Werier, and Andrew Nelson (2014). ''New York Flora Atlas''. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.]</ref> }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Lamioideae|Synandreae||Physostegia| }} {{../genus|Physostegia|Lionsheart||1||?| }} {{../taxon | species = Physostegia virginiana | author = (L.) Benth. | ssp = virginiana <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1753|Dracocephalum virginianum|L.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1789|Dracocephalum denticulatum|Aiton}} | sn2 = {{../sn|1830|Physostegia speciosa|Sweet}} | sn3 = {{../sn|1834|Physostegia virginiana|(L.) Benth.}} | sn4 = {{../sn|1908|Physostegia formosior|Lunell}} | sn5 = {{../sn|1931|Dracocephalum formosius|Rydb.}} | sn6 = {{../sn|1982|P. virginiana|ssp=virginiana|autonym}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Obedient plant | en2 = False dragon-head | en3 = Obedient false dragon-head | en4 = Virginia false dragon-head | fr1 = Physostégie de Virginie <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 9 | nwi1 = FACW | nwi2 = FAC | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = S5, G5 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1750|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|PHVIV|NN|}} | vascan = 9888 | gobot = physostegia/virginiana | its-id = 196102 | ars-id = 316915 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17600246 | nse-id = Physostegia+virginiana | ipn-id = 30043311-2 | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Physostegia virginiana 9620.jpg }} {{../end table|Lamiaceae|Lamioideae|Synandreae| }} ====Tribe Stachydeae==== ======''Stachys''====== {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Lamioideae|Stachydeae||Stachys| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Stachys|Hedgenettle|528|11|STACH|10| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Stachys hispida | author = Pursh <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1800|Stachys tenuifolia|Willd. (misappl.)}} {{../sp-1|1814|Stachys hispida|Pursh}} {{../sp-1|1836|Stachys glabra|Riddell}} {{../var1|1920|Stachys palustris|L.|macrocalyx|Jenn.}} {{../var1|1943|Stachys tenuifolia|Willd.|platyphylla|Fernald}} {{../var1|1943|Stachys tenuifolia|Willd.|perlonga|Fernald}} {{../var1|1943|Stachys tenuifolia|Willd.|hispida|Fernald}} {{../var1|1972|Stachys palustris|L.|hispida|B.Boivin}} {{../ssp1|1982|Stachys pilosa|L.|hispida|(Pursh) Á.Löve & D.Löve}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Hispid hedgenettle | en2 = Smooth hedge-nettle | en3 = Slender betony <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Likely secure <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1732|4|}} | usda = {{../usda|STTE|NN|}} | col-id = 4ZFLY | gbif = 2927251 | pow-id = 243177-2 | kew-id = 195163 | vascan = 26921 <!-- extirpated in Canada --> | gobot = stachys/hispida | inat = 204419-Stachys-hispida | its-id = 32323 | ars-id = 312175 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17601825 | nse-id = | bna-id = STTE | ipn-id = | map = Stachys tenuifolia NY-dist-map.png | image1 = Stachys hispida (cropped).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Stachys hyssopifolia | author = Michx. | var = hyssopifolia <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn||Stachys hyssopifolia|Michx.}} | sn1 = {{../sn||Stachys atlantica|Britton}} | sn2 = {{../sn||Stachys lythroides|Small}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Hyssopleaf hedgenettle | en2 = Hyssop-leaved hedge-nettle <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Threatened <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1727|2|}} | usda = {{../usda|STHY3|N0|}} | vascan = 0 | gobot = stachys/hyssopifolia | its-id = 32340 | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | ipn-id = | map = Stachys hyssopifolia nymap.svg | image1 = Stachys hyssopifolia var hyssopifolia iNat-21425341 (2x3).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Stachys pilosa | au-abbr = Nutt. | au-full = | au-pub = | var0 = pilosa <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1834|'''Stachys pilosa'''|Nutt.}} {{../var1|1900|Stachys palustris|L.|homotricha|Fernald}} {{../sp-1|1909|Stachys asperrima|Rydb.}} {{../var1|1920|Stachys palustris|L.|nipigonenis|Jenn.}} {{../ssp1|1934|Stachys palustris|L.|pilosa|(Nutt.) Epling}} {{../var1|1943|Stachys palustris|L.|pilosa|(Nutt.) Fernald}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Hairy hedgenettle|USDA NRCS 2018}} {{../vn1|Hairy hedge nettle|NYFA 2018}} {{../vn1|hairy hedge-nettle|Go Botany, New England Wild 2018}} <!-- ========= --> | fr-vns = {{../vn1||}} {{../vn1||}} {{../vn1||}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Unranked | c-rank = 3 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7525|Nu|}} | usda = {{../usda|STPI6|NN|}} | col-id = | gbif = | kew-id = | pow-id = 77171674-1 | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = stachys/pilosa | its-id = | ars-id = 468327 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title="Essex (1940)">Essex (1940)</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title=" ">? counties</abbr> | image1 = Stachys pilosa (2x3).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Stachys pilosa | au-abbr = Nutt. | au-full = | au-pub = | var = arenicola | var-au = (Britton) G.A.Mulligan & D.B.Munro <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1901|Stachys arenicola|Britton}} {{../sp-1|1931|Stachys brevidens|Rydb.}} {{../var1|1989|'''Stachys pilosa'''|Nutt.|'''arenicola'''|(Britton) G.A.Mulligan & D.B.Munro}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Marsh hedge-nettle|20022 iNaturalist}} {{../vn1|Sand hedge nettle|2022 New York Flora Atlas}} | fr-vns = {{../vn1||}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Very rare | status2 = | imap = | ipa-us = | gbif-e = | gbif-i = | gbif-n = | ny-tier = | c-rank = 0 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = S1 | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7524|N1|}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | col-id = 5RMPS <!-- as Stachys pilosa var. arenicola (Britton) G.A.Mulligan & D.B.Munro --> | gbif = 3904735 <!-- as Stachys pilosa var. arenicola (Britton) G.A.Mulligan & D.B.Munro --> | kew-id = 195465 <!-- as Stachys pilosa var. arenicola (Britton) G.A.Mulligan & D.B.Munro --> | pow-id = 285497-2 <!-- as Stachys pilosa var. arenicola (Britton) G.A.Mulligan & D.B.Munro --> | wfo-id = 0000314415 <!-- as Stachys pilosa var. arenicola (Britton) G.A.Mulligan & D.B.Munro --> | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 243076-Stachys-pilosa-arenicola | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | fna-i1 = | fna-i2 = | tro-id = | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title="Cattaraugus (1929)">Cattaraugus (1929)</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title="Cortland (2018)">Cortland (2018)</abbr> | image1 = Stachys pilosa var arenicola iNat-23771803 (2x3).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Stachys palustris | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1753|Stachys palustris|L.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1849|S. palustris|var=elliptica|Clos}} | sn2 = {{../sn|1879|S. palustris|var=petiolata|T.Durand}} | sn3 = {{../sn|1881|S. palustris|var=segetum|Nyman}} | sn4 = {{../sn|1908|S. palustris|var=homotricha|Fernald}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Marsh hedge-nettle | en2 = Marsh woundwort | en3 = Marsh betony | fr1 = Épaire des marais | fr2 = Crapaudine | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1726|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|STPA|NX|}} | vascan = 6469 | gobot = stachys/palustris | its-id = 32344 | ars-id = 312174 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17606473 | nse-id = | bna-id = | ipn-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Stachys palustris kz3 (2x3).JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Stachys byzantina | author = K.Koch | en1 = Woolly hedgenettle | en2 = Lamb's ears | en3 = Epiaire laineuse | status = Introduced | gbif-e = 2927230 | from = temperate Asia | status1 = | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1725|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|STBY|XX|}} | gbif = 2927230 | vascan = | gobot = stachys/byzantina | its-id = 505350 | ars-id = 316846 | fna-id = | tro-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | ipn-id = | map = Stachys byzantina nymap.svg | image1 = 0 Stachys byzantina - Yvoire (2).JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Stachys sylvatica | author = L. | sn0 = {{../sn|1753|Stachys sylvatica|L.}} | en1 = Whitespot | en2 = Woodland hedge-nettle | en3 = Hedge woundwort | fr1 = Épaire des bois | fr2 = Épaire des forêts | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6931|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|STSY2|XX|}} | vascan = 6473 | gobot = | its-id = 32322 | ars-id = 407652 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17600383 | nse-id = | bna-id = | ipn-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Stachys sylvatica 1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Stachys annua | author = (L.) L. | sn0 = {{../sn|1753|Betonica annua|L.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1763|Stachys annua|(L.) L.}} | en1 = Annual hedgenettle | fr1 = Épiaire annuelle | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | status1 = Impersistent | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1755|Xm|}} | usda = {{../usda|STAN|XW|}} | vascan = 6460 | gobot = stachys/annua | its-id = | ars-id = 316844 | fna-id = | tro-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | ipn-id = | map = Stachys annua nymap.svg | image1 = Pouzdřanská step – Kolby 11.8.2016 (18).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Stachys affinis | author = Bunge <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1833|Stachys affinis|Bunge}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1865|Stachys sieboldii|Miq.}}<ref>[http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=833974 ITIS lists ''Stachys affinis'' as ''Stachys sieboldii'' var. ''sieboldii'']. Other sources list as ''Stachys affinis''.</ref> | sn2 = {{../sn|1887|Stachys tuberifera|Naudin}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Artichoke betony | en2 = Chinese artichoke | en3 = Crosne du Japon <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = China | status1 = Impersistent <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1728|Xm|Washington County only}} | usda = {{../usda|STAF2|X0|NY only}} | vascan = | not listed in Canada | gobot = | not listed in New England | its-id = 833974 | Stachys sieboldii var. sieboldii Miq. | ars-id = 35402 | Stachys affinis Bunge | fna-id = | Stachys not listed | tro-id = 17606500 | Stachys sieboldii var. sieboldii, citing FOC | nse-id = | bna-id = | ipn-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Stachys sieboldii0.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Stachys arvensis | author = (L.) L. <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1753|Glechoma arvensis|L.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1763|Stachys arvensis|(L.) L.}} | sn2 = {{../sn|1778|Cardiaca arvensis|(L.) Lam.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Field hedgenettle | en2 = Staggerweed | en3 = Field woundwort | fr1 = Épiaire des champs | status = Introduced | status1 = Impersistent | from = Eurasia | from1 = N. Africa | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1717|Xm|}} | usda = {{../usda|STAR|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = stachys/arvensis | its-id = 32326 | ars-id = 316845 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17602133 | nse-id = | bna-id = | ipn-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Stachys arvensis 01.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Stachys macrantha | author = (K. Koch) Stearn <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1800|Betonica grandiflora|Stephan|ex Willd.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1834|S. grandiflora|(Willd.) Benth. ''hom''.}} | sn2 = {{../sn|1849|Betonica macrantha|K.Koch}} | sn3 = {{../sn|1951|Stachys macrantha|(K.Koch) Stearn}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Big-sage <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = temperate Asia | status1 = Impersistent | status2 = No specimens <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1744|Xm|}} | usda = {{../usda|STMA12|X0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = 832911 | ars-id = 401210 | fna-id = | tro-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | ipn-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Stachys macrantha0.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Stachys officinalis | author = (L.) Trevis. | sn0 = {{../sn|1753|Betonica officinalis|L.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1834|Stachys betonica|Benth.}} | en1 = Common hedgenettle | status = Introduced | status1 = Impersistent | from = Eurasia | from1 = N.Africa | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1745|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|STOF2|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = 35407 | fna-id = | tro-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | ipn-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Betonica Officinalis.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Stachys cordata | author = Riddell <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1848|Stachys nuttallii|Shuttlw. ex Benth.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1903|Stachys salvioides|Small}} | sn2 = {{../sn|1920|Stachys riddellii|House}} | sn3 = {{../sn|1927|Stachys subcordata|Rydb.}} | sn4 = {{../sn|1936|Stachys cordata|Riddell}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Heartleaf hedgenettle | en2 = {{../en|Heart-leaved|hedge-nettle}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Excluded <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|615|}} | usda = {{../usda|STCO9|X0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = 32314 | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Stachys%20cordata | ipn-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Stachys cordata BB-1913-2.png }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ====Tribe Galeopseae==== {{:Flora of New York/txt |Tribe '''Galeopseae''' (Dumort.) Vis.<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7796571/ Zhao F, Chen YP, Salmaki Y, et al. An updated tribal classification of Lamiaceae based on plastome phylogenomics. BMC Biol. 2021;19(1):2. Published 2021 Jan 8. doi:10.1186/s12915-020-00931-z]</ref> }} =====''Galeopsis''===== {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Lamioideae|uncertain||Galeopsis| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Galeopsis|Hempnettle|518|4|Galeo|3| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Galeopsis bifida | au-abbr = Boenn. | au-full = Clemens Maria Griedrich von Boenninghausen (1785-1864). | au-pub = Prodromus Florae Monasteriensis Westphalorum 178. 1824. <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1824|Galeopsis bifida|Boenn.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1831|G. tetrahit|var=bifida|var-au=(Boenn.) Lej. & Courtois}} | sn2 = {{../sn|1848|G. tetrahit|var=parviflora|var-au=Benth.}} | sn3 = {{../sn|1881|G. tetrahit|ssp=bifida|ssp-au=(Boenn.) Nyman}} | sn4 = {{../sn|1921|G. bifida|var=emarginata|var-au=Nakai}} | sn5 = {{../sn|1929|G. tetrahit|var=bifida|var-au=(Boenn.) Kudô}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Notched hemp-nettle | en2 = Bifid-lip hempnettle | en3 = Splitlip hempnettle | en4 = Common hempnettle | fr1 = Galéopside bifide | fr2 = Galéopsis bifide <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Naturalized | status2 = Widespread <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1711|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|GABI3|XX|}} | vascan = 6373 | gobot = galeopsis/bifida | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = 17600076 | ipn-id = 447034-1 | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = | image1 = Galeopsis bifida 230711.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Galeopsis tetrahit | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1753|Galeopsis tetrahit|L.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1763|Lamium tetrahit|(L.) Crantz}} | sn2 = {{../sn|1771|G. tetrahit|var=tetrahit|var-au=(autonym)}} | sn3 = {{../sn|1794|Tetrahit nodosum|(L.) Moench}} | sn4 = {{../sn|1821|G. nodosum|(Moench) Gray|info=nom. illeg.}} | sn5 = {{../sn|1862|G. tetrahit|ssp=tetrahit|ssp-au=(autonym)}} | sn6 = {{../sn|1891|Ladanum tetrahit|(L.) Kuntze}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Common hempnettle | en2 = Common hemp-nettle | en3 = Brittle-stemmed hemp-nettle | en4 = Brittlestem hempnettle | en5 = Dog nettle | en6 = Ironwort | fr1 = Galéopside à tige carrée | fr2 = Galéopside tétrahit | fr3 = Ortie royale <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Europe | status1 = Naturalized | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1739|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|GATE2|XX|}} | vascan = 6376 | gobot = galeopsis/tetrahit | its-id = | ars-id = 316890 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17600083 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = 20140630Stachys palustris4.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Galeopsis ladanum | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1753|Galeopsis ladanum|L.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|||}} | sn2 = {{../sn|||}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Broad-leaved hemp-nettle | en2 = Broadleaf hempnettle | en3 = Hemp nettle | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | status1 = Not naturalized | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1688|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|GALAL|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = 316889 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = Galeopsis ladanum var latifolia NY-dist-map.png | image1 = Galeopsis angustifolia.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Galeopsis angustifolia | author = Ehrh. ex Hoffm. <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn||G. angustifolia|Ehrh. ex Hoffm.}} | sn1 = {{../sn||G. ladanum|var=angustifolia|var-au=(Ehrh. ex Hoffm.) Wallr.}} | sn2 = {{../sn|||}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Narrow-leaved hemp-nettle | en2 = Narrowleaf hempnettle | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Not naturalized | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7379|Xm|no reports}} | usda = {{../usda|GAAN5|X0|Wisconsin only}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Galeopsis angustifolia ENBLA01.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ===Subfamily Nepetoideae=== ====Tribe Elsholtzieae==== =====''Collinsonia''===== {{../txt |img=Collinsonia canadensis SCA-4392.jpg |cap=''Collinsonia canadensis''<br>stoneroot, horsebalm, richweed | }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Elsholtzieae||Collinsonia| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Collinsonia|Horsebalm|498|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Collinsonia canadensis | au-abbr = L. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|1753|Collinsonia canadensis|L.}} }} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Stoneroot | en2 = Horsebalm | en3 = Canada horse-balm | en4 = Northern horsebalm | en5 = Richweed | en6 = Citronella | en7 = Citronella horse balm <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 7 | nwi1 = FAC | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1680|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|COCA4|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = collinsonia/canadensis | its-id = | ars-id = 423713 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17600043 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = COCA4 | nse-id = | bna-id = Collinsonia%20canadensis | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = | image1 = Collinsonia canadensis 003.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> =====''Elsholtzia''===== {{../txt |img=Elsholtzia ciliata 02.JPG |cap=''Elsholtzia ciliata''<br>crested late-summer mint |''Elsholtzia ciliata'' (crested late-summer mint) is listed as invasive in Connecticut.<ref>[https://cipwg.uconn.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/244/2014/12/CT-Invasive-Plant-List-2014Scientific-Name.pdf Connecticut Invasive Plants Council (2014)]</ref> }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Elsholtzieae||Elsholtzia| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Elsholtzia|Elsholtzia|645|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Elsholtzia ciliata | author = (Thunb.) Hyl. <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = Elsholtzia cristata <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Crested elsholtzia | en2 = Crested latesummer mint | en3 = Crested late-summer mint | en4 = Vietnamese balm <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Asia | status1 = Potentially invasive | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1699|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|ELCI|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = elsholtzia/ciliata | its-id = | ars-id = 403974 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Elsholtzia%20ciliata | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = | image1 = Elsholtzia ciliata 2010.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> =====''Perilla''===== {{../txt |img=Perilla frutescens' flower.jpg |cap=''Perilla frutescens''<br>beefsteak plant | }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Elsholtzieae||Perilla| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Perilla|Perilla-mint|304|2|PERIL|2| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Perilla frutescens | author = (L.) Britton | var = frutescens <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Ocimum frutescens|L.}} {{../sp-1|1764|Perilla ocymoides|L. superfl.}} {{../var1|1856|Perilla ocymoides|L.|japonica|Hassk.}} {{../sp-1|1939|Salvia infuscata|Epling}} {{../var1|1948|Perilla frutescens|(L.) Britton|japonica|(Hassk.) H.Hara}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Beefsteak plant|2018 New York Flora Atlas}} {{../vn1|Beefsteakplant|2018 USDA NRCS National Plant Data Team}} {{../vn1|Perilla-mint|2018 gobotany.newenglandwild.org}} {{../vn1|Wild sesame|2018 gobotany.newenglandwild.org}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Naturalized | c-rank = X | nwi1 = FAC | habit0 = Annual | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6923|X|5 counties on Hudson}} | usda = {{../usda|PEFRF2|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = perilla/frutescens | its-id = | ars-id = 450233 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17601586 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = | image1 = Perilla frutescens 36.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Perilla frutescens | author = (L.) Britton | var = crispa | var-au = (Benth.) W. Deane <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1784|Ocimum crispum|Thunb.}} {{../var1|1848|Perilla ocymoides|L.|crispa|Benth.}} {{../sp-1|1848|Perilla arguta|Benth.}} {{../var1|1923|Perilla frutescens|(L.) Britton|crispa|(Benth.) W. Deane}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Crisped beefsteak plant|2018 New York Flora Atlas - 1}} {{../vn1|Shiso|2018 New York Flora Atlas - 2}} {{../vn1|Beefsteakplant|2018 USDA NRCS National Plant Data Team}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Unk. naturalization | c-rank = X | nwi1 = FAC | habit0 = Annual | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6924|X|Tompkins only}} | usda = {{../usda|PEFRC2|X0|}} | vascan = | gobot = perilla/frutescens | its-id = | ars-id = 450235 | fna-id = | tro-id = 100240474 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = | image1 = Perilla frutescens crispa purpurea.fleurs et graines.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ====Tribe Mentheae==== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img= |cap= |{{../w|Mentheae}} is the largest Lamiaceae tribe and contains the herbs sage, thyme, and of course mint. The subtribes used here are from Drew & Sytsma (2012).<ref>[http://www.botany.wisc.edu/sytsma/pdf/DrewSytsma2012.pdf Bryan T. Drew & Kenneth J. Sytsma (2012), Phylogenics, Biogeography, and Staminal Evolution in the tribe Mentheae (Lamiaceae), ''American Journal of Botany'' 99(5): 933-953]</ref> }} =====Subtribe Salviinae===== ======''Salvia''====== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Salvia lyrata (2404034581).jpg |cap=''Salvia lyrata'' |''Salvia'' is the largest genus in the Lamiaceae. Its only native species, ''Salvia lyrata'', is listed as Endangered but has not been reported in the state recently. }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Salviinae|Salvia| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Salvia|Sage|204|8| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Salvia lyrata | au-abbr = L. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|1753|Salvia lyrata|L.}} |{{../sn|1768|Horminum lyratum|(L.) Mill.}} |{{../sn|1837|Larnastyra lyrata|(L.) Raf.}} |{{../sn|1828|Cunila lyrata|(L.) Schrank}} }} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Lyre-leaved sage | en2 = Lyreleaf sage | en3 = Cancerweed <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Endangered | status2 = No recent reports | c-rank = 10 | nwi1 = FACW | nwi2 = FACU | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = Sun - part shade | chro-no = | ny-rank = SH, G5 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1770|Z|}} | usda = {{../usda|SALY2|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = Salvia/lyrata | its-id = | ars-id = 32945 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17601711 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Salvia%20lyrata | map = | cos = Orange (1990),<br>Rockland (1990),<br>Ulster,<br>Westchester (1898) | image1 = Salvia lyrata Kaldari.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Salvia azurea | author = Michx. ex Lam. | var = grandiflora | var-au = Benth. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|1833|Salvia pitcheri|Torr. ex Benth.}} |{{../sn|1848|Salvia azurea|var=grandiflora|var-au=Benth.}} |{{../sn|1894|Salvia azurea|var=pitcheri|var-au=(Torr. ex Benth.) E.Sheld.}} |{{../sn|1939|Salvia azurea|ssp=pitcheri|ssp-au=(Torr. ex Benth.) Epling}} |{{../sn|1939|Salvia azurea|ssp=intermedia|ssp-au= Epling}} }} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Blue sage | en2 = Pitcher sage | en3 = Pitcher's sage <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = southern U.S. | status1 = N. America native | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1767|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|SAAZG|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = 530228 | ars-id = 70592 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17603237 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = SAAZG | nse-id = | bna-id = Salvia%20azurea | map = nymap.svg | cos = Suffolk (1941) | image1 = Salvia azurea (15355500781).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Salvia reflexa | author = Hornem. | au-abbr = | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1806|Salvia lanceolata|Brouss.}} {{../sp-1|1807|Salvia reflexa|Hornem.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Lance-leaved sage | en2 = Rocky Mountain sage | en3 = Blue sage | en4 = Lambsleaf sage | en5 = Sage mint <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = great plains | status1 = N. America native | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1748|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|SARE3|NW|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = 316816 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = | cos = Albany (1994),<br>Madison (1940),<br>Oswego (2003),<br>St. Lawrence (1994),<br>Suffolk (2001) | image1 = Salvia reflexa iNat-42878716.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Salvia glutinosa | author = L. | au-abbr = | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|1753|Salvia glutinosa|L.}} |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} }} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Sticky sage | en2 = Jupiter's sage | en3 = Jupiter's distaff <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | status1 = Potentially invasive | status2 = Naturalized<ref>Nava M. Tabak (2011). ''Salvia glutinosa'' (Lamiaceae) naturalized in southeastern New York. ''Rhodora'' '''113:''' 220-224.</ref> | imap = 1384 | ipa-us = 50622 | gbif-e = 2927026 | gbif-i = | gbif-n = | ny-tier = | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7500|Xn|}} | usda = {{../usda|SAGL12|X0|NY & OR only}} | gbif = 2927026 | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = 504993 | ars-id = 32931 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Salvia%20glutinosa | map = nymap.svg | cos = Dutchess (2010) | image1 = Salvia glutinosa ENBLA02.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Salvia nemorosa | author = Benth. | au-abbr = | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} }} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Wood sage <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Unk. naturalization | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1734|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Botanical Garden in Poznan (Salvia nemorosa, Blauhugel) (2).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Salvia officinalis | author = L. | au-abbr = | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} }} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Kitchen sage <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6926|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|SAOF2|XW|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = | image1 = Sauge officinale01.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Salvia pratensis | author = L. | au-abbr = | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../spa1|||}} {{../spa1|||}} {{../spa1|||}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Meadow sage|NYFA: 2017 / ARS-GRIN:Websters Dict 2003}} {{../vn1|Meadow clary|ARS-GRIN: A.Huxley, ed. (Dict Gard) 1994}} {{../vn1|Introduced sage |USDA NRCS National Plant Data Team: 2017}} <!-- ========= --> | fr-vns = {{../vn1|Sauge des près|ARS-GRIN: D.Demilly, et al. (L Noms French ed7) 2008}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Naturalized | c-rank = X | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1698|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|SAPR2|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = 32955 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Wiesensalbei 1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Salvia verticillata | author = L. | au-abbr = | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} }} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Lilac sage <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1697|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|SAVE5|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = | image1 = Salvia verticillata RHu 01.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Salvia|author=(excluded species)|Sage|204|2| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Salvia sclarea | au-abbr = L. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../spa1|||}} {{../spa1|||}} {{../spa1|||}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Clary|USDA NRCS National Plant Data Team / ARS-GRIN: G.M.Markle, et al., eds. (Food Feed Crops US) 1997}} {{../vn1|Clary sage|USDA NRCS National Plant Data Team / ARS-GRIN: J.H.Wiersema & B.León (World Econ Pl) 1999}} {{../vn1|Europe sage|USDA NRCS National Plant Data Team}} <!-- ========= --> | fr-vns = {{../vn1|Sauge sclarée|ARS-GRIN:Dict Rehm}} {{../vn1|Sclarée|ARS-GRIN:Dict Rehm}} {{../vn1|Toute-bonne|ARS-GRIN:Zander Ency}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|465|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|SASC2|XW|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Lamiaceae - Salvia sclarea. Agata Fossili127.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Salvia argentea | au-abbr = | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} }} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Silver sage <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|841|}} | usda = {{../usda|SAAR25|X0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Salvia argentea 14May2009 plant CampoCalatrava.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Salvia nutans | author = L. | au-abbr = | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} }} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Nodding sage <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|756|}} | usda = {{../usda|SANU5|X0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Salvia nutans2.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Salvia × sylvestris | au-abbr = L. (pro. sp) | au-full = | au-pub = | hp1 = Salvia nemorosa | hp2 = Salvia pratensis <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../spa1|||}} {{../spa1|||}} {{../spa1|||}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../hybrid-of|wood sage|meadow sage}} <!-- ========= --> | fr-vns = {{../vn1||}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|466|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Ny hybrid.svg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Melissa''====== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Melissa officinalis.jpeg |cap=''Melissa officinalis'' | }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Salviinae|Melissa| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Melissa|Balm|881|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Melissa officinalis | au-abbr = L. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1||Melissa officinalis|L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Lemonbalm| 2021 New York Flora Atlas}} {{../vn1|Lemon balm|}} {{../vn1|Common balm|}} {{../vn1|Garden balm|}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Potentially invasive | status2 = Naturalized | imap = | ipa-us = 14130 | gbif-e = | gbif-i = 5341501 | gbif-n = | ny-tier = | c-rank = X | nwi1 = UPL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Heerb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = SNA, GNR | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1768|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|MEOF2|XX|}} | gbif = 5341501 | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 59901-Melissa-officinalis | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = | image1 = Melissa officinalis, 2020-07-11, Beechview, 03.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> =====Subtribe Prunellinae===== ======''Prunella''====== {{../txt |img=20120714Prunella vulgaris2.jpg |cap=''Prunella vulgaris'' | In New York, ''Prunella'' ('''self-heal''' or '''heal-all''') consists primarily of the single species ''Prunella vulgaris'', which (depending on the source) has two subspecies present: the Eurasian ''P. vulgaris'' ssp. ''vulgaris'' and the North American ''P. vulgaris'' ssp. ''lanceolata''. }} {|class=wikitable width=1024px style="font-size:12px" !rowspan=2|''Prunella vulgaris'' !rowspan=2|self-heal !colspan=3|middle cauline (mid-stem) leaves !rowspan=2|growth form |- !base shape !leaf shape !length/width ratio |- |ssp. ''lanceolata'' |American |cuniate (wedge-shape) |lanceolate to oblong |2.0 - 5.0 (avg. 3.0) |upright or reclining, tips ascending |- |ssp. ''vulgaris'' |Eurasian |rounded |ovate to ovate-oblong |1.5 - 2.5 (avg. 2.0) |flat on ground |} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Prunellinae|Prunella| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Prunella|Selfheal|184|3| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Prunella vulgaris | author = L. | ssp0 = lanceolata | ssp-au = (W.P.C.Barton) Piper & Beattie <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../var1|1818|Prunella pennsylvanica|Willd.|lanceolata|W.P.C.Barton}} {{../var1|1834|Prunella vulgaris|L.|elongata|Benth.}} {{../var1|1913|Prunella vulgaris|L.|lanceolata|(W.P.C.Barton) Fernald}} {{../ssp1|1915|'''Prunella vulgaris'''|L.|'''lanceolata'''|(W.P.C.Barton) Piper & Beattie}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = American self-heal | en2 = American heal-all | en3 = Lance selfheal | en4 = Mountain selfheal | en5 = Narrowleaf selfheal <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Unranked | c-rank = 1 | nwi1 = FAC | nwi2 = FACU | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = SNR | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7201|3 counties|Jefferson (2001), Ontario (1951), St. Lawrence (2019)}} | usda = {{../usda|PRVUL2|NN|}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | fsus = 5389 | vascan = | gobot = Prunella/vulgaris | its-id = | ars-id = 459329 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Prunella%20vulgaris | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Prunella vulgaris - Selfheal.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Prunella vulgaris | author = L. | ssp0 = vulgaris <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Prunella vulgaris|L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Eurasian self-heal | en2 = Common self-heal <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Widespread weed | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1695|53 counties|}} | usda = {{../usda|PRVUV|NX|not shown in NY}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | fsus = 5390 | vascan = | gobot = | inat = | its-id = | ars-id = 454268 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = Prunella vulgaris var vulgaris NY-dist-map.png | image1 = Atlas roslin pl Głowienka pospolita 8345 7678.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Prunella laciniata | au-abbr = (L.) L. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn||Prunella laciniata|(L.) L.}} |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} }} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Cutleaf selfheal | en2 = Cut-leaved selfheal | en3 = Cut-leaved heal-all <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1709|X|Chemung only}} | usda = {{../usda|PRLA7|X0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = 32385 | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | image1 = Prunella laciniata sl16.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} =====Subtribe Lycopinae===== ======''Lycopus''====== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Lycopus americanus 5475282.jpg |cap=''Lycopus americanus'' |'''Bugleweed''', '''waterhorehound''', or '''gypsywort''' (genus ''Lycopus'') species are herbaceous perennials that grow in a variety of wetlands, on stream banks, and in low-lying meadows. }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Lycopinae|Lycopus| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Lycopus|Bugleweed|60|7|LYCOP|n| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Lycopus americanus | ssp0 = americanus | author = Muhl. ex W.P.C.Barton <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1813|Lycopus americanus|Muhl.|info=nom. subnud.; ex Barton }} | sn1 = {{../sn|1815|'''Lycopus americanus'''|Muhl. ex W.P.C.Barton}} | sn2 = {{../sn|1917|Phytosalpinx americana|(Muhl. ex W.P.C.Barton) Lunell}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|American bugleweed|}} {{../vn1|American water horehound|}} {{../vn1|Common water horehound<ref>[http://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1557 ''Lycopus americanus'' (Common water horehound), A. A. Reznicek, E. G. Voss, & B. S. Walters. February 2011. University of Michigan. Web.]</ref>|}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 4 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = S5, G5 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1686|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|LYAM|NN|}} | col-id = 3WN4L | gbif = 5341461 | vascan = | gobot = Lycopus/americanus | its-id = | ars-id = 430583 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17603079 | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title=" ">56 counties</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title=" ">? counties</abbr> | image1 = Lycopus americanus NRCS-1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Lycopus americanus | ssp = laurentianus | ssp-au = (Roll.-Germ.) Coursol & Bailleul | au-abbr = Muhl. ex W.P.C. Barton | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> 1945. '' Lycopus laurentianus ''Roll.-Germ. in Naturaliste Canad. 72:177 1966. '' Lycopus americanus ''var. ''laurentianus'' (Roll.-Germ.) B.Boivin 2021. '' '''Lycopus americanus''' ''ssp. ''' ''laurentianus'' (Roll.-Germ.) Coursol & Bailleul </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = | fr-vns = <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Unranked | status2 = | imap = | ipa-us = | griisus = | ny-tier = | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = SNR, G5-T3Q | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7818|3 counties|}} | inatc = {{../inat|164972-Lycopus-laurentianus||}} | gbifc = {{../gbif||present in NY|present in New York State}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = 77234735-1 | wfo-id = | fsus = | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-i1 = | fna-i2 = | tro-id = <!-- ========= --> | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Lycopus uniflorus | author = Michx. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1803|'''Lycopus uniflorus'''|Michx.}} {{../sp-1|1901|Lycopus communis|E.P.Bicknell}} {{../sp-1|1901|Lycopus membranaceus|E.P.Bicknell}} {{../sp-1|1910|Lycopus coreanus|H.Lév.}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Northern bugleweed|2021 New York Flora Atlas, USDA NRCS National Plant Data Team}} {{../vn1|Northern water horehound|2021 New York Flora Atlas}} {{../vn1|Northern water-horehound|2021 Native Plant Trust (Go Botany)}} {{../vn1|Tuberous water-horehound|2021 ARS-GRIN: Darbyshire, S.J. 2003. Inventory of Canadian Agricultural Weeds Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.}} {{../vn1|Slender bugleweed|}} {{../vn1|One-flowered horehound|2004 Flora of Missouri}} | fr-vns = {{../vn1|Lycope à une fleur|2021 ARS-GRIN: Darbyshire, S.J. 2003. Inventory of Canadian Agricultural Weeds Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 4 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | ny-rank = S5, G5 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1735|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|LYUN|NN|}} | col-id = 733CW | gbif = 5341480 | kew-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = Lycopus/uniflorus | its-id = | ars-id = 22976 | fna-i2 = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title=" ">54 counties</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title=" ">? counties</abbr> | image1 = Lycopus uniflorus 5499186.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Lycopus virginicus | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|'''Lycopus virginicus'''|L.}} {{../var1|1814|Lycopus virginicus|L.|quercifolius|Pursh}} {{../sp-1|1833|Lycopus macrophyllus|Benth.}} {{../var1|1833|Lycopus virginicus|L.|pauciflorus|Benth.}} {{../sp-1|1840|Euhemus officinalis|Raf.}} {{../sp-1|1840|Euhemus sylvaticus|Raf.}} {{../var1|1870|Lycopus virginicus|L.|macrophyllus|(Benth.) A.Gray}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Virginia bugleweed | en2 = Virginia water horehound | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Likely secure | c-rank = 4 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = S4, G5 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1769|4|}} | usda = {{../usda|LYVI4|NN|}} | col-id = 3WN6W | gbif = 5341476 | kew-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = Lycopus/virginicus | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title=" ">40 counties</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title=" ">? counties</abbr> | image1 = Lycopus virginicus 002.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Lycopus × sherardii | au-abbr = Steele | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | hp1 = Lycopus uniflorus | hp2 = Lycopus virginicus <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1901|Lycopus sherardii|E.S.Steele}} {{../sp-1|1901|'''Lycopus × sherardii'''|Steele}} {{../var1|1972|Lycopus virginicus|L.|sherardii|(Steele) B.Boivin}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Sherard’s bugleweed|2021 New York Flora Atlas}} {{../vn1|Sherard’s water horehound|2021 New York Flora Atlas}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Unraked | status2 = | c-rank = | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = SNA <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7430|U|}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | col-id = 3WN6M | gbif = | kew-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 170866-Lycopus---sherardii | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title="Suffolk (1926)">Suffolk (1926)</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title="No iNaturalist observation as of 2022">not observed</abbr> | image1 = Lycopus × sherardii iNat-159011027.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Lycopus amplectens | author = Raf. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1||Lycopus amplectens|Raf.}} {{../sp-1||Lycopus sessilifolius|A.Gray}} {{../var1||Lycopus amplectens|Raf.|pubens|(Britton ex Small) Fernald}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Clasping bugleweed|2021 New York Flora Atlas}} {{../vn1|Clasping water horehound|2021 New York Flora Atlas, USDA NRCS National Plant Data Team}} {{../vn1|Clasping water-horehound|2021 Native Plant (Go Botany)}} {{../vn1|Sessile-leaved bugleweed|}} | en1 = | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Threatened | c-rank = 10 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = S2, G5 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1687|2|}} | usda = {{../usda|LYAM2|N0|}} | col-id = | gbif = | kew-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = Lycopus/amplectens | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title="Nassau (?), Suffolk (1914-1988)">2 counties (1988)</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title="No research=grade observations as of 2022">not observed?</abbr> | image1 = Lycopus amplectens (cropped).JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Lycopus rubellus | author = Moench <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1||Lycopus rubellus|Moench}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Stalked bugleweed|}} {{../vn1|Stalked water horehound|}} {{../vn1|Taperleaf water horehound|}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Endangered | c-rank = 3 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Ferb-forb | ny-rank = S1, G5 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1710|1|}} | usda = {{../usda|LYRU|N0|}} | col-id = | gbif = | kew-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = Lycopus/rubellus | inat = 164973-Lycopus-rubellus | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title=" ">? counties</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title="Bronx (2018)">Bronx (2018)</abbr> | image1 = Lycopus rubellus NRCS-1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Lycopus asper | author = Greene <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1848|Lycopus obtusifolius|Benth.}} {{../sp-1|1898|'''Lycopus asper'''|Greene}} {{../sp-1|1898|Lycopus maritimus|Greene}} {{../sp-1|1917|Phytosalpinx aspera|(Greene) Lunell}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Western bugleweed|2022 New York Flora Atlas}} {{../vn1|Western water horehound|2022 New York Flora Atlas}} {{../vn1|Western water-horehound|2022 Native Plant Trust, Go Botany}} {{../vn1|Rough bugleweed|}} {{../vn1|Rough water horehound|http://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1558 ''Lycopus asper'' (Rough water horehound), A. A. Reznicek, E. G. Voss, & B. S. Walters. February 2011. University of Michigan.}} | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = N. America native | status2 = Unknown naturalization | c-rank = | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | ny-rank = SNA, G5 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1703|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|LYAS|NN|}} | col-id = | gbif = | kew-id = | pow-id = 147711-2 | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = Lycopus/asper | inat = 62651-Lycopus-asper | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title="Erie (1981), Genesee (?), Onondaga (1949)">3 counties (1981)</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title="No iNaturalist observations in New York as of 2022">not observed</abbr> | image1 = Lycopus asper NRCS-1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Lycopus europaeus | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Lycopus europaeus|L.}} {{../var1|1891|Lycopus europaeus|L.|mollis|Briq.}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|European bugleweed|2021 New York Flora Atlas - McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2}} {{../vn1|European water horehound|2021 New York Flora Atlas}} {{../vn1|Gypsywort|2021 ARS-GRIN: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India. 1948-1976. }} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Potentially invasive | status2 = Naturalized | imap = 1168 | ipa-us = 18751 | gbif-e = | gbif-i = 5341478 | gbif-n = | ny-tier = | c-rank = X | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = SNA, GNR <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1743|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|LYEU|XX|}} | col-id = | gbif = 5341478 | kew-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = Lycopus/europaeus | inat = 133036-Lycopus-europaeus | its-id = | ars-id = 423463 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title="Albany, Broome, Cayuga, Chautauqua, Erie, Kings, Livingston, Monroe, Nassau, Niagara, Oswego, St.Lawrence, Suffolk">13 counties</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title="Chautauqua (2018), Monroe (2021), Niagara (2020), Wayne (2010), ">10 counties</abbr> | image1 = Gipsywort^ Lycopus europaeus - Flickr - gailhampshire.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> =====Subtribe Nepetineae===== ======''Agastache''====== {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Neptinae|Agastache| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Agastache|Giant-hyssop|1032|3|author=J.Clayton ex Gronov. }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Agastache scrophulariifolia | author = (Willd.) Kuntze <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1800|Hyssopus scrophulariaefolia|Willd.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1891|Agastache scrophulariifolia|(Willd.) Kuntze}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = '''Purple giant-hyssop''' | en2 = Figwort giant-hyssop | en3 = Purple giant hyssop | en4 = Figwort giant hyssop | fr1 = Agastache à feuilles de scrofulaire <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Likely secure | c-rank = 2 | nwi1 = | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = Heliophily: 6 <br> Sun - shade | chro-no = | ny-rank = S4 | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6915|16 counties|16 counties}} | inatc = {{../inat|158084-Agastache-scrophulariifolia|5 counties|5 counties}} | gbifc = {{../gbif||present in NY|present in New York State}} | usda = {{../usda|AGSC|NN|}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | fsus = 5268 | vascan = 6353 | gobot = agastache/scrophulariifolia | its-id = | ars-id = 316018 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = AGSC | nse-id = | bna-id = Agastache%20scrophulariifolia | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Agastache scrophulariifolia.jpg|width1=120 }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Agastache nepetoides | author = (L.) Kuntze <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1753|Hyssopus nepetoides|L.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1808|Vleckia nepetoides|(L.) Raf.}} | sn2 = {{../sn|1891|A. nepetoides|(L.) Kuntze}} | sn3 = {{../sn|1829|Lophanthus nepetoides|(L.) Benth.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Yellow giant hyssop | en2 = Catnip giant-hyssop | fr1 = Agastache faux-népéta | fr2 = Agastache faux-népète <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Threatened | c-rank = 6 | nwi1 = | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Forb-herb <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6914|2-3|}} | usda = {{../usda|AGNE2|NN|}} | vascan = 6352 | gobot = agastache/nepetoides | its-id = | ars-id = 312122 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17600008 | nse-id = | ipn-id = | bna-id = Agastache%20nepetoides | map = | image1 = Agastache nepetoides - Catnip giant hyssop.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Agastache foeniculum | author = (Pursh) Kuntze <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1813|Hyssopus anethiodorus|Nutt.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1814|Stachys foeniculum|Pursh}} | sn2 = {{../sn|1818|Hyssopus foeniculum|(Pursh) Spreng.}} | sn3 = {{../sn|1829|Lophanthus anisatus|Benth. }} | sn4 = {{../sn|1891|Agastache foeniculum|(Pursh) Kuntze}} | sn5 = {{../sn|1892|Vleckia foeniculum|(Pursh) MacMill.}} | sn6 = {{../sn|1894|Vleckia anethiodora|(Nutt.) Greene}} | sn7 = {{../sn|1898|Agastache anethiodora|(Nutt.) Britton}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Anise-hyssop | en2 = Fragrant giant-hyssop | en3 = Lavender giant-hyssop | en4 = Anise mint | en5 = Blue giant hyssop | en6 = Fennel giant hyssop | en7 = Licorice mint | fr1 = Agastache fenouil <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = S-central Canada | from1 = N-central US | status1 = N. America native | status2 = Cultivated | status3 = Naturalized: ? | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Forb-herb | light = Sun-shade | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6913|X|Cultivated and perhaps very rarely naturalizing.}} | usda = {{../usda|AGFO|NN|}} | vascan = 6351 | gobot = agastache/foeniculum | its-id = 32440 | ars-id = 312121 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = AGFO | nse-id = Agastache+foeniculum | bna-id = Agastache%20foeniculum | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = Agastache foeniculum nymap.svg | image1 = Agastache foeniculum 'Anise Hyssop' (Labatae) plant.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Dracocephalum''====== {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Neptinae|Dracocephalum| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Dracocephalum|Dragonhead||2| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Dracocephalum parviflorum | author = Nutt. | sn0 = {{../sn|1818|Dracocephalum parviflora|Nutt.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1913|Moldavica parviflora|Britton}} | en1 = American dragonhead | en2 = Dragonhead mint | status = Native | status1 = Endangered | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6916|1|}} | usda = {{../usda|DRPA2|NN|}} | i-tsn = | ars-id = 316657 | map = | image1 = Dracocephalum parviflorum drawing 1.png }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Dracocephalum thymiflorum | author = L. | sn1 = {{../sn||Moldavica thymiflora|(L.) Rydb.}} | en1 = Thymeleaf dragonhead | en2 = Thyme-leaved dragon-head | status = Introduced | status1 = Impersistent | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1696|X|Chemung only}} | usda = {{../usda|DRTH|XX|}} | i-tsn = | ars-id = | map = | image1 = }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} ======''Glechoma''====== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Atlas roslin pl Bluszczyk kurdybanek 3621 7088.jpg |cap=''Glechoma hederacea'' |'''Ground ivy''' (''Glechoma hederacea'') is a common weed found in cultivated places throughout most of New York State. }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Neptinae|Glechoma| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Glechoma|Glechoma|576|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Glechoma hederacea | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|'''Glechoma hederacea'''|L.}} {{../sp-1|1771|Calamintha hederacea|(L.) Scop.}} {{../var1|1822|Glechoma hederacea|L.|parvifolia|Gray}} {{../sp-1|1834|Nepeta glechoma|Benth.}} {{../sp-1|1842|Nepeta hederacea|(L.) Trevis.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Ground ivy | en2 = Gill-over-the-ground | en3 = Creeping Charlie <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Highly invasive | status2 = Widespread weed | imap = 1132 | ipa-us = 3026 | gbif-e = | gbif-i = 2926557 | gbif-n = | ny-tier = 4 | c-rank = X | nwi1 = FACU | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = SNA, GNR | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1714|Xn|}} | usda = {{../usda|GLHE2|XX|}} | col-id = 3G6WF | gbif = 2926557 | kew-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = Glechoma/hederacea | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Glechoma hederacea 02.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} ======''Hyssopus''====== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Hyssopus officinalis HC2.jpg |cap=''Hyssopus officinalis'' |'''Hyssop''' (''Hyssopus officinalis'') }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Neptinae|Hyssopus| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Hyssopus|Hyssop||1||?| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Hyssopus officinalis | au-abbr = | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|'''Hyssopus officinalis'''|L.}} {{../sp-1|2020|Hyssopus schleicheri|G.Don ex Loudon}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Hyssop|}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6917|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|HYOF|XX|}} | col-id = | gbif = 5341387 | kew-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = Hyssopus/officinalis | inat = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | fna-i1 = | fna-i2 = | tro-id = | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Hyssopus officinalis 004.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} ======''Nepeta''====== {{../txt |img=Die Katzenminze lat. Nepeta 11.jpg |cap=''Nepeta cataria'' L. catnip | }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Neptinae|Nepeta| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Nepeta|Catnip|765|3| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Nepeta cataria | author = L. | en1 = Catnip | status = Introduced | status1 = Widespread weed | status2 = [http://www.invasive.org/browse/subinfo.cfm?sub=6078 IO] | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6921|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|NECA2|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = Nepeta/cataria | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | image1 = Nepeta cataria 1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Nepeta grandiflora | author = M.Bieb. | en1 = Caucasus catmint | status = Introduced | status1 = Impersistent | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1737|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|NEGR3|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = | image1 = Nepeta grandiflora1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Nepeta racemosa | author = Lam. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1||Nepeta racemosa|Lam.}} {{../sp-1||Nepeta mussinii|Spreng. ex Henckel}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Racemed catnip|}} {{../vn1|Persian catmint|}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Impersistent | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1704|X|Monroe only}} | usda = {{../usda|NERA2|X0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = 20170526Nepeta racemosa1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} ======''Meehania''====== {{../txt |img=Meehania cordata Kentucky.jpg |cap=''Meehania cordata''<br>Meehan's mint |'''Meehan's mint''' is native to the Appalachians from North Carolina to Pennsylvania. It doesn't appear to have naturalized in New York, though it is planted as a "native" groundcover. }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Nepetineae|Meehania| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Meehania|Meehan's mint|0|0| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Meehania cordata | au-abbr = (Nutt.) Britton | au-full = Nathaniel Lord Britton (1859-1934). | au-pub = Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 21(1):33. 1894. <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1818|Dracocephalum cordatum|Nutt.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1834|Cedronella cordata|Benth.}} | sn2 = {{../sn|1894|Meehania cordata|(Nutt.) Britton}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Meehan's mint | en2 = Creeping mint | en3 = Trailing mint <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Appalachians | status1 = US South native | status2 = No NY reports | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|0|0|}} | usda = {{../usda|MECO|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = 503731 | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = 17601497 | ipn-id = 155825-2 | lbj-id = | nse-id = Meehania+cordata | bna-id = Meehania%20cordata | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Meehania cordata iNat-132589536.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} =====Subtribe Menthinae===== {{../txt |img= |cap= |The large {{../w|Menthinae}} subtribe can ce separated into Old-World and New-World clades along the lines presented in Drew and Sytsma (2012).<ref>[http://www.botany.wisc.edu/sytsma/pdf/DrewSytsma2012.pdf Bryan T. Drew & Kenneth J. Sytsma (2012), Phylogenics, Biogeography, and Staminal Evolution in the tribe Mentheae (Lamiaceae), ''American Journal of Botany'' 99(5): 933-953]</ref> However, many of the genera have been found to be polyphyletic, including ''Mentha'' and ''Clinopodium'', which have New York species in both clades. }} ======''Hedeoma''====== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Hedeoma pulegioides 2017-09-26 4956b.jpg |cap=''Hedeoma pulegioides'' |'''False-pennyroyal''' (''Hedeoma'' species). }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Menthinae|Hedeoma| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Hedeoma|False-pennyroyal|623|2| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Hedeoma pulegioides | author = (L.) Pers. (1806) <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../spa1||Cunila pulegioides}} {{../spa1||Melissa pulegioides}} {{../spa1||Ziziphora pulegioides}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = American false pennyroyal | en2 = American pennyroyal | status = Native | status1 = Secure | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1689|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|HEPU|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = Hedeoma/pulegioides | its-id = 32520 | ars-id = 316705 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Hedeoma pulegioides 2017-09-26 4959.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Hedeoma hispida | author = Pursh | en1 = Rough false pennyroyal | status = Native | status1 = Threatened | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1715|2-3|}} | usda = {{../usda|HEHI|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = Hedeoma/hispida | ars-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Hedeoma hispida (7495953168) (cropped).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} ======''Blephilia''====== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Blephilia hirsuta - Flickr - aspidoscelis.jpg |cap=''Blephilia hirsuta'' | }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Menthinae|Blephilia| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Blephilia|Pagoda-plant|324|2|Bleph|?| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Blephilia hirsuta | author = (Pursh) Benth. | en1 = Hairy pagoda plant | en2 = Hairy woodmint | status = Native | status1 = Likely secure | status2 = | imap = | ipa-us = | gbif-e = | gbif-i = | gbif-n = | ny-tier = | c-rank = 6 | nwi1 = FACU | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = S4, G5? | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1716|4|}} | usda = {{../usda|BLHI|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = Blephilia/hirsuta | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | image1 = Blephilia hirsuta inflorescence (3x4).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Blephilia ciliata | author = (L.) Raf. | en1 = Downy pagoda plant | en2 = Downy woodmint | en3 = Ohio horsemint | en4 = Sunny woodmint | status = Native | status1 = Endangered | status2 = DEC-A<ref name=DECA>{{flora-of-ref|DECA}}</ref> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1706|1|}} | usda = {{../usda|BLCI|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = Blephilia/ciliata | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = | image1 = Blephilia ciliata.jpg|width1=96 }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Monarda''====== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Monarda fistulosa - Flickr - gailhampshire.jpg |cap=''Monarda fistulosa'' |'''Beebalm''' or '''Bergamot''' contains about 12 to 20 species in North America. }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Menthinae|Monarda| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Monarda|Beebalm|862|7| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Monarda fistulosa | author = L. | var0 = fistulosa <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|'''Monarda fistulosa'''|L.}} {{../sp-1|1789|Monarda oblongata|Aiton}} {{../sp-1|1813|Monarda purpurea|Pursh}} {{../sp-1|1821|Monarda affinis|Link}} {{../sp-1|1826|Monarda scabra|Beck}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Common wild bergamot | en2 = Wild bergamot | en3 = Wild bergamot bee-balm | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 2 | nwi1 = FACU | nwi2 = UPL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = Sun - part shade | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1758|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|MOFIF2|N0|ssp. fistulosa var. fistulosa}} | gbif = | pow-id = 77171472-1 | wfo-id = | vascan = 6416 | gobot = monarda/fistulosa | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = MOFI | nse-id = | bna-id = Monarda%20fistulosa | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = Monarda fistulosa var fistulosa NY-dist-map.png | image1 = 6296 NRCS projects (38166024904) (3x4).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Monarda fistulosa | author = L. | var0 = mollis | var-au = (L.) L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1756|Monarda mollis|L.}} {{../var1|1762|'''Monarda fistulosa'''|L.|'''mollis'''|(L.) L.}} {{../var1||Monarda fistulosa|L.|mollis|(L.) Benth.}} {{../for1|1924|Monarda mollis|L.|albiflora|Farw.}} {{../for1|1945|Monarda fistulosa|L.|albiflora|(Farw.) Sherff}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Pale wild bergamot | status = Native | status1 = Likely secure | c-rank = 2 | nwi1 = FACU | nwi2 = UPL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6920|4-5|}} | usda = {{../usda|MOFIM3|NN|ssp. fistulosa var. mollis}} | gbif = 5605434 | pow-id = 77189955-1 | wfo-id = | vascan = 6419 | gobot = monarda/fistulosa | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = MOFI | nse-id = | bna-id = Monarda%20fistulosa | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Monarda fistulosa - Wild Bergamot.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Monarda didyma | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|'''Monarda didyma'''|L.}} {{../sp-1|1797|Monarda purpurea|Lam.}} {{../sp-1|1815|Monarda oswegoensis|W.P.C.Barton}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Oswego tea | en2 = Scarlet beebalm | en3 = Bee-balm | en4 = Red bergamot | en5 = Bergamot | en6 = Mountain-mint <!-- ========= --> | fr1 = Monarde écarlate | fr2 = Monarde pourpre <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 7 | nwi1 = FAC | nwi2 = FACU | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = Sun - part shade | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1759|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|MODI|NN|}} | gbif = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = 6415 | gobot = monarda/didyma | its-id = | ars-id = 24535 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = MODI | nse-id = | bna-id = Monarda%20didyma | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = | image1 = Monarda July 2013-1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Monarda media | author = Willd. <!-- ========= --> | hp1 = Monarda didyma | hp2 = Monarda fistulosa <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1809|'''Monarda media'''|Willd.}} {{../var1|1878|Mondarda fistulosa|L.|media|(Willd.) Gray}} {{../for1|1895|Mondarda fistulosa|L.|media|(Willd.) Voss}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Purple wild bergamot | en2 = Purple bergamot | en3 = Purple horsemint <!-- ========= --> | fr1 = Monarde moyenne | fr2 = Monarde pourpre <!-- ========= --> | status = N. America native | status1 = NY nativity unk. | c-rank = 0 | nwi1 = FACU | nwi2 = FAC | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = Heliophily: 6 | chro-no = | ny-rank = S1, G4? | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1757|11 counties|11 counties}} | inatc = {{../inat|133093-Monarda-media|Cortland county|Cortland county}} | gbifc = {{../gbif||present in NY|present in New York State}} | usda = {{../usda|MOME|NN|Ontario & Eastern US}} <!-- ========= --> | pow-id = 452059-1 | wfo-id = | fsus = 5369 | vascan = 6422 | gobot = monarda/media | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Monarda%20X%20media | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Monarda media iNat-9365253 (3x4).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Monarda punctata | author = L. | var0 = villicaulis | var-au = (Pennell) Shinners <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> 1919.'' Monarda punctata ''ssp. ''villicaulis ''Pennell 1953.'' '''Monarda punctata''' ''var. ''villicaulis ''(Pennell) Shinners </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = '''Hairy-stem spotted horsemint''' <br> Hairy horsemint <br> Horsemint <br> Spotted beebalm | fr-vns = Monarde à tige velue <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Likely secure | ny-tier = | c-rank = 6 | nwi1 = UPL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = S4, G5T5? | ns-rank = 2.130970/Monarda_punctata_var_villicaulis S4, T5 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1733|13 counties|Native, Apparently secure in New York State.}} | inatc = {{../inat|241777-Monarda-punctata-villicaulis|Warren, Saratoga|Warren, Saratoga}} | gbifc = {{../gbif|7842101|present in NY|present in New York State}} | usda = {{../usda|MOPUV|NN|as M. punctata ssp. punctata var. villicaulis}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = 77188777-1 | wfo-id = 0000245393 | fsus = 5372 <!-- as Monarda species 4 [=villicaulis] . Hairy-stem Horsemint.--> | vascan = 6420 | gobot = monarda/punctata | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Monarda%20punctata | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = Monarda punctata var villicaulis NY-dist-map.png | image1 = Monarda punctata var villicaulis iNat-150724290.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Monarda punctata | author = L. | var0 = punctata <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> 1753.'' Monarda punctata ''L. in Sp. Pl.: 22 1803.'' Monarda lutea ''Michx. in Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1:16 1896.'' Monarda punctata ''var. ''leucantha ''Nash in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 23:104 1935.'' Monarda punctata ''var. ''typica ''Epling </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = '''Eastern Horsemint''' <br> Spotted beebalm <br> Dotted horse mint <br> Common spotted horse mint | fr-vns = Monarde ponctuée <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Especially vulnerable | c-rank = 10 | nwi1 = UPL | habit0 = Perrenial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = Heliophily: 8 | chro-no = | ny-rank = S1 | ns-rank = 2.152787/Monarda_punctata_ssp_punctata S2, T5 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1701|4 counties|Jefferson (1976), Richmond (1901), Saratoga (1934), Suffolk (?)}} | inatc = {{../inat|237310-Monarda-punctata-punctata|no observations|no observations in New York State}} | gbifc = {{../gbif|7226105|present in NY|present in New York State}} | usda = {{../usda|MOPUP|NN|as Monarda punctata L. ssp. punctata}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = 77172202-1 | wfo-id = 0000245388 | fsus = 5371 | vascan = 6421 | gobot = monarda/punctata | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-i2 = Monarda_punctata | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Monarda%20punctata | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Monarda punctata var punctata iNat-4780298.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Monarda clinopodia | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> 1753.'' '''Monarda clinopodia''' ''L. in Sp. Pl.:22 1756.'' Monarda clinopodifolia ''L. in Amoen. Acad. 3:399 1789.'' Monarda rugosa ''Aiton in Hort. Kew. 1:36 1797.'' Monarda glabra ''Lam. in Encycl. 4:256 1803.'' Monarda allophylla ''Michx. in Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1:16 1809.'' Monarda altissima ''Willd. in Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol.:33 1834.'' Monardella caroliniana ''Benth. in Labiat. Gen. Spec.:332 1984.'' Monarda fistulosa ''var. ''clinopodia ''(L.) Cooperr. in Michigan Bot. 23:166 </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Basil balm | en2 = Basilbalm | en3 = Basil bee-balm <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Endangered | nynhp = '''S1'''<ref>[https://guides.nynhp.org/basilbalm/ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for ''Monarda clinopodia''.]</ref> | imap = | ipa-us = | gbif-e = | gbif-i = | gbif-n = | ny-tier = | c-rank = 7 | nwi1 = FACU | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = S1, G5 | ns-rank = 2.133611/Monarda_clinopodia S1, G5 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1760|1-2|}} | usda = {{../usda|MOCL|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Monarda%20clinopodia | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Monarda clinopodia - White Bergamot.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Pycnanthemum''====== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Pycnanthemum cf. tenuifolium (9554437170).jpg |cap=''Pycnanthemum tenuifolium'' |The 7 New York species of the genus ''Pycnanthemum'' (pick-NAN-thuh-mum) are commonly referred to as '''mountain mints''', although that common name may be misleading since these plants often occur in moist lowland locations. All of the approximately 20 species of this genus are native to North America.<ref>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331891-2 ''Pycnanthemum'' Michx. in Plants of the World Online, 2023]</ref> }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Menthinae|Pycnanthemum| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Pycnanthemum|sect=Capitellatae|Mountainmint|362|8| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Pycnanthemum tenuifolium | author = {{../w|Schrad.}} <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> 1809.'' '''Pycnanthemum tenuifolium''' ''Schrad. in Hort. Gott.:10 1970.'' Pycnanthemum tenuifolium ''var. ''lawrencei ''F.Seym. in Rhodora 72:50 </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = '''Slender mountain-mint''' <br> Narrow-leaved mountain-mint <br> Narrowleaf mountain-mint <br> Slenderleaf mountain-mint | fr-vns = Pycnanthème à feuilles étroites <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 3 | nwi1 = FAC | nwi2 = FACW | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = Heliophily: 7<br>Sun - part shade | chro-no = 4x (n = 20, 40) | ny-rank = S5, G5 | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1774|46 counties|Native, Demonstrably secure in New York State.}} | inatc = {{../inat|||}} | gbifc = {{../gbif||present in NY|present in New York State}} | usda = {{../usda|PYTE|NN|}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = 455236-1 | wfo-id = | fsus = 5405 | vascan = 6441 | gobot = Pycnanthemum/tenuifolium | its-id = | ars-id = 312141 | fna-i2 = Pycnanthemum_tenuifolium | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = PYTE | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Pycnanthemum tenuifolium - Narrow Leaved Mountain Mint 2 (2x3).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Pycnanthemum virginianum | au-abbr = (L.) T.Durand & B.D.Jacks. ex B.L.Rob. & Fernald | au-full = | au-pub = A.Gray, Manual, ed. 7: 707 (1908) <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> 1753.'' Satureja virginiana ''L. in Sp. Pl.:567 1771.'' Satureja virginica ''L. in Mant. Pl. 2:40, nom. superfl. 1800.'' Thymus virginicus ''(L.) Willd. in Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 3:145 1803.'' Brachystemum virginicum ''(L.) Michx. in Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2:6 1806.'' Thymus verticillatus ''Poir. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 7:653 1809.'' Brachystemum lanceolatum ''Willd. in Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol.:623 1813.'' Pycnanthemum lanceolatum ''(Willd.) Pursh in Fl. Amer. Sept. 2:410 1817.'' Thymus lanceolatus ''(Willd.) Poir. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, nom. illeg. 1891.'' Koellia virginiana ''(L.) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2:520 1891.'' Koellia lanceolata ''(Willd.) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2:520 1892.'' Koellia virginica ''(L.) Baill. in Hist. Pl. 10:31 1908.'' '''Pycnanthemum virginianum''' ''(L.) T.Durand & B.D.Jacks. ex B.L.Rob. & Fernald </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = '''Virginia mountain-mint''' <br> American mountain-mint <br> Common mountain-mint | fr-vns = Pycnanthème de Virginie <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Virginia mountain-mint | status = Native | status1 = Likely secure | c-rank = 3 | nwi1 = FACW | nwi2 = FAC | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = Heliophily: 8<br>Sun - part shade | chro-no = 4x (n = 40) | ny-rank = S4, G5 | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1771|39 counties|39 counties}} | inatc = {{../inat|||}} | gbifc = {{../gbif||present in NY|present in New York State}} | usda = {{../usda|PYVI|NN|}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = 1128143-2 | wfo-id = | fsus = 5408 | vascan = 6445 | gobot = Pycnanthemum/virginianum | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = PYVI | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Pycnanthemum-virginianum.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Pycnanthemum verticillatum | var0 = verticillatum | author = (Michx.) Pers. <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> 1803.'' Brachystemum verticillatum ''Michx. in Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2:6 1806.'' '''Pycnanthemum verticillatum''' ''(Michx.) Pers. in Syn. Pl. 2:128 1842.'' Pycnanthemum dubium ''A.Gray in Amer. J. Sci. Arts 42:45 1878.'' Pycnanthemum leptodon ''A.Gray in Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 2(1):355 1878.'' Pycnanthemum tullia ''var. ''dubium ''(A.Gray) A.Gray in Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 2(1):355 1891.'' Koellia leptodon ''(A.Gray) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2:520 1891.'' Koellia verticillata ''(Michx.) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2:520 1896.'' Koellia dubia ''(A.Gray) Briq. in H.G.A.Engler & K.A.E.Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 1948.'' Pycnanthemum torreyi ''var. ''leptodon ''(A.Gray) Boomhour ex Fernald & B.G.Schub. </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = '''Whorled mountain-mint''' | fr-vns = Pycnanthème verticillé <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Endangered | nynhp = S1-S2<ref>[https://guides.nynhp.org/whorled-mountain-mint/ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Pycnanthemum verticillatum var. verticillatum.]</ref> | c-rank = 6 | nwi1 = FAC | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = Heliophily: 7 | chro-no = 4x (n = 38-39) | ny-rank = S1-S2, G5-T5? | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1772|1-2|}} | usda = {{../usda|PYVEV|NN|}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = 77169026-1 | wfo-id = | fsus = 5407 | vascan = 6444 | gobot = Pycnanthemum/verticillatum | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Pycnanthemum verticillatum var verticillatum iNat-41966251 (2x3).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Pycnanthemum verticillatum | var0 = pilosum | var-au = (Nutt.) Cooperr. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> 1818.'' '''Pycnanthemum pilosum''' ''Nutt. in Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 2:33 1836.'' Pycnanthemum muticum ''var. ''pilosum ''(Nutt.) Hook. in Companion Bot. Mag. 1892.'' Koellia pilosa ''(Nutt.) Baill. in Hist. Pl. 10:31 1984.'' '''Pycnanthemum verticillatum''' ''var. '''''pilosum''' ''(Nutt.) Cooperr. in Michigan Bot. </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Whorled mountain-mint | status = Introduced | status1 = N. America native <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1700|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|PYVEP|NN|}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = 923751-1 | wfo-id = | fsus = 5411 <!-- Pycnanthemum pilosum Nutt. --> | vascan = | gobot = Pycnanthemum/verticillatum | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Pycnanthemum verticillatum var pilosum BB-1913.png }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Pycnanthemum torreyi | author = {{../w|Benth.}} <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> 1834. '' '''Pycnanthemum torreyi''' ''Benth. in Labiat. Gen. Spec.:329 1891. '' Koellia torreyi ''(Benth.) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2:520 </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Torrey's mountain mint | status = Native | status1 = Endangered | nynhp = S1<ref>[https://guides.nynhp.org/torreys-mountain-mint/ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Pycnanthemum torreyi.]</ref> <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1773|6 counties|Bronx (1880), Dutchess (1990-91), New York (1880-1897), Richmond(1896) Rockland (1990, 2000), Westchester (1881, 1898)}} | inatc = {{../inat|1578626-Pycnanthemum-torreyi|Cultivated|Dutchess (Cultivated, 2024)}} | gbifc = {{../gbif|3891042|Bronx County |Bronx County (1841, 1880)}} | usda = {{../usda|PYTO|N0|}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = 214758-2 | wfo-id = | fsus = | vascan = | gobot = Pycnanthemum/torrei | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Pycnanthemum torreyi iNat-410330368.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Pycnanthemum|sect=Pycnanthemum|Mountainmint|362|8| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Pycnanthemum incanum | var0 = incanum | au-abbr = (L.) Michx. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../spa1|1753|Clinopodium incanum|L.}} {{../spa1|1803|P. incanum|(L.) Michx.}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = '''Hoary mountain-mint''' <br> silverleaf mountain mint <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 6 | nwi1 = | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = Heliophily: 7 | chro-no = 4x (n = 38) | ny-rank = S5, G5 | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1754|5|}} | inatc = {{../inat|||}} | gbifc = {{../gbif||present in NY|present in New York State}} | usda = {{../usda|PYIN|NN|}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | fsus = 5395 | vascan = | gobot = pycnanthemum/incanum | its-id = | ars-id = 314792 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17601127 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = PYIN | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Pycnanthemum incanum (2x3).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Pycnanthemum clinopodioides | author = Torr. & A. Gray <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = Koellia clinopodioides | en1 = Basil mountain-mint <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Endangered | nynhp = S1<ref>[https://guides.nynhp.org/basil-mountain-mint/ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Pycnanthemum clinopodioides.]</ref> <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1766|1|}} | usda = {{../usda|PYCL|N0|}} <!-- ========= --> | vascan = | gobot = Pycnanthemum/clinopodioides | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = | image1 = Pycnanthemum clinopodioides drawing 1.png }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Pycnanthemum|sect=Brachystemum|Mountainmint|362|8| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Pycnanthemum muticum | author = ({{../w|Michx.}}) {{../w|Pers.}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = Blunt mountain-mint <br> Short-toothed mountain mint <br> Broad-leaved mountain mint <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Threatened | c-rank = 8 | nwi1 = FAC | nynhp = S2-S3<ref>[https://guides.nynhp.org/blunt-mountain-mint/ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Pycnanthemum muticum.]</ref> <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1775|2-3|}} | usda = {{../usda|PYMU|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = Pycnanthemum/muticum | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = PYMU | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = | image1 = Pycnanthemum muticum (14698450077) (2x3).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Cunila''====== {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Menthinae|Cunila| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Cunila|Cunila||1||?| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Cunila origanoides | author = (L.) Britt. | sn0 = Cunila mariana ''L.'' | sn1 = Mappia origanoides ''(L.) House'' | en1 = Common dittany | status = Native | status1 = Likely secure | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1684|4|}} | usda = {{../usda|CUOR||}} | i-tsn = | ars-id = | map = | image1 = Cunila origanoides drawing 1.png }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} ======''Mentha''====== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Mentha canadensis (32017597572).jpg |cap=''Mentha canadensis'' |'''Mints''' (''Mentha'' spp.) are widely cultivated aromatic herbs with about 40 taxa (20 species, 30 subspecies, and 10 hybrids worldwide.) worldwide.<ref>[https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2020.01217/full Vining Kelly J., Hummer Kim E., Bassil Nahla V., Lange B. Markus, Khoury Colin K., Carver Dan (2020). "Crop Wild Relatives as Germplasm Resource for Cultivar Improvement in Mint (Mentha L.)" ''Frontiers in Plant Science'' 11: 1217.]</ref> The only species of '''mint''' (''Mentha'') listed as native to New York is ''Mentha canadensis'' L. (sensu Tucker & Chambers, 2002) with 2n&#x3D;96, which is believed to be an ancient hybrid of ''Mentha arvensis'' (2n&#x3D;72) and ''Mentha longifolia'' (2n&#x3D;24)<ref>[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2307/3647334 Arthur Tucker & Henrietta Chambers (2002) "''Mentha canadensis'' L. (Lamiaceae): A Relict Amphidiploid from the Lower Tertiary." ''Taxon'' 51(4):703.]</ref> }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Menthinae|Mentha| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Mentha|Mint|379|8| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Mentha canadensis | author = L. | hp1 = Mentha arvensis | hp2 = Mentha longifolia <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|'''Mentha canadensis'''|L.}} {{../var1|1833|Mentha canadensis|L.|glabrata|Benth.}} {{../ssp1|1882|Mentha arvensis|L.|piperascens|Malinv. ex Holmes}} {{../var1|1891|Mentha arvensis|L.|canadensis| (L.) Kuntze}} {{../var1|1894|Mentha arvensis|L.|sachalinensis|Briq.}} {{../var1|1894|Mentha arvensis|L.|haplocalyx|(Briq.) Briq.}} {{../var1|1908|Mentha arvensis|L.|glabrata|(Benth.) Fernald}} {{../sp-1|1921|Mentha sachalinensis|(Briq.) Kudô }} {{../var1|1924|Mentha arvensis|L.|piperascenes|Malinv. ex L.H.Bailey}} {{../ssp1|1956|Mentha arvensis|L.|canadensis|(L.) H. Hara}} {{../ssp1|1956|Mentha arvensis|L.|piperascens|(Malinv. ex Holmes) H.Hara }} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|American wild mint|2022 New York Flora Atlas, Native Plant Trust (Go Botany)}} {{../vn1|American corn mint|}} {{../vn1|Canadian mint|}} {{../vn1|Corn mint|}} {{../vn1|Chinese mint|}} {{../vn1|Japanese mint|}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | of = North America and Asia | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 4 | nwi1 = FACW | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = 2n = 96 | ny-rank = S5, G5 | ns-rank = 2.137740/Mentha_canadensis S5, G5 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1761|5|Marshes, wet thickets, and stream banks. Often grows in somewhat weedy thickets.}} | usda = {{../usda|MEAR4|NN|as Mentha arvensis}} | gbif = 2927198 | kew-id = 124520 | pow-id = 450311-1 | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = mentha/canadensis | inat = 77991-Mentha-canadensis | its-id = 503750 | ars-id = 313998 | fna-id = | fna-i1 = | fna-i2 = | tro-id = 17603412 | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | note = <ref>The USDA-NRCS PLANTS database and ITIS treat ''Mentha canadensis'' as a synonym of ''Mentha arvensis'', while the New York Flora Atlas and ARS-GRIN treat them as separate species.</ref> | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Mentha canadensis.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Mentha arvensis | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|'''Mentha arvensis'''|L.}} {{../sp-1|1753|Mentha gentilis|L.}} {{../sp-1|1764|Calamintha arvensis|(L.) Garsault}} {{../sp-1|1778|Mentha austriaca|Jacq.}} {{../ssp1|1827|Mentha arvensis|L.|parietariifolia|(Becker) Briq.}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Corn mint|2022 iNaturalist}} {{../vn1|European corn mint|2022 GBIF}} {{../vn1|Field mint|2022 New York Flora Atlas}} {{../vn1|Wild mint|}} {{../vn1|Ginger mint|2022 Native Plant Trust (Go Botany)}} | fr-vns = {{../vn1|Menthe des champs|}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | status1 = Naturalized | status2 = | imap = | ipa-us = | griisus = | ny-tier = | c-rank = X | nwi1 = FACW | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = 2n = 72 | ny-rank = SNA, G5 | ns-rank = 2.142008/Mentha_arvensis SNR, G5 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1749|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|MEAR4|NN|}} | gbif = 2927192 | kew-id = 124385 | pow-id = 30026217-2 | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = Mentha/arvensis | inat = 58188-Mentha-arvensis | its-id = 565302 | ars-id = 24069 | fna-id = | fna-i1 = | fna-i2 = | tro-id = | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Mentha arvensis NRCS-1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Mentha spicata | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Mentha spicata|L}} {{../sp-1|1763|Mentha viridis|L.(L)}} {{../ssp1|1890|Mentha sylvestris|L.|Viridis|(L.) Batt.}} {{../sp-1|auct|Mentha cordifolia|non=Opiz ex Fresen.|}} {{../sp-1|auct|Mentha longifolia|non=(L.) Huds.|}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Spearmint|}} {{../vn1|Spear mint|}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Potentially invasive | imap = | ipa-us = 6016 | gbif-e = | gbif-i = 2927175 | gbif-n = | ny-tier = | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1712|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|MESP3|XX|}} | gbif = 2927175 | kew-id = 125402 | pow-id = 451162-1 | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = Mentha/spicata | inat = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | fna-i1 = | fna-i2 = | tro-id = | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title=" ">38 counties</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title=" ">? counties</abbr> | image1 = 20160813Mentha spicata5.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Mentha × gracilis | author = Sole (pro sp.) | hp1 = Mentha arvensis | hp2 = Mentha spicata <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Mentha gentilis|L.}} {{../sp-1|1798|Mentha gracilis|Sole}} {{../var1|1822|Mentha gracilis|Sole|cardiaca|Gray}} {{../sp-1|1865|Mentha cardiaca|(Gray) Gerarde ex Baker}} {{../var1|1896|Mentha gentilis|L.|cardiaca|(Baker) Briq.}} {{../sp-1|auct|Mentha × muelleriana|non=F.W.Schultz|}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Bushy mint|2022 iNaturalist, GBIF}} {{../vn1|Scotch spearmint|}} {{../vn1|Gingermint|}} {{../vn1|Creeping whorled mint|}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Europe | status1 = Potentially invasive | imap = | ipa-us = 55875 | gbif-e = 7923052 | ny-tier = | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1721|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|MEGR2|XX|}} | gbif = 7923052 <!-- as Syn. of Mentha gentilis L.--> | kew-id = 124747 | pow-id = 450553-1 | inat = 181919-Mentha---gracilis | map = nymap.svg | image1 = }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Mentha × piperita | author = L. (pro sp.) | hp1 = Mentha aquatica | hp2 = Mentha spicata <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|'''Mentha piperita'''|L.}} {{../for1|1836|Mentha aquatica|L.|piperita|(L.) G.Mey.}} {{../var1|1866|Mentha aquatica|L.|piperita|(L.) Alef.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Peppermint | status = Introduced | status1 = | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1752|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|MEPI|NN|}} | gbif = 8707933 | kew-id = 125188 | pow-id = 450969-1 | map = nymap.svg | image1 = 胡椒薄荷 Mentha x piperita -香港嘉道理農場 Kadoorie Farm, Hong Kong- (9200946142).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Mentha aquatica | author = L. | var0 = aquatica <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Mentha aquatica|L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Water mint | status = Introduced | status1 = | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1751|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|MEAQ|XX|}} | map = Mentha aquatica NY-dist-map.png | image1 = 20170806Mentha aquatica1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Mentha aquatica | au-abbr = L. | au-full = | au-pub = | var0 = citrata | var-au = (Ehrh.) W.C. Werner <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1792|Mentha citrata|Ehrh.}} {{../for1|1828|Mentha aquatica|L.|citrata|(Ehrh.) Fresen.}} {{../ssp1|1889|Mentha piperita|L.|citrata|(Ehrh.) Briq.}} {{../var1|1893|'''Mentha aquatica'''|L.|'''citrata'''|(Ehrh.) W. C. Werner }} {{../var1|1903|Mentha × piperi|L.|citrata|(Ehrh.) Briq.}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Orange mint|2022 New York Flora Atlas}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Naturalized | status2 = | imap = | ipa-us = | griisus = | ny-tier = | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7434|Xn|}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | gbif = 6710288 | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 360186-Mentha-piperita-citrata | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | fna-i1 = | fna-i2 = | tro-id = | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title="Tompkins (1920)">Tompkins (1920)</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title=" ">? counties</abbr> | image1 = Mentha aquatica Citrata 0zz.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Mentha × rotundifolia | author = (L.) Huds. (pro sp.) | hp1 = Mentha longifolia | hp2 = Mentha suaveolens <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Peppermint <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1736|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|MERO2|X0|}} | image1 = Atlas de poche des plantes des champs, des prairies et des bois (PLATE 59) (6022563436) (2x3).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Mentha × villosa | author = Huds. (pro sp.) | hp1 = Mentha spicata | hp2 = Mentha suaveolens <!-- ========= --> | sn1 = {{../sn||M. alopecuroides|Hull}} | sn2 = {{../sn||M. nemorosa|Willd.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Foxtail mint <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|||}} | usda = {{../usda|MEVI6|XX|}} | image1 = Mentha × villosa kz02.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Mentha pulegium | au-abbr = L. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Mentha pulegium|L.}} {{../sp-1|1796|Mentha aromatica|Salisb.}} {{../sp-1|1812|Thymus bidentatus|Stokes}} {{../sp-1|1827|Mentha pulegioides|Dumort.}} {{../sp-1|1844|Melissa pulegium|(L.) Griseb.}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Pennyroyal|2022 iNaturalist, New York Flora Atlas}} {{../vn1|Penny-royal|2019 iMapinvasives}} {{../vn1||}} | fr-vns = {{../vn1||}} {{../vn1||}} {{../vn1||}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Potentially invasive | status2 = Naturalized | imap = 1521 | ipa-us = 6011 | gbif-e = | gbif-i = 2927189 | gbif-n = | ny-tier = | c-rank = X | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = SNA | ns-rank = 2.152545/Mentha_pulegium SNR <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7436|Xn|}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | gbif = 2927189 | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 57116-Mentha-pulegium | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | fna-i1 = | fna-i2 = | tro-id = | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title="Cortland (1977)">Cortland (1977)</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title="No iNaturalist NY observations">No observations</abbr> | image1 = Mentha pulegium 002.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Mentha suaveolens | au-abbr = Ehrh. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1792|Mentha suaveolens|Ehrh.}} {{../var1|1900|Mentha rotundifolia||suaveolens|(Ehrh.) Briq.}} {{../sp-1|1975|Mentha graveolens|R.Vilm. & M.Barbero}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Apple mint|}} | fr-vns = {{../vn1||}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Potentially invasive | status2 = Not in NY Flora Atlas | imap = 1309 | ipa-us = 24218 | gbif-i = 2927190 | ny-tier = | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = 2.145612/Mentha_suaveolens Exotic in NY <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|0|}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | gbif = 2927190 | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 77993-Mentha-suaveolens | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | fna-i1 = | fna-i2 = | tro-id = | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title="Not listed in New York Flora Atlas">not listed</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title="Tompkins, Putnam">2 counties</abbr> | image1 = Mentha suaveolens4.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Clinopodium''====== {{../txt |img=20151013Clinopodium vulgare.jpg |cap=''Clinopodium vulgare''<br>wild basil |The nativity of ''Clinopodium vulgare'' in North America seems to be uncertain. BONAP and Go Botany show it as native in eastern North America. POWO shows it as only introduced here. The New York Flora Atlas now lists its native status as Unranked. The ''Flora of the Southeastern United States'' states that "plants in our area reflect both native and introduced genotypes,"<ref>[https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu/main.php?pg=show-taxon-detail.php&taxonid=5294 Flora of the Southeastern United States. 2024 A.S. Weakley & SE Flora Team]</ref> which may also be the case for the Northeast, including New York State. }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Menthinae|Clinopodium| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Clinopodium|Clinopodium|740|4| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Clinopodium vulgare | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> 1753. '' '''Clinopodium vulgare''' ''L. in Sp. Pl.:587 1805. '' Thymus clinopodium ''Vest in Man. Bot.:377 1806. '' Acinos vulgaris ''(L.) Pers. in Syn. Pl. 2: 131 1835. '' Calamintha clinopodium ''(Vest) Spenn. in Handb. Angew. Bot. 2:429 1842. '' Melissa vulgaris ''(L.) Trevis. in Prosp. Fl. Eugan.:26 1882. '' Calamintha vulgaris ''(L.) H. Karst. 1884. '' Satureja clinopodium ''(Vest) Caruel in F.Parlatore, Fl. Ital. 6:135 1897. '' Satureja vulgaris ''(L.) Fritsch in Excursionsfl. Oesterreich:477 </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Wild basil | en2 = Field basil <!-- ========= --> | status = Unknown | status1 = Unranked | status2 = Questionable<ref>[http://www.newyork.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=1693 NYFA lists ''Clinopodium'' vulgare with an "Unknown Native Status." Other sources list it as circumboreal, native as far south as North Carolina.]</ref> | c-rank = 0 | nwi1 = | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1693|X|}} | inatc = {{../inat|84281-Clinopodium-vulgare|All counties|}} | gbifc = {{../gbif||present in NY|present in New York State}} | usda = {{../usda|CLVU|NN|}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = 61206-2 | wfo-id = | fsus = 5294 | vascan = | gobot = clinopodium/vulgare | its-id = | ars-id = 316629 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17600035 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Clinopodium%20vulgare | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | image1 = Clinopodium vulgare (8402662385).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Clinopodium arkansanum | author = (Nutt.) House <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> 1836. '' Hedeoma arkansana ''Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n.s., 5:186 1891. '' Clinopodium glabrum ''(Nutt.) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2:515 1896. '' Satureja arkansana ''(Nutt.) Briq. in H.G.A.Engler & K.A.E.Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 1921. '' '''Clinopodium arkansanum''' ''(Nutt.) House in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 7:130 1940. '' Satureja glabella ''var. ''angustifolia ''(Torr.) Svenson in Rhodora 42:7 1955. '' Calamintha glabella ''var. ''angustifolia ''(Torr.) DeWolf in Baileya 3:63 1962. '' Calamintha arkansana ''(Nutt.) Shinners in Sida 1: 72 </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Limestone calamint | en2 = Low calamint <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Likely extirpated | status2 = N. America native | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1681|Z|}} | usda = {{../usda|CLAR5|NN|}} | i-tsn = 511164 | ars-id = 457450 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | note = <ref>NYFA lists ''Clinopodium glabrum'' as ''Calamintha arkansana'' (Nutt.) Shinners. USDA-NRCS PLANTS uses ''Clinopodium arkansanum'' (Nutt.) House. ITIS and ARS-GRIN both use ''Clinopodium glabrum'' (Nutt.) Kuntze.</ref> | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Clinopodium arkansanum kz1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Clinopodium acinos | author = (L.) House <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../spa1|1753|Thymus acinos|L.}} {{../spa1|1794|Acinos thymoides|Moench }} {{../spa1|1811|Calamintha acinos|(L.) Clairv.}} {{../spa1|1843|Satureja acinos|(L.) Scheele }} {{../spa1|1891|Clinopodium acinos|(L.) Kuntze}} {{../spa1|1946|Acinos arvensis|(Lam.) Dandy }} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Basil thyme | en2 = Mother of thyme <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6912|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|ACAR2|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = clinopodium/acinos | inat = | its-id = | ars-id = 476458 | fna-id = | tro-id = 50003424 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Steentijm closeup.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Clinopodium nepeta | author = (L.) Kuntze <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Melissa nepeta|L.}} {{../sp-1|1798|Calamintha nepeta|(L.) Savi}} {{../sp-1|1843|Satureja calamintha|(L.) Scheele}} {{../sp-1|1891|Clinopodium nepeta|(L.) Kuntze}} {{../var1|1896|Satureja calamintha|(L.) Scheele|nepeta|(L.) Briq.}} <!-- ========= --> | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Field balm | en2 = Lesser calamint <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Impersistent <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1694|X|''Clinopodium calamintha'' (L.) Stace}} | inatc = {{../inat|493202-Clinopodium-nepeta|Queens|}} | gbifc = {{../gbif||present in NY|present in New York State}} | usda = {{../usda|CANE17|X0|''Calamintha nepeta'' (L.) Savi.}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | fsus = | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = 511166 | ars-id = 10924 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Calamintha nepeta2.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Satureja''====== {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Menthinae|Satureja| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Satureja|Savory|193|2| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Satureja hortensis | author = L. (1753) | en1 = Summer savory | en2 = Savourée | en3 = Sarriette des jardins | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | status1 = Not naturalized | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1746|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|SAHO3|XW|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = 32308 | ars-id = 33176 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Satureja hortensis Prague 2011 3.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Satureja montana | author = L. | en1 = Winter savory | status = Introduced | from = Mediterranean | status1 = Excluded <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|757|}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Cząber górski Satureja montana flower.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} ======''Origanum''====== {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Menthinae|Origanum| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Origanum|Origanum|331|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Origanum vulgare | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1753|Origanum vulgare|L.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1867|Thymus origanum|(L.) Kuntze}} | sn2 = {{../sn|1934|Micromeria formosana|C.Marquand}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Wild marjoram | en2 = Marjoram | en3 = Oregano | en4 = Organy | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | from1 = northern Africa | status1 = Naturalized | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1747|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|ORVU|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = 25913 | fna-id = | tro-id = 17600223 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Origanum vulgare 002.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} ======''Thymus''====== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Thymus pulegioides.jpg |cap=''Thymus pulegioides'' |'''Large thyme''' (''Thymus pulegioides'') is a common garden escapee in the northeast, while '''garden thyme''' (''Thymus vulgaris''), though often cultivated, rarely escapes and has not been found to naturalize. }} {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Mentheae|Menthinae|Thymus| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Thymus|Thyme|97| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Thymus pulegioides | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Thymus pulegioides|L.}} {{../sp-1|auct|Thymus serpyllum|L. misapplied}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Large thyme|2021 New York Flora Atlas - ARS-GRIN: Stace, C. 1995. New flora of the British Isles.}} {{../vn1|Lemon thyme|2021 ARS-GRIN: McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.}} {{../vn1|Wild thyme|2021 ARS-GRIN: Harley, R. M. & T. Reynolds, eds. 1992. Advances in labiate science }} {{../vn1|Broad-leaved thyme|https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/thymus-pulegioides/}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Europe | status1 = Naturalized | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Shrub-subshrub | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = SNA, GNR <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1692|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|THPU5|XX|}} | gbif = | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = Thymus/pulegioides | inat = | its-id = | ars-id = 50003 | fna-id = | tro-id = | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Thymus%20pulegioides | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | cos = | image1 = 20160717Thymus pulegioides2.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Thymus|Thyme|97|X|txt=(excluded&nbsp;taxa)| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Thymus vulgaris | author = L. | en1 = Garden thyme | status = Introduced | status1 = Exclueded | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|843|}} | usda = {{../usda|THVU|X0|}} | i-tsn = | ars-id = | map = Excluded nymap.svg | cos = excluded | image1 = Thymus vulgaris 002.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Thymus serpyllum | author = L. | en1 = Breckland thyme | status = Introduced | status1 = Exclueded | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|458|}} | usda = {{../usda| | |}} | i-tsn = | ars-id = 36628 | map = Excluded nymap.svg | cos = excluded | image1 = Thymus serpyllum 002.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} ====Tribe Ocimeae==== =====''Lavandula''===== {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Ocimeae||Lavandula| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Lavandula|Lavender|448|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Lavandula angustifolia | en1 = English lavender | status = Introduced | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1741|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|LAAN81|X0|}} | image1 = True Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) (9734892947).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> =====''Ocimum''===== {{../table|order=Lamiales|Lamiaceae|Nepetoideae|Ocimeae||Ocimum| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Ocimum|Basil|875|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ocimum basilicum | author = L. | en1 = Sweet basil | status = Introduced | status1 = Impersistent | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6922|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|OCBA|XX|}} | image1 = 2008 03 15 - Ocimum basilicum 7.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} {{BookCat}} e133etfwdz8vgpnmsfz4ilrodxkee7n 0 375903 4498406 3679782 2025-06-03T10:11:40Z Rasmus1011 3503591 Spelling and punctuation 4498406 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Meritbadgedisclaimer}} [[File:2007-2009 Bear Market.png|thumb|right|300px|Chart of the 2007-2009 Bear Market]] ==Requirement 1== '''Do the following:''' :A. Explain four features of the [[w:Capitalism|free enterprise system]] in the United States. Tell its benefits and responsibilities. Describe the difference between freedom and license. Tell how the Scout Oath and Law apply to business and free enterprise. :B. Describe the [[w:industrial_revolution|Industrial Revolution]]: Tell about the major developments that marked the start of the modern industrial era in the United States. Tell about five people who had a great influence on business or industry in the United States. Tell what each did. ==Requirement 2== '''Do the following:''' :A. Visit a bank or [[w:credit_union|credit union]]. Talk with one of the officers or staff. Chart the organization of the financial institution. Show its relationship with other banks, business and industry. :B. Explain how changes in [[w:interest_rate|interest rates]], taxes, and government spending affect the flow of money into or out of business and industry. :C. Explain how a proprietorship or partnership gets its [[w:Capital_asset|capital]]. Discuss and explain four ways a [[w:corporation|corporation]] gets its [[w:Capital_asset|capital]]. :D. Explain the place of [[w:profit|profit]] in business. :E. Name five kinds of [[w:insurance|insurance]] useful to business. Describe their purposes. ==Requirement 3== '''Do the following:''' :A. Pick two or more [[w:Stock_and_flow|stocks]] from the financial pages of a newspaper. Request the [[w:annual_report|annual report]] or [[w:Prospectus_(finance)|prospectus]] from one of the companies by writing, or visit its Web site (with your parent’s permission) to view the annual report online. Explain how a company’s annual report and prospectus can be used to help you manage your investments. :B. Pretend to have bought $1,000 worth of the stocks from the company you wrote to in requirement 3a. Explain how you "bought" the stocks. Tell why you decided to "buy" stock in this company. Keep a weekly record for three months of the market value of your stocks. Show any [[w:dividend|dividends]] declared. ==Requirement 4== '''Do ONE of the following:''' :A. Draw an [[w:organizational_chart|organizational chart]] of a typical [[w:Central_Labor_Council|central labor council]]. :B. Describe [[w:Automation|automation]], [[w:Union_shop|union shop]], [[w:open_shop|open shop]], [[w:Collective_bargaining_agreement|collective-bargaining agreements]], [[w:Shop_steward|shop steward], [[w:Business_agent_(labor)|business agent]], and union counselor. :C. Explain the part played by four federal or state agencies in labor relations. ==Requirement 5== Run a small business involving a product or service for at least three months. First find out the need for it. For example: a newspaper route, lawn mowing, sales of things you have made or grown. Keep records showing the costs, income, and profit or loss. Report: :A. How service, friendliness, hard work, and salesmanship helped build your business. :B. The benefits you and others received because you were in business. ''NOTE: Comparable 4-H, FFA, or Junior Achievement projects may be used for requirement 5.'' ==Requirement 6== '''Do ONE of the following:''' :A. Make an oral presentation to your Scout troop about an [[w:E-commerce|e-commerce company]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=listwr |url=https://listwr.com/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=listwr.com |language=en}}</ref> Tell about the benefits and pitfalls of doing business online, and explain the differences between a retailer and an e-commerce company. In your presentation, explain the similarities a retailer and an e-commerce company might share. :B. Choose three products from your local grocery store or mall and tell your merit badge counselor how the packaging could be improved upon so that it has less impact on the environment. :C. Gather information from news sources and books about a current business leader. Write a two-page biography about this person or make a short presentation to your counselor. Focus on how this person became a successful business leader. ==External links== * [http://meritbadge.org/wiki/index.php/American_Business {{SUBPAGENAME}}] with Workbook PDF, current requirements, and resources. * [https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/youthlabor/kidspages Department of Labor] special webpages about labor related topics for kids * [http://www.themint.org/kids/what-is-the-stock-market.html TheMint.org:] What is the Stock Market? * [http://www.themint.org/kids/be-your-own-boss-challenge.html TheMint.org:] Take the Entrepreneur Challenge * [http://www.smartstocks.com/ SmartStocks.com] A virtual stock market game * [http://www.onlineuniversities.com/blog/2010/01/25-biographies-every-business-student-should-read/ 25 Biographies Every Business Student Should Read] * [http://www.ducksters.com/biography/entrepreneurs/ Famous Business Leaders] {{Businessmeritbadges}} {{EarningmeritbadgesintheBoyScoutsofAmerica}} {{BookCat}} dczpt4sjd10qii2qx334pisl70bakns 0 415829 4498403 4442586 2025-06-03T08:35:02Z 130.61.78.90 Removed deprecated information 4498403 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Installing Pre-build Binaries== on Ubuntu * sudo apt-get install clang llvm ==Installing from github master== Hardware/Operating system * Azure VM | Standard NC6_Promo (6 vcpus, 56 GiB memory) * Tesla K80, which has compute capability 3.7. You can find out what card you got via lshw -C display; you can find out the compute capability of your card https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-gpus . * Linux (ubuntu 18.04) ===Prerequisites=== <pre> sudo apt update sudo apt install build-essential sudo apt install cmake sudo apt install -y libelf-dev libffi-dev sudo apt install -y pkg-config </pre> Install CUDA 10.2 , using instructions https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-downloads?target_os=Linux&target_arch=x86_64&target_distro=Ubuntu&target_version=1804&target_type=debnetwork <pre> wget https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64/cuda-ubuntu1804.pin sudo mv cuda-ubuntu1804.pin /etc/apt/preferences.d/cuda-repository-pin-600 sudo apt-key adv --fetch-keys https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64/7fa2af80.pub sudo add-apt-repository "deb http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64/ /" sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get -y install cuda </pre> After installation, export two environment variables, vim ~/.bashrc to add two lines * export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/cuda-10.2/bin/ * export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/usr/local/cuda-10.2/lib/ ===Get source packages === Assuming you are in your home directory cd git clone https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project.git ===Build using GCC === <pre>mkdir build cd build/ cmake -DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS="clang;clang-tools-extra;libcxx;libcxxabi;lld;openmp" \ -C ../offload/cmake/caches/Offload.cmake \ -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release \ -DLLVM_TARGETS_TO_BUILD="X86;NVPTX;AMDGPU" \ -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$(pwd)/../llvm \ -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=gcc \ -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=g++ \ -G "Unix Makefiles" ../llvm-project/llvm time make -j time make -j install</pre> Explanation for configuration options * -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=gcc // the C compiler used to compile clang/llvm, GCC * -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=g++ // the C++ compiler used to compile clang/llvm: G++ * -DLLVM_TARGETS_TO_BUILD=X86;PowerPC;NVPTX;AMDGPU // explicitly specify target devices to support, Intel ,Nvidia, IBM, and AMD CPUs or GPUs * -C ../offload/cmake/caches/Offload.cmake compiles the most compatible version of offloading Other optional options * -DGCC_INSTALL_PREFIX=${GCC_PATH} * -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=${GCC_PATH}/bin/gcc * -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=${GCC_PATH}/bin/g++ * -DCMAKE_Fortran_COMPILER=${GCC_PATH}/bin/gfortran * -DCUDA_PATH= // this option should be automatically set if cuda is in your search path * -DCUDA_TOOLKIT_ROOT_DIR= // this option should be automatically set if cuda is in your search path * -DOPENMP_ENABLE_LIBOMPTARGET=ON // this should be on by default * -DLIBOMP_FORTRAN_MODULES=ON * -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=OFF // turn off shared libs More examples * cmake -G Ninja -DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS="clang;clang-tools-extra;libcxx;libcxxabi;lld;openmp" -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/Users/abc/llvm-research/inst-10.0.1 -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug ../llvm/ * ninja -j8 * ninja install ===Rebuild using Clang === add the path to the installed clang, vim ~/.bashrc <pre> export PATH=~/llvm/bin:$PATH export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=~/llvm/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH cd build-openmp cd build-openmp/ cmake -DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS="clang;clang-tools-extra;libcxx;libcxxabi;lld;openmp" \ -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release \ -DLLVM_TARGETS_TO_BUILD="X86;NVPTX" \ -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$(pwd)/../llvm \ -DCLANG_OPENMP_NVPTX_DEFAULT_ARCH=sm_37 \ -DLIBOMPTARGET_NVPTX_COMPUTE_CAPABILITIES=35,37,50,52,60,61,70,75 \ -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=clang \ -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=clang++ \ -G "Unix Makefiles" ../llvm-project/llvm make -j make -j install </pre> Optional options, explictly turn on bitcode lib, and the compiler/linker to build it * -DLIBOMPTARGET_NVPTX_ENABLE_BCLIB=true * -DLIBOMPTARGET_NVPTX_CUDA_COMPILER=${PREFIX}/bin/clang * -DLIBOMPTARGET_NVPTX_BC_LINKER=${PREFIX}/bin/llvm-link ==Installing from releases== Hardware/Operating system * Azure VM | Standard NC6_Promo (6 vcpus, 56 GiB memory) * Tesla K80, which has compute capability 3.7. You can find out what card you got via lshw -C display; you can find out the compute capability of your card here. * Linux (ubuntu 18.04) ===Prerequisites=== <pre> sudo apt update sudo apt install build-essential sudo apt install cmake sudo apt install -y libelf-dev libffi-dev sudo apt install -y pkg-config </pre> Install CUDA 10.2 , using instructions https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-downloads?target_os=Linux&target_arch=x86_64&target_distro=Ubuntu&target_version=1804&target_type=debnetwork Assuming you current path is * /home/ubuntu/omp5-gpu-llvm <pre> wget https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64/cuda-ubuntu1804.pin sudo mv cuda-ubuntu1804.pin /etc/apt/preferences.d/cuda-repository-pin-600 sudo apt-key adv --fetch-keys https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64/7fa2af80.pub sudo add-apt-repository "deb http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64/ /" sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get -y install cuda </pre> After installation, export two environment variables, vim ~/.bashrc to add two lines * export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/cuda-10.2/bin/ * export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/usr/local/cuda-10.2/lib/ ===Get source packages === Three steps to download, untar, and put them into the right locations. <pre> wget https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/releases/download/llvmorg-10.0.0/llvm-10.0.0.src.tar.xz wget https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/releases/download/llvmorg-10.0.0/clang-10.0.0.src.tar.xz wget https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/releases/download/llvmorg-10.0.0/openmp-10.0.0.src.tar.xz wget https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/releases/download/llvmorg-10.0.0/compiler-rt-10.0.0.src.tar.xz tar xf llvm-10.0.0.src.tar.xz tar xf clang-10.0.0.src.tar.xz tar xf openmp-10.0.0.src.tar.xz tar xf compiler-rt-10.0.0.src.tar.xz mv clang-10.0.0.src llvm-10.0.0.src/tools/clang mv openmp-10.0.0.src llvm-10.0.0.src/projects/openmp mv compiler-rt-10.0.0.src llvm-10.0.0.src/projects/compiler-rt </pre> In the end, the directory layout should look like * llvm-10.0.0.src ** tools/clang ** projects/openmp ** projects/compiler-rt ===Build the Compiler with OpenMP offloading support === You need to know the Compute Capability version of your GPU. https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-gpus lists such information. For example, some typical GPUs and their CC versions are: * Tesla K80 3.7, sm_37 * Tesla P100 6.0, sm_37 * Tesla V100 7.0, sm_37 <pre> mkdir build cd build # this step is to generate a make file using cmake. picking gcc/g++ as the compiler cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$(pwd)/../install \ -DCLANG_OPENMP_NVPTX_DEFAULT_ARCH=sm_37 \ -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=gcc \ -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=g++ \ -DLIBOMPTARGET_NVPTX_COMPUTE_CAPABILITIES=37,60,70 ../llvm-10.0.0.src # the screen output of the step above should show the following info: # -- Found LIBOMPTARGET_DEP_CUDA_DRIVER: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcuda.so # -- LIBOMPTARGET: Building offloading runtime library libomptarget. # -- LIBOMPTARGET: Building CUDA offloading plugin. # -- LIBOMPTARGET: Building x86_64 offloading plugin. make -j6 make install -j6 </pre> After the installation, you should expand your PATH and LD_LIBRARY_PATH again * export PATH=$PATH:/home/ubuntu/omp5-gpu-llvm/install/bin * export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/home/ubuntu/omp5-gpu-llvm/install/lib ===Rebuild the OpenMP runtime libraries === You should use the freshly installed clang to rebuild the OpenMP runtime library <pre> cd /home/ubuntu/omp5-gpu-llvm mkdir build-openmp cd build-openmp cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$(pwd)/../install \ -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=$(pwd)/../install/bin/clang \ -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=$(pwd)/../install/bin/clang++ \ -DLIBOMPTARGET_NVPTX_COMPUTE_CAPABILITIES=37,60,70 \ ../llvm-10.0.0.src/projects/openmp make -j6 make install -j6 </pre> ==Test the installation == save the following code into a file named ongpu.c <pre> #include <stdio.h> #include <omp.h> int main() { int runningOnGPU = 0; /* Test if GPU is available using OpenMP4.5 */ #pragma omp target map(from:runningOnGPU) { if (omp_is_initial_device() == 0) runningOnGPU = 1; } /* If still running on CPU, GPU must not be available */ if (runningOnGPU) printf("### Able to use the GPU! ### \n"); else printf("### Unable to use the GPU, using CPU! ###\n"); return 0; } </pre> Compile and run it <pre> clang -fopenmp -fopenmp-targets=nvptx64-nvidia-cuda ongpu.c ./a.out ### Able to use the GPU! ### </pre> ==Troubleshooting== ===error while loading libomp.so === ./a.out: error while loading shared libraries: libomp.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory solution * export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/pathTo/installed-llvm/lib ==External Links== * OpenMP 5 GPU offloading instructions [Fabio]: https://github.com/devitocodes/devito/wiki/OpenMP-5-GPU-offloading-instructions--%5BFabio%5D ** Clang_with_OpenMP_Offloading_to_NVIDIA_GPUs: https://hpc-wiki.info/hpc/Building_LLVM/Clang_with_OpenMP_Offloading_to_NVIDIA_GPUs * OpenMP 5 GPU offloading instructions with Clang 11 [Italo] https://github.com/devitocodes/devito/wiki/OpenMP-5-GPU-offloading-instructions-with-Clang-11-%5BItalo%5D * a docker file showing LLVM installation: https://github.com/freeCompilerCamp/play-with-compiler/blob/master/dockerfiles/dind/Dockerfile.llvm10 {{BookCat}} deqoyohjqswui5vnr91pza6tcca2xri 4498404 4498403 2025-06-03T08:36:55Z 130.61.78.90 Added additional information for building llvm offloading. Please refer: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/142450#issuecomment-2932232352 4498404 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Installing Pre-build Binaries== on Ubuntu * sudo apt-get install clang llvm ==Installing from github master== Hardware/Operating system * Azure VM | Standard NC6_Promo (6 vcpus, 56 GiB memory) * Tesla K80, which has compute capability 3.7. You can find out what card you got via lshw -C display; you can find out the compute capability of your card https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-gpus . * Linux (ubuntu 18.04) ===Prerequisites=== <pre> sudo apt update sudo apt install build-essential sudo apt install cmake sudo apt install -y libelf-dev libffi-dev sudo apt install -y pkg-config </pre> Install CUDA 10.2 , using instructions https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-downloads?target_os=Linux&target_arch=x86_64&target_distro=Ubuntu&target_version=1804&target_type=debnetwork <pre> wget https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64/cuda-ubuntu1804.pin sudo mv cuda-ubuntu1804.pin /etc/apt/preferences.d/cuda-repository-pin-600 sudo apt-key adv --fetch-keys https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64/7fa2af80.pub sudo add-apt-repository "deb http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64/ /" sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get -y install cuda </pre> After installation, export two environment variables, vim ~/.bashrc to add two lines * export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/cuda-10.2/bin/ * export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/usr/local/cuda-10.2/lib/ ===Get source packages === Assuming you are in your home directory cd git clone https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project.git ===Build using GCC === <pre>mkdir build cd build/ cmake -DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS="clang;clang-tools-extra;libcxx;libcxxabi;lld;openmp" \ -C ../offload/cmake/caches/Offload.cmake \ -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release \ -DLLVM_TARGETS_TO_BUILD="X86;NVPTX;AMDGPU" \ -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$(pwd)/../llvm \ -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=gcc \ -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=g++ \ -G "Unix Makefiles" ../llvm-project/llvm time make -j time make -j install</pre> Explanation for configuration options * -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=gcc // the C compiler used to compile clang/llvm, GCC * -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=g++ // the C++ compiler used to compile clang/llvm: G++ * -DLLVM_TARGETS_TO_BUILD=X86;PowerPC;NVPTX;AMDGPU // explicitly specify target devices to support, Intel ,Nvidia, IBM, and AMD CPUs or GPUs. AMDGPU is required even for Nvidia only targets * -C ../offload/cmake/caches/Offload.cmake compiles the most compatible version of offloading Other optional options * -DGCC_INSTALL_PREFIX=${GCC_PATH} * -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=${GCC_PATH}/bin/gcc * -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=${GCC_PATH}/bin/g++ * -DCMAKE_Fortran_COMPILER=${GCC_PATH}/bin/gfortran * -DCUDA_PATH= // this option should be automatically set if cuda is in your search path * -DCUDA_TOOLKIT_ROOT_DIR= // this option should be automatically set if cuda is in your search path * -DOPENMP_ENABLE_LIBOMPTARGET=ON // this should be on by default * -DLIBOMP_FORTRAN_MODULES=ON * -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=OFF // turn off shared libs More examples * cmake -G Ninja -DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS="clang;clang-tools-extra;libcxx;libcxxabi;lld;openmp" -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/Users/abc/llvm-research/inst-10.0.1 -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug ../llvm/ * ninja -j8 * ninja install ===Rebuild using Clang === add the path to the installed clang, vim ~/.bashrc <pre> export PATH=~/llvm/bin:$PATH export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=~/llvm/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH cd build-openmp cd build-openmp/ cmake -DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS="clang;clang-tools-extra;libcxx;libcxxabi;lld;openmp" \ -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release \ -DLLVM_TARGETS_TO_BUILD="X86;NVPTX" \ -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$(pwd)/../llvm \ -DCLANG_OPENMP_NVPTX_DEFAULT_ARCH=sm_37 \ -DLIBOMPTARGET_NVPTX_COMPUTE_CAPABILITIES=35,37,50,52,60,61,70,75 \ -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=clang \ -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=clang++ \ -G "Unix Makefiles" ../llvm-project/llvm make -j make -j install </pre> Optional options, explictly turn on bitcode lib, and the compiler/linker to build it * -DLIBOMPTARGET_NVPTX_ENABLE_BCLIB=true * -DLIBOMPTARGET_NVPTX_CUDA_COMPILER=${PREFIX}/bin/clang * -DLIBOMPTARGET_NVPTX_BC_LINKER=${PREFIX}/bin/llvm-link ==Installing from releases== Hardware/Operating system * Azure VM | Standard NC6_Promo (6 vcpus, 56 GiB memory) * Tesla K80, which has compute capability 3.7. You can find out what card you got via lshw -C display; you can find out the compute capability of your card here. * Linux (ubuntu 18.04) ===Prerequisites=== <pre> sudo apt update sudo apt install build-essential sudo apt install cmake sudo apt install -y libelf-dev libffi-dev sudo apt install -y pkg-config </pre> Install CUDA 10.2 , using instructions https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-downloads?target_os=Linux&target_arch=x86_64&target_distro=Ubuntu&target_version=1804&target_type=debnetwork Assuming you current path is * /home/ubuntu/omp5-gpu-llvm <pre> wget https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64/cuda-ubuntu1804.pin sudo mv cuda-ubuntu1804.pin /etc/apt/preferences.d/cuda-repository-pin-600 sudo apt-key adv --fetch-keys https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64/7fa2af80.pub sudo add-apt-repository "deb http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64/ /" sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get -y install cuda </pre> After installation, export two environment variables, vim ~/.bashrc to add two lines * export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/cuda-10.2/bin/ * export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/usr/local/cuda-10.2/lib/ ===Get source packages === Three steps to download, untar, and put them into the right locations. <pre> wget https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/releases/download/llvmorg-10.0.0/llvm-10.0.0.src.tar.xz wget https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/releases/download/llvmorg-10.0.0/clang-10.0.0.src.tar.xz wget https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/releases/download/llvmorg-10.0.0/openmp-10.0.0.src.tar.xz wget https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/releases/download/llvmorg-10.0.0/compiler-rt-10.0.0.src.tar.xz tar xf llvm-10.0.0.src.tar.xz tar xf clang-10.0.0.src.tar.xz tar xf openmp-10.0.0.src.tar.xz tar xf compiler-rt-10.0.0.src.tar.xz mv clang-10.0.0.src llvm-10.0.0.src/tools/clang mv openmp-10.0.0.src llvm-10.0.0.src/projects/openmp mv compiler-rt-10.0.0.src llvm-10.0.0.src/projects/compiler-rt </pre> In the end, the directory layout should look like * llvm-10.0.0.src ** tools/clang ** projects/openmp ** projects/compiler-rt ===Build the Compiler with OpenMP offloading support === You need to know the Compute Capability version of your GPU. https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-gpus lists such information. For example, some typical GPUs and their CC versions are: * Tesla K80 3.7, sm_37 * Tesla P100 6.0, sm_37 * Tesla V100 7.0, sm_37 <pre> mkdir build cd build # this step is to generate a make file using cmake. picking gcc/g++ as the compiler cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$(pwd)/../install \ -DCLANG_OPENMP_NVPTX_DEFAULT_ARCH=sm_37 \ -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=gcc \ -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=g++ \ -DLIBOMPTARGET_NVPTX_COMPUTE_CAPABILITIES=37,60,70 ../llvm-10.0.0.src # the screen output of the step above should show the following info: # -- Found LIBOMPTARGET_DEP_CUDA_DRIVER: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcuda.so # -- LIBOMPTARGET: Building offloading runtime library libomptarget. # -- LIBOMPTARGET: Building CUDA offloading plugin. # -- LIBOMPTARGET: Building x86_64 offloading plugin. make -j6 make install -j6 </pre> After the installation, you should expand your PATH and LD_LIBRARY_PATH again * export PATH=$PATH:/home/ubuntu/omp5-gpu-llvm/install/bin * export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/home/ubuntu/omp5-gpu-llvm/install/lib ===Rebuild the OpenMP runtime libraries === You should use the freshly installed clang to rebuild the OpenMP runtime library <pre> cd /home/ubuntu/omp5-gpu-llvm mkdir build-openmp cd build-openmp cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$(pwd)/../install \ -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=$(pwd)/../install/bin/clang \ -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=$(pwd)/../install/bin/clang++ \ -DLIBOMPTARGET_NVPTX_COMPUTE_CAPABILITIES=37,60,70 \ ../llvm-10.0.0.src/projects/openmp make -j6 make install -j6 </pre> ==Test the installation == save the following code into a file named ongpu.c <pre> #include <stdio.h> #include <omp.h> int main() { int runningOnGPU = 0; /* Test if GPU is available using OpenMP4.5 */ #pragma omp target map(from:runningOnGPU) { if (omp_is_initial_device() == 0) runningOnGPU = 1; } /* If still running on CPU, GPU must not be available */ if (runningOnGPU) printf("### Able to use the GPU! ### \n"); else printf("### Unable to use the GPU, using CPU! ###\n"); return 0; } </pre> Compile and run it <pre> clang -fopenmp -fopenmp-targets=nvptx64-nvidia-cuda ongpu.c ./a.out ### Able to use the GPU! ### </pre> ==Troubleshooting== ===error while loading libomp.so === ./a.out: error while loading shared libraries: libomp.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory solution * export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/pathTo/installed-llvm/lib ==External Links== * OpenMP 5 GPU offloading instructions [Fabio]: https://github.com/devitocodes/devito/wiki/OpenMP-5-GPU-offloading-instructions--%5BFabio%5D ** Clang_with_OpenMP_Offloading_to_NVIDIA_GPUs: https://hpc-wiki.info/hpc/Building_LLVM/Clang_with_OpenMP_Offloading_to_NVIDIA_GPUs * OpenMP 5 GPU offloading instructions with Clang 11 [Italo] https://github.com/devitocodes/devito/wiki/OpenMP-5-GPU-offloading-instructions-with-Clang-11-%5BItalo%5D * a docker file showing LLVM installation: https://github.com/freeCompilerCamp/play-with-compiler/blob/master/dockerfiles/dind/Dockerfile.llvm10 {{BookCat}} fszm8tvmw0a4lsgq1mkm3q9k87ok650 0 417649 4498363 4493073 2025-06-02T17:08:13Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Derived from Adjectives */ 4498363 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{status|100%}}</noinclude> == The Verb Stem == [[File:Various forms of using the verb "to inform" in LSC.png|thumb|]] : Verbs in Mirad are listed in the dictionary under the present active infinitive (see [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs#Non-finite Forms]]), such as '''yexer'''....''to work''. The infinitive minus the '''er''' ending is the stem. The stem is used as the base for all other verbal instantiations. The infinitive as listed in the dictionary is usually active in voice, but occasionally a passive infinitive ending in '''-wer''' will be lexicalized because it is somehow special, so then, the stem is still the infinitive minus the '''-er''' ending. All Mirad verbs are conjugated in the same way and there are no exceptions. : This shows how to determine the '''''stem''''' of a verb listed in the dictionary: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Stems |- ! Simple Infinitive !! Stem<big>+</big>Infinitive Ending |- | '''yex<u>er</u>'''....''to work'' || '''yex<big>+</big>er''' |- | '''pos<u>er</u>'''....''to (come to a) stop'' || '''pos<big>+</big>er''' |- | '''x<u>er</u>'''....''to do'' || '''x<big>+</big>er''' |- | '''xw<u>er</u>'''....''to happen, be done'' (PASSIVE)|| '''xw<big>+</big>er''' |} === Verb Formants === : The active stem of verbs most often end in one of the following verb formants: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Formats |- ! Verb Formant !! Function !! Examples |- | '''-xer''' || action or causation || '''xer'''....''to do'', '''saxer'''....''to create'', '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'', '''yixer'''....''to use'' |- | '''-xler'''|| forceful action || '''yixler'''....''to employ'' |- | '''-xrer'''|| more forceful action || '''yixrer'''....''to wear out'' |- | '''-ber'''|| gesture || '''ber'''....''to put'', '''aber'''....''to apply'', '''yujber'''....''to close'' |- | '''-bler'''|| forceful gesture || '''yujbler'''....''to lock'' |- | '''-brer'''|| more foreful gesture || '''yobrer'''....''to knock down'' |- | '''-ser''' || state or becoming || '''ser'''....''to be'', '''eser'''....''to exist'', '''aser'''....''to become'', '''zyaser'''....''to widen, become wider'' |- | '''-per''' || motion or going || '''per'''....''to go'', '''yaper'''....''to ascend'', '''paper'''....''to fly'' |- | '''-ier'''|| action toward subject || '''bier'''....''to take'', '''nier'''....''to consume'', '''ifier'''.'..''to enjoy'', '''dier'''....''to ask'' |- | '''-uer'''|| action toward object || '''buer'''....''to give'', '''nuer'''....''to supply'', '''ifuer'''....''to please'', '''duer'''....''to suggest'' |- | '''-ner''' || various verbs || '''uxner'''....''to motivate'', '''axner'''....''to behave'' |- | '''-der''' || communication || '''der'''....''to say'', '''vader'''....''to affirm'', '''yevder'''....''to judge'' |- | '''-drer''' || writing || '''drer'''....''to write'', '''teedrer'''....''to report'', '''taxdrer'''....''to record'' |- | '''-ter''' || knowing || '''ter'''....''to know'', '''tester'''....''to understand'', '''teater'''....''to see'' |- | '''-fer''' || volition || '''fer'''....''to want'', '''ifer'''....''to love'', '''ufer'''....''to hate'' |- | '''-ver''' || some modal verbs || '''yiver'''....''to have a right to'', '''yuver'''....''to have a duty to'' |- | '''-ker''' || various verbs || '''aker'''....''to win'', '''oker'''....''to lose'', '''eker'''....''to play'' |- | '''-jer''' || opening/closing || '''ijer'''....''to begin'', '''ujer'''....''to end'', '''tajer'''....''to be born'', '''tojer'''....''to die'', '''yijer'''....''to open'' |- | '''-ler''' || various verbs || '''baler'''....''to press'', '''boler'''....''to support'', '''beler'''....''to carry'', '''daler'''....''to speak'' |- | '''-[aiu]rer'''|| tool use || '''ukarer'''....''to shovel'', '''purer'''....''to drive'', '''myekirer'''....''to mill'' |- | '''-zer'''|| perform an art || '''dazer'''....''to dance'', '''dezer'''....''to act'', '''deuzer'''...''to sing'' |} == Verb Categories == : Verbs have '''''morphological categories''''', which involve changes to the verb not always found in the dictionary, but developed through rule-bound affixation (such as ''live'', ''lives'', ''lived'', ''living''). They also have '''''lexical categories''''', which involve derived forms usually listed in dictionaries (''enjoy'', ''enjoyable'', ''enjoyment'') === Morphological Categories === :: Verbs are inflected with the following '''''morphological categories''''': ::* '''''2 states''''': finite, non-finite ::* '''''4 tenses''''': present, past, future, atemporal¹ ::* '''''5 aspects''''': simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential ::* '''''2 voices''''': active, passive ::* '''''2 moods''''': indicative, hypothetical <small> ::'''''Note 1:''''' The term "atemporal" means that tense is not marked. For example, in Mirad, '''Pu!''' is the imperative of the verb '''per'''....''to go''. It means ''Go!'' and is atemporal. The '''-u''' ending is an atemporal hypothetical mood marker. </small> : In effect, the PERSON/NUMBER category is not listed above, because this category does not affect the morphology of the Mirad verb form itself. The Mirad verb form stays the same for all persons and numbers. That information is contained in the external subject pronouns governing the verb. In English, for example, the verb "be" has several different forms in the present tense verb form depending on the person and number (I <u>am</u>, you <u>are</u>, he <u>is</u>, we <u>are</u>, etc.), but not so in Mirad. The following chart shows how the English pattern differs from the corresponding single Mirad verb form '''se''' for all persons and numbers: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Verb '''ser''' (''to be'') Unchanged for person/number |- ! Person !! Number !! English !! Mirad |- !row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Singular | ''I <u>am</u>'' || '''at <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 2nd | ''you <u>are</u>'' || '''et <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 3rd | ''he/she/it <u>is</u>'' || '''it <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Plural | ''we <u>are</u>'' || '''yat <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 2nd | ''you <u>are</u>'' || '''yet <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 3rd | ''they <u>are</u>'' || '''yit <u>se</u>''' |} : This invariability of person/number exists for all tenses. === Lexical Categories === :: In addition, verbs can be described in terms of the following opposing '''''lexical''''' categories. By lexical, is meant that verbs having different lexical properties are listed in the dictionary and have nothing to do with conjugation. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;margin-left:1.6em;" |+ Verb Lexical Categories |- ! Stative !! Dynamic |- | '''ser'''....''to be'' || '''xer'''....''to do'' |- ! Intransitive !! Transitive |- | '''agaser'''....''to grow large'' || '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'' |- ! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed |- | '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' |- ! Reflexive !! Non-reflexive |- | '''utvyixer'''....''to wash up (wash oneself)'' || '''vyixer'''....''to wash'' |- ! Inchoative !! Causative |- | '''tujper'''....''fall asleep'' || '''tujber'''....''put to sleep'' |- ! Autonomous !! Dynamic |- | '''yijer'''....''to open (by itself)'' || '''yijber'''....''to (make it) open'' |- ! Reciprocal !! Non-reciprocal |- | '''hyuittujber'''....''to kill one another'' || '''tujber'''....''to kill'' |- ! Gestural !! Locomotive |- | '''baser'''....''to stir, budge'' || '''paser'''....''to move'' |- ! Subject-oriented !! Object-oriented |- | '''teetyiker'''....''to be hard of hearing'' || '''teetyikwer'''....''to be hard to hear'' |} == Non-finite Forms == : '''''Non-finite verb forms''''' are ::* not conjugated for person or number ::* cannot form a predicate ::* and do not have a subject. : There are three kinds of non-finite verb forms in Mirad: ::* '''''infinitives''''': the dictionary lookup form of a verb, ending in '''-er''' :::* '''der'''....''to say'', '''tixayer'''....''to have studied'', '''xwer'''....''to be done'' ::* '''''gerunds''''': verbal nouns, ending in '''-en''' :::* '''byasen'''....''(the act of) standing'' ::* '''''participles''''': verbal adjectives, ending in '''-a''' :::* '''tejea'''....''living (alive)'', '''twa'''....''known'', '''piya'''....''departed'' === Infinitives === : Verbs are listed in the dictionary under the '''''active voice simple aspect infinitive''''' form, which always ends in '''er''' and means ''to X'', or rarely the passive voice simple aspect infinitive form, which ends in '''wer''' and means ''to be Xed''. The part of the verb form minus the '''-er''' or '''-wer''' is the '''''verb stem'''''. Very rarely at verb can be expressed as a past active or past passive infinitive in '''ayer''' and '''awer''', respectively. (For example: '''Tejayer boy ifawer naze glo.'''....''To have lived without having loved counts little.''). :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em" |+ Infinitive Stems |- ! Infinitivw || Stem !! Ending |- | '''agser'''....''to grow'' || '''ags-''' || '''-er''' |- | '''igxer'''....''to quicken'' || '''igx-''' || '''-er''' |- | '''per'''....''to go'' || '''p-''' || '''-er''' |- | '''xwer'''....''to happen, be done'' || '''x-''' || '''-wer''' |- | '''tejayer'''....''to have lived'' || '''tej-''' || '''-ayer''' |- | '''ifawer'''....''to have loved'' || '''if-''' || '''-awer''' |} : The infinitive in Mirad is used very much as its counterpart in English. The infinitive can be marked for two aspects (simple, perfect) and two voices (active, passive), as shown in the chart below, where the verb stems are underlined: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;" |+ Active and Passive Infinitive Stems |- ! Aspect !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Simple | '''<u>igx</u>er'''....''to quicken'' || '''<u>igx</u>wer'''....''to be quickened'' |- !row=1| Perfect | '''<u>igx</u>ayer'''....''to have quickened'' || '''<u>igx</u>awer'''....''to have been quickened'' |} : In the above chart, ::* the verb stem is '''igx-''' and ::* the infinitive marker is '''-er'''; ::* the simple aspect active voice marker is zero; ::* the simple aspect passive voice marker is '''w'''; ::* the perfect aspect active voice marker is '''-ay-'''; ::* the past aspect passive voice marker is '''-aw-'''. The passive voice infinitive of a verb will not appear in the dictionary unless it has a special meaning, such as '''xwer''' ''to happen (= to be done)''. The perfect infinitives are never listed in the dictionary. === Gerunds === : The gerund is a verbal noun like English ''playing'' in ''playing ball.'' : The gerund has two possible '''''aspects''''' (simple and perfect) and two possible '''''voices''''' (active and passive): {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em; " |+ Gerund Formation |- ! Aspect !! Voice !! Ending !! Example |- !row=1| Simple !! Active | '''-en''' || '''agax<u>en</u>'''....''magnifiying, magnification'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Passive | '''-wen''' || '''agax<u>wen</u>'''....''being magnified'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Active | '''-ayen''' || '''byek<u>ayen</u>'''....''having cured'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Passive | '''-awen''' || '''byek<u>awen</u>'''....''having been cured'' |} : Note: Intransitive verbs like '''per''' ''to go'' do not have a passive gerund form. : Lexicalized gerunds, such as '''sanxen''' ''formation, forming'' generally appear in the dictionary in the active voice. : Some examples of gerund usage: ::* ('''sanxer'''....''to form'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Ha <u>sanxen</u> bi hia mar efxa amroni bi jabi.'''....''The <u>forming</u> (or: <u>formation</u>) of this star took millions of years.'' ::* ('''deuzer'''....''to sing'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Iyta <u>deuzen</u> sa gla via.'''....''Her <u>singing</u> was very beautiful.'' ::* ('''poper'''....''to travel'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''<u>Popen</u> se yika yex.'''....''<u>Traveling</u> is hard work.'' ::* ('''teeter'''....''to hear'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''<u>Teetwen</u> fiay se teskyia av dezuti.'''....''<u>Being heard</u> well is important for actors.'' ::* ('''teater'''....''to see'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''<u>Teaten</u> se <u>vyatexen</u>.'''.....''<u>Seeing</u> is <u>believing</u>.'' ::* ('''uper'''....''to come'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''His se ha jeb bi <u>Upen</u>.'''....''This is the season of <u>Advent</u> (coming).'' ::* ('''tadier'''....''to get married'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Ata <u>tadiayen</u> ewa jodi bixa tepzex.'''....''My <u>having married</u> twice drew attention.'' ::* ('''aker'''....''to win'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''At voy ta ita <u>akawen</u> hua nuz.'''....''I did not know about his <u>having won</u> that prize.'' : Gerunds, being verb forms, can take direct and indirect objects: ::* '''At ifxwe bey eta buayen at hua nas.'''....''I am pleased by your having given me that money.'' ::* '''Tojben eut voy se kexbiyaf.'''....''Killing yourself is not an option.'' : The special gerundive ending '''-eyn''' gives a nuance emphasizing the action as a single act, much like the English endings ''-ment'' or ''-tion''. Here are a few examples showing the difference between '''-en''' and '''-eyn'''. ::* '''yanlaxen'''....''combining''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yanlaxeyn'''....''combination'' ::* '''xen'''....''doing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''xeyn'''....''action, deed'' ::* '''zayben'''....''advancing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zaybeyn'''....''advancement'' : Another special gerundive (but lexical) ending is '''-un''', which expresses the result of an action, eg.: ::* '''zyegxer'''....''to puncture''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyegxun'''....''a puncture'' ::* '''zyeuber'''....''to transmit''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyeubun'''....''a broadcast'' ::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''deuzun'''....''a song'' === Participles === : Participles are verbal adjectives and can modify nouns and pronouns. Since they act as adjectives, they have the adjectival ending '''-a'''. Participles are marked by '''''aspect''''' (simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential) and '''''voice''''' (active, passive). : The aspect markers per voice are: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;" |+ Aspect Markers |- ! Aspect !! Voice !! Form !! Example |- ! rowspan=2| Progressive ! rowspan=1 | Active | '''-ea-''' || '''tejea'''....''living'' |- ! rowsspan=1 | Passive | '''wea''' || '''xwea'''....''happening, being done'' |- ! rowspan=2| Perfect ! rowspan=1 |Active | '''-ya''' || '''pya'''....''gone'' (< '''pyaa'''¹) |- ! rowspan=1| Passive | '''-wa''' || '''xwa'''....''done'' (< '''xwaa'''¹) |- ! rowspan=2| Imminent ! Active | '''-oa''' || '''tojoa'''....''about to die'' |- ! rowspan=1 | Passive | '''-woa''' || '''dodelwoa'''....''about to be announced'' |- ! rowspan=2| Potential ! Active | '''-ua''' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' |- ! rowspan=1| Passive | '''-wua''' || '''opoxwua'''....''unstoppable'' |} : <small>¹: The double '''aa''' in the perfect endings is reduced to '''a'''.</small> : '''''Note 1:''''' The perfect active particple ending in '''-ya''' is used only for intransitive verbs like '''per''' (''to go''). '''He is <u>gone</u>.''' is expressed by '''Wit se <u>pya</u>'''. : '''''Note 2:''''' The potential aspect, represented by the vowel '''u''' is much like the conditional in English, but is not considered a tense in Mirad. For example, '''tojbu''' means ''would kill'' and the participle '''tojbua''' means ''lethal'' (referring to something that ''would/has the potential to kill''). More about this in a later section. : '''''Note 3:''''' There is another form of the progressive participle that falls in the lexical, rather than morphological category, in that such forms are listed in the dictionary as adjectives. For example, in the phrase ''The animals <u>bothering</u> our bird feeder...'', the participle ''bothering'' would be '''oboxea''' in Mirad. By inserting the letter '''y''' between the verb stem and the participial ending, the participle becomes an adjective denoting a propensity or habit, as in ''bothersome'' ('''obox<u>y</u>ea'''). Such participles are invariably in the active voice. Most such adjectives in English end in ''-ive'' as in ''repulsive'' or ''-ly'' as in ''wiggly'' or ''-ous'' as in ''circuitous.'' Such adjectives in Mirad are listed in the dictionary and end in '''-yea'''. : Adverbial participles can be made from the above adjectival participles, by suffixing the letter '''y'''. Examples: ::* '''Iyt yepa ha tim <u>deuzeay</u>.'''....''She entered the room <u>singing</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Ujbaway</u> ha dodal, it pia.'''....''The speech <u>having been finished</u>, he left.'' : Also, the above participles can be converted into abstract nouns by suffixing '''n'''. Examples: ::* '''tiluwa'''....''drinkable'' <big>→</big> '''tiluwan'''....''potability'' ::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' <big>→</big> '''tojbuan'''....''lethality'' ::* '''mansea'''....''shining'' <big>→</big> '''he <u>mansean</u> bi iyta deuzen'''....''the <u>brilliance</u> of her singing'' ::* '''aakaxyea'''....''inventive'' <big>→</big> '''aakaxyean'''....''inventiveness'' : Furthermore, these participles can sometimes be pronominalized with '''s''' for things and '''t''' for people or living things. These forms can, in turn, be pluralized: ::* '''xwa'''....''done'' <big>→</big> '''xwas'''....''what is done, a happening'' ::* '''xwa'''....''done'' <big>→</big> '''xwasi'''....''happenings, deeds'' ::* '''otwa'''....''unknown'' <big>→</big> '''otwas'''....''what is not known, a mystery'' ::* '''osexea'''....''destroying'' <big>→</big> '''osexeas'''....''a destroyer'' ::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' <big>→</big> '''tojbuas'''....''something lethal, a lethal thing'' ::* '''tojboa'''....''moribund'' <big>→</big> '''tojboati'''....''people about to die, fatal cases'' ::* '''tejea'''....''living'' <big>→</big> '''tejeat'''....''a living person'' ::* '''tejea'''....''living'' <big>→</big> '''tejeasi'''....''living things'' : There is a special tenseless, nominalized, animate participle used for '''''agent''''' nouns (English ''one who does something, Xer'', ''Xant'', ''Xist''), which refers to a person who habitually does some action, perhaps as a profession or trade. These agent nouns end in '''-ut'''. ::* '''sexut'''....''builder'' ::* '''nuut'''....''supplier'' ::* '''tojbut'''....''killer'' ::* '''ifut'''....''lover'' ::* '''akuti'''....''winners'' : Note: There is a slight difference of meaning between the tensed participial pronoun '''ha akeat'''....''the one winning'' and the non-tensed agent noun '''ha akut'''....''the winner''. : Similarly, there is a special tenseless, nominalized, <u>in</u>animate participle used for a thing that performs the action denoted by the verb stem. These agent nouns end in '''-us'''. ::* '''yuxus'''....''aid (a thing that helps)'' ::* '''byuxwus'''....''button (a thing that gets touched on the keyboard)'' ::* '''paxus'''....''motive (a thing that moves one)'' ::* '''jaupus'''....''precedent (a thing that comes before)'' : The above '''-us''' ending contrasts with the endings '''-ar''' (''instrument''), '''-ir''' (''machine''), '''-ur''' (''motor, engine''), which are physical objects and not always suffixed to a verbal root. == Finite Forms == [[File:Auxiliary verbs tree 3.png|thumb|]] : In Mirad, finite verb forms are those that can take a person subject, serve as a predicate, and be conjugated. Finite verb forms are conjugated by using suffixes indicating, through their presence or absence, the following categories: <div style="background: lightyellow"> ::* TENSES :::# '''''present''''' :::# '''''past''''' :::# '''''future''''' :::# '''''atemporal''''' ::* MOODS :::# '''''indicative''''' :::# '''''hypothetical''''' ::* ASPECTS :::# '''''simple''''' :::# '''''progressive''''' :::# '''''perfect''''' :::# '''''imminent''''' :::# '''''potential''''' ::* VOICES :::# '''''active''''' :::# '''''passive''''' :::# '''''reflexive''''' :::# '''''reciprocal''''' </div> : Person and number are not marked on the verb form itself. For example, ''am'', ''is'', ''are'', which change according to the person subject in English, are all expressed with the same verb form in Mirad: '''se'''. Thus, '''at se'''....''I am'', '''et se'''....''you are'', '''it se'''....''he/she/it is'', etc. === Moods === : There are two moods in Mirad: ::* '''''indicative''''' ::* '''''hypothetical'''''. ===== Indicative Mood ===== ::: The '''''indicative''''' form of the verb indicates an action or state that occurs in actual time, such as ''he went'', ''he is going'', ''he will go.'' ::: The indicative mood has three tenses, '''''present''''', '''''past''''', '''''future''''', indicated by the suffixes '''-e''', '''-a''', and '''-o''', respectively. ===== Hypothetical Mood ===== ::: Wheras the indicative verb forms expresses actuality in time, the '''''hypothetical mood''''' expresses one of the non-actuality situations below and uses the vowel '''u'''. :::* a command , i.e. the '''''imperative''''' (''Go!'') :::* a wish or suggestion, i.e. the '''''hortative''''' or '''''jussive''''' (''May the king live long!'', ''Let's celebrate!'') :::* an unrealized situation, i.e. the '''''subjunctive''''' (''It is important that you <u>be</u> early.'') :::* an imagined if-then-situation, i.e. the '''''conditional''''' (''If I <u>were</u> rich, I <u>would be</u> happy.'') === Aspects === : There are five aspects in the Mirad verb system. <div style="background: lightyellow"> ::* the '''''simple''''' aspect (default), i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional. ::* the '''''progressive''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state on-going in the particular tense, using '''ey''' ::* the '''''perfective''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state anterior or already completed, using '''ay''' ::* the '''''imminent''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state about to happen, using '''oy''' ::* the '''''potential''''' aspect, i.e. an action potentially happening, using '''uy''' </div> ===== The Simple Aspect ===== :: Unless specifically marked, the default aspect is '''''simple''''', i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional. Three indicative tenses can be expressed in the simple aspect: ::* Present with '''e''' ::* Past with '''a''' ::* Future with '''o'''. :: An atemporal verb ending in '''u''' in the simple aspect is considered hypothetical and expresses three things, depending on how it is used in the sentence: ::* a conditional like ''I would go (if...)'' ::* an imperative like ''Go!'' ::* a hortative like ''Let's go!'' ::* a subjunctive like ''(It is important that) we go.'' :: Here is a chart showing the simple, active voice instantiations of the Mirad verb '''per''' (''to go'') with the endings underlined: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em;" |+ Simple Active Conjugation of '''Per''' |- ! Mood !! Tense !! Aspect !! Voice !! Instantiation !! Verb '''per''' |- !row=1| Indicative !! Present !! Simple !! Active !! | '''At p<u>e</u>'''....''I go'' |- !row=1| Indicative !! Past !! Simple !! Active !! | '''At p<u>a</u>'''....''I went'' |- !row=1| Indicative !! Future !! Simple !! Active !! |'''At p<u>o</u>'''....''I will go'' |- !row=1 rowspan=4 | Hypothetical !rowspan=4| Atemporal !rowspan=4| Simple !rowspan=4| Active ! Conditional |'''At p<u>u</u>'''....''I would go'' |- ! Hortative/Optative/Jussive |'''Van yat p<u>u</u>!'''....''Let's go!'' |- ! Imperative |'''P<u>u</u> tam!'''....''Go home!'' |- ! Subjunctive |'''Se efwa van et p<u>u</u>.'''....''It is necessary that you go.'' |} : Note that the last four instantiations are the same tense, but differ in syntax. For example, if the verb form is hypothetical, atemporal, simple, active and has no subject, it operates as an imperative. ==== The Simple Indicative Present Active Tense ==== :: The simple indicative present instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''e''' and has a non-progressive ('''''habitual''''') aspect as in English ''I work'' or ''I live''. Progressive aspect forms like ''I am studying'' are explained later. :: Examples: :::* '''At <u>yexe</u> be tam.''' ....''I <u>work</u> at home''. :::* '''Hia tom <u>se</u> nam.''' ....''This building <u>is</u> a store.'' :::* '''Ha amur <u>yuzpe</u> ha imer.'''....''The moon <u>goes around</u> the earth.'' ==== The Simple Indicative Past Active Tense ==== :::: The simple indicative past tense instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''a''' and has a non-progressive (punctual) meaning as in English ''I did something at some particular point in time''. The simple past contrasts in aspect with the past progressive (''I was doing something'') or the present perfect (''I have done something''), or past potential (''I would have done something''). The simple past is punctual, that is, it describes an event that occurred at a particular point in time. ::::: Examples: ::::::* '''Iyt <u>iba</u> ha nyuf zojub.''' ....''She <u>received</u> the package yesterday.'' ::::::* '''At <u>ujba</u> ha dyes ji iwa jwobi.''' ....''I <u>finished</u> the book three hours ago.'' ::::::* '''His <u>kyesa</u> exag hijub.'''....''This <u>happened</u> twice today.'' ==== The Simple Indicative Future Active Tense ==== :: The simple indicative future tense is marked with the vowel suffix '''o''' and has the same meaning as in English ''I will do something at some particular point in the future''. :: Examples: :::* '''Yit <u>tadso</u> zajab.'''....''They <u>are going to get married</u> next year.'' :::* '''Hua kaxon <u>ujako</u>.''' ....''That solution <u>will work</u>.'' :::* '''At <u>so</u> him hoj et <u>upo</u>.'''....''I <u>will be</u> here when you <u>(will) come.</u>¹'' :: Note 1: Unlike in English, Mirad does not use the present tense for a real future. There is also no sequence of tenses in Mirad (such as, ''He said he was coming.''. In Mirad, this would be expressed as ''He said he <u>will</u> come.''). ==== The Simple Hypothetical Atemporal Active Tense ==== :: A verb form ending in '''u''' like '''pu''' has no time value and is used to express unreal actions or states, such as the '''''imperative''''', '''''hortative''''', '''''conditional''''', or '''''subjunctive'''''. :: Examples: :::* '''<u>Upu</u> him!'''....''<u>Come</u> here!'' ('''''imperative''''') :::* '''<u>Von upu</u>!''' ....''<u>Don't come</u>!'' ('''''negative imperative''''') :::* '''Ha edeb <u>fu</u> teater et.''' ....''The king <u>would like</u> to see you.'' ('''''conditional''''') :::* '''Ven at <u>su</u> et, at <u>dolu</u>.''' ....''If I <u>were</u> you, I <u>would be</u> quiet.'' ('''''conditional''''') :::* '''Van yeyt <u>ujaku</u> be yeyta yexneadi.''' ....''May all you (women) <u>succeed</u> in your careers.'' ('''''hortative''''') :::* '''Van yat <u>ijbu</u> bay fyadil.''' ....''Let's <u>begin</u> with a prayer.'' ('''''jussive''''') :::* '''Se kyitesa <u>van et puu</u> jwa.''' ....''It's important <u>that you arrive</u> early.'' (''''subjunctive''''') :::* '''Se kyitesa <u>von et puu</u> jwo.'''....''It's important <u>that you not arrive</u> late.'' ('''''negative subjunctive''''') :: Hypothetical verb forms ending in '''-u''' can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the following syntactical patterns in the sentence: ::* Generally, if a verb form ending in '''-u''' begins a sentence and has no subject, then it is an IMPERATIVE (a command). For example, '''Ipu!''', ''Go away!''. ::* If the verb form has a subject not preceded by the complementizers '''van''', '''ven''', or '''von''', then it is probably a conditional predicate like '''At fu per.'''....''I <u>would like</u> to go.''. ::* If the subject of the verb is preceded by '''ven'''....''if'', then it is a conditional clause as in '''Ven at <u>su</u> nasikat...'''....''If I <u>were</u> a rich man.''. ::* If the subject is preceded by '''Van'''....''that/let/may'' or '''von'''....''don't'', then it is a hortative wish like '''Van et yagteju.'''....''May you live long.'' or a jussive suggestion like '''Van yat fyadilu.'''....''Let us pray.'' or a prohibition like '''Von tiliu his!'''....''Don't drink this!''. === Voices === : Mirad has four voices: ::* Active ::* Passive ::* Reflexive ::* Reciprocal. ==== Active Voice ==== : The default voice is active, i.e. the subject of the verb is doing the action. ::* '''At teata ha kyes.'''....''I saw the event.'' ==== Passive Voice ==== : A verb form is converted from active to passive by inserting a '''w''' just after the stem of the verb form. The past passive particle ending '''-waa''' is usually abbreviated to '''-wa''' (''done'' is '''xwa'''). However, if the verb stem ends in a consonant plus '''l''' or '''r''', then '''-wa''' is changed to '''-awa''' for ease of pronunciation, eg. '''dr<u>awa</u>'''....''written''. : The following chart shows the distinction between active and passive voice of various verbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:4.8em" |+ Contrasting Active and Passive Voice ! Verb Form !! Active !! Active<br>Example !! Passive !! Passive<br>Example |- !row=1| Infinitive | '''xer'''<br>''to do'' || '''At fe xer fi.'''<br>''I want to do well.'' || '''xwer'''<br>''to be done'' || '''Ese hyos xwer.'''<br>''There is nothing to be done.'' |- !row=1| Present Participle | '''sexea'''<br>''constructing'' || '''Ha nunxob sexea hia tom...'''<br>''The firm constructing this building...''|| '''sexewa'''<br>''being constructed'' || '''His se sexewa.'''<br>''This is under construction.'' |- !row=1| Present | '''xe'''<br>''do/does'' ||'''At xe fi be tixam.'''<br>''I do well in school.'' || '''xwe'''<br>''is done'' || '''Huyenasi hoj xwe.'''<br>''Such things are never done.'' |- !row=1| Past Participle | '''xaa'''<br>''having done'' || '''Iyt, xaa hya iyta yex,...'''<br>''She, having done all her work,...'' ||'''xwa'''<br>''done'' || '''Hyas se xwa.'''<br>''Everything is done.'' |- !row=1| Past | '''tojba'''<br>''killed'' || '''Duhot tojba hwut?'''<br>''Who killed that guy?'' || '''tojbwa'''<br>''was killed'' || '''Duhoj wit tojbwa?'''<br>''When was he killed?'' |- !row=1| Hypothetical | '''bakxu'''<br>''heal'' || '''Bakxu at!'''<br>''Heal me!'' || '''bakxwu'''<br>''be healed'' || '''Van iyt bakxwu.'''<br>''May she be healed.'' |} : Intransitive verbs cannot be made passive. For example, '''tajer'''....''to be born'' is intransitive (takes no object) and has no passive voice form. However, the transitive verb '''tajber'''....''to bear, give birth'' can be passive, as in '''Ha tudet <u>tajbwa</u> zajub.'''....''The child <u>was delivered</u> yesterday'' (as opposed to '''Ha tudet <u>taja</u> zajub.'''....''The child <u>was born</u> yesterday.)'' Notice how this works with '''yijer''' (''to open''): ::* '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened (by itself).'' (medio-passive) ::* '''Ha mes yijjpa.'''....''The door came open.'' (dynamic medio-passive) ::* '''Yijbu ha mes.'''....''Open the door.'' (transitive active) ::* '''Ha mes yijbwa.'''....''The door was opened (by someone).'' (passive) : Impassive verbs form their past particple with the ending '''ya''', but these forms are somewhat rare. Here are some examples: ::* '''per'''....''to go'' -> '''pya'''....''gone'' ::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'' -> '''tajya'''....''born'' (ex.'''Jesus tajya bi Marya.''''....''Jesus, born of Mary'') ::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' -> '''tojya'''....''dead'' ::* '''loteaser'''....''to disappear'' -> '''loteasya'''....''disappeared'' (ex. '''Ha loteasya tobi be Arogem.'''....''the disappeared persons in Argentina.'') ==== Reflexive Voice ==== :: A verb is made reflexive by prefixing the reflexive pronoun '''ut''' (''self''), for example: :::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' <big>→</big> '''uttojber'''....''to kill oneself'' :::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' <big>→</big> '''utvyilxer'''....''to wash up'' :::* '''teater'''....''to see'' <big>→</big> '''utteater'''....''to see oneself'' :::* '''yabler'''....''to lift'' <big>→</big> '''utyabler'''....''to lift oneself'' → '''Utyablu!'''....''Lift yourself up!'' :::* '''trer'''....''to know'' <big>→</big> '''uttrer'''....''to know oneself'' → '''Uttru!'''....''Know thyself!'' ==== Reciprocal Voice ==== :: A verb is made reciprocal by prefixing the reciprocal pronoun '''hyuit'''....''one another'', for example: :::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' <big>→</big> '''hyuittojber'''....''to kill one another'' :::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' <big>→</big> '''hyuitvyilxer'''....''to wash one another'' :::* '''teater'''....''to see'' <big>→</big> '''hyuitteater'''....''to see one another'' :: Both the reflexive pronoun and reciprocal pronoun can be used as standalone objects. However, the plural form '''yut''' is used if the subject is plural, for example: :::* '''Yit vyilxa <u>yut</u>.'''....''They (f.) washed up. (= washed <u>selves</u>).'' :::* '''Ha twobeti dizeuda <u>hyuit</u>.'''....''The boys laughed at <u>one another</u>.'' :: The word '''hyuit''' is a hybrid of '''hyit'''....''the same one'' combined with '''hyut'''....''the other one''. ==== Aspects Revisited ==== : Mirad verbs have the following aspects: ::* '''''Simple''''' -- this is the default aspect, shown above, i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-potential. ::* '''''Progressive''''' -- this is an aspect where the verb describes an on-going action or state spread over time. ::* '''''Perfect''''' -- this presents the action or state as anterior, or completed prior to another action or state. ::* '''''Immininent''''' -- this describes an action or state ''about to happen.'' ::* '''''Potential''''' -- this refers to an action or state where something is ''possible''. ==== The Simple Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Simple aspect. In the active voice, the tense vowels '''a''', '''e''', '''o''', and '''u''' are affixed to the stem. In the passive voice, the passive marker consonant '''w''' is inserted between the stem and the final tense vowels. The simple present tense refers to actions or states that are habitual (''I regularly go to school.''), regular (''The earth revolves around the sun.''), or permanent (''Blue is a color.''). The simple past refers to actions or states that occurred at a fixed point in time (''I did my homework last night.''). The simple future refers to actions or states that will occur at some particular point in the future (''The sun will rise tomorrow at dawn.''). The simple atemporal hypothetical ( = conditional) refers to an imagined action or state that has not be realized (''You would make a good president.''). :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow ;font-size:smaller;" |+ Simple Aspect |- ! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Simple !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>e</u>'''....''I do'' || '''Has x<u>we</u>'''....''It is done'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>a</u>'''....''I did'' || '''Has x<u>wa</u>'''....''It was done'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Future !! Indicative | '''At x<u>o</u>'''....''I will do'' || '''Has x<u>wo</u>'''....''It will be done'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical | '''At x<u>u</u>'''....''I would do''¹ || '''Has x<u>wu</u>'''....''It would be done'' |} : 1: Absence of tense (Atemporal) + Hypothetical mood = '''''conditional'''''. ==== The Progressive Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Progressive aspect. The present tense vowel '''e''' followed by a buffer consonant, are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller; " |+ Progressive Aspect |- ! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Progressive !! Present !! Indicative | '''at x<u>eye</u>'''....''I am doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewe</u>'''....''it is being done'' |- !row=1| Progressive !! Past !! Indicative | '''at x<u>eya</u>'''....''I was doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewa</u>'''....''it was being done'' |- !row=1| Progressive !! Future !! Indicative | '''at x<u>eyo</u>'''....''I am going to be doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewo</u>'''....''it will be happening'' |- !row=1| Progressive !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical | '''at x<u>eyu</u>'''....''I would be doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewu</u>'''....''it would be happening'' |} ==== The Perfect Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Perfect aspect. The past tense vowel '''a''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Perfect Aspect |- ! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Perfect !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>aye</u>'''....''I have done'' || '''Has x<u>awe</u>'''....''It has been done'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>aya</u>'''....''I had done'' || '''Has x<u>awa</u>'''....''It had been done'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Future !! Indicative |'''At x<u>ayo</u>'''....''I will have done'' || '''Has x<u>awo</u>'''....''It will have been done'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical | '''At x<u>ayu</u>'''....''I would have done'' || '''Has x<u>awu</u>'''....''It would have been done'' |} ==== The Imminent Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Imminent aspect (sometimes referred to as the Prospective aspect). The future tense vowel '''o''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. Not that only indicative mood imminent tenses are ever used. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Imminent Aspect |- ! Aspect || Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Imminent !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>oye</u>'''....''I am about to do'' || '''Has x<u>owe</u>'''....''It is about to be done'' |- !row=1| Imminent !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>oya</u>'''....''I was about to do'' || '''Has x<u>owa</u>'''....''It was about to be done'' |} ==== The Potential Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Potential aspect. The hypothetical vowel '''u''' followed by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. The future potential and hypothetical potential aspects are never used. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Potential Aspect |- ! ASPECT !! TENSE !! MOOD !! ACTIVE VOICE !! PASSIVE VOICE |- !row=1| Potential !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>uye</u>'''....''I am to do'' || '''Has x<u>uwe</u>'''....''It is to be done, it is doable'' |- !row=1| Potential !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>uya</u>'''....''I was to do'' || '''Has x<u>uwa</u>'''....''It was to be done, it was doable'' |} == Verb Conjugation Chart == : The following chart presents the totality of the Mirad affirmative verb conjugation system using the verb '''xer'''....''to do'' and its passive '''xwer'''....''to be done, happen''. The rows beginning with a light blue background are finite forms, while those beginning with light green are non-finite forms. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Conjugation Chart |- valign=top !rowspan=2| State !!rowspan=2| Mood !!rowspan=2| Aspect !!rowspan=2| Tense !! colspan=4|Voice |- ! Active!!Passive |- ! rowspan=16 style="background: lightblue"|Finite !!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Simple !! Present | '''xe''' <br>''does''||'''xwe'''<br>''is done, happens'' |- ! Past | '''xa''' <br>''did''||'''xwa'''<br>''was done, happened'' |- ! Future | '''xo''' <br>''will do''||'''xwo'''<br>''will be done, will happen'' |- ! Hypothetical|| | '''xu''' <br>''would do, do!''||'''xwu'''<br>''would be done, would happen, be done!'' |- !rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Progressive !! Present | '''xeye'''<br>''is doing''||'''xewe'''<br>''is being done, is happening'' |- ! Past | '''xeya''' <br>''was doing''||'''xewa'''<br>''was doing, was happening'' |- ! Future | '''xeyo'''<br>''will be doing''||'''xewo'''<br>''will be happening'' |- ! Hypothetical|| | '''xeyu''' <br>''would be doing''<br>''be doing!''||'''xewu'''<br>''would be happening'' |- !rowspan=3|Indicative !! rowspan=4| Perfect !! Present | '''xaye''' <br>''has done''||'''xawe''' <br>''has been done, has happened'' |- ! Past | '''xaya''' <br>''had done''||'''xawa'''<br>''had been done, had happened'' |- ! Future | '''xayo''' <br>''will have done''||'''xawo''' <br>''will have been done, will have happened'' |- ! Hypothetical !! | '''xayu''' <br>''would have done''||'''xawu'''<br>''would have been done, would have happened'' |- !rowspan=4| Indicative !! rowspan=2|Imminent !! Present | '''xoye''' <br>''is about to do''||'''xowe'''<br>''is about to be done, is about to happen'' |- ! Past | '''xoya'''<br>''was to be done'' ||'''xowa'''<br>''was to be done, was to happen'' |- ! rowspan=2|Potential !! Present | '''xuye'''<br>''is supposed to do'' ||'''xuwe''' <br>''is supposed to happen'' |- ! Past | '''xuya''' <br>''was supposed to do''||'''xuwa'''<br>''was supposed to be done, was supposed to happen'' |- ! colspan=6 style="background: black"| |- ! rowspan=2 style="background: lightgreen"|Infinitive !! !! Simple !! rowspan=8| | '''xer'''<br>''to do''||'''xwer'''<br>''to be done, to happen'' |- ! !! Perfect | '''xayer'''<br>''to have done''||'''xawer'''<br>''to have been done, to have happend'' |- ! colspan=6 style="background: black"| |- ! rowspan=4 style="background: lightgreen"|Participle !! !! Progressive | '''xea'''<br>''doing'' ||'''xewa'''<br>''being done, happening'' |- ! !! Perfect | '''x(a)ya²''' <br>''having done''||'''x(a)wa¹'''<br>''done, happened'' |- ! !! Imminent | '''xoa''' <br>''about to do''||'''xowa'''<br>''about to happen'' |- ! !! Potential | '''xua'''<br>''bound to do'' ||'''xuwa'''<br>''doable'' |- ! colspan=6 style="background: black"| |- !rowspan=2 style="background: lightgreen" |Gerund ! !! Simple !! | '''xen''' <br>''doing''||'''xwen''' <br>''being done, happening, event'' |- ! !! Perfect !! | '''xayen'''<br>''having done''||'''xawen'''<br>''having happened'' |} : Note 1: Intransitive verbs such as '''per''' ''to go'' have no passive forms. An expression such as ''They are gone.'' would be translated as '''Yit se pya'''. == Negative Forms == : All of the above verb forms are affirmative. The indicative and conditional forms can be made negative by using the negative adverb '''voy''' (''not'', '' 'nt'', ''doesn't'', ''don't''). Those forms that are subjunctive, jussive, or imperative ending in '''-u''' use the negative subordinate conjunction '''von''' (''don't'', ''let not'', ''lest''). : '''voy'''....''not'' ::* '''At <u>voy</u> te.'''....''I <u>don</u>'t know.'' (indicative) ::* '''<u>Voy</u> mamilo.'''....''It will <u>not</u> rain.'' (indicative) ::* '''At <u>voy</u> xu hus.'''....''I would <u>not</u> do that.'' (conditional) : '''von'''....''Let's not, don't, let it not'' ::* '''<u>Von</u> mamilu.'''....''<u>Let it not</u> rain.'' (subjunctive) ::* '''<u>Von</u> yat fuyaku.'''....''<u>Let</u> us <u>not</u> despair.'' (jussive) ::* '''<u>Von</u> pu!'''....''<u>Don't</u> go.'' (imperative) : Participles, gerunds, and infinitives can be negated with the prefix '''o-''' (''un-, non-''). ::* '''tosea'''....''feeling'' -> '''otosea'''....''unfeeling'' ::* '''xwa'''....''done'' -> '''oxwa'''....''undone'' ::* '''teliwa'''....''eaten'' -> '''oteliwa'''....''uneaten'' ::* '''tejen'''....''living'' -> '''otejen'''....''not living'' ::* '''buen'''....''giving'' -> '''obuen'''....''not giving'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' -> '''obuer'''....''not to give'' ::* '''ter'''....''to know'' => '''oter'''....''not to know, i.e. to ignore'' == How to Express Certain English Tenses == : English speakers have some tenses that do not fit into the above schema: ::* The English tense ''I have been studying French for four years.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At tixeye Ferad ji uwa jabi.'''....''I am studying French since four years.'' (Mirad present progressive tense). ::* The English tense ''I had been studying'' is translated in Mirad by '''At tixeya'''. (Mirad past progressive tense). ::* The English tense ''I am going to be starring in that role.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At dezdebeyo be hua dezgon.''' (Mirad future progressive). ::* The modern Black English tense ''Don't you be doing that.'' is handled in Mirad by '''Von et xeyu hus.''' (Mirad imperative progressive). == Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs == : Transitive verbs, which can take a direct object, oppose themselves to intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct object. Some verbs are marked overtly for transitivity. : Verbs that end in '''xer''' (''to do, -ify, -ize'') are by nature transitive, and often have intransitive counterparts in '''ser''' (''to be, become, -ify, -ize''). Likewise, verbs ending in '''ber''' (''to put, take'') are transitive and have intransitive counterparts in '''per''' (''to go''). Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Transitive vs. Intransitive |- ! Transitive !! Intransitive |- | '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ser'''....''be'' |- | '''agxer'''....''grow (something)'' || '''agser'''....''grow (up)'' |- | '''amxer'''....''heat, make hot'' || '''amser'''....''become hot, heat up'' |- | '''puxer'''....''throw'' || '''puser'''....''jump'' |- | '''per'''....''go'' || '''ber'''....''put'' |- | '''aber'''....''put on'' || '''aper'''....''get on'' |- | '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' |- | '''poxer'''....''stop (something)'' || '''poser'''....''(come to a) stop'' |- | '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach'' |- | '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter'' |} ::* '''At <u>agxe</u> vobi.'''....''I <u>grow</u> [TRANSITIVE] plants.'' ::* '''Ha vobi <u>agseye</u> ig.'''....''The plants <u>are growing</u> [INTRANSITIVE] fast.'' ::* '''<u>Poxu</u> ha pur!'''....''<u>Stop</u> [TRANSITIVE] the car!'' ::* '''Ha pur <u>posa</u>.'''....''The car <u>stopped</u> [INTRANSITIVE].'' ::* '''At <u>yaba</u> ha mis.'''....''I <u>raised</u> [TRANSITIVE] the window.'' ::* '''Ha maar <u>yapaye</u>.'''....''The sun <u>has risen</u> [INTRANSITIVE].'' === Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity === : Note the following verbs, whose stems end in '''j''' are hard to pronounce with intransitive '''s''' and transitive '''x''', so these two endings are placed with '''p''' and '''b''', respectively, although the presence of the '''p''' is optional, i.e. it's presence or absence can slightly change the meaning from static to dynamic, eg. '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' vs. '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep''. The transitive forms can be either active or passive. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity |- ! colspan=2|Intransitive !! colspan=2|Transitive |- ! Static !! Dynamic !! Active !! Passive |- | '''Ha mes <u>yija</u>'''<br>''The door <u>opened</u>.'' || '''Ha nasyef <u>yijpa</u>'''<br>''The purse <u>came open</u>.'' || '''At <u>yijba</u> ha mes.'''<br>''I <u>opened</u> the door.'' || '''Ha mes <u>yijbwa</u> bey yelput.'''<br>''The door <u>was opened</u> by an intruder'' |- | '''Ha mes <u>yuja</u>.'''<br>''The door <u>closed</u>.'' || '''Ha yanup <u>yujpa</u>.'''<br>''The meeting <u>adjourned</u>.'' || '''At <u>yujba</u> ha mes.'''<br>''I <u>closed</u> the door.''||'''Ha mes yeyfe <u>yujbwer</u> ja sumjob.'''<br>''The door should <u>be closed</u> by bedtime.'' |- | '''Ha dezun <u>ijaye</u>.'''<br>''The play <u>has started</u>.''||'''Ha par <u>ijpa</u> boy poys.'''<br>''The car <u>started up</u> immediately.'' ||'''At <u>ijba</u> ata tyal.'''<br>''I <u>started</u> my meal.''||'''Ha tyal <u>ijbwa</u> jwa.'''<br>''The meal <u>was started</u> early.'' |- | '''Ha dezun <u>ujaye</u>.'''<br>''The play has <u>ended</u>.''||'''Ata yex <u>ujpaye</u>.'''<br>''My work <u>has come to an end</u>.'' || '''A <u>ujba</u> ha dyes.'''<br>''I <u>finished</u> the book.''||'''Ha dyes hyoj <u>ujbwa</u>.'''<br>''The book never <u>got finished</u>.'' |- | '''Ha tob <u>toja</u> zomoj.'''<br>''The man <u>died</u> yesterday evening.''||'''Ha tob <u>tojpa</u>.'''<br>''The man <u>dropped dead.</u>'' || '''Hot <u>tojba</u> ha twob?'''<br>''Who <u>killed</u> the man?''||'''Ha twob <u>tojbwa</u> bey ita tayd.'''<br>''The man <u>was killed</u> by his wife.'' |- | '''<u>Teju</u>.'''<br>''<u>Live!</u>.''||'''<u>Tejpu!</u>.'''<br>''<u>Come alive!</u>.'' || '''Yat efe <u>tejber</u> ha twob.'''<br>''We need to <u>revive</u> the man.''||'''Ha twob yofwa <u>tejbwer</u>.'''<br>''The man could not <u>be revived</u>.'' |- | '''Ha tobot <u>taja</u> zojub.'''<br>''The baby <u>was born</u> yesterday.'' || '''Hoj ha tobot <u>tajpo</u>?'''<br>''When <u>will</u> the baby <u>pop out</u>?'' || '''Iyt <u>tajba</u> awa twobot zojub.'''<br>''She <u>gave birth</u> to a baby boy yesterday.''||'''Ha twobot <u>tajbwa</u> jo eymoj.'''<br>''The baby boy was <u>birthed</u> after midnight.'' |- | '''At <u>tija</u> jwe.'''<br>''I <u>woke up</u> on time.''||'''It voy <u>tijpa</u>.'''<br>''He did not <u>come to.</u>.'' || '''At <u>tijbo</u> et jwa.'''<br>''I will <u>wake (you) up</u> early.''||'''At voy fe <u>tijbwo</u> gra jwa.'''<br>''I don't want to <u>be woken</u> too early.'' |- | '''At <u>tujeya</u>.'''<br>''I was <u>sleeping.</u>''||'''At <u>tujpeya</u>.'''<br>''I was <u>falling sleep</u>.'' || '''At <u>tujbo</u> it.'''<br>''I will <u>put (him) to sleep.</u>.''||'''Ha tobot <u>tujbwo</u> glojo.'''<br>''The baby <u>will be put to sleep</u> soon.'' |} == Reflexive Verbs == [[File:TWC Hokitika Gorge • Stewart Nimmo • MRD 1.jpg|thumb|]] : Reflexive verbs, where the object refers back to the subject, work just as in English, where the object is a reflexive pronoun, eg.: ::* '''At tujboye aut.'''....''I am going to kill myself.'' ::* '''Tru eut!'''....''Know thyself!'' ::* '''It gobla iut bey goblar.'''....''He cut himself with a knife.'' ::* '''Ot yefe yuxer out.'''....''One must help oneself.'' : Sometimes, verbs are reflexive lexically and incorporate the reflexivity in the actual verb form using '''ut''' as the prefix: ::* '''uttujber'''....''commit suicide (= self-kill)'' ::* '''utboler'''....''support oneself (= self-support)'' ::* '''utdider'''....''wonder (= self-ask)'' : Sometimes, verbs are used reflexively in Mirad even though they are used simply intransitively in English, eg.: ::* '''Et efe <u>vyilxer eut</u>.'''....''You need to wash up [= <u>wash yourself</u>].'' (or) ::* '''Et efe <u>utvyilxer</u>.'''....''You need to wash up [= <u>self-wash</u>].'' == Omission of Prepositions After Certain Verbs == :: Some verbs inherently incorporate a preposition and so it is not necessary to use that assumed preposition before what would normally be an indirect object. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Inherent Propositions |- ! Preposition-Incorporating Verb !! Example |- | '''per'''....''go (to)'' || '''Pu tam!''' (Not: '''Pu bu tam!''') ''Go home.''<br>'''It pa Paris.'''....''He went to Paris.'' |- | '''der'''....''say (to), tell'' || '''Du at eta dyun.'''....''Tell me your name.''<br>'''Du at has.'''....''Tell it to me.'' |- | '''peser'''....''wait (for)'' || '''Pesu at.'''....''Wait for me.'' |- | '''buer'''....''give (to)'' || '''Buu at hua dyes.'''....''Give me that book.'' |} :: As in English, in omitting the inherent preposition in a sentence with both a direct object and an indirect object, place the indirect object before the direct object. If the direct object comes first, then the preposition must be overtly specified before the indirect object, eg. '''Buu <u>at</u> hus.'''....''Give me that.'' or '''Buu hus <u>bu at</u>.'''....''Give that <u>to me</u>.'' See more about this in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Syntax|Syntax]]. == Causative vs. Inchoative Verbs == : A causative verb has the sense ''to make something have some quality'', whereas an inchoative verbs means ''to become or take on the quality of something.'' === Derived from Adjectives === : Adjectives can be converted into transitive/causative and intransitive/inchoative verbs. Causative verbs are always transitive (taking an object), while inchoative verbs are intransitive (not taking an object). English causative / inchoative verbs often end in ''-ify'' like ''magnify'', or ''-ate'', ''liberate'', or ''ize'', like ''sensitize''. : To derive a causative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''-xer'''....''to do'' to either the stem or the whole adjective (with the '''a''' ending). Whether you do the former or the latter depends on several factors, but the end result is slightly different in nuance. A verb with adjective stem + '''-xer''' is slightly more idiomatic or less literal than the adjective stem + '''axer'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ -axer vs -xer in Transitive Verbs |- ! Adjective !! Causative/Transitive !! Causative/Transitive |- ! '''-xer''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic |- | '''aga'''<br>''big'' || '''ag<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to magnify'' || '''agxer'''<br>''to grow'' |- | '''ana'''<br>''one'' || '''an<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to unify'' || '''anxer'''<br>''to unite'' |- | '''yona'''<br>''apart'' || '''yon<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to separate'' || '''yonxer'''<br>''to cut'' |- | '''yaga'''<br>''long'' || '''yag<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to lengthen'' || '''yagxer'''<br>''to stretch'' |- | '''yuga'''<br>''slow'' || '''yug<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to retard'' || '''yugxer''' <br>''to brake'' |- | '''sana'''<br>''formal'' || '''san<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to formalize'' || '''sanxer'''<br>''to form'' |- | '''gea'''<br>''equal'' || '''ge<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to equalize'' || '''gexer'''<br>''to copy, equate'' |- | '''jaa'''<br>''prior'' || '''ja<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to prioritize'' || '''jaxer'''<br>''to prepare'' |- | '''aota'''<br>''personal'' || '''aot<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to personalize'' || '''aotxer'''<br>''to personify'' |} : To derive an inchoative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''ser'''....''to be'' to either the stem or the whole adjective. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Creating Inchoative Verbs |- ! Adjective !! Inchoative/Intransitive !! Inchoative/Intransitive |- ! '''-ser''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic |- | '''aga'''<br>''big'' || '''ag<u>a</u>ser'''<br>''to get bigger'' || '''agser'''<br>''to grow'' |- | '''ana'''<br>''one'' || '''an<u>a</u>ser'''<br>''to unify'' || '''anser'''<br>''to unite, become united'' |- | '''yona'''<br>''apart'' || '''yon<u>a</u>ser'''<br>''to become separate'' || '''yonser'''<br>''to break'' |- |} : Be careful to use the transitive, causative verb form when you have a direct object, and the intransitive, inchoative verb form when no direct objects are present or possible, eg.: ::* '''<u>Ansu</u> ey yet golxwo.'''....''<u>Unite</u> or you will be divided.'' [INTRANSITIVE] ::* '''At <u>yontadsa</u> hoj at sa eta jag.'''....''I <u>got divorced</u> when I was your age.'' [INTRANSITIVE] ::* '''Hisi <u>agaxo</u> hos et teate.'''....''These <u>will magnify</u> what you see.'' [TRANSITIVE] ::* '''Hia tud <u>agseye</u> ig.'''....''This child <u>is growing up</u> fast.'' [INTRANSITIVE] ::* '''Ata tayd <u>agxe</u> vosi be oyebzom.'''....''My wife <u>grows</u> flowers out back.'' [TRANSITIVE] === Derived from Nouns === : Transitive/causative/active and intransitive/inchoative/passive verbs can also be formed from nouns. The sense of the former is ''to make be X'' and of the latter, ''to become X''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verbs Derived from Nouns |- ! Noun !! Transitive/Causative/Active !! Intransitive/Inchoative/Passive |- | '''mog'''....''ash'' || '''mogxer'''<br>''to incinerate'' || '''mogser'''<br>''to become ashes'' |- | '''yan'''....''collection'' || '''yanxer'''<br>''to collect'' || '''yanser'''<br>''to get together'' |- | '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''tadxer'''<br>''to marry'' || '''tadser'''<br>''to get married'' |- | '''yom'''....''ice'' || '''yomxer'''<br>''to freeze/make ice'' || '''yomser'''<br>''to freeze/become ice'' |- | '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''magxer'''<br>''to burn, set fire to'' || '''magser'''<br>''to burn, get burned'' |- | '''uk'''....''void'' || '''ukxer'''<br>''to empty'' || '''ukser'''<br>''become empty, empty out'' |} === Intermediary Causative Verbs === : Intermediary verbal causatives like ''have/get my car washed'', ''make/force him go'', ''get one's hair cut'' are formed by suffixing the causative verb infix '''-ux-''' (active) or '''uxw''' (passive) to the stem of the verb signifying the action to be arranged or caused by someone other than the subject, eg.: ::* '''At gobl<u>ux</u>o ata tayeb zajub.'''....''I will get my hair cut tomorrow.'' ::* '''Et voy yafe p<u>ux</u>er at.'''....''You cannot make me go.'' ::* '''It tojb<u>ux</u>a yit.'''....''He had them killed.'' ::* '''At efe vyilx<u>ux</u>er ata pur.'''....''I need to have my car washed.'' ::* '''Et up<u>ux</u>wa him av hes.'''....''You were made to come here for some reason.'' ::* '''At bakamb<u>ux</u>o et.'''....''I will have you hospitalized.'' ::* '''Et voy yafe deuz<u>ux</u>er at.'''....''You cannot make me sing.'' ::* '''At hihid<u>ux</u>wa.'''....''I was tickled (= made to laugh).'' ::* '''Eta deuz hihid<u>ux</u>a yat.'''....''Your song tickled us. (= Made us laugh.)'' ::* '''Van het ivas<u>ux</u>u weti.'''....''May someone get you guys to be happy.'' ::* '''Hua enzyukpur uzp<u>ux</u>a yata pur.'''....''That motorcycle caused our car to veer.'' == Subject-directed vs. Patient-directed Verbs == : The directionality of some verbs can be distinguished by the verbal formant infix '''-i-''' for an action or motion toward the speaker and '''-u-''' for an action or motion away from the speaker toward some patient, eg.: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Directional Verbs |- ! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed |- | '''b<u>i</u>er'''....''to take'' || '''b<u>u</u>er'''....''to give'' |- | '''nier'''....''to consume'' || '''nuer'''....''to supply'' |- | '''nyier'''....''to order'' || '''nyuer'''....''to deliver'' |- | '''nazunier'''....''win a prize'' || '''nazunuer'''....''award a prize'' |- | '''noysier'''....''pay off'' || '''noysuer'''....''charge'' |- | '''ojbier'''....''borrow'' || '''ojbuer'''....''lend'' |- | '''tadier'''....''get married'' || '''taduer'''....''marry off'' |- | '''papier'''....''take flight'' || '''papuer'''....''send off flying'' |- | '''pipier'''....''set sail'' || '''pipuer'''....''dock'' |- | '''simbier'''....''take a seat'' || '''simbuer'''....''offer a seat'' |- | '''tampier'''....''leave home'' || '''tampuer'''....''arrive home'' |- | '''tamier'''....''settle in'' || '''tamuer'''....''shelter'' |- | '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' |- | '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed'' |- | '''gonbier'''....''to participate'' || '''gonbuer'''....''to share'' |- | '''tilier'''....''to drink'' || '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink'' |- | '''teubier'''....''to swallow'' || '''teubuer'''....''to spit out'' |- | '''teatier'''....''to observe, watch'' || '''teatuer'''....''to show'' |- | '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind'' |- | '''alier'''....''to breathe in'' || '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, expire'' |- | '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour'' |- | '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please'' |- | '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''duer'''....''to suggest'' |- | '''tier'''....''to learn'' || '''tuer'''....''to inform'' |- | '''pier'''....''to depart'' || '''puer'''....''to arrive'' |- | '''kebier'''....''to choose'' || '''kebuer'''....''to distribute'' |- | '''byier'''....''to originate'' || '''byuer'''....''to target'' |- | '''mempier'''....''to take off'' || '''mempuer'''....''to land'' |- | '''sinier'''....''visualize'' || '''sinuer'''....''display'' |- | '''xier'''....''to result'' || '''xuer'''....''to cause'' |- | '''yifier'''....''to get up the courage'' || '''yifuer'''....''to encourage, challenge'' |- | '''yafonier'''....''to gain power'' || '''yafonuer'''....''to empower'' |- | '''trier'''....''to become acquainted with'' || '''truer'''....''to acquaint with, introduce to'' |- | '''tepzexier'''....''to draw attention'' || '''tepzexuer'''....''to focus attention on'' |- | '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge'' |- | '''dyunier'''....''to assume the name of'' || '''dyunuer'''....''to bestow the name of'' |- | '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of'' || '''abfinuer'''....''to favor'' |- | '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed'' |- | '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''...''to pour'' |} : In some cases, the directionality can be both ways in a verb, in which case the verb formant infix '''-ui-''' (a hybrid form) is used, eg.: ::* '''nunier '''....''to purchase'' (subject-directed) ::* '''nunuer'''....''to sell'' (patient-directed) ::* '''nunuier'''....''to trade'' (subject & patient-directed) ::* '''tier'''....''to learn, realize'' (subject-directed) ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform, tip off'' (patient-directed) ::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' (subject & patient-directed) ::* '''alier'''....''to breathe in, inhale'' (subject-directed) ::* '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, exhale'' (patient-directed) ::* '''aluier'''....''to breathe, respire'' (subject & patient-directed) ::* '''bier '''....''to take'' (subject-directed) ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' (patient-directed) ::* '''buier'''....''to give and take, exchange'' (subject & patient-directed) == Bi-radical Verbs == : Some verbs are formed using two verb roots together. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Bi-radical Verbs |- ! Verb Root 1 !! Verb Root 2 !! Bi-radical Verb |- | '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' |- | '''nixer'''....''to earn'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' |- | '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''....''to choose'' |- | '''uper'''....''to come'' || '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''updier'''....''to invite'' |- | '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''der'''....''to tell'' || '''teader'''....''to testify'' |- | '''teeter'''....''to hear'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''teadrer'''....''to report'' |- | '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''teaper'''....''to visit'' |- | '''texer'''....''to think'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention'' |- | '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''pixer'''....''to catch'' || '''kexpixer'''....''to hunt'' |- | '''yeker'''....''to try'' || '''teexer'''....''to listen'' || '''yekteexer'''....''to try (in court)'' |} == Verbs with Vectorial Prefixes == : Prepositions and directional adverbs can be prefixed to verbs in order to change their vectorial semantics. A preposition ending in '''b''' will assimilate to '''p''' before the verb '''per'''....''to go'' and a preposition ending in '''b''' will lose the '''b''' before a verb beginning with '''b'''. If, however, this assimilation results in an ambiguity, the '''b''' of the prefix stays put. For example, '''eb''' (''between'') + '''byexer''' (''to hit'') = '''ebbyexer''' (''to fight''), because '''ebyexer''' could be interpreted as ''to inter-work''. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Prepositional Prefixes |- ! Preposition/Adverb !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply'' || '''aper'''....''get on, mount'' |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove'' || '''oper'''....''get of, dismount'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebbyexer'''....''fight'' || '''ebyexer'''....''to interwork'' |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring near'' || '''yuper'''....''approach'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''go far away'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yepuxer'''....''throw in'' || '''yepuser'''....''jump in'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyeber'''....''expose'' || '''oyeper'''....''exit'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyepuxer'''....''eject'' || '''oyepuser'''....''jump out'' |- | '''zyu'''....''round'' || '''zyuber'''....''rotate'' || '''zyuper'''....''revolve'' |- | '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zyaber'''....''spread'' || '''zyaper'''....''tour'' |- | '''av'''....''for'' || '''avdaler'''....''plead'' || '''avper'''....''pursue'' |- | '''ov'''....''against'' || '''ovber'''....''oppose'' || '''ovper'''....''countervene'' |- | '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''compose'' || '''yanper'''....''meet'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''separate'' || '''yonper'''....''separate'' |- | '''iz'''....''direct'' || '''izber'''....''lead'' || '''izper'''....''head'' |- | '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''diverge'' |- | '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzbexer'''....''surround'' || '''yuzper'''....''circulate'' |- | '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''transfer'' || '''yizper'''....''surpass'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back, re-'' || '''zoyber'''....''return'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' |} == Verbs with Other Semantics-altering Prefixes == : As in English and many other languages, prefixes can be used on verbs to reverse, mitigate, or otherwise alter the semantics: === Expressing ''re-'' with '''zoy-''' or '''gaw-''' === : The prefix '''zoy-'''....''back'' or '''gaw-¹'''....''again'' are used like the English prefix ''re-'', eg.: ::* '''ember'''....''to position'' → '''<u>zoy</u>ember'''....''to <u>re</u>position, <u>re</u>place'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>zoy</u>buer'''....''to <u>re</u>turn (an object), give back'' ::* '''sanxer'''....''to shape, form'' → '''<u>zoy</u>sanxer'''....''to <u>re</u>shape, <u>re</u>form, <u>trans</u>form'' ::* '''zyauber'''....''to broadcast'' → '''gawzyauber'''....''to re-broadcast'' ::* '''taja'''....''born'' → '''gawtaja'''....''reborn'' ::* '''aber'''....''to apply'' → '''gawaber'''....''to reapply'' ::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''zoyuper'''....''to return (come back)'' ::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' → '''<u>gaw</u>teaper'''....''to <u>re</u>visit'' ::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''<u>zoy</u>uper'''....''to <u>re</u>turn, come <u>back</u>'' ::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''<u>zoy</u>buxer'''....''to <u>re</u>pel, push <u>back</u>'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zoy</u>puxer'''....''to <u>re</u>ject, throw <u>back</u>, jettison'' : Note 1: The prefix '''gaw-''' before a consonant is pronounced like the ''gaw'' in the English word ''gawk''. It is short for '''ga awa jod''' or '''gawa''' meaning ''one more time, again''. If the "re-" word means ''to do something again'', then '''gaw-''' is used, eg. ''To reconvene'' ( = ''meet again'')....'''gawyanuper''' If the sense of ''back'' is intended, than the prefix '''zoy-''' is used, eg. ''To return'' ( = ''come back'')....'''zoyuper'''. Both prefixes are used in the expression ''Come back again!''....'''Gawzoyupu!'''. :''Until we meet again'' or ''au revoir'' is expressed by '''Ju gawyanup.''' === Expressing ''de-, dis-, un-'' with '''lo-''' === : The prefix '''lo-''' reverses the semantics of a verb and is like English ''dis-'', ''de-'', or ''un-'', eg.: ::* '''saxer'''....''to build, construct'' → '''<u>lo</u>saxer'''....''to <u>de</u>stroy, <u>de</u>construct'' ::* '''anxer'''....''to unite'' → '''<u>lo</u>anxer'''....''to <u>dis</u>unite'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>lo</u>xer'''....''to <u>un</u>do'' : Note the difference between '''o-''' and '''lo-'''. ::* '''odoparuwa'''....''<u>un</u>armed'' (= ''not armed'') ::* '''lodoparuwa'''....''<u>dis</u>armed'' (= from the verb '''lodoparuer'''....''to disarm'') === Expressing ''co-'' with '''yan-''' === : The prefix '''yan-'''....''together'' is used as the English ''co-'', eg.: ::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''<u>yan</u>exer'''....''to <u>co</u>operate'' ::* '''tamer'''....''to dwell'' → '''<u>yan</u>tamer'''....''to <u>co</u>habit'' ::* '''napber'''....''to put in order'' → '''<u>yan</u>napber'''....''to <u>co</u>ordinate'' === Making Verbs Completive with '''ik-''' === : Verbs can be made completive by prefixing them with '''ik-''' (''fully''). Such verbs are comparable to phrasal verbs in English with ''up'' and other prepositions as in ''to eat up''. Here are some examples in Mirad: ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''iktojber'''....''to kill off, exterminate'' ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iktelier'''....''to eat up'' ::* '''ujber'''....''to finish'' → '''ikujber'''....''to finish off/up'' ::* '''gofler'''....''to rip'' → '''ikgofler'''....''to rip up'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''ikdrer'''....''to write down'' ::* '''byexer'''....''to beat'' → '''ikbyexer'''....''to beat up'' === Making Verbs Continuative with '''je-''' === : Verbs can be given a continuative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''je-''': ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''jedalar'''....''to go on talking, to blabber'' ::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''jetejer'''....''to go on living, to survive'' ::* '''yexer'''....''to work'' → '''jeyexer'''....''to go on working, to keep working'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch'' ::* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' → '''jeteexer'''....''to keep listening, to pay attention'' ::* '''duler'''....''to insist'' → '''jeduler'''....''to nag'' === Making Verbs Inchoative with '''ij-''' === : Verbs can be given an inchoative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''ij-''': ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to start to think'' ::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' → '''ijifier'''....''to start liking'' ::* '''tyer'''....''to know'' → '''ijtyer'''....''to get to know'' === Making Verbs Terminative with '''uj-''' === : Verbs can be given a terminative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''uj-''': ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''ujtelier'''....''to finish eating'' ::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''ujdyeer'''....''to finish reading'' ::* '''ufteuder'''....''to complain'' → '''ujufteuder'''....''to quit carping'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Pleasure with '''if-''' === ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll'' ::* '''tuyuxer'''....''to finger'' → '''iftuyuxer'''....''to tickle'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle (voyeuristically)'' ::* '''piper'''....''to sail'' → '''ifpiper'''....''to go cruising'' ::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ifteuder'''....''to laugh'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Displeasure with '''uf-''' === ::* '''tosier'''....''to feel'' → '''uftosier'''....''to get angry'' ::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ufeker'''....''to fight'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ufder'''....''to express displeasure'' ::* '''aluer'''....''to exhale'' → '''ufaluer'''....''to huff'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''ufdaler'''....''to rant'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Prohibition with '''of-''' === ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ofbier'''....''to steal'' ::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''ofdeler'''....''to ban'' ::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''ofyeper'''....''to intrude, break in'' ::* '''zeyper'''....''to cross'' → '''ofzeyper'''....''to transgress, poach'' ::* '''gelxer'''....''to copy'' → '''ofgelxer'''....''to pirate, plagiarize'' ::* '''bekuluer'''....''to administer medicine'' → '''ofbekuluer'''....''to dope'' ::* '''nuxuer'''....''to pay'' → '''ofnuxuer'''....''to bribe, pay off, suborn'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Holiness with '''fya-''' === ::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''fyabexler'''....''to enshrine'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''fyabuer'''....''to sacrifice'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyader'''....''to bless'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''fyadaler'''....''to preach, sermonize'' ::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyadiler'''....''to pray'' ::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' → '''fyadeuzer'''....''to chant'' ::* '''ifrer'''....''to love dearly'' → '''fyaifrer'''....''to worship, adore'' ::* '''jader'''....''to predict'' → '''fyajader'''....''to prophesy'' ::* '''miluer'''....''to sprinkle'' → '''fyamiluer'''....''to sprinkle with holy water'' ::* '''ojvader'''....''to promise'' → '''fyaojvader'''....''to swear'' ::* '''xeler'''....''to practice'' → '''fyaxeler'''....''to celebrate'' ::* '''koser'''....''to hide'' → '''fyakoser'''....''to go on a retreat, go into hermitage'' ::* '''teazer'''....''perform a show'' → '''fyateazer'''....''to perform a miracle'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Profanity with '''fyo-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyoder'''....''to curse'' ::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyodiler'''....''to conjure'' ::* '''tyezer'''....''to perform magic'' → '''fyotezer'''....''to engage in black magic'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fyoxer'''....''to sin'' === Expressing Good Actions with '''fi-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fider'''....''to praise'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fifer'''....''to mean well'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fixer'''....''to do well'' ::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'' → '''fiyaker'''....''to hope'' ::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fiyuxer'''....''to benefit'' === Expressing Bad Actions with '''fu-''' === ::* '''yevder'''....''to judge'' → '''fuyevder'''....''to critique negatively'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fufer'''....''to will ill'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fuder'''....''to badmouth'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''funapxer'''....''to mess up'' ::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fuyuxer'''....''to abuse'' === Expressing More Intense Actions with '''az-''' === ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''<u>az</u>yujber'''....''to lock'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>az</u>der'''....''to emphasize'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''<u>az</u>duer'''....''to urge'' ::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''<u>az</u>dizeuder'''....''to guffaw'' === Expressing Less Intense Actions with '''oz-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to utter'' → '''<u>oz</u>der'''....''to whisper'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''<u>oz</u>duer'''....''to hint'' ::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''<u>oz</u>dizeuder'''....''to chuckle'' ::* '''uvteuder'''....''to moan'' → '''<u>oz</u>uvteuder'''....''to whimper'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>oz</u>tyoper'''....''to limp'' === Expressing ''pre-, fore-'' with '''ja-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to tell'' → '''<u>ja</u>der'''....''to foretell, predict'' ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''<u>ja</u>teater'''....''to foresee, preview'' ::* '''ter'''....''to know'' → '''<u>ja</u>ter'''....''to presage, have foreknowledge of'' ::* '''yever'''....''to judge'' → '''<u>ja</u>yever'''....''to prejudge'' ::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''<u>ja</u>juder'''....''to antedate'' === Expressing ''post-, after-'' with '''jo-''' === ::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''<u>jo</u>juder'''....''to postdate'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>jo</u>texer'''....''to reflect on, review'' ::* '''uvder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''<u>jo</u>uvder'''....''to mourn, regret'' ::* '''ibler'''....''to obtain'' → '''<u>jo</u>ibler'''....''to inherit'' === Expressing ''excessively'' with '''gra-''' === ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''<u>gra</u>telier'''....''to overeat'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>gra</u>fer'''....''to covet'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>gra</u>der'''....''to exaggerate'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>gra</u>daler'''....''to yammer'' === Expressing ''inadequately'' with '''gro-''' === ::* '''fyinder'''....''to value'' → '''<u>gro</u>fyinder'''....''to underestimate'' ::* '''mageler'''....''to cook'' → '''<u>gro</u>mageler'''....''to undercook'' ::* '''xaer'''....''to perform'' → '''<u>gro</u>xaer'''....''to underperform'' === Expressing ''counter-, contra-'' with '''ov-''' or '''oyv-''' === ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''<u>ov</u>axler'''....''to counteract'' ::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''<u>ov</u>apyexer'''....''to counterattack'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''<u>ov</u>daler'''....''to oppose'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>oyv</u>der'''....''to contradict'' ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>oyv</u>ber'''....''to reverse, overturn'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>oyv</u>texer'''....''to contest, disagree'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>oyv</u>per'''....''to contravene'' === Expressing ''on behalf, for'' with '''av-''' === ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''<u>av</u>axler'''....''to act on behalf of'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''<u>av</u>daler'''....''to advocate, speak on behalf of'' ::* '''dyundrer'''....''to sign'' → '''<u>av</u>dyundrer'''....''to endorse'' === Making Verbs Reflexive with '''ut-''' (''self-, auto-'') === ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''<u>ut</u>tojber'''....''to commit suicide'' ::* '''vyovider'''....''to flatter'' → '''<u>ut</u>vyovider'''....''to flatter oneself'' ::* '''zaypuxwer'''....''to be propelled'' → '''<u>ut</u>zaypuxwer'''....''to be self-propelled'' ::* '''fider'''....''to praise'' → '''<u>ut</u>fider'''....''to brag'' ::* '''gober'''....''to decrement'' → '''<u>ut</u>gober'''....''to autodecrement'' === Making Verbs Reciprocal with '''hyuit-''' (''one another'') === ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''<u>hyuit</u>tojber'''....''to kill one another'' ::* '''ifer'''....''to love'' → '''<u>hyuit</u>ifer'''....''to love one another'' === Expressing ''inter-, intra-'' with '''eb-''' (''between'') === ::* '''tadier'''....''to marry'' → '''<u>eb</u>tadier'''....''to intermarry'' ::* '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' → '''<u>eb</u>zyaber'''....''to intersperse'' ::* '''vyexer'''....''to relate'' → '''<u>eb</u>vyexer'''....''to interrelate'' === Expressing the Opposite of an Action with '''o-''' (''un-'') === ::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''<u>o</u>bexler'''....''to release, let go of'' ::* '''aynser'''....''to integrate'' → '''<u>o</u>aynser'''....''to disintegrate, to decay'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>o</u>beler'''....''to drop'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>o</u>bier'''....''to leave, relinquish'' ::* '''boser'''....''to be quiet'' → '''<u>o</u>boser'''....''to be upset'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>o</u>drer'''....''to erase'' ::<small>Note: If the base verb already begins with the negative prefix '''o-''', then the prefix is changed to '''ol-''', eg. '''obexler'''....''to release'' → '''<u>ol</u>obexwa'''....''to unrelease'' </small> === Expressing a Public or Official Action with '''do-''' === :: '''Do-''' is a stub for '''dot''' (''society''). ::* '''afder'''....''to allow'' → '''<u>do</u>afder'''....''to authorize'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>do</u>bier'''....''to conquer, take over, take control of'' ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''<u>do</u>tojber'''....''to execute'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>do</u>buer'''....''to dedicate'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''<u>do</u>daler'''....''to orate, speak in public'' ::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''<u>do</u>deler'''....''to announce'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>do</u>drer'''....''to publicize, report'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Truth with '''vya-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vya</u>der'''....''to avow, be frank'' ::* '''ber'''....''to set, put'' → '''<u>vya</u>ber'''....''to control'' ::* '''napxer'''...''to arrange, order'' → '''<u>vya</u>napxer'''....''to adjust'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>vya</u>kexer'''....''to investiage'' ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''<u>vya</u>tuer'''....''to advise'' === Giving Verbs of Nuance of Falseness with '''vyo-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vyo</u>der'''....''to lie, to misstate'' ::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' → '''<u>vyo</u>tester'''....''to misunderstand'' ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''<u>vyo</u>tuer'''....''to misinform, to deceive'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>vyo</u>xer'''....''to do wrong, fail, misdo'' ::* '''yuxler'''....''to serve'' → '''<u>vyo</u>yuxler'''....''to betray, to serve unfaithfully'' === Making Verbs Positive with '''va-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>va</u>der'''....''to affirm'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>va</u>texer'''....''to believe'' ::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''<u>va</u>yeker'''....''to presume'' ::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''<u>va</u>bier'''....''to accept'' === Making Verbs Negative with '''vo-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vo</u>der'''....''to deny'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>vo</u>texer'''....''to doubt'' ::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''<u>vo</u>yeker'''....''to rule out'' ::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''<u>vo</u>bier'''....''to reject'' === Making Verbs Suppositional with '''ve-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>ve</u>der'''....''to conjecture'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>ve</u>texer'''....''to suppose, hypothesize'' ::* '''yovder'''....''to blame'' → '''<u>ve</u>yovder'''....''to indict, accuse'' === Speeding up Verbs with '''ig-''' === ::* '''pier'''....''to leave'' → '''<u>ig</u>pier'''....''to flee'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to drop'' → '''<u>ig</u>pyoser'''....''to plummet'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>ig</u>tyoper'''....''to run'' ::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''<u>ig</u>yeper'''....''to rush in'' === Slowing up Verbs with '''ug-''' === ::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>ug</u>paser'''....''to amble'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>ug</u>teaxer'''....''to gaze'' ::* '''ilper'''....''to flow'' → '''<u>ug</u>ilper'''....''to trickle'' ::* '''tilier'''....''to drink'' → '''<u>ug</u>tilier'''....''to sip'' === Expressing the Nuance of Suddenness with '''yok-''' === ::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''<u>yok</u>baxer'''....''to startle'' ::* '''hihider'''....''to laugh'' → '''<u>yok</u>hihider'''....''to burst out laughing'' ::* '''teaser'''....''to appear'' → '''<u>yok</u>teaser'''....''to suddenly appear'' ::* '''yoktojer'''....''to die'' → '''<u>yok</u>tojer'''....''to drop dead'' === Expressing the Notion of Fixedness with '''kyo-''' === ::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''<u>kyo</u>byaser'''....''to stand still'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>kyo</u>kexer'''....''to hound, stalk'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>kyo</u>teaxer'''....''to stare, glare'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>kyo</u>texer'''....''to obsess with, fixate on'' === Expression the Notion of Randomness with '''kye-'''=== ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>kye</u>der'''....''to guess, divine'' ::* '''per'''....''to per'' → '''<u>kye</u>per'''....''to fluctuate'' ::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''<u>kye</u>poper'''....''to wander'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''<u>kye</u>napxer'''....''to scramble'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>kye</u>bier'''....''to select'' === Expressing the Notion of Change with '''kya-''' === ::* '''baser'''....''to make a move'' → '''<u>kya</u>baser'''....''to shift'' ::* '''sanxer'''....''to form'' → '''<u>kya</u>sanxer'''....''to transform'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do/make'' → '''<u>kya</u>xer'''....''to change'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''<u>kya</u>napxer'''....''to shuffle'' ::* '''dyanxer'''....''to phrase'' → '''<u>kya</u>dyanxer'''....''to paraphrase'' === Expressing Covert Actions with '''ko-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ko</u>ber'''....''to hide'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>ko</u>beler'''....''to smuggle'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>ko</u>bier'''....''to steal'' ::* '''ebkyaxer'''....''to exchange'' → '''<u>ko</u>ebkyaxer'''....''to traffic'' ::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''<u>ko</u>exer'''....''to spy, operate under cover'' ::* '''fler'''....''to wish for'' → '''<u>ko</u>fler'''....''to covet, be jealous of'' ::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''<u>ko</u>apyexer'''....''to ambush, to sneak-attack'' ::* '''loexer'''....''to destroy'' → '''<u>ko</u>loexer'''....''to sabotage'' === Expressing Actions with Intentionality with '''ke-''' === ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>ke</u>teaxer'''....''to scan'' ::* '''vyaxer'''....''to prove'' → '''<u>ke</u>vyaxer'''....''to experiment'' ::* '''tier'''....''to learn'' → '''<u>ke</u>tier'''....''to be interested in'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>ke</u>bier'''....''to choose'' ::* '''pexer'''....''to catch'' → '''<u>ke</u>pexer'''....''to hunt'' === Expressing Lateral Actions with '''ku-''' === ::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''<u>ku</u>buxer'''....''to rebuff, shun'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>ku</u>der'''....''to comment, remark'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to step'' → '''<u>ku</u>tyoper'''....''to step aside'' === Expressing Diagonal Actions with '''ki-''' === ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>ki</u>teaxer'''....''to look askance at'' ::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''<u>ki</u>tuxer'''....''to brainwash'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>ki</u>tyoper'''....''to limp'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''<u>ki</u>pyoser'''....''to slip and fall'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>ki</u>per'''....''to slide'' === Expressing Near Actions with '''yub-'''=== ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>yub</u>der'''....''to intimate, hint'' ::* '''gexer'''....''to equate'' → '''<u>yub</u>gexer'''....''to approximate'' ::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''<u>yu(b)</u>bixer'''....''to attract, draw near'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>yub</u>teaxer'''....''to scrutinize, examine'' === Expressing Distance Actions with '''yib-''' (''far, tele-'') === ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>yib</u>drer'''....''to wire, telegraph'' ::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''<u>yi(b)</u>bixer'''....''to distract'' ::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' → '''<u>yib</u>tuier'''....''to telecommunicate'' ::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' → '''<u>yib</u>nyuxer'''....''to mail, post'' === Expressing ''up-, super-'' with '''yab-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ya(b)</u>ber'''....''to raise, to put up'' ::* '''bixler'''....''to drag'' → '''<u>ya(b)</u>bixler'''....''to dredge up'' ::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''<u>yab</u>uper'''....''to come up'' ::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''<u>yab</u>nogyanxer'''....''to scale up, escalate'' === Expressing ''down-, sub-'' with '''yob-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>yo(b)</u>ber'''....''to lower, put down'' ::* '''kyaber'''....''to shift'' → '''<u>yob</u>kyaxer'''....''to downshift'' ::* '''musper'''....''to climb'' → '''<u>yob</u>musper'''....''to climb down'' ::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''<u>yob</u>nogyanxer'''....''to downscale'' === Expressing ''in-'' with '''yeb-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ye(b)</u>ber'''....''to insert, put in'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>ye(b)</u>beler'''....''to import'' ::* '''uzber'''....''to bend'' → '''<u>yeb</u>uzber'''....''to inflect'' ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''<u>yeb</u>yujber'''....''to enclose, include'' === Expressing ''out-, ex-, extra-'' with '''oyeb-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>oye(b)</u>ber'''....''to put out, expose'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>oye(b)</u>beler'''....''to export'' ::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''<u>oyeb</u>uber'''....''to emit, send out'' ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''<u>oyeb</u>yujber'''....''to exclude'' === Expressing ''pro-, forward'' with '''zay-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>zay</u>ber'''....''to advance, put forward'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>zay</u>kexer'''....''to scout out'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zay</u>puxer'''....''to propel, thrust'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>zay</u>tyoper'''....''to progress, to walk forward'' === Expressing ''back-, retro-, re-'' with '''zoy-''' === ::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''<u>zoy</u>ber'''....''to send back'' ::* '''kixer'''....''to bend'' → '''<u>zoy</u>kixer'''....''to reflect'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zoy</u>puxer'''....''to repel'' ::* '''neadper'''....''to track'' → '''<u>zoy</u>neadper'''....''to backtrack'' === Expressing ''across, trans-, over-, cross-'' with '''zey-''' === ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zey</u>per'''....''to cross, transit'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>zey</u>beler'''....''to transport, convey'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>zey</u>drer'''....''to transcribe'' ::* '''kyober'''....''to fix'' → '''<u>zey</u>kyober'''....''to transfix, transplant'' ::* '''vyayeker'''....''to check'' → '''<u>zey</u>vyayeker'''....''to crosscheck'' === Expressing ''through, per-'' with '''zye-''' === ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zye</u>per'''....''to permeate, get through'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>zye</u>kexer'''....''to rummage, sift through'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>zye</u>drer'''....''to cross out, draw a line through'' ::* '''iluer'''....''to pour'' → '''<u>zye</u>iluer'''....''to soak'' ::* '''koper'''....''to sneak'' → '''<u>zye</u>koper'''....''to sneak through'' === Expressing ''all over, widely, all about'' with '''zya-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>zya</u>ber'''....''to spread'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>zya</u>buer'''....''to distribute'' ::* '''ijber'''....''to open'' → '''<u>zya</u>ijber'''....''to open wide'' ::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''<u>zya</u>nuxer'''....''to disburse'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zya</u>puxer'''....''to scatter, cast about'' === Expressing ''mid-, center'' with '''ze-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ze</u>ber'''....''to balance'' ::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''<u>ze</u>byaser'''....''to straddle'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>ze</u>der'''....''to interject'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''<u>ze</u>pyoser'''....''to sag'' ::* '''poxer'''....''to stop'' → '''<u>ze</u>poxer'''....''to interrupt'' === Expressing ''futurity'' with '''oj-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>oj</u>ber'''....''to put off, postpone'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>oj</u>bier'''....''to borrow'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>oj</u>fer'''....''to wish, aspire'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>oj</u>texer'''....''to plan'' ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''<u>oj</u>teater'''....''to envision'' ::* '''vader'''....''to affirm'' → '''<u>oj</u>vader'''....''to promise'' === Expressing ''past'' with '''aj-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>aj</u>ber'''....''to pass, relegate to the past'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>aj</u>der'''....''to evoke, hearken, recount'' ::* '''embier'''....''to occupy'' → '''<u>aj</u>embier'''....''to haunt'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>aj</u>texer'''....''to reminisce, to reflect'' ::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''<u>aj</u>uvtosder'''....''to apologize'' ::* '''nexer'''....''to store'' → '''<u>aj</u>nexer'''....''to archive'' === Expressing ''present'' with '''ej-''' === ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>ej</u>buer'''....''to present'' ::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''<u>ej</u>eser'''....''to attend, to be present'' ::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''<u>ej</u>nuxer'''....''to pay cash'' ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''<u>ej</u>tuer'''....''to update'' ::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''<u>ej</u>uvtosder'''....''to apologize'' === Expressing a stretched out action with '''yag-''' (''long'') === ::* '''beser'''....''to stay'' → '''<u>yag</u>beser'''....''to linger'' ::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''<u>yag</u>bexer'''....''to conserve, preserve'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>yag</u>daler'''....''to ramble'' ::* '''dodaler'''....''to orate'' → '''<u>yag</u>dodaler'''....''to harangue'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>yag</u>fer'''....''to yearn, pine'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>yag</u>teaxer'''....''to stare'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>yag</u>fer'''....''to yearn, pine'' === Expressing a brief action with '''yog-''' (''short'') === ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>yog</u>drer'''....''to abbreviate'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>yog</u>teaxer'''....''to glance at'' ::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''<u>yog</u>tujer'''....''to snooze, nap'' ::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' → '''<u>yog</u>gobler'''....''to cut short, truncate'' === Some Hybrid Prefixes === The prefix '''kui-''' is a hybrid of '''ku-''' (''lateral'') and '''ki-''' (''diagonal'') ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>kui</u>per'''....''to wobble'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>kui</u>tyoper'''....''to limp'' The prefix '''zao-''' is a truncated hybrid of '''zay-''' (''forward'') and '''zoy-''' (''backwards''), eg: ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>zao</u>baser'''....''to rock'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zao</u>per'''....''to alternate'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>kui</u>beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''<u>kui</u>pyoser'''....''to pendulate'' The prefix '''yaob-''' is a hybrid of '''yab-''' (''up'') and '''yob-''' (''down''). The final '''b-''' is assimilated or dropped before a '''b''' or '''p'''. ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>yao</u>baser'''....''to bob'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>yao</u>per'''....''to heave'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>yao</u>beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry'' ::* '''peper'''....''to ride'' → '''<u>yao</u>peper'''....''to jounce'' ::* '''puser'''....''to jump'' → '''<u>yao</u>puser'''....''to hop, bounce'' The prefix '''bui-''' is a hybrid of '''bu-''' (''to'') and '''bi-''' (''from''), eg: ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>bui</u>drer'''....''to correspond'' ::* '''-er'''....''to x'' → '''<u>bui</u>er'''....''to trade'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>bui</u>beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>bui</u>xer'''....''to push and pull, spring'' ::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''<u>bui</u>poper'''....''to travel to and fro, travel round trip'' The prefix '''uiz-''' is a hybrid of '''uz-''' (''crooked'') and '''iz-''' (''straight''), eg: ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>uiz</u>drer'''....''to squiggle'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>uiz</u>der'''....''to equivocate'' ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>uiz</u>baser'''....''to wiggle, to squirm'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>uiz</u>per'''....''to careen, reel'' ::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>uiz</u>paser'''....''to swerve, yaw'' The prefix '''zui-''' is a hybrid of '''zu-''' (''left'') and '''zi-''' (''right''), eg: ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>uiz</u>drer'''....''to squiggle'' ::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''<u>zui</u>buxer'''....''to push around'' ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>zui</u>baser'''....''to sway, totter'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zui</u>per'''....''to zigzag'' ::* '''pasler'''....''to shake'' → '''<u>zui</u>pasler'''....''to wobble'' The prefix '''aoyeb-''' is a hybrid of '''(a)yeb-''' (''in'') and '''oyeb-''' (''out''), eg: ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>aoye</u>ber'''....''to insert and extract'' ::* '''tiexer'''....''to breathe'' → '''<u>aoye</u>tiexer'''....''to breath in and out'' ::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''<u>aoye</u>paper'''....''to fly in and out'' The prefix '''aob-''' is a hybrid of '''ab-''' (''on'') and '''ob-''' (''off''), eg: ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ao</u>ber'''....''to put on and off'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>ao</u>per'''....''to get on and off, embark and disembark'' The prefix '''vao-''' is a hybrid of '''va-''' (''yes'') and '''vo-''' (''no''), eg: ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vao</u>der'''....''to decide'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>vao</u>daler'''....''to waffle'' ::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''<u>vao</u>duder'''....''to answer yes or no'' ::* '''kyaxer'''....''to change'' → '''<u>vao</u>kyaxer'''....''to redact'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>vao</u>texer'''....''to deliberate, vacillate'' The prefix '''uij''' is a hybrid of '''uj-''' (''end'') and '''ij-''' (''begin'') ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>uij</u>ber'''....''to switch off and on'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>uij</u>daler'''....''to stutter'' The prefix '''yuij''' is a hybrid of '''yuj-''' (''close'') and '''yij-''' (''open'') ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>yuij</u>ber'''....''to open and close, blink'' The prefix '''huim''' is a hybrid of '''hum''' (''there'') and '''him''' (''there'') ::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''<u>huim</u>paper'''....''to fly here and yon'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>huim</u>per'''....''to wander'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>huim</u>kexer'''....''to search high and low'' === Different Nuances of '''teaxer''' with Prefixes === <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;";> ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look, behold, regard'' ::* '''aybteaxer'''....''to supervise, look over'' ::* '''ajteaxer'''....''to look back on (retrospect)'' ::* '''eynteaxer'''....''to squint'' ::* '''fizteaxer'''....''to respect'' ::* '''fuzteaxer'''....''to disrespect'' ::* '''gawteaxer'''....''to review, re-look'' ::* '''hyuitteaxer'''....''to look at one another'' ::* '''ibteaxer'''....''to ignore'' ::* '''igteaxer'''....''to glance, glimpse'' ::* '''ifteaxer'''....''to marvel at'' ::* '''izteaxer'''....''to view directly, confront, aim'' ::* '''jateaxer'''....''to preview'' ::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch, observe'' ::* '''joteaxer'''....''to review'' ::* '''kateaxer'''....''to look for'' ::* '''keteaxer'''....''to scan'' ::* '''kiteaxer'''....''to look askance'' ::* '''koteaxer'''....''to peek, spy'' ::* '''kozyeteaxer'''....''to peep'' ::* '''kozyoteaxer'''....''to peer'' ::* '''kuteaxer'''....''to observe'' ::* '''kyeteaxer'''....''to browse'' ::* '''kyoteaxer'''....''to stare, glare'' ::* '''oteaxer'''....''to ignore, overlook'' ::* '''ufteaxer'''....''to glare, leer'' ::* '''ugteaxer'''....''to gaze'' ::* '''yagteaxer'''....''to gape, gawk'' ::* '''yebteaxer'''....''to inspect'' ::* '''yibteaxer'''....''to view from afar'' ::* '''yogteaxer'''....''to glance at'' ::* '''yokteaxer'''....''to get a glimpse of'' ::* '''yubteaxer'''....''to examine'' ::* '''yuibteaxer'''....''to look near and far'' ::* '''yuzteaxer'''....''to look around, circumspect'' ::* '''yanteaxer'''....''to view together'' ::* '''yizteaxer'''....''to look beyond, overlook'' ::* '''vyateaxer'''....''to investigate, check out'' ::* '''vyoteaxer'''....''to view wrongly'' ::* '''zateaxer'''....''to face, confront'' ::* '''zayteaxer'''....''to look ahead, expect'' ::* '''zoyteaxer'''....''to look back'' ::* '''zeyteaxer'''....''to look across'' ::* '''ziteaxer'''....''to look to the right'' ::* '''zuteaxer'''....''to look to the left'' ::* '''zuiteaxer'''....''to look right and left'' ::* '''zyateaxer'''....''to look all over, survey'' ::* '''zyeteaxer'''....''to look through, peruse'' ::* '''zyoteaxer'''....''to squint'' ::* '''yobteaxer'''....''to look down'' ::* '''yaobteaxer'''....''to look up and down'' ::* '''zaoteaxer'''....''to look back and forth'' ::* '''yabteaxer'''....''to look up'' ::* '''yubketeaxer'''....''to pry'' ::* '''uzteaxer'''....''to look indirectly at'' ::* '''oyebteaxer'''....''to look out'' ::* '''ojteaxer'''....''to peer into the future'' ::* '''marteaxer'''....''to star-gaze'' ::* '''tabteaxer'''....''to autopsy'' </div> == Modal Verbs == : Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are usually followed by the main verb in the infinitive or a subjunctive dependent clause and have to do with wanting, permitting, prohibiting, being able, being unable, needing, being obliged to do something, etc. ==== Principal Modal Auxiliary Verbs ==== [[File:Ladies Should Listen poster.jpg|thumb|]] : Mirad has a set of modal auxiliary verbs that can be followed by a main verb in the infinitive mode. This is very much like Enlish modal auxiliary verbs in the following examples: ::* ''I <u>want</u> to go.'' ::* ''You <u>must</u> wait.'' ::* ''You <u>may</u> stay.'' ::* ''I <u>dare</u> say.'' : Here is a chart showing the main modal auxiliary verbs in Mirad: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Principle Modal Auxiliary Verbs |- ! Type !! Positive !! Negative |- ! Permission | '''afer'''....''may''<br>'''ayfer'''....''might'' || '''ofer'''....''may not''<br>'''oyfer'''....''might not'' |- ! Ability | '''yafer'''....''can''||'''yofer'''....''cannot'' |- ! Need | '''efer'''....''need to'' || |- ! Obligation | '''yefer'''....''must''<br>'''yeyfer'''....''should'' ||'''oyefer'''....''must not''<br>'''oyeyfer'''....''should not'' |- ! Desire | '''fer'''....''want to'' || |- ! Enjoyment | '''ifer'''....''love to, enjoy''<br>'''iyfer'''....''like to'' || '''ufer'''....''hate to''<br>'''uyfer'''....''dislike to'' |- ! Courage |'''yifer'''....''dare to'' || '''yufer'''....''be afraid to, fear'' |- ! Liberty | '''yiver'''....''have a right to, be free to'' || '''yuver'''....''be bound to, be supposed to'' |- ! Expectation | '''yaker'''....''expect to'' || '''yoker'''....''be surprised to'' |- ! Conation | '''yeker'''....''try to'' || |} : These modal auxiliary verbs are often followed by a verbal infinitive, as in the following examples: ::* '''At fe <u>ter</u>.'''....''I want <u>to know</u>.'' ::* '''Wit yifa <u>yeper</u>.'''....''He dared <u>to enter</u>.'' ::* '''Yat yafe <u>teater</u> yet.'''....''We can <u>see</u> you.'' ::* '''Duven et yaka <u>aker</u>?'''....''Did you expect <u>to win</u>?'' ::* '''Diwe yeku <u>xer</u> ga fi.'''....''Please try <u>to do</u> better.'' : If the modal verb is in the hypothetical aspect (conditional), then the sense is somewhat mitigated, as in these examples: :* '''At <u>fe</u> per.'''....''I <u>want</u> to go.'' :* '''At <u>fu</u> per.'''....''I <u>would</u> like to go.'' :* '''Et <u>yafe</u> aker.'''....''You <u>can</u> win.'' :* '''Et <u>yafu</u> aker.'''....''You <u>could</u> win.'' :* '''Yet <u>yefe</u> iper.'''....''You <u>must</u> leave.'' :* '''Yet <u>yefu</u> iper.'''....''You <u>ought</u> to leave.'' : Post-y-gliding the stem vowel of the modal verb also reduces the strength, for example: :* '''At <u>ife</u> et.''' ....''I <u>love</u> you.'' :* '''At <u>iyfe</u> et.''' ....''I <u>like</u> you.'' :* '''Et <u>yefe</u> iper.'''....''You <u>must</u> leave.'' :* '''Et <u>yeyfe</u> iper.'''....''You <u>should</u> leave.'' :* '''Iyt <u>yafe</u> aker.'''....''She <u>can</u> win.'' :* '''Iyt <u>yayfe</u> aker.'''....''She <u>might</u> win.'' :* '''At <u>ufa</u> uda tuz.'''....''I <u>hated</u> that art.'' :* '''At <u>uyfa</u> uda tuz.'''....''I <u>disliked</u> that art.'' : The use of '''l''' and '''r''' intensify the meaning of the auxiliary verbs, eg: :* '''Et <u>yuve</u> puer jwe.'''....''You <u>are supposed</u> to arrive on time.'' :* '''Et <u>yuvle</u> tepzexer.'''....''You <u>have</u> to pay attention.'' :* '''Et <u>yuvre</u> buer nas.'''....''You <u>absolutely must</u> give money.'' :* '''At <u>yeka</u> ser yeva.'''....''I <u>tried</u> to be fair.'' :* '''At <u>yekla</u> ujber jwa.'''....''I <u>strove</u> to finish early.'' :* '''At <u>yekra</u> nixer ga nas.'''....''I <u>struggled (= worked hard))</u> to earn more money.'' :* '''Iyt <u>ife</u> eker zyun.'''....''She <u>loves</u> to play ball.'' :* '''Iyt <u>ifla</u> teater et.'''....''She <u>was delighted</u> to see you.'' :* '''Iyt <u>ifre</u> teaper him.'''....''She <u>adores</u> visiting here.'' : Here are some examples showing how these modal verbs are used as auxiliaries: ::* '''Et <u>afe</u> oyeper ay ifeker.'''....''You <u>may</u> go out and play.'' ::* '''Yat <u>efa</u> tujer.'''....''We <u>needed</u> to sleep.'' ::* '''Ot <u>ofe</u> mavier him.'''....''One <u>is prohibited</u> to smoke here.'' ::* '''Mavier him <u>ofwe</u>.'''....''Smoking here is prohibited.'' ::* '''At <u>ife</u> dyeer.'''....''I <u>love</u> to read.'' ::* '''Duven et <u>fe</u> yeper?'''....''Do you <u>want</u> to come in?'' ::* '''At <u>fu</u> teaper et edjub.'''....''I <u>would like</u> to visit you some day.'' ::* '''It <u>ufaye hyaj</u> teaxwer.'''....''He <u>has always hated</u> being looked at.'' ::* '''Duven et <u>iyfe</u> per tilami?'''....''Do you <u>like</u> going to bars?'' ::* '''At <u>uyfe</u> tijer gra jwa.'''....''I <u>dislike</u> waking up too early.'' ::* '''Et <u>yafe</u> xer hyehos et fu.'''....''You <u>can</u> do whatever you like.'' ::* '''Et <u>yefer</u> xer ad vyaas.'''....''You <u>must</u> do the right thing.'' ::* '''Et <u>yeyfe</u> voy daler huuyen azay.'''....''You <u>should</u> not talk so loud.'' ::* '''At <u>yeyfa</u> ter ga fi.'''....''I <u>should have</u> known better.'' ::* '''At <u>voy yifu</u> der hyea fuas.'''....''I <u>would not dare</u> say anything bad.'' ::* '''<u>Von yufu</u> der hos et tesde.'''....''<u>Don't be afraid</u> to say what you mean.'' ::* '''Et <u>yive</u> dier yevanavdut.'''....''You <u>have a right</u> to ask for a lawyer.'' ::* '''Yat <u>voy yuvle</u> kyoejer.'''....''We <u>are not bound</u> to stick around.'' === Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms === :: All of these modal verbs can be passive, in which case they are "patient-oriented" rather than "subject-oriented." The participial adjective '''yafa'''....''able'' is subject-oriented and refers to a person, whereas the passived adjective '''yafwa'''....''possible'' is patient-oriented and refers to a thing or event. Here is a chart of the principal modal verbs and corresponding participial adjectives with this subject/object-orientation distinction shown: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms |- ! Modal Type || Subject-oriented !! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented !! Patient-oriented |- ! !! Verb !! Adjective !! Verb !! Adjective |- !row=1| Permission | '''afer'''<br>''may'' || '''afa'''<br>''allowed'' || '''afwer'''<br>''be permitted'' || '''afwa'''<br>''permissable'' |- !row=1| Necessity | '''efer'''<br>''need'' || '''efa'''<br>''needful'' || '''efwer'''<br>''be necessary'' || '''efwa'''<br>''necessary, required'' |- !row=1| Prohibition | '''ofer'''<br>''be unallowed'' || '''ofa'''<br>''prohibited'' || '''ofwer'''<br>''be prohibited'' || '''ofwa'''<br>''banned'' |- !row=1| Possibility | '''yafer'''<br>''be able'' || '''yafa'''<br>''able'' || '''yafwer'''<br>''be possible'' || '''yafwa'''<br>''possible'' |- !row=1| Obligation | '''yefer'''<br>''must'' || '''yefa'''<br>''obliged'' || '''yefwer'''<br>''be obligatory'' || '''yefwa'''<br>''obligatory'' |- !row=1| Duty | '''yeyfer'''<br>''should'' || '''yeyfa'''<br>''supposed, duty-bound'' || '''yeyfwer'''<br>''be supposed'' || '''yeyfwa'''<br>''due'' |- !row=1| Impossibility | '''yofer'''<br>''be unable'' || '''yofa'''<br>''unable'' || '''yofwer'''<br>''be impossible'' || '''yofwa'''<br>''impossible'' |- !row=1| Volition | '''fer'''<br>''want'' || '''fa'''<br>''desirous'' || '''fwer'''<br>''be desirable'' || '''fwa'''<br>''desirable, wanted'' |- !row=1| Love | '''ifer'''<br>''love''<br>'''iyfer'''<br>''like'' || '''ifa'''<br>''enamored''<br>'''iyfa'''<br>''fond'' || '''ifwer'''<br>''be loved''<br>'''iyfwer'''<br>''be liked'' || '''ifwa'''<br>''lovable''<br>'''iyfwa'''<br>''likeable'' |- !row=1| Hate | '''ufer'''<br>''hate''<br>'''uyfer'''<br>''dislike'' || '''ufa'''<br>''averse''<br>'''uyfa'''<br>''displeased''|| '''ufwer'''<br>''be hated''<br>'''uyfwer'''<br>''be disliked'' || '''ufwa'''<br>''odious''<br>''unliked'' |- !row=1| Courage | '''yifer'''<br>''dare'' || '''yifa'''<br>''daring, brave'' || '''yifwer'''<br>''be safe'' || '''yifwa'''<br>''safe'' |- !row=1| Fear | '''yufer'''<br>''be afraid'' || '''yufa'''<br>''afraid'' || '''yufwer'''<br>''be a danger'' || '''yufwa'''<br>''frightening'' |- !row=1| Joy | '''iver'''<br>''enjoy'' || '''iva'''<br>''glad'' || '''ivwer'''<br>''be a joy'' || '''ivwa'''<br>''enjoyable'' |- !row=1| Sorrow | '''uver'''<br>''be sorry'' || '''uva'''<br>''sorry, sad'' || '''uvwer'''<br>''be a shame'' || '''uvwa'''<br>''regrettable'' |} : Examples of subject-oriented forms: ::* '''At se <u>yafa</u> xer hes.'''....''I <u>am capable of</u> doing anything.'' ::* '''Et <u>ofe</u> teater hia dyezun.'''....''You <u>are not allowed/are prohibited</u> to see this film.'' ::* '''Duven at <u>afe</u> per hum?'''....''Am I <u>allowed</u> to go there?'' ::* '''Yat <u>fu</u> ter eta dyun.'''....''We <u>would like</u> to know your name.'' ::* '''Piti <u>ufe</u> beser be mel.'''....''Fish <u>hate</u> to remain on dry land.'' ::* '''At ajay <u>ifa</u> dazer.'''....''I once <u>loved</u> to dance.'' ::* '''Et se iva, at <u>yife</u> der.'''....''You are beautiful, I <u>dare</u> say.'' ::* '''At <u>yeyfa</u> xer has ga ig.'''....''I <u>should</u> have done it sooner.'' ::* '''Von <u>yufu</u>; At yupeye.'''....''<u>Fear</u> not; I am coming.'' ::* '''Et <u>yefe</u> puer ja eymaj.'''....''You <u>must</u> arrive before noon.'' ::* '''Yet <u>yofe</u> daler je ha dezun.'''....''You people <u>must not</u> talk during the performance.'' ::* '''Yat <u>yeyfe</u> (= se <u>yeyfa</u>) aker.'''....''We should (= are <u>bound/supposed/due</u>) to win.'' ::* '''At <u>ive</u> teater et bakser.'''....''I<u>'m glad</u> to see you get better.'' ::* '''Su <u>iva</u>.'''....''Be <u>happy</u>.'' ::* '''At <u>uvu (= su uva)</u> teater et iper.'''....''I <u>would be sad</u> to see you leave.'' : Examples of patient-oriented forms: ::* '''<u>Afwe</u> (= se afwa) mavier him.'''....''<u>It is permissible</u> to smoke here.'' ::* '''<u>Ofwe</u> (= se ofwa*) puxer fyumul him.'''....''<u>It is prohibited</u> to throw litter here.'' ::* '''<u>Fwe</u> (= se fwa) van yet dolu.'''....''<u>It is desired</u> that you stop talking.'' ::* '''<u>Voy yafwe</u> beser him gajob.'''....''<u>It is not possible</u> to remain here any longer.'' ::* '''<u>Yofwa</u> av at ivteuder.'''....''<u>It was not possible</u> for me to laugh.'' ::* '''<u>Yefwe</u> van et piu ig.'''....''<u>It is essential</u> that you leave quickly.'' ::* '''He <u>yeyfwe</u> ober ata tyoyafi?'''....''Is <u>it obligatory</u> to remove my shoes?'' ::* '''Ga yux <u>efwo</u>.'''....''More help <u>will be needed</u>.'' ::* '''Yuxren se <u>ufwa</u> xetyen.'''....''Slavery is an <u>odious</u> practice.'' ::* '''<u>Uvwe</u> van wit oka.'''....''<u>It's a shame</u> that he lost.'' :: *<small>'''lofwa''' is used for ''unwanted'' for disambiguation purposes.</small> === Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems === : Various causative verbs can be formed from modal stems, as shown in the chart below: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems |- ! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented |- | '''afxer'''....''allow'' (someone to do sthg.) || '''afwaxer'''....''permit'' (something to be done) |- | '''efxer'''....''require'' || '''efwaxer'''....''necessitate'' |- | '''ofxer'''....''prohibit'' || '''ofwaxer'''....''prohibit'' |- | '''yafxer'''....''enable'' || '''yafwaxer'''....''make possible'' |- | '''yefxer'''....''oblige'' || '''yefwaxer'''....''make obligatory'' |- | '''yofxer'''....''cripple'' || '''yofwaxer'''....''disable'' |- | '''yifxer'''....''embolden'' || '''yifwaxer'''....''make safe'' |- | '''yufxer'''....''intimidate'' || '''yufwaxer'''....''make frightening'' |- | '''ifxer'''....''please'' || '''ifwaxer'''....''make pleasant'' |} === Creating Modal Verbs and Adjectives with Modal Stem Suffixes === : Verb stems can be suffixed with modal participles to produce related modal verbs and adjectives. The first chart shows the modal participles themselves that can be suffixed to verb stems. Subject-oriented forms refer only to people, while patient-oriented forms (ending in '''-wa''') refer only to things. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Modal Suffixes |- ! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented |- | '''-yafa'''....''able to X, -able'' || '''-yafwa'''....''possible to X'' |- | '''-yofa'''....''unable to X'' || '''-yofwa'''....''impossible to X'' |- | '''-ifa'''....''fond of Xing, Xophile'' || '''-ifwa'''....''enjoyable to X'' |- | '''-ufa'''....''averse to Xing, Xophobic'' ||'''-ufwa'''....''unenjoyable to X'' |- | '''-yika'''....''hard of Xing'' || '''-yikwa'''....''hard to X'' |- | '''-yuka'''....''comfortable/easy Xing'' || '''-yukwa'''....''easy to X'' |- | '''-yaka'''....''expecting to X'' || '''yakwa'''....''expected/likely to X'' |- | '''-efa'''....''in need of Xing'' || '''-efwa'''....''necessary to X'' |- | '''-yefa'''....''obliged to X'' || '''-yefwa'''....''obligatory/due to X'' |- | '''-yufa'''....''afraid of Xing'' || '''-yufwa'''....''frightening to X'' |} : This table shows some of these modal suffixes applied to actual verb and noun stems: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Modals and Orientation |- ! Orientation !! Positive Adjective !! Positive Verb !! Negative Adjective !! Negative Verb |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''teatyafa'''<br>''able to see, sighted'' || '''teatyafer'''<br>''be able to see'' || '''teatyofa'''<br>''blind'' || '''teatyofer'''<br>''be blind'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''teatyafwa'''<br>''visible'' || '''teatyafwer'''<br>''be visible'' || '''teatyofwa'''<br>''invisible'' || '''teatyofwer'''<br>''be invisible'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''teetyafa'''<br>''able to hear, hearing'' || '''teetyafer'''<br>''be able to hear'' || '''teetyofa'''<br>''deaf'' || '''teatyofer'''<br>''be deaf'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''teetyafwa'''<br>''audible'' || '''teetyafwer'''<br>''be audible'' || '''teeyofwa'''<br>''inaudible'' || '''teeyofwer'''<br>''be inaudiable'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''dalyafa'''<br>''able to speak'' || '''dalyafer'''<br>''be able to speak'' || '''dalyofa'''<br>''mute, dumb'' || '''dalyofer'''<br>''be mute, dumb'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''doabifa'''<br>''patriotic'' || '''doabifer'''<br>''be patriotic'' || '''doabufa'''<br>''rebellious'' || '''doabufer'''<br>''rebel'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tosyafa'''<br>''sensitive'' || '''tosyafer'''<br>''be able to feel'' || '''tosyofa'''<br>''insensitive'' || '''tosyofer'''<br>''be numbed'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''tayotyafwa'''<br>''palpable'' || '''tayotyafwer'''<br>''be palpable'' || '''tayotyofwa'''<br>''numb'' || '''tayotyofwer'''<br>''be impalbable, numb'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''testyukwa'''<br>''easy to understand'' || '''testyukwaxer'''<br>''make easily understood'' || '''testyikwa'''<br>''hard to understand'' || '''testyikwaxer'''<br>''make hard to understand'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tudyaka'''<br>''pregnant, expecting'' || '''tudyaker'''<br>''be expecting''|| || |- !row=1| '''Patient''' |'''mamilyakwa'''<br>''likely to rain'' || '''mamilyakwer'''<br>''to be expected to rain''|| '''mamilyokwa'''<br>''unlikely to rain''|| '''mamilyokwer'''<br>''to be unlikely to rain'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tilefa'''<br>''thirsty'' || '''tilefer'''<br>''be thirsty'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''telefa'''<br>''hungry'' || '''telefer'''<br>''be hungry'' || || |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''tejefwa'''<br>''vital'' || '''tejefwer'''<br>''be vital'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tujefa'''<br>''sleepy'' || '''tujefer'''<br>''be sleepy'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''nasefa'''<br>''poor, needy'' || '''nasefer'''<br>''be needy'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''dudyefa'''<br>''accountable, responsible'' || '''dudyefer'''<br>''be responsible'' || || |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''texiyefwa'''<br>''noteworthy'' || '''texiyefwer'''<br>''be noteworthy'' || || |} == Sensing Verbs == : Verbs involving the senses, such as sight or hearing, follow a similar pattern, as the following chart shows: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Sensing Verbs |- valign=top ! TYPE !! '''teab'''....''eye''<br>'''teata'''....''visual'' !! '''teeb'''....''ear''<br>'''teeta'''....''acoustic'' !! '''teib'''....''nose''<br>'''teita'''....''olfactory'' !! '''teub'''....''mouth''<br>'''teuta'''....''gustatory'' !! '''tayob'''....''skin''<br>'''tayota'''....''tactile'' |- valign=top !row=1| Receptive<br>Active | '''teater'''<br>''see'' || '''teeter'''<br>''hear'' || '''teiter'''<br>''smell'' || '''teuter'''<br>''taste'' || '''tayoter'''<br>''feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Receptive<br>Passive | '''teatwer'''<br>''be seen'' || '''teetwer'''<br>''be heard'' || '''teitwer'''<br>''be smelled'' || '''teutwer'''<br>''be tasted'' || '''tayotwer'''<br>''be felt'' |- valign=top !row=1| Stative | '''teaser'''<br>''seem'' || '''teeser'''<br>''sound'' || '''teiser'''<br>''smell'' || '''teuser'''<br>''taste'' || '''tayoser'''<br>''feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Dynamic<br>Active | '''teaxer'''<br>''look at'' || '''teexer'''<br>''listen'' || '''teixer'''<br>''sniff'' || '''teuxer'''<br>''taste'' || '''tayoxer'''<br>''touch'' |- valign=top !row=1| Dynamic<br>Passive | '''teaxwer'''<br>''be looked at'' || '''teexwer'''<br>''be listened to'' || '''teixwer'''<br>''be sniffed'' || '''teuxwer'''<br>''be tasted'' || '''tayoxwer'''<br>''be touched'' |- valign=top !row=1| Causative<br>Active | '''teatuer'''<br>''show'' || '''teetuer'''<br>''make hear'' || '''teixuer'''<br>''make smell'' || '''teuxuer'''<br>''offer a taste'' || '''tayoxuer'''<br>''make feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Causative<br>Passive | '''teatuwer'''<br>''be shown'' || '''teetuwer'''<br>''be made to hear'' || '''teituwer'''<br>''be made to smell'' || '''teutuwer'''<br>''be given a taste'' || '''tayotuwer'''<br>''be made to feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Inchoative<br>Active | '''teatier'''<br>''perceive,''<br>''catch sight of'' || '''teetier'''<br>''catch the<br>sound of'' || '''teitier'''<br>''get a whiff of'' || '''teutuer'''<br>''get a taste of'' || '''tayotier'''<br>''get the sensation of'' |- valign=top !row=1| Inchoative<br>Passive | '''teatiwer'''<br>''be perceived'' || '''teetiwer'''<br>''be heard'' || '''teitiwer'''<br>''be whiffed'' || '''teutiwer'''<br>''be tasted'' || '''tayotiwer'''<br>''be felt'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Stative | '''teatyofer'''<br>''be blind'' || '''teetyofer'''<br>''be deaf'' || '''teityofer'''<br>''be unable to smell'' || '''teityofer'''<br>''be unable to taste'' || '''tayotyofer'''<br>''be insensitive'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Stative | '''teatyofwer'''<br>''be invisible'' || '''teetyofwer'''<br>''be inaudible'' || '''teityofwer'''<br>''be undetectable<br>odorwise'' || '''teityofwer'''<br>''be insipid'' || '''tayotyofwer'''<br>''be undetectable<br>by touch'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Causative | '''teatyofxer'''<br>''blind'' || '''teetyofxer'''<br>''deafen'' || '''teityofxer'''<br>''desensitize<br>to smell'' || '''teutyofxer'''<br>''desensitize to<br>taste'' || '''tayotyofxer'''<br>''desensitize'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Causative | '''teatyofwaxer'''<br>''make invisible'' || '''teetyofwaxer'''<br>''make inaudible'' || '''teityofwaxer'''<br>''make odorless'' || '''teutyofwaxer'''<br>''render tasteless'' || '''tayotyofwaxer'''<br>''numb'' |} : Examples of usage: :* '''At <u>teatyofxwa</u> bey ha mani.'''....''I <u>was blinded</u> by the lights.'' :* '''Ha xeus sa <u>teetyofxyea</u>.'''....''The noise was <u>deafening</u>.'' :* '''Hia tit se gla <u>teatiyafa</u>.'''....''This pupil is very <u>perceptive</u>.'' :* '''Hua bekil se <u>teityofwa</u>.'''....''That medicine is <u>odorless</u> (impossible to smell).'' :* '''<u>Teatyofwaxu</u> ha vyuni.'''....''<u>Make</u> the spots <u>invisible</u>.'' :* '''Ha magmemyaz yonpyexlun <u>tayotyafwa</u> zya ha mir.'''....''The volcano eruption <u>could be felt</u> throughout the world.'' == Frequentative Verbs == :Frequentative verbs or repetitive action verbs can be formed with the infix '''-eg-''' placed between the verb stem and verb ending, eg.: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Frequentative Verbs |- ! Normal !! Frequentative |- | '''pyaser'''....''jump''||'''pyas<u>eg</u>er'''....''bounce'' |- | '''paper'''....''fly''||'''pap<u>eg</u>er'''....''flitter'' |- | '''kobirer'''....''steal''||'''kobir<u>eg</u>er'''....''pilfer'' |- | '''basrer'''....''shake''||'''basreger'''....''vibrate'' |} == Hybridized Verbs == : Verbs that involve motion directions that change back and forth can be formed by hybridizing the stem vowel or the vowel of the vectorial prefix. Here are some examples: <small> ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Hybridized Verbs |- ! First Verb !! Second Verb !! Hybridized Verb |- | '''pyaser'''....''jump''|| '''pyoser'''....''fall'' || '''pyaoser'''....''bounce, undulate'' |- | '''buer'''....''give'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''buier'''....''exchange'' |- | '''nuer'''....''furnish'' || '''nier'''....''consume'' || '''nuier'''....''trade'' |- | '''tuer'''....''inform'' || '''tier'''....''learn'' || '''tuier'''....''communicate'' |- | '''yaper'''....''ascend'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' || '''yaoper'''....''go up and down'' |- | '''zayper'''....''go forward'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' || '''zaoper'''....''vacillate'' |- | '''vader'''....''affirm'' || '''voder'''....''deny'' || '''vaoder'''....''decide'' |- | '''yijber'''....''open'' || '''yujber'''....''close'' || '''uijber'''....''valve'' |- | '''baser'''....''stir'' || '''boser'''....''be still'' || '''baoser'''....''vibrate'' |} </small> == Multi-stem Verbs == : Here are a few verbs in Mirad that are composed of two verb stems: <small> ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Multi-stem Verbs |- ! First Verb Stem !! Second Verb Stem !! Multi-stem Verb |- | '''nix-'''....''to earn'' || '''bu-'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' |- | '''nux-'''....''to pay'' || '''bi-'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' |- | '''f(e)-'''....''to want'' || '''d-'''....''to say'' || '''feder'''....''to mean'' |- | '''f(e)-'''....''to want'' || '''t-'''....''to know'' || '''feter'''....''to wonder'' |- | '''yek-'''....''to try'' || '''bi-'''....''to take'' || '''yekbier'''....''to acquire'' |- | '''yek-'''....''to try'' || '''ak-'''....''to win'' || '''yekaker'''....''to court, woo'' |- | '''yek-'''....''to try'' || '''ti-'''....''to find out'' || '''yektier'''....''to inquire'' |- | '''tea(t)-'''....''to see'' || '''pix-'''....''to catch'' ||'''teapixer'''....''to catch sight of'' |- | '''teat-'''....''to see'' || '''ok-'''....''to lose'' || '''teatoker'''....''to lose sight of'' |- | '''ef-'''....''to need'' || '''kyox-'''....''to fixate'' || '''efkyoxer'''....''to addict'' |- | '''af-'''....''to allow'' || '''d-'''....''to say'' || '''afder'''....''to authorize'' |- | '''of-'''....''to be prohibited'' || '''d-'''....''to say'' || '''ofder'''....''to ban'' |- | '''of-'''....''to be prohibited'' || '''bi-'''....''to take'' || '''ofbier'''....'''to steal''' |- | '''of-'''....''to be prohibited'' || '''boyx-'''....''to deprive'' || '''ofboyxer'''....''to rob'' |- | '''of-'''....''to be prohibited'' || '''emkyox-'''....''to settle'' || '''ofemkyoxer'''....''to squat'' |- | '''of-'''....''to be prohibited'' || '''f-'''....''to want'' || '''offer'''....''to covet'' |- | '''tex-'''....''to think'' || '''d-'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention'' |- | '''ke(x)-'''....''to seek''|| '''bi-'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''*....''to choose'' |- | '''ke(x)-'''....''to seek''|| '''vyax-'''....''to verify'' || '''kevyaxer'''....''to experiment'' |- | '''ke(x)-'''....''to seek'' || '''ti-'''....''to find out'' || '''kextier'''....''to be interested in'' |- | '''ko(x)-'''....''to hide'' || '''bel-'''....''to carry'' || '''kobeler'''....''to smuggle'' |- | '''ko(x)-'''....''to hide'' || '''bes-'''....''to dwell'' || '''kobeser'''....''to haunt'' |- | '''ko(x)-'''....''to hide'' || '''bu-'''....''to give'' || '''kobuer'''....''to bribe'' |- | '''ko(x)-'''....''to hide'' || '''dr-'''....''to write'' || '''kodrer'''....''to encipher'' |- | '''ko(x)-'''....''to hide'' || '''ebkyax-'''....''to exchange'' || '''koebkyaxler'''....''to traffic'' |- | '''ko(x)-'''....''to hide'' || '''ex-'''....''to operate'' || '''koexer'''....''to spy'' |- | '''ko(x)-'''....''to hide'' || '''jadr-'''....''to plan'' || '''kojadrer'''....''to plot'' |- | '''ka(x)-'''....''to find'' || '''b-'''....''to put'' || '''kaber'''....''to expose'' |- | '''ka(x)-'''....''to find'' || '''d-'''....''to say'' || '''kader'''....''to reveal'' |- | '''ka(x)-'''....''to find'' || '''p-'''....''to go'' || '''kaper'''....''to venture'' |- | '''ka(x)-'''....''to find'' || '''tu-'''....''to inform'' || '''katuer'''....''to disclose'' |- | '''f(e)-'''....''to want'' || '''t-'''....''to know'' || '''feter'''....''to wonder'' |- | '''je(x)-'''....''to continue'' || '''teax-'''....''to look'' || '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch'' |- | '''je(x)-'''....''to continue'' || '''bes-'''....''to stay'' || '''jebeser'''....''to stay on'' |- | '''je(x)-'''....''to continue'' || '''bex-'''....''to hold'' || '''jebexer'''....''to keep'' |- | '''ek-'''....''to play'' || '''axl-'''....''to act'' || '''ekaxler'''....''to pretend'' |} </small> :: * This is often simplified to '''kebier'''. == Expressing Habitual Actions and States == : Mirad uses the term '''gel jubyen''' (''as a habit'') to express a verb reflecting habitual action, eg: ::* '''At tijeya be yiwa jwobi gel jubyen.'''....''I used to wake up at 9 o'clock.'' (Lit. ''I was waking up at 9 o'clock as a habit.''). : The term '''hyujod'''....''one another occasion'' (or '''be aj'''....''in the past'') is use to express ''once (upon a time)'', eg: ::* '''At sa tuxut hyujod (~ be aj) sa tuxut.''' ....''I once was a teacher.'' : The term '''vyabxelay''' (''routinely'') can also be used, eg: ::* '''Yat eke duz yuz bi ha doym vyabxelay.'''....''We play music around town routinely.'' == Expressing an Immediate Past == : To express an immediate past, such as in the sentence ''"We have just gotten married."'', Mirad uses the adverb '''ejnay''' (''newly'') much like the word ''just'' in English: ::* '''Yat tadsaye <u>ejnay</u>.'''....''We have <u>just</u> gotten married.'' ::* '''<u>Ejnay</u> tadxwa.'''....''<u>Just</u> married.'' ::* '''Wit dokebiwa <u>ejnay</u>.'''....''He was <u>just</u> elected.'' ::* '''At ujbaya yex <u>ejnay</u> hoj iyt yebupa.'''....''I had <u>just</u> finished work when she came in.'' == Verb Predicate Types == : Mirad verb predicates can be classified as follows: :* '''''Voice''''' ::* Active (The subject is the doer of the action) ::* Passive (The subject is the receiver of the action) ::* Middle (The subject is both the agent and patient) ::* Reflexive (The subject is also the patient.) ::* Reciprocal (Plural subjects interact.) :* '''''Stativity''''' ::* Stative (Does not involve action) ::* Dynamic (Action is involved) :* '''''Valency''''' ::* Impersonal (There is no subject) ::* Transitive (There is an object) ::* Intransitive (There is no object) ::* Auto-transitive (The subject is a patient and there is no agent) ::* Anti-transitive (There is the patient but an agent is assumed) ::* Causative (Subject causes an action to be performed) ::* Copula (X is Y) :* '''''Other''''' ::* Modal (''can, must, should, wants to''...) ::* Auxiliary (''help to, hope to, prepare to'' + verb) ::* Motion (''run, go, ride''...) ::* Communication (''say, answer, claim that...'') ::* Gesture (''put, shake, hit...'') ::* State/Stative (''be, become, live, be born...'') ::* Action/Dynamic (''do, act, make'') {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightYellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Predicate Types |- ! Voice !! Stativity!! Valency !! Example |- | active || stative || impersonal, -agent, -object || '''Mamilo zajub.'''....''It will rain tomorrow.'' |- | active || stative || impersonal, -agent, +complement || '''Sa gla oma.'''....''It was very cold.'' |- | active || stative || impersonal, +subject || '''Ese het be ha mes.'''....''There is someone at the door.'' |- | active || stative || copula, subject + noun/adjective complement || '''Et se ata twud.'''....''You are my son.''<br>'''At aseye ebbyextipa.'''....''I am becoming angry.'' |- | middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient -agent -object || '''Iyt toja.'''....''She died'' |- | middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened.'' |- | active || stative || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Et bokso.'''....''You will get sick.'' |- | active || stative || transitive, sense, +subject +object || '''At teate et.'''....''I see you.'' |- | active || stative || transitive, modal, +subject +verb complement || '''At fe per.'''....''I want to go.'' |- | active || stative || intransitive, subject-oriented modal, -subject +verb complement || '''Yofwe teater.'''....''It is impossible to see.'' |- | passive || stative || patient-oriented modal, +subject || '''Mamil yakwe.'''....''Rain is expected.'' |- | middle || dynamic || anti-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' |- | active || dynamic || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Ha fab pyosa.'''....''The tree fell.'' |- | active || dynamic || transitive, +subject +-object || '''Yit pyoxa ha fab.'''....''They felled the tree.'' |- | passive || dynamic || intransitive, +subject, -object || '''Ha fabi pyoxwa.'''....''The trees were felled.'' |- | active || dynamic || transitive, +subject, +object|| '''Obu eta tef.'''....''Take your hat off.'' |- | active || dynamic || ditransitive, +subject, +object +object || '''Von et buu iyt ha nas.'''....''Don't give her the money.'' |- | active || dynamic || transitive, motion, +subject, +destination/origin || '''Yupu ha seem.'''....''Approach the bench.''<br>'''Pu tam!'''....''Go home!'' (''you'' implied) |- | active || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxo Jon.'''....''I will get my hair cut by John.'' |- | passive || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxwo.'''....''I will get my hair cut.'' |- | active || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''Yuxu at xer his.'''....''Help me do this.'' |- | passive || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''At tuxwa eker duz.'''....''I was taught to play music.'' |- | middle || dynamic || reflexive, +subject = patient, -object || '''Iyt uttojba.'''....''She killed herself.'' |- | active || dynamic || reciprocal, +subjects = patients || '''Yit voy hyuitdale gaj.'''....''They don't talk to one another anymore.'' |} <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Pronouns|Prepositions}}</noinclude> 14nk2eym4li4x18oucjjevzl2knx3xo 4498366 4498363 2025-06-02T17:30:59Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Verbs with Vectorial Prefixes */ 4498366 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{status|100%}}</noinclude> == The Verb Stem == [[File:Various forms of using the verb "to inform" in LSC.png|thumb|]] : Verbs in Mirad are listed in the dictionary under the present active infinitive (see [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs#Non-finite Forms]]), such as '''yexer'''....''to work''. The infinitive minus the '''er''' ending is the stem. The stem is used as the base for all other verbal instantiations. The infinitive as listed in the dictionary is usually active in voice, but occasionally a passive infinitive ending in '''-wer''' will be lexicalized because it is somehow special, so then, the stem is still the infinitive minus the '''-er''' ending. All Mirad verbs are conjugated in the same way and there are no exceptions. : This shows how to determine the '''''stem''''' of a verb listed in the dictionary: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Stems |- ! Simple Infinitive !! Stem<big>+</big>Infinitive Ending |- | '''yex<u>er</u>'''....''to work'' || '''yex<big>+</big>er''' |- | '''pos<u>er</u>'''....''to (come to a) stop'' || '''pos<big>+</big>er''' |- | '''x<u>er</u>'''....''to do'' || '''x<big>+</big>er''' |- | '''xw<u>er</u>'''....''to happen, be done'' (PASSIVE)|| '''xw<big>+</big>er''' |} === Verb Formants === : The active stem of verbs most often end in one of the following verb formants: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Formats |- ! Verb Formant !! Function !! Examples |- | '''-xer''' || action or causation || '''xer'''....''to do'', '''saxer'''....''to create'', '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'', '''yixer'''....''to use'' |- | '''-xler'''|| forceful action || '''yixler'''....''to employ'' |- | '''-xrer'''|| more forceful action || '''yixrer'''....''to wear out'' |- | '''-ber'''|| gesture || '''ber'''....''to put'', '''aber'''....''to apply'', '''yujber'''....''to close'' |- | '''-bler'''|| forceful gesture || '''yujbler'''....''to lock'' |- | '''-brer'''|| more foreful gesture || '''yobrer'''....''to knock down'' |- | '''-ser''' || state or becoming || '''ser'''....''to be'', '''eser'''....''to exist'', '''aser'''....''to become'', '''zyaser'''....''to widen, become wider'' |- | '''-per''' || motion or going || '''per'''....''to go'', '''yaper'''....''to ascend'', '''paper'''....''to fly'' |- | '''-ier'''|| action toward subject || '''bier'''....''to take'', '''nier'''....''to consume'', '''ifier'''.'..''to enjoy'', '''dier'''....''to ask'' |- | '''-uer'''|| action toward object || '''buer'''....''to give'', '''nuer'''....''to supply'', '''ifuer'''....''to please'', '''duer'''....''to suggest'' |- | '''-ner''' || various verbs || '''uxner'''....''to motivate'', '''axner'''....''to behave'' |- | '''-der''' || communication || '''der'''....''to say'', '''vader'''....''to affirm'', '''yevder'''....''to judge'' |- | '''-drer''' || writing || '''drer'''....''to write'', '''teedrer'''....''to report'', '''taxdrer'''....''to record'' |- | '''-ter''' || knowing || '''ter'''....''to know'', '''tester'''....''to understand'', '''teater'''....''to see'' |- | '''-fer''' || volition || '''fer'''....''to want'', '''ifer'''....''to love'', '''ufer'''....''to hate'' |- | '''-ver''' || some modal verbs || '''yiver'''....''to have a right to'', '''yuver'''....''to have a duty to'' |- | '''-ker''' || various verbs || '''aker'''....''to win'', '''oker'''....''to lose'', '''eker'''....''to play'' |- | '''-jer''' || opening/closing || '''ijer'''....''to begin'', '''ujer'''....''to end'', '''tajer'''....''to be born'', '''tojer'''....''to die'', '''yijer'''....''to open'' |- | '''-ler''' || various verbs || '''baler'''....''to press'', '''boler'''....''to support'', '''beler'''....''to carry'', '''daler'''....''to speak'' |- | '''-[aiu]rer'''|| tool use || '''ukarer'''....''to shovel'', '''purer'''....''to drive'', '''myekirer'''....''to mill'' |- | '''-zer'''|| perform an art || '''dazer'''....''to dance'', '''dezer'''....''to act'', '''deuzer'''...''to sing'' |} == Verb Categories == : Verbs have '''''morphological categories''''', which involve changes to the verb not always found in the dictionary, but developed through rule-bound affixation (such as ''live'', ''lives'', ''lived'', ''living''). They also have '''''lexical categories''''', which involve derived forms usually listed in dictionaries (''enjoy'', ''enjoyable'', ''enjoyment'') === Morphological Categories === :: Verbs are inflected with the following '''''morphological categories''''': ::* '''''2 states''''': finite, non-finite ::* '''''4 tenses''''': present, past, future, atemporal¹ ::* '''''5 aspects''''': simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential ::* '''''2 voices''''': active, passive ::* '''''2 moods''''': indicative, hypothetical <small> ::'''''Note 1:''''' The term "atemporal" means that tense is not marked. For example, in Mirad, '''Pu!''' is the imperative of the verb '''per'''....''to go''. It means ''Go!'' and is atemporal. The '''-u''' ending is an atemporal hypothetical mood marker. </small> : In effect, the PERSON/NUMBER category is not listed above, because this category does not affect the morphology of the Mirad verb form itself. The Mirad verb form stays the same for all persons and numbers. That information is contained in the external subject pronouns governing the verb. In English, for example, the verb "be" has several different forms in the present tense verb form depending on the person and number (I <u>am</u>, you <u>are</u>, he <u>is</u>, we <u>are</u>, etc.), but not so in Mirad. The following chart shows how the English pattern differs from the corresponding single Mirad verb form '''se''' for all persons and numbers: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Verb '''ser''' (''to be'') Unchanged for person/number |- ! Person !! Number !! English !! Mirad |- !row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Singular | ''I <u>am</u>'' || '''at <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 2nd | ''you <u>are</u>'' || '''et <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 3rd | ''he/she/it <u>is</u>'' || '''it <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Plural | ''we <u>are</u>'' || '''yat <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 2nd | ''you <u>are</u>'' || '''yet <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 3rd | ''they <u>are</u>'' || '''yit <u>se</u>''' |} : This invariability of person/number exists for all tenses. === Lexical Categories === :: In addition, verbs can be described in terms of the following opposing '''''lexical''''' categories. By lexical, is meant that verbs having different lexical properties are listed in the dictionary and have nothing to do with conjugation. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;margin-left:1.6em;" |+ Verb Lexical Categories |- ! Stative !! Dynamic |- | '''ser'''....''to be'' || '''xer'''....''to do'' |- ! Intransitive !! Transitive |- | '''agaser'''....''to grow large'' || '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'' |- ! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed |- | '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' |- ! Reflexive !! Non-reflexive |- | '''utvyixer'''....''to wash up (wash oneself)'' || '''vyixer'''....''to wash'' |- ! Inchoative !! Causative |- | '''tujper'''....''fall asleep'' || '''tujber'''....''put to sleep'' |- ! Autonomous !! Dynamic |- | '''yijer'''....''to open (by itself)'' || '''yijber'''....''to (make it) open'' |- ! Reciprocal !! Non-reciprocal |- | '''hyuittujber'''....''to kill one another'' || '''tujber'''....''to kill'' |- ! Gestural !! Locomotive |- | '''baser'''....''to stir, budge'' || '''paser'''....''to move'' |- ! Subject-oriented !! Object-oriented |- | '''teetyiker'''....''to be hard of hearing'' || '''teetyikwer'''....''to be hard to hear'' |} == Non-finite Forms == : '''''Non-finite verb forms''''' are ::* not conjugated for person or number ::* cannot form a predicate ::* and do not have a subject. : There are three kinds of non-finite verb forms in Mirad: ::* '''''infinitives''''': the dictionary lookup form of a verb, ending in '''-er''' :::* '''der'''....''to say'', '''tixayer'''....''to have studied'', '''xwer'''....''to be done'' ::* '''''gerunds''''': verbal nouns, ending in '''-en''' :::* '''byasen'''....''(the act of) standing'' ::* '''''participles''''': verbal adjectives, ending in '''-a''' :::* '''tejea'''....''living (alive)'', '''twa'''....''known'', '''piya'''....''departed'' === Infinitives === : Verbs are listed in the dictionary under the '''''active voice simple aspect infinitive''''' form, which always ends in '''er''' and means ''to X'', or rarely the passive voice simple aspect infinitive form, which ends in '''wer''' and means ''to be Xed''. The part of the verb form minus the '''-er''' or '''-wer''' is the '''''verb stem'''''. Very rarely at verb can be expressed as a past active or past passive infinitive in '''ayer''' and '''awer''', respectively. (For example: '''Tejayer boy ifawer naze glo.'''....''To have lived without having loved counts little.''). :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em" |+ Infinitive Stems |- ! Infinitivw || Stem !! Ending |- | '''agser'''....''to grow'' || '''ags-''' || '''-er''' |- | '''igxer'''....''to quicken'' || '''igx-''' || '''-er''' |- | '''per'''....''to go'' || '''p-''' || '''-er''' |- | '''xwer'''....''to happen, be done'' || '''x-''' || '''-wer''' |- | '''tejayer'''....''to have lived'' || '''tej-''' || '''-ayer''' |- | '''ifawer'''....''to have loved'' || '''if-''' || '''-awer''' |} : The infinitive in Mirad is used very much as its counterpart in English. The infinitive can be marked for two aspects (simple, perfect) and two voices (active, passive), as shown in the chart below, where the verb stems are underlined: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;" |+ Active and Passive Infinitive Stems |- ! Aspect !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Simple | '''<u>igx</u>er'''....''to quicken'' || '''<u>igx</u>wer'''....''to be quickened'' |- !row=1| Perfect | '''<u>igx</u>ayer'''....''to have quickened'' || '''<u>igx</u>awer'''....''to have been quickened'' |} : In the above chart, ::* the verb stem is '''igx-''' and ::* the infinitive marker is '''-er'''; ::* the simple aspect active voice marker is zero; ::* the simple aspect passive voice marker is '''w'''; ::* the perfect aspect active voice marker is '''-ay-'''; ::* the past aspect passive voice marker is '''-aw-'''. The passive voice infinitive of a verb will not appear in the dictionary unless it has a special meaning, such as '''xwer''' ''to happen (= to be done)''. The perfect infinitives are never listed in the dictionary. === Gerunds === : The gerund is a verbal noun like English ''playing'' in ''playing ball.'' : The gerund has two possible '''''aspects''''' (simple and perfect) and two possible '''''voices''''' (active and passive): {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em; " |+ Gerund Formation |- ! Aspect !! Voice !! Ending !! Example |- !row=1| Simple !! Active | '''-en''' || '''agax<u>en</u>'''....''magnifiying, magnification'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Passive | '''-wen''' || '''agax<u>wen</u>'''....''being magnified'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Active | '''-ayen''' || '''byek<u>ayen</u>'''....''having cured'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Passive | '''-awen''' || '''byek<u>awen</u>'''....''having been cured'' |} : Note: Intransitive verbs like '''per''' ''to go'' do not have a passive gerund form. : Lexicalized gerunds, such as '''sanxen''' ''formation, forming'' generally appear in the dictionary in the active voice. : Some examples of gerund usage: ::* ('''sanxer'''....''to form'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Ha <u>sanxen</u> bi hia mar efxa amroni bi jabi.'''....''The <u>forming</u> (or: <u>formation</u>) of this star took millions of years.'' ::* ('''deuzer'''....''to sing'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Iyta <u>deuzen</u> sa gla via.'''....''Her <u>singing</u> was very beautiful.'' ::* ('''poper'''....''to travel'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''<u>Popen</u> se yika yex.'''....''<u>Traveling</u> is hard work.'' ::* ('''teeter'''....''to hear'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''<u>Teetwen</u> fiay se teskyia av dezuti.'''....''<u>Being heard</u> well is important for actors.'' ::* ('''teater'''....''to see'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''<u>Teaten</u> se <u>vyatexen</u>.'''.....''<u>Seeing</u> is <u>believing</u>.'' ::* ('''uper'''....''to come'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''His se ha jeb bi <u>Upen</u>.'''....''This is the season of <u>Advent</u> (coming).'' ::* ('''tadier'''....''to get married'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Ata <u>tadiayen</u> ewa jodi bixa tepzex.'''....''My <u>having married</u> twice drew attention.'' ::* ('''aker'''....''to win'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''At voy ta ita <u>akawen</u> hua nuz.'''....''I did not know about his <u>having won</u> that prize.'' : Gerunds, being verb forms, can take direct and indirect objects: ::* '''At ifxwe bey eta buayen at hua nas.'''....''I am pleased by your having given me that money.'' ::* '''Tojben eut voy se kexbiyaf.'''....''Killing yourself is not an option.'' : The special gerundive ending '''-eyn''' gives a nuance emphasizing the action as a single act, much like the English endings ''-ment'' or ''-tion''. Here are a few examples showing the difference between '''-en''' and '''-eyn'''. ::* '''yanlaxen'''....''combining''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yanlaxeyn'''....''combination'' ::* '''xen'''....''doing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''xeyn'''....''action, deed'' ::* '''zayben'''....''advancing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zaybeyn'''....''advancement'' : Another special gerundive (but lexical) ending is '''-un''', which expresses the result of an action, eg.: ::* '''zyegxer'''....''to puncture''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyegxun'''....''a puncture'' ::* '''zyeuber'''....''to transmit''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyeubun'''....''a broadcast'' ::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''deuzun'''....''a song'' === Participles === : Participles are verbal adjectives and can modify nouns and pronouns. Since they act as adjectives, they have the adjectival ending '''-a'''. Participles are marked by '''''aspect''''' (simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential) and '''''voice''''' (active, passive). : The aspect markers per voice are: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;" |+ Aspect Markers |- ! Aspect !! Voice !! Form !! Example |- ! rowspan=2| Progressive ! rowspan=1 | Active | '''-ea-''' || '''tejea'''....''living'' |- ! rowsspan=1 | Passive | '''wea''' || '''xwea'''....''happening, being done'' |- ! rowspan=2| Perfect ! rowspan=1 |Active | '''-ya''' || '''pya'''....''gone'' (< '''pyaa'''¹) |- ! rowspan=1| Passive | '''-wa''' || '''xwa'''....''done'' (< '''xwaa'''¹) |- ! rowspan=2| Imminent ! Active | '''-oa''' || '''tojoa'''....''about to die'' |- ! rowspan=1 | Passive | '''-woa''' || '''dodelwoa'''....''about to be announced'' |- ! rowspan=2| Potential ! Active | '''-ua''' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' |- ! rowspan=1| Passive | '''-wua''' || '''opoxwua'''....''unstoppable'' |} : <small>¹: The double '''aa''' in the perfect endings is reduced to '''a'''.</small> : '''''Note 1:''''' The perfect active particple ending in '''-ya''' is used only for intransitive verbs like '''per''' (''to go''). '''He is <u>gone</u>.''' is expressed by '''Wit se <u>pya</u>'''. : '''''Note 2:''''' The potential aspect, represented by the vowel '''u''' is much like the conditional in English, but is not considered a tense in Mirad. For example, '''tojbu''' means ''would kill'' and the participle '''tojbua''' means ''lethal'' (referring to something that ''would/has the potential to kill''). More about this in a later section. : '''''Note 3:''''' There is another form of the progressive participle that falls in the lexical, rather than morphological category, in that such forms are listed in the dictionary as adjectives. For example, in the phrase ''The animals <u>bothering</u> our bird feeder...'', the participle ''bothering'' would be '''oboxea''' in Mirad. By inserting the letter '''y''' between the verb stem and the participial ending, the participle becomes an adjective denoting a propensity or habit, as in ''bothersome'' ('''obox<u>y</u>ea'''). Such participles are invariably in the active voice. Most such adjectives in English end in ''-ive'' as in ''repulsive'' or ''-ly'' as in ''wiggly'' or ''-ous'' as in ''circuitous.'' Such adjectives in Mirad are listed in the dictionary and end in '''-yea'''. : Adverbial participles can be made from the above adjectival participles, by suffixing the letter '''y'''. Examples: ::* '''Iyt yepa ha tim <u>deuzeay</u>.'''....''She entered the room <u>singing</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Ujbaway</u> ha dodal, it pia.'''....''The speech <u>having been finished</u>, he left.'' : Also, the above participles can be converted into abstract nouns by suffixing '''n'''. Examples: ::* '''tiluwa'''....''drinkable'' <big>→</big> '''tiluwan'''....''potability'' ::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' <big>→</big> '''tojbuan'''....''lethality'' ::* '''mansea'''....''shining'' <big>→</big> '''he <u>mansean</u> bi iyta deuzen'''....''the <u>brilliance</u> of her singing'' ::* '''aakaxyea'''....''inventive'' <big>→</big> '''aakaxyean'''....''inventiveness'' : Furthermore, these participles can sometimes be pronominalized with '''s''' for things and '''t''' for people or living things. These forms can, in turn, be pluralized: ::* '''xwa'''....''done'' <big>→</big> '''xwas'''....''what is done, a happening'' ::* '''xwa'''....''done'' <big>→</big> '''xwasi'''....''happenings, deeds'' ::* '''otwa'''....''unknown'' <big>→</big> '''otwas'''....''what is not known, a mystery'' ::* '''osexea'''....''destroying'' <big>→</big> '''osexeas'''....''a destroyer'' ::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' <big>→</big> '''tojbuas'''....''something lethal, a lethal thing'' ::* '''tojboa'''....''moribund'' <big>→</big> '''tojboati'''....''people about to die, fatal cases'' ::* '''tejea'''....''living'' <big>→</big> '''tejeat'''....''a living person'' ::* '''tejea'''....''living'' <big>→</big> '''tejeasi'''....''living things'' : There is a special tenseless, nominalized, animate participle used for '''''agent''''' nouns (English ''one who does something, Xer'', ''Xant'', ''Xist''), which refers to a person who habitually does some action, perhaps as a profession or trade. These agent nouns end in '''-ut'''. ::* '''sexut'''....''builder'' ::* '''nuut'''....''supplier'' ::* '''tojbut'''....''killer'' ::* '''ifut'''....''lover'' ::* '''akuti'''....''winners'' : Note: There is a slight difference of meaning between the tensed participial pronoun '''ha akeat'''....''the one winning'' and the non-tensed agent noun '''ha akut'''....''the winner''. : Similarly, there is a special tenseless, nominalized, <u>in</u>animate participle used for a thing that performs the action denoted by the verb stem. These agent nouns end in '''-us'''. ::* '''yuxus'''....''aid (a thing that helps)'' ::* '''byuxwus'''....''button (a thing that gets touched on the keyboard)'' ::* '''paxus'''....''motive (a thing that moves one)'' ::* '''jaupus'''....''precedent (a thing that comes before)'' : The above '''-us''' ending contrasts with the endings '''-ar''' (''instrument''), '''-ir''' (''machine''), '''-ur''' (''motor, engine''), which are physical objects and not always suffixed to a verbal root. == Finite Forms == [[File:Auxiliary verbs tree 3.png|thumb|]] : In Mirad, finite verb forms are those that can take a person subject, serve as a predicate, and be conjugated. Finite verb forms are conjugated by using suffixes indicating, through their presence or absence, the following categories: <div style="background: lightyellow"> ::* TENSES :::# '''''present''''' :::# '''''past''''' :::# '''''future''''' :::# '''''atemporal''''' ::* MOODS :::# '''''indicative''''' :::# '''''hypothetical''''' ::* ASPECTS :::# '''''simple''''' :::# '''''progressive''''' :::# '''''perfect''''' :::# '''''imminent''''' :::# '''''potential''''' ::* VOICES :::# '''''active''''' :::# '''''passive''''' :::# '''''reflexive''''' :::# '''''reciprocal''''' </div> : Person and number are not marked on the verb form itself. For example, ''am'', ''is'', ''are'', which change according to the person subject in English, are all expressed with the same verb form in Mirad: '''se'''. Thus, '''at se'''....''I am'', '''et se'''....''you are'', '''it se'''....''he/she/it is'', etc. === Moods === : There are two moods in Mirad: ::* '''''indicative''''' ::* '''''hypothetical'''''. ===== Indicative Mood ===== ::: The '''''indicative''''' form of the verb indicates an action or state that occurs in actual time, such as ''he went'', ''he is going'', ''he will go.'' ::: The indicative mood has three tenses, '''''present''''', '''''past''''', '''''future''''', indicated by the suffixes '''-e''', '''-a''', and '''-o''', respectively. ===== Hypothetical Mood ===== ::: Wheras the indicative verb forms expresses actuality in time, the '''''hypothetical mood''''' expresses one of the non-actuality situations below and uses the vowel '''u'''. :::* a command , i.e. the '''''imperative''''' (''Go!'') :::* a wish or suggestion, i.e. the '''''hortative''''' or '''''jussive''''' (''May the king live long!'', ''Let's celebrate!'') :::* an unrealized situation, i.e. the '''''subjunctive''''' (''It is important that you <u>be</u> early.'') :::* an imagined if-then-situation, i.e. the '''''conditional''''' (''If I <u>were</u> rich, I <u>would be</u> happy.'') === Aspects === : There are five aspects in the Mirad verb system. <div style="background: lightyellow"> ::* the '''''simple''''' aspect (default), i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional. ::* the '''''progressive''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state on-going in the particular tense, using '''ey''' ::* the '''''perfective''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state anterior or already completed, using '''ay''' ::* the '''''imminent''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state about to happen, using '''oy''' ::* the '''''potential''''' aspect, i.e. an action potentially happening, using '''uy''' </div> ===== The Simple Aspect ===== :: Unless specifically marked, the default aspect is '''''simple''''', i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional. Three indicative tenses can be expressed in the simple aspect: ::* Present with '''e''' ::* Past with '''a''' ::* Future with '''o'''. :: An atemporal verb ending in '''u''' in the simple aspect is considered hypothetical and expresses three things, depending on how it is used in the sentence: ::* a conditional like ''I would go (if...)'' ::* an imperative like ''Go!'' ::* a hortative like ''Let's go!'' ::* a subjunctive like ''(It is important that) we go.'' :: Here is a chart showing the simple, active voice instantiations of the Mirad verb '''per''' (''to go'') with the endings underlined: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em;" |+ Simple Active Conjugation of '''Per''' |- ! Mood !! Tense !! Aspect !! Voice !! Instantiation !! Verb '''per''' |- !row=1| Indicative !! Present !! Simple !! Active !! | '''At p<u>e</u>'''....''I go'' |- !row=1| Indicative !! Past !! Simple !! Active !! | '''At p<u>a</u>'''....''I went'' |- !row=1| Indicative !! Future !! Simple !! Active !! |'''At p<u>o</u>'''....''I will go'' |- !row=1 rowspan=4 | Hypothetical !rowspan=4| Atemporal !rowspan=4| Simple !rowspan=4| Active ! Conditional |'''At p<u>u</u>'''....''I would go'' |- ! Hortative/Optative/Jussive |'''Van yat p<u>u</u>!'''....''Let's go!'' |- ! Imperative |'''P<u>u</u> tam!'''....''Go home!'' |- ! Subjunctive |'''Se efwa van et p<u>u</u>.'''....''It is necessary that you go.'' |} : Note that the last four instantiations are the same tense, but differ in syntax. For example, if the verb form is hypothetical, atemporal, simple, active and has no subject, it operates as an imperative. ==== The Simple Indicative Present Active Tense ==== :: The simple indicative present instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''e''' and has a non-progressive ('''''habitual''''') aspect as in English ''I work'' or ''I live''. Progressive aspect forms like ''I am studying'' are explained later. :: Examples: :::* '''At <u>yexe</u> be tam.''' ....''I <u>work</u> at home''. :::* '''Hia tom <u>se</u> nam.''' ....''This building <u>is</u> a store.'' :::* '''Ha amur <u>yuzpe</u> ha imer.'''....''The moon <u>goes around</u> the earth.'' ==== The Simple Indicative Past Active Tense ==== :::: The simple indicative past tense instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''a''' and has a non-progressive (punctual) meaning as in English ''I did something at some particular point in time''. The simple past contrasts in aspect with the past progressive (''I was doing something'') or the present perfect (''I have done something''), or past potential (''I would have done something''). The simple past is punctual, that is, it describes an event that occurred at a particular point in time. ::::: Examples: ::::::* '''Iyt <u>iba</u> ha nyuf zojub.''' ....''She <u>received</u> the package yesterday.'' ::::::* '''At <u>ujba</u> ha dyes ji iwa jwobi.''' ....''I <u>finished</u> the book three hours ago.'' ::::::* '''His <u>kyesa</u> exag hijub.'''....''This <u>happened</u> twice today.'' ==== The Simple Indicative Future Active Tense ==== :: The simple indicative future tense is marked with the vowel suffix '''o''' and has the same meaning as in English ''I will do something at some particular point in the future''. :: Examples: :::* '''Yit <u>tadso</u> zajab.'''....''They <u>are going to get married</u> next year.'' :::* '''Hua kaxon <u>ujako</u>.''' ....''That solution <u>will work</u>.'' :::* '''At <u>so</u> him hoj et <u>upo</u>.'''....''I <u>will be</u> here when you <u>(will) come.</u>¹'' :: Note 1: Unlike in English, Mirad does not use the present tense for a real future. There is also no sequence of tenses in Mirad (such as, ''He said he was coming.''. In Mirad, this would be expressed as ''He said he <u>will</u> come.''). ==== The Simple Hypothetical Atemporal Active Tense ==== :: A verb form ending in '''u''' like '''pu''' has no time value and is used to express unreal actions or states, such as the '''''imperative''''', '''''hortative''''', '''''conditional''''', or '''''subjunctive'''''. :: Examples: :::* '''<u>Upu</u> him!'''....''<u>Come</u> here!'' ('''''imperative''''') :::* '''<u>Von upu</u>!''' ....''<u>Don't come</u>!'' ('''''negative imperative''''') :::* '''Ha edeb <u>fu</u> teater et.''' ....''The king <u>would like</u> to see you.'' ('''''conditional''''') :::* '''Ven at <u>su</u> et, at <u>dolu</u>.''' ....''If I <u>were</u> you, I <u>would be</u> quiet.'' ('''''conditional''''') :::* '''Van yeyt <u>ujaku</u> be yeyta yexneadi.''' ....''May all you (women) <u>succeed</u> in your careers.'' ('''''hortative''''') :::* '''Van yat <u>ijbu</u> bay fyadil.''' ....''Let's <u>begin</u> with a prayer.'' ('''''jussive''''') :::* '''Se kyitesa <u>van et puu</u> jwa.''' ....''It's important <u>that you arrive</u> early.'' (''''subjunctive''''') :::* '''Se kyitesa <u>von et puu</u> jwo.'''....''It's important <u>that you not arrive</u> late.'' ('''''negative subjunctive''''') :: Hypothetical verb forms ending in '''-u''' can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the following syntactical patterns in the sentence: ::* Generally, if a verb form ending in '''-u''' begins a sentence and has no subject, then it is an IMPERATIVE (a command). For example, '''Ipu!''', ''Go away!''. ::* If the verb form has a subject not preceded by the complementizers '''van''', '''ven''', or '''von''', then it is probably a conditional predicate like '''At fu per.'''....''I <u>would like</u> to go.''. ::* If the subject of the verb is preceded by '''ven'''....''if'', then it is a conditional clause as in '''Ven at <u>su</u> nasikat...'''....''If I <u>were</u> a rich man.''. ::* If the subject is preceded by '''Van'''....''that/let/may'' or '''von'''....''don't'', then it is a hortative wish like '''Van et yagteju.'''....''May you live long.'' or a jussive suggestion like '''Van yat fyadilu.'''....''Let us pray.'' or a prohibition like '''Von tiliu his!'''....''Don't drink this!''. === Voices === : Mirad has four voices: ::* Active ::* Passive ::* Reflexive ::* Reciprocal. ==== Active Voice ==== : The default voice is active, i.e. the subject of the verb is doing the action. ::* '''At teata ha kyes.'''....''I saw the event.'' ==== Passive Voice ==== : A verb form is converted from active to passive by inserting a '''w''' just after the stem of the verb form. The past passive particle ending '''-waa''' is usually abbreviated to '''-wa''' (''done'' is '''xwa'''). However, if the verb stem ends in a consonant plus '''l''' or '''r''', then '''-wa''' is changed to '''-awa''' for ease of pronunciation, eg. '''dr<u>awa</u>'''....''written''. : The following chart shows the distinction between active and passive voice of various verbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:4.8em" |+ Contrasting Active and Passive Voice ! Verb Form !! Active !! Active<br>Example !! Passive !! Passive<br>Example |- !row=1| Infinitive | '''xer'''<br>''to do'' || '''At fe xer fi.'''<br>''I want to do well.'' || '''xwer'''<br>''to be done'' || '''Ese hyos xwer.'''<br>''There is nothing to be done.'' |- !row=1| Present Participle | '''sexea'''<br>''constructing'' || '''Ha nunxob sexea hia tom...'''<br>''The firm constructing this building...''|| '''sexewa'''<br>''being constructed'' || '''His se sexewa.'''<br>''This is under construction.'' |- !row=1| Present | '''xe'''<br>''do/does'' ||'''At xe fi be tixam.'''<br>''I do well in school.'' || '''xwe'''<br>''is done'' || '''Huyenasi hoj xwe.'''<br>''Such things are never done.'' |- !row=1| Past Participle | '''xaa'''<br>''having done'' || '''Iyt, xaa hya iyta yex,...'''<br>''She, having done all her work,...'' ||'''xwa'''<br>''done'' || '''Hyas se xwa.'''<br>''Everything is done.'' |- !row=1| Past | '''tojba'''<br>''killed'' || '''Duhot tojba hwut?'''<br>''Who killed that guy?'' || '''tojbwa'''<br>''was killed'' || '''Duhoj wit tojbwa?'''<br>''When was he killed?'' |- !row=1| Hypothetical | '''bakxu'''<br>''heal'' || '''Bakxu at!'''<br>''Heal me!'' || '''bakxwu'''<br>''be healed'' || '''Van iyt bakxwu.'''<br>''May she be healed.'' |} : Intransitive verbs cannot be made passive. For example, '''tajer'''....''to be born'' is intransitive (takes no object) and has no passive voice form. However, the transitive verb '''tajber'''....''to bear, give birth'' can be passive, as in '''Ha tudet <u>tajbwa</u> zajub.'''....''The child <u>was delivered</u> yesterday'' (as opposed to '''Ha tudet <u>taja</u> zajub.'''....''The child <u>was born</u> yesterday.)'' Notice how this works with '''yijer''' (''to open''): ::* '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened (by itself).'' (medio-passive) ::* '''Ha mes yijjpa.'''....''The door came open.'' (dynamic medio-passive) ::* '''Yijbu ha mes.'''....''Open the door.'' (transitive active) ::* '''Ha mes yijbwa.'''....''The door was opened (by someone).'' (passive) : Impassive verbs form their past particple with the ending '''ya''', but these forms are somewhat rare. Here are some examples: ::* '''per'''....''to go'' -> '''pya'''....''gone'' ::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'' -> '''tajya'''....''born'' (ex.'''Jesus tajya bi Marya.''''....''Jesus, born of Mary'') ::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' -> '''tojya'''....''dead'' ::* '''loteaser'''....''to disappear'' -> '''loteasya'''....''disappeared'' (ex. '''Ha loteasya tobi be Arogem.'''....''the disappeared persons in Argentina.'') ==== Reflexive Voice ==== :: A verb is made reflexive by prefixing the reflexive pronoun '''ut''' (''self''), for example: :::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' <big>→</big> '''uttojber'''....''to kill oneself'' :::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' <big>→</big> '''utvyilxer'''....''to wash up'' :::* '''teater'''....''to see'' <big>→</big> '''utteater'''....''to see oneself'' :::* '''yabler'''....''to lift'' <big>→</big> '''utyabler'''....''to lift oneself'' → '''Utyablu!'''....''Lift yourself up!'' :::* '''trer'''....''to know'' <big>→</big> '''uttrer'''....''to know oneself'' → '''Uttru!'''....''Know thyself!'' ==== Reciprocal Voice ==== :: A verb is made reciprocal by prefixing the reciprocal pronoun '''hyuit'''....''one another'', for example: :::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' <big>→</big> '''hyuittojber'''....''to kill one another'' :::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' <big>→</big> '''hyuitvyilxer'''....''to wash one another'' :::* '''teater'''....''to see'' <big>→</big> '''hyuitteater'''....''to see one another'' :: Both the reflexive pronoun and reciprocal pronoun can be used as standalone objects. However, the plural form '''yut''' is used if the subject is plural, for example: :::* '''Yit vyilxa <u>yut</u>.'''....''They (f.) washed up. (= washed <u>selves</u>).'' :::* '''Ha twobeti dizeuda <u>hyuit</u>.'''....''The boys laughed at <u>one another</u>.'' :: The word '''hyuit''' is a hybrid of '''hyit'''....''the same one'' combined with '''hyut'''....''the other one''. ==== Aspects Revisited ==== : Mirad verbs have the following aspects: ::* '''''Simple''''' -- this is the default aspect, shown above, i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-potential. ::* '''''Progressive''''' -- this is an aspect where the verb describes an on-going action or state spread over time. ::* '''''Perfect''''' -- this presents the action or state as anterior, or completed prior to another action or state. ::* '''''Immininent''''' -- this describes an action or state ''about to happen.'' ::* '''''Potential''''' -- this refers to an action or state where something is ''possible''. ==== The Simple Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Simple aspect. In the active voice, the tense vowels '''a''', '''e''', '''o''', and '''u''' are affixed to the stem. In the passive voice, the passive marker consonant '''w''' is inserted between the stem and the final tense vowels. The simple present tense refers to actions or states that are habitual (''I regularly go to school.''), regular (''The earth revolves around the sun.''), or permanent (''Blue is a color.''). The simple past refers to actions or states that occurred at a fixed point in time (''I did my homework last night.''). The simple future refers to actions or states that will occur at some particular point in the future (''The sun will rise tomorrow at dawn.''). The simple atemporal hypothetical ( = conditional) refers to an imagined action or state that has not be realized (''You would make a good president.''). :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow ;font-size:smaller;" |+ Simple Aspect |- ! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Simple !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>e</u>'''....''I do'' || '''Has x<u>we</u>'''....''It is done'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>a</u>'''....''I did'' || '''Has x<u>wa</u>'''....''It was done'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Future !! Indicative | '''At x<u>o</u>'''....''I will do'' || '''Has x<u>wo</u>'''....''It will be done'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical | '''At x<u>u</u>'''....''I would do''¹ || '''Has x<u>wu</u>'''....''It would be done'' |} : 1: Absence of tense (Atemporal) + Hypothetical mood = '''''conditional'''''. ==== The Progressive Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Progressive aspect. The present tense vowel '''e''' followed by a buffer consonant, are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller; " |+ Progressive Aspect |- ! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Progressive !! Present !! Indicative | '''at x<u>eye</u>'''....''I am doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewe</u>'''....''it is being done'' |- !row=1| Progressive !! Past !! Indicative | '''at x<u>eya</u>'''....''I was doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewa</u>'''....''it was being done'' |- !row=1| Progressive !! Future !! Indicative | '''at x<u>eyo</u>'''....''I am going to be doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewo</u>'''....''it will be happening'' |- !row=1| Progressive !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical | '''at x<u>eyu</u>'''....''I would be doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewu</u>'''....''it would be happening'' |} ==== The Perfect Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Perfect aspect. The past tense vowel '''a''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Perfect Aspect |- ! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Perfect !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>aye</u>'''....''I have done'' || '''Has x<u>awe</u>'''....''It has been done'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>aya</u>'''....''I had done'' || '''Has x<u>awa</u>'''....''It had been done'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Future !! Indicative |'''At x<u>ayo</u>'''....''I will have done'' || '''Has x<u>awo</u>'''....''It will have been done'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical | '''At x<u>ayu</u>'''....''I would have done'' || '''Has x<u>awu</u>'''....''It would have been done'' |} ==== The Imminent Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Imminent aspect (sometimes referred to as the Prospective aspect). The future tense vowel '''o''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. Not that only indicative mood imminent tenses are ever used. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Imminent Aspect |- ! Aspect || Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Imminent !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>oye</u>'''....''I am about to do'' || '''Has x<u>owe</u>'''....''It is about to be done'' |- !row=1| Imminent !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>oya</u>'''....''I was about to do'' || '''Has x<u>owa</u>'''....''It was about to be done'' |} ==== The Potential Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Potential aspect. The hypothetical vowel '''u''' followed by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. The future potential and hypothetical potential aspects are never used. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Potential Aspect |- ! ASPECT !! TENSE !! MOOD !! ACTIVE VOICE !! PASSIVE VOICE |- !row=1| Potential !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>uye</u>'''....''I am to do'' || '''Has x<u>uwe</u>'''....''It is to be done, it is doable'' |- !row=1| Potential !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>uya</u>'''....''I was to do'' || '''Has x<u>uwa</u>'''....''It was to be done, it was doable'' |} == Verb Conjugation Chart == : The following chart presents the totality of the Mirad affirmative verb conjugation system using the verb '''xer'''....''to do'' and its passive '''xwer'''....''to be done, happen''. The rows beginning with a light blue background are finite forms, while those beginning with light green are non-finite forms. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Conjugation Chart |- valign=top !rowspan=2| State !!rowspan=2| Mood !!rowspan=2| Aspect !!rowspan=2| Tense !! colspan=4|Voice |- ! Active!!Passive |- ! rowspan=16 style="background: lightblue"|Finite !!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Simple !! Present | '''xe''' <br>''does''||'''xwe'''<br>''is done, happens'' |- ! Past | '''xa''' <br>''did''||'''xwa'''<br>''was done, happened'' |- ! Future | '''xo''' <br>''will do''||'''xwo'''<br>''will be done, will happen'' |- ! Hypothetical|| | '''xu''' <br>''would do, do!''||'''xwu'''<br>''would be done, would happen, be done!'' |- !rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Progressive !! Present | '''xeye'''<br>''is doing''||'''xewe'''<br>''is being done, is happening'' |- ! Past | '''xeya''' <br>''was doing''||'''xewa'''<br>''was doing, was happening'' |- ! Future | '''xeyo'''<br>''will be doing''||'''xewo'''<br>''will be happening'' |- ! Hypothetical|| | '''xeyu''' <br>''would be doing''<br>''be doing!''||'''xewu'''<br>''would be happening'' |- !rowspan=3|Indicative !! rowspan=4| Perfect !! Present | '''xaye''' <br>''has done''||'''xawe''' <br>''has been done, has happened'' |- ! Past | '''xaya''' <br>''had done''||'''xawa'''<br>''had been done, had happened'' |- ! Future | '''xayo''' <br>''will have done''||'''xawo''' <br>''will have been done, will have happened'' |- ! Hypothetical !! | '''xayu''' <br>''would have done''||'''xawu'''<br>''would have been done, would have happened'' |- !rowspan=4| Indicative !! rowspan=2|Imminent !! Present | '''xoye''' <br>''is about to do''||'''xowe'''<br>''is about to be done, is about to happen'' |- ! Past | '''xoya'''<br>''was to be done'' ||'''xowa'''<br>''was to be done, was to happen'' |- ! rowspan=2|Potential !! Present | '''xuye'''<br>''is supposed to do'' ||'''xuwe''' <br>''is supposed to happen'' |- ! Past | '''xuya''' <br>''was supposed to do''||'''xuwa'''<br>''was supposed to be done, was supposed to happen'' |- ! colspan=6 style="background: black"| |- ! rowspan=2 style="background: lightgreen"|Infinitive !! !! Simple !! rowspan=8| | '''xer'''<br>''to do''||'''xwer'''<br>''to be done, to happen'' |- ! !! Perfect | '''xayer'''<br>''to have done''||'''xawer'''<br>''to have been done, to have happend'' |- ! colspan=6 style="background: black"| |- ! rowspan=4 style="background: lightgreen"|Participle !! !! Progressive | '''xea'''<br>''doing'' ||'''xewa'''<br>''being done, happening'' |- ! !! Perfect | '''x(a)ya²''' <br>''having done''||'''x(a)wa¹'''<br>''done, happened'' |- ! !! Imminent | '''xoa''' <br>''about to do''||'''xowa'''<br>''about to happen'' |- ! !! Potential | '''xua'''<br>''bound to do'' ||'''xuwa'''<br>''doable'' |- ! colspan=6 style="background: black"| |- !rowspan=2 style="background: lightgreen" |Gerund ! !! Simple !! | '''xen''' <br>''doing''||'''xwen''' <br>''being done, happening, event'' |- ! !! Perfect !! | '''xayen'''<br>''having done''||'''xawen'''<br>''having happened'' |} : Note 1: Intransitive verbs such as '''per''' ''to go'' have no passive forms. An expression such as ''They are gone.'' would be translated as '''Yit se pya'''. == Negative Forms == : All of the above verb forms are affirmative. The indicative and conditional forms can be made negative by using the negative adverb '''voy''' (''not'', '' 'nt'', ''doesn't'', ''don't''). Those forms that are subjunctive, jussive, or imperative ending in '''-u''' use the negative subordinate conjunction '''von''' (''don't'', ''let not'', ''lest''). : '''voy'''....''not'' ::* '''At <u>voy</u> te.'''....''I <u>don</u>'t know.'' (indicative) ::* '''<u>Voy</u> mamilo.'''....''It will <u>not</u> rain.'' (indicative) ::* '''At <u>voy</u> xu hus.'''....''I would <u>not</u> do that.'' (conditional) : '''von'''....''Let's not, don't, let it not'' ::* '''<u>Von</u> mamilu.'''....''<u>Let it not</u> rain.'' (subjunctive) ::* '''<u>Von</u> yat fuyaku.'''....''<u>Let</u> us <u>not</u> despair.'' (jussive) ::* '''<u>Von</u> pu!'''....''<u>Don't</u> go.'' (imperative) : Participles, gerunds, and infinitives can be negated with the prefix '''o-''' (''un-, non-''). ::* '''tosea'''....''feeling'' -> '''otosea'''....''unfeeling'' ::* '''xwa'''....''done'' -> '''oxwa'''....''undone'' ::* '''teliwa'''....''eaten'' -> '''oteliwa'''....''uneaten'' ::* '''tejen'''....''living'' -> '''otejen'''....''not living'' ::* '''buen'''....''giving'' -> '''obuen'''....''not giving'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' -> '''obuer'''....''not to give'' ::* '''ter'''....''to know'' => '''oter'''....''not to know, i.e. to ignore'' == How to Express Certain English Tenses == : English speakers have some tenses that do not fit into the above schema: ::* The English tense ''I have been studying French for four years.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At tixeye Ferad ji uwa jabi.'''....''I am studying French since four years.'' (Mirad present progressive tense). ::* The English tense ''I had been studying'' is translated in Mirad by '''At tixeya'''. (Mirad past progressive tense). ::* The English tense ''I am going to be starring in that role.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At dezdebeyo be hua dezgon.''' (Mirad future progressive). ::* The modern Black English tense ''Don't you be doing that.'' is handled in Mirad by '''Von et xeyu hus.''' (Mirad imperative progressive). == Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs == : Transitive verbs, which can take a direct object, oppose themselves to intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct object. Some verbs are marked overtly for transitivity. : Verbs that end in '''xer''' (''to do, -ify, -ize'') are by nature transitive, and often have intransitive counterparts in '''ser''' (''to be, become, -ify, -ize''). Likewise, verbs ending in '''ber''' (''to put, take'') are transitive and have intransitive counterparts in '''per''' (''to go''). Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Transitive vs. Intransitive |- ! Transitive !! Intransitive |- | '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ser'''....''be'' |- | '''agxer'''....''grow (something)'' || '''agser'''....''grow (up)'' |- | '''amxer'''....''heat, make hot'' || '''amser'''....''become hot, heat up'' |- | '''puxer'''....''throw'' || '''puser'''....''jump'' |- | '''per'''....''go'' || '''ber'''....''put'' |- | '''aber'''....''put on'' || '''aper'''....''get on'' |- | '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' |- | '''poxer'''....''stop (something)'' || '''poser'''....''(come to a) stop'' |- | '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach'' |- | '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter'' |} ::* '''At <u>agxe</u> vobi.'''....''I <u>grow</u> [TRANSITIVE] plants.'' ::* '''Ha vobi <u>agseye</u> ig.'''....''The plants <u>are growing</u> [INTRANSITIVE] fast.'' ::* '''<u>Poxu</u> ha pur!'''....''<u>Stop</u> [TRANSITIVE] the car!'' ::* '''Ha pur <u>posa</u>.'''....''The car <u>stopped</u> [INTRANSITIVE].'' ::* '''At <u>yaba</u> ha mis.'''....''I <u>raised</u> [TRANSITIVE] the window.'' ::* '''Ha maar <u>yapaye</u>.'''....''The sun <u>has risen</u> [INTRANSITIVE].'' === Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity === : Note the following verbs, whose stems end in '''j''' are hard to pronounce with intransitive '''s''' and transitive '''x''', so these two endings are placed with '''p''' and '''b''', respectively, although the presence of the '''p''' is optional, i.e. it's presence or absence can slightly change the meaning from static to dynamic, eg. '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' vs. '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep''. The transitive forms can be either active or passive. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity |- ! colspan=2|Intransitive !! colspan=2|Transitive |- ! Static !! Dynamic !! Active !! Passive |- | '''Ha mes <u>yija</u>'''<br>''The door <u>opened</u>.'' || '''Ha nasyef <u>yijpa</u>'''<br>''The purse <u>came open</u>.'' || '''At <u>yijba</u> ha mes.'''<br>''I <u>opened</u> the door.'' || '''Ha mes <u>yijbwa</u> bey yelput.'''<br>''The door <u>was opened</u> by an intruder'' |- | '''Ha mes <u>yuja</u>.'''<br>''The door <u>closed</u>.'' || '''Ha yanup <u>yujpa</u>.'''<br>''The meeting <u>adjourned</u>.'' || '''At <u>yujba</u> ha mes.'''<br>''I <u>closed</u> the door.''||'''Ha mes yeyfe <u>yujbwer</u> ja sumjob.'''<br>''The door should <u>be closed</u> by bedtime.'' |- | '''Ha dezun <u>ijaye</u>.'''<br>''The play <u>has started</u>.''||'''Ha par <u>ijpa</u> boy poys.'''<br>''The car <u>started up</u> immediately.'' ||'''At <u>ijba</u> ata tyal.'''<br>''I <u>started</u> my meal.''||'''Ha tyal <u>ijbwa</u> jwa.'''<br>''The meal <u>was started</u> early.'' |- | '''Ha dezun <u>ujaye</u>.'''<br>''The play has <u>ended</u>.''||'''Ata yex <u>ujpaye</u>.'''<br>''My work <u>has come to an end</u>.'' || '''A <u>ujba</u> ha dyes.'''<br>''I <u>finished</u> the book.''||'''Ha dyes hyoj <u>ujbwa</u>.'''<br>''The book never <u>got finished</u>.'' |- | '''Ha tob <u>toja</u> zomoj.'''<br>''The man <u>died</u> yesterday evening.''||'''Ha tob <u>tojpa</u>.'''<br>''The man <u>dropped dead.</u>'' || '''Hot <u>tojba</u> ha twob?'''<br>''Who <u>killed</u> the man?''||'''Ha twob <u>tojbwa</u> bey ita tayd.'''<br>''The man <u>was killed</u> by his wife.'' |- | '''<u>Teju</u>.'''<br>''<u>Live!</u>.''||'''<u>Tejpu!</u>.'''<br>''<u>Come alive!</u>.'' || '''Yat efe <u>tejber</u> ha twob.'''<br>''We need to <u>revive</u> the man.''||'''Ha twob yofwa <u>tejbwer</u>.'''<br>''The man could not <u>be revived</u>.'' |- | '''Ha tobot <u>taja</u> zojub.'''<br>''The baby <u>was born</u> yesterday.'' || '''Hoj ha tobot <u>tajpo</u>?'''<br>''When <u>will</u> the baby <u>pop out</u>?'' || '''Iyt <u>tajba</u> awa twobot zojub.'''<br>''She <u>gave birth</u> to a baby boy yesterday.''||'''Ha twobot <u>tajbwa</u> jo eymoj.'''<br>''The baby boy was <u>birthed</u> after midnight.'' |- | '''At <u>tija</u> jwe.'''<br>''I <u>woke up</u> on time.''||'''It voy <u>tijpa</u>.'''<br>''He did not <u>come to.</u>.'' || '''At <u>tijbo</u> et jwa.'''<br>''I will <u>wake (you) up</u> early.''||'''At voy fe <u>tijbwo</u> gra jwa.'''<br>''I don't want to <u>be woken</u> too early.'' |- | '''At <u>tujeya</u>.'''<br>''I was <u>sleeping.</u>''||'''At <u>tujpeya</u>.'''<br>''I was <u>falling sleep</u>.'' || '''At <u>tujbo</u> it.'''<br>''I will <u>put (him) to sleep.</u>.''||'''Ha tobot <u>tujbwo</u> glojo.'''<br>''The baby <u>will be put to sleep</u> soon.'' |} == Reflexive Verbs == [[File:TWC Hokitika Gorge • Stewart Nimmo • MRD 1.jpg|thumb|]] : Reflexive verbs, where the object refers back to the subject, work just as in English, where the object is a reflexive pronoun, eg.: ::* '''At tujboye aut.'''....''I am going to kill myself.'' ::* '''Tru eut!'''....''Know thyself!'' ::* '''It gobla iut bey goblar.'''....''He cut himself with a knife.'' ::* '''Ot yefe yuxer out.'''....''One must help oneself.'' : Sometimes, verbs are reflexive lexically and incorporate the reflexivity in the actual verb form using '''ut''' as the prefix: ::* '''uttujber'''....''commit suicide (= self-kill)'' ::* '''utboler'''....''support oneself (= self-support)'' ::* '''utdider'''....''wonder (= self-ask)'' : Sometimes, verbs are used reflexively in Mirad even though they are used simply intransitively in English, eg.: ::* '''Et efe <u>vyilxer eut</u>.'''....''You need to wash up [= <u>wash yourself</u>].'' (or) ::* '''Et efe <u>utvyilxer</u>.'''....''You need to wash up [= <u>self-wash</u>].'' == Omission of Prepositions After Certain Verbs == :: Some verbs inherently incorporate a preposition and so it is not necessary to use that assumed preposition before what would normally be an indirect object. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Inherent Propositions |- ! Preposition-Incorporating Verb !! Example |- | '''per'''....''go (to)'' || '''Pu tam!''' (Not: '''Pu bu tam!''') ''Go home.''<br>'''It pa Paris.'''....''He went to Paris.'' |- | '''der'''....''say (to), tell'' || '''Du at eta dyun.'''....''Tell me your name.''<br>'''Du at has.'''....''Tell it to me.'' |- | '''peser'''....''wait (for)'' || '''Pesu at.'''....''Wait for me.'' |- | '''buer'''....''give (to)'' || '''Buu at hua dyes.'''....''Give me that book.'' |} :: As in English, in omitting the inherent preposition in a sentence with both a direct object and an indirect object, place the indirect object before the direct object. If the direct object comes first, then the preposition must be overtly specified before the indirect object, eg. '''Buu <u>at</u> hus.'''....''Give me that.'' or '''Buu hus <u>bu at</u>.'''....''Give that <u>to me</u>.'' See more about this in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Syntax|Syntax]]. == Causative vs. Inchoative Verbs == : A causative verb has the sense ''to make something have some quality'', whereas an inchoative verbs means ''to become or take on the quality of something.'' === Derived from Adjectives === : Adjectives can be converted into transitive/causative and intransitive/inchoative verbs. Causative verbs are always transitive (taking an object), while inchoative verbs are intransitive (not taking an object). English causative / inchoative verbs often end in ''-ify'' like ''magnify'', or ''-ate'', ''liberate'', or ''ize'', like ''sensitize''. : To derive a causative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''-xer'''....''to do'' to either the stem or the whole adjective (with the '''a''' ending). Whether you do the former or the latter depends on several factors, but the end result is slightly different in nuance. A verb with adjective stem + '''-xer''' is slightly more idiomatic or less literal than the adjective stem + '''axer'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ -axer vs -xer in Transitive Verbs |- ! Adjective !! Causative/Transitive !! Causative/Transitive |- ! '''-xer''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic |- | '''aga'''<br>''big'' || '''ag<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to magnify'' || '''agxer'''<br>''to grow'' |- | '''ana'''<br>''one'' || '''an<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to unify'' || '''anxer'''<br>''to unite'' |- | '''yona'''<br>''apart'' || '''yon<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to separate'' || '''yonxer'''<br>''to cut'' |- | '''yaga'''<br>''long'' || '''yag<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to lengthen'' || '''yagxer'''<br>''to stretch'' |- | '''yuga'''<br>''slow'' || '''yug<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to retard'' || '''yugxer''' <br>''to brake'' |- | '''sana'''<br>''formal'' || '''san<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to formalize'' || '''sanxer'''<br>''to form'' |- | '''gea'''<br>''equal'' || '''ge<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to equalize'' || '''gexer'''<br>''to copy, equate'' |- | '''jaa'''<br>''prior'' || '''ja<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to prioritize'' || '''jaxer'''<br>''to prepare'' |- | '''aota'''<br>''personal'' || '''aot<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to personalize'' || '''aotxer'''<br>''to personify'' |} : To derive an inchoative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''ser'''....''to be'' to either the stem or the whole adjective. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Creating Inchoative Verbs |- ! Adjective !! Inchoative/Intransitive !! Inchoative/Intransitive |- ! '''-ser''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic |- | '''aga'''<br>''big'' || '''ag<u>a</u>ser'''<br>''to get bigger'' || '''agser'''<br>''to grow'' |- | '''ana'''<br>''one'' || '''an<u>a</u>ser'''<br>''to unify'' || '''anser'''<br>''to unite, become united'' |- | '''yona'''<br>''apart'' || '''yon<u>a</u>ser'''<br>''to become separate'' || '''yonser'''<br>''to break'' |- |} : Be careful to use the transitive, causative verb form when you have a direct object, and the intransitive, inchoative verb form when no direct objects are present or possible, eg.: ::* '''<u>Ansu</u> ey yet golxwo.'''....''<u>Unite</u> or you will be divided.'' [INTRANSITIVE] ::* '''At <u>yontadsa</u> hoj at sa eta jag.'''....''I <u>got divorced</u> when I was your age.'' [INTRANSITIVE] ::* '''Hisi <u>agaxo</u> hos et teate.'''....''These <u>will magnify</u> what you see.'' [TRANSITIVE] ::* '''Hia tud <u>agseye</u> ig.'''....''This child <u>is growing up</u> fast.'' [INTRANSITIVE] ::* '''Ata tayd <u>agxe</u> vosi be oyebzom.'''....''My wife <u>grows</u> flowers out back.'' [TRANSITIVE] === Derived from Nouns === : Transitive/causative/active and intransitive/inchoative/passive verbs can also be formed from nouns. The sense of the former is ''to make be X'' and of the latter, ''to become X''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verbs Derived from Nouns |- ! Noun !! Transitive/Causative/Active !! Intransitive/Inchoative/Passive |- | '''mog'''....''ash'' || '''mogxer'''<br>''to incinerate'' || '''mogser'''<br>''to become ashes'' |- | '''yan'''....''collection'' || '''yanxer'''<br>''to collect'' || '''yanser'''<br>''to get together'' |- | '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''tadxer'''<br>''to marry'' || '''tadser'''<br>''to get married'' |- | '''yom'''....''ice'' || '''yomxer'''<br>''to freeze/make ice'' || '''yomser'''<br>''to freeze/become ice'' |- | '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''magxer'''<br>''to burn, set fire to'' || '''magser'''<br>''to burn, get burned'' |- | '''uk'''....''void'' || '''ukxer'''<br>''to empty'' || '''ukser'''<br>''become empty, empty out'' |} === Intermediary Causative Verbs === : Intermediary verbal causatives like ''have/get my car washed'', ''make/force him go'', ''get one's hair cut'' are formed by suffixing the causative verb infix '''-ux-''' (active) or '''uxw''' (passive) to the stem of the verb signifying the action to be arranged or caused by someone other than the subject, eg.: ::* '''At gobl<u>ux</u>o ata tayeb zajub.'''....''I will get my hair cut tomorrow.'' ::* '''Et voy yafe p<u>ux</u>er at.'''....''You cannot make me go.'' ::* '''It tojb<u>ux</u>a yit.'''....''He had them killed.'' ::* '''At efe vyilx<u>ux</u>er ata pur.'''....''I need to have my car washed.'' ::* '''Et up<u>ux</u>wa him av hes.'''....''You were made to come here for some reason.'' ::* '''At bakamb<u>ux</u>o et.'''....''I will have you hospitalized.'' ::* '''Et voy yafe deuz<u>ux</u>er at.'''....''You cannot make me sing.'' ::* '''At hihid<u>ux</u>wa.'''....''I was tickled (= made to laugh).'' ::* '''Eta deuz hihid<u>ux</u>a yat.'''....''Your song tickled us. (= Made us laugh.)'' ::* '''Van het ivas<u>ux</u>u weti.'''....''May someone get you guys to be happy.'' ::* '''Hua enzyukpur uzp<u>ux</u>a yata pur.'''....''That motorcycle caused our car to veer.'' == Subject-directed vs. Patient-directed Verbs == : The directionality of some verbs can be distinguished by the verbal formant infix '''-i-''' for an action or motion toward the speaker and '''-u-''' for an action or motion away from the speaker toward some patient, eg.: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Directional Verbs |- ! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed |- | '''b<u>i</u>er'''....''to take'' || '''b<u>u</u>er'''....''to give'' |- | '''nier'''....''to consume'' || '''nuer'''....''to supply'' |- | '''nyier'''....''to order'' || '''nyuer'''....''to deliver'' |- | '''nazunier'''....''win a prize'' || '''nazunuer'''....''award a prize'' |- | '''noysier'''....''pay off'' || '''noysuer'''....''charge'' |- | '''ojbier'''....''borrow'' || '''ojbuer'''....''lend'' |- | '''tadier'''....''get married'' || '''taduer'''....''marry off'' |- | '''papier'''....''take flight'' || '''papuer'''....''send off flying'' |- | '''pipier'''....''set sail'' || '''pipuer'''....''dock'' |- | '''simbier'''....''take a seat'' || '''simbuer'''....''offer a seat'' |- | '''tampier'''....''leave home'' || '''tampuer'''....''arrive home'' |- | '''tamier'''....''settle in'' || '''tamuer'''....''shelter'' |- | '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' |- | '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed'' |- | '''gonbier'''....''to participate'' || '''gonbuer'''....''to share'' |- | '''tilier'''....''to drink'' || '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink'' |- | '''teubier'''....''to swallow'' || '''teubuer'''....''to spit out'' |- | '''teatier'''....''to observe, watch'' || '''teatuer'''....''to show'' |- | '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind'' |- | '''alier'''....''to breathe in'' || '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, expire'' |- | '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour'' |- | '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please'' |- | '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''duer'''....''to suggest'' |- | '''tier'''....''to learn'' || '''tuer'''....''to inform'' |- | '''pier'''....''to depart'' || '''puer'''....''to arrive'' |- | '''kebier'''....''to choose'' || '''kebuer'''....''to distribute'' |- | '''byier'''....''to originate'' || '''byuer'''....''to target'' |- | '''mempier'''....''to take off'' || '''mempuer'''....''to land'' |- | '''sinier'''....''visualize'' || '''sinuer'''....''display'' |- | '''xier'''....''to result'' || '''xuer'''....''to cause'' |- | '''yifier'''....''to get up the courage'' || '''yifuer'''....''to encourage, challenge'' |- | '''yafonier'''....''to gain power'' || '''yafonuer'''....''to empower'' |- | '''trier'''....''to become acquainted with'' || '''truer'''....''to acquaint with, introduce to'' |- | '''tepzexier'''....''to draw attention'' || '''tepzexuer'''....''to focus attention on'' |- | '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge'' |- | '''dyunier'''....''to assume the name of'' || '''dyunuer'''....''to bestow the name of'' |- | '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of'' || '''abfinuer'''....''to favor'' |- | '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed'' |- | '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''...''to pour'' |} : In some cases, the directionality can be both ways in a verb, in which case the verb formant infix '''-ui-''' (a hybrid form) is used, eg.: ::* '''nunier '''....''to purchase'' (subject-directed) ::* '''nunuer'''....''to sell'' (patient-directed) ::* '''nunuier'''....''to trade'' (subject & patient-directed) ::* '''tier'''....''to learn, realize'' (subject-directed) ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform, tip off'' (patient-directed) ::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' (subject & patient-directed) ::* '''alier'''....''to breathe in, inhale'' (subject-directed) ::* '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, exhale'' (patient-directed) ::* '''aluier'''....''to breathe, respire'' (subject & patient-directed) ::* '''bier '''....''to take'' (subject-directed) ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' (patient-directed) ::* '''buier'''....''to give and take, exchange'' (subject & patient-directed) == Bi-radical Verbs == : Some verbs are formed using two verb roots together. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Bi-radical Verbs |- ! Verb Root 1 !! Verb Root 2 !! Bi-radical Verb |- | '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' |- | '''nixer'''....''to earn'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' |- | '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''....''to choose'' |- | '''uper'''....''to come'' || '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''updier'''....''to invite'' |- | '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''der'''....''to tell'' || '''teader'''....''to testify'' |- | '''teeter'''....''to hear'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''teadrer'''....''to report'' |- | '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''teaper'''....''to visit'' |- | '''texer'''....''to think'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention'' |- | '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''pixer'''....''to catch'' || '''kexpixer'''....''to hunt'' |- | '''yeker'''....''to try'' || '''teexer'''....''to listen'' || '''yekteexer'''....''to try (in court)'' |} == Verbs with Vectorial Prefixes == : Prepositions and directional adverbs can be prefixed to verbs in order to change their vectorial semantics. A preposition ending in '''b''' will assimilate to '''p''' before the verb '''per'''....''to go'' and a preposition ending in '''b''' will lose the '''b''' before a verb beginning with '''b'''. If, however, this assimilation results in an ambiguity, the '''b''' of the prefix stays put. For example, '''ob''' (''off'') + '''bexer''' (''to hold'') = '''obbexer''' (''to hold off''), because '''obexer''' could be interpreted as ''to release''. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Prepositional Prefixes |- ! Preposition/Adverb !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply'' || '''aper'''....''get on, mount'' |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove'' || '''oper'''....''get of, dismount'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebdrayefser'''....''to interleave'' || '''ebdrafxer'''....''to interleave'' |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring near'' || '''yuper'''....''approach'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''go far away'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yepuxer'''....''throw in'' || '''yepuser'''....''jump in'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyeber'''....''expose'' || '''oyeper'''....''exit'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyepuxer'''....''eject'' || '''oyepuser'''....''jump out'' |- | '''zyu'''....''round'' || '''zyuber'''....''rotate'' || '''zyuper'''....''revolve'' |- | '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zyaber'''....''spread'' || '''zyaper'''....''tour'' |- | '''av'''....''for'' || '''avdaler'''....''plead'' || '''avper'''....''pursue'' |- | '''ov'''....''against'' || '''ovber'''....''oppose'' || '''ovper'''....''countervene'' |- | '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''compose'' || '''yanper'''....''meet'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''separate'' || '''yonper'''....''separate'' |- | '''iz'''....''direct'' || '''izber'''....''lead'' || '''izper'''....''head'' |- | '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''diverge'' |- | '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''surround'' || '''yuzper'''....''circulate'' |- | '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''transfer'' || '''yizper'''....''surpass'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back, re-'' || '''zoyber'''....''return'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' |} == Verbs with Other Semantics-altering Prefixes == : As in English and many other languages, prefixes can be used on verbs to reverse, mitigate, or otherwise alter the semantics: === Expressing ''re-'' with '''zoy-''' or '''gaw-''' === : The prefix '''zoy-'''....''back'' or '''gaw-¹'''....''again'' are used like the English prefix ''re-'', eg.: ::* '''ember'''....''to position'' → '''<u>zoy</u>ember'''....''to <u>re</u>position, <u>re</u>place'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>zoy</u>buer'''....''to <u>re</u>turn (an object), give back'' ::* '''sanxer'''....''to shape, form'' → '''<u>zoy</u>sanxer'''....''to <u>re</u>shape, <u>re</u>form, <u>trans</u>form'' ::* '''zyauber'''....''to broadcast'' → '''gawzyauber'''....''to re-broadcast'' ::* '''taja'''....''born'' → '''gawtaja'''....''reborn'' ::* '''aber'''....''to apply'' → '''gawaber'''....''to reapply'' ::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''zoyuper'''....''to return (come back)'' ::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' → '''<u>gaw</u>teaper'''....''to <u>re</u>visit'' ::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''<u>zoy</u>uper'''....''to <u>re</u>turn, come <u>back</u>'' ::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''<u>zoy</u>buxer'''....''to <u>re</u>pel, push <u>back</u>'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zoy</u>puxer'''....''to <u>re</u>ject, throw <u>back</u>, jettison'' : Note 1: The prefix '''gaw-''' before a consonant is pronounced like the ''gaw'' in the English word ''gawk''. It is short for '''ga awa jod''' or '''gawa''' meaning ''one more time, again''. If the "re-" word means ''to do something again'', then '''gaw-''' is used, eg. ''To reconvene'' ( = ''meet again'')....'''gawyanuper''' If the sense of ''back'' is intended, than the prefix '''zoy-''' is used, eg. ''To return'' ( = ''come back'')....'''zoyuper'''. Both prefixes are used in the expression ''Come back again!''....'''Gawzoyupu!'''. :''Until we meet again'' or ''au revoir'' is expressed by '''Ju gawyanup.''' === Expressing ''de-, dis-, un-'' with '''lo-''' === : The prefix '''lo-''' reverses the semantics of a verb and is like English ''dis-'', ''de-'', or ''un-'', eg.: ::* '''saxer'''....''to build, construct'' → '''<u>lo</u>saxer'''....''to <u>de</u>stroy, <u>de</u>construct'' ::* '''anxer'''....''to unite'' → '''<u>lo</u>anxer'''....''to <u>dis</u>unite'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>lo</u>xer'''....''to <u>un</u>do'' : Note the difference between '''o-''' and '''lo-'''. ::* '''odoparuwa'''....''<u>un</u>armed'' (= ''not armed'') ::* '''lodoparuwa'''....''<u>dis</u>armed'' (= from the verb '''lodoparuer'''....''to disarm'') === Expressing ''co-'' with '''yan-''' === : The prefix '''yan-'''....''together'' is used as the English ''co-'', eg.: ::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''<u>yan</u>exer'''....''to <u>co</u>operate'' ::* '''tamer'''....''to dwell'' → '''<u>yan</u>tamer'''....''to <u>co</u>habit'' ::* '''napber'''....''to put in order'' → '''<u>yan</u>napber'''....''to <u>co</u>ordinate'' === Making Verbs Completive with '''ik-''' === : Verbs can be made completive by prefixing them with '''ik-''' (''fully''). Such verbs are comparable to phrasal verbs in English with ''up'' and other prepositions as in ''to eat up''. Here are some examples in Mirad: ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''iktojber'''....''to kill off, exterminate'' ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iktelier'''....''to eat up'' ::* '''ujber'''....''to finish'' → '''ikujber'''....''to finish off/up'' ::* '''gofler'''....''to rip'' → '''ikgofler'''....''to rip up'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''ikdrer'''....''to write down'' ::* '''byexer'''....''to beat'' → '''ikbyexer'''....''to beat up'' === Making Verbs Continuative with '''je-''' === : Verbs can be given a continuative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''je-''': ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''jedalar'''....''to go on talking, to blabber'' ::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''jetejer'''....''to go on living, to survive'' ::* '''yexer'''....''to work'' → '''jeyexer'''....''to go on working, to keep working'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch'' ::* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' → '''jeteexer'''....''to keep listening, to pay attention'' ::* '''duler'''....''to insist'' → '''jeduler'''....''to nag'' === Making Verbs Inchoative with '''ij-''' === : Verbs can be given an inchoative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''ij-''': ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to start to think'' ::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' → '''ijifier'''....''to start liking'' ::* '''tyer'''....''to know'' → '''ijtyer'''....''to get to know'' === Making Verbs Terminative with '''uj-''' === : Verbs can be given a terminative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''uj-''': ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''ujtelier'''....''to finish eating'' ::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''ujdyeer'''....''to finish reading'' ::* '''ufteuder'''....''to complain'' → '''ujufteuder'''....''to quit carping'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Pleasure with '''if-''' === ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll'' ::* '''tuyuxer'''....''to finger'' → '''iftuyuxer'''....''to tickle'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle (voyeuristically)'' ::* '''piper'''....''to sail'' → '''ifpiper'''....''to go cruising'' ::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ifteuder'''....''to laugh'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Displeasure with '''uf-''' === ::* '''tosier'''....''to feel'' → '''uftosier'''....''to get angry'' ::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ufeker'''....''to fight'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ufder'''....''to express displeasure'' ::* '''aluer'''....''to exhale'' → '''ufaluer'''....''to huff'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''ufdaler'''....''to rant'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Prohibition with '''of-''' === ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ofbier'''....''to steal'' ::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''ofdeler'''....''to ban'' ::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''ofyeper'''....''to intrude, break in'' ::* '''zeyper'''....''to cross'' → '''ofzeyper'''....''to transgress, poach'' ::* '''gelxer'''....''to copy'' → '''ofgelxer'''....''to pirate, plagiarize'' ::* '''bekuluer'''....''to administer medicine'' → '''ofbekuluer'''....''to dope'' ::* '''nuxuer'''....''to pay'' → '''ofnuxuer'''....''to bribe, pay off, suborn'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Holiness with '''fya-''' === ::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''fyabexler'''....''to enshrine'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''fyabuer'''....''to sacrifice'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyader'''....''to bless'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''fyadaler'''....''to preach, sermonize'' ::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyadiler'''....''to pray'' ::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' → '''fyadeuzer'''....''to chant'' ::* '''ifrer'''....''to love dearly'' → '''fyaifrer'''....''to worship, adore'' ::* '''jader'''....''to predict'' → '''fyajader'''....''to prophesy'' ::* '''miluer'''....''to sprinkle'' → '''fyamiluer'''....''to sprinkle with holy water'' ::* '''ojvader'''....''to promise'' → '''fyaojvader'''....''to swear'' ::* '''xeler'''....''to practice'' → '''fyaxeler'''....''to celebrate'' ::* '''koser'''....''to hide'' → '''fyakoser'''....''to go on a retreat, go into hermitage'' ::* '''teazer'''....''perform a show'' → '''fyateazer'''....''to perform a miracle'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Profanity with '''fyo-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyoder'''....''to curse'' ::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyodiler'''....''to conjure'' ::* '''tyezer'''....''to perform magic'' → '''fyotezer'''....''to engage in black magic'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fyoxer'''....''to sin'' === Expressing Good Actions with '''fi-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fider'''....''to praise'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fifer'''....''to mean well'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fixer'''....''to do well'' ::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'' → '''fiyaker'''....''to hope'' ::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fiyuxer'''....''to benefit'' === Expressing Bad Actions with '''fu-''' === ::* '''yevder'''....''to judge'' → '''fuyevder'''....''to critique negatively'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fufer'''....''to will ill'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fuder'''....''to badmouth'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''funapxer'''....''to mess up'' ::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fuyuxer'''....''to abuse'' === Expressing More Intense Actions with '''az-''' === ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''<u>az</u>yujber'''....''to lock'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>az</u>der'''....''to emphasize'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''<u>az</u>duer'''....''to urge'' ::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''<u>az</u>dizeuder'''....''to guffaw'' === Expressing Less Intense Actions with '''oz-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to utter'' → '''<u>oz</u>der'''....''to whisper'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''<u>oz</u>duer'''....''to hint'' ::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''<u>oz</u>dizeuder'''....''to chuckle'' ::* '''uvteuder'''....''to moan'' → '''<u>oz</u>uvteuder'''....''to whimper'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>oz</u>tyoper'''....''to limp'' === Expressing ''pre-, fore-'' with '''ja-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to tell'' → '''<u>ja</u>der'''....''to foretell, predict'' ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''<u>ja</u>teater'''....''to foresee, preview'' ::* '''ter'''....''to know'' → '''<u>ja</u>ter'''....''to presage, have foreknowledge of'' ::* '''yever'''....''to judge'' → '''<u>ja</u>yever'''....''to prejudge'' ::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''<u>ja</u>juder'''....''to antedate'' === Expressing ''post-, after-'' with '''jo-''' === ::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''<u>jo</u>juder'''....''to postdate'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>jo</u>texer'''....''to reflect on, review'' ::* '''uvder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''<u>jo</u>uvder'''....''to mourn, regret'' ::* '''ibler'''....''to obtain'' → '''<u>jo</u>ibler'''....''to inherit'' === Expressing ''excessively'' with '''gra-''' === ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''<u>gra</u>telier'''....''to overeat'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>gra</u>fer'''....''to covet'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>gra</u>der'''....''to exaggerate'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>gra</u>daler'''....''to yammer'' === Expressing ''inadequately'' with '''gro-''' === ::* '''fyinder'''....''to value'' → '''<u>gro</u>fyinder'''....''to underestimate'' ::* '''mageler'''....''to cook'' → '''<u>gro</u>mageler'''....''to undercook'' ::* '''xaer'''....''to perform'' → '''<u>gro</u>xaer'''....''to underperform'' === Expressing ''counter-, contra-'' with '''ov-''' or '''oyv-''' === ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''<u>ov</u>axler'''....''to counteract'' ::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''<u>ov</u>apyexer'''....''to counterattack'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''<u>ov</u>daler'''....''to oppose'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>oyv</u>der'''....''to contradict'' ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>oyv</u>ber'''....''to reverse, overturn'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>oyv</u>texer'''....''to contest, disagree'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>oyv</u>per'''....''to contravene'' === Expressing ''on behalf, for'' with '''av-''' === ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''<u>av</u>axler'''....''to act on behalf of'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''<u>av</u>daler'''....''to advocate, speak on behalf of'' ::* '''dyundrer'''....''to sign'' → '''<u>av</u>dyundrer'''....''to endorse'' === Making Verbs Reflexive with '''ut-''' (''self-, auto-'') === ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''<u>ut</u>tojber'''....''to commit suicide'' ::* '''vyovider'''....''to flatter'' → '''<u>ut</u>vyovider'''....''to flatter oneself'' ::* '''zaypuxwer'''....''to be propelled'' → '''<u>ut</u>zaypuxwer'''....''to be self-propelled'' ::* '''fider'''....''to praise'' → '''<u>ut</u>fider'''....''to brag'' ::* '''gober'''....''to decrement'' → '''<u>ut</u>gober'''....''to autodecrement'' === Making Verbs Reciprocal with '''hyuit-''' (''one another'') === ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''<u>hyuit</u>tojber'''....''to kill one another'' ::* '''ifer'''....''to love'' → '''<u>hyuit</u>ifer'''....''to love one another'' === Expressing ''inter-, intra-'' with '''eb-''' (''between'') === ::* '''tadier'''....''to marry'' → '''<u>eb</u>tadier'''....''to intermarry'' ::* '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' → '''<u>eb</u>zyaber'''....''to intersperse'' ::* '''vyexer'''....''to relate'' → '''<u>eb</u>vyexer'''....''to interrelate'' === Expressing the Opposite of an Action with '''o-''' (''un-'') === ::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''<u>o</u>bexler'''....''to release, let go of'' ::* '''aynser'''....''to integrate'' → '''<u>o</u>aynser'''....''to disintegrate, to decay'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>o</u>beler'''....''to drop'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>o</u>bier'''....''to leave, relinquish'' ::* '''boser'''....''to be quiet'' → '''<u>o</u>boser'''....''to be upset'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>o</u>drer'''....''to erase'' ::<small>Note: If the base verb already begins with the negative prefix '''o-''', then the prefix is changed to '''ol-''', eg. '''obexler'''....''to release'' → '''<u>ol</u>obexwa'''....''to unrelease'' </small> === Expressing a Public or Official Action with '''do-''' === :: '''Do-''' is a stub for '''dot''' (''society''). ::* '''afder'''....''to allow'' → '''<u>do</u>afder'''....''to authorize'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>do</u>bier'''....''to conquer, take over, take control of'' ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''<u>do</u>tojber'''....''to execute'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>do</u>buer'''....''to dedicate'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''<u>do</u>daler'''....''to orate, speak in public'' ::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''<u>do</u>deler'''....''to announce'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>do</u>drer'''....''to publicize, report'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Truth with '''vya-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vya</u>der'''....''to avow, be frank'' ::* '''ber'''....''to set, put'' → '''<u>vya</u>ber'''....''to control'' ::* '''napxer'''...''to arrange, order'' → '''<u>vya</u>napxer'''....''to adjust'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>vya</u>kexer'''....''to investiage'' ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''<u>vya</u>tuer'''....''to advise'' === Giving Verbs of Nuance of Falseness with '''vyo-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vyo</u>der'''....''to lie, to misstate'' ::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' → '''<u>vyo</u>tester'''....''to misunderstand'' ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''<u>vyo</u>tuer'''....''to misinform, to deceive'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>vyo</u>xer'''....''to do wrong, fail, misdo'' ::* '''yuxler'''....''to serve'' → '''<u>vyo</u>yuxler'''....''to betray, to serve unfaithfully'' === Making Verbs Positive with '''va-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>va</u>der'''....''to affirm'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>va</u>texer'''....''to believe'' ::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''<u>va</u>yeker'''....''to presume'' ::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''<u>va</u>bier'''....''to accept'' === Making Verbs Negative with '''vo-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vo</u>der'''....''to deny'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>vo</u>texer'''....''to doubt'' ::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''<u>vo</u>yeker'''....''to rule out'' ::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''<u>vo</u>bier'''....''to reject'' === Making Verbs Suppositional with '''ve-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>ve</u>der'''....''to conjecture'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>ve</u>texer'''....''to suppose, hypothesize'' ::* '''yovder'''....''to blame'' → '''<u>ve</u>yovder'''....''to indict, accuse'' === Speeding up Verbs with '''ig-''' === ::* '''pier'''....''to leave'' → '''<u>ig</u>pier'''....''to flee'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to drop'' → '''<u>ig</u>pyoser'''....''to plummet'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>ig</u>tyoper'''....''to run'' ::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''<u>ig</u>yeper'''....''to rush in'' === Slowing up Verbs with '''ug-''' === ::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>ug</u>paser'''....''to amble'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>ug</u>teaxer'''....''to gaze'' ::* '''ilper'''....''to flow'' → '''<u>ug</u>ilper'''....''to trickle'' ::* '''tilier'''....''to drink'' → '''<u>ug</u>tilier'''....''to sip'' === Expressing the Nuance of Suddenness with '''yok-''' === ::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''<u>yok</u>baxer'''....''to startle'' ::* '''hihider'''....''to laugh'' → '''<u>yok</u>hihider'''....''to burst out laughing'' ::* '''teaser'''....''to appear'' → '''<u>yok</u>teaser'''....''to suddenly appear'' ::* '''yoktojer'''....''to die'' → '''<u>yok</u>tojer'''....''to drop dead'' === Expressing the Notion of Fixedness with '''kyo-''' === ::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''<u>kyo</u>byaser'''....''to stand still'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>kyo</u>kexer'''....''to hound, stalk'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>kyo</u>teaxer'''....''to stare, glare'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>kyo</u>texer'''....''to obsess with, fixate on'' === Expression the Notion of Randomness with '''kye-'''=== ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>kye</u>der'''....''to guess, divine'' ::* '''per'''....''to per'' → '''<u>kye</u>per'''....''to fluctuate'' ::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''<u>kye</u>poper'''....''to wander'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''<u>kye</u>napxer'''....''to scramble'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>kye</u>bier'''....''to select'' === Expressing the Notion of Change with '''kya-''' === ::* '''baser'''....''to make a move'' → '''<u>kya</u>baser'''....''to shift'' ::* '''sanxer'''....''to form'' → '''<u>kya</u>sanxer'''....''to transform'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do/make'' → '''<u>kya</u>xer'''....''to change'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''<u>kya</u>napxer'''....''to shuffle'' ::* '''dyanxer'''....''to phrase'' → '''<u>kya</u>dyanxer'''....''to paraphrase'' === Expressing Covert Actions with '''ko-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ko</u>ber'''....''to hide'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>ko</u>beler'''....''to smuggle'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>ko</u>bier'''....''to steal'' ::* '''ebkyaxer'''....''to exchange'' → '''<u>ko</u>ebkyaxer'''....''to traffic'' ::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''<u>ko</u>exer'''....''to spy, operate under cover'' ::* '''fler'''....''to wish for'' → '''<u>ko</u>fler'''....''to covet, be jealous of'' ::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''<u>ko</u>apyexer'''....''to ambush, to sneak-attack'' ::* '''loexer'''....''to destroy'' → '''<u>ko</u>loexer'''....''to sabotage'' === Expressing Actions with Intentionality with '''ke-''' === ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>ke</u>teaxer'''....''to scan'' ::* '''vyaxer'''....''to prove'' → '''<u>ke</u>vyaxer'''....''to experiment'' ::* '''tier'''....''to learn'' → '''<u>ke</u>tier'''....''to be interested in'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>ke</u>bier'''....''to choose'' ::* '''pexer'''....''to catch'' → '''<u>ke</u>pexer'''....''to hunt'' === Expressing Lateral Actions with '''ku-''' === ::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''<u>ku</u>buxer'''....''to rebuff, shun'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>ku</u>der'''....''to comment, remark'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to step'' → '''<u>ku</u>tyoper'''....''to step aside'' === Expressing Diagonal Actions with '''ki-''' === ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>ki</u>teaxer'''....''to look askance at'' ::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''<u>ki</u>tuxer'''....''to brainwash'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>ki</u>tyoper'''....''to limp'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''<u>ki</u>pyoser'''....''to slip and fall'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>ki</u>per'''....''to slide'' === Expressing Near Actions with '''yub-'''=== ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>yub</u>der'''....''to intimate, hint'' ::* '''gexer'''....''to equate'' → '''<u>yub</u>gexer'''....''to approximate'' ::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''<u>yu(b)</u>bixer'''....''to attract, draw near'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>yub</u>teaxer'''....''to scrutinize, examine'' === Expressing Distance Actions with '''yib-''' (''far, tele-'') === ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>yib</u>drer'''....''to wire, telegraph'' ::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''<u>yi(b)</u>bixer'''....''to distract'' ::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' → '''<u>yib</u>tuier'''....''to telecommunicate'' ::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' → '''<u>yib</u>nyuxer'''....''to mail, post'' === Expressing ''up-, super-'' with '''yab-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ya(b)</u>ber'''....''to raise, to put up'' ::* '''bixler'''....''to drag'' → '''<u>ya(b)</u>bixler'''....''to dredge up'' ::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''<u>yab</u>uper'''....''to come up'' ::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''<u>yab</u>nogyanxer'''....''to scale up, escalate'' === Expressing ''down-, sub-'' with '''yob-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>yo(b)</u>ber'''....''to lower, put down'' ::* '''kyaber'''....''to shift'' → '''<u>yob</u>kyaxer'''....''to downshift'' ::* '''musper'''....''to climb'' → '''<u>yob</u>musper'''....''to climb down'' ::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''<u>yob</u>nogyanxer'''....''to downscale'' === Expressing ''in-'' with '''yeb-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ye(b)</u>ber'''....''to insert, put in'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>ye(b)</u>beler'''....''to import'' ::* '''uzber'''....''to bend'' → '''<u>yeb</u>uzber'''....''to inflect'' ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''<u>yeb</u>yujber'''....''to enclose, include'' === Expressing ''out-, ex-, extra-'' with '''oyeb-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>oye(b)</u>ber'''....''to put out, expose'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>oye(b)</u>beler'''....''to export'' ::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''<u>oyeb</u>uber'''....''to emit, send out'' ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''<u>oyeb</u>yujber'''....''to exclude'' === Expressing ''pro-, forward'' with '''zay-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>zay</u>ber'''....''to advance, put forward'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>zay</u>kexer'''....''to scout out'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zay</u>puxer'''....''to propel, thrust'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>zay</u>tyoper'''....''to progress, to walk forward'' === Expressing ''back-, retro-, re-'' with '''zoy-''' === ::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''<u>zoy</u>ber'''....''to send back'' ::* '''kixer'''....''to bend'' → '''<u>zoy</u>kixer'''....''to reflect'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zoy</u>puxer'''....''to repel'' ::* '''neadper'''....''to track'' → '''<u>zoy</u>neadper'''....''to backtrack'' === Expressing ''across, trans-, over-, cross-'' with '''zey-''' === ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zey</u>per'''....''to cross, transit'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>zey</u>beler'''....''to transport, convey'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>zey</u>drer'''....''to transcribe'' ::* '''kyober'''....''to fix'' → '''<u>zey</u>kyober'''....''to transfix, transplant'' ::* '''vyayeker'''....''to check'' → '''<u>zey</u>vyayeker'''....''to crosscheck'' === Expressing ''through, per-'' with '''zye-''' === ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zye</u>per'''....''to permeate, get through'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>zye</u>kexer'''....''to rummage, sift through'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>zye</u>drer'''....''to cross out, draw a line through'' ::* '''iluer'''....''to pour'' → '''<u>zye</u>iluer'''....''to soak'' ::* '''koper'''....''to sneak'' → '''<u>zye</u>koper'''....''to sneak through'' === Expressing ''all over, widely, all about'' with '''zya-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>zya</u>ber'''....''to spread'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>zya</u>buer'''....''to distribute'' ::* '''ijber'''....''to open'' → '''<u>zya</u>ijber'''....''to open wide'' ::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''<u>zya</u>nuxer'''....''to disburse'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zya</u>puxer'''....''to scatter, cast about'' === Expressing ''mid-, center'' with '''ze-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ze</u>ber'''....''to balance'' ::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''<u>ze</u>byaser'''....''to straddle'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>ze</u>der'''....''to interject'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''<u>ze</u>pyoser'''....''to sag'' ::* '''poxer'''....''to stop'' → '''<u>ze</u>poxer'''....''to interrupt'' === Expressing ''futurity'' with '''oj-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>oj</u>ber'''....''to put off, postpone'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>oj</u>bier'''....''to borrow'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>oj</u>fer'''....''to wish, aspire'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>oj</u>texer'''....''to plan'' ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''<u>oj</u>teater'''....''to envision'' ::* '''vader'''....''to affirm'' → '''<u>oj</u>vader'''....''to promise'' === Expressing ''past'' with '''aj-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>aj</u>ber'''....''to pass, relegate to the past'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>aj</u>der'''....''to evoke, hearken, recount'' ::* '''embier'''....''to occupy'' → '''<u>aj</u>embier'''....''to haunt'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>aj</u>texer'''....''to reminisce, to reflect'' ::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''<u>aj</u>uvtosder'''....''to apologize'' ::* '''nexer'''....''to store'' → '''<u>aj</u>nexer'''....''to archive'' === Expressing ''present'' with '''ej-''' === ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>ej</u>buer'''....''to present'' ::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''<u>ej</u>eser'''....''to attend, to be present'' ::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''<u>ej</u>nuxer'''....''to pay cash'' ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''<u>ej</u>tuer'''....''to update'' ::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''<u>ej</u>uvtosder'''....''to apologize'' === Expressing a stretched out action with '''yag-''' (''long'') === ::* '''beser'''....''to stay'' → '''<u>yag</u>beser'''....''to linger'' ::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''<u>yag</u>bexer'''....''to conserve, preserve'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>yag</u>daler'''....''to ramble'' ::* '''dodaler'''....''to orate'' → '''<u>yag</u>dodaler'''....''to harangue'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>yag</u>fer'''....''to yearn, pine'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>yag</u>teaxer'''....''to stare'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>yag</u>fer'''....''to yearn, pine'' === Expressing a brief action with '''yog-''' (''short'') === ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>yog</u>drer'''....''to abbreviate'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>yog</u>teaxer'''....''to glance at'' ::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''<u>yog</u>tujer'''....''to snooze, nap'' ::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' → '''<u>yog</u>gobler'''....''to cut short, truncate'' === Some Hybrid Prefixes === The prefix '''kui-''' is a hybrid of '''ku-''' (''lateral'') and '''ki-''' (''diagonal'') ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>kui</u>per'''....''to wobble'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>kui</u>tyoper'''....''to limp'' The prefix '''zao-''' is a truncated hybrid of '''zay-''' (''forward'') and '''zoy-''' (''backwards''), eg: ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>zao</u>baser'''....''to rock'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zao</u>per'''....''to alternate'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>kui</u>beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''<u>kui</u>pyoser'''....''to pendulate'' The prefix '''yaob-''' is a hybrid of '''yab-''' (''up'') and '''yob-''' (''down''). The final '''b-''' is assimilated or dropped before a '''b''' or '''p'''. ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>yao</u>baser'''....''to bob'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>yao</u>per'''....''to heave'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>yao</u>beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry'' ::* '''peper'''....''to ride'' → '''<u>yao</u>peper'''....''to jounce'' ::* '''puser'''....''to jump'' → '''<u>yao</u>puser'''....''to hop, bounce'' The prefix '''bui-''' is a hybrid of '''bu-''' (''to'') and '''bi-''' (''from''), eg: ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>bui</u>drer'''....''to correspond'' ::* '''-er'''....''to x'' → '''<u>bui</u>er'''....''to trade'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>bui</u>beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>bui</u>xer'''....''to push and pull, spring'' ::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''<u>bui</u>poper'''....''to travel to and fro, travel round trip'' The prefix '''uiz-''' is a hybrid of '''uz-''' (''crooked'') and '''iz-''' (''straight''), eg: ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>uiz</u>drer'''....''to squiggle'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>uiz</u>der'''....''to equivocate'' ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>uiz</u>baser'''....''to wiggle, to squirm'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>uiz</u>per'''....''to careen, reel'' ::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>uiz</u>paser'''....''to swerve, yaw'' The prefix '''zui-''' is a hybrid of '''zu-''' (''left'') and '''zi-''' (''right''), eg: ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>uiz</u>drer'''....''to squiggle'' ::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''<u>zui</u>buxer'''....''to push around'' ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>zui</u>baser'''....''to sway, totter'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zui</u>per'''....''to zigzag'' ::* '''pasler'''....''to shake'' → '''<u>zui</u>pasler'''....''to wobble'' The prefix '''aoyeb-''' is a hybrid of '''(a)yeb-''' (''in'') and '''oyeb-''' (''out''), eg: ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>aoye</u>ber'''....''to insert and extract'' ::* '''tiexer'''....''to breathe'' → '''<u>aoye</u>tiexer'''....''to breath in and out'' ::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''<u>aoye</u>paper'''....''to fly in and out'' The prefix '''aob-''' is a hybrid of '''ab-''' (''on'') and '''ob-''' (''off''), eg: ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ao</u>ber'''....''to put on and off'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>ao</u>per'''....''to get on and off, embark and disembark'' The prefix '''vao-''' is a hybrid of '''va-''' (''yes'') and '''vo-''' (''no''), eg: ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vao</u>der'''....''to decide'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>vao</u>daler'''....''to waffle'' ::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''<u>vao</u>duder'''....''to answer yes or no'' ::* '''kyaxer'''....''to change'' → '''<u>vao</u>kyaxer'''....''to redact'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>vao</u>texer'''....''to deliberate, vacillate'' The prefix '''uij''' is a hybrid of '''uj-''' (''end'') and '''ij-''' (''begin'') ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>uij</u>ber'''....''to switch off and on'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>uij</u>daler'''....''to stutter'' The prefix '''yuij''' is a hybrid of '''yuj-''' (''close'') and '''yij-''' (''open'') ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>yuij</u>ber'''....''to open and close, blink'' The prefix '''huim''' is a hybrid of '''hum''' (''there'') and '''him''' (''there'') ::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''<u>huim</u>paper'''....''to fly here and yon'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>huim</u>per'''....''to wander'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>huim</u>kexer'''....''to search high and low'' === Different Nuances of '''teaxer''' with Prefixes === <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;";> ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look, behold, regard'' ::* '''aybteaxer'''....''to supervise, look over'' ::* '''ajteaxer'''....''to look back on (retrospect)'' ::* '''eynteaxer'''....''to squint'' ::* '''fizteaxer'''....''to respect'' ::* '''fuzteaxer'''....''to disrespect'' ::* '''gawteaxer'''....''to review, re-look'' ::* '''hyuitteaxer'''....''to look at one another'' ::* '''ibteaxer'''....''to ignore'' ::* '''igteaxer'''....''to glance, glimpse'' ::* '''ifteaxer'''....''to marvel at'' ::* '''izteaxer'''....''to view directly, confront, aim'' ::* '''jateaxer'''....''to preview'' ::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch, observe'' ::* '''joteaxer'''....''to review'' ::* '''kateaxer'''....''to look for'' ::* '''keteaxer'''....''to scan'' ::* '''kiteaxer'''....''to look askance'' ::* '''koteaxer'''....''to peek, spy'' ::* '''kozyeteaxer'''....''to peep'' ::* '''kozyoteaxer'''....''to peer'' ::* '''kuteaxer'''....''to observe'' ::* '''kyeteaxer'''....''to browse'' ::* '''kyoteaxer'''....''to stare, glare'' ::* '''oteaxer'''....''to ignore, overlook'' ::* '''ufteaxer'''....''to glare, leer'' ::* '''ugteaxer'''....''to gaze'' ::* '''yagteaxer'''....''to gape, gawk'' ::* '''yebteaxer'''....''to inspect'' ::* '''yibteaxer'''....''to view from afar'' ::* '''yogteaxer'''....''to glance at'' ::* '''yokteaxer'''....''to get a glimpse of'' ::* '''yubteaxer'''....''to examine'' ::* '''yuibteaxer'''....''to look near and far'' ::* '''yuzteaxer'''....''to look around, circumspect'' ::* '''yanteaxer'''....''to view together'' ::* '''yizteaxer'''....''to look beyond, overlook'' ::* '''vyateaxer'''....''to investigate, check out'' ::* '''vyoteaxer'''....''to view wrongly'' ::* '''zateaxer'''....''to face, confront'' ::* '''zayteaxer'''....''to look ahead, expect'' ::* '''zoyteaxer'''....''to look back'' ::* '''zeyteaxer'''....''to look across'' ::* '''ziteaxer'''....''to look to the right'' ::* '''zuteaxer'''....''to look to the left'' ::* '''zuiteaxer'''....''to look right and left'' ::* '''zyateaxer'''....''to look all over, survey'' ::* '''zyeteaxer'''....''to look through, peruse'' ::* '''zyoteaxer'''....''to squint'' ::* '''yobteaxer'''....''to look down'' ::* '''yaobteaxer'''....''to look up and down'' ::* '''zaoteaxer'''....''to look back and forth'' ::* '''yabteaxer'''....''to look up'' ::* '''yubketeaxer'''....''to pry'' ::* '''uzteaxer'''....''to look indirectly at'' ::* '''oyebteaxer'''....''to look out'' ::* '''ojteaxer'''....''to peer into the future'' ::* '''marteaxer'''....''to star-gaze'' ::* '''tabteaxer'''....''to autopsy'' </div> == Modal Verbs == : Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are usually followed by the main verb in the infinitive or a subjunctive dependent clause and have to do with wanting, permitting, prohibiting, being able, being unable, needing, being obliged to do something, etc. ==== Principal Modal Auxiliary Verbs ==== [[File:Ladies Should Listen poster.jpg|thumb|]] : Mirad has a set of modal auxiliary verbs that can be followed by a main verb in the infinitive mode. This is very much like Enlish modal auxiliary verbs in the following examples: ::* ''I <u>want</u> to go.'' ::* ''You <u>must</u> wait.'' ::* ''You <u>may</u> stay.'' ::* ''I <u>dare</u> say.'' : Here is a chart showing the main modal auxiliary verbs in Mirad: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Principle Modal Auxiliary Verbs |- ! Type !! Positive !! Negative |- ! Permission | '''afer'''....''may''<br>'''ayfer'''....''might'' || '''ofer'''....''may not''<br>'''oyfer'''....''might not'' |- ! Ability | '''yafer'''....''can''||'''yofer'''....''cannot'' |- ! Need | '''efer'''....''need to'' || |- ! Obligation | '''yefer'''....''must''<br>'''yeyfer'''....''should'' ||'''oyefer'''....''must not''<br>'''oyeyfer'''....''should not'' |- ! Desire | '''fer'''....''want to'' || |- ! Enjoyment | '''ifer'''....''love to, enjoy''<br>'''iyfer'''....''like to'' || '''ufer'''....''hate to''<br>'''uyfer'''....''dislike to'' |- ! Courage |'''yifer'''....''dare to'' || '''yufer'''....''be afraid to, fear'' |- ! Liberty | '''yiver'''....''have a right to, be free to'' || '''yuver'''....''be bound to, be supposed to'' |- ! Expectation | '''yaker'''....''expect to'' || '''yoker'''....''be surprised to'' |- ! Conation | '''yeker'''....''try to'' || |} : These modal auxiliary verbs are often followed by a verbal infinitive, as in the following examples: ::* '''At fe <u>ter</u>.'''....''I want <u>to know</u>.'' ::* '''Wit yifa <u>yeper</u>.'''....''He dared <u>to enter</u>.'' ::* '''Yat yafe <u>teater</u> yet.'''....''We can <u>see</u> you.'' ::* '''Duven et yaka <u>aker</u>?'''....''Did you expect <u>to win</u>?'' ::* '''Diwe yeku <u>xer</u> ga fi.'''....''Please try <u>to do</u> better.'' : If the modal verb is in the hypothetical aspect (conditional), then the sense is somewhat mitigated, as in these examples: :* '''At <u>fe</u> per.'''....''I <u>want</u> to go.'' :* '''At <u>fu</u> per.'''....''I <u>would</u> like to go.'' :* '''Et <u>yafe</u> aker.'''....''You <u>can</u> win.'' :* '''Et <u>yafu</u> aker.'''....''You <u>could</u> win.'' :* '''Yet <u>yefe</u> iper.'''....''You <u>must</u> leave.'' :* '''Yet <u>yefu</u> iper.'''....''You <u>ought</u> to leave.'' : Post-y-gliding the stem vowel of the modal verb also reduces the strength, for example: :* '''At <u>ife</u> et.''' ....''I <u>love</u> you.'' :* '''At <u>iyfe</u> et.''' ....''I <u>like</u> you.'' :* '''Et <u>yefe</u> iper.'''....''You <u>must</u> leave.'' :* '''Et <u>yeyfe</u> iper.'''....''You <u>should</u> leave.'' :* '''Iyt <u>yafe</u> aker.'''....''She <u>can</u> win.'' :* '''Iyt <u>yayfe</u> aker.'''....''She <u>might</u> win.'' :* '''At <u>ufa</u> uda tuz.'''....''I <u>hated</u> that art.'' :* '''At <u>uyfa</u> uda tuz.'''....''I <u>disliked</u> that art.'' : The use of '''l''' and '''r''' intensify the meaning of the auxiliary verbs, eg: :* '''Et <u>yuve</u> puer jwe.'''....''You <u>are supposed</u> to arrive on time.'' :* '''Et <u>yuvle</u> tepzexer.'''....''You <u>have</u> to pay attention.'' :* '''Et <u>yuvre</u> buer nas.'''....''You <u>absolutely must</u> give money.'' :* '''At <u>yeka</u> ser yeva.'''....''I <u>tried</u> to be fair.'' :* '''At <u>yekla</u> ujber jwa.'''....''I <u>strove</u> to finish early.'' :* '''At <u>yekra</u> nixer ga nas.'''....''I <u>struggled (= worked hard))</u> to earn more money.'' :* '''Iyt <u>ife</u> eker zyun.'''....''She <u>loves</u> to play ball.'' :* '''Iyt <u>ifla</u> teater et.'''....''She <u>was delighted</u> to see you.'' :* '''Iyt <u>ifre</u> teaper him.'''....''She <u>adores</u> visiting here.'' : Here are some examples showing how these modal verbs are used as auxiliaries: ::* '''Et <u>afe</u> oyeper ay ifeker.'''....''You <u>may</u> go out and play.'' ::* '''Yat <u>efa</u> tujer.'''....''We <u>needed</u> to sleep.'' ::* '''Ot <u>ofe</u> mavier him.'''....''One <u>is prohibited</u> to smoke here.'' ::* '''Mavier him <u>ofwe</u>.'''....''Smoking here is prohibited.'' ::* '''At <u>ife</u> dyeer.'''....''I <u>love</u> to read.'' ::* '''Duven et <u>fe</u> yeper?'''....''Do you <u>want</u> to come in?'' ::* '''At <u>fu</u> teaper et edjub.'''....''I <u>would like</u> to visit you some day.'' ::* '''It <u>ufaye hyaj</u> teaxwer.'''....''He <u>has always hated</u> being looked at.'' ::* '''Duven et <u>iyfe</u> per tilami?'''....''Do you <u>like</u> going to bars?'' ::* '''At <u>uyfe</u> tijer gra jwa.'''....''I <u>dislike</u> waking up too early.'' ::* '''Et <u>yafe</u> xer hyehos et fu.'''....''You <u>can</u> do whatever you like.'' ::* '''Et <u>yefer</u> xer ad vyaas.'''....''You <u>must</u> do the right thing.'' ::* '''Et <u>yeyfe</u> voy daler huuyen azay.'''....''You <u>should</u> not talk so loud.'' ::* '''At <u>yeyfa</u> ter ga fi.'''....''I <u>should have</u> known better.'' ::* '''At <u>voy yifu</u> der hyea fuas.'''....''I <u>would not dare</u> say anything bad.'' ::* '''<u>Von yufu</u> der hos et tesde.'''....''<u>Don't be afraid</u> to say what you mean.'' ::* '''Et <u>yive</u> dier yevanavdut.'''....''You <u>have a right</u> to ask for a lawyer.'' ::* '''Yat <u>voy yuvle</u> kyoejer.'''....''We <u>are not bound</u> to stick around.'' === Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms === :: All of these modal verbs can be passive, in which case they are "patient-oriented" rather than "subject-oriented." The participial adjective '''yafa'''....''able'' is subject-oriented and refers to a person, whereas the passived adjective '''yafwa'''....''possible'' is patient-oriented and refers to a thing or event. Here is a chart of the principal modal verbs and corresponding participial adjectives with this subject/object-orientation distinction shown: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms |- ! Modal Type || Subject-oriented !! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented !! Patient-oriented |- ! !! Verb !! Adjective !! Verb !! Adjective |- !row=1| Permission | '''afer'''<br>''may'' || '''afa'''<br>''allowed'' || '''afwer'''<br>''be permitted'' || '''afwa'''<br>''permissable'' |- !row=1| Necessity | '''efer'''<br>''need'' || '''efa'''<br>''needful'' || '''efwer'''<br>''be necessary'' || '''efwa'''<br>''necessary, required'' |- !row=1| Prohibition | '''ofer'''<br>''be unallowed'' || '''ofa'''<br>''prohibited'' || '''ofwer'''<br>''be prohibited'' || '''ofwa'''<br>''banned'' |- !row=1| Possibility | '''yafer'''<br>''be able'' || '''yafa'''<br>''able'' || '''yafwer'''<br>''be possible'' || '''yafwa'''<br>''possible'' |- !row=1| Obligation | '''yefer'''<br>''must'' || '''yefa'''<br>''obliged'' || '''yefwer'''<br>''be obligatory'' || '''yefwa'''<br>''obligatory'' |- !row=1| Duty | '''yeyfer'''<br>''should'' || '''yeyfa'''<br>''supposed, duty-bound'' || '''yeyfwer'''<br>''be supposed'' || '''yeyfwa'''<br>''due'' |- !row=1| Impossibility | '''yofer'''<br>''be unable'' || '''yofa'''<br>''unable'' || '''yofwer'''<br>''be impossible'' || '''yofwa'''<br>''impossible'' |- !row=1| Volition | '''fer'''<br>''want'' || '''fa'''<br>''desirous'' || '''fwer'''<br>''be desirable'' || '''fwa'''<br>''desirable, wanted'' |- !row=1| Love | '''ifer'''<br>''love''<br>'''iyfer'''<br>''like'' || '''ifa'''<br>''enamored''<br>'''iyfa'''<br>''fond'' || '''ifwer'''<br>''be loved''<br>'''iyfwer'''<br>''be liked'' || '''ifwa'''<br>''lovable''<br>'''iyfwa'''<br>''likeable'' |- !row=1| Hate | '''ufer'''<br>''hate''<br>'''uyfer'''<br>''dislike'' || '''ufa'''<br>''averse''<br>'''uyfa'''<br>''displeased''|| '''ufwer'''<br>''be hated''<br>'''uyfwer'''<br>''be disliked'' || '''ufwa'''<br>''odious''<br>''unliked'' |- !row=1| Courage | '''yifer'''<br>''dare'' || '''yifa'''<br>''daring, brave'' || '''yifwer'''<br>''be safe'' || '''yifwa'''<br>''safe'' |- !row=1| Fear | '''yufer'''<br>''be afraid'' || '''yufa'''<br>''afraid'' || '''yufwer'''<br>''be a danger'' || '''yufwa'''<br>''frightening'' |- !row=1| Joy | '''iver'''<br>''enjoy'' || '''iva'''<br>''glad'' || '''ivwer'''<br>''be a joy'' || '''ivwa'''<br>''enjoyable'' |- !row=1| Sorrow | '''uver'''<br>''be sorry'' || '''uva'''<br>''sorry, sad'' || '''uvwer'''<br>''be a shame'' || '''uvwa'''<br>''regrettable'' |} : Examples of subject-oriented forms: ::* '''At se <u>yafa</u> xer hes.'''....''I <u>am capable of</u> doing anything.'' ::* '''Et <u>ofe</u> teater hia dyezun.'''....''You <u>are not allowed/are prohibited</u> to see this film.'' ::* '''Duven at <u>afe</u> per hum?'''....''Am I <u>allowed</u> to go there?'' ::* '''Yat <u>fu</u> ter eta dyun.'''....''We <u>would like</u> to know your name.'' ::* '''Piti <u>ufe</u> beser be mel.'''....''Fish <u>hate</u> to remain on dry land.'' ::* '''At ajay <u>ifa</u> dazer.'''....''I once <u>loved</u> to dance.'' ::* '''Et se iva, at <u>yife</u> der.'''....''You are beautiful, I <u>dare</u> say.'' ::* '''At <u>yeyfa</u> xer has ga ig.'''....''I <u>should</u> have done it sooner.'' ::* '''Von <u>yufu</u>; At yupeye.'''....''<u>Fear</u> not; I am coming.'' ::* '''Et <u>yefe</u> puer ja eymaj.'''....''You <u>must</u> arrive before noon.'' ::* '''Yet <u>yofe</u> daler je ha dezun.'''....''You people <u>must not</u> talk during the performance.'' ::* '''Yat <u>yeyfe</u> (= se <u>yeyfa</u>) aker.'''....''We should (= are <u>bound/supposed/due</u>) to win.'' ::* '''At <u>ive</u> teater et bakser.'''....''I<u>'m glad</u> to see you get better.'' ::* '''Su <u>iva</u>.'''....''Be <u>happy</u>.'' ::* '''At <u>uvu (= su uva)</u> teater et iper.'''....''I <u>would be sad</u> to see you leave.'' : Examples of patient-oriented forms: ::* '''<u>Afwe</u> (= se afwa) mavier him.'''....''<u>It is permissible</u> to smoke here.'' ::* '''<u>Ofwe</u> (= se ofwa*) puxer fyumul him.'''....''<u>It is prohibited</u> to throw litter here.'' ::* '''<u>Fwe</u> (= se fwa) van yet dolu.'''....''<u>It is desired</u> that you stop talking.'' ::* '''<u>Voy yafwe</u> beser him gajob.'''....''<u>It is not possible</u> to remain here any longer.'' ::* '''<u>Yofwa</u> av at ivteuder.'''....''<u>It was not possible</u> for me to laugh.'' ::* '''<u>Yefwe</u> van et piu ig.'''....''<u>It is essential</u> that you leave quickly.'' ::* '''He <u>yeyfwe</u> ober ata tyoyafi?'''....''Is <u>it obligatory</u> to remove my shoes?'' ::* '''Ga yux <u>efwo</u>.'''....''More help <u>will be needed</u>.'' ::* '''Yuxren se <u>ufwa</u> xetyen.'''....''Slavery is an <u>odious</u> practice.'' ::* '''<u>Uvwe</u> van wit oka.'''....''<u>It's a shame</u> that he lost.'' :: *<small>'''lofwa''' is used for ''unwanted'' for disambiguation purposes.</small> === Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems === : Various causative verbs can be formed from modal stems, as shown in the chart below: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems |- ! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented |- | '''afxer'''....''allow'' (someone to do sthg.) || '''afwaxer'''....''permit'' (something to be done) |- | '''efxer'''....''require'' || '''efwaxer'''....''necessitate'' |- | '''ofxer'''....''prohibit'' || '''ofwaxer'''....''prohibit'' |- | '''yafxer'''....''enable'' || '''yafwaxer'''....''make possible'' |- | '''yefxer'''....''oblige'' || '''yefwaxer'''....''make obligatory'' |- | '''yofxer'''....''cripple'' || '''yofwaxer'''....''disable'' |- | '''yifxer'''....''embolden'' || '''yifwaxer'''....''make safe'' |- | '''yufxer'''....''intimidate'' || '''yufwaxer'''....''make frightening'' |- | '''ifxer'''....''please'' || '''ifwaxer'''....''make pleasant'' |} === Creating Modal Verbs and Adjectives with Modal Stem Suffixes === : Verb stems can be suffixed with modal participles to produce related modal verbs and adjectives. The first chart shows the modal participles themselves that can be suffixed to verb stems. Subject-oriented forms refer only to people, while patient-oriented forms (ending in '''-wa''') refer only to things. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Modal Suffixes |- ! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented |- | '''-yafa'''....''able to X, -able'' || '''-yafwa'''....''possible to X'' |- | '''-yofa'''....''unable to X'' || '''-yofwa'''....''impossible to X'' |- | '''-ifa'''....''fond of Xing, Xophile'' || '''-ifwa'''....''enjoyable to X'' |- | '''-ufa'''....''averse to Xing, Xophobic'' ||'''-ufwa'''....''unenjoyable to X'' |- | '''-yika'''....''hard of Xing'' || '''-yikwa'''....''hard to X'' |- | '''-yuka'''....''comfortable/easy Xing'' || '''-yukwa'''....''easy to X'' |- | '''-yaka'''....''expecting to X'' || '''yakwa'''....''expected/likely to X'' |- | '''-efa'''....''in need of Xing'' || '''-efwa'''....''necessary to X'' |- | '''-yefa'''....''obliged to X'' || '''-yefwa'''....''obligatory/due to X'' |- | '''-yufa'''....''afraid of Xing'' || '''-yufwa'''....''frightening to X'' |} : This table shows some of these modal suffixes applied to actual verb and noun stems: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Modals and Orientation |- ! Orientation !! Positive Adjective !! Positive Verb !! Negative Adjective !! Negative Verb |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''teatyafa'''<br>''able to see, sighted'' || '''teatyafer'''<br>''be able to see'' || '''teatyofa'''<br>''blind'' || '''teatyofer'''<br>''be blind'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''teatyafwa'''<br>''visible'' || '''teatyafwer'''<br>''be visible'' || '''teatyofwa'''<br>''invisible'' || '''teatyofwer'''<br>''be invisible'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''teetyafa'''<br>''able to hear, hearing'' || '''teetyafer'''<br>''be able to hear'' || '''teetyofa'''<br>''deaf'' || '''teatyofer'''<br>''be deaf'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''teetyafwa'''<br>''audible'' || '''teetyafwer'''<br>''be audible'' || '''teeyofwa'''<br>''inaudible'' || '''teeyofwer'''<br>''be inaudiable'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''dalyafa'''<br>''able to speak'' || '''dalyafer'''<br>''be able to speak'' || '''dalyofa'''<br>''mute, dumb'' || '''dalyofer'''<br>''be mute, dumb'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''doabifa'''<br>''patriotic'' || '''doabifer'''<br>''be patriotic'' || '''doabufa'''<br>''rebellious'' || '''doabufer'''<br>''rebel'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tosyafa'''<br>''sensitive'' || '''tosyafer'''<br>''be able to feel'' || '''tosyofa'''<br>''insensitive'' || '''tosyofer'''<br>''be numbed'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''tayotyafwa'''<br>''palpable'' || '''tayotyafwer'''<br>''be palpable'' || '''tayotyofwa'''<br>''numb'' || '''tayotyofwer'''<br>''be impalbable, numb'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''testyukwa'''<br>''easy to understand'' || '''testyukwaxer'''<br>''make easily understood'' || '''testyikwa'''<br>''hard to understand'' || '''testyikwaxer'''<br>''make hard to understand'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tudyaka'''<br>''pregnant, expecting'' || '''tudyaker'''<br>''be expecting''|| || |- !row=1| '''Patient''' |'''mamilyakwa'''<br>''likely to rain'' || '''mamilyakwer'''<br>''to be expected to rain''|| '''mamilyokwa'''<br>''unlikely to rain''|| '''mamilyokwer'''<br>''to be unlikely to rain'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tilefa'''<br>''thirsty'' || '''tilefer'''<br>''be thirsty'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''telefa'''<br>''hungry'' || '''telefer'''<br>''be hungry'' || || |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''tejefwa'''<br>''vital'' || '''tejefwer'''<br>''be vital'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tujefa'''<br>''sleepy'' || '''tujefer'''<br>''be sleepy'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''nasefa'''<br>''poor, needy'' || '''nasefer'''<br>''be needy'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''dudyefa'''<br>''accountable, responsible'' || '''dudyefer'''<br>''be responsible'' || || |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''texiyefwa'''<br>''noteworthy'' || '''texiyefwer'''<br>''be noteworthy'' || || |} == Sensing Verbs == : Verbs involving the senses, such as sight or hearing, follow a similar pattern, as the following chart shows: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Sensing Verbs |- valign=top ! TYPE !! '''teab'''....''eye''<br>'''teata'''....''visual'' !! '''teeb'''....''ear''<br>'''teeta'''....''acoustic'' !! '''teib'''....''nose''<br>'''teita'''....''olfactory'' !! '''teub'''....''mouth''<br>'''teuta'''....''gustatory'' !! '''tayob'''....''skin''<br>'''tayota'''....''tactile'' |- valign=top !row=1| Receptive<br>Active | '''teater'''<br>''see'' || '''teeter'''<br>''hear'' || '''teiter'''<br>''smell'' || '''teuter'''<br>''taste'' || '''tayoter'''<br>''feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Receptive<br>Passive | '''teatwer'''<br>''be seen'' || '''teetwer'''<br>''be heard'' || '''teitwer'''<br>''be smelled'' || '''teutwer'''<br>''be tasted'' || '''tayotwer'''<br>''be felt'' |- valign=top !row=1| Stative | '''teaser'''<br>''seem'' || '''teeser'''<br>''sound'' || '''teiser'''<br>''smell'' || '''teuser'''<br>''taste'' || '''tayoser'''<br>''feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Dynamic<br>Active | '''teaxer'''<br>''look at'' || '''teexer'''<br>''listen'' || '''teixer'''<br>''sniff'' || '''teuxer'''<br>''taste'' || '''tayoxer'''<br>''touch'' |- valign=top !row=1| Dynamic<br>Passive | '''teaxwer'''<br>''be looked at'' || '''teexwer'''<br>''be listened to'' || '''teixwer'''<br>''be sniffed'' || '''teuxwer'''<br>''be tasted'' || '''tayoxwer'''<br>''be touched'' |- valign=top !row=1| Causative<br>Active | '''teatuer'''<br>''show'' || '''teetuer'''<br>''make hear'' || '''teixuer'''<br>''make smell'' || '''teuxuer'''<br>''offer a taste'' || '''tayoxuer'''<br>''make feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Causative<br>Passive | '''teatuwer'''<br>''be shown'' || '''teetuwer'''<br>''be made to hear'' || '''teituwer'''<br>''be made to smell'' || '''teutuwer'''<br>''be given a taste'' || '''tayotuwer'''<br>''be made to feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Inchoative<br>Active | '''teatier'''<br>''perceive,''<br>''catch sight of'' || '''teetier'''<br>''catch the<br>sound of'' || '''teitier'''<br>''get a whiff of'' || '''teutuer'''<br>''get a taste of'' || '''tayotier'''<br>''get the sensation of'' |- valign=top !row=1| Inchoative<br>Passive | '''teatiwer'''<br>''be perceived'' || '''teetiwer'''<br>''be heard'' || '''teitiwer'''<br>''be whiffed'' || '''teutiwer'''<br>''be tasted'' || '''tayotiwer'''<br>''be felt'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Stative | '''teatyofer'''<br>''be blind'' || '''teetyofer'''<br>''be deaf'' || '''teityofer'''<br>''be unable to smell'' || '''teityofer'''<br>''be unable to taste'' || '''tayotyofer'''<br>''be insensitive'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Stative | '''teatyofwer'''<br>''be invisible'' || '''teetyofwer'''<br>''be inaudible'' || '''teityofwer'''<br>''be undetectable<br>odorwise'' || '''teityofwer'''<br>''be insipid'' || '''tayotyofwer'''<br>''be undetectable<br>by touch'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Causative | '''teatyofxer'''<br>''blind'' || '''teetyofxer'''<br>''deafen'' || '''teityofxer'''<br>''desensitize<br>to smell'' || '''teutyofxer'''<br>''desensitize to<br>taste'' || '''tayotyofxer'''<br>''desensitize'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Causative | '''teatyofwaxer'''<br>''make invisible'' || '''teetyofwaxer'''<br>''make inaudible'' || '''teityofwaxer'''<br>''make odorless'' || '''teutyofwaxer'''<br>''render tasteless'' || '''tayotyofwaxer'''<br>''numb'' |} : Examples of usage: :* '''At <u>teatyofxwa</u> bey ha mani.'''....''I <u>was blinded</u> by the lights.'' :* '''Ha xeus sa <u>teetyofxyea</u>.'''....''The noise was <u>deafening</u>.'' :* '''Hia tit se gla <u>teatiyafa</u>.'''....''This pupil is very <u>perceptive</u>.'' :* '''Hua bekil se <u>teityofwa</u>.'''....''That medicine is <u>odorless</u> (impossible to smell).'' :* '''<u>Teatyofwaxu</u> ha vyuni.'''....''<u>Make</u> the spots <u>invisible</u>.'' :* '''Ha magmemyaz yonpyexlun <u>tayotyafwa</u> zya ha mir.'''....''The volcano eruption <u>could be felt</u> throughout the world.'' == Frequentative Verbs == :Frequentative verbs or repetitive action verbs can be formed with the infix '''-eg-''' placed between the verb stem and verb ending, eg.: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Frequentative Verbs |- ! Normal !! Frequentative |- | '''pyaser'''....''jump''||'''pyas<u>eg</u>er'''....''bounce'' |- | '''paper'''....''fly''||'''pap<u>eg</u>er'''....''flitter'' |- | '''kobirer'''....''steal''||'''kobir<u>eg</u>er'''....''pilfer'' |- | '''basrer'''....''shake''||'''basreger'''....''vibrate'' |} == Hybridized Verbs == : Verbs that involve motion directions that change back and forth can be formed by hybridizing the stem vowel or the vowel of the vectorial prefix. Here are some examples: <small> ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Hybridized Verbs |- ! First Verb !! Second Verb !! Hybridized Verb |- | '''pyaser'''....''jump''|| '''pyoser'''....''fall'' || '''pyaoser'''....''bounce, undulate'' |- | '''buer'''....''give'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''buier'''....''exchange'' |- | '''nuer'''....''furnish'' || '''nier'''....''consume'' || '''nuier'''....''trade'' |- | '''tuer'''....''inform'' || '''tier'''....''learn'' || '''tuier'''....''communicate'' |- | '''yaper'''....''ascend'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' || '''yaoper'''....''go up and down'' |- | '''zayper'''....''go forward'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' || '''zaoper'''....''vacillate'' |- | '''vader'''....''affirm'' || '''voder'''....''deny'' || '''vaoder'''....''decide'' |- | '''yijber'''....''open'' || '''yujber'''....''close'' || '''uijber'''....''valve'' |- | '''baser'''....''stir'' || '''boser'''....''be still'' || '''baoser'''....''vibrate'' |} </small> == Multi-stem Verbs == : Here are a few verbs in Mirad that are composed of two verb stems: <small> ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Multi-stem Verbs |- ! First Verb Stem !! Second Verb Stem !! Multi-stem Verb |- | '''nix-'''....''to earn'' || '''bu-'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' |- | '''nux-'''....''to pay'' || '''bi-'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' |- | '''f(e)-'''....''to want'' || '''d-'''....''to say'' || '''feder'''....''to mean'' |- | '''f(e)-'''....''to want'' || '''t-'''....''to know'' || '''feter'''....''to wonder'' |- | '''yek-'''....''to try'' || '''bi-'''....''to take'' || '''yekbier'''....''to acquire'' |- | '''yek-'''....''to try'' || '''ak-'''....''to win'' || '''yekaker'''....''to court, woo'' |- | '''yek-'''....''to try'' || '''ti-'''....''to find out'' || '''yektier'''....''to inquire'' |- | '''tea(t)-'''....''to see'' || '''pix-'''....''to catch'' ||'''teapixer'''....''to catch sight of'' |- | '''teat-'''....''to see'' || '''ok-'''....''to lose'' || '''teatoker'''....''to lose sight of'' |- | '''ef-'''....''to need'' || '''kyox-'''....''to fixate'' || '''efkyoxer'''....''to addict'' |- | '''af-'''....''to allow'' || '''d-'''....''to say'' || '''afder'''....''to authorize'' |- | '''of-'''....''to be prohibited'' || '''d-'''....''to say'' || '''ofder'''....''to ban'' |- | '''of-'''....''to be prohibited'' || '''bi-'''....''to take'' || '''ofbier'''....'''to steal''' |- | '''of-'''....''to be prohibited'' || '''boyx-'''....''to deprive'' || '''ofboyxer'''....''to rob'' |- | '''of-'''....''to be prohibited'' || '''emkyox-'''....''to settle'' || '''ofemkyoxer'''....''to squat'' |- | '''of-'''....''to be prohibited'' || '''f-'''....''to want'' || '''offer'''....''to covet'' |- | '''tex-'''....''to think'' || '''d-'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention'' |- | '''ke(x)-'''....''to seek''|| '''bi-'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''*....''to choose'' |- | '''ke(x)-'''....''to seek''|| '''vyax-'''....''to verify'' || '''kevyaxer'''....''to experiment'' |- | '''ke(x)-'''....''to seek'' || '''ti-'''....''to find out'' || '''kextier'''....''to be interested in'' |- | '''ko(x)-'''....''to hide'' || '''bel-'''....''to carry'' || '''kobeler'''....''to smuggle'' |- | '''ko(x)-'''....''to hide'' || '''bes-'''....''to dwell'' || '''kobeser'''....''to haunt'' |- | '''ko(x)-'''....''to hide'' || '''bu-'''....''to give'' || '''kobuer'''....''to bribe'' |- | '''ko(x)-'''....''to hide'' || '''dr-'''....''to write'' || '''kodrer'''....''to encipher'' |- | '''ko(x)-'''....''to hide'' || '''ebkyax-'''....''to exchange'' || '''koebkyaxler'''....''to traffic'' |- | '''ko(x)-'''....''to hide'' || '''ex-'''....''to operate'' || '''koexer'''....''to spy'' |- | '''ko(x)-'''....''to hide'' || '''jadr-'''....''to plan'' || '''kojadrer'''....''to plot'' |- | '''ka(x)-'''....''to find'' || '''b-'''....''to put'' || '''kaber'''....''to expose'' |- | '''ka(x)-'''....''to find'' || '''d-'''....''to say'' || '''kader'''....''to reveal'' |- | '''ka(x)-'''....''to find'' || '''p-'''....''to go'' || '''kaper'''....''to venture'' |- | '''ka(x)-'''....''to find'' || '''tu-'''....''to inform'' || '''katuer'''....''to disclose'' |- | '''f(e)-'''....''to want'' || '''t-'''....''to know'' || '''feter'''....''to wonder'' |- | '''je(x)-'''....''to continue'' || '''teax-'''....''to look'' || '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch'' |- | '''je(x)-'''....''to continue'' || '''bes-'''....''to stay'' || '''jebeser'''....''to stay on'' |- | '''je(x)-'''....''to continue'' || '''bex-'''....''to hold'' || '''jebexer'''....''to keep'' |- | '''ek-'''....''to play'' || '''axl-'''....''to act'' || '''ekaxler'''....''to pretend'' |} </small> :: * This is often simplified to '''kebier'''. == Expressing Habitual Actions and States == : Mirad uses the term '''gel jubyen''' (''as a habit'') to express a verb reflecting habitual action, eg: ::* '''At tijeya be yiwa jwobi gel jubyen.'''....''I used to wake up at 9 o'clock.'' (Lit. ''I was waking up at 9 o'clock as a habit.''). : The term '''hyujod'''....''one another occasion'' (or '''be aj'''....''in the past'') is use to express ''once (upon a time)'', eg: ::* '''At sa tuxut hyujod (~ be aj) sa tuxut.''' ....''I once was a teacher.'' : The term '''vyabxelay''' (''routinely'') can also be used, eg: ::* '''Yat eke duz yuz bi ha doym vyabxelay.'''....''We play music around town routinely.'' == Expressing an Immediate Past == : To express an immediate past, such as in the sentence ''"We have just gotten married."'', Mirad uses the adverb '''ejnay''' (''newly'') much like the word ''just'' in English: ::* '''Yat tadsaye <u>ejnay</u>.'''....''We have <u>just</u> gotten married.'' ::* '''<u>Ejnay</u> tadxwa.'''....''<u>Just</u> married.'' ::* '''Wit dokebiwa <u>ejnay</u>.'''....''He was <u>just</u> elected.'' ::* '''At ujbaya yex <u>ejnay</u> hoj iyt yebupa.'''....''I had <u>just</u> finished work when she came in.'' == Verb Predicate Types == : Mirad verb predicates can be classified as follows: :* '''''Voice''''' ::* Active (The subject is the doer of the action) ::* Passive (The subject is the receiver of the action) ::* Middle (The subject is both the agent and patient) ::* Reflexive (The subject is also the patient.) ::* Reciprocal (Plural subjects interact.) :* '''''Stativity''''' ::* Stative (Does not involve action) ::* Dynamic (Action is involved) :* '''''Valency''''' ::* Impersonal (There is no subject) ::* Transitive (There is an object) ::* Intransitive (There is no object) ::* Auto-transitive (The subject is a patient and there is no agent) ::* Anti-transitive (There is the patient but an agent is assumed) ::* Causative (Subject causes an action to be performed) ::* Copula (X is Y) :* '''''Other''''' ::* Modal (''can, must, should, wants to''...) ::* Auxiliary (''help to, hope to, prepare to'' + verb) ::* Motion (''run, go, ride''...) ::* Communication (''say, answer, claim that...'') ::* Gesture (''put, shake, hit...'') ::* State/Stative (''be, become, live, be born...'') ::* Action/Dynamic (''do, act, make'') {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightYellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Predicate Types |- ! Voice !! Stativity!! Valency !! Example |- | active || stative || impersonal, -agent, -object || '''Mamilo zajub.'''....''It will rain tomorrow.'' |- | active || stative || impersonal, -agent, +complement || '''Sa gla oma.'''....''It was very cold.'' |- | active || stative || impersonal, +subject || '''Ese het be ha mes.'''....''There is someone at the door.'' |- | active || stative || copula, subject + noun/adjective complement || '''Et se ata twud.'''....''You are my son.''<br>'''At aseye ebbyextipa.'''....''I am becoming angry.'' |- | middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient -agent -object || '''Iyt toja.'''....''She died'' |- | middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened.'' |- | active || stative || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Et bokso.'''....''You will get sick.'' |- | active || stative || transitive, sense, +subject +object || '''At teate et.'''....''I see you.'' |- | active || stative || transitive, modal, +subject +verb complement || '''At fe per.'''....''I want to go.'' |- | active || stative || intransitive, subject-oriented modal, -subject +verb complement || '''Yofwe teater.'''....''It is impossible to see.'' |- | passive || stative || patient-oriented modal, +subject || '''Mamil yakwe.'''....''Rain is expected.'' |- | middle || dynamic || anti-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' |- | active || dynamic || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Ha fab pyosa.'''....''The tree fell.'' |- | active || dynamic || transitive, +subject +-object || '''Yit pyoxa ha fab.'''....''They felled the tree.'' |- | passive || dynamic || intransitive, +subject, -object || '''Ha fabi pyoxwa.'''....''The trees were felled.'' |- | active || dynamic || transitive, +subject, +object|| '''Obu eta tef.'''....''Take your hat off.'' |- | active || dynamic || ditransitive, +subject, +object +object || '''Von et buu iyt ha nas.'''....''Don't give her the money.'' |- | active || dynamic || transitive, motion, +subject, +destination/origin || '''Yupu ha seem.'''....''Approach the bench.''<br>'''Pu tam!'''....''Go home!'' (''you'' implied) |- | active || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxo Jon.'''....''I will get my hair cut by John.'' |- | passive || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxwo.'''....''I will get my hair cut.'' |- | active || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''Yuxu at xer his.'''....''Help me do this.'' |- | passive || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''At tuxwa eker duz.'''....''I was taught to play music.'' |- | middle || dynamic || reflexive, +subject = patient, -object || '''Iyt uttojba.'''....''She killed herself.'' |- | active || dynamic || reciprocal, +subjects = patients || '''Yit voy hyuitdale gaj.'''....''They don't talk to one another anymore.'' |} <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Pronouns|Prepositions}}</noinclude> s6w2kmlrvgiu3sq6c7vqumq2pkbx17j 4498367 4498366 2025-06-02T17:42:03Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Verbs with Other Semantics-altering Prefixes */ 4498367 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{status|100%}}</noinclude> == The Verb Stem == [[File:Various forms of using the verb "to inform" in LSC.png|thumb|]] : Verbs in Mirad are listed in the dictionary under the present active infinitive (see [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs#Non-finite Forms]]), such as '''yexer'''....''to work''. The infinitive minus the '''er''' ending is the stem. The stem is used as the base for all other verbal instantiations. The infinitive as listed in the dictionary is usually active in voice, but occasionally a passive infinitive ending in '''-wer''' will be lexicalized because it is somehow special, so then, the stem is still the infinitive minus the '''-er''' ending. All Mirad verbs are conjugated in the same way and there are no exceptions. : This shows how to determine the '''''stem''''' of a verb listed in the dictionary: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Stems |- ! Simple Infinitive !! Stem<big>+</big>Infinitive Ending |- | '''yex<u>er</u>'''....''to work'' || '''yex<big>+</big>er''' |- | '''pos<u>er</u>'''....''to (come to a) stop'' || '''pos<big>+</big>er''' |- | '''x<u>er</u>'''....''to do'' || '''x<big>+</big>er''' |- | '''xw<u>er</u>'''....''to happen, be done'' (PASSIVE)|| '''xw<big>+</big>er''' |} === Verb Formants === : The active stem of verbs most often end in one of the following verb formants: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Formats |- ! Verb Formant !! Function !! Examples |- | '''-xer''' || action or causation || '''xer'''....''to do'', '''saxer'''....''to create'', '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'', '''yixer'''....''to use'' |- | '''-xler'''|| forceful action || '''yixler'''....''to employ'' |- | '''-xrer'''|| more forceful action || '''yixrer'''....''to wear out'' |- | '''-ber'''|| gesture || '''ber'''....''to put'', '''aber'''....''to apply'', '''yujber'''....''to close'' |- | '''-bler'''|| forceful gesture || '''yujbler'''....''to lock'' |- | '''-brer'''|| more foreful gesture || '''yobrer'''....''to knock down'' |- | '''-ser''' || state or becoming || '''ser'''....''to be'', '''eser'''....''to exist'', '''aser'''....''to become'', '''zyaser'''....''to widen, become wider'' |- | '''-per''' || motion or going || '''per'''....''to go'', '''yaper'''....''to ascend'', '''paper'''....''to fly'' |- | '''-ier'''|| action toward subject || '''bier'''....''to take'', '''nier'''....''to consume'', '''ifier'''.'..''to enjoy'', '''dier'''....''to ask'' |- | '''-uer'''|| action toward object || '''buer'''....''to give'', '''nuer'''....''to supply'', '''ifuer'''....''to please'', '''duer'''....''to suggest'' |- | '''-ner''' || various verbs || '''uxner'''....''to motivate'', '''axner'''....''to behave'' |- | '''-der''' || communication || '''der'''....''to say'', '''vader'''....''to affirm'', '''yevder'''....''to judge'' |- | '''-drer''' || writing || '''drer'''....''to write'', '''teedrer'''....''to report'', '''taxdrer'''....''to record'' |- | '''-ter''' || knowing || '''ter'''....''to know'', '''tester'''....''to understand'', '''teater'''....''to see'' |- | '''-fer''' || volition || '''fer'''....''to want'', '''ifer'''....''to love'', '''ufer'''....''to hate'' |- | '''-ver''' || some modal verbs || '''yiver'''....''to have a right to'', '''yuver'''....''to have a duty to'' |- | '''-ker''' || various verbs || '''aker'''....''to win'', '''oker'''....''to lose'', '''eker'''....''to play'' |- | '''-jer''' || opening/closing || '''ijer'''....''to begin'', '''ujer'''....''to end'', '''tajer'''....''to be born'', '''tojer'''....''to die'', '''yijer'''....''to open'' |- | '''-ler''' || various verbs || '''baler'''....''to press'', '''boler'''....''to support'', '''beler'''....''to carry'', '''daler'''....''to speak'' |- | '''-[aiu]rer'''|| tool use || '''ukarer'''....''to shovel'', '''purer'''....''to drive'', '''myekirer'''....''to mill'' |- | '''-zer'''|| perform an art || '''dazer'''....''to dance'', '''dezer'''....''to act'', '''deuzer'''...''to sing'' |} == Verb Categories == : Verbs have '''''morphological categories''''', which involve changes to the verb not always found in the dictionary, but developed through rule-bound affixation (such as ''live'', ''lives'', ''lived'', ''living''). They also have '''''lexical categories''''', which involve derived forms usually listed in dictionaries (''enjoy'', ''enjoyable'', ''enjoyment'') === Morphological Categories === :: Verbs are inflected with the following '''''morphological categories''''': ::* '''''2 states''''': finite, non-finite ::* '''''4 tenses''''': present, past, future, atemporal¹ ::* '''''5 aspects''''': simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential ::* '''''2 voices''''': active, passive ::* '''''2 moods''''': indicative, hypothetical <small> ::'''''Note 1:''''' The term "atemporal" means that tense is not marked. For example, in Mirad, '''Pu!''' is the imperative of the verb '''per'''....''to go''. It means ''Go!'' and is atemporal. The '''-u''' ending is an atemporal hypothetical mood marker. </small> : In effect, the PERSON/NUMBER category is not listed above, because this category does not affect the morphology of the Mirad verb form itself. The Mirad verb form stays the same for all persons and numbers. That information is contained in the external subject pronouns governing the verb. In English, for example, the verb "be" has several different forms in the present tense verb form depending on the person and number (I <u>am</u>, you <u>are</u>, he <u>is</u>, we <u>are</u>, etc.), but not so in Mirad. The following chart shows how the English pattern differs from the corresponding single Mirad verb form '''se''' for all persons and numbers: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Verb '''ser''' (''to be'') Unchanged for person/number |- ! Person !! Number !! English !! Mirad |- !row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Singular | ''I <u>am</u>'' || '''at <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 2nd | ''you <u>are</u>'' || '''et <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 3rd | ''he/she/it <u>is</u>'' || '''it <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Plural | ''we <u>are</u>'' || '''yat <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 2nd | ''you <u>are</u>'' || '''yet <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 3rd | ''they <u>are</u>'' || '''yit <u>se</u>''' |} : This invariability of person/number exists for all tenses. === Lexical Categories === :: In addition, verbs can be described in terms of the following opposing '''''lexical''''' categories. By lexical, is meant that verbs having different lexical properties are listed in the dictionary and have nothing to do with conjugation. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;margin-left:1.6em;" |+ Verb Lexical Categories |- ! Stative !! Dynamic |- | '''ser'''....''to be'' || '''xer'''....''to do'' |- ! Intransitive !! Transitive |- | '''agaser'''....''to grow large'' || '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'' |- ! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed |- | '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' |- ! Reflexive !! Non-reflexive |- | '''utvyixer'''....''to wash up (wash oneself)'' || '''vyixer'''....''to wash'' |- ! Inchoative !! Causative |- | '''tujper'''....''fall asleep'' || '''tujber'''....''put to sleep'' |- ! Autonomous !! Dynamic |- | '''yijer'''....''to open (by itself)'' || '''yijber'''....''to (make it) open'' |- ! Reciprocal !! Non-reciprocal |- | '''hyuittujber'''....''to kill one another'' || '''tujber'''....''to kill'' |- ! Gestural !! Locomotive |- | '''baser'''....''to stir, budge'' || '''paser'''....''to move'' |- ! Subject-oriented !! Object-oriented |- | '''teetyiker'''....''to be hard of hearing'' || '''teetyikwer'''....''to be hard to hear'' |} == Non-finite Forms == : '''''Non-finite verb forms''''' are ::* not conjugated for person or number ::* cannot form a predicate ::* and do not have a subject. : There are three kinds of non-finite verb forms in Mirad: ::* '''''infinitives''''': the dictionary lookup form of a verb, ending in '''-er''' :::* '''der'''....''to say'', '''tixayer'''....''to have studied'', '''xwer'''....''to be done'' ::* '''''gerunds''''': verbal nouns, ending in '''-en''' :::* '''byasen'''....''(the act of) standing'' ::* '''''participles''''': verbal adjectives, ending in '''-a''' :::* '''tejea'''....''living (alive)'', '''twa'''....''known'', '''piya'''....''departed'' === Infinitives === : Verbs are listed in the dictionary under the '''''active voice simple aspect infinitive''''' form, which always ends in '''er''' and means ''to X'', or rarely the passive voice simple aspect infinitive form, which ends in '''wer''' and means ''to be Xed''. The part of the verb form minus the '''-er''' or '''-wer''' is the '''''verb stem'''''. Very rarely at verb can be expressed as a past active or past passive infinitive in '''ayer''' and '''awer''', respectively. (For example: '''Tejayer boy ifawer naze glo.'''....''To have lived without having loved counts little.''). :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em" |+ Infinitive Stems |- ! Infinitivw || Stem !! Ending |- | '''agser'''....''to grow'' || '''ags-''' || '''-er''' |- | '''igxer'''....''to quicken'' || '''igx-''' || '''-er''' |- | '''per'''....''to go'' || '''p-''' || '''-er''' |- | '''xwer'''....''to happen, be done'' || '''x-''' || '''-wer''' |- | '''tejayer'''....''to have lived'' || '''tej-''' || '''-ayer''' |- | '''ifawer'''....''to have loved'' || '''if-''' || '''-awer''' |} : The infinitive in Mirad is used very much as its counterpart in English. The infinitive can be marked for two aspects (simple, perfect) and two voices (active, passive), as shown in the chart below, where the verb stems are underlined: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;" |+ Active and Passive Infinitive Stems |- ! Aspect !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Simple | '''<u>igx</u>er'''....''to quicken'' || '''<u>igx</u>wer'''....''to be quickened'' |- !row=1| Perfect | '''<u>igx</u>ayer'''....''to have quickened'' || '''<u>igx</u>awer'''....''to have been quickened'' |} : In the above chart, ::* the verb stem is '''igx-''' and ::* the infinitive marker is '''-er'''; ::* the simple aspect active voice marker is zero; ::* the simple aspect passive voice marker is '''w'''; ::* the perfect aspect active voice marker is '''-ay-'''; ::* the past aspect passive voice marker is '''-aw-'''. The passive voice infinitive of a verb will not appear in the dictionary unless it has a special meaning, such as '''xwer''' ''to happen (= to be done)''. The perfect infinitives are never listed in the dictionary. === Gerunds === : The gerund is a verbal noun like English ''playing'' in ''playing ball.'' : The gerund has two possible '''''aspects''''' (simple and perfect) and two possible '''''voices''''' (active and passive): {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em; " |+ Gerund Formation |- ! Aspect !! Voice !! Ending !! Example |- !row=1| Simple !! Active | '''-en''' || '''agax<u>en</u>'''....''magnifiying, magnification'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Passive | '''-wen''' || '''agax<u>wen</u>'''....''being magnified'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Active | '''-ayen''' || '''byek<u>ayen</u>'''....''having cured'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Passive | '''-awen''' || '''byek<u>awen</u>'''....''having been cured'' |} : Note: Intransitive verbs like '''per''' ''to go'' do not have a passive gerund form. : Lexicalized gerunds, such as '''sanxen''' ''formation, forming'' generally appear in the dictionary in the active voice. : Some examples of gerund usage: ::* ('''sanxer'''....''to form'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Ha <u>sanxen</u> bi hia mar efxa amroni bi jabi.'''....''The <u>forming</u> (or: <u>formation</u>) of this star took millions of years.'' ::* ('''deuzer'''....''to sing'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Iyta <u>deuzen</u> sa gla via.'''....''Her <u>singing</u> was very beautiful.'' ::* ('''poper'''....''to travel'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''<u>Popen</u> se yika yex.'''....''<u>Traveling</u> is hard work.'' ::* ('''teeter'''....''to hear'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''<u>Teetwen</u> fiay se teskyia av dezuti.'''....''<u>Being heard</u> well is important for actors.'' ::* ('''teater'''....''to see'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''<u>Teaten</u> se <u>vyatexen</u>.'''.....''<u>Seeing</u> is <u>believing</u>.'' ::* ('''uper'''....''to come'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''His se ha jeb bi <u>Upen</u>.'''....''This is the season of <u>Advent</u> (coming).'' ::* ('''tadier'''....''to get married'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Ata <u>tadiayen</u> ewa jodi bixa tepzex.'''....''My <u>having married</u> twice drew attention.'' ::* ('''aker'''....''to win'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''At voy ta ita <u>akawen</u> hua nuz.'''....''I did not know about his <u>having won</u> that prize.'' : Gerunds, being verb forms, can take direct and indirect objects: ::* '''At ifxwe bey eta buayen at hua nas.'''....''I am pleased by your having given me that money.'' ::* '''Tojben eut voy se kexbiyaf.'''....''Killing yourself is not an option.'' : The special gerundive ending '''-eyn''' gives a nuance emphasizing the action as a single act, much like the English endings ''-ment'' or ''-tion''. Here are a few examples showing the difference between '''-en''' and '''-eyn'''. ::* '''yanlaxen'''....''combining''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yanlaxeyn'''....''combination'' ::* '''xen'''....''doing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''xeyn'''....''action, deed'' ::* '''zayben'''....''advancing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zaybeyn'''....''advancement'' : Another special gerundive (but lexical) ending is '''-un''', which expresses the result of an action, eg.: ::* '''zyegxer'''....''to puncture''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyegxun'''....''a puncture'' ::* '''zyeuber'''....''to transmit''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyeubun'''....''a broadcast'' ::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''deuzun'''....''a song'' === Participles === : Participles are verbal adjectives and can modify nouns and pronouns. Since they act as adjectives, they have the adjectival ending '''-a'''. Participles are marked by '''''aspect''''' (simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential) and '''''voice''''' (active, passive). : The aspect markers per voice are: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;" |+ Aspect Markers |- ! Aspect !! Voice !! Form !! Example |- ! rowspan=2| Progressive ! rowspan=1 | Active | '''-ea-''' || '''tejea'''....''living'' |- ! rowsspan=1 | Passive | '''wea''' || '''xwea'''....''happening, being done'' |- ! rowspan=2| Perfect ! rowspan=1 |Active | '''-ya''' || '''pya'''....''gone'' (< '''pyaa'''¹) |- ! rowspan=1| Passive | '''-wa''' || '''xwa'''....''done'' (< '''xwaa'''¹) |- ! rowspan=2| Imminent ! Active | '''-oa''' || '''tojoa'''....''about to die'' |- ! rowspan=1 | Passive | '''-woa''' || '''dodelwoa'''....''about to be announced'' |- ! rowspan=2| Potential ! Active | '''-ua''' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' |- ! rowspan=1| Passive | '''-wua''' || '''opoxwua'''....''unstoppable'' |} : <small>¹: The double '''aa''' in the perfect endings is reduced to '''a'''.</small> : '''''Note 1:''''' The perfect active particple ending in '''-ya''' is used only for intransitive verbs like '''per''' (''to go''). '''He is <u>gone</u>.''' is expressed by '''Wit se <u>pya</u>'''. : '''''Note 2:''''' The potential aspect, represented by the vowel '''u''' is much like the conditional in English, but is not considered a tense in Mirad. For example, '''tojbu''' means ''would kill'' and the participle '''tojbua''' means ''lethal'' (referring to something that ''would/has the potential to kill''). More about this in a later section. : '''''Note 3:''''' There is another form of the progressive participle that falls in the lexical, rather than morphological category, in that such forms are listed in the dictionary as adjectives. For example, in the phrase ''The animals <u>bothering</u> our bird feeder...'', the participle ''bothering'' would be '''oboxea''' in Mirad. By inserting the letter '''y''' between the verb stem and the participial ending, the participle becomes an adjective denoting a propensity or habit, as in ''bothersome'' ('''obox<u>y</u>ea'''). Such participles are invariably in the active voice. Most such adjectives in English end in ''-ive'' as in ''repulsive'' or ''-ly'' as in ''wiggly'' or ''-ous'' as in ''circuitous.'' Such adjectives in Mirad are listed in the dictionary and end in '''-yea'''. : Adverbial participles can be made from the above adjectival participles, by suffixing the letter '''y'''. Examples: ::* '''Iyt yepa ha tim <u>deuzeay</u>.'''....''She entered the room <u>singing</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Ujbaway</u> ha dodal, it pia.'''....''The speech <u>having been finished</u>, he left.'' : Also, the above participles can be converted into abstract nouns by suffixing '''n'''. Examples: ::* '''tiluwa'''....''drinkable'' <big>→</big> '''tiluwan'''....''potability'' ::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' <big>→</big> '''tojbuan'''....''lethality'' ::* '''mansea'''....''shining'' <big>→</big> '''he <u>mansean</u> bi iyta deuzen'''....''the <u>brilliance</u> of her singing'' ::* '''aakaxyea'''....''inventive'' <big>→</big> '''aakaxyean'''....''inventiveness'' : Furthermore, these participles can sometimes be pronominalized with '''s''' for things and '''t''' for people or living things. These forms can, in turn, be pluralized: ::* '''xwa'''....''done'' <big>→</big> '''xwas'''....''what is done, a happening'' ::* '''xwa'''....''done'' <big>→</big> '''xwasi'''....''happenings, deeds'' ::* '''otwa'''....''unknown'' <big>→</big> '''otwas'''....''what is not known, a mystery'' ::* '''osexea'''....''destroying'' <big>→</big> '''osexeas'''....''a destroyer'' ::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' <big>→</big> '''tojbuas'''....''something lethal, a lethal thing'' ::* '''tojboa'''....''moribund'' <big>→</big> '''tojboati'''....''people about to die, fatal cases'' ::* '''tejea'''....''living'' <big>→</big> '''tejeat'''....''a living person'' ::* '''tejea'''....''living'' <big>→</big> '''tejeasi'''....''living things'' : There is a special tenseless, nominalized, animate participle used for '''''agent''''' nouns (English ''one who does something, Xer'', ''Xant'', ''Xist''), which refers to a person who habitually does some action, perhaps as a profession or trade. These agent nouns end in '''-ut'''. ::* '''sexut'''....''builder'' ::* '''nuut'''....''supplier'' ::* '''tojbut'''....''killer'' ::* '''ifut'''....''lover'' ::* '''akuti'''....''winners'' : Note: There is a slight difference of meaning between the tensed participial pronoun '''ha akeat'''....''the one winning'' and the non-tensed agent noun '''ha akut'''....''the winner''. : Similarly, there is a special tenseless, nominalized, <u>in</u>animate participle used for a thing that performs the action denoted by the verb stem. These agent nouns end in '''-us'''. ::* '''yuxus'''....''aid (a thing that helps)'' ::* '''byuxwus'''....''button (a thing that gets touched on the keyboard)'' ::* '''paxus'''....''motive (a thing that moves one)'' ::* '''jaupus'''....''precedent (a thing that comes before)'' : The above '''-us''' ending contrasts with the endings '''-ar''' (''instrument''), '''-ir''' (''machine''), '''-ur''' (''motor, engine''), which are physical objects and not always suffixed to a verbal root. == Finite Forms == [[File:Auxiliary verbs tree 3.png|thumb|]] : In Mirad, finite verb forms are those that can take a person subject, serve as a predicate, and be conjugated. Finite verb forms are conjugated by using suffixes indicating, through their presence or absence, the following categories: <div style="background: lightyellow"> ::* TENSES :::# '''''present''''' :::# '''''past''''' :::# '''''future''''' :::# '''''atemporal''''' ::* MOODS :::# '''''indicative''''' :::# '''''hypothetical''''' ::* ASPECTS :::# '''''simple''''' :::# '''''progressive''''' :::# '''''perfect''''' :::# '''''imminent''''' :::# '''''potential''''' ::* VOICES :::# '''''active''''' :::# '''''passive''''' :::# '''''reflexive''''' :::# '''''reciprocal''''' </div> : Person and number are not marked on the verb form itself. For example, ''am'', ''is'', ''are'', which change according to the person subject in English, are all expressed with the same verb form in Mirad: '''se'''. Thus, '''at se'''....''I am'', '''et se'''....''you are'', '''it se'''....''he/she/it is'', etc. === Moods === : There are two moods in Mirad: ::* '''''indicative''''' ::* '''''hypothetical'''''. ===== Indicative Mood ===== ::: The '''''indicative''''' form of the verb indicates an action or state that occurs in actual time, such as ''he went'', ''he is going'', ''he will go.'' ::: The indicative mood has three tenses, '''''present''''', '''''past''''', '''''future''''', indicated by the suffixes '''-e''', '''-a''', and '''-o''', respectively. ===== Hypothetical Mood ===== ::: Wheras the indicative verb forms expresses actuality in time, the '''''hypothetical mood''''' expresses one of the non-actuality situations below and uses the vowel '''u'''. :::* a command , i.e. the '''''imperative''''' (''Go!'') :::* a wish or suggestion, i.e. the '''''hortative''''' or '''''jussive''''' (''May the king live long!'', ''Let's celebrate!'') :::* an unrealized situation, i.e. the '''''subjunctive''''' (''It is important that you <u>be</u> early.'') :::* an imagined if-then-situation, i.e. the '''''conditional''''' (''If I <u>were</u> rich, I <u>would be</u> happy.'') === Aspects === : There are five aspects in the Mirad verb system. <div style="background: lightyellow"> ::* the '''''simple''''' aspect (default), i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional. ::* the '''''progressive''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state on-going in the particular tense, using '''ey''' ::* the '''''perfective''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state anterior or already completed, using '''ay''' ::* the '''''imminent''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state about to happen, using '''oy''' ::* the '''''potential''''' aspect, i.e. an action potentially happening, using '''uy''' </div> ===== The Simple Aspect ===== :: Unless specifically marked, the default aspect is '''''simple''''', i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional. Three indicative tenses can be expressed in the simple aspect: ::* Present with '''e''' ::* Past with '''a''' ::* Future with '''o'''. :: An atemporal verb ending in '''u''' in the simple aspect is considered hypothetical and expresses three things, depending on how it is used in the sentence: ::* a conditional like ''I would go (if...)'' ::* an imperative like ''Go!'' ::* a hortative like ''Let's go!'' ::* a subjunctive like ''(It is important that) we go.'' :: Here is a chart showing the simple, active voice instantiations of the Mirad verb '''per''' (''to go'') with the endings underlined: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em;" |+ Simple Active Conjugation of '''Per''' |- ! Mood !! Tense !! Aspect !! Voice !! Instantiation !! Verb '''per''' |- !row=1| Indicative !! Present !! Simple !! Active !! | '''At p<u>e</u>'''....''I go'' |- !row=1| Indicative !! Past !! Simple !! Active !! | '''At p<u>a</u>'''....''I went'' |- !row=1| Indicative !! Future !! Simple !! Active !! |'''At p<u>o</u>'''....''I will go'' |- !row=1 rowspan=4 | Hypothetical !rowspan=4| Atemporal !rowspan=4| Simple !rowspan=4| Active ! Conditional |'''At p<u>u</u>'''....''I would go'' |- ! Hortative/Optative/Jussive |'''Van yat p<u>u</u>!'''....''Let's go!'' |- ! Imperative |'''P<u>u</u> tam!'''....''Go home!'' |- ! Subjunctive |'''Se efwa van et p<u>u</u>.'''....''It is necessary that you go.'' |} : Note that the last four instantiations are the same tense, but differ in syntax. For example, if the verb form is hypothetical, atemporal, simple, active and has no subject, it operates as an imperative. ==== The Simple Indicative Present Active Tense ==== :: The simple indicative present instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''e''' and has a non-progressive ('''''habitual''''') aspect as in English ''I work'' or ''I live''. Progressive aspect forms like ''I am studying'' are explained later. :: Examples: :::* '''At <u>yexe</u> be tam.''' ....''I <u>work</u> at home''. :::* '''Hia tom <u>se</u> nam.''' ....''This building <u>is</u> a store.'' :::* '''Ha amur <u>yuzpe</u> ha imer.'''....''The moon <u>goes around</u> the earth.'' ==== The Simple Indicative Past Active Tense ==== :::: The simple indicative past tense instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''a''' and has a non-progressive (punctual) meaning as in English ''I did something at some particular point in time''. The simple past contrasts in aspect with the past progressive (''I was doing something'') or the present perfect (''I have done something''), or past potential (''I would have done something''). The simple past is punctual, that is, it describes an event that occurred at a particular point in time. ::::: Examples: ::::::* '''Iyt <u>iba</u> ha nyuf zojub.''' ....''She <u>received</u> the package yesterday.'' ::::::* '''At <u>ujba</u> ha dyes ji iwa jwobi.''' ....''I <u>finished</u> the book three hours ago.'' ::::::* '''His <u>kyesa</u> exag hijub.'''....''This <u>happened</u> twice today.'' ==== The Simple Indicative Future Active Tense ==== :: The simple indicative future tense is marked with the vowel suffix '''o''' and has the same meaning as in English ''I will do something at some particular point in the future''. :: Examples: :::* '''Yit <u>tadso</u> zajab.'''....''They <u>are going to get married</u> next year.'' :::* '''Hua kaxon <u>ujako</u>.''' ....''That solution <u>will work</u>.'' :::* '''At <u>so</u> him hoj et <u>upo</u>.'''....''I <u>will be</u> here when you <u>(will) come.</u>¹'' :: Note 1: Unlike in English, Mirad does not use the present tense for a real future. There is also no sequence of tenses in Mirad (such as, ''He said he was coming.''. In Mirad, this would be expressed as ''He said he <u>will</u> come.''). ==== The Simple Hypothetical Atemporal Active Tense ==== :: A verb form ending in '''u''' like '''pu''' has no time value and is used to express unreal actions or states, such as the '''''imperative''''', '''''hortative''''', '''''conditional''''', or '''''subjunctive'''''. :: Examples: :::* '''<u>Upu</u> him!'''....''<u>Come</u> here!'' ('''''imperative''''') :::* '''<u>Von upu</u>!''' ....''<u>Don't come</u>!'' ('''''negative imperative''''') :::* '''Ha edeb <u>fu</u> teater et.''' ....''The king <u>would like</u> to see you.'' ('''''conditional''''') :::* '''Ven at <u>su</u> et, at <u>dolu</u>.''' ....''If I <u>were</u> you, I <u>would be</u> quiet.'' ('''''conditional''''') :::* '''Van yeyt <u>ujaku</u> be yeyta yexneadi.''' ....''May all you (women) <u>succeed</u> in your careers.'' ('''''hortative''''') :::* '''Van yat <u>ijbu</u> bay fyadil.''' ....''Let's <u>begin</u> with a prayer.'' ('''''jussive''''') :::* '''Se kyitesa <u>van et puu</u> jwa.''' ....''It's important <u>that you arrive</u> early.'' (''''subjunctive''''') :::* '''Se kyitesa <u>von et puu</u> jwo.'''....''It's important <u>that you not arrive</u> late.'' ('''''negative subjunctive''''') :: Hypothetical verb forms ending in '''-u''' can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the following syntactical patterns in the sentence: ::* Generally, if a verb form ending in '''-u''' begins a sentence and has no subject, then it is an IMPERATIVE (a command). For example, '''Ipu!''', ''Go away!''. ::* If the verb form has a subject not preceded by the complementizers '''van''', '''ven''', or '''von''', then it is probably a conditional predicate like '''At fu per.'''....''I <u>would like</u> to go.''. ::* If the subject of the verb is preceded by '''ven'''....''if'', then it is a conditional clause as in '''Ven at <u>su</u> nasikat...'''....''If I <u>were</u> a rich man.''. ::* If the subject is preceded by '''Van'''....''that/let/may'' or '''von'''....''don't'', then it is a hortative wish like '''Van et yagteju.'''....''May you live long.'' or a jussive suggestion like '''Van yat fyadilu.'''....''Let us pray.'' or a prohibition like '''Von tiliu his!'''....''Don't drink this!''. === Voices === : Mirad has four voices: ::* Active ::* Passive ::* Reflexive ::* Reciprocal. ==== Active Voice ==== : The default voice is active, i.e. the subject of the verb is doing the action. ::* '''At teata ha kyes.'''....''I saw the event.'' ==== Passive Voice ==== : A verb form is converted from active to passive by inserting a '''w''' just after the stem of the verb form. The past passive particle ending '''-waa''' is usually abbreviated to '''-wa''' (''done'' is '''xwa'''). However, if the verb stem ends in a consonant plus '''l''' or '''r''', then '''-wa''' is changed to '''-awa''' for ease of pronunciation, eg. '''dr<u>awa</u>'''....''written''. : The following chart shows the distinction between active and passive voice of various verbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:4.8em" |+ Contrasting Active and Passive Voice ! Verb Form !! Active !! Active<br>Example !! Passive !! Passive<br>Example |- !row=1| Infinitive | '''xer'''<br>''to do'' || '''At fe xer fi.'''<br>''I want to do well.'' || '''xwer'''<br>''to be done'' || '''Ese hyos xwer.'''<br>''There is nothing to be done.'' |- !row=1| Present Participle | '''sexea'''<br>''constructing'' || '''Ha nunxob sexea hia tom...'''<br>''The firm constructing this building...''|| '''sexewa'''<br>''being constructed'' || '''His se sexewa.'''<br>''This is under construction.'' |- !row=1| Present | '''xe'''<br>''do/does'' ||'''At xe fi be tixam.'''<br>''I do well in school.'' || '''xwe'''<br>''is done'' || '''Huyenasi hoj xwe.'''<br>''Such things are never done.'' |- !row=1| Past Participle | '''xaa'''<br>''having done'' || '''Iyt, xaa hya iyta yex,...'''<br>''She, having done all her work,...'' ||'''xwa'''<br>''done'' || '''Hyas se xwa.'''<br>''Everything is done.'' |- !row=1| Past | '''tojba'''<br>''killed'' || '''Duhot tojba hwut?'''<br>''Who killed that guy?'' || '''tojbwa'''<br>''was killed'' || '''Duhoj wit tojbwa?'''<br>''When was he killed?'' |- !row=1| Hypothetical | '''bakxu'''<br>''heal'' || '''Bakxu at!'''<br>''Heal me!'' || '''bakxwu'''<br>''be healed'' || '''Van iyt bakxwu.'''<br>''May she be healed.'' |} : Intransitive verbs cannot be made passive. For example, '''tajer'''....''to be born'' is intransitive (takes no object) and has no passive voice form. However, the transitive verb '''tajber'''....''to bear, give birth'' can be passive, as in '''Ha tudet <u>tajbwa</u> zajub.'''....''The child <u>was delivered</u> yesterday'' (as opposed to '''Ha tudet <u>taja</u> zajub.'''....''The child <u>was born</u> yesterday.)'' Notice how this works with '''yijer''' (''to open''): ::* '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened (by itself).'' (medio-passive) ::* '''Ha mes yijjpa.'''....''The door came open.'' (dynamic medio-passive) ::* '''Yijbu ha mes.'''....''Open the door.'' (transitive active) ::* '''Ha mes yijbwa.'''....''The door was opened (by someone).'' (passive) : Impassive verbs form their past particple with the ending '''ya''', but these forms are somewhat rare. Here are some examples: ::* '''per'''....''to go'' -> '''pya'''....''gone'' ::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'' -> '''tajya'''....''born'' (ex.'''Jesus tajya bi Marya.''''....''Jesus, born of Mary'') ::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' -> '''tojya'''....''dead'' ::* '''loteaser'''....''to disappear'' -> '''loteasya'''....''disappeared'' (ex. '''Ha loteasya tobi be Arogem.'''....''the disappeared persons in Argentina.'') ==== Reflexive Voice ==== :: A verb is made reflexive by prefixing the reflexive pronoun '''ut''' (''self''), for example: :::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' <big>→</big> '''uttojber'''....''to kill oneself'' :::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' <big>→</big> '''utvyilxer'''....''to wash up'' :::* '''teater'''....''to see'' <big>→</big> '''utteater'''....''to see oneself'' :::* '''yabler'''....''to lift'' <big>→</big> '''utyabler'''....''to lift oneself'' → '''Utyablu!'''....''Lift yourself up!'' :::* '''trer'''....''to know'' <big>→</big> '''uttrer'''....''to know oneself'' → '''Uttru!'''....''Know thyself!'' ==== Reciprocal Voice ==== :: A verb is made reciprocal by prefixing the reciprocal pronoun '''hyuit'''....''one another'', for example: :::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' <big>→</big> '''hyuittojber'''....''to kill one another'' :::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' <big>→</big> '''hyuitvyilxer'''....''to wash one another'' :::* '''teater'''....''to see'' <big>→</big> '''hyuitteater'''....''to see one another'' :: Both the reflexive pronoun and reciprocal pronoun can be used as standalone objects. However, the plural form '''yut''' is used if the subject is plural, for example: :::* '''Yit vyilxa <u>yut</u>.'''....''They (f.) washed up. (= washed <u>selves</u>).'' :::* '''Ha twobeti dizeuda <u>hyuit</u>.'''....''The boys laughed at <u>one another</u>.'' :: The word '''hyuit''' is a hybrid of '''hyit'''....''the same one'' combined with '''hyut'''....''the other one''. ==== Aspects Revisited ==== : Mirad verbs have the following aspects: ::* '''''Simple''''' -- this is the default aspect, shown above, i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-potential. ::* '''''Progressive''''' -- this is an aspect where the verb describes an on-going action or state spread over time. ::* '''''Perfect''''' -- this presents the action or state as anterior, or completed prior to another action or state. ::* '''''Immininent''''' -- this describes an action or state ''about to happen.'' ::* '''''Potential''''' -- this refers to an action or state where something is ''possible''. ==== The Simple Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Simple aspect. In the active voice, the tense vowels '''a''', '''e''', '''o''', and '''u''' are affixed to the stem. In the passive voice, the passive marker consonant '''w''' is inserted between the stem and the final tense vowels. The simple present tense refers to actions or states that are habitual (''I regularly go to school.''), regular (''The earth revolves around the sun.''), or permanent (''Blue is a color.''). The simple past refers to actions or states that occurred at a fixed point in time (''I did my homework last night.''). The simple future refers to actions or states that will occur at some particular point in the future (''The sun will rise tomorrow at dawn.''). The simple atemporal hypothetical ( = conditional) refers to an imagined action or state that has not be realized (''You would make a good president.''). :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow ;font-size:smaller;" |+ Simple Aspect |- ! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Simple !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>e</u>'''....''I do'' || '''Has x<u>we</u>'''....''It is done'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>a</u>'''....''I did'' || '''Has x<u>wa</u>'''....''It was done'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Future !! Indicative | '''At x<u>o</u>'''....''I will do'' || '''Has x<u>wo</u>'''....''It will be done'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical | '''At x<u>u</u>'''....''I would do''¹ || '''Has x<u>wu</u>'''....''It would be done'' |} : 1: Absence of tense (Atemporal) + Hypothetical mood = '''''conditional'''''. ==== The Progressive Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Progressive aspect. The present tense vowel '''e''' followed by a buffer consonant, are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller; " |+ Progressive Aspect |- ! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Progressive !! Present !! Indicative | '''at x<u>eye</u>'''....''I am doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewe</u>'''....''it is being done'' |- !row=1| Progressive !! Past !! Indicative | '''at x<u>eya</u>'''....''I was doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewa</u>'''....''it was being done'' |- !row=1| Progressive !! Future !! Indicative | '''at x<u>eyo</u>'''....''I am going to be doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewo</u>'''....''it will be happening'' |- !row=1| Progressive !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical | '''at x<u>eyu</u>'''....''I would be doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewu</u>'''....''it would be happening'' |} ==== The Perfect Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Perfect aspect. The past tense vowel '''a''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Perfect Aspect |- ! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Perfect !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>aye</u>'''....''I have done'' || '''Has x<u>awe</u>'''....''It has been done'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>aya</u>'''....''I had done'' || '''Has x<u>awa</u>'''....''It had been done'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Future !! Indicative |'''At x<u>ayo</u>'''....''I will have done'' || '''Has x<u>awo</u>'''....''It will have been done'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical | '''At x<u>ayu</u>'''....''I would have done'' || '''Has x<u>awu</u>'''....''It would have been done'' |} ==== The Imminent Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Imminent aspect (sometimes referred to as the Prospective aspect). The future tense vowel '''o''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. Not that only indicative mood imminent tenses are ever used. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Imminent Aspect |- ! Aspect || Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Imminent !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>oye</u>'''....''I am about to do'' || '''Has x<u>owe</u>'''....''It is about to be done'' |- !row=1| Imminent !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>oya</u>'''....''I was about to do'' || '''Has x<u>owa</u>'''....''It was about to be done'' |} ==== The Potential Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Potential aspect. The hypothetical vowel '''u''' followed by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. The future potential and hypothetical potential aspects are never used. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Potential Aspect |- ! ASPECT !! TENSE !! MOOD !! ACTIVE VOICE !! PASSIVE VOICE |- !row=1| Potential !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>uye</u>'''....''I am to do'' || '''Has x<u>uwe</u>'''....''It is to be done, it is doable'' |- !row=1| Potential !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>uya</u>'''....''I was to do'' || '''Has x<u>uwa</u>'''....''It was to be done, it was doable'' |} == Verb Conjugation Chart == : The following chart presents the totality of the Mirad affirmative verb conjugation system using the verb '''xer'''....''to do'' and its passive '''xwer'''....''to be done, happen''. The rows beginning with a light blue background are finite forms, while those beginning with light green are non-finite forms. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Conjugation Chart |- valign=top !rowspan=2| State !!rowspan=2| Mood !!rowspan=2| Aspect !!rowspan=2| Tense !! colspan=4|Voice |- ! Active!!Passive |- ! rowspan=16 style="background: lightblue"|Finite !!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Simple !! Present | '''xe''' <br>''does''||'''xwe'''<br>''is done, happens'' |- ! Past | '''xa''' <br>''did''||'''xwa'''<br>''was done, happened'' |- ! Future | '''xo''' <br>''will do''||'''xwo'''<br>''will be done, will happen'' |- ! Hypothetical|| | '''xu''' <br>''would do, do!''||'''xwu'''<br>''would be done, would happen, be done!'' |- !rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Progressive !! Present | '''xeye'''<br>''is doing''||'''xewe'''<br>''is being done, is happening'' |- ! Past | '''xeya''' <br>''was doing''||'''xewa'''<br>''was doing, was happening'' |- ! Future | '''xeyo'''<br>''will be doing''||'''xewo'''<br>''will be happening'' |- ! Hypothetical|| | '''xeyu''' <br>''would be doing''<br>''be doing!''||'''xewu'''<br>''would be happening'' |- !rowspan=3|Indicative !! rowspan=4| Perfect !! Present | '''xaye''' <br>''has done''||'''xawe''' <br>''has been done, has happened'' |- ! Past | '''xaya''' <br>''had done''||'''xawa'''<br>''had been done, had happened'' |- ! Future | '''xayo''' <br>''will have done''||'''xawo''' <br>''will have been done, will have happened'' |- ! Hypothetical !! | '''xayu''' <br>''would have done''||'''xawu'''<br>''would have been done, would have happened'' |- !rowspan=4| Indicative !! rowspan=2|Imminent !! Present | '''xoye''' <br>''is about to do''||'''xowe'''<br>''is about to be done, is about to happen'' |- ! Past | '''xoya'''<br>''was to be done'' ||'''xowa'''<br>''was to be done, was to happen'' |- ! rowspan=2|Potential !! Present | '''xuye'''<br>''is supposed to do'' ||'''xuwe''' <br>''is supposed to happen'' |- ! Past | '''xuya''' <br>''was supposed to do''||'''xuwa'''<br>''was supposed to be done, was supposed to happen'' |- ! colspan=6 style="background: black"| |- ! rowspan=2 style="background: lightgreen"|Infinitive !! !! Simple !! rowspan=8| | '''xer'''<br>''to do''||'''xwer'''<br>''to be done, to happen'' |- ! !! Perfect | '''xayer'''<br>''to have done''||'''xawer'''<br>''to have been done, to have happend'' |- ! colspan=6 style="background: black"| |- ! rowspan=4 style="background: lightgreen"|Participle !! !! Progressive | '''xea'''<br>''doing'' ||'''xewa'''<br>''being done, happening'' |- ! !! Perfect | '''x(a)ya²''' <br>''having done''||'''x(a)wa¹'''<br>''done, happened'' |- ! !! Imminent | '''xoa''' <br>''about to do''||'''xowa'''<br>''about to happen'' |- ! !! Potential | '''xua'''<br>''bound to do'' ||'''xuwa'''<br>''doable'' |- ! colspan=6 style="background: black"| |- !rowspan=2 style="background: lightgreen" |Gerund ! !! Simple !! | '''xen''' <br>''doing''||'''xwen''' <br>''being done, happening, event'' |- ! !! Perfect !! | '''xayen'''<br>''having done''||'''xawen'''<br>''having happened'' |} : Note 1: Intransitive verbs such as '''per''' ''to go'' have no passive forms. An expression such as ''They are gone.'' would be translated as '''Yit se pya'''. == Negative Forms == : All of the above verb forms are affirmative. The indicative and conditional forms can be made negative by using the negative adverb '''voy''' (''not'', '' 'nt'', ''doesn't'', ''don't''). Those forms that are subjunctive, jussive, or imperative ending in '''-u''' use the negative subordinate conjunction '''von''' (''don't'', ''let not'', ''lest''). : '''voy'''....''not'' ::* '''At <u>voy</u> te.'''....''I <u>don</u>'t know.'' (indicative) ::* '''<u>Voy</u> mamilo.'''....''It will <u>not</u> rain.'' (indicative) ::* '''At <u>voy</u> xu hus.'''....''I would <u>not</u> do that.'' (conditional) : '''von'''....''Let's not, don't, let it not'' ::* '''<u>Von</u> mamilu.'''....''<u>Let it not</u> rain.'' (subjunctive) ::* '''<u>Von</u> yat fuyaku.'''....''<u>Let</u> us <u>not</u> despair.'' (jussive) ::* '''<u>Von</u> pu!'''....''<u>Don't</u> go.'' (imperative) : Participles, gerunds, and infinitives can be negated with the prefix '''o-''' (''un-, non-''). ::* '''tosea'''....''feeling'' -> '''otosea'''....''unfeeling'' ::* '''xwa'''....''done'' -> '''oxwa'''....''undone'' ::* '''teliwa'''....''eaten'' -> '''oteliwa'''....''uneaten'' ::* '''tejen'''....''living'' -> '''otejen'''....''not living'' ::* '''buen'''....''giving'' -> '''obuen'''....''not giving'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' -> '''obuer'''....''not to give'' ::* '''ter'''....''to know'' => '''oter'''....''not to know, i.e. to ignore'' == How to Express Certain English Tenses == : English speakers have some tenses that do not fit into the above schema: ::* The English tense ''I have been studying French for four years.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At tixeye Ferad ji uwa jabi.'''....''I am studying French since four years.'' (Mirad present progressive tense). ::* The English tense ''I had been studying'' is translated in Mirad by '''At tixeya'''. (Mirad past progressive tense). ::* The English tense ''I am going to be starring in that role.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At dezdebeyo be hua dezgon.''' (Mirad future progressive). ::* The modern Black English tense ''Don't you be doing that.'' is handled in Mirad by '''Von et xeyu hus.''' (Mirad imperative progressive). == Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs == : Transitive verbs, which can take a direct object, oppose themselves to intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct object. Some verbs are marked overtly for transitivity. : Verbs that end in '''xer''' (''to do, -ify, -ize'') are by nature transitive, and often have intransitive counterparts in '''ser''' (''to be, become, -ify, -ize''). Likewise, verbs ending in '''ber''' (''to put, take'') are transitive and have intransitive counterparts in '''per''' (''to go''). Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Transitive vs. Intransitive |- ! Transitive !! Intransitive |- | '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ser'''....''be'' |- | '''agxer'''....''grow (something)'' || '''agser'''....''grow (up)'' |- | '''amxer'''....''heat, make hot'' || '''amser'''....''become hot, heat up'' |- | '''puxer'''....''throw'' || '''puser'''....''jump'' |- | '''per'''....''go'' || '''ber'''....''put'' |- | '''aber'''....''put on'' || '''aper'''....''get on'' |- | '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' |- | '''poxer'''....''stop (something)'' || '''poser'''....''(come to a) stop'' |- | '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach'' |- | '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter'' |} ::* '''At <u>agxe</u> vobi.'''....''I <u>grow</u> [TRANSITIVE] plants.'' ::* '''Ha vobi <u>agseye</u> ig.'''....''The plants <u>are growing</u> [INTRANSITIVE] fast.'' ::* '''<u>Poxu</u> ha pur!'''....''<u>Stop</u> [TRANSITIVE] the car!'' ::* '''Ha pur <u>posa</u>.'''....''The car <u>stopped</u> [INTRANSITIVE].'' ::* '''At <u>yaba</u> ha mis.'''....''I <u>raised</u> [TRANSITIVE] the window.'' ::* '''Ha maar <u>yapaye</u>.'''....''The sun <u>has risen</u> [INTRANSITIVE].'' === Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity === : Note the following verbs, whose stems end in '''j''' are hard to pronounce with intransitive '''s''' and transitive '''x''', so these two endings are placed with '''p''' and '''b''', respectively, although the presence of the '''p''' is optional, i.e. it's presence or absence can slightly change the meaning from static to dynamic, eg. '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' vs. '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep''. The transitive forms can be either active or passive. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity |- ! colspan=2|Intransitive !! colspan=2|Transitive |- ! Static !! Dynamic !! Active !! Passive |- | '''Ha mes <u>yija</u>'''<br>''The door <u>opened</u>.'' || '''Ha nasyef <u>yijpa</u>'''<br>''The purse <u>came open</u>.'' || '''At <u>yijba</u> ha mes.'''<br>''I <u>opened</u> the door.'' || '''Ha mes <u>yijbwa</u> bey yelput.'''<br>''The door <u>was opened</u> by an intruder'' |- | '''Ha mes <u>yuja</u>.'''<br>''The door <u>closed</u>.'' || '''Ha yanup <u>yujpa</u>.'''<br>''The meeting <u>adjourned</u>.'' || '''At <u>yujba</u> ha mes.'''<br>''I <u>closed</u> the door.''||'''Ha mes yeyfe <u>yujbwer</u> ja sumjob.'''<br>''The door should <u>be closed</u> by bedtime.'' |- | '''Ha dezun <u>ijaye</u>.'''<br>''The play <u>has started</u>.''||'''Ha par <u>ijpa</u> boy poys.'''<br>''The car <u>started up</u> immediately.'' ||'''At <u>ijba</u> ata tyal.'''<br>''I <u>started</u> my meal.''||'''Ha tyal <u>ijbwa</u> jwa.'''<br>''The meal <u>was started</u> early.'' |- | '''Ha dezun <u>ujaye</u>.'''<br>''The play has <u>ended</u>.''||'''Ata yex <u>ujpaye</u>.'''<br>''My work <u>has come to an end</u>.'' || '''A <u>ujba</u> ha dyes.'''<br>''I <u>finished</u> the book.''||'''Ha dyes hyoj <u>ujbwa</u>.'''<br>''The book never <u>got finished</u>.'' |- | '''Ha tob <u>toja</u> zomoj.'''<br>''The man <u>died</u> yesterday evening.''||'''Ha tob <u>tojpa</u>.'''<br>''The man <u>dropped dead.</u>'' || '''Hot <u>tojba</u> ha twob?'''<br>''Who <u>killed</u> the man?''||'''Ha twob <u>tojbwa</u> bey ita tayd.'''<br>''The man <u>was killed</u> by his wife.'' |- | '''<u>Teju</u>.'''<br>''<u>Live!</u>.''||'''<u>Tejpu!</u>.'''<br>''<u>Come alive!</u>.'' || '''Yat efe <u>tejber</u> ha twob.'''<br>''We need to <u>revive</u> the man.''||'''Ha twob yofwa <u>tejbwer</u>.'''<br>''The man could not <u>be revived</u>.'' |- | '''Ha tobot <u>taja</u> zojub.'''<br>''The baby <u>was born</u> yesterday.'' || '''Hoj ha tobot <u>tajpo</u>?'''<br>''When <u>will</u> the baby <u>pop out</u>?'' || '''Iyt <u>tajba</u> awa twobot zojub.'''<br>''She <u>gave birth</u> to a baby boy yesterday.''||'''Ha twobot <u>tajbwa</u> jo eymoj.'''<br>''The baby boy was <u>birthed</u> after midnight.'' |- | '''At <u>tija</u> jwe.'''<br>''I <u>woke up</u> on time.''||'''It voy <u>tijpa</u>.'''<br>''He did not <u>come to.</u>.'' || '''At <u>tijbo</u> et jwa.'''<br>''I will <u>wake (you) up</u> early.''||'''At voy fe <u>tijbwo</u> gra jwa.'''<br>''I don't want to <u>be woken</u> too early.'' |- | '''At <u>tujeya</u>.'''<br>''I was <u>sleeping.</u>''||'''At <u>tujpeya</u>.'''<br>''I was <u>falling sleep</u>.'' || '''At <u>tujbo</u> it.'''<br>''I will <u>put (him) to sleep.</u>.''||'''Ha tobot <u>tujbwo</u> glojo.'''<br>''The baby <u>will be put to sleep</u> soon.'' |} == Reflexive Verbs == [[File:TWC Hokitika Gorge • Stewart Nimmo • MRD 1.jpg|thumb|]] : Reflexive verbs, where the object refers back to the subject, work just as in English, where the object is a reflexive pronoun, eg.: ::* '''At tujboye aut.'''....''I am going to kill myself.'' ::* '''Tru eut!'''....''Know thyself!'' ::* '''It gobla iut bey goblar.'''....''He cut himself with a knife.'' ::* '''Ot yefe yuxer out.'''....''One must help oneself.'' : Sometimes, verbs are reflexive lexically and incorporate the reflexivity in the actual verb form using '''ut''' as the prefix: ::* '''uttujber'''....''commit suicide (= self-kill)'' ::* '''utboler'''....''support oneself (= self-support)'' ::* '''utdider'''....''wonder (= self-ask)'' : Sometimes, verbs are used reflexively in Mirad even though they are used simply intransitively in English, eg.: ::* '''Et efe <u>vyilxer eut</u>.'''....''You need to wash up [= <u>wash yourself</u>].'' (or) ::* '''Et efe <u>utvyilxer</u>.'''....''You need to wash up [= <u>self-wash</u>].'' == Omission of Prepositions After Certain Verbs == :: Some verbs inherently incorporate a preposition and so it is not necessary to use that assumed preposition before what would normally be an indirect object. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Inherent Propositions |- ! Preposition-Incorporating Verb !! Example |- | '''per'''....''go (to)'' || '''Pu tam!''' (Not: '''Pu bu tam!''') ''Go home.''<br>'''It pa Paris.'''....''He went to Paris.'' |- | '''der'''....''say (to), tell'' || '''Du at eta dyun.'''....''Tell me your name.''<br>'''Du at has.'''....''Tell it to me.'' |- | '''peser'''....''wait (for)'' || '''Pesu at.'''....''Wait for me.'' |- | '''buer'''....''give (to)'' || '''Buu at hua dyes.'''....''Give me that book.'' |} :: As in English, in omitting the inherent preposition in a sentence with both a direct object and an indirect object, place the indirect object before the direct object. If the direct object comes first, then the preposition must be overtly specified before the indirect object, eg. '''Buu <u>at</u> hus.'''....''Give me that.'' or '''Buu hus <u>bu at</u>.'''....''Give that <u>to me</u>.'' See more about this in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Syntax|Syntax]]. == Causative vs. Inchoative Verbs == : A causative verb has the sense ''to make something have some quality'', whereas an inchoative verbs means ''to become or take on the quality of something.'' === Derived from Adjectives === : Adjectives can be converted into transitive/causative and intransitive/inchoative verbs. Causative verbs are always transitive (taking an object), while inchoative verbs are intransitive (not taking an object). English causative / inchoative verbs often end in ''-ify'' like ''magnify'', or ''-ate'', ''liberate'', or ''ize'', like ''sensitize''. : To derive a causative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''-xer'''....''to do'' to either the stem or the whole adjective (with the '''a''' ending). Whether you do the former or the latter depends on several factors, but the end result is slightly different in nuance. A verb with adjective stem + '''-xer''' is slightly more idiomatic or less literal than the adjective stem + '''axer'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ -axer vs -xer in Transitive Verbs |- ! Adjective !! Causative/Transitive !! Causative/Transitive |- ! '''-xer''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic |- | '''aga'''<br>''big'' || '''ag<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to magnify'' || '''agxer'''<br>''to grow'' |- | '''ana'''<br>''one'' || '''an<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to unify'' || '''anxer'''<br>''to unite'' |- | '''yona'''<br>''apart'' || '''yon<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to separate'' || '''yonxer'''<br>''to cut'' |- | '''yaga'''<br>''long'' || '''yag<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to lengthen'' || '''yagxer'''<br>''to stretch'' |- | '''yuga'''<br>''slow'' || '''yug<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to retard'' || '''yugxer''' <br>''to brake'' |- | '''sana'''<br>''formal'' || '''san<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to formalize'' || '''sanxer'''<br>''to form'' |- | '''gea'''<br>''equal'' || '''ge<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to equalize'' || '''gexer'''<br>''to copy, equate'' |- | '''jaa'''<br>''prior'' || '''ja<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to prioritize'' || '''jaxer'''<br>''to prepare'' |- | '''aota'''<br>''personal'' || '''aot<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to personalize'' || '''aotxer'''<br>''to personify'' |} : To derive an inchoative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''ser'''....''to be'' to either the stem or the whole adjective. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Creating Inchoative Verbs |- ! Adjective !! Inchoative/Intransitive !! Inchoative/Intransitive |- ! '''-ser''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic |- | '''aga'''<br>''big'' || '''ag<u>a</u>ser'''<br>''to get bigger'' || '''agser'''<br>''to grow'' |- | '''ana'''<br>''one'' || '''an<u>a</u>ser'''<br>''to unify'' || '''anser'''<br>''to unite, become united'' |- | '''yona'''<br>''apart'' || '''yon<u>a</u>ser'''<br>''to become separate'' || '''yonser'''<br>''to break'' |- |} : Be careful to use the transitive, causative verb form when you have a direct object, and the intransitive, inchoative verb form when no direct objects are present or possible, eg.: ::* '''<u>Ansu</u> ey yet golxwo.'''....''<u>Unite</u> or you will be divided.'' [INTRANSITIVE] ::* '''At <u>yontadsa</u> hoj at sa eta jag.'''....''I <u>got divorced</u> when I was your age.'' [INTRANSITIVE] ::* '''Hisi <u>agaxo</u> hos et teate.'''....''These <u>will magnify</u> what you see.'' [TRANSITIVE] ::* '''Hia tud <u>agseye</u> ig.'''....''This child <u>is growing up</u> fast.'' [INTRANSITIVE] ::* '''Ata tayd <u>agxe</u> vosi be oyebzom.'''....''My wife <u>grows</u> flowers out back.'' [TRANSITIVE] === Derived from Nouns === : Transitive/causative/active and intransitive/inchoative/passive verbs can also be formed from nouns. The sense of the former is ''to make be X'' and of the latter, ''to become X''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verbs Derived from Nouns |- ! Noun !! Transitive/Causative/Active !! Intransitive/Inchoative/Passive |- | '''mog'''....''ash'' || '''mogxer'''<br>''to incinerate'' || '''mogser'''<br>''to become ashes'' |- | '''yan'''....''collection'' || '''yanxer'''<br>''to collect'' || '''yanser'''<br>''to get together'' |- | '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''tadxer'''<br>''to marry'' || '''tadser'''<br>''to get married'' |- | '''yom'''....''ice'' || '''yomxer'''<br>''to freeze/make ice'' || '''yomser'''<br>''to freeze/become ice'' |- | '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''magxer'''<br>''to burn, set fire to'' || '''magser'''<br>''to burn, get burned'' |- | '''uk'''....''void'' || '''ukxer'''<br>''to empty'' || '''ukser'''<br>''become empty, empty out'' |} === Intermediary Causative Verbs === : Intermediary verbal causatives like ''have/get my car washed'', ''make/force him go'', ''get one's hair cut'' are formed by suffixing the causative verb infix '''-ux-''' (active) or '''uxw''' (passive) to the stem of the verb signifying the action to be arranged or caused by someone other than the subject, eg.: ::* '''At gobl<u>ux</u>o ata tayeb zajub.'''....''I will get my hair cut tomorrow.'' ::* '''Et voy yafe p<u>ux</u>er at.'''....''You cannot make me go.'' ::* '''It tojb<u>ux</u>a yit.'''....''He had them killed.'' ::* '''At efe vyilx<u>ux</u>er ata pur.'''....''I need to have my car washed.'' ::* '''Et up<u>ux</u>wa him av hes.'''....''You were made to come here for some reason.'' ::* '''At bakamb<u>ux</u>o et.'''....''I will have you hospitalized.'' ::* '''Et voy yafe deuz<u>ux</u>er at.'''....''You cannot make me sing.'' ::* '''At hihid<u>ux</u>wa.'''....''I was tickled (= made to laugh).'' ::* '''Eta deuz hihid<u>ux</u>a yat.'''....''Your song tickled us. (= Made us laugh.)'' ::* '''Van het ivas<u>ux</u>u weti.'''....''May someone get you guys to be happy.'' ::* '''Hua enzyukpur uzp<u>ux</u>a yata pur.'''....''That motorcycle caused our car to veer.'' == Subject-directed vs. Patient-directed Verbs == : The directionality of some verbs can be distinguished by the verbal formant infix '''-i-''' for an action or motion toward the speaker and '''-u-''' for an action or motion away from the speaker toward some patient, eg.: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Directional Verbs |- ! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed |- | '''b<u>i</u>er'''....''to take'' || '''b<u>u</u>er'''....''to give'' |- | '''nier'''....''to consume'' || '''nuer'''....''to supply'' |- | '''nyier'''....''to order'' || '''nyuer'''....''to deliver'' |- | '''nazunier'''....''win a prize'' || '''nazunuer'''....''award a prize'' |- | '''noysier'''....''pay off'' || '''noysuer'''....''charge'' |- | '''ojbier'''....''borrow'' || '''ojbuer'''....''lend'' |- | '''tadier'''....''get married'' || '''taduer'''....''marry off'' |- | '''papier'''....''take flight'' || '''papuer'''....''send off flying'' |- | '''pipier'''....''set sail'' || '''pipuer'''....''dock'' |- | '''simbier'''....''take a seat'' || '''simbuer'''....''offer a seat'' |- | '''tampier'''....''leave home'' || '''tampuer'''....''arrive home'' |- | '''tamier'''....''settle in'' || '''tamuer'''....''shelter'' |- | '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' |- | '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed'' |- | '''gonbier'''....''to participate'' || '''gonbuer'''....''to share'' |- | '''tilier'''....''to drink'' || '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink'' |- | '''teubier'''....''to swallow'' || '''teubuer'''....''to spit out'' |- | '''teatier'''....''to observe, watch'' || '''teatuer'''....''to show'' |- | '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind'' |- | '''alier'''....''to breathe in'' || '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, expire'' |- | '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour'' |- | '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please'' |- | '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''duer'''....''to suggest'' |- | '''tier'''....''to learn'' || '''tuer'''....''to inform'' |- | '''pier'''....''to depart'' || '''puer'''....''to arrive'' |- | '''kebier'''....''to choose'' || '''kebuer'''....''to distribute'' |- | '''byier'''....''to originate'' || '''byuer'''....''to target'' |- | '''mempier'''....''to take off'' || '''mempuer'''....''to land'' |- | '''sinier'''....''visualize'' || '''sinuer'''....''display'' |- | '''xier'''....''to result'' || '''xuer'''....''to cause'' |- | '''yifier'''....''to get up the courage'' || '''yifuer'''....''to encourage, challenge'' |- | '''yafonier'''....''to gain power'' || '''yafonuer'''....''to empower'' |- | '''trier'''....''to become acquainted with'' || '''truer'''....''to acquaint with, introduce to'' |- | '''tepzexier'''....''to draw attention'' || '''tepzexuer'''....''to focus attention on'' |- | '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge'' |- | '''dyunier'''....''to assume the name of'' || '''dyunuer'''....''to bestow the name of'' |- | '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of'' || '''abfinuer'''....''to favor'' |- | '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed'' |- | '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''...''to pour'' |} : In some cases, the directionality can be both ways in a verb, in which case the verb formant infix '''-ui-''' (a hybrid form) is used, eg.: ::* '''nunier '''....''to purchase'' (subject-directed) ::* '''nunuer'''....''to sell'' (patient-directed) ::* '''nunuier'''....''to trade'' (subject & patient-directed) ::* '''tier'''....''to learn, realize'' (subject-directed) ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform, tip off'' (patient-directed) ::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' (subject & patient-directed) ::* '''alier'''....''to breathe in, inhale'' (subject-directed) ::* '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, exhale'' (patient-directed) ::* '''aluier'''....''to breathe, respire'' (subject & patient-directed) ::* '''bier '''....''to take'' (subject-directed) ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' (patient-directed) ::* '''buier'''....''to give and take, exchange'' (subject & patient-directed) == Bi-radical Verbs == : Some verbs are formed using two verb roots together. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Bi-radical Verbs |- ! Verb Root 1 !! Verb Root 2 !! Bi-radical Verb |- | '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' |- | '''nixer'''....''to earn'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' |- | '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''....''to choose'' |- | '''uper'''....''to come'' || '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''updier'''....''to invite'' |- | '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''der'''....''to tell'' || '''teader'''....''to testify'' |- | '''teeter'''....''to hear'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''teadrer'''....''to report'' |- | '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''teaper'''....''to visit'' |- | '''texer'''....''to think'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention'' |- | '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''pixer'''....''to catch'' || '''kexpixer'''....''to hunt'' |- | '''yeker'''....''to try'' || '''teexer'''....''to listen'' || '''yekteexer'''....''to try (in court)'' |} == Verbs with Vectorial Prefixes == : Prepositions and directional adverbs can be prefixed to verbs in order to change their vectorial semantics. A preposition ending in '''b''' will assimilate to '''p''' before the verb '''per'''....''to go'' and a preposition ending in '''b''' will lose the '''b''' before a verb beginning with '''b'''. If, however, this assimilation results in an ambiguity, the '''b''' of the prefix stays put. For example, '''ob''' (''off'') + '''bexer''' (''to hold'') = '''obbexer''' (''to hold off''), because '''obexer''' could be interpreted as ''to release''. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Prepositional Prefixes |- ! Preposition/Adverb !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply'' || '''aper'''....''get on, mount'' |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove'' || '''oper'''....''get of, dismount'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebdrayefser'''....''to interleave'' || '''ebdrafxer'''....''to interleave'' |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring near'' || '''yuper'''....''approach'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''go far away'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yepuxer'''....''throw in'' || '''yepuser'''....''jump in'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyeber'''....''expose'' || '''oyeper'''....''exit'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyepuxer'''....''eject'' || '''oyepuser'''....''jump out'' |- | '''zyu'''....''round'' || '''zyuber'''....''rotate'' || '''zyuper'''....''revolve'' |- | '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zyaber'''....''spread'' || '''zyaper'''....''tour'' |- | '''av'''....''for'' || '''avdaler'''....''plead'' || '''avper'''....''pursue'' |- | '''ov'''....''against'' || '''ovber'''....''oppose'' || '''ovper'''....''countervene'' |- | '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''compose'' || '''yanper'''....''meet'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''separate'' || '''yonper'''....''separate'' |- | '''iz'''....''direct'' || '''izber'''....''lead'' || '''izper'''....''head'' |- | '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''diverge'' |- | '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''surround'' || '''yuzper'''....''circulate'' |- | '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''transfer'' || '''yizper'''....''surpass'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back, re-'' || '''zoyber'''....''return'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' |} == Other Semantics-altering Verb Prefixes == : As in English and many other languages, prefixes can be used on verbs to reverse, mitigate, or otherwise alter the semantics: === Expressing ''re-'' with '''zoy-''' or '''gaw-''' === : The prefix '''zoy-'''....''back'' or '''gaw-¹'''....''again'' are used like the English prefix ''re-'', eg.: ::* '''ember'''....''to position'' → '''<u>zoy</u>ember'''....''to <u>re</u>position, <u>re</u>place'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>zoy</u>buer'''....''to <u>re</u>turn (an object), give back'' ::* '''sanxer'''....''to shape, form'' → '''<u>zoy</u>sanxer'''....''to <u>re</u>shape, <u>re</u>form, <u>trans</u>form'' ::* '''zyauber'''....''to broadcast'' → '''gawzyauber'''....''to re-broadcast'' ::* '''taja'''....''born'' → '''gawtaja'''....''reborn'' ::* '''aber'''....''to apply'' → '''gawaber'''....''to reapply'' ::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''zoyuper'''....''to return (come back)'' ::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' → '''<u>gaw</u>teaper'''....''to <u>re</u>visit'' ::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''<u>zoy</u>uper'''....''to <u>re</u>turn, come <u>back</u>'' ::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''<u>zoy</u>buxer'''....''to <u>re</u>pel, push <u>back</u>'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zoy</u>puxer'''....''to <u>re</u>ject, throw <u>back</u>, jettison'' : Note 1: The prefix '''gaw-''' before a consonant is pronounced like the ''gaw'' in the English word ''gawk''. It is short for '''ga awa jod''' or '''gawa''' meaning ''one more time, again''. If the "re-" word means ''to do something again'', then '''gaw-''' is used, eg. ''To reconvene'' ( = ''meet again'')....'''gawyanuper''' If the sense of ''back'' is intended, than the prefix '''zoy-''' is used, eg. ''To return'' ( = ''come back'')....'''zoyuper'''. Both prefixes are used in the expression ''Come back again!''....'''Gawzoyupu!'''. :''Until we meet again'' or ''au revoir'' is expressed by '''Ju gawyanup.''' === Expressing ''de-, dis-, un-'' with '''lo-''' === : The prefix '''lo-''' reverses the semantics of a verb and is like English ''dis-'', ''de-'', or ''un-'', eg.: ::* '''saxer'''....''to build, construct'' → '''<u>lo</u>saxer'''....''to <u>de</u>stroy, <u>de</u>construct'' ::* '''anxer'''....''to unite'' → '''<u>lo</u>anxer'''....''to <u>dis</u>unite'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>lo</u>xer'''....''to <u>un</u>do'' : Note the difference between '''o-''' and '''lo-'''. ::* '''odoparuwa'''....''<u>un</u>armed'' (= ''not armed'') ::* '''lodoparuwa'''....''<u>dis</u>armed'' (= from the verb '''lodoparuer'''....''to disarm'') === Expressing ''co-'' with '''yan-''' === : The prefix '''yan-'''....''together'' is used as the English ''co-'', eg.: ::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''<u>yan</u>exer'''....''to <u>co</u>operate'' ::* '''tamer'''....''to dwell'' → '''<u>yan</u>tamer'''....''to <u>co</u>habit'' ::* '''napber'''....''to put in order'' → '''<u>yan</u>napber'''....''to <u>co</u>ordinate'' === Making Verbs Completive with '''ik-''' === : Verbs can be made completive or perfective by prefixing them with '''ik-''' (''fully''). Such verbs are comparable to phrasal verbs in English with ''up'' and other prepositions as in ''to eat up''. Here are some examples in Mirad: ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''iktojber'''....''to kill off, exterminate'' ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iktelier'''....''to eat up'' ::* '''ujber'''....''to finish'' → '''ikujber'''....''to finish off/up'' ::* '''gofler'''....''to rip'' → '''ikgofler'''....''to rip up'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''ikdrer'''....''to write down'' ::* '''byexer'''....''to beat'' → '''ikbyexer'''....''to beat up'' ::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''ikagser'''....''to grow up'' === Making Verbs Continuative with '''je-''' === : Verbs can be given a continuative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''je-''': ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''jedalar'''....''to go on talking, to blabber'' ::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''jetejer'''....''to go on living, to survive'' ::* '''yexer'''....''to work'' → '''jeyexer'''....''to go on working, to keep working'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch'' ::* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' → '''jeteexer'''....''to keep listening, to pay attention'' ::* '''duler'''....''to insist'' → '''jeduler'''....''to nag'' === Making Verbs Inchoative with '''ij-''' === : Verbs can be given an inchoative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''ij-''': ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to start to think'' ::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' → '''ijifier'''....''to start liking'' ::* '''tyer'''....''to know'' → '''ijtyer'''....''to get to know'' === Making Verbs Terminative with '''uj-''' === : Verbs can be given a terminative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''uj-''': ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''ujtelier'''....''to finish eating'' ::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''ujdyeer'''....''to finish reading'' ::* '''ufteuder'''....''to complain'' → '''ujufteuder'''....''to quit carping'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Pleasure with '''if-''' === ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll'' ::* '''tuyuxer'''....''to finger'' → '''iftuyuxer'''....''to tickle'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle (voyeuristically)'' ::* '''piper'''....''to sail'' → '''ifpiper'''....''to go cruising'' ::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ifteuder'''....''to laugh'' ::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ifeker'''....''to have fun'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Displeasure with '''uf-''' === ::* '''tosier'''....''to feel'' → '''uftosier'''....''to get angry'' ::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ufeker'''....''to fight'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ufder'''....''to express displeasure'' ::* '''aluer'''....''to exhale'' → '''ufaluer'''....''to huff'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''ufdaler'''....''to rant'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Prohibition with '''of-''' === ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ofbier'''....''to steal'' ::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''ofdeler'''....''to ban'' ::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''ofyeper'''....''to intrude, break in'' ::* '''zeyper'''....''to cross'' → '''ofzeyper'''....''to transgress, poach'' ::* '''gelxer'''....''to copy'' → '''ofgelxer'''....''to pirate, plagiarize'' ::* '''bekuluer'''....''to administer medicine'' → '''ofbekuluer'''....''to dope'' ::* '''nuxuer'''....''to pay'' → '''ofnuxuer'''....''to bribe, pay off, suborn'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Holiness with '''fya-''' === ::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''fyabexler'''....''to enshrine'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''fyabuer'''....''to sacrifice'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyader'''....''to bless'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''fyadaler'''....''to preach, sermonize'' ::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyadiler'''....''to pray'' ::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' → '''fyadeuzer'''....''to chant'' ::* '''ifrer'''....''to love dearly'' → '''fyaifrer'''....''to worship, adore'' ::* '''jader'''....''to predict'' → '''fyajader'''....''to prophesy'' ::* '''miluer'''....''to sprinkle'' → '''fyamiluer'''....''to sprinkle with holy water'' ::* '''ojvader'''....''to promise'' → '''fyaojvader'''....''to swear'' ::* '''xeler'''....''to practice'' → '''fyaxeler'''....''to celebrate'' ::* '''koser'''....''to hide'' → '''fyakoser'''....''to go on a retreat, go into hermitage'' ::* '''teazer'''....''perform a show'' → '''fyateazer'''....''to perform a miracle'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Profanity with '''fyo-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyoder'''....''to curse'' ::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyodiler'''....''to conjure'' ::* '''tyezer'''....''to perform magic'' → '''fyotezer'''....''to engage in black magic'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fyoxer'''....''to sin'' === Expressing Good Actions with '''fi-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fider'''....''to praise'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fifer'''....''to mean well'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fixer'''....''to do well'' ::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'' → '''fiyaker'''....''to hope'' ::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fiyuxer'''....''to benefit'' === Expressing Bad Actions with '''fu-''' === ::* '''yevder'''....''to judge'' → '''fuyevder'''....''to critique negatively'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fufer'''....''to will ill'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fuder'''....''to badmouth'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''funapxer'''....''to mess up'' ::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fuyuxer'''....''to abuse'' === Expressing More Intense Actions with '''az-''' === ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''<u>az</u>yujber'''....''to lock'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>az</u>der'''....''to emphasize'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''<u>az</u>duer'''....''to urge'' ::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''<u>az</u>dizeuder'''....''to guffaw'' === Expressing Less Intense Actions with '''oz-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to utter'' → '''<u>oz</u>der'''....''to whisper'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''<u>oz</u>duer'''....''to hint'' ::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''<u>oz</u>dizeuder'''....''to chuckle'' ::* '''uvteuder'''....''to moan'' → '''<u>oz</u>uvteuder'''....''to whimper'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>oz</u>tyoper'''....''to limp'' === Expressing ''pre-, fore-'' with '''ja-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to tell'' → '''<u>ja</u>der'''....''to foretell, predict'' ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''<u>ja</u>teater'''....''to foresee, preview'' ::* '''ter'''....''to know'' → '''<u>ja</u>ter'''....''to presage, have foreknowledge of'' ::* '''yever'''....''to judge'' → '''<u>ja</u>yever'''....''to prejudge'' ::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''<u>ja</u>juder'''....''to antedate'' === Expressing ''post-, after-'' with '''jo-''' === ::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''<u>jo</u>juder'''....''to postdate'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>jo</u>texer'''....''to reflect on, review'' ::* '''uvder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''<u>jo</u>uvder'''....''to mourn, regret'' ::* '''ibler'''....''to obtain'' → '''<u>jo</u>ibler'''....''to inherit'' === Expressing ''excessively'' with '''gra-''' === ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''<u>gra</u>telier'''....''to overeat'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>gra</u>fer'''....''to covet'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>gra</u>der'''....''to exaggerate'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>gra</u>daler'''....''to yammer'' === Expressing ''inadequately'' with '''gro-''' === ::* '''fyinder'''....''to value'' → '''<u>gro</u>fyinder'''....''to underestimate'' ::* '''mageler'''....''to cook'' → '''<u>gro</u>mageler'''....''to undercook'' ::* '''xaer'''....''to perform'' → '''<u>gro</u>xaer'''....''to underperform'' === Expressing ''counter-, contra-'' with '''ov-''' or '''oyv-''' === ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''<u>ov</u>axler'''....''to counteract'' ::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''<u>ov</u>apyexer'''....''to counterattack'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''<u>ov</u>daler'''....''to oppose'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>oyv</u>der'''....''to contradict'' ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>oyv</u>ber'''....''to reverse, overturn'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>oyv</u>texer'''....''to contest, disagree'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>oyv</u>per'''....''to contravene'' === Expressing ''on behalf, for'' with '''av-''' === ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''<u>av</u>axler'''....''to act on behalf of'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''<u>av</u>daler'''....''to advocate, speak on behalf of'' ::* '''dyundrer'''....''to sign'' → '''<u>av</u>dyundrer'''....''to endorse'' === Making Verbs Reflexive with '''ut-''' (''self-, auto-'') === ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''<u>ut</u>tojber'''....''to commit suicide'' ::* '''vyovider'''....''to flatter'' → '''<u>ut</u>vyovider'''....''to flatter oneself'' ::* '''zaypuxwer'''....''to be propelled'' → '''<u>ut</u>zaypuxwer'''....''to be self-propelled'' ::* '''fider'''....''to praise'' → '''<u>ut</u>fider'''....''to brag'' ::* '''gober'''....''to decrement'' → '''<u>ut</u>gober'''....''to autodecrement'' === Making Verbs Reciprocal with '''hyuit-''' (''one another'') === ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''<u>hyuit</u>tojber'''....''to kill one another'' ::* '''ifer'''....''to love'' → '''<u>hyuit</u>ifer'''....''to love one another'' === Expressing ''inter-, intra-'' with '''eb-''' (''between'') === ::* '''tadier'''....''to marry'' → '''<u>eb</u>tadier'''....''to intermarry'' ::* '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' → '''<u>eb</u>zyaber'''....''to intersperse'' ::* '''vyexer'''....''to relate'' → '''<u>eb</u>vyexer'''....''to interrelate'' === Expressing the Opposite of an Action with '''o-''' (''un-'') === ::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''<u>o</u>bexler'''....''to release, let go of'' ::* '''aynser'''....''to integrate'' → '''<u>o</u>aynser'''....''to disintegrate, to decay'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>o</u>beler'''....''to drop'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>o</u>bier'''....''to leave, relinquish'' ::* '''boser'''....''to be quiet'' → '''<u>o</u>boser'''....''to be upset'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>o</u>drer'''....''to erase'' ::<small>Note: If the base verb already begins with the negative prefix '''o-''', then the prefix is changed to '''ol-''', eg. '''obexler'''....''to release'' → '''<u>ol</u>obexwa'''....''to unrelease'' </small> === Expressing a Public or Official Action with '''do-''' === :: '''Do-''' is a stub for '''dot''' (''society''). ::* '''afder'''....''to allow'' → '''<u>do</u>afder'''....''to authorize'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>do</u>bier'''....''to conquer, take over, take control of'' ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''<u>do</u>tojber'''....''to execute'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>do</u>buer'''....''to dedicate'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''<u>do</u>daler'''....''to orate, speak in public'' ::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''<u>do</u>deler'''....''to announce'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>do</u>drer'''....''to publicize, report'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Truth with '''vya-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vya</u>der'''....''to avow, be frank'' ::* '''ber'''....''to set, put'' → '''<u>vya</u>ber'''....''to control'' ::* '''napxer'''...''to arrange, order'' → '''<u>vya</u>napxer'''....''to adjust'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>vya</u>kexer'''....''to investiage'' ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''<u>vya</u>tuer'''....''to advise'' === Giving Verbs of Nuance of Falseness with '''vyo-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vyo</u>der'''....''to lie, to misstate'' ::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' → '''<u>vyo</u>tester'''....''to misunderstand'' ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''<u>vyo</u>tuer'''....''to misinform, to deceive'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>vyo</u>xer'''....''to do wrong, fail, misdo'' ::* '''yuxler'''....''to serve'' → '''<u>vyo</u>yuxler'''....''to betray, to serve unfaithfully'' === Making Verbs Positive with '''va-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>va</u>der'''....''to affirm'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>va</u>texer'''....''to believe'' ::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''<u>va</u>yeker'''....''to presume'' ::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''<u>va</u>bier'''....''to accept'' === Making Verbs Negative with '''vo-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vo</u>der'''....''to deny'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>vo</u>texer'''....''to doubt'' ::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''<u>vo</u>yeker'''....''to rule out'' ::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''<u>vo</u>bier'''....''to reject'' === Making Verbs Suppositional with '''ve-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>ve</u>der'''....''to conjecture'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>ve</u>texer'''....''to suppose, hypothesize'' ::* '''yovder'''....''to blame'' → '''<u>ve</u>yovder'''....''to indict, accuse'' === Speeding up Verbs with '''ig-''' === ::* '''pier'''....''to leave'' → '''<u>ig</u>pier'''....''to flee'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to drop'' → '''<u>ig</u>pyoser'''....''to plummet'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>ig</u>tyoper'''....''to run'' ::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''<u>ig</u>yeper'''....''to rush in'' === Slowing up Verbs with '''ug-''' === ::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>ug</u>paser'''....''to amble'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>ug</u>teaxer'''....''to gaze'' ::* '''ilper'''....''to flow'' → '''<u>ug</u>ilper'''....''to trickle'' ::* '''tilier'''....''to drink'' → '''<u>ug</u>tilier'''....''to sip'' === Expressing the Nuance of Suddenness with '''yok-''' === ::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''<u>yok</u>baxer'''....''to startle'' ::* '''hihider'''....''to laugh'' → '''<u>yok</u>hihider'''....''to burst out laughing'' ::* '''teaser'''....''to appear'' → '''<u>yok</u>teaser'''....''to suddenly appear'' ::* '''yoktojer'''....''to die'' → '''<u>yok</u>tojer'''....''to drop dead'' === Expressing the Notion of Fixedness with '''kyo-''' === ::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''<u>kyo</u>byaser'''....''to stand still'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>kyo</u>kexer'''....''to hound, stalk'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>kyo</u>teaxer'''....''to stare, glare'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>kyo</u>texer'''....''to obsess with, fixate on'' === Expression the Notion of Randomness with '''kye-'''=== ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>kye</u>der'''....''to guess, divine'' ::* '''per'''....''to per'' → '''<u>kye</u>per'''....''to fluctuate'' ::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''<u>kye</u>poper'''....''to wander'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''<u>kye</u>napxer'''....''to scramble'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>kye</u>bier'''....''to select'' === Expressing the Notion of Change with '''kya-''' === ::* '''baser'''....''to make a move'' → '''<u>kya</u>baser'''....''to shift'' ::* '''sanxer'''....''to form'' → '''<u>kya</u>sanxer'''....''to transform'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do/make'' → '''<u>kya</u>xer'''....''to change'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''<u>kya</u>napxer'''....''to shuffle'' ::* '''dyanxer'''....''to phrase'' → '''<u>kya</u>dyanxer'''....''to paraphrase'' === Expressing Covert Actions with '''ko-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ko</u>ber'''....''to hide'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>ko</u>beler'''....''to smuggle'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>ko</u>bier'''....''to steal'' ::* '''ebkyaxer'''....''to exchange'' → '''<u>ko</u>ebkyaxer'''....''to traffic'' ::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''<u>ko</u>exer'''....''to spy, operate under cover'' ::* '''fler'''....''to wish for'' → '''<u>ko</u>fler'''....''to covet, be jealous of'' ::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''<u>ko</u>apyexer'''....''to ambush, to sneak-attack'' ::* '''loexer'''....''to destroy'' → '''<u>ko</u>loexer'''....''to sabotage'' === Expressing Actions with Intentionality with '''ke-''' === ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>ke</u>teaxer'''....''to scan'' ::* '''vyaxer'''....''to prove'' → '''<u>ke</u>vyaxer'''....''to experiment'' ::* '''tier'''....''to learn'' → '''<u>ke</u>tier'''....''to be interested in'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>ke</u>bier'''....''to choose'' ::* '''pexer'''....''to catch'' → '''<u>ke</u>pexer'''....''to hunt'' === Expressing Lateral Actions with '''ku-''' === ::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''<u>ku</u>buxer'''....''to rebuff, shun'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>ku</u>der'''....''to comment, remark'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to step'' → '''<u>ku</u>tyoper'''....''to step aside'' === Expressing Diagonal Actions with '''ki-''' === ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>ki</u>teaxer'''....''to look askance at'' ::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''<u>ki</u>tuxer'''....''to brainwash'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>ki</u>tyoper'''....''to limp'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''<u>ki</u>pyoser'''....''to slip and fall'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>ki</u>per'''....''to slide'' === Expressing Near Actions with '''yub-'''=== ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>yub</u>der'''....''to intimate, hint'' ::* '''gexer'''....''to equate'' → '''<u>yub</u>gexer'''....''to approximate'' ::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''<u>yu(b)</u>bixer'''....''to attract, draw near'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>yub</u>teaxer'''....''to scrutinize, examine'' === Expressing Distance Actions with '''yib-''' (''far, tele-'') === ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>yib</u>drer'''....''to wire, telegraph'' ::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''<u>yi(b)</u>bixer'''....''to distract'' ::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' → '''<u>yib</u>tuier'''....''to telecommunicate'' ::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' → '''<u>yib</u>nyuxer'''....''to mail, post'' === Expressing ''up-, super-'' with '''yab-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ya(b)</u>ber'''....''to raise, to put up'' ::* '''bixler'''....''to drag'' → '''<u>ya(b)</u>bixler'''....''to dredge up'' ::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''<u>yab</u>uper'''....''to come up'' ::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''<u>yab</u>nogyanxer'''....''to scale up, escalate'' === Expressing ''down-, sub-'' with '''yob-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>yo(b)</u>ber'''....''to lower, put down'' ::* '''kyaber'''....''to shift'' → '''<u>yob</u>kyaxer'''....''to downshift'' ::* '''musper'''....''to climb'' → '''<u>yob</u>musper'''....''to climb down'' ::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''<u>yob</u>nogyanxer'''....''to downscale'' === Expressing ''in-'' with '''yeb-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ye(b)</u>ber'''....''to insert, put in'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>ye(b)</u>beler'''....''to import'' ::* '''uzber'''....''to bend'' → '''<u>yeb</u>uzber'''....''to inflect'' ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''<u>yeb</u>yujber'''....''to enclose, include'' === Expressing ''out-, ex-, extra-'' with '''oyeb-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>oye(b)</u>ber'''....''to put out, expose'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>oye(b)</u>beler'''....''to export'' ::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''<u>oyeb</u>uber'''....''to emit, send out'' ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''<u>oyeb</u>yujber'''....''to exclude'' === Expressing ''pro-, forward'' with '''zay-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>zay</u>ber'''....''to advance, put forward'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>zay</u>kexer'''....''to scout out'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zay</u>puxer'''....''to propel, thrust'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>zay</u>tyoper'''....''to progress, to walk forward'' === Expressing ''back-, retro-, re-'' with '''zoy-''' === ::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''<u>zoy</u>ber'''....''to send back'' ::* '''kixer'''....''to bend'' → '''<u>zoy</u>kixer'''....''to reflect'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zoy</u>puxer'''....''to repel'' ::* '''neadper'''....''to track'' → '''<u>zoy</u>neadper'''....''to backtrack'' === Expressing ''across, trans-, over-, cross-'' with '''zey-''' === ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zey</u>per'''....''to cross, transit'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>zey</u>beler'''....''to transport, convey'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>zey</u>drer'''....''to transcribe'' ::* '''kyober'''....''to fix'' → '''<u>zey</u>kyober'''....''to transfix, transplant'' ::* '''vyayeker'''....''to check'' → '''<u>zey</u>vyayeker'''....''to crosscheck'' === Expressing ''through, per-'' with '''zye-''' === ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zye</u>per'''....''to permeate, get through'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>zye</u>kexer'''....''to rummage, sift through'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>zye</u>drer'''....''to cross out, draw a line through'' ::* '''iluer'''....''to pour'' → '''<u>zye</u>iluer'''....''to soak'' ::* '''koper'''....''to sneak'' → '''<u>zye</u>koper'''....''to sneak through'' === Expressing ''all over, widely, all about'' with '''zya-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>zya</u>ber'''....''to spread'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>zya</u>buer'''....''to distribute'' ::* '''ijber'''....''to open'' → '''<u>zya</u>ijber'''....''to open wide'' ::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''<u>zya</u>nuxer'''....''to disburse'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zya</u>puxer'''....''to scatter, cast about'' === Expressing ''mid-, center'' with '''ze-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ze</u>ber'''....''to balance'' ::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''<u>ze</u>byaser'''....''to straddle'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>ze</u>der'''....''to interject'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''<u>ze</u>pyoser'''....''to sag'' ::* '''poxer'''....''to stop'' → '''<u>ze</u>poxer'''....''to interrupt'' === Expressing ''futurity'' with '''oj-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>oj</u>ber'''....''to put off, postpone'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>oj</u>bier'''....''to borrow'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>oj</u>fer'''....''to wish, aspire'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>oj</u>texer'''....''to plan'' ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''<u>oj</u>teater'''....''to envision'' ::* '''vader'''....''to affirm'' → '''<u>oj</u>vader'''....''to promise'' === Expressing ''past'' with '''aj-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>aj</u>ber'''....''to pass, relegate to the past'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>aj</u>der'''....''to evoke, hearken, recount'' ::* '''embier'''....''to occupy'' → '''<u>aj</u>embier'''....''to haunt'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>aj</u>texer'''....''to reminisce, to reflect'' ::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''<u>aj</u>uvtosder'''....''to apologize'' ::* '''nexer'''....''to store'' → '''<u>aj</u>nexer'''....''to archive'' === Expressing ''present'' with '''ej-''' === ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>ej</u>buer'''....''to present'' ::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''<u>ej</u>eser'''....''to attend, to be present'' ::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''<u>ej</u>nuxer'''....''to pay cash'' ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''<u>ej</u>tuer'''....''to update'' ::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''<u>ej</u>uvtosder'''....''to apologize'' === Expressing a stretched out action with '''yag-''' (''long'') === ::* '''beser'''....''to stay'' → '''<u>yag</u>beser'''....''to linger'' ::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''<u>yag</u>bexer'''....''to conserve, preserve'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>yag</u>daler'''....''to ramble'' ::* '''dodaler'''....''to orate'' → '''<u>yag</u>dodaler'''....''to harangue'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>yag</u>fer'''....''to yearn, pine'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>yag</u>teaxer'''....''to stare'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>yag</u>fer'''....''to yearn, pine'' === Expressing a brief action with '''yog-''' (''short'') === ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>yog</u>drer'''....''to abbreviate'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>yog</u>teaxer'''....''to glance at'' ::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''<u>yog</u>tujer'''....''to snooze, nap'' ::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' → '''<u>yog</u>gobler'''....''to cut short, truncate'' === Some Hybrid Prefixes === The prefix '''kui-''' is a hybrid of '''ku-''' (''lateral'') and '''ki-''' (''diagonal'') ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>kui</u>per'''....''to wobble'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>kui</u>tyoper'''....''to limp'' The prefix '''zao-''' is a truncated hybrid of '''zay-''' (''forward'') and '''zoy-''' (''backwards''), eg: ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>zao</u>baser'''....''to rock'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zao</u>per'''....''to alternate'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>kui</u>beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''<u>kui</u>pyoser'''....''to pendulate'' The prefix '''yaob-''' is a hybrid of '''yab-''' (''up'') and '''yob-''' (''down''). The final '''b-''' is assimilated or dropped before a '''b''' or '''p'''. ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>yao</u>baser'''....''to bob'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>yao</u>per'''....''to heave'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>yao</u>beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry'' ::* '''peper'''....''to ride'' → '''<u>yao</u>peper'''....''to jounce'' ::* '''puser'''....''to jump'' → '''<u>yao</u>puser'''....''to hop, bounce'' The prefix '''bui-''' is a hybrid of '''bu-''' (''to'') and '''bi-''' (''from''), eg: ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>bui</u>drer'''....''to correspond'' ::* '''-er'''....''to x'' → '''<u>bui</u>er'''....''to trade'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>bui</u>beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>bui</u>xer'''....''to push and pull, spring'' ::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''<u>bui</u>poper'''....''to travel to and fro, travel round trip'' The prefix '''uiz-''' is a hybrid of '''uz-''' (''crooked'') and '''iz-''' (''straight''), eg: ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>uiz</u>drer'''....''to squiggle'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>uiz</u>der'''....''to equivocate'' ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>uiz</u>baser'''....''to wiggle, to squirm'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>uiz</u>per'''....''to careen, reel'' ::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>uiz</u>paser'''....''to swerve, yaw'' The prefix '''zui-''' is a hybrid of '''zu-''' (''left'') and '''zi-''' (''right''), eg: ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>uiz</u>drer'''....''to squiggle'' ::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''<u>zui</u>buxer'''....''to push around'' ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>zui</u>baser'''....''to sway, totter'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zui</u>per'''....''to zigzag'' ::* '''pasler'''....''to shake'' → '''<u>zui</u>pasler'''....''to wobble'' The prefix '''aoyeb-''' is a hybrid of '''(a)yeb-''' (''in'') and '''oyeb-''' (''out''), eg: ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>aoye</u>ber'''....''to insert and extract'' ::* '''tiexer'''....''to breathe'' → '''<u>aoye</u>tiexer'''....''to breath in and out'' ::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''<u>aoye</u>paper'''....''to fly in and out'' The prefix '''aob-''' is a hybrid of '''ab-''' (''on'') and '''ob-''' (''off''), eg: ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ao</u>ber'''....''to put on and off'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>ao</u>per'''....''to get on and off, embark and disembark'' The prefix '''vao-''' is a hybrid of '''va-''' (''yes'') and '''vo-''' (''no''), eg: ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vao</u>der'''....''to decide'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>vao</u>daler'''....''to waffle'' ::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''<u>vao</u>duder'''....''to answer yes or no'' ::* '''kyaxer'''....''to change'' → '''<u>vao</u>kyaxer'''....''to redact'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>vao</u>texer'''....''to deliberate, vacillate'' The prefix '''uij''' is a hybrid of '''uj-''' (''end'') and '''ij-''' (''begin'') ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>uij</u>ber'''....''to switch off and on'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>uij</u>daler'''....''to stutter'' The prefix '''yuij''' is a hybrid of '''yuj-''' (''close'') and '''yij-''' (''open'') ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>yuij</u>ber'''....''to open and close, blink'' The prefix '''huim''' is a hybrid of '''hum''' (''there'') and '''him''' (''there'') ::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''<u>huim</u>paper'''....''to fly here and yon'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>huim</u>per'''....''to wander'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>huim</u>kexer'''....''to search high and low'' === Different Nuances of '''teaxer''' with Prefixes === <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;";> ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look, behold, regard'' ::* '''aybteaxer'''....''to supervise, look over'' ::* '''ajteaxer'''....''to look back on (retrospect)'' ::* '''eynteaxer'''....''to squint'' ::* '''fizteaxer'''....''to respect'' ::* '''fuzteaxer'''....''to disrespect'' ::* '''gawteaxer'''....''to review, re-look'' ::* '''hyuitteaxer'''....''to look at one another'' ::* '''ibteaxer'''....''to ignore'' ::* '''igteaxer'''....''to glance, glimpse'' ::* '''ifteaxer'''....''to marvel at'' ::* '''izteaxer'''....''to view directly, confront, aim'' ::* '''jateaxer'''....''to preview'' ::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch, observe'' ::* '''joteaxer'''....''to review'' ::* '''kateaxer'''....''to look for'' ::* '''keteaxer'''....''to scan'' ::* '''kiteaxer'''....''to look askance'' ::* '''koteaxer'''....''to peek, spy'' ::* '''kozyeteaxer'''....''to peep'' ::* '''kozyoteaxer'''....''to peer'' ::* '''kuteaxer'''....''to observe'' ::* '''kyeteaxer'''....''to browse'' ::* '''kyoteaxer'''....''to stare, glare'' ::* '''oteaxer'''....''to ignore, overlook'' ::* '''ufteaxer'''....''to glare, leer'' ::* '''ugteaxer'''....''to gaze'' ::* '''yagteaxer'''....''to gape, gawk'' ::* '''yebteaxer'''....''to inspect'' ::* '''yibteaxer'''....''to view from afar'' ::* '''yogteaxer'''....''to glance at'' ::* '''yokteaxer'''....''to get a glimpse of'' ::* '''yubteaxer'''....''to examine'' ::* '''yuibteaxer'''....''to look near and far'' ::* '''yuzteaxer'''....''to look around, circumspect'' ::* '''yanteaxer'''....''to view together'' ::* '''yizteaxer'''....''to look beyond, overlook'' ::* '''vyateaxer'''....''to investigate, check out'' ::* '''vyoteaxer'''....''to view wrongly'' ::* '''zateaxer'''....''to face, confront'' ::* '''zayteaxer'''....''to look ahead, expect'' ::* '''zoyteaxer'''....''to look back'' ::* '''zeyteaxer'''....''to look across'' ::* '''ziteaxer'''....''to look to the right'' ::* '''zuteaxer'''....''to look to the left'' ::* '''zuiteaxer'''....''to look right and left'' ::* '''zyateaxer'''....''to look all over, survey'' ::* '''zyeteaxer'''....''to look through, peruse'' ::* '''zyoteaxer'''....''to squint'' ::* '''yobteaxer'''....''to look down'' ::* '''yaobteaxer'''....''to look up and down'' ::* '''zaoteaxer'''....''to look back and forth'' ::* '''yabteaxer'''....''to look up'' ::* '''yubketeaxer'''....''to pry'' ::* '''uzteaxer'''....''to look indirectly at'' ::* '''oyebteaxer'''....''to look out'' ::* '''ojteaxer'''....''to peer into the future'' ::* '''marteaxer'''....''to star-gaze'' ::* '''tabteaxer'''....''to autopsy'' </div> == Modal Verbs == : Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are usually followed by the main verb in the infinitive or a subjunctive dependent clause and have to do with wanting, permitting, prohibiting, being able, being unable, needing, being obliged to do something, etc. ==== Principal Modal Auxiliary Verbs ==== [[File:Ladies Should Listen poster.jpg|thumb|]] : Mirad has a set of modal auxiliary verbs that can be followed by a main verb in the infinitive mode. This is very much like Enlish modal auxiliary verbs in the following examples: ::* ''I <u>want</u> to go.'' ::* ''You <u>must</u> wait.'' ::* ''You <u>may</u> stay.'' ::* ''I <u>dare</u> say.'' : Here is a chart showing the main modal auxiliary verbs in Mirad: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Principle Modal Auxiliary Verbs |- ! Type !! Positive !! Negative |- ! Permission | '''afer'''....''may''<br>'''ayfer'''....''might'' || '''ofer'''....''may not''<br>'''oyfer'''....''might not'' |- ! Ability | '''yafer'''....''can''||'''yofer'''....''cannot'' |- ! Need | '''efer'''....''need to'' || |- ! Obligation | '''yefer'''....''must''<br>'''yeyfer'''....''should'' ||'''oyefer'''....''must not''<br>'''oyeyfer'''....''should not'' |- ! Desire | '''fer'''....''want to'' || |- ! Enjoyment | '''ifer'''....''love to, enjoy''<br>'''iyfer'''....''like to'' || '''ufer'''....''hate to''<br>'''uyfer'''....''dislike to'' |- ! Courage |'''yifer'''....''dare to'' || '''yufer'''....''be afraid to, fear'' |- ! Liberty | '''yiver'''....''have a right to, be free to'' || '''yuver'''....''be bound to, be supposed to'' |- ! Expectation | '''yaker'''....''expect to'' || '''yoker'''....''be surprised to'' |- ! Conation | '''yeker'''....''try to'' || |} : These modal auxiliary verbs are often followed by a verbal infinitive, as in the following examples: ::* '''At fe <u>ter</u>.'''....''I want <u>to know</u>.'' ::* '''Wit yifa <u>yeper</u>.'''....''He dared <u>to enter</u>.'' ::* '''Yat yafe <u>teater</u> yet.'''....''We can <u>see</u> you.'' ::* '''Duven et yaka <u>aker</u>?'''....''Did you expect <u>to win</u>?'' ::* '''Diwe yeku <u>xer</u> ga fi.'''....''Please try <u>to do</u> better.'' : If the modal verb is in the hypothetical aspect (conditional), then the sense is somewhat mitigated, as in these examples: :* '''At <u>fe</u> per.'''....''I <u>want</u> to go.'' :* '''At <u>fu</u> per.'''....''I <u>would</u> like to go.'' :* '''Et <u>yafe</u> aker.'''....''You <u>can</u> win.'' :* '''Et <u>yafu</u> aker.'''....''You <u>could</u> win.'' :* '''Yet <u>yefe</u> iper.'''....''You <u>must</u> leave.'' :* '''Yet <u>yefu</u> iper.'''....''You <u>ought</u> to leave.'' : Post-y-gliding the stem vowel of the modal verb also reduces the strength, for example: :* '''At <u>ife</u> et.''' ....''I <u>love</u> you.'' :* '''At <u>iyfe</u> et.''' ....''I <u>like</u> you.'' :* '''Et <u>yefe</u> iper.'''....''You <u>must</u> leave.'' :* '''Et <u>yeyfe</u> iper.'''....''You <u>should</u> leave.'' :* '''Iyt <u>yafe</u> aker.'''....''She <u>can</u> win.'' :* '''Iyt <u>yayfe</u> aker.'''....''She <u>might</u> win.'' :* '''At <u>ufa</u> uda tuz.'''....''I <u>hated</u> that art.'' :* '''At <u>uyfa</u> uda tuz.'''....''I <u>disliked</u> that art.'' : The use of '''l''' and '''r''' intensify the meaning of the auxiliary verbs, eg: :* '''Et <u>yuve</u> puer jwe.'''....''You <u>are supposed</u> to arrive on time.'' :* '''Et <u>yuvle</u> tepzexer.'''....''You <u>have</u> to pay attention.'' :* '''Et <u>yuvre</u> buer nas.'''....''You <u>absolutely must</u> give money.'' :* '''At <u>yeka</u> ser yeva.'''....''I <u>tried</u> to be fair.'' :* '''At <u>yekla</u> ujber jwa.'''....''I <u>strove</u> to finish early.'' :* '''At <u>yekra</u> nixer ga nas.'''....''I <u>struggled (= worked hard))</u> to earn more money.'' :* '''Iyt <u>ife</u> eker zyun.'''....''She <u>loves</u> to play ball.'' :* '''Iyt <u>ifla</u> teater et.'''....''She <u>was delighted</u> to see you.'' :* '''Iyt <u>ifre</u> teaper him.'''....''She <u>adores</u> visiting here.'' : Here are some examples showing how these modal verbs are used as auxiliaries: ::* '''Et <u>afe</u> oyeper ay ifeker.'''....''You <u>may</u> go out and play.'' ::* '''Yat <u>efa</u> tujer.'''....''We <u>needed</u> to sleep.'' ::* '''Ot <u>ofe</u> mavier him.'''....''One <u>is prohibited</u> to smoke here.'' ::* '''Mavier him <u>ofwe</u>.'''....''Smoking here is prohibited.'' ::* '''At <u>ife</u> dyeer.'''....''I <u>love</u> to read.'' ::* '''Duven et <u>fe</u> yeper?'''....''Do you <u>want</u> to come in?'' ::* '''At <u>fu</u> teaper et edjub.'''....''I <u>would like</u> to visit you some day.'' ::* '''It <u>ufaye hyaj</u> teaxwer.'''....''He <u>has always hated</u> being looked at.'' ::* '''Duven et <u>iyfe</u> per tilami?'''....''Do you <u>like</u> going to bars?'' ::* '''At <u>uyfe</u> tijer gra jwa.'''....''I <u>dislike</u> waking up too early.'' ::* '''Et <u>yafe</u> xer hyehos et fu.'''....''You <u>can</u> do whatever you like.'' ::* '''Et <u>yefer</u> xer ad vyaas.'''....''You <u>must</u> do the right thing.'' ::* '''Et <u>yeyfe</u> voy daler huuyen azay.'''....''You <u>should</u> not talk so loud.'' ::* '''At <u>yeyfa</u> ter ga fi.'''....''I <u>should have</u> known better.'' ::* '''At <u>voy yifu</u> der hyea fuas.'''....''I <u>would not dare</u> say anything bad.'' ::* '''<u>Von yufu</u> der hos et tesde.'''....''<u>Don't be afraid</u> to say what you mean.'' ::* '''Et <u>yive</u> dier yevanavdut.'''....''You <u>have a right</u> to ask for a lawyer.'' ::* '''Yat <u>voy yuvle</u> kyoejer.'''....''We <u>are not bound</u> to stick around.'' === Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms === :: All of these modal verbs can be passive, in which case they are "patient-oriented" rather than "subject-oriented." The participial adjective '''yafa'''....''able'' is subject-oriented and refers to a person, whereas the passived adjective '''yafwa'''....''possible'' is patient-oriented and refers to a thing or event. Here is a chart of the principal modal verbs and corresponding participial adjectives with this subject/object-orientation distinction shown: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms |- ! Modal Type || Subject-oriented !! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented !! Patient-oriented |- ! !! Verb !! Adjective !! Verb !! Adjective |- !row=1| Permission | '''afer'''<br>''may'' || '''afa'''<br>''allowed'' || '''afwer'''<br>''be permitted'' || '''afwa'''<br>''permissable'' |- !row=1| Necessity | '''efer'''<br>''need'' || '''efa'''<br>''needful'' || '''efwer'''<br>''be necessary'' || '''efwa'''<br>''necessary, required'' |- !row=1| Prohibition | '''ofer'''<br>''be unallowed'' || '''ofa'''<br>''prohibited'' || '''ofwer'''<br>''be prohibited'' || '''ofwa'''<br>''banned'' |- !row=1| Possibility | '''yafer'''<br>''be able'' || '''yafa'''<br>''able'' || '''yafwer'''<br>''be possible'' || '''yafwa'''<br>''possible'' |- !row=1| Obligation | '''yefer'''<br>''must'' || '''yefa'''<br>''obliged'' || '''yefwer'''<br>''be obligatory'' || '''yefwa'''<br>''obligatory'' |- !row=1| Duty | '''yeyfer'''<br>''should'' || '''yeyfa'''<br>''supposed, duty-bound'' || '''yeyfwer'''<br>''be supposed'' || '''yeyfwa'''<br>''due'' |- !row=1| Impossibility | '''yofer'''<br>''be unable'' || '''yofa'''<br>''unable'' || '''yofwer'''<br>''be impossible'' || '''yofwa'''<br>''impossible'' |- !row=1| Volition | '''fer'''<br>''want'' || '''fa'''<br>''desirous'' || '''fwer'''<br>''be desirable'' || '''fwa'''<br>''desirable, wanted'' |- !row=1| Love | '''ifer'''<br>''love''<br>'''iyfer'''<br>''like'' || '''ifa'''<br>''enamored''<br>'''iyfa'''<br>''fond'' || '''ifwer'''<br>''be loved''<br>'''iyfwer'''<br>''be liked'' || '''ifwa'''<br>''lovable''<br>'''iyfwa'''<br>''likeable'' |- !row=1| Hate | '''ufer'''<br>''hate''<br>'''uyfer'''<br>''dislike'' || '''ufa'''<br>''averse''<br>'''uyfa'''<br>''displeased''|| '''ufwer'''<br>''be hated''<br>'''uyfwer'''<br>''be disliked'' || '''ufwa'''<br>''odious''<br>''unliked'' |- !row=1| Courage | '''yifer'''<br>''dare'' || '''yifa'''<br>''daring, brave'' || '''yifwer'''<br>''be safe'' || '''yifwa'''<br>''safe'' |- !row=1| Fear | '''yufer'''<br>''be afraid'' || '''yufa'''<br>''afraid'' || '''yufwer'''<br>''be a danger'' || '''yufwa'''<br>''frightening'' |- !row=1| Joy | '''iver'''<br>''enjoy'' || '''iva'''<br>''glad'' || '''ivwer'''<br>''be a joy'' || '''ivwa'''<br>''enjoyable'' |- !row=1| Sorrow | '''uver'''<br>''be sorry'' || '''uva'''<br>''sorry, sad'' || '''uvwer'''<br>''be a shame'' || '''uvwa'''<br>''regrettable'' |} : Examples of subject-oriented forms: ::* '''At se <u>yafa</u> xer hes.'''....''I <u>am capable of</u> doing anything.'' ::* '''Et <u>ofe</u> teater hia dyezun.'''....''You <u>are not allowed/are prohibited</u> to see this film.'' ::* '''Duven at <u>afe</u> per hum?'''....''Am I <u>allowed</u> to go there?'' ::* '''Yat <u>fu</u> ter eta dyun.'''....''We <u>would like</u> to know your name.'' ::* '''Piti <u>ufe</u> beser be mel.'''....''Fish <u>hate</u> to remain on dry land.'' ::* '''At ajay <u>ifa</u> dazer.'''....''I once <u>loved</u> to dance.'' ::* '''Et se iva, at <u>yife</u> der.'''....''You are beautiful, I <u>dare</u> say.'' ::* '''At <u>yeyfa</u> xer has ga ig.'''....''I <u>should</u> have done it sooner.'' ::* '''Von <u>yufu</u>; At yupeye.'''....''<u>Fear</u> not; I am coming.'' ::* '''Et <u>yefe</u> puer ja eymaj.'''....''You <u>must</u> arrive before noon.'' ::* '''Yet <u>yofe</u> daler je ha dezun.'''....''You people <u>must not</u> talk during the performance.'' ::* '''Yat <u>yeyfe</u> (= se <u>yeyfa</u>) aker.'''....''We should (= are <u>bound/supposed/due</u>) to win.'' ::* '''At <u>ive</u> teater et bakser.'''....''I<u>'m glad</u> to see you get better.'' ::* '''Su <u>iva</u>.'''....''Be <u>happy</u>.'' ::* '''At <u>uvu (= su uva)</u> teater et iper.'''....''I <u>would be sad</u> to see you leave.'' : Examples of patient-oriented forms: ::* '''<u>Afwe</u> (= se afwa) mavier him.'''....''<u>It is permissible</u> to smoke here.'' ::* '''<u>Ofwe</u> (= se ofwa*) puxer fyumul him.'''....''<u>It is prohibited</u> to throw litter here.'' ::* '''<u>Fwe</u> (= se fwa) van yet dolu.'''....''<u>It is desired</u> that you stop talking.'' ::* '''<u>Voy yafwe</u> beser him gajob.'''....''<u>It is not possible</u> to remain here any longer.'' ::* '''<u>Yofwa</u> av at ivteuder.'''....''<u>It was not possible</u> for me to laugh.'' ::* '''<u>Yefwe</u> van et piu ig.'''....''<u>It is essential</u> that you leave quickly.'' ::* '''He <u>yeyfwe</u> ober ata tyoyafi?'''....''Is <u>it obligatory</u> to remove my shoes?'' ::* '''Ga yux <u>efwo</u>.'''....''More help <u>will be needed</u>.'' ::* '''Yuxren se <u>ufwa</u> xetyen.'''....''Slavery is an <u>odious</u> practice.'' ::* '''<u>Uvwe</u> van wit oka.'''....''<u>It's a shame</u> that he lost.'' :: *<small>'''lofwa''' is used for ''unwanted'' for disambiguation purposes.</small> === Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems === : Various causative verbs can be formed from modal stems, as shown in the chart below: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems |- ! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented |- | '''afxer'''....''allow'' (someone to do sthg.) || '''afwaxer'''....''permit'' (something to be done) |- | '''efxer'''....''require'' || '''efwaxer'''....''necessitate'' |- | '''ofxer'''....''prohibit'' || '''ofwaxer'''....''prohibit'' |- | '''yafxer'''....''enable'' || '''yafwaxer'''....''make possible'' |- | '''yefxer'''....''oblige'' || '''yefwaxer'''....''make obligatory'' |- | '''yofxer'''....''cripple'' || '''yofwaxer'''....''disable'' |- | '''yifxer'''....''embolden'' || '''yifwaxer'''....''make safe'' |- | '''yufxer'''....''intimidate'' || '''yufwaxer'''....''make frightening'' |- | '''ifxer'''....''please'' || '''ifwaxer'''....''make pleasant'' |} === Creating Modal Verbs and Adjectives with Modal Stem Suffixes === : Verb stems can be suffixed with modal participles to produce related modal verbs and adjectives. The first chart shows the modal participles themselves that can be suffixed to verb stems. Subject-oriented forms refer only to people, while patient-oriented forms (ending in '''-wa''') refer only to things. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Modal Suffixes |- ! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented |- | '''-yafa'''....''able to X, -able'' || '''-yafwa'''....''possible to X'' |- | '''-yofa'''....''unable to X'' || '''-yofwa'''....''impossible to X'' |- | '''-ifa'''....''fond of Xing, Xophile'' || '''-ifwa'''....''enjoyable to X'' |- | '''-ufa'''....''averse to Xing, Xophobic'' ||'''-ufwa'''....''unenjoyable to X'' |- | '''-yika'''....''hard of Xing'' || '''-yikwa'''....''hard to X'' |- | '''-yuka'''....''comfortable/easy Xing'' || '''-yukwa'''....''easy to X'' |- | '''-yaka'''....''expecting to X'' || '''yakwa'''....''expected/likely to X'' |- | '''-efa'''....''in need of Xing'' || '''-efwa'''....''necessary to X'' |- | '''-yefa'''....''obliged to X'' || '''-yefwa'''....''obligatory/due to X'' |- | '''-yufa'''....''afraid of Xing'' || '''-yufwa'''....''frightening to X'' |} : This table shows some of these modal suffixes applied to actual verb and noun stems: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Modals and Orientation |- ! Orientation !! Positive Adjective !! Positive Verb !! Negative Adjective !! Negative Verb |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''teatyafa'''<br>''able to see, sighted'' || '''teatyafer'''<br>''be able to see'' || '''teatyofa'''<br>''blind'' || '''teatyofer'''<br>''be blind'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''teatyafwa'''<br>''visible'' || '''teatyafwer'''<br>''be visible'' || '''teatyofwa'''<br>''invisible'' || '''teatyofwer'''<br>''be invisible'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''teetyafa'''<br>''able to hear, hearing'' || '''teetyafer'''<br>''be able to hear'' || '''teetyofa'''<br>''deaf'' || '''teatyofer'''<br>''be deaf'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''teetyafwa'''<br>''audible'' || '''teetyafwer'''<br>''be audible'' || '''teeyofwa'''<br>''inaudible'' || '''teeyofwer'''<br>''be inaudiable'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''dalyafa'''<br>''able to speak'' || '''dalyafer'''<br>''be able to speak'' || '''dalyofa'''<br>''mute, dumb'' || '''dalyofer'''<br>''be mute, dumb'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''doabifa'''<br>''patriotic'' || '''doabifer'''<br>''be patriotic'' || '''doabufa'''<br>''rebellious'' || '''doabufer'''<br>''rebel'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tosyafa'''<br>''sensitive'' || '''tosyafer'''<br>''be able to feel'' || '''tosyofa'''<br>''insensitive'' || '''tosyofer'''<br>''be numbed'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''tayotyafwa'''<br>''palpable'' || '''tayotyafwer'''<br>''be palpable'' || '''tayotyofwa'''<br>''numb'' || '''tayotyofwer'''<br>''be impalbable, numb'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''testyukwa'''<br>''easy to understand'' || '''testyukwaxer'''<br>''make easily understood'' || '''testyikwa'''<br>''hard to understand'' || '''testyikwaxer'''<br>''make hard to understand'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tudyaka'''<br>''pregnant, expecting'' || '''tudyaker'''<br>''be expecting''|| || |- !row=1| '''Patient''' |'''mamilyakwa'''<br>''likely to rain'' || '''mamilyakwer'''<br>''to be expected to rain''|| '''mamilyokwa'''<br>''unlikely to rain''|| '''mamilyokwer'''<br>''to be unlikely to rain'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tilefa'''<br>''thirsty'' || '''tilefer'''<br>''be thirsty'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''telefa'''<br>''hungry'' || '''telefer'''<br>''be hungry'' || || |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''tejefwa'''<br>''vital'' || '''tejefwer'''<br>''be vital'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tujefa'''<br>''sleepy'' || '''tujefer'''<br>''be sleepy'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''nasefa'''<br>''poor, needy'' || '''nasefer'''<br>''be needy'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''dudyefa'''<br>''accountable, responsible'' || '''dudyefer'''<br>''be responsible'' || || |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''texiyefwa'''<br>''noteworthy'' || '''texiyefwer'''<br>''be noteworthy'' || || |} == Sensing Verbs == : Verbs involving the senses, such as sight or hearing, follow a similar pattern, as the following chart shows: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Sensing Verbs |- valign=top ! TYPE !! '''teab'''....''eye''<br>'''teata'''....''visual'' !! '''teeb'''....''ear''<br>'''teeta'''....''acoustic'' !! '''teib'''....''nose''<br>'''teita'''....''olfactory'' !! '''teub'''....''mouth''<br>'''teuta'''....''gustatory'' !! '''tayob'''....''skin''<br>'''tayota'''....''tactile'' |- valign=top !row=1| Receptive<br>Active | '''teater'''<br>''see'' || '''teeter'''<br>''hear'' || '''teiter'''<br>''smell'' || '''teuter'''<br>''taste'' || '''tayoter'''<br>''feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Receptive<br>Passive | '''teatwer'''<br>''be seen'' || '''teetwer'''<br>''be heard'' || '''teitwer'''<br>''be smelled'' || '''teutwer'''<br>''be tasted'' || '''tayotwer'''<br>''be felt'' |- valign=top !row=1| Stative | '''teaser'''<br>''seem'' || '''teeser'''<br>''sound'' || '''teiser'''<br>''smell'' || '''teuser'''<br>''taste'' || '''tayoser'''<br>''feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Dynamic<br>Active | '''teaxer'''<br>''look at'' || '''teexer'''<br>''listen'' || '''teixer'''<br>''sniff'' || '''teuxer'''<br>''taste'' || '''tayoxer'''<br>''touch'' |- valign=top !row=1| Dynamic<br>Passive | '''teaxwer'''<br>''be looked at'' || '''teexwer'''<br>''be listened to'' || '''teixwer'''<br>''be sniffed'' || '''teuxwer'''<br>''be tasted'' || '''tayoxwer'''<br>''be touched'' |- valign=top !row=1| Causative<br>Active | '''teatuer'''<br>''show'' || '''teetuer'''<br>''make hear'' || '''teixuer'''<br>''make smell'' || '''teuxuer'''<br>''offer a taste'' || '''tayoxuer'''<br>''make feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Causative<br>Passive | '''teatuwer'''<br>''be shown'' || '''teetuwer'''<br>''be made to hear'' || '''teituwer'''<br>''be made to smell'' || '''teutuwer'''<br>''be given a taste'' || '''tayotuwer'''<br>''be made to feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Inchoative<br>Active | '''teatier'''<br>''perceive,''<br>''catch sight of'' || '''teetier'''<br>''catch the<br>sound of'' || '''teitier'''<br>''get a whiff of'' || '''teutuer'''<br>''get a taste of'' || '''tayotier'''<br>''get the sensation of'' |- valign=top !row=1| Inchoative<br>Passive | '''teatiwer'''<br>''be perceived'' || '''teetiwer'''<br>''be heard'' || '''teitiwer'''<br>''be whiffed'' || '''teutiwer'''<br>''be tasted'' || '''tayotiwer'''<br>''be felt'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Stative | '''teatyofer'''<br>''be blind'' || '''teetyofer'''<br>''be deaf'' || '''teityofer'''<br>''be unable to smell'' || '''teityofer'''<br>''be unable to taste'' || '''tayotyofer'''<br>''be insensitive'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Stative | '''teatyofwer'''<br>''be invisible'' || '''teetyofwer'''<br>''be inaudible'' || '''teityofwer'''<br>''be undetectable<br>odorwise'' || '''teityofwer'''<br>''be insipid'' || '''tayotyofwer'''<br>''be undetectable<br>by touch'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Causative | '''teatyofxer'''<br>''blind'' || '''teetyofxer'''<br>''deafen'' || '''teityofxer'''<br>''desensitize<br>to smell'' || '''teutyofxer'''<br>''desensitize to<br>taste'' || '''tayotyofxer'''<br>''desensitize'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Causative | '''teatyofwaxer'''<br>''make invisible'' || '''teetyofwaxer'''<br>''make inaudible'' || '''teityofwaxer'''<br>''make odorless'' || '''teutyofwaxer'''<br>''render tasteless'' || '''tayotyofwaxer'''<br>''numb'' |} : Examples of usage: :* '''At <u>teatyofxwa</u> bey ha mani.'''....''I <u>was blinded</u> by the lights.'' :* '''Ha xeus sa <u>teetyofxyea</u>.'''....''The noise was <u>deafening</u>.'' :* '''Hia tit se gla <u>teatiyafa</u>.'''....''This pupil is very <u>perceptive</u>.'' :* '''Hua bekil se <u>teityofwa</u>.'''....''That medicine is <u>odorless</u> (impossible to smell).'' :* '''<u>Teatyofwaxu</u> ha vyuni.'''....''<u>Make</u> the spots <u>invisible</u>.'' :* '''Ha magmemyaz yonpyexlun <u>tayotyafwa</u> zya ha mir.'''....''The volcano eruption <u>could be felt</u> throughout the world.'' == Frequentative Verbs == :Frequentative verbs or repetitive action verbs can be formed with the infix '''-eg-''' placed between the verb stem and verb ending, eg.: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Frequentative Verbs |- ! Normal !! Frequentative |- | '''pyaser'''....''jump''||'''pyas<u>eg</u>er'''....''bounce'' |- | '''paper'''....''fly''||'''pap<u>eg</u>er'''....''flitter'' |- | '''kobirer'''....''steal''||'''kobir<u>eg</u>er'''....''pilfer'' |- | '''basrer'''....''shake''||'''basreger'''....''vibrate'' |} == Hybridized Verbs == : Verbs that involve motion directions that change back and forth can be formed by hybridizing the stem vowel or the vowel of the vectorial prefix. Here are some examples: <small> ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Hybridized Verbs |- ! First Verb !! Second Verb !! Hybridized Verb |- | '''pyaser'''....''jump''|| '''pyoser'''....''fall'' || '''pyaoser'''....''bounce, undulate'' |- | '''buer'''....''give'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''buier'''....''exchange'' |- | '''nuer'''....''furnish'' || '''nier'''....''consume'' || '''nuier'''....''trade'' |- | '''tuer'''....''inform'' || '''tier'''....''learn'' || '''tuier'''....''communicate'' |- | '''yaper'''....''ascend'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' || '''yaoper'''....''go up and down'' |- | '''zayper'''....''go forward'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' || '''zaoper'''....''vacillate'' |- | '''vader'''....''affirm'' || '''voder'''....''deny'' || '''vaoder'''....''decide'' |- | '''yijber'''....''open'' || '''yujber'''....''close'' || '''uijber'''....''valve'' |- | '''baser'''....''stir'' || '''boser'''....''be still'' || '''baoser'''....''vibrate'' |} </small> == Multi-stem Verbs == : Here are a few verbs in Mirad that are composed of two verb stems: <small> ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Multi-stem Verbs |- ! First Verb Stem !! Second Verb Stem !! Multi-stem Verb |- | '''nix-'''....''to earn'' || '''bu-'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' |- | '''nux-'''....''to pay'' || '''bi-'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' |- | '''f(e)-'''....''to want'' || '''d-'''....''to say'' || '''feder'''....''to mean'' |- | '''f(e)-'''....''to want'' || '''t-'''....''to know'' || '''feter'''....''to wonder'' |- | '''yek-'''....''to try'' || '''bi-'''....''to take'' || '''yekbier'''....''to acquire'' |- | '''yek-'''....''to try'' || '''ak-'''....''to win'' || '''yekaker'''....''to court, woo'' |- | '''yek-'''....''to try'' || '''ti-'''....''to find out'' || '''yektier'''....''to inquire'' |- | '''tea(t)-'''....''to see'' || '''pix-'''....''to catch'' ||'''teapixer'''....''to catch sight of'' |- | '''teat-'''....''to see'' || '''ok-'''....''to lose'' || '''teatoker'''....''to lose sight of'' |- | '''ef-'''....''to need'' || '''kyox-'''....''to fixate'' || '''efkyoxer'''....''to addict'' |- | '''af-'''....''to allow'' || '''d-'''....''to say'' || '''afder'''....''to authorize'' |- | '''of-'''....''to be prohibited'' || '''d-'''....''to say'' || '''ofder'''....''to ban'' |- | '''of-'''....''to be prohibited'' || '''bi-'''....''to take'' || '''ofbier'''....'''to steal''' |- | '''of-'''....''to be prohibited'' || '''boyx-'''....''to deprive'' || '''ofboyxer'''....''to rob'' |- | '''of-'''....''to be prohibited'' || '''emkyox-'''....''to settle'' || '''ofemkyoxer'''....''to squat'' |- | '''of-'''....''to be prohibited'' || '''f-'''....''to want'' || '''offer'''....''to covet'' |- | '''tex-'''....''to think'' || '''d-'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention'' |- | '''ke(x)-'''....''to seek''|| '''bi-'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''*....''to choose'' |- | '''ke(x)-'''....''to seek''|| '''vyax-'''....''to verify'' || '''kevyaxer'''....''to experiment'' |- | '''ke(x)-'''....''to seek'' || '''ti-'''....''to find out'' || '''kextier'''....''to be interested in'' |- | '''ko(x)-'''....''to hide'' || '''bel-'''....''to carry'' || '''kobeler'''....''to smuggle'' |- | '''ko(x)-'''....''to hide'' || '''bes-'''....''to dwell'' || '''kobeser'''....''to haunt'' |- | '''ko(x)-'''....''to hide'' || '''bu-'''....''to give'' || '''kobuer'''....''to bribe'' |- | '''ko(x)-'''....''to hide'' || '''dr-'''....''to write'' || '''kodrer'''....''to encipher'' |- | '''ko(x)-'''....''to hide'' || '''ebkyax-'''....''to exchange'' || '''koebkyaxler'''....''to traffic'' |- | '''ko(x)-'''....''to hide'' || '''ex-'''....''to operate'' || '''koexer'''....''to spy'' |- | '''ko(x)-'''....''to hide'' || '''jadr-'''....''to plan'' || '''kojadrer'''....''to plot'' |- | '''ka(x)-'''....''to find'' || '''b-'''....''to put'' || '''kaber'''....''to expose'' |- | '''ka(x)-'''....''to find'' || '''d-'''....''to say'' || '''kader'''....''to reveal'' |- | '''ka(x)-'''....''to find'' || '''p-'''....''to go'' || '''kaper'''....''to venture'' |- | '''ka(x)-'''....''to find'' || '''tu-'''....''to inform'' || '''katuer'''....''to disclose'' |- | '''f(e)-'''....''to want'' || '''t-'''....''to know'' || '''feter'''....''to wonder'' |- | '''je(x)-'''....''to continue'' || '''teax-'''....''to look'' || '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch'' |- | '''je(x)-'''....''to continue'' || '''bes-'''....''to stay'' || '''jebeser'''....''to stay on'' |- | '''je(x)-'''....''to continue'' || '''bex-'''....''to hold'' || '''jebexer'''....''to keep'' |- | '''ek-'''....''to play'' || '''axl-'''....''to act'' || '''ekaxler'''....''to pretend'' |} </small> :: * This is often simplified to '''kebier'''. == Expressing Habitual Actions and States == : Mirad uses the term '''gel jubyen''' (''as a habit'') to express a verb reflecting habitual action, eg: ::* '''At tijeya be yiwa jwobi gel jubyen.'''....''I used to wake up at 9 o'clock.'' (Lit. ''I was waking up at 9 o'clock as a habit.''). : The term '''hyujod'''....''one another occasion'' (or '''be aj'''....''in the past'') is use to express ''once (upon a time)'', eg: ::* '''At sa tuxut hyujod (~ be aj) sa tuxut.''' ....''I once was a teacher.'' : The term '''vyabxelay''' (''routinely'') can also be used, eg: ::* '''Yat eke duz yuz bi ha doym vyabxelay.'''....''We play music around town routinely.'' == Expressing an Immediate Past == : To express an immediate past, such as in the sentence ''"We have just gotten married."'', Mirad uses the adverb '''ejnay''' (''newly'') much like the word ''just'' in English: ::* '''Yat tadsaye <u>ejnay</u>.'''....''We have <u>just</u> gotten married.'' ::* '''<u>Ejnay</u> tadxwa.'''....''<u>Just</u> married.'' ::* '''Wit dokebiwa <u>ejnay</u>.'''....''He was <u>just</u> elected.'' ::* '''At ujbaya yex <u>ejnay</u> hoj iyt yebupa.'''....''I had <u>just</u> finished work when she came in.'' == Verb Predicate Types == : Mirad verb predicates can be classified as follows: :* '''''Voice''''' ::* Active (The subject is the doer of the action) ::* Passive (The subject is the receiver of the action) ::* Middle (The subject is both the agent and patient) ::* Reflexive (The subject is also the patient.) ::* Reciprocal (Plural subjects interact.) :* '''''Stativity''''' ::* Stative (Does not involve action) ::* Dynamic (Action is involved) :* '''''Valency''''' ::* Impersonal (There is no subject) ::* Transitive (There is an object) ::* Intransitive (There is no object) ::* Auto-transitive (The subject is a patient and there is no agent) ::* Anti-transitive (There is the patient but an agent is assumed) ::* Causative (Subject causes an action to be performed) ::* Copula (X is Y) :* '''''Other''''' ::* Modal (''can, must, should, wants to''...) ::* Auxiliary (''help to, hope to, prepare to'' + verb) ::* Motion (''run, go, ride''...) ::* Communication (''say, answer, claim that...'') ::* Gesture (''put, shake, hit...'') ::* State/Stative (''be, become, live, be born...'') ::* Action/Dynamic (''do, act, make'') {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightYellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Predicate Types |- ! Voice !! Stativity!! Valency !! Example |- | active || stative || impersonal, -agent, -object || '''Mamilo zajub.'''....''It will rain tomorrow.'' |- | active || stative || impersonal, -agent, +complement || '''Sa gla oma.'''....''It was very cold.'' |- | active || stative || impersonal, +subject || '''Ese het be ha mes.'''....''There is someone at the door.'' |- | active || stative || copula, subject + noun/adjective complement || '''Et se ata twud.'''....''You are my son.''<br>'''At aseye ebbyextipa.'''....''I am becoming angry.'' |- | middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient -agent -object || '''Iyt toja.'''....''She died'' |- | middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened.'' |- | active || stative || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Et bokso.'''....''You will get sick.'' |- | active || stative || transitive, sense, +subject +object || '''At teate et.'''....''I see you.'' |- | active || stative || transitive, modal, +subject +verb complement || '''At fe per.'''....''I want to go.'' |- | active || stative || intransitive, subject-oriented modal, -subject +verb complement || '''Yofwe teater.'''....''It is impossible to see.'' |- | passive || stative || patient-oriented modal, +subject || '''Mamil yakwe.'''....''Rain is expected.'' |- | middle || dynamic || anti-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' |- | active || dynamic || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Ha fab pyosa.'''....''The tree fell.'' |- | active || dynamic || transitive, +subject +-object || '''Yit pyoxa ha fab.'''....''They felled the tree.'' |- | passive || dynamic || intransitive, +subject, -object || '''Ha fabi pyoxwa.'''....''The trees were felled.'' |- | active || dynamic || transitive, +subject, +object|| '''Obu eta tef.'''....''Take your hat off.'' |- | active || dynamic || ditransitive, +subject, +object +object || '''Von et buu iyt ha nas.'''....''Don't give her the money.'' |- | active || dynamic || transitive, motion, +subject, +destination/origin || '''Yupu ha seem.'''....''Approach the bench.''<br>'''Pu tam!'''....''Go home!'' (''you'' implied) |- | active || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxo Jon.'''....''I will get my hair cut by John.'' |- | passive || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxwo.'''....''I will get my hair cut.'' |- | active || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''Yuxu at xer his.'''....''Help me do this.'' |- | passive || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''At tuxwa eker duz.'''....''I was taught to play music.'' |- | middle || dynamic || reflexive, +subject = patient, -object || '''Iyt uttojba.'''....''She killed herself.'' |- | active || dynamic || reciprocal, +subjects = patients || '''Yit voy hyuitdale gaj.'''....''They don't talk to one another anymore.'' |} <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Pronouns|Prepositions}}</noinclude> iapn4mqmx6i50akyvz9p8l05rkw4yxj 4498368 4498367 2025-06-02T17:51:57Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Expressing de-, dis-, un- with lo- */ 4498368 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{status|100%}}</noinclude> == The Verb Stem == [[File:Various forms of using the verb "to inform" in LSC.png|thumb|]] : Verbs in Mirad are listed in the dictionary under the present active infinitive (see [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs#Non-finite Forms]]), such as '''yexer'''....''to work''. The infinitive minus the '''er''' ending is the stem. The stem is used as the base for all other verbal instantiations. The infinitive as listed in the dictionary is usually active in voice, but occasionally a passive infinitive ending in '''-wer''' will be lexicalized because it is somehow special, so then, the stem is still the infinitive minus the '''-er''' ending. All Mirad verbs are conjugated in the same way and there are no exceptions. : This shows how to determine the '''''stem''''' of a verb listed in the dictionary: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Stems |- ! Simple Infinitive !! Stem<big>+</big>Infinitive Ending |- | '''yex<u>er</u>'''....''to work'' || '''yex<big>+</big>er''' |- | '''pos<u>er</u>'''....''to (come to a) stop'' || '''pos<big>+</big>er''' |- | '''x<u>er</u>'''....''to do'' || '''x<big>+</big>er''' |- | '''xw<u>er</u>'''....''to happen, be done'' (PASSIVE)|| '''xw<big>+</big>er''' |} === Verb Formants === : The active stem of verbs most often end in one of the following verb formants: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Formats |- ! Verb Formant !! Function !! Examples |- | '''-xer''' || action or causation || '''xer'''....''to do'', '''saxer'''....''to create'', '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'', '''yixer'''....''to use'' |- | '''-xler'''|| forceful action || '''yixler'''....''to employ'' |- | '''-xrer'''|| more forceful action || '''yixrer'''....''to wear out'' |- | '''-ber'''|| gesture || '''ber'''....''to put'', '''aber'''....''to apply'', '''yujber'''....''to close'' |- | '''-bler'''|| forceful gesture || '''yujbler'''....''to lock'' |- | '''-brer'''|| more foreful gesture || '''yobrer'''....''to knock down'' |- | '''-ser''' || state or becoming || '''ser'''....''to be'', '''eser'''....''to exist'', '''aser'''....''to become'', '''zyaser'''....''to widen, become wider'' |- | '''-per''' || motion or going || '''per'''....''to go'', '''yaper'''....''to ascend'', '''paper'''....''to fly'' |- | '''-ier'''|| action toward subject || '''bier'''....''to take'', '''nier'''....''to consume'', '''ifier'''.'..''to enjoy'', '''dier'''....''to ask'' |- | '''-uer'''|| action toward object || '''buer'''....''to give'', '''nuer'''....''to supply'', '''ifuer'''....''to please'', '''duer'''....''to suggest'' |- | '''-ner''' || various verbs || '''uxner'''....''to motivate'', '''axner'''....''to behave'' |- | '''-der''' || communication || '''der'''....''to say'', '''vader'''....''to affirm'', '''yevder'''....''to judge'' |- | '''-drer''' || writing || '''drer'''....''to write'', '''teedrer'''....''to report'', '''taxdrer'''....''to record'' |- | '''-ter''' || knowing || '''ter'''....''to know'', '''tester'''....''to understand'', '''teater'''....''to see'' |- | '''-fer''' || volition || '''fer'''....''to want'', '''ifer'''....''to love'', '''ufer'''....''to hate'' |- | '''-ver''' || some modal verbs || '''yiver'''....''to have a right to'', '''yuver'''....''to have a duty to'' |- | '''-ker''' || various verbs || '''aker'''....''to win'', '''oker'''....''to lose'', '''eker'''....''to play'' |- | '''-jer''' || opening/closing || '''ijer'''....''to begin'', '''ujer'''....''to end'', '''tajer'''....''to be born'', '''tojer'''....''to die'', '''yijer'''....''to open'' |- | '''-ler''' || various verbs || '''baler'''....''to press'', '''boler'''....''to support'', '''beler'''....''to carry'', '''daler'''....''to speak'' |- | '''-[aiu]rer'''|| tool use || '''ukarer'''....''to shovel'', '''purer'''....''to drive'', '''myekirer'''....''to mill'' |- | '''-zer'''|| perform an art || '''dazer'''....''to dance'', '''dezer'''....''to act'', '''deuzer'''...''to sing'' |} == Verb Categories == : Verbs have '''''morphological categories''''', which involve changes to the verb not always found in the dictionary, but developed through rule-bound affixation (such as ''live'', ''lives'', ''lived'', ''living''). They also have '''''lexical categories''''', which involve derived forms usually listed in dictionaries (''enjoy'', ''enjoyable'', ''enjoyment'') === Morphological Categories === :: Verbs are inflected with the following '''''morphological categories''''': ::* '''''2 states''''': finite, non-finite ::* '''''4 tenses''''': present, past, future, atemporal¹ ::* '''''5 aspects''''': simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential ::* '''''2 voices''''': active, passive ::* '''''2 moods''''': indicative, hypothetical <small> ::'''''Note 1:''''' The term "atemporal" means that tense is not marked. For example, in Mirad, '''Pu!''' is the imperative of the verb '''per'''....''to go''. It means ''Go!'' and is atemporal. The '''-u''' ending is an atemporal hypothetical mood marker. </small> : In effect, the PERSON/NUMBER category is not listed above, because this category does not affect the morphology of the Mirad verb form itself. The Mirad verb form stays the same for all persons and numbers. That information is contained in the external subject pronouns governing the verb. In English, for example, the verb "be" has several different forms in the present tense verb form depending on the person and number (I <u>am</u>, you <u>are</u>, he <u>is</u>, we <u>are</u>, etc.), but not so in Mirad. The following chart shows how the English pattern differs from the corresponding single Mirad verb form '''se''' for all persons and numbers: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller" |+ Verb '''ser''' (''to be'') Unchanged for person/number |- ! Person !! Number !! English !! Mirad |- !row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Singular | ''I <u>am</u>'' || '''at <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 2nd | ''you <u>are</u>'' || '''et <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 3rd | ''he/she/it <u>is</u>'' || '''it <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Plural | ''we <u>are</u>'' || '''yat <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 2nd | ''you <u>are</u>'' || '''yet <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 3rd | ''they <u>are</u>'' || '''yit <u>se</u>''' |} : This invariability of person/number exists for all tenses. === Lexical Categories === :: In addition, verbs can be described in terms of the following opposing '''''lexical''''' categories. By lexical, is meant that verbs having different lexical properties are listed in the dictionary and have nothing to do with conjugation. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;margin-left:1.6em;" |+ Verb Lexical Categories |- ! Stative !! Dynamic |- | '''ser'''....''to be'' || '''xer'''....''to do'' |- ! Intransitive !! Transitive |- | '''agaser'''....''to grow large'' || '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'' |- ! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed |- | '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' |- ! Reflexive !! Non-reflexive |- | '''utvyixer'''....''to wash up (wash oneself)'' || '''vyixer'''....''to wash'' |- ! Inchoative !! Causative |- | '''tujper'''....''fall asleep'' || '''tujber'''....''put to sleep'' |- ! Autonomous !! Dynamic |- | '''yijer'''....''to open (by itself)'' || '''yijber'''....''to (make it) open'' |- ! Reciprocal !! Non-reciprocal |- | '''hyuittujber'''....''to kill one another'' || '''tujber'''....''to kill'' |- ! Gestural !! Locomotive |- | '''baser'''....''to stir, budge'' || '''paser'''....''to move'' |- ! Subject-oriented !! Object-oriented |- | '''teetyiker'''....''to be hard of hearing'' || '''teetyikwer'''....''to be hard to hear'' |} == Non-finite Forms == : '''''Non-finite verb forms''''' are ::* not conjugated for person or number ::* cannot form a predicate ::* and do not have a subject. : There are three kinds of non-finite verb forms in Mirad: ::* '''''infinitives''''': the dictionary lookup form of a verb, ending in '''-er''' :::* '''der'''....''to say'', '''tixayer'''....''to have studied'', '''xwer'''....''to be done'' ::* '''''gerunds''''': verbal nouns, ending in '''-en''' :::* '''byasen'''....''(the act of) standing'' ::* '''''participles''''': verbal adjectives, ending in '''-a''' :::* '''tejea'''....''living (alive)'', '''twa'''....''known'', '''piya'''....''departed'' === Infinitives === : Verbs are listed in the dictionary under the '''''active voice simple aspect infinitive''''' form, which always ends in '''er''' and means ''to X'', or rarely the passive voice simple aspect infinitive form, which ends in '''wer''' and means ''to be Xed''. The part of the verb form minus the '''-er''' or '''-wer''' is the '''''verb stem'''''. Very rarely at verb can be expressed as a past active or past passive infinitive in '''ayer''' and '''awer''', respectively. (For example: '''Tejayer boy ifawer naze glo.'''....''To have lived without having loved counts little.''). :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em" |+ Infinitive Stems |- ! Infinitivw || Stem !! Ending |- | '''agser'''....''to grow'' || '''ags-''' || '''-er''' |- | '''igxer'''....''to quicken'' || '''igx-''' || '''-er''' |- | '''per'''....''to go'' || '''p-''' || '''-er''' |- | '''xwer'''....''to happen, be done'' || '''x-''' || '''-wer''' |- | '''tejayer'''....''to have lived'' || '''tej-''' || '''-ayer''' |- | '''ifawer'''....''to have loved'' || '''if-''' || '''-awer''' |} : The infinitive in Mirad is used very much as its counterpart in English. The infinitive can be marked for two aspects (simple, perfect) and two voices (active, passive), as shown in the chart below, where the verb stems are underlined: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;" |+ Active and Passive Infinitive Stems |- ! Aspect !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Simple | '''<u>igx</u>er'''....''to quicken'' || '''<u>igx</u>wer'''....''to be quickened'' |- !row=1| Perfect | '''<u>igx</u>ayer'''....''to have quickened'' || '''<u>igx</u>awer'''....''to have been quickened'' |} : In the above chart, ::* the verb stem is '''igx-''' and ::* the infinitive marker is '''-er'''; ::* the simple aspect active voice marker is zero; ::* the simple aspect passive voice marker is '''w'''; ::* the perfect aspect active voice marker is '''-ay-'''; ::* the past aspect passive voice marker is '''-aw-'''. The passive voice infinitive of a verb will not appear in the dictionary unless it has a special meaning, such as '''xwer''' ''to happen (= to be done)''. The perfect infinitives are never listed in the dictionary. === Gerunds === : The gerund is a verbal noun like English ''playing'' in ''playing ball.'' : The gerund has two possible '''''aspects''''' (simple and perfect) and two possible '''''voices''''' (active and passive): {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em; " |+ Gerund Formation |- ! Aspect !! Voice !! Ending !! Example |- !row=1| Simple !! Active | '''-en''' || '''agax<u>en</u>'''....''magnifiying, magnification'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Passive | '''-wen''' || '''agax<u>wen</u>'''....''being magnified'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Active | '''-ayen''' || '''byek<u>ayen</u>'''....''having cured'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Passive | '''-awen''' || '''byek<u>awen</u>'''....''having been cured'' |} : Note: Intransitive verbs like '''per''' ''to go'' do not have a passive gerund form. : Lexicalized gerunds, such as '''sanxen''' ''formation, forming'' generally appear in the dictionary in the active voice. : Some examples of gerund usage: ::* ('''sanxer'''....''to form'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Ha <u>sanxen</u> bi hia mar efxa amroni bi jabi.'''....''The <u>forming</u> (or: <u>formation</u>) of this star took millions of years.'' ::* ('''deuzer'''....''to sing'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Iyta <u>deuzen</u> sa gla via.'''....''Her <u>singing</u> was very beautiful.'' ::* ('''poper'''....''to travel'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''<u>Popen</u> se yika yex.'''....''<u>Traveling</u> is hard work.'' ::* ('''teeter'''....''to hear'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''<u>Teetwen</u> fiay se teskyia av dezuti.'''....''<u>Being heard</u> well is important for actors.'' ::* ('''teater'''....''to see'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''<u>Teaten</u> se <u>vyatexen</u>.'''.....''<u>Seeing</u> is <u>believing</u>.'' ::* ('''uper'''....''to come'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''His se ha jeb bi <u>Upen</u>.'''....''This is the season of <u>Advent</u> (coming).'' ::* ('''tadier'''....''to get married'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Ata <u>tadiayen</u> ewa jodi bixa tepzex.'''....''My <u>having married</u> twice drew attention.'' ::* ('''aker'''....''to win'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''At voy ta ita <u>akawen</u> hua nuz.'''....''I did not know about his <u>having won</u> that prize.'' : Gerunds, being verb forms, can take direct and indirect objects: ::* '''At ifxwe bey eta buayen at hua nas.'''....''I am pleased by your having given me that money.'' ::* '''Tojben eut voy se kexbiyaf.'''....''Killing yourself is not an option.'' : The special gerundive ending '''-eyn''' gives a nuance emphasizing the action as a single act, much like the English endings ''-ment'' or ''-tion''. Here are a few examples showing the difference between '''-en''' and '''-eyn'''. ::* '''yanlaxen'''....''combining''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yanlaxeyn'''....''combination'' ::* '''xen'''....''doing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''xeyn'''....''action, deed'' ::* '''zayben'''....''advancing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zaybeyn'''....''advancement'' : Another special gerundive (but lexical) ending is '''-un''', which expresses the result of an action, eg.: ::* '''zyegxer'''....''to puncture''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyegxun'''....''a puncture'' ::* '''zyeuber'''....''to transmit''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyeubun'''....''a broadcast'' ::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''deuzun'''....''a song'' === Participles === : Participles are verbal adjectives and can modify nouns and pronouns. Since they act as adjectives, they have the adjectival ending '''-a'''. Participles are marked by '''''aspect''''' (simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential) and '''''voice''''' (active, passive). : The aspect markers per voice are: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;" |+ Aspect Markers |- ! Aspect !! Voice !! Form !! Example |- ! rowspan=2| Progressive ! rowspan=1 | Active | '''-ea-''' || '''tejea'''....''living'' |- ! rowsspan=1 | Passive | '''wea''' || '''xwea'''....''happening, being done'' |- ! rowspan=2| Perfect ! rowspan=1 |Active | '''-ya''' || '''pya'''....''gone'' (< '''pyaa'''¹) |- ! rowspan=1| Passive | '''-wa''' || '''xwa'''....''done'' (< '''xwaa'''¹) |- ! rowspan=2| Imminent ! Active | '''-oa''' || '''tojoa'''....''about to die'' |- ! rowspan=1 | Passive | '''-woa''' || '''dodelwoa'''....''about to be announced'' |- ! rowspan=2| Potential ! Active | '''-ua''' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' |- ! rowspan=1| Passive | '''-wua''' || '''opoxwua'''....''unstoppable'' |} : <small>¹: The double '''aa''' in the perfect endings is reduced to '''a'''.</small> : '''''Note 1:''''' The perfect active particple ending in '''-ya''' is used only for intransitive verbs like '''per''' (''to go''). '''He is <u>gone</u>.''' is expressed by '''Wit se <u>pya</u>'''. : '''''Note 2:''''' The potential aspect, represented by the vowel '''u''' is much like the conditional in English, but is not considered a tense in Mirad. For example, '''tojbu''' means ''would kill'' and the participle '''tojbua''' means ''lethal'' (referring to something that ''would/has the potential to kill''). More about this in a later section. : '''''Note 3:''''' There is another form of the progressive participle that falls in the lexical, rather than morphological category, in that such forms are listed in the dictionary as adjectives. For example, in the phrase ''The animals <u>bothering</u> our bird feeder...'', the participle ''bothering'' would be '''oboxea''' in Mirad. By inserting the letter '''y''' between the verb stem and the participial ending, the participle becomes an adjective denoting a propensity or habit, as in ''bothersome'' ('''obox<u>y</u>ea'''). Such participles are invariably in the active voice. Most such adjectives in English end in ''-ive'' as in ''repulsive'' or ''-ly'' as in ''wiggly'' or ''-ous'' as in ''circuitous.'' Such adjectives in Mirad are listed in the dictionary and end in '''-yea'''. : Adverbial participles can be made from the above adjectival participles, by suffixing the letter '''y'''. Examples: ::* '''Iyt yepa ha tim <u>deuzeay</u>.'''....''She entered the room <u>singing</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Ujbaway</u> ha dodal, it pia.'''....''The speech <u>having been finished</u>, he left.'' : Also, the above participles can be converted into abstract nouns by suffixing '''n'''. Examples: ::* '''tiluwa'''....''drinkable'' <big>→</big> '''tiluwan'''....''potability'' ::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' <big>→</big> '''tojbuan'''....''lethality'' ::* '''mansea'''....''shining'' <big>→</big> '''he <u>mansean</u> bi iyta deuzen'''....''the <u>brilliance</u> of her singing'' ::* '''aakaxyea'''....''inventive'' <big>→</big> '''aakaxyean'''....''inventiveness'' : Furthermore, these participles can sometimes be pronominalized with '''s''' for things and '''t''' for people or living things. These forms can, in turn, be pluralized: ::* '''xwa'''....''done'' <big>→</big> '''xwas'''....''what is done, a happening'' ::* '''xwa'''....''done'' <big>→</big> '''xwasi'''....''happenings, deeds'' ::* '''otwa'''....''unknown'' <big>→</big> '''otwas'''....''what is not known, a mystery'' ::* '''osexea'''....''destroying'' <big>→</big> '''osexeas'''....''a destroyer'' ::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' <big>→</big> '''tojbuas'''....''something lethal, a lethal thing'' ::* '''tojboa'''....''moribund'' <big>→</big> '''tojboati'''....''people about to die, fatal cases'' ::* '''tejea'''....''living'' <big>→</big> '''tejeat'''....''a living person'' ::* '''tejea'''....''living'' <big>→</big> '''tejeasi'''....''living things'' : There is a special tenseless, nominalized, animate participle used for '''''agent''''' nouns (English ''one who does something, Xer'', ''Xant'', ''Xist''), which refers to a person who habitually does some action, perhaps as a profession or trade. These agent nouns end in '''-ut'''. ::* '''sexut'''....''builder'' ::* '''nuut'''....''supplier'' ::* '''tojbut'''....''killer'' ::* '''ifut'''....''lover'' ::* '''akuti'''....''winners'' : Note: There is a slight difference of meaning between the tensed participial pronoun '''ha akeat'''....''the one winning'' and the non-tensed agent noun '''ha akut'''....''the winner''. : Similarly, there is a special tenseless, nominalized, <u>in</u>animate participle used for a thing that performs the action denoted by the verb stem. These agent nouns end in '''-us'''. ::* '''yuxus'''....''aid (a thing that helps)'' ::* '''byuxwus'''....''button (a thing that gets touched on the keyboard)'' ::* '''paxus'''....''motive (a thing that moves one)'' ::* '''jaupus'''....''precedent (a thing that comes before)'' : The above '''-us''' ending contrasts with the endings '''-ar''' (''instrument''), '''-ir''' (''machine''), '''-ur''' (''motor, engine''), which are physical objects and not always suffixed to a verbal root. == Finite Forms == [[File:Auxiliary verbs tree 3.png|thumb|]] : In Mirad, finite verb forms are those that can take a person subject, serve as a predicate, and be conjugated. Finite verb forms are conjugated by using suffixes indicating, through their presence or absence, the following categories: <div style="background: lightyellow"> ::* TENSES :::# '''''present''''' :::# '''''past''''' :::# '''''future''''' :::# '''''atemporal''''' ::* MOODS :::# '''''indicative''''' :::# '''''hypothetical''''' ::* ASPECTS :::# '''''simple''''' :::# '''''progressive''''' :::# '''''perfect''''' :::# '''''imminent''''' :::# '''''potential''''' ::* VOICES :::# '''''active''''' :::# '''''passive''''' :::# '''''reflexive''''' :::# '''''reciprocal''''' </div> : Person and number are not marked on the verb form itself. For example, ''am'', ''is'', ''are'', which change according to the person subject in English, are all expressed with the same verb form in Mirad: '''se'''. Thus, '''at se'''....''I am'', '''et se'''....''you are'', '''it se'''....''he/she/it is'', etc. === Moods === : There are two moods in Mirad: ::* '''''indicative''''' ::* '''''hypothetical'''''. ===== Indicative Mood ===== ::: The '''''indicative''''' form of the verb indicates an action or state that occurs in actual time, such as ''he went'', ''he is going'', ''he will go.'' ::: The indicative mood has three tenses, '''''present''''', '''''past''''', '''''future''''', indicated by the suffixes '''-e''', '''-a''', and '''-o''', respectively. ===== Hypothetical Mood ===== ::: Wheras the indicative verb forms expresses actuality in time, the '''''hypothetical mood''''' expresses one of the non-actuality situations below and uses the vowel '''u'''. :::* a command , i.e. the '''''imperative''''' (''Go!'') :::* a wish or suggestion, i.e. the '''''hortative''''' or '''''jussive''''' (''May the king live long!'', ''Let's celebrate!'') :::* an unrealized situation, i.e. the '''''subjunctive''''' (''It is important that you <u>be</u> early.'') :::* an imagined if-then-situation, i.e. the '''''conditional''''' (''If I <u>were</u> rich, I <u>would be</u> happy.'') === Aspects === : There are five aspects in the Mirad verb system. <div style="background: lightyellow"> ::* the '''''simple''''' aspect (default), i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional. ::* the '''''progressive''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state on-going in the particular tense, using '''ey''' ::* the '''''perfective''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state anterior or already completed, using '''ay''' ::* the '''''imminent''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state about to happen, using '''oy''' ::* the '''''potential''''' aspect, i.e. an action potentially happening, using '''uy''' </div> ===== The Simple Aspect ===== :: Unless specifically marked, the default aspect is '''''simple''''', i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional. Three indicative tenses can be expressed in the simple aspect: ::* Present with '''e''' ::* Past with '''a''' ::* Future with '''o'''. :: An atemporal verb ending in '''u''' in the simple aspect is considered hypothetical and expresses three things, depending on how it is used in the sentence: ::* a conditional like ''I would go (if...)'' ::* an imperative like ''Go!'' ::* a hortative like ''Let's go!'' ::* a subjunctive like ''(It is important that) we go.'' :: Here is a chart showing the simple, active voice instantiations of the Mirad verb '''per''' (''to go'') with the endings underlined: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em;" |+ Simple Active Conjugation of '''Per''' |- ! Mood !! Tense !! Aspect !! Voice !! Instantiation !! Verb '''per''' |- !row=1| Indicative !! Present !! Simple !! Active !! | '''At p<u>e</u>'''....''I go'' |- !row=1| Indicative !! Past !! Simple !! Active !! | '''At p<u>a</u>'''....''I went'' |- !row=1| Indicative !! Future !! Simple !! Active !! |'''At p<u>o</u>'''....''I will go'' |- !row=1 rowspan=4 | Hypothetical !rowspan=4| Atemporal !rowspan=4| Simple !rowspan=4| Active ! Conditional |'''At p<u>u</u>'''....''I would go'' |- ! Hortative/Optative/Jussive |'''Van yat p<u>u</u>!'''....''Let's go!'' |- ! Imperative |'''P<u>u</u> tam!'''....''Go home!'' |- ! Subjunctive |'''Se efwa van et p<u>u</u>.'''....''It is necessary that you go.'' |} : Note that the last four instantiations are the same tense, but differ in syntax. For example, if the verb form is hypothetical, atemporal, simple, active and has no subject, it operates as an imperative. ==== The Simple Indicative Present Active Tense ==== :: The simple indicative present instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''e''' and has a non-progressive ('''''habitual''''') aspect as in English ''I work'' or ''I live''. Progressive aspect forms like ''I am studying'' are explained later. :: Examples: :::* '''At <u>yexe</u> be tam.''' ....''I <u>work</u> at home''. :::* '''Hia tom <u>se</u> nam.''' ....''This building <u>is</u> a store.'' :::* '''Ha amur <u>yuzpe</u> ha imer.'''....''The moon <u>goes around</u> the earth.'' ==== The Simple Indicative Past Active Tense ==== :::: The simple indicative past tense instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''a''' and has a non-progressive (punctual) meaning as in English ''I did something at some particular point in time''. The simple past contrasts in aspect with the past progressive (''I was doing something'') or the present perfect (''I have done something''), or past potential (''I would have done something''). The simple past is punctual, that is, it describes an event that occurred at a particular point in time. ::::: Examples: ::::::* '''Iyt <u>iba</u> ha nyuf zojub.''' ....''She <u>received</u> the package yesterday.'' ::::::* '''At <u>ujba</u> ha dyes ji iwa jwobi.''' ....''I <u>finished</u> the book three hours ago.'' ::::::* '''His <u>kyesa</u> exag hijub.'''....''This <u>happened</u> twice today.'' ==== The Simple Indicative Future Active Tense ==== :: The simple indicative future tense is marked with the vowel suffix '''o''' and has the same meaning as in English ''I will do something at some particular point in the future''. :: Examples: :::* '''Yit <u>tadso</u> zajab.'''....''They <u>are going to get married</u> next year.'' :::* '''Hua kaxon <u>ujako</u>.''' ....''That solution <u>will work</u>.'' :::* '''At <u>so</u> him hoj et <u>upo</u>.'''....''I <u>will be</u> here when you <u>(will) come.</u>¹'' :: Note 1: Unlike in English, Mirad does not use the present tense for a real future. There is also no sequence of tenses in Mirad (such as, ''He said he was coming.''. In Mirad, this would be expressed as ''He said he <u>will</u> come.''). ==== The Simple Hypothetical Atemporal Active Tense ==== :: A verb form ending in '''u''' like '''pu''' has no time value and is used to express unreal actions or states, such as the '''''imperative''''', '''''hortative''''', '''''conditional''''', or '''''subjunctive'''''. :: Examples: :::* '''<u>Upu</u> him!'''....''<u>Come</u> here!'' ('''''imperative''''') :::* '''<u>Von upu</u>!''' ....''<u>Don't come</u>!'' ('''''negative imperative''''') :::* '''Ha edeb <u>fu</u> teater et.''' ....''The king <u>would like</u> to see you.'' ('''''conditional''''') :::* '''Ven at <u>su</u> et, at <u>dolu</u>.''' ....''If I <u>were</u> you, I <u>would be</u> quiet.'' ('''''conditional''''') :::* '''Van yeyt <u>ujaku</u> be yeyta yexneadi.''' ....''May all you (women) <u>succeed</u> in your careers.'' ('''''hortative''''') :::* '''Van yat <u>ijbu</u> bay fyadil.''' ....''Let's <u>begin</u> with a prayer.'' ('''''jussive''''') :::* '''Se kyitesa <u>van et puu</u> jwa.''' ....''It's important <u>that you arrive</u> early.'' (''''subjunctive''''') :::* '''Se kyitesa <u>von et puu</u> jwo.'''....''It's important <u>that you not arrive</u> late.'' ('''''negative subjunctive''''') :: Hypothetical verb forms ending in '''-u''' can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the following syntactical patterns in the sentence: ::* Generally, if a verb form ending in '''-u''' begins a sentence and has no subject, then it is an IMPERATIVE (a command). For example, '''Ipu!''', ''Go away!''. ::* If the verb form has a subject not preceded by the complementizers '''van''', '''ven''', or '''von''', then it is probably a conditional predicate like '''At fu per.'''....''I <u>would like</u> to go.''. ::* If the subject of the verb is preceded by '''ven'''....''if'', then it is a conditional clause as in '''Ven at <u>su</u> nasikat...'''....''If I <u>were</u> a rich man.''. ::* If the subject is preceded by '''Van'''....''that/let/may'' or '''von'''....''don't'', then it is a hortative wish like '''Van et yagteju.'''....''May you live long.'' or a jussive suggestion like '''Van yat fyadilu.'''....''Let us pray.'' or a prohibition like '''Von tiliu his!'''....''Don't drink this!''. === Voices === : Mirad has four voices: ::* Active ::* Passive ::* Reflexive ::* Reciprocal. ==== Active Voice ==== : The default voice is active, i.e. the subject of the verb is doing the action. ::* '''At teata ha kyes.'''....''I saw the event.'' ==== Passive Voice ==== : A verb form is converted from active to passive by inserting a '''w''' just after the stem of the verb form. The past passive particle ending '''-waa''' is usually abbreviated to '''-wa''' (''done'' is '''xwa'''). However, if the verb stem ends in a consonant plus '''l''' or '''r''', then '''-wa''' is changed to '''-awa''' for ease of pronunciation, eg. '''dr<u>awa</u>'''....''written''. : The following chart shows the distinction between active and passive voice of various verbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:4.8em" |+ Contrasting Active and Passive Voice ! Verb Form !! Active !! Active<br>Example !! Passive !! Passive<br>Example |- !row=1| Infinitive | '''xer'''<br>''to do'' || '''At fe xer fi.'''<br>''I want to do well.'' || '''xwer'''<br>''to be done'' || '''Ese hyos xwer.'''<br>''There is nothing to be done.'' |- !row=1| Present Participle | '''sexea'''<br>''constructing'' || '''Ha nunxob sexea hia tom...'''<br>''The firm constructing this building...''|| '''sexewa'''<br>''being constructed'' || '''His se sexewa.'''<br>''This is under construction.'' |- !row=1| Present | '''xe'''<br>''do/does'' ||'''At xe fi be tixam.'''<br>''I do well in school.'' || '''xwe'''<br>''is done'' || '''Huyenasi hoj xwe.'''<br>''Such things are never done.'' |- !row=1| Past Participle | '''xaa'''<br>''having done'' || '''Iyt, xaa hya iyta yex,...'''<br>''She, having done all her work,...'' ||'''xwa'''<br>''done'' || '''Hyas se xwa.'''<br>''Everything is done.'' |- !row=1| Past | '''tojba'''<br>''killed'' || '''Duhot tojba hwut?'''<br>''Who killed that guy?'' || '''tojbwa'''<br>''was killed'' || '''Duhoj wit tojbwa?'''<br>''When was he killed?'' |- !row=1| Hypothetical | '''bakxu'''<br>''heal'' || '''Bakxu at!'''<br>''Heal me!'' || '''bakxwu'''<br>''be healed'' || '''Van iyt bakxwu.'''<br>''May she be healed.'' |} : Intransitive verbs cannot be made passive. For example, '''tajer'''....''to be born'' is intransitive (takes no object) and has no passive voice form. However, the transitive verb '''tajber'''....''to bear, give birth'' can be passive, as in '''Ha tudet <u>tajbwa</u> zajub.'''....''The child <u>was delivered</u> yesterday'' (as opposed to '''Ha tudet <u>taja</u> zajub.'''....''The child <u>was born</u> yesterday.)'' Notice how this works with '''yijer''' (''to open''): ::* '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened (by itself).'' (medio-passive) ::* '''Ha mes yijjpa.'''....''The door came open.'' (dynamic medio-passive) ::* '''Yijbu ha mes.'''....''Open the door.'' (transitive active) ::* '''Ha mes yijbwa.'''....''The door was opened (by someone).'' (passive) : Impassive verbs form their past particple with the ending '''ya''', but these forms are somewhat rare. Here are some examples: ::* '''per'''....''to go'' -> '''pya'''....''gone'' ::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'' -> '''tajya'''....''born'' (ex.'''Jesus tajya bi Marya.''''....''Jesus, born of Mary'') ::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' -> '''tojya'''....''dead'' ::* '''loteaser'''....''to disappear'' -> '''loteasya'''....''disappeared'' (ex. '''Ha loteasya tobi be Arogem.'''....''the disappeared persons in Argentina.'') ==== Reflexive Voice ==== :: A verb is made reflexive by prefixing the reflexive pronoun '''ut''' (''self''), for example: :::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' <big>→</big> '''uttojber'''....''to kill oneself'' :::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' <big>→</big> '''utvyilxer'''....''to wash up'' :::* '''teater'''....''to see'' <big>→</big> '''utteater'''....''to see oneself'' :::* '''yabler'''....''to lift'' <big>→</big> '''utyabler'''....''to lift oneself'' → '''Utyablu!'''....''Lift yourself up!'' :::* '''trer'''....''to know'' <big>→</big> '''uttrer'''....''to know oneself'' → '''Uttru!'''....''Know thyself!'' ==== Reciprocal Voice ==== :: A verb is made reciprocal by prefixing the reciprocal pronoun '''hyuit'''....''one another'', for example: :::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' <big>→</big> '''hyuittojber'''....''to kill one another'' :::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' <big>→</big> '''hyuitvyilxer'''....''to wash one another'' :::* '''teater'''....''to see'' <big>→</big> '''hyuitteater'''....''to see one another'' :: Both the reflexive pronoun and reciprocal pronoun can be used as standalone objects. However, the plural form '''yut''' is used if the subject is plural, for example: :::* '''Yit vyilxa <u>yut</u>.'''....''They (f.) washed up. (= washed <u>selves</u>).'' :::* '''Ha twobeti dizeuda <u>hyuit</u>.'''....''The boys laughed at <u>one another</u>.'' :: The word '''hyuit''' is a hybrid of '''hyit'''....''the same one'' combined with '''hyut'''....''the other one''. ==== Aspects Revisited ==== : Mirad verbs have the following aspects: ::* '''''Simple''''' -- this is the default aspect, shown above, i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-potential. ::* '''''Progressive''''' -- this is an aspect where the verb describes an on-going action or state spread over time. ::* '''''Perfect''''' -- this presents the action or state as anterior, or completed prior to another action or state. ::* '''''Immininent''''' -- this describes an action or state ''about to happen.'' ::* '''''Potential''''' -- this refers to an action or state where something is ''possible''. ==== The Simple Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Simple aspect. In the active voice, the tense vowels '''a''', '''e''', '''o''', and '''u''' are affixed to the stem. In the passive voice, the passive marker consonant '''w''' is inserted between the stem and the final tense vowels. The simple present tense refers to actions or states that are habitual (''I regularly go to school.''), regular (''The earth revolves around the sun.''), or permanent (''Blue is a color.''). The simple past refers to actions or states that occurred at a fixed point in time (''I did my homework last night.''). The simple future refers to actions or states that will occur at some particular point in the future (''The sun will rise tomorrow at dawn.''). The simple atemporal hypothetical ( = conditional) refers to an imagined action or state that has not be realized (''You would make a good president.''). :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow ;font-size:smaller;" |+ Simple Aspect |- ! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Simple !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>e</u>'''....''I do'' || '''Has x<u>we</u>'''....''It is done'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>a</u>'''....''I did'' || '''Has x<u>wa</u>'''....''It was done'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Future !! Indicative | '''At x<u>o</u>'''....''I will do'' || '''Has x<u>wo</u>'''....''It will be done'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical | '''At x<u>u</u>'''....''I would do''¹ || '''Has x<u>wu</u>'''....''It would be done'' |} : 1: Absence of tense (Atemporal) + Hypothetical mood = '''''conditional'''''. ==== The Progressive Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Progressive aspect. The present tense vowel '''e''' followed by a buffer consonant, are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller; " |+ Progressive Aspect |- ! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Progressive !! Present !! Indicative | '''at x<u>eye</u>'''....''I am doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewe</u>'''....''it is being done'' |- !row=1| Progressive !! Past !! Indicative | '''at x<u>eya</u>'''....''I was doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewa</u>'''....''it was being done'' |- !row=1| Progressive !! Future !! Indicative | '''at x<u>eyo</u>'''....''I am going to be doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewo</u>'''....''it will be happening'' |- !row=1| Progressive !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical | '''at x<u>eyu</u>'''....''I would be doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewu</u>'''....''it would be happening'' |} ==== The Perfect Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Perfect aspect. The past tense vowel '''a''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Perfect Aspect |- ! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Perfect !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>aye</u>'''....''I have done'' || '''Has x<u>awe</u>'''....''It has been done'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>aya</u>'''....''I had done'' || '''Has x<u>awa</u>'''....''It had been done'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Future !! Indicative |'''At x<u>ayo</u>'''....''I will have done'' || '''Has x<u>awo</u>'''....''It will have been done'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical | '''At x<u>ayu</u>'''....''I would have done'' || '''Has x<u>awu</u>'''....''It would have been done'' |} ==== The Imminent Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Imminent aspect (sometimes referred to as the Prospective aspect). The future tense vowel '''o''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. Not that only indicative mood imminent tenses are ever used. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Imminent Aspect |- ! Aspect || Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Imminent !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>oye</u>'''....''I am about to do'' || '''Has x<u>owe</u>'''....''It is about to be done'' |- !row=1| Imminent !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>oya</u>'''....''I was about to do'' || '''Has x<u>owa</u>'''....''It was about to be done'' |} ==== The Potential Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Potential aspect. The hypothetical vowel '''u''' followed by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. The future potential and hypothetical potential aspects are never used. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Potential Aspect |- ! ASPECT !! TENSE !! MOOD !! ACTIVE VOICE !! PASSIVE VOICE |- !row=1| Potential !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>uye</u>'''....''I am to do'' || '''Has x<u>uwe</u>'''....''It is to be done, it is doable'' |- !row=1| Potential !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>uya</u>'''....''I was to do'' || '''Has x<u>uwa</u>'''....''It was to be done, it was doable'' |} == Verb Conjugation Chart == : The following chart presents the totality of the Mirad affirmative verb conjugation system using the verb '''xer'''....''to do'' and its passive '''xwer'''....''to be done, happen''. The rows beginning with a light blue background are finite forms, while those beginning with light green are non-finite forms. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Conjugation Chart |- valign=top !rowspan=2| State !!rowspan=2| Mood !!rowspan=2| Aspect !!rowspan=2| Tense !! colspan=4|Voice |- ! Active!!Passive |- ! rowspan=16 style="background: lightblue"|Finite !!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Simple !! Present | '''xe''' <br>''does''||'''xwe'''<br>''is done, happens'' |- ! Past | '''xa''' <br>''did''||'''xwa'''<br>''was done, happened'' |- ! Future | '''xo''' <br>''will do''||'''xwo'''<br>''will be done, will happen'' |- ! Hypothetical|| | '''xu''' <br>''would do, do!''||'''xwu'''<br>''would be done, would happen, be done!'' |- !rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Progressive !! Present | '''xeye'''<br>''is doing''||'''xewe'''<br>''is being done, is happening'' |- ! Past | '''xeya''' <br>''was doing''||'''xewa'''<br>''was doing, was happening'' |- ! Future | '''xeyo'''<br>''will be doing''||'''xewo'''<br>''will be happening'' |- ! Hypothetical|| | '''xeyu''' <br>''would be doing''<br>''be doing!''||'''xewu'''<br>''would be happening'' |- !rowspan=3|Indicative !! rowspan=4| Perfect !! Present | '''xaye''' <br>''has done''||'''xawe''' <br>''has been done, has happened'' |- ! Past | '''xaya''' <br>''had done''||'''xawa'''<br>''had been done, had happened'' |- ! Future | '''xayo''' <br>''will have done''||'''xawo''' <br>''will have been done, will have happened'' |- ! Hypothetical !! | '''xayu''' <br>''would have done''||'''xawu'''<br>''would have been done, would have happened'' |- !rowspan=4| Indicative !! rowspan=2|Imminent !! Present | '''xoye''' <br>''is about to do''||'''xowe'''<br>''is about to be done, is about to happen'' |- ! Past | '''xoya'''<br>''was to be done'' ||'''xowa'''<br>''was to be done, was to happen'' |- ! rowspan=2|Potential !! Present | '''xuye'''<br>''is supposed to do'' ||'''xuwe''' <br>''is supposed to happen'' |- ! Past | '''xuya''' <br>''was supposed to do''||'''xuwa'''<br>''was supposed to be done, was supposed to happen'' |- ! colspan=6 style="background: black"| |- ! rowspan=2 style="background: lightgreen"|Infinitive !! !! Simple !! rowspan=8| | '''xer'''<br>''to do''||'''xwer'''<br>''to be done, to happen'' |- ! !! Perfect | '''xayer'''<br>''to have done''||'''xawer'''<br>''to have been done, to have happend'' |- ! colspan=6 style="background: black"| |- ! rowspan=4 style="background: lightgreen"|Participle !! !! Progressive | '''xea'''<br>''doing'' ||'''xewa'''<br>''being done, happening'' |- ! !! Perfect | '''x(a)ya²''' <br>''having done''||'''x(a)wa¹'''<br>''done, happened'' |- ! !! Imminent | '''xoa''' <br>''about to do''||'''xowa'''<br>''about to happen'' |- ! !! Potential | '''xua'''<br>''bound to do'' ||'''xuwa'''<br>''doable'' |- ! colspan=6 style="background: black"| |- !rowspan=2 style="background: lightgreen" |Gerund ! !! Simple !! | '''xen''' <br>''doing''||'''xwen''' <br>''being done, happening, event'' |- ! !! Perfect !! | '''xayen'''<br>''having done''||'''xawen'''<br>''having happened'' |} : Note 1: Intransitive verbs such as '''per''' ''to go'' have no passive forms. An expression such as ''They are gone.'' would be translated as '''Yit se pya'''. == Negative Forms == : All of the above verb forms are affirmative. The indicative and conditional forms can be made negative by using the negative adverb '''voy''' (''not'', '' 'nt'', ''doesn't'', ''don't''). Those forms that are subjunctive, jussive, or imperative ending in '''-u''' use the negative subordinate conjunction '''von''' (''don't'', ''let not'', ''lest''). : '''voy'''....''not'' ::* '''At <u>voy</u> te.'''....''I <u>don</u>'t know.'' (indicative) ::* '''<u>Voy</u> mamilo.'''....''It will <u>not</u> rain.'' (indicative) ::* '''At <u>voy</u> xu hus.'''....''I would <u>not</u> do that.'' (conditional) : '''von'''....''Let's not, don't, let it not'' ::* '''<u>Von</u> mamilu.'''....''<u>Let it not</u> rain.'' (subjunctive) ::* '''<u>Von</u> yat fuyaku.'''....''<u>Let</u> us <u>not</u> despair.'' (jussive) ::* '''<u>Von</u> pu!'''....''<u>Don't</u> go.'' (imperative) : Participles, gerunds, and infinitives can be negated with the prefix '''o-''' (''un-, non-''). ::* '''tosea'''....''feeling'' -> '''otosea'''....''unfeeling'' ::* '''xwa'''....''done'' -> '''oxwa'''....''undone'' ::* '''teliwa'''....''eaten'' -> '''oteliwa'''....''uneaten'' ::* '''tejen'''....''living'' -> '''otejen'''....''not living'' ::* '''buen'''....''giving'' -> '''obuen'''....''not giving'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' -> '''obuer'''....''not to give'' ::* '''ter'''....''to know'' => '''oter'''....''not to know, i.e. to ignore'' == How to Express Certain English Tenses == : English speakers have some tenses that do not fit into the above schema: ::* The English tense ''I have been studying French for four years.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At tixeye Ferad ji uwa jabi.'''....''I am studying French since four years.'' (Mirad present progressive tense). ::* The English tense ''I had been studying'' is translated in Mirad by '''At tixeya'''. (Mirad past progressive tense). ::* The English tense ''I am going to be starring in that role.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At dezdebeyo be hua dezgon.''' (Mirad future progressive). ::* The modern Black English tense ''Don't you be doing that.'' is handled in Mirad by '''Von et xeyu hus.''' (Mirad imperative progressive). == Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs == : Transitive verbs, which can take a direct object, oppose themselves to intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct object. Some verbs are marked overtly for transitivity. : Verbs that end in '''xer''' (''to do, -ify, -ize'') are by nature transitive, and often have intransitive counterparts in '''ser''' (''to be, become, -ify, -ize''). Likewise, verbs ending in '''ber''' (''to put, take'') are transitive and have intransitive counterparts in '''per''' (''to go''). Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Transitive vs. Intransitive |- ! Transitive !! Intransitive |- | '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ser'''....''be'' |- | '''agxer'''....''grow (something)'' || '''agser'''....''grow (up)'' |- | '''amxer'''....''heat, make hot'' || '''amser'''....''become hot, heat up'' |- | '''puxer'''....''throw'' || '''puser'''....''jump'' |- | '''per'''....''go'' || '''ber'''....''put'' |- | '''aber'''....''put on'' || '''aper'''....''get on'' |- | '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' |- | '''poxer'''....''stop (something)'' || '''poser'''....''(come to a) stop'' |- | '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach'' |- | '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter'' |} ::* '''At <u>agxe</u> vobi.'''....''I <u>grow</u> [TRANSITIVE] plants.'' ::* '''Ha vobi <u>agseye</u> ig.'''....''The plants <u>are growing</u> [INTRANSITIVE] fast.'' ::* '''<u>Poxu</u> ha pur!'''....''<u>Stop</u> [TRANSITIVE] the car!'' ::* '''Ha pur <u>posa</u>.'''....''The car <u>stopped</u> [INTRANSITIVE].'' ::* '''At <u>yaba</u> ha mis.'''....''I <u>raised</u> [TRANSITIVE] the window.'' ::* '''Ha maar <u>yapaye</u>.'''....''The sun <u>has risen</u> [INTRANSITIVE].'' === Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity === : Note the following verbs, whose stems end in '''j''' are hard to pronounce with intransitive '''s''' and transitive '''x''', so these two endings are placed with '''p''' and '''b''', respectively, although the presence of the '''p''' is optional, i.e. it's presence or absence can slightly change the meaning from static to dynamic, eg. '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' vs. '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep''. The transitive forms can be either active or passive. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity |- ! colspan=2|Intransitive !! colspan=2|Transitive |- ! Static !! Dynamic !! Active !! Passive |- | '''Ha mes <u>yija</u>'''<br>''The door <u>opened</u>.'' || '''Ha nasyef <u>yijpa</u>'''<br>''The purse <u>came open</u>.'' || '''At <u>yijba</u> ha mes.'''<br>''I <u>opened</u> the door.'' || '''Ha mes <u>yijbwa</u> bey yelput.'''<br>''The door <u>was opened</u> by an intruder'' |- | '''Ha mes <u>yuja</u>.'''<br>''The door <u>closed</u>.'' || '''Ha yanup <u>yujpa</u>.'''<br>''The meeting <u>adjourned</u>.'' || '''At <u>yujba</u> ha mes.'''<br>''I <u>closed</u> the door.''||'''Ha mes yeyfe <u>yujbwer</u> ja sumjob.'''<br>''The door should <u>be closed</u> by bedtime.'' |- | '''Ha dezun <u>ijaye</u>.'''<br>''The play <u>has started</u>.''||'''Ha par <u>ijpa</u> boy poys.'''<br>''The car <u>started up</u> immediately.'' ||'''At <u>ijba</u> ata tyal.'''<br>''I <u>started</u> my meal.''||'''Ha tyal <u>ijbwa</u> jwa.'''<br>''The meal <u>was started</u> early.'' |- | '''Ha dezun <u>ujaye</u>.'''<br>''The play has <u>ended</u>.''||'''Ata yex <u>ujpaye</u>.'''<br>''My work <u>has come to an end</u>.'' || '''A <u>ujba</u> ha dyes.'''<br>''I <u>finished</u> the book.''||'''Ha dyes hyoj <u>ujbwa</u>.'''<br>''The book never <u>got finished</u>.'' |- | '''Ha tob <u>toja</u> zomoj.'''<br>''The man <u>died</u> yesterday evening.''||'''Ha tob <u>tojpa</u>.'''<br>''The man <u>dropped dead.</u>'' || '''Hot <u>tojba</u> ha twob?'''<br>''Who <u>killed</u> the man?''||'''Ha twob <u>tojbwa</u> bey ita tayd.'''<br>''The man <u>was killed</u> by his wife.'' |- | '''<u>Teju</u>.'''<br>''<u>Live!</u>.''||'''<u>Tejpu!</u>.'''<br>''<u>Come alive!</u>.'' || '''Yat efe <u>tejber</u> ha twob.'''<br>''We need to <u>revive</u> the man.''||'''Ha twob yofwa <u>tejbwer</u>.'''<br>''The man could not <u>be revived</u>.'' |- | '''Ha tobot <u>taja</u> zojub.'''<br>''The baby <u>was born</u> yesterday.'' || '''Hoj ha tobot <u>tajpo</u>?'''<br>''When <u>will</u> the baby <u>pop out</u>?'' || '''Iyt <u>tajba</u> awa twobot zojub.'''<br>''She <u>gave birth</u> to a baby boy yesterday.''||'''Ha twobot <u>tajbwa</u> jo eymoj.'''<br>''The baby boy was <u>birthed</u> after midnight.'' |- | '''At <u>tija</u> jwe.'''<br>''I <u>woke up</u> on time.''||'''It voy <u>tijpa</u>.'''<br>''He did not <u>come to.</u>.'' || '''At <u>tijbo</u> et jwa.'''<br>''I will <u>wake (you) up</u> early.''||'''At voy fe <u>tijbwo</u> gra jwa.'''<br>''I don't want to <u>be woken</u> too early.'' |- | '''At <u>tujeya</u>.'''<br>''I was <u>sleeping.</u>''||'''At <u>tujpeya</u>.'''<br>''I was <u>falling sleep</u>.'' || '''At <u>tujbo</u> it.'''<br>''I will <u>put (him) to sleep.</u>.''||'''Ha tobot <u>tujbwo</u> glojo.'''<br>''The baby <u>will be put to sleep</u> soon.'' |} == Reflexive Verbs == [[File:TWC Hokitika Gorge • Stewart Nimmo • MRD 1.jpg|thumb|]] : Reflexive verbs, where the object refers back to the subject, work just as in English, where the object is a reflexive pronoun, eg.: ::* '''At tujboye aut.'''....''I am going to kill myself.'' ::* '''Tru eut!'''....''Know thyself!'' ::* '''It gobla iut bey goblar.'''....''He cut himself with a knife.'' ::* '''Ot yefe yuxer out.'''....''One must help oneself.'' : Sometimes, verbs are reflexive lexically and incorporate the reflexivity in the actual verb form using '''ut''' as the prefix: ::* '''uttujber'''....''commit suicide (= self-kill)'' ::* '''utboler'''....''support oneself (= self-support)'' ::* '''utdider'''....''wonder (= self-ask)'' : Sometimes, verbs are used reflexively in Mirad even though they are used simply intransitively in English, eg.: ::* '''Et efe <u>vyilxer eut</u>.'''....''You need to wash up [= <u>wash yourself</u>].'' (or) ::* '''Et efe <u>utvyilxer</u>.'''....''You need to wash up [= <u>self-wash</u>].'' == Omission of Prepositions After Certain Verbs == :: Some verbs inherently incorporate a preposition and so it is not necessary to use that assumed preposition before what would normally be an indirect object. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Inherent Propositions |- ! Preposition-Incorporating Verb !! Example |- | '''per'''....''go (to)'' || '''Pu tam!''' (Not: '''Pu bu tam!''') ''Go home.''<br>'''It pa Paris.'''....''He went to Paris.'' |- | '''der'''....''say (to), tell'' || '''Du at eta dyun.'''....''Tell me your name.''<br>'''Du at has.'''....''Tell it to me.'' |- | '''peser'''....''wait (for)'' || '''Pesu at.'''....''Wait for me.'' |- | '''buer'''....''give (to)'' || '''Buu at hua dyes.'''....''Give me that book.'' |} :: As in English, in omitting the inherent preposition in a sentence with both a direct object and an indirect object, place the indirect object before the direct object. If the direct object comes first, then the preposition must be overtly specified before the indirect object, eg. '''Buu <u>at</u> hus.'''....''Give me that.'' or '''Buu hus <u>bu at</u>.'''....''Give that <u>to me</u>.'' See more about this in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Syntax|Syntax]]. == Causative vs. Inchoative Verbs == : A causative verb has the sense ''to make something have some quality'', whereas an inchoative verbs means ''to become or take on the quality of something.'' === Derived from Adjectives === : Adjectives can be converted into transitive/causative and intransitive/inchoative verbs. Causative verbs are always transitive (taking an object), while inchoative verbs are intransitive (not taking an object). English causative / inchoative verbs often end in ''-ify'' like ''magnify'', or ''-ate'', ''liberate'', or ''ize'', like ''sensitize''. : To derive a causative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''-xer'''....''to do'' to either the stem or the whole adjective (with the '''a''' ending). Whether you do the former or the latter depends on several factors, but the end result is slightly different in nuance. A verb with adjective stem + '''-xer''' is slightly more idiomatic or less literal than the adjective stem + '''axer'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ -axer vs -xer in Transitive Verbs |- ! Adjective !! Causative/Transitive !! Causative/Transitive |- ! '''-xer''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic |- | '''aga'''<br>''big'' || '''ag<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to magnify'' || '''agxer'''<br>''to grow'' |- | '''ana'''<br>''one'' || '''an<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to unify'' || '''anxer'''<br>''to unite'' |- | '''yona'''<br>''apart'' || '''yon<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to separate'' || '''yonxer'''<br>''to cut'' |- | '''yaga'''<br>''long'' || '''yag<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to lengthen'' || '''yagxer'''<br>''to stretch'' |- | '''yuga'''<br>''slow'' || '''yug<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to retard'' || '''yugxer''' <br>''to brake'' |- | '''sana'''<br>''formal'' || '''san<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to formalize'' || '''sanxer'''<br>''to form'' |- | '''gea'''<br>''equal'' || '''ge<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to equalize'' || '''gexer'''<br>''to copy, equate'' |- | '''jaa'''<br>''prior'' || '''ja<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to prioritize'' || '''jaxer'''<br>''to prepare'' |- | '''aota'''<br>''personal'' || '''aot<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to personalize'' || '''aotxer'''<br>''to personify'' |} : To derive an inchoative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''ser'''....''to be'' to either the stem or the whole adjective. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Creating Inchoative Verbs |- ! Adjective !! Inchoative/Intransitive !! Inchoative/Intransitive |- ! '''-ser''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic |- | '''aga'''<br>''big'' || '''ag<u>a</u>ser'''<br>''to get bigger'' || '''agser'''<br>''to grow'' |- | '''ana'''<br>''one'' || '''an<u>a</u>ser'''<br>''to unify'' || '''anser'''<br>''to unite, become united'' |- | '''yona'''<br>''apart'' || '''yon<u>a</u>ser'''<br>''to become separate'' || '''yonser'''<br>''to break'' |- |} : Be careful to use the transitive, causative verb form when you have a direct object, and the intransitive, inchoative verb form when no direct objects are present or possible, eg.: ::* '''<u>Ansu</u> ey yet golxwo.'''....''<u>Unite</u> or you will be divided.'' [INTRANSITIVE] ::* '''At <u>yontadsa</u> hoj at sa eta jag.'''....''I <u>got divorced</u> when I was your age.'' [INTRANSITIVE] ::* '''Hisi <u>agaxo</u> hos et teate.'''....''These <u>will magnify</u> what you see.'' [TRANSITIVE] ::* '''Hia tud <u>agseye</u> ig.'''....''This child <u>is growing up</u> fast.'' [INTRANSITIVE] ::* '''Ata tayd <u>agxe</u> vosi be oyebzom.'''....''My wife <u>grows</u> flowers out back.'' [TRANSITIVE] === Derived from Nouns === : Transitive/causative/active and intransitive/inchoative/passive verbs can also be formed from nouns. The sense of the former is ''to make be X'' and of the latter, ''to become X''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verbs Derived from Nouns |- ! Noun !! Transitive/Causative/Active !! Intransitive/Inchoative/Passive |- | '''mog'''....''ash'' || '''mogxer'''<br>''to incinerate'' || '''mogser'''<br>''to become ashes'' |- | '''yan'''....''collection'' || '''yanxer'''<br>''to collect'' || '''yanser'''<br>''to get together'' |- | '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''tadxer'''<br>''to marry'' || '''tadser'''<br>''to get married'' |- | '''yom'''....''ice'' || '''yomxer'''<br>''to freeze/make ice'' || '''yomser'''<br>''to freeze/become ice'' |- | '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''magxer'''<br>''to burn, set fire to'' || '''magser'''<br>''to burn, get burned'' |- | '''uk'''....''void'' || '''ukxer'''<br>''to empty'' || '''ukser'''<br>''become empty, empty out'' |} === Intermediary Causative Verbs === : Intermediary verbal causatives like ''have/get my car washed'', ''make/force him go'', ''get one's hair cut'' are formed by suffixing the causative verb infix '''-ux-''' (active) or '''uxw''' (passive) to the stem of the verb signifying the action to be arranged or caused by someone other than the subject, eg.: ::* '''At gobl<u>ux</u>o ata tayeb zajub.'''....''I will get my hair cut tomorrow.'' ::* '''Et voy yafe p<u>ux</u>er at.'''....''You cannot make me go.'' ::* '''It tojb<u>ux</u>a yit.'''....''He had them killed.'' ::* '''At efe vyilx<u>ux</u>er ata pur.'''....''I need to have my car washed.'' ::* '''Et up<u>ux</u>wa him av hes.'''....''You were made to come here for some reason.'' ::* '''At bakamb<u>ux</u>o et.'''....''I will have you hospitalized.'' ::* '''Et voy yafe deuz<u>ux</u>er at.'''....''You cannot make me sing.'' ::* '''At hihid<u>ux</u>wa.'''....''I was tickled (= made to laugh).'' ::* '''Eta deuz hihid<u>ux</u>a yat.'''....''Your song tickled us. (= Made us laugh.)'' ::* '''Van het ivas<u>ux</u>u weti.'''....''May someone get you guys to be happy.'' ::* '''Hua enzyukpur uzp<u>ux</u>a yata pur.'''....''That motorcycle caused our car to veer.'' == Subject-directed vs. Patient-directed Verbs == : The directionality of some verbs can be distinguished by the verbal formant infix '''-i-''' for an action or motion toward the speaker and '''-u-''' for an action or motion away from the speaker toward some patient, eg.: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Directional Verbs |- ! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed |- | '''b<u>i</u>er'''....''to take'' || '''b<u>u</u>er'''....''to give'' |- | '''nier'''....''to consume'' || '''nuer'''....''to supply'' |- | '''nyier'''....''to order'' || '''nyuer'''....''to deliver'' |- | '''nazunier'''....''win a prize'' || '''nazunuer'''....''award a prize'' |- | '''noysier'''....''pay off'' || '''noysuer'''....''charge'' |- | '''ojbier'''....''borrow'' || '''ojbuer'''....''lend'' |- | '''tadier'''....''get married'' || '''taduer'''....''marry off'' |- | '''papier'''....''take flight'' || '''papuer'''....''send off flying'' |- | '''pipier'''....''set sail'' || '''pipuer'''....''dock'' |- | '''simbier'''....''take a seat'' || '''simbuer'''....''offer a seat'' |- | '''tampier'''....''leave home'' || '''tampuer'''....''arrive home'' |- | '''tamier'''....''settle in'' || '''tamuer'''....''shelter'' |- | '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' |- | '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed'' |- | '''gonbier'''....''to participate'' || '''gonbuer'''....''to share'' |- | '''tilier'''....''to drink'' || '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink'' |- | '''teubier'''....''to swallow'' || '''teubuer'''....''to spit out'' |- | '''teatier'''....''to observe, watch'' || '''teatuer'''....''to show'' |- | '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind'' |- | '''alier'''....''to breathe in'' || '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, expire'' |- | '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour'' |- | '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please'' |- | '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''duer'''....''to suggest'' |- | '''tier'''....''to learn'' || '''tuer'''....''to inform'' |- | '''pier'''....''to depart'' || '''puer'''....''to arrive'' |- | '''kebier'''....''to choose'' || '''kebuer'''....''to distribute'' |- | '''byier'''....''to originate'' || '''byuer'''....''to target'' |- | '''mempier'''....''to take off'' || '''mempuer'''....''to land'' |- | '''sinier'''....''visualize'' || '''sinuer'''....''display'' |- | '''xier'''....''to result'' || '''xuer'''....''to cause'' |- | '''yifier'''....''to get up the courage'' || '''yifuer'''....''to encourage, challenge'' |- | '''yafonier'''....''to gain power'' || '''yafonuer'''....''to empower'' |- | '''trier'''....''to become acquainted with'' || '''truer'''....''to acquaint with, introduce to'' |- | '''tepzexier'''....''to draw attention'' || '''tepzexuer'''....''to focus attention on'' |- | '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge'' |- | '''dyunier'''....''to assume the name of'' || '''dyunuer'''....''to bestow the name of'' |- | '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of'' || '''abfinuer'''....''to favor'' |- | '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed'' |- | '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''...''to pour'' |} : In some cases, the directionality can be both ways in a verb, in which case the verb formant infix '''-ui-''' (a hybrid form) is used, eg.: ::* '''nunier '''....''to purchase'' (subject-directed) ::* '''nunuer'''....''to sell'' (patient-directed) ::* '''nunuier'''....''to trade'' (subject & patient-directed) ::* '''tier'''....''to learn, realize'' (subject-directed) ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform, tip off'' (patient-directed) ::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' (subject & patient-directed) ::* '''alier'''....''to breathe in, inhale'' (subject-directed) ::* '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, exhale'' (patient-directed) ::* '''aluier'''....''to breathe, respire'' (subject & patient-directed) ::* '''bier '''....''to take'' (subject-directed) ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' (patient-directed) ::* '''buier'''....''to give and take, exchange'' (subject & patient-directed) == Bi-radical Verbs == : Some verbs are formed using two verb roots together. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Bi-radical Verbs |- ! Verb Root 1 !! Verb Root 2 !! Bi-radical Verb |- | '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' |- | '''nixer'''....''to earn'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' |- | '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''....''to choose'' |- | '''uper'''....''to come'' || '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''updier'''....''to invite'' |- | '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''der'''....''to tell'' || '''teader'''....''to testify'' |- | '''teeter'''....''to hear'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''teadrer'''....''to report'' |- | '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''teaper'''....''to visit'' |- | '''texer'''....''to think'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention'' |- | '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''pixer'''....''to catch'' || '''kexpixer'''....''to hunt'' |- | '''yeker'''....''to try'' || '''teexer'''....''to listen'' || '''yekteexer'''....''to try (in court)'' |} == Verbs with Vectorial Prefixes == : Prepositions and directional adverbs can be prefixed to verbs in order to change their vectorial semantics. A preposition ending in '''b''' will assimilate to '''p''' before the verb '''per'''....''to go'' and a preposition ending in '''b''' will lose the '''b''' before a verb beginning with '''b'''. If, however, this assimilation results in an ambiguity, the '''b''' of the prefix stays put. For example, '''ob''' (''off'') + '''bexer''' (''to hold'') = '''obbexer''' (''to hold off''), because '''obexer''' could be interpreted as ''to release''. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Prepositional Prefixes |- ! Preposition/Adverb !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply'' || '''aper'''....''get on, mount'' |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove'' || '''oper'''....''get of, dismount'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebdrayefser'''....''to interleave'' || '''ebdrafxer'''....''to interleave'' |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring near'' || '''yuper'''....''approach'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''go far away'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yepuxer'''....''throw in'' || '''yepuser'''....''jump in'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyeber'''....''expose'' || '''oyeper'''....''exit'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyepuxer'''....''eject'' || '''oyepuser'''....''jump out'' |- | '''zyu'''....''round'' || '''zyuber'''....''rotate'' || '''zyuper'''....''revolve'' |- | '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zyaber'''....''spread'' || '''zyaper'''....''tour'' |- | '''av'''....''for'' || '''avdaler'''....''plead'' || '''avper'''....''pursue'' |- | '''ov'''....''against'' || '''ovber'''....''oppose'' || '''ovper'''....''countervene'' |- | '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''compose'' || '''yanper'''....''meet'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''separate'' || '''yonper'''....''separate'' |- | '''iz'''....''direct'' || '''izber'''....''lead'' || '''izper'''....''head'' |- | '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''diverge'' |- | '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''surround'' || '''yuzper'''....''circulate'' |- | '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''transfer'' || '''yizper'''....''surpass'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back, re-'' || '''zoyber'''....''return'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' |} == Other Semantics-altering Verb Prefixes == : As in English and many other languages, prefixes can be used on verbs to reverse, mitigate, or otherwise alter the semantics: === Expressing ''re-'' with '''zoy-''' or '''gaw-''' === : The prefix '''zoy-'''....''back'' or '''gaw-¹'''....''again'' are used like the English prefix ''re-'', eg.: ::* '''ember'''....''to position'' → '''<u>zoy</u>ember'''....''to <u>re</u>position, <u>re</u>place'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>zoy</u>buer'''....''to <u>re</u>turn (an object), give back'' ::* '''sanxer'''....''to shape, form'' → '''<u>zoy</u>sanxer'''....''to <u>re</u>shape, <u>re</u>form, <u>trans</u>form'' ::* '''zyauber'''....''to broadcast'' → '''gawzyauber'''....''to re-broadcast'' ::* '''taja'''....''born'' → '''gawtaja'''....''reborn'' ::* '''aber'''....''to apply'' → '''gawaber'''....''to reapply'' ::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''zoyuper'''....''to return (come back)'' ::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' → '''<u>gaw</u>teaper'''....''to <u>re</u>visit'' ::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''<u>zoy</u>uper'''....''to <u>re</u>turn, come <u>back</u>'' ::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''<u>zoy</u>buxer'''....''to <u>re</u>pel, push <u>back</u>'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zoy</u>puxer'''....''to <u>re</u>ject, throw <u>back</u>, jettison'' : Note 1: The prefix '''gaw-''' before a consonant is pronounced like the ''gaw'' in the English word ''gawk''. It is short for '''ga awa jod''' or '''gawa''' meaning ''one more time, again''. If the "re-" word means ''to do something again'', then '''gaw-''' is used, eg. ''To reconvene'' ( = ''meet again'')....'''gawyanuper''' If the sense of ''back'' is intended, than the prefix '''zoy-''' is used, eg. ''To return'' ( = ''come back'')....'''zoyuper'''. Both prefixes are used in the expression ''Come back again!''....'''Gawzoyupu!'''. :''Until we meet again'' or ''au revoir'' is expressed by '''Ju gawyanup.''' === Expressing ''de-, dis-, un-'' with '''lo-''' === : The prefix '''lo-''' reverses the semantics of a verb and is like English ''dis-'', ''de-'', or ''un-'', eg.: ::* '''sexer'''....''to build, construct'' → '''<u>lo</u>sexer'''....''to <u>de</u>stroy, <u>de</u>construct'' ::* '''anxer'''....''to unite'' → '''<u>lo</u>anxer'''....''to <u>dis</u>unite'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>lo</u>xer'''....''to <u>un</u>do'' : Note the difference between '''o-''' and '''lo-'''. ::* '''odoparuwa'''....''<u>un</u>armed'' (= ''not armed'') ::* '''lodoparuwa'''....''<u>dis</u>armed'' (= from the verb '''lodoparuer'''....''to disarm'') === Expressing ''co-'' with '''yan-''' === : The prefix '''yan-'''....''together'' is used as the English ''co-'', eg.: ::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''<u>yan</u>exer'''....''to <u>co</u>operate'' ::* '''tamer'''....''to dwell'' → '''<u>yan</u>tamer'''....''to <u>co</u>habit'' ::* '''napber'''....''to put in order'' → '''<u>yan</u>napber'''....''to <u>co</u>ordinate'' === Making Verbs Completive with '''ik-''' === : Verbs can be made completive or perfective by prefixing them with '''ik-''' (''fully''). Such verbs are comparable to phrasal verbs in English with ''up'' and other prepositions as in ''to eat up''. Here are some examples in Mirad: ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''iktojber'''....''to kill off, exterminate'' ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iktelier'''....''to eat up'' ::* '''ujber'''....''to finish'' → '''ikujber'''....''to finish off/up'' ::* '''gofler'''....''to rip'' → '''ikgofler'''....''to rip up'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''ikdrer'''....''to write down'' ::* '''byexer'''....''to beat'' → '''ikbyexer'''....''to beat up'' ::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''ikagser'''....''to grow up'' === Making Verbs Continuative with '''je-''' === : Verbs can be given a continuative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''je-''': ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''jedalar'''....''to go on talking, to blabber'' ::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''jetejer'''....''to go on living, to survive'' ::* '''yexer'''....''to work'' → '''jeyexer'''....''to go on working, to keep working'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch'' ::* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' → '''jeteexer'''....''to keep listening, to pay attention'' ::* '''duler'''....''to insist'' → '''jeduler'''....''to nag'' === Making Verbs Inchoative with '''ij-''' === : Verbs can be given an inchoative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''ij-''': ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to start to think'' ::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' → '''ijifier'''....''to start liking'' ::* '''tyer'''....''to know'' → '''ijtyer'''....''to get to know'' === Making Verbs Terminative with '''uj-''' === : Verbs can be given a terminative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''uj-''': ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''ujtelier'''....''to finish eating'' ::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''ujdyeer'''....''to finish reading'' ::* '''ufteuder'''....''to complain'' → '''ujufteuder'''....''to quit carping'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Pleasure with '''if-''' === ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll'' ::* '''tuyuxer'''....''to finger'' → '''iftuyuxer'''....''to tickle'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle (voyeuristically)'' ::* '''piper'''....''to sail'' → '''ifpiper'''....''to go cruising'' ::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ifteuder'''....''to laugh'' ::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ifeker'''....''to have fun'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Displeasure with '''uf-''' === ::* '''tosier'''....''to feel'' → '''uftosier'''....''to get angry'' ::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ufeker'''....''to fight'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ufder'''....''to express displeasure'' ::* '''aluer'''....''to exhale'' → '''ufaluer'''....''to huff'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''ufdaler'''....''to rant'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Prohibition with '''of-''' === ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ofbier'''....''to steal'' ::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''ofdeler'''....''to ban'' ::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''ofyeper'''....''to intrude, break in'' ::* '''zeyper'''....''to cross'' → '''ofzeyper'''....''to transgress, poach'' ::* '''gelxer'''....''to copy'' → '''ofgelxer'''....''to pirate, plagiarize'' ::* '''bekuluer'''....''to administer medicine'' → '''ofbekuluer'''....''to dope'' ::* '''nuxuer'''....''to pay'' → '''ofnuxuer'''....''to bribe, pay off, suborn'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Holiness with '''fya-''' === ::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''fyabexler'''....''to enshrine'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''fyabuer'''....''to sacrifice'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyader'''....''to bless'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''fyadaler'''....''to preach, sermonize'' ::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyadiler'''....''to pray'' ::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' → '''fyadeuzer'''....''to chant'' ::* '''ifrer'''....''to love dearly'' → '''fyaifrer'''....''to worship, adore'' ::* '''jader'''....''to predict'' → '''fyajader'''....''to prophesy'' ::* '''miluer'''....''to sprinkle'' → '''fyamiluer'''....''to sprinkle with holy water'' ::* '''ojvader'''....''to promise'' → '''fyaojvader'''....''to swear'' ::* '''xeler'''....''to practice'' → '''fyaxeler'''....''to celebrate'' ::* '''koser'''....''to hide'' → '''fyakoser'''....''to go on a retreat, go into hermitage'' ::* '''teazer'''....''perform a show'' → '''fyateazer'''....''to perform a miracle'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Profanity with '''fyo-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyoder'''....''to curse'' ::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyodiler'''....''to conjure'' ::* '''tyezer'''....''to perform magic'' → '''fyotezer'''....''to engage in black magic'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fyoxer'''....''to sin'' === Expressing Good Actions with '''fi-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fider'''....''to praise'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fifer'''....''to mean well'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fixer'''....''to do well'' ::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'' → '''fiyaker'''....''to hope'' ::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fiyuxer'''....''to benefit'' === Expressing Bad Actions with '''fu-''' === ::* '''yevder'''....''to judge'' → '''fuyevder'''....''to critique negatively'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fufer'''....''to will ill'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fuder'''....''to badmouth'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''funapxer'''....''to mess up'' ::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fuyuxer'''....''to abuse'' === Expressing More Intense Actions with '''az-''' === ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''<u>az</u>yujber'''....''to lock'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>az</u>der'''....''to emphasize'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''<u>az</u>duer'''....''to urge'' ::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''<u>az</u>dizeuder'''....''to guffaw'' === Expressing Less Intense Actions with '''oz-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to utter'' → '''<u>oz</u>der'''....''to whisper'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''<u>oz</u>duer'''....''to hint'' ::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''<u>oz</u>dizeuder'''....''to chuckle'' ::* '''uvteuder'''....''to moan'' → '''<u>oz</u>uvteuder'''....''to whimper'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>oz</u>tyoper'''....''to limp'' === Expressing ''pre-, fore-'' with '''ja-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to tell'' → '''<u>ja</u>der'''....''to foretell, predict'' ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''<u>ja</u>teater'''....''to foresee, preview'' ::* '''ter'''....''to know'' → '''<u>ja</u>ter'''....''to presage, have foreknowledge of'' ::* '''yever'''....''to judge'' → '''<u>ja</u>yever'''....''to prejudge'' ::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''<u>ja</u>juder'''....''to antedate'' === Expressing ''post-, after-'' with '''jo-''' === ::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''<u>jo</u>juder'''....''to postdate'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>jo</u>texer'''....''to reflect on, review'' ::* '''uvder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''<u>jo</u>uvder'''....''to mourn, regret'' ::* '''ibler'''....''to obtain'' → '''<u>jo</u>ibler'''....''to inherit'' === Expressing ''excessively'' with '''gra-''' === ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''<u>gra</u>telier'''....''to overeat'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>gra</u>fer'''....''to covet'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>gra</u>der'''....''to exaggerate'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>gra</u>daler'''....''to yammer'' === Expressing ''inadequately'' with '''gro-''' === ::* '''fyinder'''....''to value'' → '''<u>gro</u>fyinder'''....''to underestimate'' ::* '''mageler'''....''to cook'' → '''<u>gro</u>mageler'''....''to undercook'' ::* '''xaer'''....''to perform'' → '''<u>gro</u>xaer'''....''to underperform'' === Expressing ''counter-, contra-'' with '''ov-''' or '''oyv-''' === ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''<u>ov</u>axler'''....''to counteract'' ::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''<u>ov</u>apyexer'''....''to counterattack'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''<u>ov</u>daler'''....''to oppose'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>oyv</u>der'''....''to contradict'' ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>oyv</u>ber'''....''to reverse, overturn'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>oyv</u>texer'''....''to contest, disagree'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>oyv</u>per'''....''to contravene'' === Expressing ''on behalf, for'' with '''av-''' === ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''<u>av</u>axler'''....''to act on behalf of'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''<u>av</u>daler'''....''to advocate, speak on behalf of'' ::* '''dyundrer'''....''to sign'' → '''<u>av</u>dyundrer'''....''to endorse'' === Making Verbs Reflexive with '''ut-''' (''self-, auto-'') === ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''<u>ut</u>tojber'''....''to commit suicide'' ::* '''vyovider'''....''to flatter'' → '''<u>ut</u>vyovider'''....''to flatter oneself'' ::* '''zaypuxwer'''....''to be propelled'' → '''<u>ut</u>zaypuxwer'''....''to be self-propelled'' ::* '''fider'''....''to praise'' → '''<u>ut</u>fider'''....''to brag'' ::* '''gober'''....''to decrement'' → '''<u>ut</u>gober'''....''to autodecrement'' === Making Verbs Reciprocal with '''hyuit-''' (''one another'') === ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''<u>hyuit</u>tojber'''....''to kill one another'' ::* '''ifer'''....''to love'' → '''<u>hyuit</u>ifer'''....''to love one another'' === Expressing ''inter-, intra-'' with '''eb-''' (''between'') === ::* '''tadier'''....''to marry'' → '''<u>eb</u>tadier'''....''to intermarry'' ::* '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' → '''<u>eb</u>zyaber'''....''to intersperse'' ::* '''vyexer'''....''to relate'' → '''<u>eb</u>vyexer'''....''to interrelate'' === Expressing the Opposite of an Action with '''o-''' (''un-'') === ::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''<u>o</u>bexler'''....''to release, let go of'' ::* '''aynser'''....''to integrate'' → '''<u>o</u>aynser'''....''to disintegrate, to decay'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>o</u>beler'''....''to drop'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>o</u>bier'''....''to leave, relinquish'' ::* '''boser'''....''to be quiet'' → '''<u>o</u>boser'''....''to be upset'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>o</u>drer'''....''to erase'' ::<small>Note: If the base verb already begins with the negative prefix '''o-''', then the prefix is changed to '''ol-''', eg. '''obexler'''....''to release'' → '''<u>ol</u>obexwa'''....''to unrelease'' </small> === Expressing a Public or Official Action with '''do-''' === :: '''Do-''' is a stub for '''dot''' (''society''). ::* '''afder'''....''to allow'' → '''<u>do</u>afder'''....''to authorize'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>do</u>bier'''....''to conquer, take over, take control of'' ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''<u>do</u>tojber'''....''to execute'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>do</u>buer'''....''to dedicate'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''<u>do</u>daler'''....''to orate, speak in public'' ::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''<u>do</u>deler'''....''to announce'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>do</u>drer'''....''to publicize, report'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Truth with '''vya-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vya</u>der'''....''to avow, be frank'' ::* '''ber'''....''to set, put'' → '''<u>vya</u>ber'''....''to control'' ::* '''napxer'''...''to arrange, order'' → '''<u>vya</u>napxer'''....''to adjust'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>vya</u>kexer'''....''to investiage'' ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''<u>vya</u>tuer'''....''to advise'' === Giving Verbs of Nuance of Falseness with '''vyo-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vyo</u>der'''....''to lie, to misstate'' ::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' → '''<u>vyo</u>tester'''....''to misunderstand'' ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''<u>vyo</u>tuer'''....''to misinform, to deceive'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>vyo</u>xer'''....''to do wrong, fail, misdo'' ::* '''yuxler'''....''to serve'' → '''<u>vyo</u>yuxler'''....''to betray, to serve unfaithfully'' === Making Verbs Positive with '''va-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>va</u>der'''....''to affirm'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>va</u>texer'''....''to believe'' ::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''<u>va</u>yeker'''....''to presume'' ::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''<u>va</u>bier'''....''to accept'' === Making Verbs Negative with '''vo-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vo</u>der'''....''to deny'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>vo</u>texer'''....''to doubt'' ::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''<u>vo</u>yeker'''....''to rule out'' ::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''<u>vo</u>bier'''....''to reject'' === Making Verbs Suppositional with '''ve-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>ve</u>der'''....''to conjecture'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>ve</u>texer'''....''to suppose, hypothesize'' ::* '''yovder'''....''to blame'' → '''<u>ve</u>yovder'''....''to indict, accuse'' === Speeding up Verbs with '''ig-''' === ::* '''pier'''....''to leave'' → '''<u>ig</u>pier'''....''to flee'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to drop'' → '''<u>ig</u>pyoser'''....''to plummet'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>ig</u>tyoper'''....''to run'' ::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''<u>ig</u>yeper'''....''to rush in'' === Slowing up Verbs with '''ug-''' === ::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>ug</u>paser'''....''to amble'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>ug</u>teaxer'''....''to gaze'' ::* '''ilper'''....''to flow'' → '''<u>ug</u>ilper'''....''to trickle'' ::* '''tilier'''....''to drink'' → '''<u>ug</u>tilier'''....''to sip'' === Expressing the Nuance of Suddenness with '''yok-''' === ::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''<u>yok</u>baxer'''....''to startle'' ::* '''hihider'''....''to laugh'' → '''<u>yok</u>hihider'''....''to burst out laughing'' ::* '''teaser'''....''to appear'' → '''<u>yok</u>teaser'''....''to suddenly appear'' ::* '''yoktojer'''....''to die'' → '''<u>yok</u>tojer'''....''to drop dead'' === Expressing the Notion of Fixedness with '''kyo-''' === ::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''<u>kyo</u>byaser'''....''to stand still'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>kyo</u>kexer'''....''to hound, stalk'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>kyo</u>teaxer'''....''to stare, glare'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>kyo</u>texer'''....''to obsess with, fixate on'' === Expression the Notion of Randomness with '''kye-'''=== ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>kye</u>der'''....''to guess, divine'' ::* '''per'''....''to per'' → '''<u>kye</u>per'''....''to fluctuate'' ::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''<u>kye</u>poper'''....''to wander'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''<u>kye</u>napxer'''....''to scramble'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>kye</u>bier'''....''to select'' === Expressing the Notion of Change with '''kya-''' === ::* '''baser'''....''to make a move'' → '''<u>kya</u>baser'''....''to shift'' ::* '''sanxer'''....''to form'' → '''<u>kya</u>sanxer'''....''to transform'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do/make'' → '''<u>kya</u>xer'''....''to change'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''<u>kya</u>napxer'''....''to shuffle'' ::* '''dyanxer'''....''to phrase'' → '''<u>kya</u>dyanxer'''....''to paraphrase'' === Expressing Covert Actions with '''ko-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ko</u>ber'''....''to hide'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>ko</u>beler'''....''to smuggle'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>ko</u>bier'''....''to steal'' ::* '''ebkyaxer'''....''to exchange'' → '''<u>ko</u>ebkyaxer'''....''to traffic'' ::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''<u>ko</u>exer'''....''to spy, operate under cover'' ::* '''fler'''....''to wish for'' → '''<u>ko</u>fler'''....''to covet, be jealous of'' ::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''<u>ko</u>apyexer'''....''to ambush, to sneak-attack'' ::* '''loexer'''....''to destroy'' → '''<u>ko</u>loexer'''....''to sabotage'' === Expressing Actions with Intentionality with '''ke-''' === ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>ke</u>teaxer'''....''to scan'' ::* '''vyaxer'''....''to prove'' → '''<u>ke</u>vyaxer'''....''to experiment'' ::* '''tier'''....''to learn'' → '''<u>ke</u>tier'''....''to be interested in'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>ke</u>bier'''....''to choose'' ::* '''pexer'''....''to catch'' → '''<u>ke</u>pexer'''....''to hunt'' === Expressing Lateral Actions with '''ku-''' === ::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''<u>ku</u>buxer'''....''to rebuff, shun'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>ku</u>der'''....''to comment, remark'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to step'' → '''<u>ku</u>tyoper'''....''to step aside'' === Expressing Diagonal Actions with '''ki-''' === ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>ki</u>teaxer'''....''to look askance at'' ::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''<u>ki</u>tuxer'''....''to brainwash'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>ki</u>tyoper'''....''to limp'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''<u>ki</u>pyoser'''....''to slip and fall'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>ki</u>per'''....''to slide'' === Expressing Near Actions with '''yub-'''=== ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>yub</u>der'''....''to intimate, hint'' ::* '''gexer'''....''to equate'' → '''<u>yub</u>gexer'''....''to approximate'' ::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''<u>yu(b)</u>bixer'''....''to attract, draw near'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>yub</u>teaxer'''....''to scrutinize, examine'' === Expressing Distance Actions with '''yib-''' (''far, tele-'') === ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>yib</u>drer'''....''to wire, telegraph'' ::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''<u>yi(b)</u>bixer'''....''to distract'' ::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' → '''<u>yib</u>tuier'''....''to telecommunicate'' ::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' → '''<u>yib</u>nyuxer'''....''to mail, post'' === Expressing ''up-, super-'' with '''yab-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ya(b)</u>ber'''....''to raise, to put up'' ::* '''bixler'''....''to drag'' → '''<u>ya(b)</u>bixler'''....''to dredge up'' ::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''<u>yab</u>uper'''....''to come up'' ::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''<u>yab</u>nogyanxer'''....''to scale up, escalate'' === Expressing ''down-, sub-'' with '''yob-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>yo(b)</u>ber'''....''to lower, put down'' ::* '''kyaber'''....''to shift'' → '''<u>yob</u>kyaxer'''....''to downshift'' ::* '''musper'''....''to climb'' → '''<u>yob</u>musper'''....''to climb down'' ::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''<u>yob</u>nogyanxer'''....''to downscale'' === Expressing ''in-'' with '''yeb-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ye(b)</u>ber'''....''to insert, put in'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>ye(b)</u>beler'''....''to import'' ::* '''uzber'''....''to bend'' → '''<u>yeb</u>uzber'''....''to inflect'' ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''<u>yeb</u>yujber'''....''to enclose, include'' === Expressing ''out-, ex-, extra-'' with '''oyeb-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>oye(b)</u>ber'''....''to put out, expose'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>oye(b)</u>beler'''....''to export'' ::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''<u>oyeb</u>uber'''....''to emit, send out'' ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''<u>oyeb</u>yujber'''....''to exclude'' === Expressing ''pro-, forward'' with '''zay-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>zay</u>ber'''....''to advance, put forward'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>zay</u>kexer'''....''to scout out'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zay</u>puxer'''....''to propel, thrust'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>zay</u>tyoper'''....''to progress, to walk forward'' === Expressing ''back-, retro-, re-'' with '''zoy-''' === ::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''<u>zoy</u>ber'''....''to send back'' ::* '''kixer'''....''to bend'' → '''<u>zoy</u>kixer'''....''to reflect'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zoy</u>puxer'''....''to repel'' ::* '''neadper'''....''to track'' → '''<u>zoy</u>neadper'''....''to backtrack'' === Expressing ''across, trans-, over-, cross-'' with '''zey-''' === ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zey</u>per'''....''to cross, transit'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>zey</u>beler'''....''to transport, convey'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>zey</u>drer'''....''to transcribe'' ::* '''kyober'''....''to fix'' → '''<u>zey</u>kyober'''....''to transfix, transplant'' ::* '''vyayeker'''....''to check'' → '''<u>zey</u>vyayeker'''....''to crosscheck'' === Expressing ''through, per-'' with '''zye-''' === ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zye</u>per'''....''to permeate, get through'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>zye</u>kexer'''....''to rummage, sift through'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>zye</u>drer'''....''to cross out, draw a line through'' ::* '''iluer'''....''to pour'' → '''<u>zye</u>iluer'''....''to soak'' ::* '''koper'''....''to sneak'' → '''<u>zye</u>koper'''....''to sneak through'' === Expressing ''all over, widely, all about'' with '''zya-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>zya</u>ber'''....''to spread'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>zya</u>buer'''....''to distribute'' ::* '''ijber'''....''to open'' → '''<u>zya</u>ijber'''....''to open wide'' ::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''<u>zya</u>nuxer'''....''to disburse'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zya</u>puxer'''....''to scatter, cast about'' === Expressing ''mid-, center'' with '''ze-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ze</u>ber'''....''to balance'' ::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''<u>ze</u>byaser'''....''to straddle'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>ze</u>der'''....''to interject'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''<u>ze</u>pyoser'''....''to sag'' ::* '''poxer'''....''to stop'' → '''<u>ze</u>poxer'''....''to interrupt'' === Expressing ''futurity'' with '''oj-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>oj</u>ber'''....''to put off, postpone'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>oj</u>bier'''....''to borrow'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>oj</u>fer'''....''to wish, aspire'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>oj</u>texer'''....''to plan'' ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''<u>oj</u>teater'''....''to envision'' ::* '''vader'''....''to affirm'' → '''<u>oj</u>vader'''....''to promise'' === Expressing ''past'' with '''aj-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>aj</u>ber'''....''to pass, relegate to the past'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>aj</u>der'''....''to evoke, hearken, recount'' ::* '''embier'''....''to occupy'' → '''<u>aj</u>embier'''....''to haunt'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>aj</u>texer'''....''to reminisce, to reflect'' ::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''<u>aj</u>uvtosder'''....''to apologize'' ::* '''nexer'''....''to store'' → '''<u>aj</u>nexer'''....''to archive'' === Expressing ''present'' with '''ej-''' === ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>ej</u>buer'''....''to present'' ::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''<u>ej</u>eser'''....''to attend, to be present'' ::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''<u>ej</u>nuxer'''....''to pay cash'' ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''<u>ej</u>tuer'''....''to update'' ::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''<u>ej</u>uvtosder'''....''to apologize'' === Expressing a stretched out action with '''yag-''' (''long'') === ::* '''beser'''....''to stay'' → '''<u>yag</u>beser'''....''to linger'' ::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''<u>yag</u>bexer'''....''to conserve, preserve'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>yag</u>daler'''....''to ramble'' ::* '''dodaler'''....''to orate'' → '''<u>yag</u>dodaler'''....''to harangue'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>yag</u>fer'''....''to yearn, pine'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>yag</u>teaxer'''....''to stare'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>yag</u>fer'''....''to yearn, pine'' === Expressing a brief action with '''yog-''' (''short'') === ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>yog</u>drer'''....''to abbreviate'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>yog</u>teaxer'''....''to glance at'' ::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''<u>yog</u>tujer'''....''to snooze, nap'' ::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' → '''<u>yog</u>gobler'''....''to cut short, truncate'' === Some Hybrid Prefixes === The prefix '''kui-''' is a hybrid of '''ku-''' (''lateral'') and '''ki-''' (''diagonal'') ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>kui</u>per'''....''to wobble'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>kui</u>tyoper'''....''to limp'' The prefix '''zao-''' is a truncated hybrid of '''zay-''' (''forward'') and '''zoy-''' (''backwards''), eg: ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>zao</u>baser'''....''to rock'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zao</u>per'''....''to alternate'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>kui</u>beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''<u>kui</u>pyoser'''....''to pendulate'' The prefix '''yaob-''' is a hybrid of '''yab-''' (''up'') and '''yob-''' (''down''). The final '''b-''' is assimilated or dropped before a '''b''' or '''p'''. ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>yao</u>baser'''....''to bob'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>yao</u>per'''....''to heave'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>yao</u>beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry'' ::* '''peper'''....''to ride'' → '''<u>yao</u>peper'''....''to jounce'' ::* '''puser'''....''to jump'' → '''<u>yao</u>puser'''....''to hop, bounce'' The prefix '''bui-''' is a hybrid of '''bu-''' (''to'') and '''bi-''' (''from''), eg: ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>bui</u>drer'''....''to correspond'' ::* '''-er'''....''to x'' → '''<u>bui</u>er'''....''to trade'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>bui</u>beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>bui</u>xer'''....''to push and pull, spring'' ::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''<u>bui</u>poper'''....''to travel to and fro, travel round trip'' The prefix '''uiz-''' is a hybrid of '''uz-''' (''crooked'') and '''iz-''' (''straight''), eg: ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>uiz</u>drer'''....''to squiggle'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>uiz</u>der'''....''to equivocate'' ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>uiz</u>baser'''....''to wiggle, to squirm'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>uiz</u>per'''....''to careen, reel'' ::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>uiz</u>paser'''....''to swerve, yaw'' The prefix '''zui-''' is a hybrid of '''zu-''' (''left'') and '''zi-''' (''right''), eg: ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>uiz</u>drer'''....''to squiggle'' ::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''<u>zui</u>buxer'''....''to push around'' ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>zui</u>baser'''....''to sway, totter'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zui</u>per'''....''to zigzag'' ::* '''pasler'''....''to shake'' → '''<u>zui</u>pasler'''....''to wobble'' The prefix '''aoyeb-''' is a hybrid of '''(a)yeb-''' (''in'') and '''oyeb-''' (''out''), eg: ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>aoye</u>ber'''....''to insert and extract'' ::* '''tiexer'''....''to breathe'' → '''<u>aoye</u>tiexer'''....''to breath in and out'' ::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''<u>aoye</u>paper'''....''to fly in and out'' The prefix '''aob-''' is a hybrid of '''ab-''' (''on'') and '''ob-''' (''off''), eg: ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ao</u>ber'''....''to put on and off'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>ao</u>per'''....''to get on and off, embark and disembark'' The prefix '''vao-''' is a hybrid of '''va-''' (''yes'') and '''vo-''' (''no''), eg: ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vao</u>der'''....''to decide'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>vao</u>daler'''....''to waffle'' ::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''<u>vao</u>duder'''....''to answer yes or no'' ::* '''kyaxer'''....''to change'' → '''<u>vao</u>kyaxer'''....''to redact'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>vao</u>texer'''....''to deliberate, vacillate'' The prefix '''uij''' is a hybrid of '''uj-''' (''end'') and '''ij-''' (''begin'') ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>uij</u>ber'''....''to switch off and on'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>uij</u>daler'''....''to stutter'' The prefix '''yuij''' is a hybrid of '''yuj-''' (''close'') and '''yij-''' (''open'') ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>yuij</u>ber'''....''to open and close, blink'' The prefix '''huim''' is a hybrid of '''hum''' (''there'') and '''him''' (''there'') ::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''<u>huim</u>paper'''....''to fly here and yon'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>huim</u>per'''....''to wander'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>huim</u>kexer'''....''to search high and low'' === Different Nuances of '''teaxer''' with Prefixes === <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;";> ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look, behold, regard'' ::* '''aybteaxer'''....''to supervise, look over'' ::* '''ajteaxer'''....''to look back on (retrospect)'' ::* '''eynteaxer'''....''to squint'' ::* '''fizteaxer'''....''to respect'' ::* '''fuzteaxer'''....''to disrespect'' ::* '''gawteaxer'''....''to review, re-look'' ::* '''hyuitteaxer'''....''to look at one another'' ::* '''ibteaxer'''....''to ignore'' ::* '''igteaxer'''....''to glance, glimpse'' ::* '''ifteaxer'''....''to marvel at'' ::* '''izteaxer'''....''to view directly, confront, aim'' ::* '''jateaxer'''....''to preview'' ::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch, observe'' ::* '''joteaxer'''....''to review'' ::* '''kateaxer'''....''to look for'' ::* '''keteaxer'''....''to scan'' ::* '''kiteaxer'''....''to look askance'' ::* '''koteaxer'''....''to peek, spy'' ::* '''kozyeteaxer'''....''to peep'' ::* '''kozyoteaxer'''....''to peer'' ::* '''kuteaxer'''....''to observe'' ::* '''kyeteaxer'''....''to browse'' ::* '''kyoteaxer'''....''to stare, glare'' ::* '''oteaxer'''....''to ignore, overlook'' ::* '''ufteaxer'''....''to glare, leer'' ::* '''ugteaxer'''....''to gaze'' ::* '''yagteaxer'''....''to gape, gawk'' ::* '''yebteaxer'''....''to inspect'' ::* '''yibteaxer'''....''to view from afar'' ::* '''yogteaxer'''....''to glance at'' ::* '''yokteaxer'''....''to get a glimpse of'' ::* '''yubteaxer'''....''to examine'' ::* '''yuibteaxer'''....''to look near and far'' ::* '''yuzteaxer'''....''to look around, circumspect'' ::* '''yanteaxer'''....''to view together'' ::* '''yizteaxer'''....''to look beyond, overlook'' ::* '''vyateaxer'''....''to investigate, check out'' ::* '''vyoteaxer'''....''to view wrongly'' ::* '''zateaxer'''....''to face, confront'' ::* '''zayteaxer'''....''to look ahead, expect'' ::* '''zoyteaxer'''....''to look back'' ::* '''zeyteaxer'''....''to look across'' ::* '''ziteaxer'''....''to look to the right'' ::* '''zuteaxer'''....''to look to the left'' ::* '''zuiteaxer'''....''to look right and left'' ::* '''zyateaxer'''....''to look all over, survey'' ::* '''zyeteaxer'''....''to look through, peruse'' ::* '''zyoteaxer'''....''to squint'' ::* '''yobteaxer'''....''to look down'' ::* '''yaobteaxer'''....''to look up and down'' ::* '''zaoteaxer'''....''to look back and forth'' ::* '''yabteaxer'''....''to look up'' ::* '''yubketeaxer'''....''to pry'' ::* '''uzteaxer'''....''to look indirectly at'' ::* '''oyebteaxer'''....''to look out'' ::* '''ojteaxer'''....''to peer into the future'' ::* '''marteaxer'''....''to star-gaze'' ::* '''tabteaxer'''....''to autopsy'' </div> == Modal Verbs == : Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are usually followed by the main verb in the infinitive or a subjunctive dependent clause and have to do with wanting, permitting, prohibiting, being able, being unable, needing, being obliged to do something, etc. ==== Principal Modal Auxiliary Verbs ==== [[File:Ladies Should Listen poster.jpg|thumb|]] : Mirad has a set of modal auxiliary verbs that can be followed by a main verb in the infinitive mode. This is very much like Enlish modal auxiliary verbs in the following examples: ::* ''I <u>want</u> to go.'' ::* ''You <u>must</u> wait.'' ::* ''You <u>may</u> stay.'' ::* ''I <u>dare</u> say.'' : Here is a chart showing the main modal auxiliary verbs in Mirad: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Principle Modal Auxiliary Verbs |- ! Type !! Positive !! Negative |- ! Permission | '''afer'''....''may''<br>'''ayfer'''....''might'' || '''ofer'''....''may not''<br>'''oyfer'''....''might not'' |- ! Ability | '''yafer'''....''can''||'''yofer'''....''cannot'' |- ! Need | '''efer'''....''need to'' || |- ! Obligation | '''yefer'''....''must''<br>'''yeyfer'''....''should'' ||'''oyefer'''....''must not''<br>'''oyeyfer'''....''should not'' |- ! Desire | '''fer'''....''want to'' || |- ! Enjoyment | '''ifer'''....''love to, enjoy''<br>'''iyfer'''....''like to'' || '''ufer'''....''hate to''<br>'''uyfer'''....''dislike to'' |- ! Courage |'''yifer'''....''dare to'' || '''yufer'''....''be afraid to, fear'' |- ! Liberty | '''yiver'''....''have a right to, be free to'' || '''yuver'''....''be bound to, be supposed to'' |- ! Expectation | '''yaker'''....''expect to'' || '''yoker'''....''be surprised to'' |- ! Conation | '''yeker'''....''try to'' || |} : These modal auxiliary verbs are often followed by a verbal infinitive, as in the following examples: ::* '''At fe <u>ter</u>.'''....''I want <u>to know</u>.'' ::* '''Wit yifa <u>yeper</u>.'''....''He dared <u>to enter</u>.'' ::* '''Yat yafe <u>teater</u> yet.'''....''We can <u>see</u> you.'' ::* '''Duven et yaka <u>aker</u>?'''....''Did you expect <u>to win</u>?'' ::* '''Diwe yeku <u>xer</u> ga fi.'''....''Please try <u>to do</u> better.'' : If the modal verb is in the hypothetical aspect (conditional), then the sense is somewhat mitigated, as in these examples: :* '''At <u>fe</u> per.'''....''I <u>want</u> to go.'' :* '''At <u>fu</u> per.'''....''I <u>would</u> like to go.'' :* '''Et <u>yafe</u> aker.'''....''You <u>can</u> win.'' :* '''Et <u>yafu</u> aker.'''....''You <u>could</u> win.'' :* '''Yet <u>yefe</u> iper.'''....''You <u>must</u> leave.'' :* '''Yet <u>yefu</u> iper.'''....''You <u>ought</u> to leave.'' : Post-y-gliding the stem vowel of the modal verb also reduces the strength, for example: :* '''At <u>ife</u> et.''' ....''I <u>love</u> you.'' :* '''At <u>iyfe</u> et.''' ....''I <u>like</u> you.'' :* '''Et <u>yefe</u> iper.'''....''You <u>must</u> leave.'' :* '''Et <u>yeyfe</u> iper.'''....''You <u>should</u> leave.'' :* '''Iyt <u>yafe</u> aker.'''....''She <u>can</u> win.'' :* '''Iyt <u>yayfe</u> aker.'''....''She <u>might</u> win.'' :* '''At <u>ufa</u> uda tuz.'''....''I <u>hated</u> that art.'' :* '''At <u>uyfa</u> uda tuz.'''....''I <u>disliked</u> that art.'' : The use of '''l''' and '''r''' intensify the meaning of the auxiliary verbs, eg: :* '''Et <u>yuve</u> puer jwe.'''....''You <u>are supposed</u> to arrive on time.'' :* '''Et <u>yuvle</u> tepzexer.'''....''You <u>have</u> to pay attention.'' :* '''Et <u>yuvre</u> buer nas.'''....''You <u>absolutely must</u> give money.'' :* '''At <u>yeka</u> ser yeva.'''....''I <u>tried</u> to be fair.'' :* '''At <u>yekla</u> ujber jwa.'''....''I <u>strove</u> to finish early.'' :* '''At <u>yekra</u> nixer ga nas.'''....''I <u>struggled (= worked hard))</u> to earn more money.'' :* '''Iyt <u>ife</u> eker zyun.'''....''She <u>loves</u> to play ball.'' :* '''Iyt <u>ifla</u> teater et.'''....''She <u>was delighted</u> to see you.'' :* '''Iyt <u>ifre</u> teaper him.'''....''She <u>adores</u> visiting here.'' : Here are some examples showing how these modal verbs are used as auxiliaries: ::* '''Et <u>afe</u> oyeper ay ifeker.'''....''You <u>may</u> go out and play.'' ::* '''Yat <u>efa</u> tujer.'''....''We <u>needed</u> to sleep.'' ::* '''Ot <u>ofe</u> mavier him.'''....''One <u>is prohibited</u> to smoke here.'' ::* '''Mavier him <u>ofwe</u>.'''....''Smoking here is prohibited.'' ::* '''At <u>ife</u> dyeer.'''....''I <u>love</u> to read.'' ::* '''Duven et <u>fe</u> yeper?'''....''Do you <u>want</u> to come in?'' ::* '''At <u>fu</u> teaper et edjub.'''....''I <u>would like</u> to visit you some day.'' ::* '''It <u>ufaye hyaj</u> teaxwer.'''....''He <u>has always hated</u> being looked at.'' ::* '''Duven et <u>iyfe</u> per tilami?'''....''Do you <u>like</u> going to bars?'' ::* '''At <u>uyfe</u> tijer gra jwa.'''....''I <u>dislike</u> waking up too early.'' ::* '''Et <u>yafe</u> xer hyehos et fu.'''....''You <u>can</u> do whatever you like.'' ::* '''Et <u>yefer</u> xer ad vyaas.'''....''You <u>must</u> do the right thing.'' ::* '''Et <u>yeyfe</u> voy daler huuyen azay.'''....''You <u>should</u> not talk so loud.'' ::* '''At <u>yeyfa</u> ter ga fi.'''....''I <u>should have</u> known better.'' ::* '''At <u>voy yifu</u> der hyea fuas.'''....''I <u>would not dare</u> say anything bad.'' ::* '''<u>Von yufu</u> der hos et tesde.'''....''<u>Don't be afraid</u> to say what you mean.'' ::* '''Et <u>yive</u> dier yevanavdut.'''....''You <u>have a right</u> to ask for a lawyer.'' ::* '''Yat <u>voy yuvle</u> kyoejer.'''....''We <u>are not bound</u> to stick around.'' === Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms === :: All of these modal verbs can be passive, in which case they are "patient-oriented" rather than "subject-oriented." The participial adjective '''yafa'''....''able'' is subject-oriented and refers to a person, whereas the passived adjective '''yafwa'''....''possible'' is patient-oriented and refers to a thing or event. Here is a chart of the principal modal verbs and corresponding participial adjectives with this subject/object-orientation distinction shown: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms |- ! Modal Type || Subject-oriented !! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented !! Patient-oriented |- ! !! Verb !! Adjective !! Verb !! Adjective |- !row=1| Permission | '''afer'''<br>''may'' || '''afa'''<br>''allowed'' || '''afwer'''<br>''be permitted'' || '''afwa'''<br>''permissable'' |- !row=1| Necessity | '''efer'''<br>''need'' || '''efa'''<br>''needful'' || '''efwer'''<br>''be necessary'' || '''efwa'''<br>''necessary, required'' |- !row=1| Prohibition | '''ofer'''<br>''be unallowed'' || '''ofa'''<br>''prohibited'' || '''ofwer'''<br>''be prohibited'' || '''ofwa'''<br>''banned'' |- !row=1| Possibility | '''yafer'''<br>''be able'' || '''yafa'''<br>''able'' || '''yafwer'''<br>''be possible'' || '''yafwa'''<br>''possible'' |- !row=1| Obligation | '''yefer'''<br>''must'' || '''yefa'''<br>''obliged'' || '''yefwer'''<br>''be obligatory'' || '''yefwa'''<br>''obligatory'' |- !row=1| Duty | '''yeyfer'''<br>''should'' || '''yeyfa'''<br>''supposed, duty-bound'' || '''yeyfwer'''<br>''be supposed'' || '''yeyfwa'''<br>''due'' |- !row=1| Impossibility | '''yofer'''<br>''be unable'' || '''yofa'''<br>''unable'' || '''yofwer'''<br>''be impossible'' || '''yofwa'''<br>''impossible'' |- !row=1| Volition | '''fer'''<br>''want'' || '''fa'''<br>''desirous'' || '''fwer'''<br>''be desirable'' || '''fwa'''<br>''desirable, wanted'' |- !row=1| Love | '''ifer'''<br>''love''<br>'''iyfer'''<br>''like'' || '''ifa'''<br>''enamored''<br>'''iyfa'''<br>''fond'' || '''ifwer'''<br>''be loved''<br>'''iyfwer'''<br>''be liked'' || '''ifwa'''<br>''lovable''<br>'''iyfwa'''<br>''likeable'' |- !row=1| Hate | '''ufer'''<br>''hate''<br>'''uyfer'''<br>''dislike'' || '''ufa'''<br>''averse''<br>'''uyfa'''<br>''displeased''|| '''ufwer'''<br>''be hated''<br>'''uyfwer'''<br>''be disliked'' || '''ufwa'''<br>''odious''<br>''unliked'' |- !row=1| Courage | '''yifer'''<br>''dare'' || '''yifa'''<br>''daring, brave'' || '''yifwer'''<br>''be safe'' || '''yifwa'''<br>''safe'' |- !row=1| Fear | '''yufer'''<br>''be afraid'' || '''yufa'''<br>''afraid'' || '''yufwer'''<br>''be a danger'' || '''yufwa'''<br>''frightening'' |- !row=1| Joy | '''iver'''<br>''enjoy'' || '''iva'''<br>''glad'' || '''ivwer'''<br>''be a joy'' || '''ivwa'''<br>''enjoyable'' |- !row=1| Sorrow | '''uver'''<br>''be sorry'' || '''uva'''<br>''sorry, sad'' || '''uvwer'''<br>''be a shame'' || '''uvwa'''<br>''regrettable'' |} : Examples of subject-oriented forms: ::* '''At se <u>yafa</u> xer hes.'''....''I <u>am capable of</u> doing anything.'' ::* '''Et <u>ofe</u> teater hia dyezun.'''....''You <u>are not allowed/are prohibited</u> to see this film.'' ::* '''Duven at <u>afe</u> per hum?'''....''Am I <u>allowed</u> to go there?'' ::* '''Yat <u>fu</u> ter eta dyun.'''....''We <u>would like</u> to know your name.'' ::* '''Piti <u>ufe</u> beser be mel.'''....''Fish <u>hate</u> to remain on dry land.'' ::* '''At ajay <u>ifa</u> dazer.'''....''I once <u>loved</u> to dance.'' ::* '''Et se iva, at <u>yife</u> der.'''....''You are beautiful, I <u>dare</u> say.'' ::* '''At <u>yeyfa</u> xer has ga ig.'''....''I <u>should</u> have done it sooner.'' ::* '''Von <u>yufu</u>; At yupeye.'''....''<u>Fear</u> not; I am coming.'' ::* '''Et <u>yefe</u> puer ja eymaj.'''....''You <u>must</u> arrive before noon.'' ::* '''Yet <u>yofe</u> daler je ha dezun.'''....''You people <u>must not</u> talk during the performance.'' ::* '''Yat <u>yeyfe</u> (= se <u>yeyfa</u>) aker.'''....''We should (= are <u>bound/supposed/due</u>) to win.'' ::* '''At <u>ive</u> teater et bakser.'''....''I<u>'m glad</u> to see you get better.'' ::* '''Su <u>iva</u>.'''....''Be <u>happy</u>.'' ::* '''At <u>uvu (= su uva)</u> teater et iper.'''....''I <u>would be sad</u> to see you leave.'' : Examples of patient-oriented forms: ::* '''<u>Afwe</u> (= se afwa) mavier him.'''....''<u>It is permissible</u> to smoke here.'' ::* '''<u>Ofwe</u> (= se ofwa*) puxer fyumul him.'''....''<u>It is prohibited</u> to throw litter here.'' ::* '''<u>Fwe</u> (= se fwa) van yet dolu.'''....''<u>It is desired</u> that you stop talking.'' ::* '''<u>Voy yafwe</u> beser him gajob.'''....''<u>It is not possible</u> to remain here any longer.'' ::* '''<u>Yofwa</u> av at ivteuder.'''....''<u>It was not possible</u> for me to laugh.'' ::* '''<u>Yefwe</u> van et piu ig.'''....''<u>It is essential</u> that you leave quickly.'' ::* '''He <u>yeyfwe</u> ober ata tyoyafi?'''....''Is <u>it obligatory</u> to remove my shoes?'' ::* '''Ga yux <u>efwo</u>.'''....''More help <u>will be needed</u>.'' ::* '''Yuxren se <u>ufwa</u> xetyen.'''....''Slavery is an <u>odious</u> practice.'' ::* '''<u>Uvwe</u> van wit oka.'''....''<u>It's a shame</u> that he lost.'' :: *<small>'''lofwa''' is used for ''unwanted'' for disambiguation purposes.</small> === Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems === : Various causative verbs can be formed from modal stems, as shown in the chart below: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems |- ! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented |- | '''afxer'''....''allow'' (someone to do sthg.) || '''afwaxer'''....''permit'' (something to be done) |- | '''efxer'''....''require'' || '''efwaxer'''....''necessitate'' |- | '''ofxer'''....''prohibit'' || '''ofwaxer'''....''prohibit'' |- | '''yafxer'''....''enable'' || '''yafwaxer'''....''make possible'' |- | '''yefxer'''....''oblige'' || '''yefwaxer'''....''make obligatory'' |- | '''yofxer'''....''cripple'' || '''yofwaxer'''....''disable'' |- | '''yifxer'''....''embolden'' || '''yifwaxer'''....''make safe'' |- | '''yufxer'''....''intimidate'' || '''yufwaxer'''....''make frightening'' |- | '''ifxer'''....''please'' || '''ifwaxer'''....''make pleasant'' |} === Creating Modal Verbs and Adjectives with Modal Stem Suffixes === : Verb stems can be suffixed with modal participles to produce related modal verbs and adjectives. The first chart shows the modal participles themselves that can be suffixed to verb stems. Subject-oriented forms refer only to people, while patient-oriented forms (ending in '''-wa''') refer only to things. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Modal Suffixes |- ! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented |- | '''-yafa'''....''able to X, -able'' || '''-yafwa'''....''possible to X'' |- | '''-yofa'''....''unable to X'' || '''-yofwa'''....''impossible to X'' |- | '''-ifa'''....''fond of Xing, Xophile'' || '''-ifwa'''....''enjoyable to X'' |- | '''-ufa'''....''averse to Xing, Xophobic'' ||'''-ufwa'''....''unenjoyable to X'' |- | '''-yika'''....''hard of Xing'' || '''-yikwa'''....''hard to X'' |- | '''-yuka'''....''comfortable/easy Xing'' || '''-yukwa'''....''easy to X'' |- | '''-yaka'''....''expecting to X'' || '''yakwa'''....''expected/likely to X'' |- | '''-efa'''....''in need of Xing'' || '''-efwa'''....''necessary to X'' |- | '''-yefa'''....''obliged to X'' || '''-yefwa'''....''obligatory/due to X'' |- | '''-yufa'''....''afraid of Xing'' || '''-yufwa'''....''frightening to X'' |} : This table shows some of these modal suffixes applied to actual verb and noun stems: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Modals and Orientation |- ! Orientation !! Positive Adjective !! Positive Verb !! Negative Adjective !! Negative Verb |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''teatyafa'''<br>''able to see, sighted'' || '''teatyafer'''<br>''be able to see'' || '''teatyofa'''<br>''blind'' || '''teatyofer'''<br>''be blind'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''teatyafwa'''<br>''visible'' || '''teatyafwer'''<br>''be visible'' || '''teatyofwa'''<br>''invisible'' || '''teatyofwer'''<br>''be invisible'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''teetyafa'''<br>''able to hear, hearing'' || '''teetyafer'''<br>''be able to hear'' || '''teetyofa'''<br>''deaf'' || '''teatyofer'''<br>''be deaf'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''teetyafwa'''<br>''audible'' || '''teetyafwer'''<br>''be audible'' || '''teeyofwa'''<br>''inaudible'' || '''teeyofwer'''<br>''be inaudiable'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''dalyafa'''<br>''able to speak'' || '''dalyafer'''<br>''be able to speak'' || '''dalyofa'''<br>''mute, dumb'' || '''dalyofer'''<br>''be mute, dumb'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''doabifa'''<br>''patriotic'' || '''doabifer'''<br>''be patriotic'' || '''doabufa'''<br>''rebellious'' || '''doabufer'''<br>''rebel'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tosyafa'''<br>''sensitive'' || '''tosyafer'''<br>''be able to feel'' || '''tosyofa'''<br>''insensitive'' || '''tosyofer'''<br>''be numbed'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''tayotyafwa'''<br>''palpable'' || '''tayotyafwer'''<br>''be palpable'' || '''tayotyofwa'''<br>''numb'' || '''tayotyofwer'''<br>''be impalbable, numb'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''testyukwa'''<br>''easy to understand'' || '''testyukwaxer'''<br>''make easily understood'' || '''testyikwa'''<br>''hard to understand'' || '''testyikwaxer'''<br>''make hard to understand'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tudyaka'''<br>''pregnant, expecting'' || '''tudyaker'''<br>''be expecting''|| || |- !row=1| '''Patient''' |'''mamilyakwa'''<br>''likely to rain'' || '''mamilyakwer'''<br>''to be expected to rain''|| '''mamilyokwa'''<br>''unlikely to rain''|| '''mamilyokwer'''<br>''to be unlikely to rain'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tilefa'''<br>''thirsty'' || '''tilefer'''<br>''be thirsty'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''telefa'''<br>''hungry'' || '''telefer'''<br>''be hungry'' || || |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''tejefwa'''<br>''vital'' || '''tejefwer'''<br>''be vital'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tujefa'''<br>''sleepy'' || '''tujefer'''<br>''be sleepy'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''nasefa'''<br>''poor, needy'' || '''nasefer'''<br>''be needy'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''dudyefa'''<br>''accountable, responsible'' || '''dudyefer'''<br>''be responsible'' || || |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''texiyefwa'''<br>''noteworthy'' || '''texiyefwer'''<br>''be noteworthy'' || || |} == Sensing Verbs == : Verbs involving the senses, such as sight or hearing, follow a similar pattern, as the following chart shows: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Sensing Verbs |- valign=top ! TYPE !! '''teab'''....''eye''<br>'''teata'''....''visual'' !! '''teeb'''....''ear''<br>'''teeta'''....''acoustic'' !! '''teib'''....''nose''<br>'''teita'''....''olfactory'' !! '''teub'''....''mouth''<br>'''teuta'''....''gustatory'' !! '''tayob'''....''skin''<br>'''tayota'''....''tactile'' |- valign=top !row=1| Receptive<br>Active | '''teater'''<br>''see'' || '''teeter'''<br>''hear'' || '''teiter'''<br>''smell'' || '''teuter'''<br>''taste'' || '''tayoter'''<br>''feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Receptive<br>Passive | '''teatwer'''<br>''be seen'' || '''teetwer'''<br>''be heard'' || '''teitwer'''<br>''be smelled'' || '''teutwer'''<br>''be tasted'' || '''tayotwer'''<br>''be felt'' |- valign=top !row=1| Stative | '''teaser'''<br>''seem'' || '''teeser'''<br>''sound'' || '''teiser'''<br>''smell'' || '''teuser'''<br>''taste'' || '''tayoser'''<br>''feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Dynamic<br>Active | '''teaxer'''<br>''look at'' || '''teexer'''<br>''listen'' || '''teixer'''<br>''sniff'' || '''teuxer'''<br>''taste'' || '''tayoxer'''<br>''touch'' |- valign=top !row=1| Dynamic<br>Passive | '''teaxwer'''<br>''be looked at'' || '''teexwer'''<br>''be listened to'' || '''teixwer'''<br>''be sniffed'' || '''teuxwer'''<br>''be tasted'' || '''tayoxwer'''<br>''be touched'' |- valign=top !row=1| Causative<br>Active | '''teatuer'''<br>''show'' || '''teetuer'''<br>''make hear'' || '''teixuer'''<br>''make smell'' || '''teuxuer'''<br>''offer a taste'' || '''tayoxuer'''<br>''make feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Causative<br>Passive | '''teatuwer'''<br>''be shown'' || '''teetuwer'''<br>''be made to hear'' || '''teituwer'''<br>''be made to smell'' || '''teutuwer'''<br>''be given a taste'' || '''tayotuwer'''<br>''be made to feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Inchoative<br>Active | '''teatier'''<br>''perceive,''<br>''catch sight of'' || '''teetier'''<br>''catch the<br>sound of'' || '''teitier'''<br>''get a whiff of'' || '''teutuer'''<br>''get a taste of'' || '''tayotier'''<br>''get the sensation of'' |- valign=top !row=1| Inchoative<br>Passive | '''teatiwer'''<br>''be perceived'' || '''teetiwer'''<br>''be heard'' || '''teitiwer'''<br>''be whiffed'' || '''teutiwer'''<br>''be tasted'' || '''tayotiwer'''<br>''be felt'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Stative | '''teatyofer'''<br>''be blind'' || '''teetyofer'''<br>''be deaf'' || '''teityofer'''<br>''be unable to smell'' || '''teityofer'''<br>''be unable to taste'' || '''tayotyofer'''<br>''be insensitive'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Stative | '''teatyofwer'''<br>''be invisible'' || '''teetyofwer'''<br>''be inaudible'' || '''teityofwer'''<br>''be undetectable<br>odorwise'' || '''teityofwer'''<br>''be insipid'' || '''tayotyofwer'''<br>''be undetectable<br>by touch'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Causative | '''teatyofxer'''<br>''blind'' || '''teetyofxer'''<br>''deafen'' || '''teityofxer'''<br>''desensitize<br>to smell'' || '''teutyofxer'''<br>''desensitize to<br>taste'' || '''tayotyofxer'''<br>''desensitize'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Causative | '''teatyofwaxer'''<br>''make invisible'' || '''teetyofwaxer'''<br>''make inaudible'' || '''teityofwaxer'''<br>''make odorless'' || '''teutyofwaxer'''<br>''render tasteless'' || '''tayotyofwaxer'''<br>''numb'' |} : Examples of usage: :* '''At <u>teatyofxwa</u> bey ha mani.'''....''I <u>was blinded</u> by the lights.'' :* '''Ha xeus sa <u>teetyofxyea</u>.'''....''The noise was <u>deafening</u>.'' :* '''Hia tit se gla <u>teatiyafa</u>.'''....''This pupil is very <u>perceptive</u>.'' :* '''Hua bekil se <u>teityofwa</u>.'''....''That medicine is <u>odorless</u> (impossible to smell).'' :* '''<u>Teatyofwaxu</u> ha vyuni.'''....''<u>Make</u> the spots <u>invisible</u>.'' :* '''Ha magmemyaz yonpyexlun <u>tayotyafwa</u> zya ha mir.'''....''The volcano eruption <u>could be felt</u> throughout the world.'' == Frequentative Verbs == :Frequentative verbs or repetitive action verbs can be formed with the infix '''-eg-''' placed between the verb stem and verb ending, eg.: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Frequentative Verbs |- ! Normal !! Frequentative |- | '''pyaser'''....''jump''||'''pyas<u>eg</u>er'''....''bounce'' |- | '''paper'''....''fly''||'''pap<u>eg</u>er'''....''flitter'' |- | '''kobirer'''....''steal''||'''kobir<u>eg</u>er'''....''pilfer'' |- | '''basrer'''....''shake''||'''basreger'''....''vibrate'' |} == Hybridized Verbs == : Verbs that involve motion directions that change back and forth can be formed by hybridizing the stem vowel or the vowel of the vectorial prefix. Here are some examples: <small> ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Hybridized Verbs |- ! First Verb !! Second Verb !! Hybridized Verb |- | '''pyaser'''....''jump''|| '''pyoser'''....''fall'' || '''pyaoser'''....''bounce, undulate'' |- | '''buer'''....''give'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''buier'''....''exchange'' |- | '''nuer'''....''furnish'' || '''nier'''....''consume'' || '''nuier'''....''trade'' |- | '''tuer'''....''inform'' || '''tier'''....''learn'' || '''tuier'''....''communicate'' |- | '''yaper'''....''ascend'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' || '''yaoper'''....''go up and down'' |- | '''zayper'''....''go forward'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' || '''zaoper'''....''vacillate'' |- | '''vader'''....''affirm'' || '''voder'''....''deny'' || '''vaoder'''....''decide'' |- | '''yijber'''....''open'' || '''yujber'''....''close'' || '''uijber'''....''valve'' |- | '''baser'''....''stir'' || '''boser'''....''be still'' || '''baoser'''....''vibrate'' |} </small> == Multi-stem Verbs == : Here are a few verbs in Mirad that are composed of two verb stems: <small> ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Multi-stem Verbs |- ! First Verb Stem !! Second Verb Stem !! Multi-stem Verb |- | '''nix-'''....''to earn'' || '''bu-'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' |- | '''nux-'''....''to pay'' || '''bi-'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' |- | '''f(e)-'''....''to want'' || '''d-'''....''to say'' || '''feder'''....''to mean'' |- | '''f(e)-'''....''to want'' || '''t-'''....''to know'' || '''feter'''....''to wonder'' |- | '''yek-'''....''to try'' || '''bi-'''....''to take'' || '''yekbier'''....''to acquire'' |- | '''yek-'''....''to try'' || '''ak-'''....''to win'' || '''yekaker'''....''to court, woo'' |- | '''yek-'''....''to try'' || '''ti-'''....''to find out'' || '''yektier'''....''to inquire'' |- | '''tea(t)-'''....''to see'' || '''pix-'''....''to catch'' ||'''teapixer'''....''to catch sight of'' |- | '''teat-'''....''to see'' || '''ok-'''....''to lose'' || '''teatoker'''....''to lose sight of'' |- | '''ef-'''....''to need'' || '''kyox-'''....''to fixate'' || '''efkyoxer'''....''to addict'' |- | '''af-'''....''to allow'' || '''d-'''....''to say'' || '''afder'''....''to authorize'' |- | '''of-'''....''to be prohibited'' || '''d-'''....''to say'' || '''ofder'''....''to ban'' |- | '''of-'''....''to be prohibited'' || '''bi-'''....''to take'' || '''ofbier'''....'''to steal''' |- | '''of-'''....''to be prohibited'' || '''boyx-'''....''to deprive'' || '''ofboyxer'''....''to rob'' |- | '''of-'''....''to be prohibited'' || '''emkyox-'''....''to settle'' || '''ofemkyoxer'''....''to squat'' |- | '''of-'''....''to be prohibited'' || '''f-'''....''to want'' || '''offer'''....''to covet'' |- | '''tex-'''....''to think'' || '''d-'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention'' |- | '''ke(x)-'''....''to seek''|| '''bi-'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''*....''to choose'' |- | '''ke(x)-'''....''to seek''|| '''vyax-'''....''to verify'' || '''kevyaxer'''....''to experiment'' |- | '''ke(x)-'''....''to seek'' || '''ti-'''....''to find out'' || '''kextier'''....''to be interested in'' |- | '''ko(x)-'''....''to hide'' || '''bel-'''....''to carry'' || '''kobeler'''....''to smuggle'' |- | '''ko(x)-'''....''to hide'' || '''bes-'''....''to dwell'' || '''kobeser'''....''to haunt'' |- | '''ko(x)-'''....''to hide'' || '''bu-'''....''to give'' || '''kobuer'''....''to bribe'' |- | '''ko(x)-'''....''to hide'' || '''dr-'''....''to write'' || '''kodrer'''....''to encipher'' |- | '''ko(x)-'''....''to hide'' || '''ebkyax-'''....''to exchange'' || '''koebkyaxler'''....''to traffic'' |- | '''ko(x)-'''....''to hide'' || '''ex-'''....''to operate'' || '''koexer'''....''to spy'' |- | '''ko(x)-'''....''to hide'' || '''jadr-'''....''to plan'' || '''kojadrer'''....''to plot'' |- | '''ka(x)-'''....''to find'' || '''b-'''....''to put'' || '''kaber'''....''to expose'' |- | '''ka(x)-'''....''to find'' || '''d-'''....''to say'' || '''kader'''....''to reveal'' |- | '''ka(x)-'''....''to find'' || '''p-'''....''to go'' || '''kaper'''....''to venture'' |- | '''ka(x)-'''....''to find'' || '''tu-'''....''to inform'' || '''katuer'''....''to disclose'' |- | '''f(e)-'''....''to want'' || '''t-'''....''to know'' || '''feter'''....''to wonder'' |- | '''je(x)-'''....''to continue'' || '''teax-'''....''to look'' || '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch'' |- | '''je(x)-'''....''to continue'' || '''bes-'''....''to stay'' || '''jebeser'''....''to stay on'' |- | '''je(x)-'''....''to continue'' || '''bex-'''....''to hold'' || '''jebexer'''....''to keep'' |- | '''ek-'''....''to play'' || '''axl-'''....''to act'' || '''ekaxler'''....''to pretend'' |} </small> :: * This is often simplified to '''kebier'''. == Expressing Habitual Actions and States == : Mirad uses the term '''gel jubyen''' (''as a habit'') to express a verb reflecting habitual action, eg: ::* '''At tijeya be yiwa jwobi gel jubyen.'''....''I used to wake up at 9 o'clock.'' (Lit. ''I was waking up at 9 o'clock as a habit.''). : The term '''hyujod'''....''one another occasion'' (or '''be aj'''....''in the past'') is use to express ''once (upon a time)'', eg: ::* '''At sa tuxut hyujod (~ be aj) sa tuxut.''' ....''I once was a teacher.'' : The term '''vyabxelay''' (''routinely'') can also be used, eg: ::* '''Yat eke duz yuz bi ha doym vyabxelay.'''....''We play music around town routinely.'' == Expressing an Immediate Past == : To express an immediate past, such as in the sentence ''"We have just gotten married."'', Mirad uses the adverb '''ejnay''' (''newly'') much like the word ''just'' in English: ::* '''Yat tadsaye <u>ejnay</u>.'''....''We have <u>just</u> gotten married.'' ::* '''<u>Ejnay</u> tadxwa.'''....''<u>Just</u> married.'' ::* '''Wit dokebiwa <u>ejnay</u>.'''....''He was <u>just</u> elected.'' ::* '''At ujbaya yex <u>ejnay</u> hoj iyt yebupa.'''....''I had <u>just</u> finished work when she came in.'' == Verb Predicate Types == : Mirad verb predicates can be classified as follows: :* '''''Voice''''' ::* Active (The subject is the doer of the action) ::* Passive (The subject is the receiver of the action) ::* Middle (The subject is both the agent and patient) ::* Reflexive (The subject is also the patient.) ::* Reciprocal (Plural subjects interact.) :* '''''Stativity''''' ::* Stative (Does not involve action) ::* Dynamic (Action is involved) :* '''''Valency''''' ::* Impersonal (There is no subject) ::* Transitive (There is an object) ::* Intransitive (There is no object) ::* Auto-transitive (The subject is a patient and there is no agent) ::* Anti-transitive (There is the patient but an agent is assumed) ::* Causative (Subject causes an action to be performed) ::* Copula (X is Y) :* '''''Other''''' ::* Modal (''can, must, should, wants to''...) ::* Auxiliary (''help to, hope to, prepare to'' + verb) ::* Motion (''run, go, ride''...) ::* Communication (''say, answer, claim that...'') ::* Gesture (''put, shake, hit...'') ::* State/Stative (''be, become, live, be born...'') ::* Action/Dynamic (''do, act, make'') {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightYellow;font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Predicate Types |- ! Voice !! Stativity!! Valency !! Example |- | active || stative || impersonal, -agent, -object || '''Mamilo zajub.'''....''It will rain tomorrow.'' |- | active || stative || impersonal, -agent, +complement || '''Sa gla oma.'''....''It was very cold.'' |- | active || stative || impersonal, +subject || '''Ese het be ha mes.'''....''There is someone at the door.'' |- | active || stative || copula, subject + noun/adjective complement || '''Et se ata twud.'''....''You are my son.''<br>'''At aseye ebbyextipa.'''....''I am becoming angry.'' |- | middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient -agent -object || '''Iyt toja.'''....''She died'' |- | middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened.'' |- | active || stative || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Et bokso.'''....''You will get sick.'' |- | active || stative || transitive, sense, +subject +object || '''At teate et.'''....''I see you.'' |- | active || stative || transitive, modal, +subject +verb complement || '''At fe per.'''....''I want to go.'' |- | active || stative || intransitive, subject-oriented modal, -subject +verb complement || '''Yofwe teater.'''....''It is impossible to see.'' |- | passive || stative || patient-oriented modal, +subject || '''Mamil yakwe.'''....''Rain is expected.'' |- | middle || dynamic || anti-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' |- | active || dynamic || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Ha fab pyosa.'''....''The tree fell.'' |- | active || dynamic || transitive, +subject +-object || '''Yit pyoxa ha fab.'''....''They felled the tree.'' |- | passive || dynamic || intransitive, +subject, -object || '''Ha fabi pyoxwa.'''....''The trees were felled.'' |- | active || dynamic || transitive, +subject, +object|| '''Obu eta tef.'''....''Take your hat off.'' |- | active || dynamic || ditransitive, +subject, +object +object || '''Von et buu iyt ha nas.'''....''Don't give her the money.'' |- | active || dynamic || transitive, motion, +subject, +destination/origin || '''Yupu ha seem.'''....''Approach the bench.''<br>'''Pu tam!'''....''Go home!'' (''you'' implied) |- | active || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxo Jon.'''....''I will get my hair cut by John.'' |- | passive || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxwo.'''....''I will get my hair cut.'' |- | active || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''Yuxu at xer his.'''....''Help me do this.'' |- | passive || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''At tuxwa eker duz.'''....''I was taught to play music.'' |- | middle || dynamic || reflexive, +subject = patient, -object || '''Iyt uttojba.'''....''She killed herself.'' |- | active || dynamic || reciprocal, +subjects = patients || '''Yit voy hyuitdale gaj.'''....''They don't talk to one another anymore.'' |} <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Pronouns|Prepositions}}</noinclude> 9dkohabqmx6209mosmld5r9yvcm1hx5 2 418708 4498376 4497058 2025-06-02T22:49:34Z Ziv 3267536 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:La Neuveville-coat of arms.svg]] → [[File:CHE La Neuveville COA.svg]] → File replacement: update to new version ([[c:c:GR]]) 4498376 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Karte Kantone der Schweiz farbig 1996.png|right|thumb|650px|Map showing the cantons of Switzerland (1994)]] {{en|Revenue stamps of Switzerland, alphabetically by issuing area.}} {{nl|Zwitserse fiscaalzegels, alfabetisch gegroepeerd per emissiegebied.}} Numbering and classification according Denis Gainon (May 1996, version 5), ''Catalogue de timbres administratifs publics de Suisse (fiscaux et analogues): confédération, cantons, communes.'' Additionally the catalogue by Clayton Wallace (2016, 2nd Edition) ''Tourism Tax Stamps of Switzerland'' is used. =Federal stamps of Switzerland= [[w:Switzerland|Switzerland]], officially the Swiss Confederation, is a [[w:federal republic|federal republic]] in [[w:Europe|Europe]]. It consists of [[w:cantons of Switzerland|cantons]], and the city of [[w:Bern|Bern]] is the seat of the federal authorities. Federal revenue stamps were issued for 14 different taxes between 1915 and 1980. [[File:Coat of arms of Switzerland.svg|thumb|right|100px]] ==Bonds and notes== Gainon purpose classification A. ===1915=== [[File:Switzerland federal consular revenue 1915 detail.jpg|thumb|right|125px|Hans Frei signature on lower corner right.]] Design by Hans Frei (1868 - 1947), Swiss medallist, goldsmith and sculptor. <gallery> Switzerland federal bonds revenue 1915 3Fr - 8.jpg|3Fr - (№ 8) Switzerland federal bonds revenue 1915 10Fr - 11.jpg|10Fr - (№ 11) </gallery> ==Consular service== Gainon purpose classification B. ===1915=== Group 1. 1915 federal bonds and notes stamps overprinted in black 'Service Consulaire Taxes'. <gallery> Switzerland federal consular revenue 1915 50c - 1.jpg|50c - (№ 1) Switzerland federal consular revenue 1915 1Fr - 2.jpg|1Fr - (№ 2) Switzerland federal consular revenue 1915 2Fr - 3.jpg|2Fr - (№ 3) Switzerland federal consular revenue 1915 3Fr - 4.jpg|3Fr - (№ 4) Switzerland federal consular revenue 1915 5Fr - 5.jpg|5Fr - (№ 5) Switzerland federal consular revenue 1915 10Fr - 6.jpg|10Fr - (№ 6) Switzerland federal consular revenue 1915 15Fr - 7.jpg|15Fr - (№ 7) Switzerland federal consular revenue 1915 20Fr - 8.jpg|20Fr - (№ 8) </gallery> ===1920-1963=== <gallery> Switzerland federal consular revenue 1918 5Fr-16.jpg|1918, 5Fr - (№ 16) Switzerland 1920 consular revenue 1Fr - 20.jpg|1Fr - (№ 20) Switzerland 1920 consular revenue 3Fr - 22.jpg|3Fr - (№ 22) Switzerland 1924 consular service document Porto.jpg|5Fr, used 1924 in Porto consulate (№ 24) CH1931visa.jpg|5Fr, used 1931 on passport in Warsaw consulate (№ 24) </gallery> ==Bill of exchange== ===1920=== Arms of Switzerland. Orange-brown, perforated 11.75, unwatermarked. <gallery> Switzerland federal revenue 1920 5c-24A.jpg|5c used (№ 24A) Switzerland federal revenue 1920 5c-24A fragment.jpg|5c used on fragment (№ 24A) Switzerland federal revenue 1920 10c-25A fragment.jpg|10c used on fragment (№ 25A) Switzerland federal revenue 1920 15c-26A.jpg|15c used (№ 26A) Switzerland federal revenue 1920 10c and 15c - 25A and 26A fragment.jpg|10c, 15c used on fragment (№ 25A, 26A) Switzerland federal revenue 1920 20c-27A.jpg|20c used (№ 27A) Switzerland federal revenue 1920 25c-28A.jpg|25c used (№ 28A) Switzerland federal revenue 1920 30c-29A.jpg|30c used (№ 29A) Switzerland federal revenue 1920 35c - 30A.jpg|35c used (№ 30A) Switzerland federal revenue 1920 40c-31A.jpg|40c used (№ 31A) Switzerland federal revenue 1920 45c-32A.jpg|45c used (№ 32A) Switzerland federal revenue 1920 50c and 5c - 33A and 24A fragment.jpg|50c, 5c used on fragment (№ 33A, 24A) Switzerland 1933-02-15 bill of exchange Chessex Cie.jpg|1933 bill of exchange with 15c (№ 26A) Switzerland 1936-03-31 bill of exchange Anthime Mouley.jpg|1936 bill of exchange with 20c (№ 27A) </gallery> ==Imprinted revenues== ===Confederation=== Gainon group B, relief imprint. Design by Hans Frei (1868 - 1947), Swiss medallist, goldsmith and sculptor. 5 different fees were applied for different purposes. Little is known about this group, a few different dates per tax are mentioned in Gainon. [[w:Bond (finance)|Bonds]] were taxed 3% (№ 5). <gallery> Switzerland confederation imprinted revenue 17.VI.1920 - 5.jpg|Imprinted revenue 17.VI.1920 (№ 5) Switzerland transportation bond with confederational imprinted revenue 17.VI.1920 - 5.jpg|Bond certificate with imprinted revenue 17.VI.1920 (№ 5) </gallery> =Cantonal stamps= [[w:cantons of Switzerland|The 26 cantons of Switzerland]] are the [[w:Federated state|member states]] of the [[w:Swiss Confederation|Swiss Confederation]]. ==Aargau== [[w:Aargau|Aargau]] is one of the 26 cantons of [[w:Switzerland|Switzerland]]. Revenue stamps were issued from 1886 to 1936. [[File:CHE Aargau COA.svg|thumb|right|100px]] ===General revenue=== ====1886==== <gallery> Switzerland Aargau 1886 revenue 10c - 1.jpg|10c used (№ 1) Switzerland Aargau 1886 revenue 20c - 2.jpg|20c used (№ 2) Switzerland Aargau 1886 revenue 40c - 3.jpg|40c used (№ 3) Switzerland Aargau 1886 revenue 1Fr - 4.jpg|1Fr used (№ 4) Switzerland Aargau 1886 revenue 2Fs - 5.jpg|2Fr used (№ 5C) 'Fs.' Switzerland Aargau 1886 revenue 2Fr - 5.jpg|2Fr used (№ 5aB) 'Fr.' Switzerland Aargau 1886 revenue 5Fr - 6.jpg|5Fr used (№ 6) </gallery> ====1908==== <gallery> Switzerland Aargau 1908 revenue 10c - 8A.jpg|10c used (№ 8A) Switzerland Aargau 1908 revenue 10c - 8C.jpg|10c used (№ 8C) Switzerland Aargau 1908 revenue 20c - 9C.jpg|20c used (№ 9C) Switzerland Aargau 1908 revenue 40c - 10C.jpg|40c used (№ 10C) </gallery> ===Fixed fees=== ====1913==== <gallery> Switzerland Aargau 1913 Revenue 20c - 10B.jpg|20c used (№ 10B) Switzerland Aargau 1913 Revenue 50c - 12B.jpg|50c used (№ 12B) Switzerland Aargau 1913 Revenue 2Fr - 14A.jpg|2Fr used (№ 14A) Switzerland Aargau 1913 Revenue 2Fr - 14B.jpg|2Fr used (№ 14B) Switzerland Aargau 1913 Revenue 3Fr - 15B.jpg|3Fr used (№ 15B) Switzerland Aargau 1913 Revenue 5Fr - 16B.jpg|5Fr used (№ 16B) </gallery> ====1936==== <gallery> Switzerland Aargau 1936 Revenue 1Fr - 21.jpg|1Fr used (№ 21) Switzerland Aargau 1936 Revenue 5Fr - 25.jpg|5Fr used (№ 25) Switzerland Aargau 1936 Revenue 10Fr - 26.jpg|10Fr used (№ 26) Switzerland Aargau 1936 Revenue 15Fr - 2.jpg|15Fr used (№ 27) </gallery> ===Poster tax=== Gainon purpose classification C, 1916. 5 different values with perforations 10 (A), 10.75-11 (B), 11-11.25 (C) or 11.5 (D). <gallery> Switzerland Aargau Reklamenstempel 20c - 1A.jpg|20c used (№ 1A) Switzerland Aargau Reklamenstempel 1Fr - 2Ax.jpg|1Fr used, small 'F' (№ 2Ax) Switzerland Aargau Reklamenstempel 1Fr - 2B.jpg|1Fr used, small 'F' (№ 2Bx) Switzerland Aargau Reklamenstempel 4Fr - 3A.jpg|4Fr used (№ 3A) Switzerland Aargau Reklamenstempel 10Fr - 4A.jpg|10Fr used (№ 4A) Switzerland Aargau Reklamenstempel 10Fr - 4A (2).jpg|10Fr used (№ 4A) Switzerland Aargau Reklamenstempel 20Fr - 5A.jpg|20Fr used (№ 5A) </gallery> ==Basel== See separate gallery: [[Revenue stamps of Basel]] ==Bern== See separate gallery: [[Revenue stamps of Bern]] ==Fribourg== See separate gallery: [[Revenue stamps of Fribourg]] ==Geneva== See separate gallery: [[Revenue stamps of Geneva]] ==Grisons== [[w:Grisons|Grisons]] or ''Graubünden'', is the largest and easternmost [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[W:Switzerland|Switzerland]]. 15 different revenue stamps were issued from 1930 to 1947 and for tourism 39 from 1936 to 1957. [[File:CHE Graubünden COA.svg|thumb|right|100px]] ===General revenue, 1943=== Purpose classification B. Two perforations: 11 (A) or 11.5 (B) <gallery> Switzerland Grisons federal 1943 revenue gratis - 1A.jpg|Gratis used (№ 1A) Switzerland Grisons federal 1943 revenue 50c - 2B.jpg|50c used (№ 2B) Switzerland Grisons federal 1943 revenue 1Fr - 3B.jpg|1Fr used (№ 3B) Switzerland Grisons federal 1943 revenue 2Fr - 4A.jpg|2Fr used (№ 4A) Switzerland Grisons federal 1943 revenue 5Fr - 6A.jpg|5Fr used (№ 6A) Switzerland Grisons federal 1943 revenue 7Fr - 7A.jpg|7Fr used (№ 7A) </gallery> ===Tourism=== 4 different sets were issued between 1936 and 1957. ====1936-1938==== [[File:Switzerland Grisons 1936-1938 tourism revenue 5c - 1xB detail.jpg|thumb|right|125px|Type 1]] Arms of Grisons, Gainon group 1. Two perforations: 11 (A) or 11.5 (B). * One line surrounds shield * Oval whorls * Upper right field of shield is correct * Condensed numeral field * Lower right whorl has no dot in the oval. The 5c exists in three types: wide (x), 7 narrow 5 (y), cutoff 5 (z). (cf. Wallace) <gallery> Switzerland Grisons 1936-1938 tourism revenue 5c - 1xB.jpg|5c - (№ 1xB) Switzerland Grisons 1936-1938 tourism revenue 10c - 2A.jpg|10c - (№ 2A) Switzerland Grisons 1936-1938 tourism revenue 10c - 2B.jpg|10c - (№ 2B) Switzerland Grisons 1936-1938 tourism revenue 50c - 6A.jpg|50c - (№ 6A) Switzerland Grisons 1936-1938 tourism revenue 70c - 7A.jpg|70c - (№ 7A) Switzerland Grisons 1936-1938 tourism revenue 70c - 7B.jpg|70c - (№ 7B) </gallery> ====1944==== [[File:Switzerland Grisons 1944 tourism revenue 5c - 9 detail.jpg|thumb|right|125px|Type 2]] Arms of Grisons, Gainon group 2. Perforated 11.5. * Two lines surround shield * Round whorls * Shading in shield is incorrect * Condensed numeral field * Lower right whorl has a dot in the oval. <gallery> Switzerland Grisons 1944 tourism revenue 5c - 9.jpg|5c - (№ 9) Switzerland Grisons 1944 tourism revenue 10c - 10.jpg|10c - (№ 10) Switzerland Grisons 1944 tourism revenue 35c - 13.jpg|35c - (№ 13) Switzerland Grisons 1944 tourism revenue 50c - 14.jpg|50c - (№ 14) Switzerland Grisons 1944 tourism revenue 70c - 15.jpg|70c - (№ 15) </gallery> ====1944- ==== [[File:Switzerland Grisons 1944- tourism revenue 60c - 22C detail.jpg|thumb|right|125px|Type 3]] Arms of Grisons, Gainon group 3. Perforated 10.75 thick paper (A), 10.75 thin paper (B) or 11.5 (C) * Two lines surround shield * Round whorls * Upper right field of shield corrected * Spread numeral field * Lower left whorl resembles snake head. <gallery> Switzerland Grisons 1944- tourism revenue 20c - 20A.jpg|20c - (№ 20A) Switzerland Grisons 1944- tourism revenue 20c - 20B.jpg|20c - (№ 20B) Switzerland Grisons 1944- tourism revenue 30c - 21B.jpg|30c - (№ 21B) Switzerland Grisons 1944- tourism revenue 60c - 22C.jpg|60c - (№ 22C) Switzerland Grisons 1944- tourism revenue 90c - 23C.jpg|90c - (№ 23C) Switzerland Grisons 1944- tourism revenue 1Fr - 24aA.jpg|1Fr - (№ 24aA) Switzerland Grisons 1944- tourism revenue 2Fr - 25A.jpg|2Fr - (№ 25A) Switzerland Grisons 1944 tourism revenue 5Fr - 27C.jpg|5Fr - (№ 27C) </gallery> ==Lucerne== See separate gallery [[Revenue stamps of Lucerne]]. ==Neuchâtel== See separate gallery [[Revenue stamps of Neuchâtel]]. ==Uri== [[w:Canton of Uri|Uri]] is one of the 26 [[w:cantons of Switzerland|cantons of Switzerland]] and a founding member of the [[Switzerland|Swiss Confederation]], located in [[w:Central Switzerland|Central Switzerland]]. 25 different revenue stamps were issued from 1895 to 1947. 2 special stamps were issued in 1894 and 2 in 1895. [[File:Wappen Uri matt.svg|thumb|right|100px]] ===General revenue, 1895=== Purpose classification A, group 1. Perforated 12.75. <gallery> Switzerland Uri 1895 cantonal revenue 10rp - 1 detail.jpg|Group 1: Rays that extend above frame lines Switzerland Uri 1895 cantonal revenue 10rp - 1.jpg|10rp - (№ 1) Switzerland Uri 1895 cantonal revenue 10rp - 1 block of four.jpg|10rp block of four - (№ 1) Switzerland Uri 1895 cantonal revenue 20rp - 2.jpg|20rp - (№ 2) Switzerland Uri 1895 cantonal revenue 20rp - 2 block of four.jpg|20rp block of four - (№ 2) Switzerland Uri 1895 cantonal revenue 50rp - 3.jpg|50rp - (№ 3) </gallery> =Municipal stamps= The [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipalities of Switzerland]] are the lowest level of [[w:administrative division|administrative division]] in Switzerland. Each municipality is part of one of the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|Swiss cantons]], which form the [[w:Swiss Confederation|Swiss Confederation]]. In most cantons municipalities are also part of [[w:districts of Switzerland|districts]] or other sub-cantonal administrative divisions. There are 2,294 municipalities in 2017, according Gainon about 800 have issued revenue stamps. ==Aarau (AG)== [[w:Aarau|Aarau]] is the capital of the canton of [[w:Aargau|Aargau]]. 28 different stamps were issued between 1906 and 1908. 9 special printings (S) exist. [[File:Coat of arms of Aarau.svg|thumb|right|100px]] ===1906=== <gallery> Switzerland Aarau 1906 revenue 5C - 1.jpg|5c used (№ 1) Switzerland Aarau 1906 revenue 10C - 2.jpg|10c used (№ 2) Switzerland Aarau 1906 revenue 70C - 5.jpg|70c used (№ 5) Switzerland Aarau 1906 revenue 2Fr - 8.jpg|2fr used (№ 8) </gallery> ===1908=== <gallery> Switzerland Aarau 1908 revenue 10C - 13.jpg|10c used (№ 13) Switzerland Aarau 1908 revenue 30C - 15c.jpg|30c used (№ 15C) Switzerland Aarau 1908 revenue 80C - 18c.jpg|80c used (№ 18C) Switzerland Aarau 1908 revenue 1Fr - 19c.jpg|1fr used (№ 19C) Switzerland Aarau 1908 revenue 1.50Fr - 22c.jpg|1.50fr used (№ 22C) </gallery> ==Aarberg (BE)== [[:en:Aarberg|Aarberg]] is a municipality in the [[w:Canton of Berne|canton of Berne]]. 4 different stamps were issued in 1904, perforated 11.5 (A) or 14 (B). Next to these issues 28 special printings (S) exist imperforate (A), perforated 11.5 (B,C) or 14 (D). [[File:CHE Aarberg BE COA.svg|thumb|right|100px]] ===1904=== <gallery> Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 30C - 3B.jpg|30c unused (№ 3B) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 50C - 4B.jpg|50c unused (№ 4B) </gallery> Special printings. <gallery> Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 10C - S1.jpg|10c unused (№ S1A) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 10C - S2B.jpg|10c unused (№ S2B) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 10C - S4.jpg|10c unused (№ S4A) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 20C - S6.jpg|20c unused (№ S6A) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 20C - S6C.jpg|20c unused (№ S6C) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 20C - S6D.jpg|20c unused (№ S6D) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 20C - S7.jpg|20c unused (№ S7A) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 20C - S7B.jpg|20c unused (№ S7B) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 20C - S8.jpg|20c unused (№ S8A) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 30C - S9B.jpg|30c unused (№ S9B) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 30C - S10C.jpg|30c unused (№ S10C) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 30C - S10D.jpg|30c unused (№ S10D) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 30C - S12.jpg|30c unused (№ S12A) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 30C - S12B.jpg|30c unused (№ S12B) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 50C - S13.jpg|50c unused (№ S13A) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 50C - S13C.jpg|50c unused (№ S13C) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 50C - S15.jpg|50c unused (№ S15A) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 50C - S15C.jpg|50c unused (№ S15C) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 50C - S15D.jpg|50c unused (№ S15D) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 50C - S16B.jpg|50c unused (№ S16B) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 30C - 50C - 20C se-tenant.jpg|30c - 50c - 20c se-tenant </gallery> ==L'Abbaye (VD)== [[w:L'Abbaye|L'Abbaye]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the canton of [[w:Vaud|Vaud]]. 4 different stamps were issued. [[File:CHE L’Abbaye COA.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Abbaye revenue 10c - 3.jpg|10c entertainment tax unused (№ 3) Switzerland Abbaye revenue 20c - 4.jpg|20c entertainment tax unused (№ 4) </gallery> ==Adlisweil (ZH)== [[w:Adliswil|Adlisweil or Adliswil]] is is a [[w:List of towns in Switzerland|town]] and a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the district of [[w:Horgen (district)|Horgen]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Zurich (canton)|Zürich]]. 24 different stamps were issued between 1906 and 1948. [[File:Adliswil-blazon.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Adlisweil 1906 revenue 10c - 1.jpg|1906, 10c unused (№ 1) Switzerland Adlisweil 1906 revenue 50c - 3.jpg|1906, 50c unused (№ 3) Switzerland Adlisweil 1906 revenue 60c - 4.jpg|1906, 60c unused (№ 4) Switzerland Adliswil 1915 revenue 30c - 8.jpg|1915, 30c used (№ 8) </gallery> ==Albligen (BE)== [[w:Albligen|Albligen]] (former French name: Albenon) is a former [[w:municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Bern-Mittelland (administrative district)|Bern-Mittelland administrative district]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Canton of Bern|Bern]] in Switzerland. 4 different stamps were issued between 1910 and 1913. [[File:Albligen-coat of arms.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Albligen 1913 revenue 10Rp - 2.jpg|1913, 10Rp used (№ 2) Switzerland Albligen 1913 revenue 20Rp - 3.jpg|1913, 20Rp used (№ 3) </gallery> ==Amriswil (TG)== [[w:Amriswil|Amriswil]] is a [[w:List of towns in Switzerland|town]] and a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in [[w:Arbon District|Arbon District]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Thurgau|Thurgau]]. 44 different stamps were issued between 1907 and 1970. [[File:CHE Amriswil COA.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Amriswil 1932 revenue 50 - 33B.jpg|1932, 50Rp used (№ 33B) </gallery> ==Arbon (TG)== [[w:Arbon|Arbon]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] and district capital of the [[w:Arbon (district)|district of Arbon]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Thurgau|Thurgau]]. 33 different stamps were issued between 1908 and 1970. [[File:Arbon-blazon.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Arbon 1916 revenue 1Fr - 10.jpg|1916, 1Fr used (№ 10) Switzerland Arbon 1916 revenue 2Fr - 11.jpg|1916, 2Fr used (№ 11) Switzerland Arbon 1938 revenue 30Rp - 17.jpg|1938, 30Rp unused (№ 17) </gallery> ==Bellinzona (TI)== [[w:Bellinzona|Bellinzona]] is the capital of the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] [[w:Ticino|Ticino]]. 12 different stamps were issued between 1910 and 1962. [[File:CHE Bellinzona COA.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Bellinzona 1910 revenue 50c - 1.jpg|1910, 50c used (№ 1) Switzerland Bellinzona 1935 revenue 25c - 3.jpg|1935, 25c used (№ 3) Switzerland Bellinzona 1935 revenue 1Fr - 5.jpg|1935, 1Fr used (№ 5) </gallery> ==Biasca (TI)== [[w:Biasca|Biasca]] is a town of the district of [[w:Riviera (district)|Riviera]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Ticino|Ticino]]. 7 different stamps were issued up to 1963. [[File:CHE Biasca COA.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Biasca revenue 1Fr - 5.jpg|1Fr used (№ 5) </gallery> ==Biel / Bienne (BE)== [[w:Biel/Bienne|Biel/Bienne]] is a [[w:List of towns in Switzerland|town]] and a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Biel/Bienne (administrative district)|Biel/Bienne administrative district]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Canton of Bern|Berne]]. 88 different stamps were issued between 1892 and 1935. [[File:CHE Biel COA.svg|thumb|right|100px]] ===Municipal tax=== <gallery> Switzerland Biel Bienne 1892 revenue 25c - 1.jpg |1892, 25c used (№ 1) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1892 revenue 50c - 2a.jpg|1892, 1Fr used (№ 2a) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1892 revenue 1Fr - 3.jpg |1892, 1Fr used (№ 3) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1903 revenue 50c - 4B.jpg|1903, 50c used (№ 4B) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1903 revenue 2Fr - 6B.jpg|1903, 2Fr used (№ 6B) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1932 revenue 2Fr - 6aB.jpg|1932, 2Fr unused (№ 6aB) </gallery> ===Documents=== ====1902-1910==== ''Schriften-Controlle'', perforated 11.5. or 13.25 (1910 - B). 5 types can be distinguished of the 1902 issue, based on small line deformations in the lower half of the stamp. <gallery> Switzerland Biel Bienne 1902 revenue 20c - 9.jpg|1902, 20c used (№ 9, T2) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1902 revenue 45c - 11.jpg|1902, 45c unused (№ 11, T3) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1902 revenue 50c - 12.jpg|1902, 50c used (№ 12, T3) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1902 revenue 75c - 14.jpg|1902, 75c blue, unused (№ 14, T3) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1902 revenue 75c - 14a.jpg|1902, 75c blue-green, used (№ 14a, T2) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1902 revenue 80c - 15.jpg|1902, 80c unused (№ 15, T3) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1902 revenue 1.30Fr - 17.jpg|1902, 1.30Fr used (№ 17, T2) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1910 revenue 50c - 21B.jpg|1910, 50c used (№ 21B) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1910 revenue 1.30Fr - 25A.jpg|1910, 1.30Fr used (№ 25A) </gallery> ====1919==== ''Schriften-Kontrolle'', perforated 11.5. <gallery> Switzerland Biel Bienne 1919 revenue 50c - 26.jpg|1919, 50c used (№ 26) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1919 revenue 80c - 27.jpg|1919, 80c used (№ 27) </gallery> ===Police=== 1918-1931. ''Polizei-Commissariat'', perforated 11.5. <gallery> Switzerland Biel Bienne 1918 police revenue 20c - 29.jpg|1918, 20c unused (№ 29) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1918 police revenue 50c - 31.jpg|1918, 50c used (№ 31) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1918 police revenue 1Fr - 32.jpg|1918, 1Fr used (№ 32) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1918 police revenue 5Fr - 35.jpg|1918, 5Fr unused (№ 35) </gallery> ===City of Biel=== 1919-1933. <gallery> Switzerland Biel Bienne 1921 revenue 20c - 46.jpg|1921, 20c used (№ 46) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1921 revenue 50c - 48.jpg|1921, 5Fr unused (№ 48) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1921 revenue 1Fr - 49.jpg|1921, 1Fr unused (№ 49) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1921 revenue 2.60Fr - 53.jpg|1921, 2.60Fr used (№ 53) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1926 revenue 50c - 59.jpg|1926, 50c used (№ 59) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1933 revenue 20c - 73.jpg|1933, 20c used (№ 73) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1933 revenue 1Fr - 78C.jpg|1933, 1fr used (№ 78C) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1933 revenue 2Fr - 80.jpg|1933, 2Fr used (№ 80) </gallery> ==Bremgarten (AG)== [[w:Bremgarten|Bremgarten]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[Canton of Aargau|canton of Aargau]]. 29 different stamps were issued between 1905 and 1940. [[File:CHE Bremgarten AG COA.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Bremgarten 1932 revenue 5Fr - 18.jpg|1932, 5Fr unused (№ 18) Switzerland Bremgarten 1940 revenue 10c - 22.jpg|1940, 10c unused (№ 22) Switzerland Bremgarten 1940 revenue 20c - 23.jpg|1940, 20c unused (№ 23) Switzerland Bremgarten 1940 revenue 50c - 24.jpg|1940, 50c unused (№ 24) Switzerland Bremgarten 1940 revenue 1Fr - 25.jpg|1940, 1Fr unused (№ 25) Switzerland Bremgarten 1940 revenue 10Fr - 28.jpg|1940, 10Fr unused (№ 28) Switzerland Bremgarten 1940 revenue 20Fr - 29.jpg|1940, 20Fr unused (№ 29) </gallery> ==Brig-Glis (VS)== [[w:Brig-Glis|Brig-Glis]] is a [[w:List of towns in Switzerland|historic town]] and a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the district of [[w:Brig (district)|Brig]] in the [[w:Canton of Valais|canton of Valais]]. 6 different stamps were issued in the 1930's, perforated 11.25 (A) or 13 (B) or 13x11.25 (C). [[File:CHE Brig-Glis COA.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Brig revenue 5Rp - 1C.jpg|5rp unused (№ 1C) Switzerland Brig revenue 10Rp - 2B.jpg|10rp unused (№ 2B) Switzerland Brig revenue 15Rp - 3C.jpg|15rp used (№ 3C) Switzerland Brig revenue 20Rp - 4A.jpg|20rp unused (№ 4A) Switzerland Brig revenue 25Rp - 5A.jpg|25rp used (№ 5A) Switzerland Brig revenue 30Rp - 6A.jpg|30rp used (№ 6A) </gallery> ==Brügg (BE)== [[w:Brügg, Bern|Brügg]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Biel/Bienne (administrative district)|Biel/Bienne administrative district]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Canton of Bern|Bern]]. 12 different stamps were issued between 1907 and 1935. [[File:Brügg-coat of arms.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Brügg 1935 revenue 1Fr - 6.jpg|1935, 1Fr used (№ 6) Switzerland Brügg 1935 revenue 50c - 9.jpg|1935, 50c used (№ 9) </gallery> ==Burgdorf (BE)== [[w:Burgdorf, Switzerlandland|Burgdorf]] is the largest city in [[w:Emmental|Emmental]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Canton of Bern|Bern]]. 12 different stamps were issued in 1917. Four different perforations exist: 11.25x11.5 (A), 13 (B), 11.25x13 (C) and imperforate (D). [[File:CHE Burgdorf BE COA.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Burgdorf 1917 revenue 5c - 1A.jpg|5c used (№ 1A) Switzerland Burgdorf 1917 revenue 10c - 2B.jpg|10c used (№ 2B) Switzerland Burgdorf 1917 revenue 20c - 3A.jpg|20c used (№ 3A) Switzerland Burgdorf 1917 revenue 20c - 3aB.jpg|20c used (№ 3B) Switzerland Burgdorf 1917 revenue 30c - 4A.jpg|30c used (№ 4A) Switzerland Burgdorf 1917 revenue 30c - 4B.jpg|30c used (№ 4B) Switzerland Burgdorf 1917 revenue 50c - 5A.jpg|50c used (№ 5A) Switzerland Burgdorf 1917 revenue 1Fr - 7A.jpg|1Fr used (№ 7A) Switzerland Burgdorf 1917 revenue 2Fr - 8A.jpg|2Fr used (№ 8A) </gallery> ==Cadenazzo (TI)== [[w:Cadenazzo|Cadenazzo]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the district of [[w:Bellinzona (district)|Bellinzona]], in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Ticino|Ticino]]. 5 different stamps were issued. [[File:Cadenazzo-coat of arms.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Cadenazzo revenue 1Fr - 2.jpg|1Fr unused (№ 2) </gallery> ==Castagnola (TI)== [[w:Castagnola|Castagnola]] is a village on the northern shore of [[w:Lake Lugano|Lake Lugano]], below the mountain of [[w:Monte Brè|Monte Brè]], in the Swiss [[w:Ticino|canton of Ticino]]. Now a [[w:Quarter (country subdivision)|quarter]] of the city of [[Lugano]]. Until 1972 an independent municipality. 15 different stamps were issued from 1905. <gallery> Switzerland Castagnola revenue 1Fr - 11.jpg|1Fr used (№ 11) </gallery> ==Chenit, Le (VD)== [[w:Le Chenit|Le Chenit]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Vaud|Vaud]]. 2 different entertainment tax stamps were issued in 1938. [[File:CHE Le Chenit COA.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Le Chenit revenue 10c - 1.jpg|10c unused (№ 1) Switzerland Le Chenit revenue 20c - 2.jpg|20c unused (№ 2) </gallery> ==Corgémont (BE)== [[w:Corgémont|Corgémont]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Jura bernois (administrative district)|Jura bernois administrative district]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Canton of Bern|Bern]] . 17 different stamps were issued. [[File:CHE Corgémont COA.svg|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Corgémont revenue 20c - 12.jpg|20c used (№ 12) </gallery> ==Courrendlin (JU)== [[w:Courrendlin|Courrendlin]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the district of [[w:Delémont (district)|Delémont]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Jura (canton)|Jura]]. 10 different stamps were issued between 1901 and 1925. [[File:Courendlin-Blazono.png|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Courrendlin 1901 revenue 10c - 1A.jpg|1901, 10c grey, unused (№ 1A) Switzerland Courrendlin 1901 revenue 30c - 3C.jpg|1901, 30c grey-olive, unused (№ 3C) Switzerland Courrendlin 1901 revenue 40c - 4C.jpg|1901, 40c grey-olive, unused (№ 4C) </gallery> ==Court (BE)== [[w:Court, Switzerland|Court]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Jura bernois (administrative district)|Jura bernois administrative district]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Canton of Bern|Bern]]. 6 different stamps were issued in the 1900's. [[File:CHE Court COA.svg|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Court revenue 10c - 1.jpg|10c unused (№ 1) Switzerland Court revenue 20c - 2.jpg|20c used (№ 2) Switzerland Court revenue 50c - 3.jpg|50c unused (№ 3) Switzerland Court revenue 1Fr - 4.jpg|1Fr unused (№ 4) Switzerland Court revenue 5Fr - 6.jpg|5Fr unused (№ 6) </gallery> ==Crissier (VD)== [[w:Crissier|Crissier]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the district of [[w:Ouest Lausannois District|Ouest Lausannois]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Vaud|Vaud]]. 11 different stamps were issued between 1905 and 1968. 3 special issues are known. [[File:Crissier-coat of arms.svg|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Crissier 1907 revenue 2Fr - 3d.jpg|1907, 2Fr unused (№ 3d) Switzerland Crissier 1908 revenue 3Fr - 4.jpg|1908, 3Fr unused (№ 4) Switzerland Crissier 1911 revenue 4Fr - 8.jpg|1911, 4Fr unused (№ 8) </gallery> ==Cully (VD)== [[w:Cully|Cully]] is a former [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Switzerland|Swiss]] [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Vaud|Vaud]]. 40 different stamps were issued from 1892. 7 special issues are known. Gainon distinguishes 9 groups. [[File:Cully-coat of arms.svg|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Cully 1892 revenue 20c - 1.jpg|1892, 20c unused (№ 1, group 1) Switzerland Cully 1908 revenue 3Fr - 10.jpg|1908, 3Fr unused (№ 10, group 3) Switzerland Cully 1912 revenue 3Fr - 14.jpg|1912, 3Fr unused (№ 14, group 3) Switzerland Cully 1913 revenue 3Fr - 15.jpg|1913, 3Fr unused (№ 15, group 3) Switzerland Cully 1914 revenue 3Fr - 16.jpg|1914, 3Fr unused (№ 16, group 3) Switzerland Cully 1915 revenue 3Fr - 17.jpg|1915, 3Fr unused (№ 17, group 3) Switzerland Cully 1916 revenue 3Fr - 18.jpg|1916, 3Fr unused (№ 18, group 3) Switzerland Cully 1917 revenue 3Fr - 19.jpg|1917, 3Fr unused (№ 19, group 3) Switzerland Cully 1918 revenue 3Fr - 20.jpg|1918, 3Fr unused (№ 20, group 3) </gallery> ==Delémont (JU)== [[w:Delémont|Delémont]] is the [[w:Capital (political)|capital]] of the [[w:Switzerland|Swiss]] [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Canton of Jura|Jura]]. 44 different stamps were issued between 1904 and 1956. [[File:CHE Delémont COA.svg|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Delémont 1904 revenue 5c - 1.jpg|1904, 5c used (№ 1) Switzerland Delémont 1904 revenue 10c - 2.jpg|1904, 10c used (№ 2) Switzerland Delémont 1904 revenue 20c - 3.jpg|1904, 20c used (№ 3) Switzerland Delémont 1904 revenue 1Fr - 5.jpg|1904, 1Fr used (№ 5) Switzerland Delémont 1908 revenue 10c - 8B.jpg|1908, 10c used (№ 8B) Switzerland_Delémont_1908_revenue_1Fr_-_12A.jpg|1908, 1Fr used (№ 12A) </gallery> ==Dornach (SO)== [[w:Dornach|Dornach]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the district of [[w:Dorneck (district)|Dorneck]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Solothurn (canton)|Solothurn]]. 9 different stamps were issued. [[File:CHE Dornach SO COA.svg|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Dornach revenue 1Fr - 2.jpg|1Fr used (№ 2) Switzerland Dornach revenue 2Fr - 3.jpg|2Fr used (№ 3) </gallery> ==Échallens (VD)== [[w:Échallens|Échallens]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the district of [[w:Gros-de-Vaud District|Gros-de-Vaud]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Vaud|Vaud]]. 4 different entertainment tax stamps were issued. [[File:CHE Echallens COA.svg|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Échallens revenue 5c - 1.jpg|5c unused (№ 1) Switzerland Échallens revenue 20c - 4.jpg|20c unused (№ 4) </gallery> ==Evilard (BE)== [[w:Evilard|Evilard]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Biel/Bienne (administrative district)|Biel/Bienne administrative district]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Bern|Bern]]. 14 different stamps were issued, perforated either 10 (A) or 11.5 (B). [[File:CHE Evilard COA.svg|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland evilard revenue 10c - 1B.jpg|10c used (№ 1B) Switzerland evilard revenue 50c - 4B.jpg|50c unused (№ 4B) Switzerland evilard revenue 1Fr - 6B.jpg|1Fr unused (№ 6B) </gallery> ==Giubasco (TI)== [[w:Giubasco|Giubiasco]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the district of [[w:Bellinzona (district)|Bellinzona]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Ticino|Ticino]]. 14 different stamps were issued between 1945 and 1992. [[File:Giubiasco-coat of arms.svg|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Giubasco revenue 0.50Fr - 1.jpg|50c used (№ 1) Switzerland Giubasco revenue 1Fr - 7.jpg|1Fr used (№ 7) </gallery> ==Grenchen (SO)== [[w:Grenchen|Grenchen]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the district of [[w:Lebern (district)|Lebern]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Solothurn (canton)|Solothurn]]. 47 different stamps were issued between 1919 and 1971. [[File:Grenchen-blason.png|right|100px]] ===1923=== Arms of Gretchen. Gainon type 2. Four perforations exist: 11.25 (A), 11.5 (B), 13 (C) and 11.25x13 (D). <gallery> Switzerland Grenchen 1926 revenue 10c - 7B.jpg|10c used (№ 7B) Switzerland Grenchen 1926 revenue 1.50Fr - 16B.jpg|1.50Fr used (№ 16B) Switzerland Grenchen 1926 revenue 2Fr - 17B.jpg|2Fr used (№ 17B) Switzerland Grenchen 1926 revenue 3Fr - 19C.jpg|3Fr used (№ 19C) Switzerland Grenchen 1926 revenue 5Fr - 19C.jpg|5Fr used (№ 19C) Switzerland Grenchen 1926 revenue 5Fr - 21B.jpg|5Fr used (№ 21B) Switzerland Grenchen 1926 revenue 5.70Fr - 23A.jpg|5.70Fr used (№ 23A) Switzerland Grenchen 1926 revenue 12Fr - 25aB.jpg|12Fr used (№ 25aB) </gallery> ==Grüningen (ZH)== [[w:Grüningen|Grüningen]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|village]] in the district of [[w:Hinwil (district)|Hinwil]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Zürich (canton)|Zürich]]. 18 different stamps were issued between 1932 and 1953. [[File:Grueningen-blazon.svg|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Grüningen 1932 revenue 2Fr - 3A.jpg|1932, 2Fr unused (№ 3A) </gallery> ==Guggisberg (BE)== [[w:Guggisberg|Guggisberg]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Bern-Mittelland (administrative district)|Bern-Mittelland administrative district]] in the [[w:Switzerland|Swiss]] [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Bern (canton)|Bern]]. 7 different stamps were issued in 1908 and 2 tourism tax stamps. [[File:CHE Guggisberg COA.svg|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Guggisberg 1908 revenue 10c - 2B.jpg|10c used (№ 2B) Switzerland Guggisberg 1908 revenue 20c - 3B.jpg|20c used (№ 3B) Switzerland Guggisberg 1908 revenue 1Fr - 5B.jpg|1Fr used (№ 5B) </gallery> ==Herisau (AR)== [[w:Herisau|Herisau]] is a [[w:municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Appenzell Ausserrhoden|Appenzell Ausserrhoden]]. 33 different stamps were issued between 1889 and 1960. [[File: Herisau wappen.svg|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Herisau 1889 revenue 50c.jpg|1889, 50c used Switzerland Herisau 1889 revenue 60c.jpg|1889, 60c unused Switzerland Herisau 1889 revenue 80c.jpg|1889, 80c unused Switzerland Herisau 1889 revenue 1Fr.jpg|1889, 1Fr unused </gallery> ==Horgen (ZH)== [[w:Horgen|Horgen]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the district of [[w:Horgen (district)|Horgen]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Zurich (canton)|Zürich]]. 34 different stamps were issued between 1909 and 1936. [[File:Horgen-blazon.svg|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Horgen 1909 revenue 70c - 7.jpg|Group 1 - 1909, 70c used (№ 7) Switzerland Horgen 1932 revenue 25c - 13B.jpg|Group 2 - 1932, 25c used (№ 13B) Switzerland Horgen 1932 revenue 25c - 13B detail.jpg|Group 2 - 1932, detail of 25c used (№ 13B) Switzerland Horgen 1936 revenue 25c - 24a.jpg|Group 4 - 1936, 25c used (№ 24a) Switzerland Horgen 1936 revenue 200c - 27.jpg|Group 4 - 1936, 200c used (№ 27) Switzerland Horgen 1936 revenue 300c - 28.jpg|Group 4 - 1936, 300c used (№ 28) Switzerland Horgen 1936 revenue 300c - 28 detail.jpg|Group 4 - 1936, left tulip, detail of 300c used (№ 28) </gallery> ==Huttwil (BE)== [[w:Huttwil|Huttwil]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Oberaargau (administrative district)|Oberaargau administrative district]] in the [[w:Switzerland|Swiss]] [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Bern (canton)|Bern]]. 29 different stamps were issued from 1903. [[File:Wappen Huttwil.gif|right|100px]] ===1903=== Gainon group 1. <gallery> Switzerland Huttwil 1903 revenue 10c - 1.jpg|10c used (№ 1) Switzerland Huttwil 1903 revenue 20c - 2.jpg|20c used (№ 2) Switzerland Huttwil 1903 revenue 20c - 2 (2).jpg|20c used (№ 2) Switzerland Huttwil 1903 revenue 30c - 3.jpg|30c used (№ 3) Switzerland Huttwil 1903 revenue 40c - 4.jpg|40c used (№ 4) Switzerland Huttwil 1903 revenue 50c - 5.jpg|50c used (№ 5) Switzerland Huttwil 1903 revenue 1fr - 6.jpg|1Fr used (№ 6) Switzerland Huttwil 1903 revenue 2Fr - 7.jpg|2Fr used (№ 7) </gallery> ==Interlaken (BE)== [[w:Interlaken|Interlaken]] is a [[w:List of towns in Switzerland|statistic town]] and [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Interlaken-Oberhasli (administrative district)|Interlaken-Oberhasli administrative district]] in the [[w:Canton of Bern|Canton of Bern]]. 31 different stamps were issued between 1926 and 1933. Variations exist, some can be distinguished by measuring the distance between value numeral and 'Cts' or 'Fr'. [[File:Interlaken-coat of arms.svg|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Interlaken 1926 revenue 5c - 1.jpg|1926, 5c used (№ 1) Switzerland Interlaken 1926 revenue 10c - 2.jpg|1926, 10c used (№ 2) Switzerland Interlaken 1926 revenue 30c - 4a.jpg|1926, 30c used (№ 4a) Switzerland Interlaken 1926 revenue 50c - 5.jpg|1926, 50c used (№ 5) </gallery> ==Kilchberg (ZH)== [[w:Kilchberg|Kilchberg]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the district of [[w:Horgen (district)|Horgen]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Zürich (canton)|Zürich]]. 32 different stamps were issued between c. 1916 and 1952. [[File:Kilchberg-blazon.svg|right|100px]] ===c. 1916=== <gallery> Switzerland Kilchberg 1916 revenue 5c - 1.jpg|5c used (№ 1) Switzerland Kilchberg 1916 revenue 30c - 3.jpg|30c used (№ 3) Switzerland Kilchberg 1916 revenue 60c - 5.jpg|60c used (№ 5) Switzerland Kilchberg 1916 revenue 75c - 6.jpg|75c used (№ 6) Switzerland Kilchberg 1916 revenue 5Fr - 9.jpg|5Fr used (№ 9) Switzerland Kilchberg 1916 revenue 10Fr - 10.jpg|10Fr used (№ 10) Switzerland Kilchberg 1916 revenue 25Fr - 11.jpg|25Fr used (№ 11) </gallery> ===1941=== <gallery> Switzerland Kilchberg 1941 revenue 20c - 12.jpg|20c used (№ 12) Switzerland Kilchberg 1941 revenue 50c - 13.jpg|50c used (№ 13) Switzerland Kilchberg 1941 revenue 1Fr - 14.jpg|1Fr used (№ 14) Switzerland Kilchberg 1941 revenue 2Fr - 15.jpg|2Fr used (№ 15) </gallery> ==Köniz (BE)== [[w:Köniz|Köniz]] is a [[w:List of towns in Switzerland|statistical town]], however considers itself still as a village, and a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Bern-Mittelland (administrative district)|Bern-Mittelland administrative district]] right on the southern border to [[w:Bern|Bern]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Bern (canton)|Bern]]. 43 different stamps were issued from 1901. [[File:CHE Köniz COA.svg|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Köniz 1901 revenue 50rp - 1.jpg|1901, 50rp - (№ 1) Switzerland Köniz 1903 revenue 50rp - 3.jpg|1903, 50rp - (№ 3) Switzerland Köniz 1920 revenue 20c - 7A.jpg|1920, 20c - (№ 7A) Switzerland Köniz 1920 revenue 20c - 7B.jpg|1920, 20c - (№ 7B) </gallery> ==Kreuzlingen (TG)== [[w:Kreuzlingen|Kreuzlingen]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the district of [[w:Kreuzlingen (district)|Kreuzlingen]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Thurgau|Thurgau]]. 33 different stamps were issued between 1908 and 1980. One tourism revenue stamp was also issued. [[File:Kreuzlin.GIF|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Kreuzlingen 1920 revenue 200c - 9B.jpg|1920, 200c - (group 2, № 9B) Switzerland Kreuzlingen 1941 revenue 50c - 14A.jpg|1941, 50c - (group 4, № 14A) Switzerland Kreuzlingen 1941 revenue 30c - 18A.jpg|1941, 30c - (group 5, № 18A) Switzerland Kreuzlingen 1941 revenue 50c - 19A.jpg|1941, 50c - (group 5, № 19A) Switzerland Kreuzlingen 1941 revenue 50c - 14A detail.jpg|1941, 50c detail - (group 4, № 14A) Switzerland Kreuzlingen 1941 revenue 50c - 19A detail.jpg|1941, 50c detail - (group 5, № 19A) </gallery> ==Küsnacht (ZH)== [[w:Kreuzlingen|Küsnacht]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the district of [[w:Meilen (district)|Meilen]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Zurich (canton)|Zurich]]. 8 different stamps were issued in 1901. [[File:Kuesnacht-blazon.svg|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Küsnacht 1901 revenue 5c - 1.jpg|5c used (№ 1) Switzerland Küsnacht 1901 revenue 30c - 3.jpg|30c used (№ 3) Switzerland Küsnacht 1901 revenue 60c - 5.jpg|60c used (№ 5) Switzerland Küsnacht 1901 revenue 60c - 5a.jpg|60c used (№ 5a) </gallery> ==Langenthal (BE)== [[w:Langenthal|Langenthal]] is a town and a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the district of [[w:Oberaargau (administrative district)|Oberaargau]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Bern (canton)|Bern]]. 36 different stamps were issued between 1907 and 1950. [[File:CHE Langenthal COA.svg|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Langenthal 1907 revenue 20c - 3A.jpg|1907, 20c used (№ 3A) Switzerland Langenthal 1907 revenue 50c - 5A.jpg|1907, 50c used (№ 5A) </gallery> ==Laufen / Laufon (BE, 1994: BL)== [[w:Laufen|Laufen]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] and the capital of the district of [[w:Laufen (district)|Laufen]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Basel-Country|Basel-Country]]. 7 different stamps were issued in 1908, perforated either 11 (A) or 11.5 (B). [[File:CHE Laufen BL official COA.svg|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Laufen 1908 revenue 20c - 1B.jpg|20c unused (№ 1B) Switzerland Laufen 1908 revenue 30c - 2B.jpg|30c used (№ 2B) Switzerland Laufen 1908 revenue 1Fr - 4A.jpg|1Fr used (№ 4A) Switzerland Laufen 1908 revenue 20c - 1B-4bB on fragment.jpg|20c-1Fr used on fragment (№ 1B-4bB) </gallery> ==Lausanne (VD)== [[w:Lausanne|Lausanne]] is the capital and largest city of the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Vaud|Vaud]]. 103 different stamps were issued between 1878 and 1950. [[File:CHE Lausanne COA.svg|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Lausanne 1893 revenue 10Fr - 14.jpg|1893, 10Fr - (№ 14) Switzerland Lausanne 1925 revenue 10c - 20B.jpg|1925, 10c - (№ 20B) </gallery> ==Lieu, Le (VD)== [[w:Le Lieu|Le Lieu]] is a [[w:Communes of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Vaud|Vaud]]. 4 different stamps were issued in c. 1930. [[File:CHE Le Lieu COA.svg|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Le Lieu revenue 10c - 3.jpg|10c entertainment tax unused (№ 3) Switzerland Le Lieu revenue 20c - 4.jpg|20c entertainment tax unused (№ 4) Switzerland Le Lieu school tax 10c.jpg|10c school tax unused (Not catalogued) </gallery> ==Locle, Le (NE)== [[w:Le Locle|Le Locle]] is a [[w:Communes of Switzerland|municipality]] in [[w:Le Locle District|the Le Locle District]] in the [[w:Canton of Neuchâtel|Canton of Neuchâtel]]. 22 different stamps were issued between 1892 and 1950. [[File:Le Locle-coat of arms.svg|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Le Locle 1892 revenue 5c - 1.jpg|1892, 5c unused (№ 1) Switzerland Le Locle 1892 revenue 20c - 2.jpg|1892, 20c used (№ 2) Switzerland Le Locle 1892 revenue 50c - 3.jpg|1892, 50c used (№ 3) Switzerland Le Locle 1892 revenue 1Fr - 4.jpg|1892, 1Fr used (№ 4) </gallery> ==Lugano (TI)== [[w:Lugano|Lugano]] is a city in southern [[w:Switzerland|Switzerland]] in the [[w:Languages of Switzerland|Italian-speaking]] [[w:cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Ticino|Ticino]]. 21 different stamps were issued between 1893 and 1931. [[File:CHE Lugano COA.svg|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Lugano 1893 revenue 1Fr - 1.jpg|1893, 1Fr used (№ 1) Switzerland Lugano 1893 revenue 1Fr - 1a.jpg|1893, 1Fr used (№ 1a) Switzerland Lugano 1893 revenue 2Fr - 3a.jpg|1893, 2Fr used (№ 3a) Switzerland Lugano 1893 revenue 5Fr - 4.jpg|1893, 5Fr used (№ 4) Switzerland Lugano 1905 revenue 20c - 6.jpg|1905, 20c used (№ 6) Switzerland Lugano 1905 revenue 50c - 7.jpg|1905, 50c used (№ 7) Switzerland Lugano 1931 revenue 50c - 18A.jpg|1931, 50c used (№ 18A) Switzerland Lugano 1931 revenue 50c - 18A detail.jpg|1931, 50c detail (№ 18A) </gallery> ==Lützelflüh (BE)== [[w:Lützelflüh|Lützelflüh]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the administrative district of [[w:Emmental (administrative district)|Emmental]] in the [[w:Switzerland|Swiss]] [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Bern (canton)|Bern]]. 15 different stamps were issued between 1904 and 1957. [[File:Lützelflüh-coat of arms.svg|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Lützelflüh 1904 revenue 50c - 1.jpg|1904, 50c used (№ 1) Switzerland Lützelflüh 1906 revenue 50c - 2.jpg|1906, 50c used (№ 2) Switzerland Lützelflüh 1908 revenue 50c - 3.jpg|1908, 50c used (№ 3) </gallery> ==Madretsch (BE)== [[w:Madretsch|Madretsch]] is a former commune in the Swiss canton of [[w:Bern (canton)|Bern]]. Now a suburb of [[w:Biel/Bienne|Biel/Bienne]], which it joined in 1920. 5 different stamps were issued in 1903. [[File:Madretsch-coat of arms.svg|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Madretsch 1903 revenue 20c - 1 pair.jpg|20c unused (№ 1) Switzerland Madretsch 1903 revenue 30c - 2 pair.jpg|30c unused (№ 2) Switzerland Madretsch 1903 revenue 50c - 3.jpg|50c unused (№ 3) Switzerland Madretsch 1903 revenue 50c - 3 print flaw.jpg|50c unused (№ 3) Switzerland Madretsch 1903 revenue 75c - 4.jpg|75c used (№ 4) Switzerland Madretsch 1903 revenue 75c - 4 pair.jpg|75c used (№ 4) Switzerland Madretsch 1903 revenue 1Fr - 5.jpg|1Fr unused (№ 5) </gallery> ==Mett (BE)== Mett is a former commune in the Swiss canton of [[w:Bern (canton)|Bern]]. Now a suburb of [[w:Biel/Bienne|Biel/Bienne]], which it joined in 1920. 5 different stamps were issued in 1916. <gallery> Switzerland Mett 1916 revenue 10c - 1.jpg|10c used (№ 1) Switzerland Mett 1916 revenue 20c - 3.jpg|20c used (№ 3) </gallery> ==Monthey (VS)== [[w:Monthey|Monthey]] is the [[w:Capital (political)|capital]] of the district of [[w:Monthey (district)|Monthey]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Valais|Valais]]. 17 different stamps were issued. [[File:Monthey - Wappen.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Monthey 2 10c - 3.jpg|10c unused (№ 3) Switzerland Monthey 2 20c - 13.jpg|20c unused (№ 13) </gallery> ==Montreux (VD)== [[w:Montreux|Montreux]] is a [[w:municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the district of [[w:Riviera-Pays-d'Enhaut (district)|Riviera-Pays-d'Enhaut]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Vaud|Vaud]]. 18 different tourism tax stamps were issued. [[File:Montreux-coat of arms.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Montreux tourism revenue 2 50c - 2.jpg|50c unused (№ 2) </gallery> ==Moutier (BE)== [[w:Moutier|Moutier]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Jura bernois (administrative district)|Jura bernois administrative district]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Bern (canton)|Bern]]. 22 different tax stamps were issued between 1915 and 1945. [[File:CHE Moutier COA.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Moutier 1915 revenue 1 10c - 1.jpg|1915, 10c used (№ 1) Switzerland Moutier 1915 revenue 1 10c - 2.jpg|1915, 10c unused (№ 2) Switzerland Moutier 1915 revenue 1 20c - 3.jpg|1915, 20c unused (№ 3) Switzerland Moutier 1915 revenue 1 50c - 4.jpg|1915, 50c used (№ 4) Switzerland Moutier 1915 revenue 1 5Fr - 7a.jpg|1915, 5Fr used (№ 7a) Switzerland Moutier 1945 revenue 2 20c - 9.jpg|1945, 20c used (№ 9) Switzerland Moutier 1945 revenue 2 20c - 9a.jpg|1945, 20c used (№ 9a) Switzerland Moutier 1945 revenue 2 2Fr - 14B.jpg|1945, 2Fr used (№ 14B) Switzerland Moutier 1945 revenue 2 3Fr - 15B.jpg|1945, 3Fr used (№ 15B1) </gallery> ==Muri (AG)== [[w:Muri|Muri]], formerly known as Muri ([[w:Freiamt|Freiamt]]), is a municipality in southeastern Swiss [[w:Canton (country subdivision)|Canton]] [[w:Aargau|Aargau]] and is the capital of same district . 26 different tax stamps were issued. [[File:CHE Muri COA.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Muri revenue 2 10rp - 7B.jpg|C. 1923, 10rp used (№ 7B) Switzerland Muri revenue 2 20rp - 8B.jpg|C. 1923, 20rp used (№ 8B) </gallery> ==Muttenz (BL)== [[w:Muttenz|Muttenz]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Basel-Country|Basel-Country]]. 30 different tax stamps were issued from 1930. [[File:Muttenz.png|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Muttenz 1930 revenue 1 50c - 1.jpg|50rp unused (№ 1) Switzerland Muttenz 1930 revenue 1 2Fr on 50c - 4.jpg|2Fr on 50c used (№ 4) </gallery> ==Neuhausen am Rheinfall (SH)== [[w:Neuhausen am Rheinfall|Neuhausen am Rheinfall]] (which was called '''Neuhausen''' until 1938) is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Schaffhausen (canton)|Schaffhausen]]. 18 different tax stamps were issued from 1919 to 1947. [[File:Neuhausen am Rheinfall-coat of arms.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Neuhausen 1919 revenue 1 50c - 5B.jpg|50c used (№ 5B) </gallery> ==Neuveville, La (BE)== [[w:La Neuveville|La Neuveville]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Jura bernois (administrative district)|Jura bernois administrative district]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Bern (canton)|Bern]]. 8 different tax stamps were issued, dates are unknown. Gainon distinguishes 3 different groups. [[File:CHE La Neuveville COA.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland La Neuveville revenue 1 1Fr - 1.jpg|1Fr, group 1, unused (№ 1) Switzerland La Neuveville revenue 2 50c - 3a.jpg|50c, group 2, unused (№ 3a) Switzerland La Neuveville revenue 2 3Fr - 4.jpg|3Fr, group 2, used (№ 4) </gallery> ==Nidau (BE)== [[w:Nidau|Nidau]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Biel/Bienne (administrative district)|Biel/Bienne administrative district]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Bern (canton)|Bern]]. 19 different tax stamps were issued from 1910. Gainon distinguishes 4 different groups. [[File:Nidau-coat of arms.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Nidau 1910 revenue 1 10c - 1.jpg|1910, 10c group 1, used (№ 1) Switzerland Nidau 1910 revenue 1 15c - 2.jpg|1910, 15c group 1, used (№ 2) Switzerland Nidau 1928 revenue 2 10c - 6.jpg|1928, 10c group 2, used (№ 6) Switzerland Nidau 1928 revenue 2 20c - 8.jpg|1928, 20c group 2, used (№ 8) Switzerland Nidau 1928 revenue 4 20c - 17C.jpg|1928, 20c group 4, used (№ 17C) </gallery> ==Niederbipp (BE)== [[w:Niederbipp|Niederbipp]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Oberaargau (administrative district)|Oberaargau administrative district]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Bern (canton)|Bern]]. 19 different tax stamps were issued to c. 1976. Gainon distinguishes 2 different groups. [[File:Niederbipp-coat of arms.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Niederbipp revenue 1 10c - 1A.jpg|10c group 1, used (№ 1A) Switzerland Niederbipp revenue 1 10c - 1B.jpg|10c group 1, used (№ 1B) Switzerland Niederbipp revenue 1 20c - 4A.jpg|20c group 1, used (№ 4A) Switzerland Niederbipp revenue 1 50c - 5B.jpg|50c group 1, used (№ 5B) Switzerland Niederbipp revenue 1 1Fr - 6B.jpg|1Fr group 1, used (№ 6B) </gallery> ==Ollon (VD)== [[w:Ollon|Ollon]] is a [[w:municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the district of [[w:Aigle (district)|Aigle]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Vaud|Vaud]]. 9 different tax stamps were issued from c. 1903. Gainon distinguishes 2 different groups. [[File:Ollon-coat of arms.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Ollon revenue 1 1.jpg|Group 1, used (№ 1) Switzerland Ollon 1906 revenue 1 4.jpg|1906 group 1, used (№ 4) </gallery> ==Ponts-de-Martel, Les (NE)== [[w:Les Ponts-de-Martel|Les Ponts-de-Martel]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the district of [[w:Locle (district)|Le Locle]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Neuchâtel (canton)|Neuchâtel]]. 14 different tax stamps were issued from 1892. Gainon distinguishes 4 different groups. [[File:CHE Les Ponts-de-Martel COA.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Les Ponts-de-Martel 1892 revenue 1 5c - 1.jpg|1892 group 1, 5c unused (№ 1) Switzerland Les Ponts-de-Martel 1892 revenue 1 20c - 2.jpg|1892 group 1, 20c used (№ 2) Switzerland Les Ponts-de-Martel 1892 revenue 1 50c - 3.jpg|1892 group 1, 50c used (№ 3) Switzerland Les Ponts-de-Martel 1892 revenue 1 1Fr - 4.jpg|1892 group 1, 1Fr used (№ 4) </gallery> ==Rapperswil (SG)== [[w:Rapperswil|Rapperswil]] is a former municipality and since January 2007 part of the [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] of [[w:Rapperswil-Jona|Rapperswil-Jona]] in the ''Wahlkreis'' (constituency) of [[w:See-Gaster (Wahlkreis)|See-Gaster]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:St. Gallen (canton)|St. Gallen]]. 47 different tax stamps were issued between 1917 and 1920. Gainon distinguishes 3 different groups, the first exists in white (A) and buff (B) paper. [[File:Rapperswil CoA.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Rapperswil 1917 revenue 1 85r - 8A.jpg|1917 group 1, 85r unused (№ 8A) Switzerland Rapperswil 1917 revenue 1 20r - 16B.jpg|1917 group 1, 20r unused (№ 16B) Switzerland Rapperswil 1917 revenue 1 2Fr - 20A.jpg|1917 group 1, 2Fr unused (№ 20A) Switzerland Rapperswil 1920 revenue 2 10r - 28.jpg|1920 group 2, 10r unused (№ 28) Switzerland Rapperswil 1920 revenue 2 15r - 29.jpg|1920 group 2, 15r unused (№ 29) Switzerland Rapperswil 1920 revenue 2 30r - 32.jpg|1920 group 2, 30r unused (№ 32) Switzerland Rapperswil 1920 revenue 3 1Fr - 37.jpg|1920 group 3, 1Fr unused (№ 37) Switzerland Rapperswil 1920 revenue 3 5Fr - 45.jpg|1920 group 3, 5Fr unused (№ 45) Switzerland Rapperswil 1920 revenue 3 2.40Fr - 47.jpg|1920 group 3, 2.40Fr surcharge unused (№ 47) </gallery> ==Reconvilier (BE)== [[w:Reconvilier|Reconvilier]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Jura bernois (administrative district)|Jura bernois administrative district]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Bern (canton)|Bern]]. 9 different tax stamps were issued between 1904 and 1919. Gainon distinguishes 2 different groups (1904 and 1919 issue). [[File:Reconvilier-armoiries1.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Reconvilier 1904 revenue 1 50c - 1.jpg|1904 group 1, 50c used (№ 1), bisected usage was allowed Switzerland Reconvilier 1919 revenue 2 10c - 2.jpg|1919 group 2, 10c black on blue-grey used (№ 2) Switzerland Reconvilier 1919 revenue 2 10c - 2a.jpg|1919 group 2, 10c black on blue used (№ 2a) Switzerland Reconvilier 1919 revenue 2 20c - 3a.jpg|1919 group 2, 20c red on yellow (№ 3a) Switzerland Reconvilier 1919 revenue 2 30c - 4.jpg|1919 group 2, 30c carmine on lilac-rose (№ 4) </gallery> ==Reinach (AG)== [[w:Reinach, Aargau|Reinach, Aargau]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the district of [[w:Kulm (district)|Kulm]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Aargau|Aargau]]. 8 different tax stamps were issued ca. 1925. [[File:Reinach-blason.png|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Reinach AG 1925 revenue 50c - 4.jpg|1925 50c used (№ 4) Switzerland Reinach AG 1925 revenue 5Fr - 7.jpg|1925 5Fr used (№ 7) Switzerland Reinach AG 1925 revenue 10Fr - 8.jpg|1925 10Fr used (№ 8) </gallery> ==Renens (VD)== [[w:Renens|Renens]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the canton of [[w:Vaud|Vaud]]. It is located in the district of [[w:Ouest Lausannois District|Ouest Lausannois]], and is a suburb of the city of [[w:Lausanne|Lausanne]]. It is the fourth largest city in the canton. 63 different tax stamps were issued between 1904 and the 1940's. Gainon distinguishes 15 groups, and several subclassifications. [[File:Renens-coat of arms.svg|thumb|right|100px]] ===Civil tax=== Gainon groups 1-7. <gallery> Switzerland Renens 1910 revenue 4 1Fr - 19B.jpg|Group 4, 1908-1910 1Fr (№ 19B) Switzerland Renens 1911 revenue 5 4Fr - 25aC detail.jpg|Group 5, 1911 large 'P' (№ 21, 23, 25) Switzerland Renens 1911 revenue 5 4Fr - 26aC detail.jpg|Group 5, 1911 small 'P' (№ 22, 24, 26) Switzerland Renens 1911 revenue 5 3Fr - 23B.jpg|Group 5, 1911 3Fr (№ 23B) Switzerland Renens 1911 revenue 5 4Fr - 25aC and 26aC pair.jpg|Group 5, 1911 4Fr (№ 25aC and 26aC) Switzerland Renens 1912 revenue 6 2Fr - 27.jpg|Group 6, 1912 2Fr (№ 27) Switzerland Renens 1912 revenue 6 3Fr - 28.jpg|Group 6, 1912 3Fr (№ 28) Switzerland Renens 1912 revenue 6 4Fr - 29.jpg|Group 6, 1912 4Fr (№ 29) Switzerland Renens 1913 revenue 6 4Fr - 32.jpg|Group 6, 1913 4Fr (№ 32) Switzerland Renens 1914 revenue 6 2Fr - 33.jpg|Group 6, 1914 2Fr (№ 33) Switzerland Renens 1915 revenue 6 3Fr - 37.jpg|Group 6, 1915 3Fr (№ 37) Switzerland Renens 1915 revenue 6 4Fr - 38.jpg|Group 6, 1915 4Fr (№ 38) Switzerland Renens 1916 revenue 6 2Fr - 39.jpg|Group 6, 1916 2Fr (№ 39) Switzerland Renens 1916 revenue 6 3Fr - 40.jpg|Group 6, 1916 3Fr (№ 40) Switzerland Renens 1916 revenue 6 4Fr - 41.jpg|Group 6, 1916 4Fr (№ 41) Switzerland Renens 1917 revenue 6 2Fr - 42.jpg|Group 6, 1917 2Fr (№ 42) </gallery> ===Non-firebrigade tax=== Gainon groups 8-10. 'Taxe non-pompier', tax levied only at cantonal and municipal level. The non-fire brigade tax is not considered as being one of the 'taxes for particular services rendered' which, without exception, are to be paid by the beneficiaries of privileges and immunities. It is calculated on the taxpayer's income. <gallery> Switzerland Renens 1912 revenue 8 2Fr - 46.jpg|Group 8, 1912 2Fr (№ 46) Switzerland Renens 1913 revenue 9 2Fr - 47.jpg|Group 9, 1913 2Fr (№ 47) Switzerland Renens 1915 revenue 10 2Fr - 49.jpg|Group 10, 1915 2Fr (№ 49) </gallery> ==Riehen (BS)== [[w:Riehen|Riehen]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]], in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Basel-Stadt|Basel-Stadt]]. 3 different tax stamps were issued around 1907. [[File:CHE Riehen COA.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Riehen 1907 revenue 0.50Fr - 1A.jpg|1907 0.50Fr (№ 1A) Switzerland Riehen 1907 revenue 1Fr - 2A.jpg|1907 1Fr (№ 2A) Switzerland Riehen 1907 revenue 1Fr - 2B.jpg|1907 1Fr (№ 2B) </gallery> ==Riggisberg (BE)== [[w:Riggisberg|Riggisberg]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Bern-Mittelland (administrative district)|Bern-Mittelland administrative district]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Bern (canton)|Bern]]. 4 different tax stamps were issued in 1921. [[File:Riggisberg-coat of arms.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Riggisberg 1921 revenue 20rp - 2.jpg|1921 20rp (№ 2) </gallery> ==Roggwil (BE)== [[w:Roggwil, Bern|Roggwil, Bern]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Oberaargau (administrative district)|Oberaargau administrative district]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Bern (canton)|Bern]]. 34 different tax stamps were issued from 1916. Gainon distinguishes 5 groups. [[File:CHE Roggwil BE COA.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Roggwil 1920 revenue 3 10rp - 14.jpg|Group 3, 1920 10rp (№ 14) Switzerland Roggwil 1920 revenue 3 20rp - 15.jpg|Group 3, 1920 20rp (№ 15) </gallery> ==Rorschach (SG)== [[w:Rorschach, Switzerland|Rorschach, Switzerland]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]], in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:St. Gallen (canton)|St. Gallen]]. 60 different tax stamps were issued from 1909 to 1956. Gainon distinguishes 7 groups. [[File:CHE Rorschach COA.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Rorschach 1909 revenue 5c - 1.jpg|1909 5c (№ 1) Switzerland Rorschach 1909 revenue 10c - 2.jpg|1909 10c (№ 2) Switzerland Rorschach 1909 revenue 20c - 3.jpg|1909 20c (№ 3) Switzerland Rorschach 1909 revenue 25c - 4.jpg|1909 25c (№ 4) Switzerland Rorschach 1909 revenue 30c - 5.jpg|1909 30c (№ 5) Switzerland Rorschach 1909 revenue 50c - 7.jpg|1909 50c (№ 7) Switzerland Rorschach 1909 revenue 100c - 10.jpg|1909 100c (№ 10) Switzerland Rorschach 1909 revenue 1Fr - 11.jpg|1917 1Fr (№ 11) Switzerland Rorschach 1909 revenue 2Fr - 12.jpg|1917 2Fr (№ 12) Switzerland Rorschach 1909 revenue 4Fr - 13.jpg|1917 4Fr (№ 13) Switzerland Rorschach 1909 revenue 5Fr - 14.jpg|1917 5Fr (№ 14) </gallery> ==Rüti (ZH)== [[w:Rüti, Zürich|Rüti, Zürich]] is a [[w:municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the district of [[w:Hinwil (district)|Hinwil]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Zürich (canton)|Zürich]]. 10 different tax stamps were issued in1936. Gainon distinguishes 1 group. [[File:Rueti-blazon.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Rüti (Zürich) 1936 revenue stamp 1Fr - 4.jpg |1Fr (№ 4) </gallery> ==Saanen (BE)== [[w:Saanen|Saanen]] is a [[w:municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Bern (canton)|Berne]]. It is the capital of the [[w:Obersimmental-Saanen (administrative district)|Obersimmental-Saanen administrative district]]. 25 different tax stamps were issued, dates are unknown. Gainon distinguishes 5 groups. [[File:Saanen-coat of arms.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Saanen revenue stamp 20c - 1.jpg|Group 1 - 20c (№ 1) Switzerland Saanen revenue stamp 50c - 2.jpg|Group 1 - 50c (№ 2) Switzerland Saanen revenue stamp 1Fr - 7.jpg|Group 2 - 1Fr (№ 7) Switzerland Saanen revenue stamp 50rp - 21.jpg|Group 5 - 50rp (№ 21) Switzerland Saanen revenue stamp 1Fr - 22.jpg|Group 5 - 1Fr (№ 22) </gallery> ==Sainte-Croix (VD)== [[w:Sainte-Croix, Switzerland|Sainte-Croix]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the district of [[w:Jura-North Vaudois District|Jura-Nord Vaudois]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Vaud|Vaud]]. 5 different tax stamps were issued from 1894. Gainon distinguishes 2 groups. [[File:Sainte-Croix-coat of arms.svg|thumb|right|100px]] Gainon group 1. <gallery> Switzerland St Croix 1894 revenue 1 20c - 1.jpg|1894 20c (№ 1) Switzerland St Croix 1894 revenue 1 50c - 2.jpg|1894 50c (№ 2) Switzerland St Croix 1894 revenue 1 1Fr - 3a.jpg|1894 1Fr (№ 3a) </gallery> ==Saint-Imier (BE)== [[w:Saint-Imier|Saint-Imier]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Jura bernois (administrative district)|Jura bernois administrative district]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Canton of Bern|Bern]]. It is located in the French-speaking [[w:Bernese Jura|Bernese Jura]] (''Jura Bernois''). From 1925 13 different tax stamps were listed by Gainon, separated in 3 groups. Saint-Imier also issued school revenues, not listed by Gainon. [[File:Saint Imier-coat of arms.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland St. Imier school revenue 10c brown unused.jpg|10c school revenue Switzerland St. Imier school revenue 10c red unused.jpg|10c school revenue </gallery> ==Saint-Maurice (VS)== [[w:Saint-Maurice, Switzerland|Saint-Maurice]], or 'Saint-Maurice d'Agaune', is a small city located in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Valais|Valais]]. It is also the capital of the district and of the [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] of Saint-Maurice. 5 different tax stamps were issued. [[File:CHE_St_Maurice_COA.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland St. Maurice revenue 2Fr - 5.jpg|2Fr unused (№ 5) </gallery> ==La Sarraz (VD)== [[w:La Sarraz|La Sarraz]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] of the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Vaud|Vaud]], located in the district of [[w:Morges District|Morges]]. 3 different tax stamps were issued from 1904. Gainon distinguishes 2 groups. [[File:CHE La Sarraz COA.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland La Sarraz 1904 revenue 1 1.jpg|1904 3Fr (№ 1) </gallery> ==Schaffhausen City (SH)== [[w:Schaffhausen|Schaffhausen]] is a [[w:List of towns in Switzerland|town with historic roots]], a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in northern Switzerland, and the capital of the [[w:canton of Schaffhausen|canton of the same name]]. 23 different tax stamps were issued from 1904. Gainon distinguishes 5 groups. [[File:Schaffhouse-coat of arms.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Schaffhausen City 1913 revenue 1 5aA.jpg|1913 50c (№ 5aA, group 1) Switzerland Schaffhausen City 1919 revenue 2 11a.jpg|1919 1Fr (№ 11a, group 2) </gallery> ==Spiez (BE)== [[w:Spiez|Spiez]] is a town and [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] on the shore of [[w:Lake Thun|Lake Thun]] in the [[w:Bernese Oberland|Bernese Oberland]] region of the [[w:Switzerland|Swiss]] [[w:canton of Bern|canton of Bern]]. It is part of the [[w:Frutigen-Niedersimmental (administrative district)|Frutigen-Niedersimmental administrative district]]. 20 different tax stamps were issued. Gainon distinguishes 5 groups of which only issue date of group 5 is known (1938). [[File:CHE Spiez COA.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Spiez revenue 10c 1A.jpg|10c (№ 1A, group 1) Switzerland Spiez revenue 20c 2A.jpg|20c (№ 2A, group 1) Switzerland Spiez revenue 50c 3A.jpg|50c (№ 3A, group 1) </gallery> ==Steffisburg (BE)== [[w:Steffisburg|Steffisburg]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the administrative district of [[w:Thun (administrative district)|Thun]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Bern (canton)|Bern]]. 18 different tax stamps were issued. Gainon distinguishes 2 groups. [[File:Steffisburg-coat of arms.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Steffisburg revenue 30c 2B.jpg|30c (№ 2B, group 1) </gallery> ==Sumiswald (BE)== [[w:Sumiswald|Sumiswald]] is a [[w:municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Districts of Switzerland|district]] of the [[w:Emmental (administrative district)|Emmental administrative district]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Canton of Bern|Bern]]. 49 different tax stamps were issued from 1902 to 1975. Gainon distinguishes 7 groups. [[File:CHE Sumiswald COA.svg|thumb|right|100px]] ===1902, group 1=== <gallery> Switzerland Sumiswald 1902 revenue group 1 detail.jpg|Group 1 detail, slanted 'e' Switzerland Sumiswald 1902 revenue 10c 1.jpg|10c (№ 1) Switzerland Sumiswald 1902 revenue 30c 3.jpg|30c (№ 3) Switzerland Sumiswald 1902 revenue 50c 5.jpg|50c (№ 5) </gallery> ===1905, group 2=== <gallery> Switzerland Sumiswald 1905 revenue group 2 detail.jpg|Group 2 detail Switzerland Sumiswald 1905 revenue 10c 7.jpg|10c (№ 7) Switzerland Sumiswald 1905 revenue 20c 8.jpg|20c (№ 8) Switzerland Sumiswald 1905 revenue 30c 9.jpg|30c (№ 9) Switzerland Sumiswald 1905 revenue 40c 10.jpg|40c (№ 10) Switzerland Sumiswald 1905 revenue 50c 11.jpg|50c (№ 11) Switzerland Sumiswald 1905 revenue 1Fr 12.jpg|1Fr (№ 12) </gallery> ===Ca. 1917, group 3=== <gallery> Switzerland Sumiswald 1917 revenue 10c 13 detail.jpg|Group 3 detail, no dots in horizontal bar Switzerland Sumiswald 1917 revenue 10c 13.jpg|10c (№ 7) Switzerland Sumiswald 1917 revenue 20c 14.jpg|20c (№ 8) Switzerland Sumiswald 1917 revenue 50c 16.jpg|50c (№ 9) </gallery> ===Ca. 1916, group 4=== Design like group 3, but in blue. <gallery> Switzerland Sumiswald 1916 revenue 1Fr 23B.jpg|1Fr (№ 23B) Switzerland Sumiswald 1916 revenue 3Fr 25B.jpg|3Fr (№ 25B) </gallery> ==Tavannes (BE)== [[w:Tavannes|Tavannes]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Jura bernois (administrative district)|Jura bernois administrative district]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Bern (canton)|Bern]]. 31 different tax stamps were issued. Gainon distinguishes 6 groups. [[File:Tavannes-coat of arms.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Tavannes revenue 10c 1.jpg|10c (№ 1, group 1) Switzerland Tavannes revenue 20c 2a.jpg|20c (№ 2a, group 1) Switzerland Tavannes revenue 50c 3.jpg|50c (№ 3, group 1) Switzerland Tavannes revenue 5Fr 14.jpg|5Fr (№ 14, group 3) Switzerland Tavannes revenue 10c 19.jpg|20c (№ 19, group 5) Switzerland Tavannes revenue 30c 21.jpg|20c (№ 21, group 5) </gallery> ==Wädenswil (ZH)== [[w:Wädenswil|Wädenswil]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Horgen (district)|district of Horgen]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Zürich (canton)|Zürich]]. 53 different tax stamps were issued between 1887 and 1948. Gainon distinguishes 6 groups. [[File:Waedenswil-blazon.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Wädenswil 1900 revenue 5c 8.jpg|5c (№ 8, group 2) Switzerland Wädenswil 1900 revenue 10c 9.jpg|10c (№ 9, group 2) Switzerland Wädenswil 1900 revenue 15c 10 block of four.jpg|15c (№ 10, group 2) Switzerland Wädenswil 1900 revenue 30c 12 block of four.jpg|30c (№ 12, group 2) Switzerland Wädenswil 1900 revenue 35c 13.jpg|35c (№ 35, group 2) Switzerland Wädenswil 1900 revenue 60c 15.jpg|60c (№ 15, group 2) Switzerland Wädenswil 1900 revenue 75c 18.jpg|75c (№ 18, group 2) </gallery> BERN {{see also|Revenue stamps of Switzerland}} [[File:Karte Kanton Bern Verwaltungskreise 2010.png|right|thumb|250px|Map of the canton Bern]] [[File:CHE Bern COA.svg|thumb|right|100px|Bern arms]] {{Multilingual description | en = Revenue stamps of Bern (Switzerland) and its municipalities, by type. Numbering according Denis Gainon (1996, version 5), ''Catalogue de timbres administratifs publics de Suisse (fiscaux et analogues) confédération, cantons, communes''. Additionally the catalogue by Clayton Wallace (2016, 2nd Edition) ''Tourism Tax Stamps of Switzerland'' is used. | nl = Fiscaalzegels van Bern (Zwitserland), gegroepeerd per type. Indeling en nummering aan de hand van Denis Gainon (1996, version 5), ''Catalogue de timbres administratifs publics de Suisse (fiscaux et analogues) confédération, cantons, communes''. Voor toerisme belasting is de catalogus van Clayton Wallace (2016, 2nd Edition) ''Tourism Tax Stamps of Switzerland'' gebruikt. }} ==Canton of Bern== The [[w:Canton of Bern|canton of Bern]] is the second largest of the 26 [[w:Switzerland|Swiss]] [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|cantons]] by both surface area and population, located in west-central Switzerland. Cantonal revenue stamps were issued for 4 different purposes (classifications A-D), and for tourism tax. Most stamps were printed by [[w:d:Kümmerly+Frey|Kümmerly & Frey (German Wikipedia)]]. ===Advertisement=== Purpose classification A. Arms of Bern inscribed ''Kanton Bern''. ====1865==== Bern coat of arms. Gainon group 1. <gallery> Switzerland Bern 1865 advertising revenue 2rp - 1 (2).jpg|2rp unused, green-grey (№ 1) Switzerland Bern 1865 advertising revenue 2rp - 1.jpg|2rp unused, green-yellow (№ 1b) Switzerland Bern 1865 advertising revenue 3rp - 2 unused.jpg|3rp unused (№ 2) Switzerland Bern 1865 advertising revenue 3rp - 2.jpg|3rp used (№ 2) Switzerland Bern 1865 advertising revenue 6rp - 3 unused.jpg|6rp unused (№ 3) </gallery> ===General revenue=== Purpose classification B. Arms of Bern inscribed ''Kanton Bern''. ====1865-1872==== Bern coat of arms. Imperforate. [[File:Switzerland Bern detail of a 1872 revenue 10rp - 2aA unused.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Bern arms 1865 fine print]] =====1865 without watermark===== Gainon group 1, № 1. Fine print, orange to orange-brown. <gallery> Switzerland Bern 1865 revenue 10rp - 1 unused.jpg|Group 1 - 1865, 10rp unused (№ 1) Switzerland Bern 1865 revenue 10rp - 1.jpg |Group 1 - 1865, 10rp used (№ 1) Switzerland Bern 1865 revenue 10rp - 1 used.jpg|Group 1 - 1865, 10rp used (№ 1) </gallery> =====1872 watermarked===== Gainon groups 2 and 3, № 2-3, 16 types. Coarse print, in which the bear in the coat of arms has less or no fine lines. Watermark small 'CB' normal and inverted (I and Ia). Group 3 large 'CB' watermark normal and inverted (II and IIa). Group 3 is known in thick (A-B) and thin (C-D) paper. <gallery> Switzerland Bern 1865 revenue 10rp - 2aA.jpg |Group 2 - 1872, 10rp used, orange (№ 2A) Switzerland Bern 1872 revenue 10rp - 3A unused.jpg|Group 3 - 1872, 10rp unused, orange (№ 3A) Switzerland Bern 1872 revenue 10rp - 3aA.jpg|Group 3 - 1872, 10rp used, dark orange (№ 3aA) Switzerland Bern 1872 revenue 10rp - 3aC used.jpg|Group 3 - 1872, 10rp used, thin paper (№ 3aC) Switzerland Bern 1872 revenue 10rp - 3B block of four.jpg|Group 3 - 1872, 10rp unused block of four (№ 3B) </gallery> ====1874-1877==== [[File:Switzerland Bern 1877 revenue 10rp - 5B reverse.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Watermark IIIa inverted 'B']] Gainon groups 4-6, № 4-6, 12 types. Perforated 11.75. Group 4 watermarked large 'CB' normal and inverted (II and IIa), group 5 'B' normal and inverted (III and IIIa) and group 6 'S' (IV). <gallery> Switzerland Bern 1874 revenue 10rp - 4A.jpg|Group 4 - 1874, used (№ 4A) Switzerland Bern 1874 revenue 10rp - 4bA.jpg|Group 4 - 1874, used (№ 4bA) Switzerland Bern 1877 revenue 10rp - 5B.jpg|Group 5 - 1877, used (№ 5B) Switzerland Bern 1877 revenue 10rp - 5B off centered.jpg|Group 5 - 1877, used (№ 5B) Switzerland Bern 1877 revenue 10rp - 5aA.jpg|Group 5 - 1877, used (№ 5aA) Switzerland canton Bern 1878-07-25 money order with 10r revenue stamp.jpg|1878, money order with 10 rappen revenue stamp </gallery> ====1880==== Gainon group 7, № 7-21. Arms of Bern inscribed ''Canton Bern'', each corner ornamented, right text 'MARKE'. =====Watermark 'S'===== [[File:Switzerland Bern 1880 revenue 25rp - 11C reverse WM IV.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Watermark IV 'S']] Different perforations exist, 11.5-11.75 (B), 12.75-13 (C) or mixed 11.5x11.5x13x11.5 (D). <gallery> Switzerland Bern 1880 revenue 5rp - 7C.jpg|5rp used (№ 7C) Switzerland Bern 1880 revenue 20rp - 10B.jpg|20rp used (№ 10B) Switzerland Bern 1880 revenue 20rp - 10C.jpg|20rp used (№ 10C) Switzerland Bern 1880 revenue 25rp - 11C.jpg|25rp used (№ 11C) Switzerland Bern 1880 revenue 30rp - 12B.jpg|30rp used (№ 12B) Switzerland Bern 1880 revenue 30rp - 12C.jpg|30rp used (№ 12C) Switzerland Bern 1880 revenue 50rp - 13B.jpg|50rp used (№ 13B) Switzerland Bern 1880 revenue 50rp - 13C.jpg|50rp used (№ 13C) Switzerland Bern 1880 revenue 50rp - 13C (2).jpg|50rp used (№ 13C) Switzerland Bern 1880 revenue 60rp - 14B.jpg|60rp used (№ 14B) Switzerland Bern 1880 revenue 60rp - 14C.jpg|60rp used (№ 14C) Switzerland Bern 1880 revenue 60rp - 14D.jpg|60rp used (№ 14D) Switzerland Bern 1880 revenue 1Fr - 16C.jpg|1Fr used (№ 16C) Switzerland Bern 1880 revenue 10Fr - 19B.jpg|10Fr used (№ 19B) </gallery> =====Watermark 'S' inverted===== [[File:Switzerland Bern 1880 revenue 20rp - 10F reverse WM IVa.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Watermark IVa 'S' inverted]] Different perforations exist, 11.5-11.75 (E), 12.75-13 (F). <gallery> Switzerland Bern 1880 revenue 5rp - 7F.jpg|5rp used (№ 7F) Switzerland Bern 1880 revenue 10rp - 8E.jpg|10rp used (№ 8E) Switzerland Bern 1880 revenue 10rp - 8F.jpg|10rp used (№ 8F) Switzerland Bern 1880 revenue 15rp - 9E.jpg|15rp used (№ 9E) Switzerland Bern 1880 revenue 15rp - 9F.jpg|15rp used (№ 9F) Switzerland Bern 1880 revenue 20rp - 10F.jpg|20rp used (№ 10F) Switzerland Bern 1880 revenue 25rp - 11F.jpg|25rp used (№ 11F) Switzerland Bern 1880 revenue 50rp - 13E.jpg|50rp used (№ 13E) Switzerland Bern 1880 revenue 60rp - 14F.jpg|60rp used (№ 14F) Switzerland Bern 1880 revenue 90rp - 15F.jpg|90rp used (№ 15F) Switzerland Bern 1880 revenue 1Fr - 16E.jpg|1Fr used (№ 16E) Switzerland Bern 1880 revenue 2Fr - 17E.jpg|2Fr used (№ 17E) Switzerland Bern 1880 revenue 2Fr - 17F.jpg|2Fr used (№ 17F) Switzerland Bern 1880 revenue 5Fr - 18F.jpg|5Fr used (№ 18F) </gallery> =====Value 15 in each corner===== [[File:Switzerland Bern 1880 revenue 15rp - 22dA detail.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Numeral above lower right 15]] Gainon group 8, № 22, 8 types. Design changes: right text 'TIMBRE', '15' in each corner. Small numeral above lower right 15: ''1'', ''2'' (a), ''3'' (b), ''4'' (c) or ''5'' (d). Sometimes a small dot in the lower left corner. Watermark 'S' (A) or inverted (B). perforated 12.75x10.25. <gallery> Switzerland Bern 1880 revenue 15rp - 22bA.jpg|15rp used, dot and '3' (№ 22bA) Switzerland Bern 1880 revenue 15rp - 22cA.jpg|15rp used, '4' (№ 22cA) Switzerland Bern 1880 revenue 15rp - 22dA.jpg|15rp used, '5' (№ 22dA) </gallery> ====1881==== Gainon group 9, № 23-28. Value in centimes. Different type of cancellations exist, common are fiscal, manuscript (and later railway), uncommon are postal. =====Without numeral and 'K'===== Without numeral and 'K' above lower values. Watermark 'S' and perforated 11.5 (A) or 12.75x10.25 (B) or inverted 'S' and perforated 12.75x10.25 (C). <gallery> Switzerland Bern 1881 revenue 10c - 24B.jpg|10c - (№ 24B) Switzerland Bern 1881 revenue 10c - 24B 16 Sept 1887.jpg|10c - (№ 24B) Switzerland Bern 1881 revenue 10c - 23C Breuleux.jpg|10c postal cancel [[w:Breuleux|(BR)EULEUX]] - (№ 24C) Switzerland Bern 1881 revenue 10c - 23C manuscript.jpg|10c - (№ 24C) Switzerland Bern 1881 revenue 10c - 23C Bieler Volksbank.jpg|10c 'BIELER VOLKSBANK' - (№ 24C) Switzerland Bern 1881 revenue 10c - 23C frais.jpg|10c - (№ 24C), plate error dot above center '10' Switzerland Bern 1881 revenue 10c - 24C pair.jpg|10c - (№ 24C) pair Switzerland Bern 1881 revenue 15c - 25C.jpg|15c - (№ 25C) Switzerland Bern 1881 revenue 20c - 26B.jpg|20c - (№ 26B) Switzerland Bern 1881 revenue 30c - 27B.jpg|30c - (№ 27B) Switzerland Bern 1881 revenue 30c - 27B on insurance policy.jpg|30c - (№ 27B) Switzerland Bern 1889 fire insurance policy.jpg|30c - (№ 27B) on 1889 fire insurance policy Switzerland Bern 1881 revenue 60c - 28B.jpg|60c - (№ 28B) </gallery> =====With numeral and 'K'===== Subtype a: with small numeral above lower left value and 'K' above lower right value. Numerals 1-5 exist for the 5c, 10c, 30c and 60c. Watermark 'S' and perforated 12.75x10.25 (B) or inverted 'S' and perforated 12.75x10.25 (C). Perforation 11.5 does not exist. 'K' is the first initial of the printing company Kümmerly & Frey. The theory is that there were five types of stamps transferred to the lithographer's stone making up the complete plate for the sheets of the 1880 and 1881 issue. The stamps in rows carry the same number, the stamps in column are sequenced downwards (cf. M.N. Thaler). Details of the 10c lower left corner with numeral 1-5: <gallery> Switzerland Bern 1881 revenue 10c - 24aC 1-K detail.jpg|10c '1' detail - (№ 24aC 1-K) Switzerland Bern 1881 revenue 10c - 24aB 2-K detail.jpg|10c '2' detail - (№ 24aB 2-K) Switzerland Bern 1881 revenue 10c - 24aC 3-K detail.jpg|10c '3' detail - (№ 24aC 3-K) Switzerland Bern 1881 revenue 10c - 24aB 4-K detail.jpg|10c '4' detail - (№ 24aB 4-K) Switzerland Bern 1881 revenue 10c - 24aB 5-K detail.jpg|10c '5' detail - (№ 24aB 5-K) </gallery> Stamps: <gallery> Switzerland Bern 1881 revenue 5c - 23aB 4-K.jpg|5c railway [[w:Saint-Imier|St IMIER]] - (№ 23aB 4-K) Switzerland Bern 1881 revenue 5c - 23aC 4-K.jpg|5c postal [[w:Breuleux|(BR)EULEUX]] - (№ 23aC 4-K) Switzerland Bern 1881 revenues 5c - 23a 4-K and 5-K detail.jpg|2x 5c detail - (№ 23a 4-K, 23a 5-K) Switzerland canton Bern 1892 money order with 1881 revenue stamps 01.jpg|1892 money order with 2x5c - (№ 23a 4-K, 23a 5-K) Switzerland Bern 1881 revenue 10c - 24aB 1-K.jpg|10c - (№ 24aB 1-K) Switzerland Bern 1881 revenue 10c - 24aB 2-K.jpg|10c - (№ 24aB 2-K) Switzerland Bern 1881 revenue 10c - 24aB 4-K.jpg|10c - (№ 24aB 4-K) Switzerland Bern 1881 revenue 10c - 24aB 4-K Simplon.jpg|10c railway [[w:Simplon Tunnel|Simplon]] - (№ 24aB 4-K) Switzerland Bern 1881 revenue 10c - 24aB 5-K.jpg|10c - (№ 24aB 5-K) Switzerland Bern 1881 revenue 10c - 24aC 1-K.jpg|10c - (№ 24aC 1-K) Switzerland Bern 1881 revenue 10c - 24aC 1-K Lange.jpg|10c cancel [[w:Langenthal|LANGE(NTHAL)]] - (№ 24aC 1-K) Switzerland Bern 1881 revenue 10c - 24aC 2-K.jpg|10c - (№ 24aC 2-K) Switzerland Bern 1881 revenue 10c - 24aC 3-K.jpg|10c - (№ 24aC 3-K) Switzerland Bern 1881 revenue 10c - 24aC 4-K.jpg|10c - (№ 24aC 4-K) Switzerland Bern 1881 revenue 10c - 24aC 5-K.jpg|10c - (№ 24aC 5-K) Switzerland Bern 1881 revenue 10c - 24aC 5-K Lucerne.jpg|10c railway [[w:Lucerne|...Lucerne]] - (№ 24aC 5-K) Switzerland 1886 labour day report reverse.jpg|10c - (№ 24aC 3-K) on reverse of day report Switzerland Bern 1881 revenue 10c - 24a 1-K detail.jpg|10c detail - (№ 24a 1-K) Switzerland Bern 1881 revenue 10c - 24a 1-K money order.jpg|1888 money order with 10c - (№ 24a 1-K) </gallery> ====1886==== Gainon group 10, № 29-37. Design changes: leaves on the left, no numeral above lower right value, but numerals exist for the 15c: ''1'' (a), ''2'' (b), ''3'' (c), ''4'' (d) or ''5'' (e). Watermark 'S' (A) or inverted (B). Perforated 12.75x10.25. The 15c is known in two types, thick (I) or thin (II) lower left '15'. <gallery> Switzerland Bern 1894 revenue 15c - 40AI VI-94 detail.jpg|15c, type I Switzerland Bern 1902 revenue 15c - 40AII X-02 detail.jpg|15c, type II </gallery> <gallery> Switzerland Bern 1886 revenue 15c - 29AI.jpg|15c used (№ 29A) type I Switzerland Bern 1886 revenue 15c I - 29dA.jpg|15c used (№ 29dA -'4') type I Switzerland Bern 1886 revenue 15c II - 29fA pair.jpg|15c used pair (№ 29fA) type II Switzerland Bern 1886 revenue 25c - 30A unused.jpg|25c unused (№ 30A) Switzerland Bern 1886 revenue 50c - 31A unused.jpg|50c unused (№ 31A) Switzerland Bern 1886 revenue 50c - 31A.jpg|50c used (№ 31A) Switzerland Bern 1886 revenue 2fr - 33B.jpg|2fr used (№ 33B) Switzerland Bern 1886 revenue 5fr - 34A.jpg|5fr used (№ 34A) </gallery> ====1892-1902==== [[File:Switzerland Bern 1897 revenue 1Fr - 47A IX-97 detail.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Date (IX.97) on left leaf]] Gainon group 11, № 38A-50A, № 38B-41B, № 45B-48B. Value in centimes and design changes: Month (Roman numerals) and year inscribed on one of the lower left leaves (ranging from X.92 to X.02). Value in each corner, but no numerals or letter 'K' above lower value. Watermark 'S' (A) or inverted (B, uncommon), perforated 12.75x10.25. From 10-1898 (X.98) the corner '10' has a top dash. The 15c like Gainon group 10, thick (I) or thin (II) corner numerals. <gallery> Switzerland Bern 1895 revenue 5c - 38A III-95.jpg|5c - (№ 38A III.95) Switzerland Bern 1899 revenue 5c - 38A I-99.jpg|5c postal [[w:Sumiswald|SUMISWALD]] - (№ 38A I.99) Switzerland Bern 1892-1902 revenue 10c - 39A X-92.jpg|10c [[w:Kirchberg, Bern|(KIRC)HBERG]] - (№ 39A X.92) Switzerland Bern 1892-1902 revenue 10c - 39A VI-94.jpg|10c [[w:Courtemaîche|COURTEMAICHE]] - (№ 39A VI.94) Switzerland Bern 1892-1902 revenue 10c - 39A III-95 Langenthal.jpg|10c [[w:Langenthal|(L)ANGENTHA(L)]] - (№ 39A III.95) Switzerland Bern 1892-1902 revenue 10c - 39A III-96 BERNE.jpg|10c (B)ERNE (J.)S. G.V. - (№ 39A III.96) Switzerland Bern 1892-1902 revenue 10c - 39A VI-96.jpg|10c - (№ 39A VI.96) Switzerland Bern 1896 revenue 10c - 39A X-96.jpg|10c - (№ 39A X.96) Switzerland Bern 1892-1902 revenue 10c - 39A II-97 Burgdorf.jpg|10c [[w:Burgdorf, Switzerland|Burgdorf]] - (№ 39A II.97) Switzerland Bern 1892-1902 revenue 10c - 39A VIII-97 Courgenay.jpg|10c [[w:Courgenay|(C)OURGEN(AY)]] - (№ 39A VIII.97) Switzerland Bern 1892-1902 revenue 10c - 39A XII-97 BERNE.jpg|10c BERN(E) J.S. G.(V.) - (№ 39A XII.97) Switzerland Bern 1892-1902 revenue 10c - 39A XII-97 Wangen ad Aarel.jpg|10c [[w:Wangen an der Aare|Wangen a(d Aare)]] - (№ 39A XII.97) Switzerland Bern 1892-1902 revenue 10c - 39A VI-98 Wangen ad Aare.jpg|10c [[w:Wangen an der Aare|Wangen a(d Aare)]] - (№ 39A VI.98) Switzerland Bern 1892-1902 revenue 10c - 39A IX-98 Simplon.jpg|10c [[w:Simplon Tunnel|Simpl(on)]] - (№ 39A IX.98) Switzerland Bern 1892-1902 revenue 10c - 39A X-98 BERNE.jpg|10c BERN(E) (J.)S. G.V. - (№ 39A X.98) Switzerland Bern 1892-1902 revenue 10c - 39A I-99 LANGNAU.jpg|10c [[w:Langnau im Emmental|(LAN)GNAU]] - (№ 39A I.99) Switzerland Bern 1892-1902 revenue 10c - 39A V-99 PORRENTRUY 1.jpg|10c [[w:Porrentruy|PORRENTRUY]] - (№ 39A V.99) Switzerland Bern 1892-1902 revenue 10c - 39A IX-99 COURGENAY.jpg|10c [[w:Courgenay|(C)OURGEN(AY)]] - (№ 39A IX.99) Switzerland Bern 1892-1902 revenue 10c - 39A I-00.jpg|10c - (№ 39A I.00) Switzerland Bern 1892-1902 revenue 10c - 39A V-00 RECONVILIER.jpg|10c [[w:Reconvilier|(RE)CONVILIE(R)]] - (№ 39A V.00) Switzerland Bern 1892-1902 revenue 10c - 39A V-00 plate error.jpg|10c plate error at left - (№ 39A V.00) Switzerland Bern 1892-1902 revenue 10c - 39A VIII-00 LOTZWIL.jpg|10c [[w:Lotzwil|LOTZ(WIL)]] - (№ 39A VIII.00) Switzerland Bern 1892-1902 revenue 10c - 39A I-01 PORRENTRUY.jpg|10c [[w:Porrentruy|PORRENTRUY]] - (№ 39A I.01) Switzerland Bern 1892-1902 revenue 10c - 39A V-01 COURFAIVRE.jpg|10c [[w:Courfaivre|(C)OURFAIV(RE)]] - (№ 39A V.01) Switzerland Bern 1892-1902 revenue 10c - 39A V-01 GLOVELIER.jpg|10c [[w:Glovelier|GLOVEL(IER)]] - (№ 39A V.01) Switzerland Bern 1892-1902 revenue 10c - 39A IX-01.jpg|10c - (№ 39A IX.01) Switzerland Bern 1892-1902 revenue 10c - 39A II-02 BASSECOURT.jpg|10c [[w:Bassecourt|(B)ASSECO(URT)]] - (№ 39A II.02) Switzerland Bern 1892-1902 revenue 10c - 39A VII-02.jpg|10c - (№ 39A VII.02) Switzerland Bern 1892-1902 revenue 10c - 39A X-02 INTERLAKEN.jpg|10c [[w:Interlaken|(INT)ERLAKEN]] - (№ 39A X.02) Switzerland Bern 1892-1902 revenue 15c - 40AI VII-93.jpg|15c - (№ 40AI VII.93) type I Switzerland Bern 1894 revenue 15c - 40AI VI-94 (2).jpg|15c - (№ 40AI VI.94) type I Switzerland Bern 1894 revenue 15c - 40AI VI-94.jpg|15c - (№ 40AI VI.94) type I Switzerland Bern 1897 revenue 15c - 40A II-97.jpg|15c - (№ 40AI II.97) type I Switzerland Bern 1899 revenue 15c - 40AII X-99.jpg|15c - (№ 40AII X.99) type II Switzerland Bern 1901 revenue 15c - 40A V-01.jpg|15c - (№ 40AII V.01) type II Switzerland Bern 1902 revenue 15c - 40AII X-02.jpg|15c - (№ 40AII X.02) type II Switzerland Bern 1892-1902 revenue 25c - 42A IX-98.jpg|25c - (№ 42A IX.98) Switzerland Bern 1892-1902 revenue 60c - 45A V-99.jpg|60c - (№ 45A V.99) Switzerland Bern 1897 revenue 1Fr - 47A IX-97.jpg|1Fr - (№ 47A IX.97) Switzerland Bern 1892-1902 revenue 2Fr - 48B III-96.jpg|2Fr - (№ 48B III.96) </gallery> ====1893-1898==== [[File:Switzerland Bern 1895 revenue 10c - 52 VIII-95 2-K detail.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Date on right leaf, number (here 2) and K inscribed]] Gainon group 12, № 51-56. A large group with numerous different types (estimated 142). Month (Roman numerals) and year inscribed on one of the lower right leaves, ranging from III-93 to VI-98. Watermark 'S', perforated 12.75x10.25. The 5c, 10c and 30c (like Gainon group 9) can have small numerals (1-5) above lower left value and letter 'K' above lower right value. The 60c (like Gainon group 9) can have small numerals (1-5) above lower left value without letter 'K' above lower right value. * 5c № 51: 3 dates, with or without numerals: 3x6=18 types * 10c № 52: 7 dates, with or without numerals: 7x6=42 types * 20c № 53: 3 dates, without numerals: 3 types * 30c № 54: 8 dates, with or without numerals: 8x6=48 types * 60c № 55: 5 dates, with or without numerals (without 'K'): 5x6=30 types * 1fr № 56: 1 date, without numerals: 1 type <gallery> Switzerland Bern 1893 revenue 5c - 51 VII-93 1-K unused.jpg|5c unused - (№ 51 VII.93, 1-K) Switzerland Bern 1893 revenue 5c - 51 VII-93.jpg|5c [[w:Courtemaîche|(COU)RTEMAICHE]] - (№ 51 VII.93, 1-K) Switzerland Bern 1897 revenue 5c - 51 II-97.jpg|5c - (№ 51 II.97, 1-K) Switzerland Bern 1898 revenue 5c - 51 III-98.jpg|5c - (№ 51 III.98, 1-K) Switzerland Bern 1893 revenue 10c - 52 III-93 2-K.jpg|10c [[w:Interlaken Ost railway station|(INTERL)AKEN Ost]] - (№ 52 III.93, 2-K) Switzerland Bern 1893 revenue 10c - 52 VII-93 2-K.jpg|10c - (№ 52 VII.93, 2-K) Switzerland Bern 1894 revenue 10c - 52 I-94 2-K.jpg|10c - (№ 52 I.94, 2-K) Switzerland Bern 1894 revenue 10c - 52 I-94 4-K.jpg|10c - (№ 52 I.94, 4-K) Switzerland Bern 1894 revenue 10c - 52 X-94 1-K.jpg|10c - (№ 52 X.94, 1-K) Switzerland Bern 1895 revenue 10c - 52 VIII-95 2-K.jpg|10c - (№ 52 VIII.95, 2-K) Switzerland Bern 1895 revenue 10c - 52 XII-95.jpg|10c - (№ 52 XII.95) Switzerland Bern 1895 revenue 10c - 52 XII-95 2-K.jpg|10c [[w:Rubigen|(R)UBIGE(N)]] - (№ 52 XII.95, 2-K) Switzerland Bern 1895 revenue 10c - 52 XII-95 5-K.jpg|10c - (№ 52 XII.95, 5-K) Switzerland Bern 1898 revenue 10c - 52 III-98.jpg|10c [[w:Meiringen|MEIRINGEN]] - (№ 52 III.98 - ) Switzerland Bern 1893 revenue 20c - 53 VII-93.jpg|20c - (№ 53 VII.93) Switzerland Bern 1895 revenue 20c - 53 VIII-95.jpg|20c - (№ 53 VIII.95) Switzerland Bern 1897 revenue 20c - 53 XII-97.jpg|20c - (№ 53 XII.97) Switzerland Bern 1893 revenue 30c - 54 III-93 3-K.jpg|30c - (№ 54 III.93 3-K) Switzerland Bern 1893 revenue 30c - 54 III-93 4-K.jpg|30c - (№ 54 III.93 4-K) Switzerland Bern 1894 revenue 30c - 54 I-94 3-K.jpg|30c - (№ 54 I.94 3-K) Switzerland Bern 1895 revenue 30c - 54 VIII-95 5-K.jpg|30c - (№ 54 VIII.95 5-K) Switzerland Bern 1896 revenue 30c - 54 III-96.jpg|30c - (№ 54 III.96) Switzerland Bern 1897 revenue 30c - 54 II-97 2-K.jpg|30c - (№ 54 II.97 2-K) Switzerland Bern 1898 revenue 30c - 54 VI-98.jpg| 30c - (№ 54 VI.98) Switzerland Bern 1897 revenue 60c - 55 X-93 4.jpg|60c - (№ 55 X.93 4) Switzerland Bern 1897 revenue 60c - 55 II-97.jpg|60c - (№ 55 II.97 4) Switzerland Bern 1893 revenue 1Fr - 56 X-93.jpg|1Fr - (№ 56 X.93) </gallery> ====1902==== Gainon special issue, № S4-S6. Month (Roman numerals) and year inscribed on one of the lower left leaves. Watermark 'S', perforated 12.75x11.25, black. <gallery> Switzerland Bern 1902 revenue 5c - S4 VII-02.jpg|5c - (№ S4, VII.02) Switzerland Bern 1902 revenue 10c - S5 X-02.jpg|10c - (№ S5, X.02) Switzerland Bern 1902 revenue 60c - S6 X-02.jpg|60c - (№ S6, X.02) </gallery> ====1903==== [[File:Switzerland Bern 1903 revenue 1Fr - 66A detail.jpg|thumb|right|150px|1903: Inscription 'H Kümmerly']] [[File:Switzerland Bern 1906 revenue 10c - 73B detail.jpg|thumb|right|125px|1903 and 1906, decoration in lower part of value frame.]] Gainon group 13, № 57-71. Changed design. This group bears the name of one of the owners of the printing company 'H Kümmerly' (Hermann Kümmerly) below the front right paw of the bear. Watermark IV ('S' - A), 10c exists with inverted 'S' (B). Perforated 12.75x10.25. <gallery> Switzerland Bern 1903 revenue 5c - 57A.jpg|5c - (№ 57A) Switzerland Bern 1903 revenue 10c - 58A.jpg|10c - (№ 58A) Switzerland Bern 1903 revenue 15c - 59A.jpg|15c - (№ 59A) Switzerland Bern 1903 revenue 30c - 62A.jpg|30c - (№ 62A) Switzerland Bern 1903 revenue 50c - 63A.jpg|50c - (№ 63A) Switzerland Bern 1903 revenue 60c - 64A.jpg|60c - (№ 64A) Switzerland Bern 1903 revenue 1Fr - 66A.jpg|1Fr - (№ 66A) </gallery> ====1906==== Gainon group 14, № 72-87. Changed, less detailed design without engraver's name. Five types can be distinguished: * A: Watermark IV ('S'). Perforated 12.75x10.25. Brown-lilac to red-brown on yellowish paper, * B: Watermark IV ('S'). Perforated 12.75x10.25. Lilac-brown/red on white paper, * C: Watermark IVa ('S' inverted). Perforated 12.75x10.25. Lilac-brown/red on white paper, * D: Watermark IV ('S'). Perforated 9.75x12.5. Lilac-brown/red on white paper, * E: Watermark IVa ('S' inverted). Perforated 9.75x12.5. Lilac-brown/red on white paper. <gallery> Switzerland Bern 1906 revenue 5c - 72B.jpg|5c - (№ 72B) Switzerland Bern 1906 revenue 10c - 73B.jpg|10c - (№ 73B) Switzerland Bern 1906 revenue 10c - 73D.jpg|10c - (№ 73D) Switzerland Bern 1906 revenue 15c - 74B.jpg|15c - (№ 74B) Switzerland Bern 1906 revenue 15c - 74D.jpg|15c - (№ 74D) Switzerland Bern 1906 revenue 15c - 74B-C on fragment.jpg|15c on fragment - (№ 74B/C) Switzerland Bern 1906 revenue 15c - 74D-E strips of 4.jpg|15c strip of 8 - (№ 74D/E) Switzerland Bern 1906 revenue 20c - 75A.jpg|20c - (№ 75A) Switzerland Bern 1906 revenue 30c - 77B.jpg|30c - (№ 77B) Switzerland Bern 1906 revenue 30c - 77C pair.jpg|30c pair - (№ 77C) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenues 1Fr and 30c - 30-77 fragment.jpg|1Fr (1903-1930 group 3) and 30c on fragment - (№ 30, 77) Switzerland Bern 1906 revenue 50c - 78B.jpg|50c - (№ 78B) Switzerland Bern 1906 revenue 60c - 79B pair.jpg|60c pair - (№ 79B) Switzerland Bern 1906 revenue 60c - 79C pair.jpg|60c pair - (№ 79C) Switzerland Bern 1906 revenue 60c - 79D.jpg|60c - (№ 79D) Switzerland Bern 1906 revenue 1Fr - 81B.jpg|1Fr - (№ 81B) Switzerland Bern 1906 revenue 2Fr - 82B.jpg|2Fr - (№ 82B) Switzerland Bern 1906 revenue 5Fr - 83B.jpg|5Fr - (№ 83B) Switzerland Bern 1906 revenue 5f - 83C pair.jpg|5Fr pair - (№ 83C) Switzerland Bern 1906 revenue 10Fr - 84B.jpg|10Fr - (№ 84B) Switzerland Bern 1906 revenue 50Fr - 86B.jpg|50Fr - (№ 86B) Switzerland Bern 1906 revenue 50f - 86C strip of four.jpg|50Fr strip of 4 - (№ 86C) Switzerland Bern 1929-08-28 receipt with revenue 10c - 73D-E.jpg|1929-08-28 receipt with 10c revenue (№ 73D or E) </gallery> ====1914==== Gainon group 15, № 88-100. Design like group 14, overprinted 'WECHSELSTEMPEL'. Watermark IV ('S'), perforated 12.75x10.25. <gallery> Switzerland Bern 1914 revenue 10c - 89.jpg|10c - (№ 89) Switzerland Bern 1914 revenue 15c - 90.jpg|15c - (№ 90) Switzerland Bern 1914 revenue 25c - 92.jpg|25c - (№ 92) Switzerland Bern 1914 revenue 30c - 93.jpg|30c - (№ 93) </gallery> ====1930+==== [[File:Switzerland Bern 1930 revenue 30c - 106B detail.jpg|thumb|right|125px|1930, no decoration in lower part of value frame.]] Gainon group 16, № 101-115. No decoration in lower part of value frame. Watermark IV ('S' - A) or watermark IVa ('S' inverted B). Perforated 9.75x12.5. <gallery> Switzerland Bern 1930 revenue 10c - 102B.jpg|10c - (№ 102B) Switzerland Bern 1930 revenue 30c - 106B.jpg|30c - (№ 106B) Switzerland Bern 1930 revenue 60c - 108B.jpg|60c - (№ 108B) Switzerland Bern 1930 revenue 10Fr - 112B.jpg|10Fr - (№ 112B) </gallery> ====1934+==== [[File:Switzerland Bern 1934 revenue 20c - 119B detail.jpg|thumb|right|125px|1934, square undecorated value frame.]] Gainon group 17, № 116-130. Square undecorated value frame. Watermark IV ('S' - A) or watermark IVa ('S' inverted B). Perforated 9.75x12.5. <gallery> Switzerland Bern 1934 revenue 15c - 118B.jpg|15c - (№ 118B) Switzerland Bern 1934 revenue 20c - 119B.jpg|20c - (№ 119B) Switzerland Bern 1934 revenue 25c - 120B.jpg|25c - (№ 120B) Switzerland Bern 1934 revenue 30c - 121A.jpg|30c - (№ 121A) Switzerland Bern 1934 revenue 50c - 122B.jpg|50c - (№ 122B) Switzerland Bern 1938 postal cheque fragment with revenues 1Fr-48A and 50c-122.jpg|1938 [[w:Postal order|Postal order]] fragment (№ 122B, 2x48A). Mixed usage of general and fixed fee revenue stamps. Switzerland Bern 1934 revenue 20c strip of 4 and 1f on fragment.jpg|20c strip of 4 and 1Fr on fragment - (№ 119B, 124) </gallery> ===Fixed fees=== Purpose classification C. Intended for taxation of a precisely defined service, mixed usage with general revenue stamps was common practice (eg. the 1938 postal cheque fragment above). ====1878==== Arms of Bern inscribed ''Kanton Bern''. Gainon group 1, № 1-8. Watermark 'B' (III), 50c., 1Fr. and 2Fr. are known with inverted 'B' (IIIa). Perforated 11.75. Numerous shades. <gallery> Switzerland Bern 1878 revenue 10rp - 1A.jpg|10rp - (№ 1A) Switzerland Bern 1878 revenue 20rp - 2A.jpg|20rp - (№ 2A) Switzerland Bern 1878 revenue 20rp - 2A dark blue.jpg|20rp - (№ 2A) Switzerland Bern 1878 revenue 25rp - 3a.jpg|25rp - watermark 'B' inverted (№ 3a) Switzerland Bern 1878 revenue 50rp - 4A.jpg|50rp - (№ 4A) Switzerland Bern 1878 revenue 50rp - 4A on fragment.jpg|50rp dark red on fragment - (№ 4bA) Switzerland Bern 1878 revenue 1Fr - 5A.jpg|1Fr - (№ 5A) Switzerland Bern 1878 revenue 2Fr - 6A.jpg|2Fr - (№ 6A) Switzerland Bern 1878 revenue 2f - 6B pair.jpg|2Fr pair - (№ 6B) Switzerland Bern 1878 revenue 5Fr - 7A.jpg|5Fr - silver (№ 7A) Switzerland Bern 1878 revenue 5Fr - 7aA.jpg|5Fr - black (№ 7aA) Switzerland Bern 1878 revenue 10f - 8A.jpg|10Fr - (№ 8A) Switzerland Bern 1878 revenue 10Fr - 8A.jpg|10Fr - (№ 8aA) </gallery> ====1884==== Gainon group 2, № 9-22. Arms of Bern inscribed ''Canton Bern'' and ''Gebührenmarke''. Watermark 'S' (A), some values known with inverted 'S' (B). Perforated 12.75x10.25. <gallery> Switzerland Bern 1884 revenue 10c - 9bA.jpg|10c - (№ 9bA) Switzerland Bern 1884 revenue 10c - 9bA pair.jpg|10c pair - (№ 9bA) Switzerland Bern 1884 revenue 20c - 11A.jpg|20c - (№ 11A) Switzerland Bern 1884 revenue 25c - 13A.jpg|25c - (№ 13A) Switzerland Bern 1884 revenue 50c - 14A.jpg|50c - (№ 14B) Switzerland Bern 1884 revenue 50c - 14aB 01.jpg|50c - (№ 14aB) Switzerland Bern 1884 revenue 2 50c - 14 fragment.jpg|50c on fragment - (№ 14) Switzerland Bern 1884 revenues 10c, 20c and 50c on fragment.jpg|10, 20 and 50c on fragment - (№ 9, 11, 14) Switzerland Bern 1884 revenue 80c - 15A.jpg|80c - (№ 15A) Switzerland Bern 1884 revenue 1Fr - 16A.jpg|1Fr grey-brown - (№ 16A) Switzerland Bern 1884 revenue 1Fr - 16aA.jpg|1Fr light grey-brown - (№ 16aA) Switzerland Bern 1884 revenue 1f - 16aB pair.jpg|1Fr light grey-brown pair- (№ 16aB) Switzerland Bern 1884 revenue 2Fr - 17A.jpg|2Fr - (№ 17A) Switzerland Bern 1884 revenue 2 1-2Fr - 16-17 fragment.jpg|1-2Fr on fragment - (№ 16-17) Switzerland Bern 1884 revenue 5f - 18B.jpg|5Fr - (№ 18B) Switzerland Bern 1884 revenue 5Fr - 18A.jpg|5Fr - (№ 18aA) Switzerland Bern 1884 revenue 10Fr - 19A.jpg|10Fr - (№ 19A) Switzerland Bern 1884 revenue 50f - 20A.jpg|50Fr - (№ 20A) Switzerland Bern 1892-10-31 revenue stamps on judicial document.jpg|Close-up of judicial document with 1, 2 and 10Fr - (№ 16, 17 and 19) and 60c pair (№ 28) </gallery> ====1903-1918-1930==== [[File:Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 10Fr - 35aA detail.jpg|thumb|right|125px|1903-1930, value frame round at top.]] Gainon group 3, № 23-41. Value frame round at top. Up to 80c the numeral can be either in dark green or black (subtype a-c). Four main types can be distinguished: * A: Watermark IV ('S'). Perforated 12.75x10.25, * B: Watermark IVa ('S' inverted). Perforated 12.75x10.25, * C: Watermark IV ('S'). Perforated 9.75x12.5, * D: Watermark IVa ('S' inverted). Perforated 9.75x12.5. =====Type A-B: perforated 12.75x10.25===== <gallery> Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 10c - 23bA.jpg|10c - green-grey (№ 23bA) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 15c - 24A.jpg|15c - (№ 24A) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 15c - 24aA.jpg|15c - (№ 24aA) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 20c - 25A.jpg|20c - (№ 25A) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 25c - 26A.jpg|25c - (№ 26A) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 25c - 26aA.jpg|25c - (№ 26aA) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 50c - 27 and 1903 30c - 62 fragment.jpg|50c - (№ 27), 30c - (№ 62-g13) on fragment Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 50c - 27A.jpg|50c - (№ 27A) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 50c - 27aA.jpg|50c - (№ 27aA) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 50c - 27aA pair.jpg|50c pair - (№ 27aA) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 50c - 27bA pair.jpg|50c pair - (№ 27bA) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 50c - 27a and 1906 15c - 74A fragment.jpg|50c - (№ 27a), 1906 15c - (№ 74A-g14) on fragment Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 3 50c - 27a fragment.jpg|50c - (№ 27a) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 50c - 27cA.jpg|50c - pale olive (№ 27cA) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 50c - 27c (6) fragment.jpg|50c - (№ 27c) on fragment Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 50c - 28aB.jpg|50c - (№ 28aB) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 50c - 28a (pair) fragment.jpg|50c - (№ 28aD) on fragment Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 80c - 29A.jpg|80c - (№ 29A) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 80c - 29bA.jpg|80c - olive-brown (№ 29bA) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 1Fr - 30A.jpg|1Fr - (№ 30A) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 1Fr - 30A (2).jpg|1Fr - (№ 30A) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 1Fr - 30B block of four.jpg|1Fr block of four - (№ 30B) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 1f - 30, 5f - 34 fragment.jpg|1Fr, 5Fr - (№ 30, 34) on fragment Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 1f - 30, 2f - 31a fragment.jpg|1Fr, 2Fr - ((№ 30, 31a) on fragment Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 2f - 31A pair.jpg|2Fr pair - (№ 31A) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 2f - 31A rose-brown.jpg|2Fr rose-brown - (№ 31A) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 50c - 36aA.jpg|2Fr - rose-brown (№ 31A) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 2f - 31 (5) fragment.jpg|2Fr red-brown - (№ 31) on fragment Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 5f - 34A thin numeral.jpg|5Fr light green, thin numeral - (№ 34A) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 5Fr - 34A thick value.jpg|5Fr light green, thick numeral - (№ 34A) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 5Fr - 34aA.jpg|5Fr olive - (№ 34aA) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 10Fr - 35A.jpg|10Fr - (№ 35A) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 10Fr - 35aA.jpg|10Fr - violet-grey (№ 35aA) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 50Fr - 36A.jpg|50Fr - (№ 36A) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 100Fr - 38A.jpg|100Fr - (№ 38A) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 200Fr - 40A.jpg|200Fr - (№ 40A) Switzerland 1926-04-20 vorladung Buren reverse.jpg|1926 [[w:subpoena ad testificandum|subpoena]] 'Vorladung' with 2Fr, 15c - (№ 31, 74) </gallery> =====Type C-D: perforated 9.75x12.5===== <gallery> 1903-1930 revenue 20c - 25aC pair - Delemont 01.jpg|20c - (№ 25aC) 1903-1930 revenue 20c - 25aC pair - Moutier.jpg|20c - (№ 25aC) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 50c - 27cD.jpg|50c - (№ 27cD) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 50c - 28D.jpg|50c - (№ 28D) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 50c - 28D block of 6.jpg|50c block of 6 - (№ 28D) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 50c - 28aD.jpg|50c - (№ 28aD) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 50c - 28aD block of 6.jpg|50c block of 6 - (№ 28aD) 1903-1930 revenue 80c - 29bC.jpg|80c - (№ 29bD) 1903-1930 revenue 1f - 30C - Delemont.jpg|1Fr - (№ 30C) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 1f - 30D.jpg|1Fr - (№ 30D) 1903-1930 revenue 2f - 32C.jpg|2Fr - (№ 32C) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 2Fr - 32C.jpg|2Fr - (№ 32C) 1903-1930 revenue 2f - 32C strip of three.jpg|2Fr strip of three - (№ 32C) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 2f - 32D.jpg|2Fr - (№ 32D) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 2f - 32D block of 4.jpg|2Fr block of 4 - (№ 32D) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 3f - 33D 01.jpg|3Fr - (№ 33D) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 3f - 33D.jpg|3Fr - (№ 33D) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 5f - 34aD.jpg|3Fr - (№ 34aD) Switzerland Bern 1903-1930 revenue 5f - 34aD pair.jpg|3Fr pair - (№ 34aD) </gallery> ====1933+==== [[File:Switzerland Bern 1933 revenue 20c - 44A detail.jpg|thumb|right|125px|1933, square value frame.]] Gainon group 4, № 42-61. Square value frame, perforated 9.75x12.5. Three main types can be distinguished: * A: Watermark IV ('S'), * B: Watermark IVa ('S' inverted), * C: No watermark. <gallery> Switzerland Bern 1933 revenue 20c - 44A.jpg|20c - (№ 44A) Switzerland Bern 1933 revenue 25c - 45B.jpg|25c - (№ 45B) Switzerland Bern 1933 revenue 50c - 46A.jpg|50c - (№ 46A) Switzerland Bern 1933 revenue 1Fr - 48A.jpg|1Fr - (№ 48A) Switzerland Bern 1933 revenue 2Fr - 49A.jpg|2Fr - (№ 49A) Switzerland Bern 1933 revenue 2Fr - 50B.jpg|2Fr - (№ 50B) Switzerland Bern 1933 revenue 3Fr - 51aA.jpg|3Fr - (№ 51aA) Switzerland Bern 1933 revenue 5Fr - 52aA.jpg|5Fr - (№ 52aA) Switzerland Bern 1933 revenue 4 5Fr - 53A fragment.jpg|2x5Fr on fragment - (№ 53A) Switzerland Bern 1933 revenue 10Fr - 54A.jpg|10Fr - (№ 54A) Switzerland Bern 1933 revenue 10Fr - 54B.jpg|10Fr - (№ 54B) Switzerland Bern 1933 revenue 10Fr - 55A.jpg|10Fr - (№ 55A) Switzerland Bern 1933 revenue 20Fr - 57A.jpg|20Fr - (№ 57B) </gallery> ===War tax=== Purpose classification D, № 1-3. Fixed fees (50c. № 65, 1Fr. № 48a and 2Fr. № 50) overprinted 'KW' (''Kriegswirtschaftsamt''). <gallery> Switzerland Bern 1944 war tax 50c - 1.jpg|50c - (№ 1) Switzerland Bern 1944 war tax 1Fr - 2.jpg|1Fr - (№ 2) Switzerland Bern 1944 war tax 2Fr - 3.jpg|2Fr - (№ 3) </gallery> ==Bern City== ===Police tax=== ====1908==== [[File:Switzerland Bern City 1908 revenue 10Fr - 11a detail.jpg|thumb|right|125px|1908, bear touches upper diagonal in arms.]] Gainon group 1, № 1-12. Bear touches upper diagonal in arms. Perforated 11.5. <gallery> Switzerland Bern City 1908 revenue 10c - 2.jpg|10c - (№ 2) Switzerland Bern City 1908 revenue 20c - 3.jpg|20c - (№ 3) Switzerland Bern City 1908 revenue 50c - 4.jpg|50c - (№ 4) Switzerland Bern City 1908 revenue 1Fr - 6.jpg|1Fr - (№ 6) Switzerland Bern City 1908 revenue 2Fr - 7.jpg|2Fr - (№ 7) Switzerland Bern City 1908 revenue 2Fr - 8.jpg|2Fr - (№ 8) Switzerland Bern City 1908 revenue 5Fr - 9.jpg|5Fr - (№ 9) Switzerland Bern City 1908 revenue 10Fr - 11.jpg|10Fr - (№ 11) Switzerland Bern City 1908 revenue 10Fr - 11a.jpg|10Fr - (№ 11a) Switzerland Bern City 1908 revenue 50Fr - 12.jpg|50Fr - (№ 12) </gallery> ====1908-1927==== Gainon group 2, № 13. Smaller diagonal dash on '1' and smaller ornament in top corners. Perforated 11.5. <gallery> Switzerland Bern City 1908-1927 revenue 1Fr - 13.jpg|1Fr - (№ 13) Switzerland Bern City 1908-1927 revenue 1Fr - 13 detail.jpg|1Fr - (№ 13) detail </gallery> ====1927==== Gainon group 3, № 14-24. Bear is smaller and does not touch upper diagonal in arms. Perforated 11. [[File:Switzerland Bern City 1927 revenue 30c - 15 detail.jpg|thumb|right|125px|1927, bear does not touch upper diagonal in arms.]] <gallery> Switzerland Bern City 1927 revenue 30c - 15.jpg|30c - (№ 15) Switzerland Bern City 1927 revenue 50c - 16.jpg|50c - (№ 16) Switzerland Bern City 1927 revenue 1Fr - 18.jpg|1Fr - (№ 18) </gallery> ====1939==== Gainon group 4, № 25-38. New design. Imperforate (A) or perforated 11 (B). <gallery> Switzerland Bern City 1939 revenue 20rp - 26B.jpg|20rp - (№ 26B) Switzerland Bern City 1939 revenue 30rp - 27B.jpg|30rp - (№ 27B) Switzerland Bern City 1939 revenue 50rp - 28B.jpg|50rp - (№ 28B) Switzerland Bern City 1939 revenue 60rp - 30B.jpg|60rp - (№ 30B) Switzerland Bern City 1939 revenue 3Fr - 34B.jpg|3Fr - (№ 34B) </gallery> ===Chancellery=== ====1930==== Gainon group 14, № 72-77. Light (A) or dark colors (B). Group 15, № 78-85. Perforated 11 (A) to 11.5 (D). <gallery> Switzerland Bern City 1930 revenue 50rp - 73A.jpg|Group 14, 50rp - (№ 73A) Switzerland Bern City 1930 revenue 10Fr - 77B.jpg|Group 14, 10Fr - (№ 77B) Switzerland Bern City 1935 revenue 25Fr - 83D.jpg|Group 15, 25Fr - (№ 83D) </gallery> ===Legal guardian office=== Gainon group 17, № 88-95. [[w:Legal guardian|''Vormundschafts-bureau'']]. <gallery> Switzerland Bern City 1935 revenue 5Fr - 92.jpg|5Fr - (№ 92) </gallery> ==Tourism== Gainon group 1-3, № 1-9. Colored paper with wide shield, inscribed ''Beherbergungs-Abgabe'' (Mountain Lodge Duty). Group 1 perforated 10.75-11 (A) or 11.25-11.5 (B). Group 2 perforated 11.25-11.5. Group 3 perforated 11.5. Wallace № 1-16. <gallery> Switzerland Bern tourism tax 20c.jpg|1944, group 1, 20c unused (№ 4A, Wallace 4) </gallery> ==Markings== Gainon distinguishes three different categories of revenue markings: *Hand stamps (A), from 1805. Gainon groups 1-4, № 1-14. *Preimprinted marking (B). Gainon groups 1-2, № 1-2. *Relief (dry) marking (C), from 1805. Gainon groups 1-13, № 1-34. <gallery> Switzerland Bern 1828-05-28 1 Batz hand stamp A1-3a.jpg|1828, 1 Batz hand stamp (№ A1-3a) Switzerland Bern 1805 relief (dry) print 1 Batz. C3-9.jpg|1805, 1 Batz. relief print (№ C3-9) Switzerland Bern 1879 relief (dry) print 10 Rappen C11-28.jpg|1860, 10rp relief print (№ C11-28) Switzerland Bern 1896 relief (dry) print 60 Rappen.jpg|1896, 60rp relief print (№ C13-33) Switzerland Bern 1918 relief (dry) print 60rp.jpg|1918, 60rp relief print (№ C13-33) Switzerland Bern 1828-05-28 1 batz revenue stamped document A1-3a.jpg|1828, 1 Batz hand stamp and relief print on document (№ A1-3a, C3-9) Switzerland Zollikofen 1918 Heimatschein content.jpg|1918, 60rp relief print (C) and fixed fee stamp 25c - (№ 26A) on [[w:Place of origin|''Heimatschein'']]. </gallery> ==Municipalities of the canton of Bern== There are 351 [[w:Municipalities of the canton of Bern|municipalities in the canton of Bern]] (as of January 2017), of which some issued revenue stamps. ===Aarberg=== In [[:en:Aarberg|Aarberg]] 4 different stamps were issued in 1904. Perforated 11.5 (A) or 14 (B), and next to these issues 28 special printings (S) exist imperforate (A), perforated 11.5 (B,C) or 14 (D). [[File:CHE Aarberg BE COA.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 30C - 3B.jpg|30c unused (№ 3B) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 50C - 4B.jpg|50c unused (№ 4B) </gallery> Special printings. <gallery> Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 10C - S1.jpg|10c unused (№ S1A) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 10C - S2B.jpg|10c unused (№ S2B) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 10C - S4.jpg|10c unused (№ S4A) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 20C - S6.jpg|20c unused (№ S6A) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 20C - S6C.jpg|20c unused (№ S6C) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 20C - S6D.jpg|20c unused (№ S6D) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 20C - S7.jpg|20c unused (№ S7A) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 20C - S7B.jpg|20c unused (№ S7B) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 20C - S8.jpg|20c unused (№ S8A) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 30C - S9B.jpg|30c unused (№ S9B) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 30C - S10C.jpg|30c unused (№ S10C) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 30C - S10D.jpg|30c unused (№ S10D) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 30C - S12.jpg|30c unused (№ S12A) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 30C - S12B.jpg|30c unused (№ S12B) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 50C - S13.jpg|50c unused (№ S13A) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 50C - S13C.jpg|50c unused (№ S13C) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 50C - S15.jpg|50c unused (№ S15A) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 50C - S15C.jpg|50c unused (№ S15C) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 50C - S15D.jpg|50c unused (№ S15D) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 50C - S16B.jpg|50c unused (№ S16B) Switzerland Aarberg 1904 revenue 30C - 50C - 20C se-tenant.jpg|30c - 50c - 20c se-tenant </gallery> ===Albligen=== [[w:Albligen|Albligen]] (former French name: Albenon) is a former [[w:municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Bern-Mittelland (administrative district)|Bern-Mittelland administrative district]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Canton of Bern|Bern]] in Switzerland. 4 different stamps were issued between 1910 and 1913. [[File:Albligen-coat of arms.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Albligen 1913 revenue 10Rp - 2.jpg|1913, 10Rp used (№ 2) Switzerland Albligen 1913 revenue 20Rp - 3.jpg|1913, 20Rp used (№ 3) </gallery> ===Biel / Bienne=== [[w:Biel/Bienne|Biel/Bienne]] is a [[w:List of towns in Switzerland|town]] and a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Biel/Bienne (administrative district)|Biel/Bienne administrative district]]. 88 different stamps were issued between 1892 and 1935. [[File:CHE Biel COA.svg|thumb|right|100px]] ====Municipal tax==== <gallery> Switzerland Biel Bienne 1892 revenue 25c - 1.jpg |1892, 25c used (№ 1) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1892 revenue 50c - 2a.jpg|1892, 1Fr used (№ 2a) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1892 revenue 1Fr - 3.jpg |1892, 1Fr used (№ 3) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1903 revenue 50c - 4B.jpg|1903, 50c used (№ 4B) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1903 revenue 2Fr - 6B.jpg|1903, 2Fr used (№ 6B) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1932 revenue 2Fr - 6aB.jpg|1932, 2Fr unused (№ 6aB) </gallery> ====Documents==== 1902-1919 issues. ''Schriften-Controlle'', perforated 11.5. or 13.25 (1910 - B). 5 types can be distinguished of the 1902 issue, based on small line deformations in the lower half of the stamp. <gallery> Switzerland Biel Bienne 1902 revenue 20c - 9.jpg|1902, 20c used (№ 9, T2) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1902 revenue 45c - 11.jpg|1902, 45c unused (№ 11, T3) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1902 revenue 50c - 12.jpg|1902, 50c used (№ 12, T3) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1902 revenue 75c - 14.jpg|1902, 75c blue, unused (№ 14, T3) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1902 revenue 75c - 14a.jpg|1902, 75c blue-green, used (№ 14a, T2) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1902 revenue 80c - 15.jpg|1902, 80c unused (№ 15, T3) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1902 revenue 1.30Fr - 17.jpg|1902, 1.30Fr used (№ 17, T2) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1910 revenue 50c - 21B.jpg|1910, 50c used (№ 21B) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1910 revenue 1.30Fr - 25A.jpg|1910, 1.30Fr used (№ 25A) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1919 revenue 50c - 26.jpg|1919, 50c used (№ 26) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1919 revenue 80c - 27.jpg|1919, 80c used (№ 27) </gallery> ====Police==== 1918-1931. ''Polizei-Commissariat'', perforated 11.5. <gallery> Switzerland Biel Bienne 1918 police revenue 20c - 29.jpg|1918, 20c unused (№ 29) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1918 police revenue 50c - 31.jpg|1918, 50c used (№ 31) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1918 police revenue 1Fr - 32.jpg|1918, 1Fr used (№ 32) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1918 police revenue 5Fr - 35.jpg|1918, 5Fr unused (№ 35) </gallery> ====City of Biel==== 1919-1933. <gallery> Switzerland Biel Bienne 1921 revenue 20c - 46.jpg|1921, 20c used (№ 46) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1921 revenue 50c - 48.jpg|1921, 5Fr unused (№ 48) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1921 revenue 1Fr - 49.jpg|1921, 1Fr unused (№ 49) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1921 revenue 2.60Fr - 53.jpg|1921, 2.60Fr used (№ 53) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1926 revenue 50c - 59.jpg|1926, 50c used (№ 59) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1933 revenue 20c - 73.jpg|1933, 20c used (№ 73) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1933 revenue 1Fr - 78C.jpg|1933, 1fr used (№ 78C) Switzerland Biel Bienne 1933 revenue 2Fr - 80.jpg|1933, 2Fr used (№ 80) </gallery> ===Brügg=== [[w:Brügg, Bern|Brügg]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Biel/Bienne (administrative district)|Biel/Bienne administrative district]]. 12 different stamps were issued between 1907 and 1935. [[File:Brügg-coat of arms.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Brügg 1935 revenue 1Fr - 6.jpg|1935, 1Fr used (№ 6) Switzerland Brügg 1935 revenue 50c - 9.jpg|1935, 50c used (№ 9) </gallery> ===Burgdorf=== [[w:Burgdorf, Switzerlandland|Burgdorf]] is the largest city in [[w:Emmental|Emmental]]. 12 different stamps were issued in 1917. Four different perforations exist: 11.25x11.5 (A), 13 (B), 11.25x13 (C) and imperforate (D). [[File:CHE Burgdorf BE COA.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Burgdorf 1917 revenue 5c - 1A.jpg|5c used (№ 1A) Switzerland Burgdorf 1917 revenue 10c - 2B.jpg|10c used (№ 2B) Switzerland Burgdorf 1917 revenue 20c - 3A.jpg|20c used (№ 3A) Switzerland Burgdorf 1917 revenue 20c - 3aB.jpg|20c used (№ 3B) Switzerland Burgdorf 1917 revenue 30c - 4A.jpg|30c used (№ 4A) Switzerland Burgdorf 1917 revenue 30c - 4B.jpg|30c used (№ 4B) Switzerland Burgdorf 1917 revenue 50c - 5A.jpg|50c used (№ 5A) Switzerland Burgdorf 1917 revenue 1Fr - 7A.jpg|1Fr used (№ 7A) Switzerland Burgdorf 1917 revenue 2Fr - 8A.jpg|2Fr used (№ 8A) </gallery> ===Corgémont=== [[w:Corgémont|Corgémont]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Jura bernois (administrative district)|Jura bernois administrative district]]. 17 different stamps were issued. [[File:CHE Corgémont COA.svg|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Corgémont revenue 20c - 12.jpg|20c used (№ 12) </gallery> ===Court=== [[w:Court, Switzerland|Court]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Jura bernois (administrative district)|Jura bernois administrative district]]. 6 different stamps were issued in the 1900's. [[File:CHE Court COA.svg|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Court revenue 10c - 1.jpg|10c unused (№ 1) Switzerland Court revenue 20c - 2.jpg|20c used (№ 2) Switzerland Court revenue 50c - 3.jpg|50c unused (№ 3) Switzerland Court revenue 1Fr - 4.jpg|1Fr unused (№ 4) Switzerland Court revenue 5Fr - 6.jpg|5Fr unused (№ 6) </gallery> ===Evilard (BE)=== [[w:Evilard|Evilard]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Biel/Bienne (administrative district)|Biel/Bienne administrative district]]. 14 different stamps were issued, perforated either 10 (A) or 11.5 (B). [[File:CHE Evilard COA.svg|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland evilard revenue 10c - 1B.jpg|10c used (№ 1B) Switzerland evilard revenue 50c - 4B.jpg|50c unused (№ 4B) Switzerland evilard revenue 1Fr - 6B.jpg|1Fr unused (№ 6B) </gallery> ===Guggisberg=== [[w:Guggisberg|Guggisberg]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Bern-Mittelland (administrative district)|Bern-Mittelland administrative district]]. 7 different stamps were issued in 1908 and 2 tourism tax stamps. [[File:CHE Guggisberg COA.svg|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Guggisberg 1908 revenue 10c - 2B.jpg|10c used (№ 2B) Switzerland Guggisberg 1908 revenue 20c - 3B.jpg|20c used (№ 3B) Switzerland Guggisberg 1908 revenue 1Fr - 5B.jpg|1Fr used (№ 5B) </gallery> ===Huttwil=== [[w:Huttwil|Huttwil]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Oberaargau (administrative district)|Oberaargau administrative district]]. 29 different stamps were issued from 1903. [[File:Wappen Huttwil.gif|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Huttwil 1903 revenue 10c - 1.jpg|10c used (№ 1) Switzerland Huttwil 1903 revenue 20c - 2.jpg|20c used (№ 2) Switzerland Huttwil 1903 revenue 20c - 2 (2).jpg|20c used (№ 2) Switzerland Huttwil 1903 revenue 30c - 3.jpg|30c used (№ 3) Switzerland Huttwil 1903 revenue 40c - 4.jpg|40c used (№ 4) Switzerland Huttwil 1903 revenue 50c - 5.jpg|50c used (№ 5) Switzerland Huttwil 1903 revenue 1fr - 6.jpg|1Fr used (№ 6) Switzerland Huttwil 1903 revenue 2Fr - 7.jpg|2Fr used (№ 7) </gallery> ===Interlaken=== [[w:Interlaken|Interlaken]] is a [[w:List of towns in Switzerland|statistic town]] and [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Interlaken-Oberhasli (administrative district)|Interlaken-Oberhasli administrative district]]. 31 different stamps were issued between 1926 and 1933. Variations exist, some can be distinguished by measuring the distance between value numeral and 'Cts' or 'Fr'. [[File:Interlaken-coat of arms.svg|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Interlaken 1926 revenue 5c - 1.jpg|1926, 5c used (№ 1) Switzerland Interlaken 1926 revenue 10c - 2.jpg|1926, 10c used (№ 2) Switzerland Interlaken 1926 revenue 30c - 4a.jpg|1926, 30c used (№ 4a) Switzerland Interlaken 1926 revenue 50c - 5.jpg|1926, 50c used (№ 5) </gallery> ===Köniz=== [[w:Köniz|Köniz]] is a [[w:List of towns in Switzerland|statistical town]] and a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Bern-Mittelland (administrative district)|Bern-Mittelland administrative district]] right on the southern border to [[w:Bern|Bern]]. 43 different stamps were issued from 1901. [[File:Köniz-coat of arms.svg|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Köniz 1901 revenue 50rp - 1.jpg|1901, 50rp - (№ 1) Switzerland Köniz 1903 revenue 50rp - 3.jpg|1903, 50rp - (№ 3) Switzerland Köniz 1920 revenue 20c - 7A.jpg|1920, 20c - (№ 7A) Switzerland Köniz 1920 revenue 20c - 7B.jpg|1920, 20c - (№ 7B) </gallery> ===Langenthal=== [[w:Langenthal|Langenthal]] is a town and a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the district of [[w:Oberaargau (administrative district)|Oberaargau]]. 36 different stamps were issued between 1907 and 1950. [[File:Langenthal-coat of arms.svg|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Langenthal 1907 revenue 20c - 3A.jpg|1907, 20c used (№ 3A) Switzerland Langenthal 1907 revenue 50c - 5A.jpg|1907, 50c used (№ 5A) </gallery> ===Laufen / Laufon (1994: BL)=== [[w:Laufen|Laufen]] is currently a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] and the capital of the district of [[w:Laufen (district)|Laufen]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Basel-Country|Basel-Country]]. 7 different stamps were issued in 1908, perforated either 11 (A) or 11.5 (B). [[File:CHE Laufen BL official COA.svg|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Laufen 1908 revenue 20c - 1B.jpg|20c unused (№ 1B) Switzerland Laufen 1908 revenue 30c - 2B.jpg|30c used (№ 2B) Switzerland Laufen 1908 revenue 1Fr - 4A.jpg|1Fr used (№ 4A) Switzerland Laufen 1908 revenue 20c - 1B-4bB on fragment.jpg|20c-1Fr used on fragment (№ 1B-4bB) </gallery> ===Lützelflüh=== [[w:Lützelflüh|Lützelflüh]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the administrative district of [[w:Emmental (administrative district)|Emmental]]. 15 different stamps were issued between 1904 and 1957. [[File:Lützelflüh-coat of arms.svg|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Lützelflüh 1904 revenue 50c - 1.jpg|1904, 50c used (№ 1) Switzerland Lützelflüh 1906 revenue 50c - 2.jpg|1906, 50c used (№ 2) Switzerland Lützelflüh 1908 revenue 50c - 3.jpg|1908, 50c used (№ 3) </gallery> ===Madretsch=== [[w:Madretsch|Madretsch (formerly Mardrez)]] is a former commune in the Swiss canton of [[w:Bern (canton)|Bern]]. Now a suburb of [[w:Biel/Bienne|Biel/Bienne]], which it joined in 1920. 5 different stamps were issued in 1903. [[File:Madretsch-coat of arms.svg|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Madretsch 1903 revenue 20c - 1 pair.jpg|20c unused (№ 1) Switzerland Madretsch 1903 revenue 30c - 2 pair.jpg|30c unused (№ 2) Switzerland Madretsch 1903 revenue 50c - 3.jpg|50c unused (№ 3) Switzerland Madretsch 1903 revenue 50c - 3 print flaw.jpg|50c unused (№ 3) Switzerland Madretsch 1903 revenue 75c - 4.jpg|75c used (№ 4) Switzerland Madretsch 1903 revenue 75c - 4 pair.jpg|75c used (№ 4) Switzerland Madretsch 1903 revenue 1Fr - 5.jpg|1Fr unused (№ 5) </gallery> ===Mett=== Mett is a former commune in the Swiss canton of [[w:Bern (canton)|Bern]]. Now a suburb of [[w:Biel/Bienne|Biel/Bienne]], which it joined in 1920. 5 different stamps were issued in 1916. <gallery> Switzerland Mett 1916 revenue 10c - 1.jpg|10c used (№ 1) Switzerland Mett 1916 revenue 20c - 3.jpg|20c used (№ 3) </gallery> ===Moutier=== [[w:Moutier|Moutier]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Jura bernois (administrative district)|Jura bernois administrative district]]. 22 different tax stamps were issued between 1915 and 1945. [[File:CHE Moutier COA.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Moutier 1915 revenue 1 10c - 1.jpg|1915, 10c used (№ 1) Switzerland Moutier 1915 revenue 1 10c - 2.jpg|1915, 10c unused (№ 2) Switzerland Moutier 1915 revenue 1 20c - 3.jpg|1915, 20c unused (№ 3) Switzerland Moutier 1915 revenue 1 50c - 4.jpg|1915, 50c used (№ 4) Switzerland Moutier 1915 revenue 1 5Fr - 7a.jpg|1915, 5Fr used (№ 7a) Switzerland Moutier 1945 revenue 2 20c - 9.jpg|1945, 20c used (№ 9) Switzerland Moutier 1945 revenue 2 20c - 9a.jpg|1945, 20c used (№ 9a) Switzerland Moutier 1945 revenue 2 2Fr - 14B.jpg|1945, 2Fr used (№ 14B) Switzerland Moutier 1945 revenue 2 3Fr - 15B.jpg|1945, 3Fr used (№ 15B1) </gallery> ===Neuveville, La=== [[w:La Neuveville|La Neuveville]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Jura bernois (administrative district)|Jura bernois administrative district]]. 8 different tax stamps were issued, dates are unknown. Gainon distinguishes 3 different groups. [[File:CHE La Neuveville COA.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland La Neuveville revenue 1 1Fr - 1.jpg|1Fr, group 1, unused (№ 1) Switzerland La Neuveville revenue 2 50c - 3a.jpg|50c, group 2, unused (№ 3a) Switzerland La Neuveville revenue 2 3Fr - 4.jpg|3Fr, group 2, used (№ 4) </gallery> ===Nidau=== [[w:Nidau|Nidau]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Biel/Bienne (administrative district)|Biel/Bienne administrative district]]. 19 different tax stamps were issued from 1910. Gainon distinguishes 4 different groups. [[File:Nidau-coat of arms.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Nidau 1910 revenue 1 10c - 1.jpg|1910, 10c group 1, used (№ 1) Switzerland Nidau 1910 revenue 1 15c - 2.jpg|1910, 15c group 1, used (№ 2) Switzerland Nidau 1928 revenue 2 10c - 6.jpg|1928, 10c group 2, used (№ 6) Switzerland Nidau 1928 revenue 2 20c - 8.jpg|1928, 20c group 2, used (№ 8) Switzerland Nidau 1928 revenue 4 20c - 17C.jpg|1928, 20c group 4, used (№ 17C) </gallery> ===Niederbipp=== [[w:Niederbipp|Niederbipp]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Oberaargau (administrative district)|Oberaargau administrative district]]. 19 different tax stamps were issued to c. 1976. Gainon distinguishes 2 different groups. [[File:Niederbipp-coat of arms.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Niederbipp revenue 1 10c - 1A.jpg|10c group 1, used (№ 1A) Switzerland Niederbipp revenue 1 10c - 1B.jpg|10c group 1, used (№ 1B) Switzerland Niederbipp revenue 1 20c - 4A.jpg|20c group 1, used (№ 4A) Switzerland Niederbipp revenue 1 50c - 5B.jpg|50c group 1, used (№ 5B) Switzerland Niederbipp revenue 1 1Fr - 6B.jpg|1Fr group 1, used (№ 6B) </gallery> ===Reconvilier=== [[w:Reconvilier|Reconvilier]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Jura bernois (administrative district)|Jura bernois administrative district]]. 9 different tax stamps were issued between 1904 and 1919. Gainon distinguishes 2 different groups (1904 and 1919 issue). [[File:Reconvilier-armoiries1.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Reconvilier 1904 revenue 1 50c - 1.jpg|1904 group 1, 50c used (№ 1), bisected usage was allowed Switzerland Reconvilier 1919 revenue 2 10c - 2.jpg|1919 group 2, 10c black on blue-grey used (№ 2) Switzerland Reconvilier 1919 revenue 2 10c - 2a.jpg|1919 group 2, 10c black on blue used (№ 2a) Switzerland Reconvilier 1919 revenue 2 20c - 3a.jpg|1919 group 2, 20c red on yellow (№ 3a) Switzerland Reconvilier 1919 revenue 2 30c - 4.jpg|1919 group 2, 30c carmine on lilac-rose (№ 4) </gallery> ===Riggisberg=== [[w:Riggisberg|Riggisberg]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Bern-Mittelland (administrative district)|Bern-Mittelland administrative district]]. 4 different tax stamps were issued in 1921. [[File:Riggisberg-coat of arms.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Riggisberg 1921 revenue 20rp - 2.jpg|1921 20rp (№ 2) </gallery> ===Roggwil=== [[w:Roggwil, Bern|Roggwil, Bern]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Oberaargau (administrative district)|Oberaargau administrative district]]. 34 different tax stamps were issued from 1916. Gainon distinguishes 5 groups. [[File:CHE Roggwil BE COA.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Roggwil 1920 revenue 3 10rp - 14.jpg|Group 3, 1920 10rp (№ 14) Switzerland Roggwil 1920 revenue 3 20rp - 15.jpg|Group 3, 1920 20rp (№ 15) </gallery> ===Saanen=== [[w:Saanen|Saanen]] is the capital of the [[w:Obersimmental-Saanen (administrative district)|Obersimmental-Saanen administrative district]]. 25 different tax stamps were issued, dates are unknown. Gainon distinguishes 5 groups. [[File:Saanen-coat of arms.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Saanen revenue stamp 20c - 1.jpg|Group 1 - 20c (№ 1) Switzerland Saanen revenue stamp 50c - 2.jpg|Group 1 - 50c (№ 2) Switzerland Saanen revenue stamp 1Fr - 7.jpg|Group 2 - 1Fr (№ 7) Switzerland Saanen revenue stamp 50rp - 21.jpg|Group 5 - 50rp (№ 21) Switzerland Saanen revenue stamp 1Fr - 22.jpg|Group 5 - 1Fr (№ 22) </gallery> ===Saint-Imier=== [[w:Saint-Imier|Saint-Imier]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Jura bernois (administrative district)|Jura bernois administrative district]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Canton of Bern|Bern]]. It is located in the French-speaking [[w:Bernese Jura|Bernese Jura]] (''Jura Bernois''). From 1925 13 different tax stamps were listed by Gainon, separated in 3 groups. Saint-Imier also issued school revenues, not listed by Gainon. [[File:Saint Imier-coat of arms.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland St. Imier school revenue 10c brown unused.jpg|10c school revenue Switzerland St. Imier school revenue 10c red unused.jpg|10c school revenue </gallery> ===Spiez=== [[w:Spiez|Spiez]] is a town and [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] on the shore of [[w:Lake Thun|Lake Thun]] in the [[w:Bernese Oberland|Bernese Oberland]] region of the [[w:Switzerland|Swiss]] [[w:canton of Bern|canton of Bern]]. It is part of the [[w:Frutigen-Niedersimmental (administrative district)|Frutigen-Niedersimmental administrative district]]. 20 different tax stamps were issued. Gainon distinguishes 5 groups of which only issue date of group 5 is known (1938). [[File:CHE Spiez COA.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Spiez revenue 10c 1A.jpg|10c (№ 1A, group 1) Switzerland Spiez revenue 20c 2A.jpg|20c (№ 2A, group 1) Switzerland Spiez revenue 50c 3A.jpg|50c (№ 3A, group 1) </gallery> ===Steffisburg=== [[w:Steffisburg|Steffisburg]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the administrative district of [[w:Thun (administrative district)|Thun]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Bern (canton)|Bern]]. 18 different tax stamps were issued. Gainon distinguishes 2 groups. [[File:Steffisburg-coat of arms.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Steffisburg revenue 30c 2B.jpg|30c (№ 2B, group 1) </gallery> ===Sumiswald=== [[w:Sumiswald|Sumiswald]] is a [[w:municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Districts of Switzerland|district]] of the [[w:Emmental (administrative district)|Emmental administrative district]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Canton of Bern|Bern]]. 49 different tax stamps were issued from 1902 to 1975. Gainon distinguishes 7 groups. [[File:Sumiswald-coat of arms.svg|thumb|right|100px]] ====1902, group 1==== 'e' of 'Gebühr' slanted. <gallery> Switzerland Sumiswald 1902 revenue group 1 detail.jpg|Slanted 'e' detail Switzerland Sumiswald 1902 revenue 10c 1.jpg|10c (№ 1) Switzerland Sumiswald 1902 revenue 30c 3.jpg|30c (№ 3) Switzerland Sumiswald 1902 revenue 50c 5.jpg|50c (№ 5) </gallery> ====1905, group 2==== <gallery> Switzerland Sumiswald 1905 revenue group 2 detail.jpg|Group 2 detail Switzerland Sumiswald 1905 revenue 10c 7.jpg|10c (№ 7) Switzerland Sumiswald 1905 revenue 20c 8.jpg|20c (№ 8) Switzerland Sumiswald 1905 revenue 30c 9.jpg|30c (№ 9) Switzerland Sumiswald 1905 revenue 40c 10.jpg|40c (№ 10) Switzerland Sumiswald 1905 revenue 50c 11.jpg|50c (№ 11) Switzerland Sumiswald 1905 revenue 1Fr 12.jpg|1Fr (№ 12) </gallery> ====Ca. 1917, group 3==== Without dots before and after 'SUMISWALD'. <gallery> Switzerland Sumiswald 1917 revenue 10c 13 detail.jpg|Group 3 detail Switzerland Sumiswald 1917 revenue 10c 13.jpg|10c (№ 7) Switzerland Sumiswald 1917 revenue 20c 14.jpg|20c (№ 8) Switzerland Sumiswald 1917 revenue 50c 16.jpg|50c (№ 9) </gallery> ====Ca. 1916, group 4==== Design like group 3, but in blue. <gallery> Switzerland Sumiswald 1916 revenue 1Fr 23B.jpg|1Fr (№ 23B) Switzerland Sumiswald 1916 revenue 3Fr 25B.jpg|3Fr (№ 25B) </gallery> ===Tavannes=== [[w:Tavannes|Tavannes]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[w:Jura bernois (administrative district)|Jura bernois administrative district]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Bern (canton)|Bern]]. 31 different tax stamps were issued. Gainon distinguishes 6 groups. [[File:Tavannes-coat of arms.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Tavannes revenue 10c 1.jpg|10c (№ 1, group 1) Switzerland Tavannes revenue 20c 2a.jpg|20c (№ 2a, group 1) Switzerland Tavannes revenue 50c 3.jpg|50c (№ 3, group 1) Switzerland Tavannes revenue 5Fr 14.jpg|5Fr (№ 14, group 3) Switzerland Tavannes revenue 10c 19.jpg|20c (№ 19, group 5) Switzerland Tavannes revenue 30c 21.jpg|20c (№ 21, group 5) </gallery> {{see|World Stamp Catalogue/Basel (Switzerland)}} [[File:Karte Kantone der Schweiz farbig 1996.png|right|thumb|250px|Map showing the cantons of Switzerland]] [[File:Historische-Karte-des-Kantons-Basel.png|right|thumb|450px|Historic map of the canton Basel]] {{en|Revenue stamps of Basel (Switzerland), by issue group.}} {{nl|Fiscaalzegels van Basel (Zwitserland), gegroepeerd per emissie.}} Numbering according Denis Gainon (1996, version 5), ''Catalogue de timbres administratifs publics de Suisse (fiscaux et analogues) confédération, cantons, communes''. For tourism tax stamps the catalogue by Clayton Wallace (2016, 2nd Edition) ''Tourism Tax Stamps of Switzerland'' is used. ==Canton of Basel-Stadt== The [[w:Basel-Stadt|Canton of Basel-Stadt (Basel-City)]] is one of the 26 [[w:Wantons of Switzerland|cantons of Switzerland]]. The city of [[w:Basel|Basel]] and the municipalities of [[w:Bettingen|Bettingen]] and [[w:Riehen|Riehen]] form its territory. Stamps either depict the arms of Basel, or the arms and the [[w:Basilisk|basilisk]], the guardian creature and traditional symbol. Stamps were issued for 15 different purposes (classifications A-O), and for tourism tax. [[File:Wappen Basel-Stadt matt.svg|thumb|right|100px|Basel arms]] ===Police=== Purpose classification A. Arms of Basel. ====Group 1-5==== 1860-1884 <gallery> Switzerland Basel 1864 police revenue 50c - 5.jpg|1864, group 2, 50c unused (№ 5) Switzerland Basel 1870 police revenue 50Rp - 11.jpg|1870, group 3, 50c unused (№ 11) Switzerland Basel 1873 police revenue 50Rp - 14.jpg|1873, group 3, 50c unused (№ 14) Switzerland Basel 1874 police revenue 50Rp - 15.jpg|1874, group 3, 50c unused (№ 15) Switzerland Basel 1875 police revenue 50Rp - 16.jpg|1875, group 3, 50c unused (№ 16) Switzerland Basel 1880 police revenue 50Rp - 21.jpg|1880, group 3, 50c used (№ 21) Switzerland Basel 1883 police revenue 50Rp - 24.jpg|1883, group 3, 50c used (№ 24) </gallery> ====Group 6==== 1932, size 36x39.5mm, perforated 11.5. <gallery> Switzerland Basel 1932 police revenue 1Fr - 65.jpg|1Fr used (№ 65) Switzerland Basel 1932 police revenue 2Fr - 66.jpg|2Fr used (№ 66) Switzerland Basel 1932 police revenue 3Fr - 67.jpg|3Fr used (№ 67) Switzerland Basel 1932 police revenue 7.50Fr - 71.jpg|7.50Fr used (№ 71) Switzerland Basel 1932 police revenue 10Fr - 73.jpg|10Fr used (№ 73) Switzerland Basel 1932 police revenue 15Fr - 75.jpg|15Fr used (№ 75) Switzerland Basel 1932 police revenue 30Fr - 77.jpg|30Fr used (№ 77) </gallery> ====Group 7==== Size 21x27mm, perforated 11.5. <gallery> Switzerland Basel police revenue 0.50Fr - 78.jpg|0.50Fr used (№ 78) Switzerland Basel police revenue 1Fr - 81.jpg|1Fr used (№ 81) Switzerland Basel police revenue 1.50Fr - 83.jpg|1.50Fr used (№ 83) Switzerland Basel police revenue 2Fr - 84.jpg|2Fr used (№ 84) Switzerland Basel police revenue 6Fr - 92.jpg|6Fr used (№ 92) </gallery> ====Group 8==== Different background design, perforated 10.75-11 but 11.5 and 15.25 exists. Thin paper (A) or thick paper (B). <gallery> Switzerland Basel police revenue 0.75Fr - 99A.jpg|0.75Fr used (№ 99A) Switzerland Basel police revenue 1Fr - 100A.jpg|1Fr used (№ 100A) Switzerland Basel police revenue 1Fr - 100B.jpg|1Fr used (№ 100B) Switzerland Basel police revenue 2Fr - 103A.jpg|2Fr used (№ 103A) Switzerland Basel police revenue 2Fr - 103B.jpg|2Fr used (№ 103B) Switzerland Basel police revenue 3Fr - 105A.jpg|3Fr used (№ 105A) Switzerland Basel police revenue 5Fr - 107A.jpg|5Fr used (№ 107A) Switzerland Basel police revenue 6Fr - 108A.jpg|6Fr used (№ 108A) Switzerland Basel police revenue 8Fr - 109A.jpg|8Fr used (№ 109A) Switzerland Basel police revenue 12Fr - 111A.jpg|12Fr used (№ 111A) </gallery> ====Group 9 -11==== <gallery> Switzerland Basel 1927 police revenue 2Fr - 114.jpg|1927, group 9, 2Fr used (№ 114) Switzerland Basel 1931 police revenue 2Fr - 116.jpg|1931, group 10, 2Fr used (№ 116) Switzerland Basel 1940 police revenue 2Fr - 118.jpg|1940, group 11, 2Fr used (№ 118) </gallery> ===Bill of exchange=== Purpose classification B. Arms of Basel and basilisk. [[File:Basilisk mit Basler Wappen.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Basilisk with arms sculpture]] ====1870==== Exist imperforate (A), perforated 11.5 (B), 11.75-12 (C) and 12.75-13 (D - only 7 cents). <gallery> Switzerland Basel 1870 revenue 7c - 2B.jpg|7c used (№ 2B) Switzerland Basel 1870 revenue 7c - 2D.jpg|7c used (№ 2D) Switzerland Basel 1870 revenue 10c - 3B.jpg|10c blue used (№ 3B) Switzerland Basel 1870 revenue 10c - 3aC.jpg|10c grey-blue used (№ 3aC) Switzerland Basel 1870 revenue 20c - 4C.jpg|20c used (№ 4C) Switzerland Basel 1870 revenue 40c - 5C.jpg|40c used (№ 5C) Switzerland Basel 1870 revenue 60c - 6B.jpg|60c used (№ 6B) Switzerland Basel 1870 revenue 60c - 6C.jpg|60c used (№ 6C) Switzerland Basel 1870 revenue 80c - 7C.jpg|80c used (№ 7C) Switzerland Basel 1870 revenue 1Fr - 8B.jpg|1Fr used (№ 8B) Switzerland Basel 1870 revenue 1Fr - 8B (2).jpg|1Fr used (№ 8B) Switzerland Basel 1870 revenue 1.20Fr - 9B.jpg|1.20Fr used (№ 9B) Switzerland Basel 1870 revenue 1.20Fr - 9C.jpg|1.20Fr used (№ 9C) Switzerland Basel 1870 revenue 2Fr - 10C.jpg|2Fr used (№ 10C) Switzerland Basel 1870 revenue 3Fr - 11C.jpg|3Fr used (№ 11C) Switzerland Basel 1870 revenue 4Fr - 12C.jpg|4Fr used (№ 12C) Switzerland Basel 1870 revenue 5Fr - 13C.jpg|5Fr used (№ 13C) Switzerland Basel 1870 revenue 6Fr - 14C.jpg|6Fr used (№ 14C) </gallery> ====1883==== Three different perforations exist; imperforate (A), perforated 11.5 (B) or 12.75-13.25 (C). The year '1883' is very small in the design.<br><br> '''Perforation B, 11.5.''' <br> Pale rose-carmine (1) or rose-carmine (2): <gallery> Switzerland Basel 1883 revenue 10c - 15B.jpg|10c used (№ 15B1) Switzerland Basel 1883 revenue 40c - 17B2.jpg|40c used (№ 17B2) Switzerland Basel 1883 revenue 60c - 18B.jpg|60c used (№ 18B1) Switzerland Basel 1883 revenue 1Fr - 20B2.jpg|1Fr used (№ 20B2) Switzerland Basel 1883 revenue 2Fr - 21B.jpg|2Fr used (№ 21B1) Switzerland Basel 1883 revenue 3Fr - 22B.jpg|3Fr used (№ 22B1) Switzerland Basel 1883 revenue 4Fr - 23B.jpg|4Fr used (№ 23B1) </gallery> '''Perforation C, 12.75-13.25.''' <br> Pale rose-carmine (1), pale rose-light red (2) or rose-carmine (3): <gallery> Switzerland Basel 1883 revenue 10c - 15C1.jpg|10c used (№ 15C1) Switzerland Basel 1883 revenue 10c - 15C3.jpg|10c used (№ 15C3) Switzerland Basel 1883 revenue 20c - 16C1.jpg|20c used (№ 16C1) Switzerland Basel 1883 revenue 40c - 17C3.jpg|40c used (№ 17C3) Switzerland Basel 1883 revenue 60c - 18C3.jpg|60c used (№ 18C3) Switzerland Basel 1883 revenue 80c - 19C3.jpg|80c used (№ 19C3) Switzerland Basel 1883 revenue 1Fr - 20C1.jpg|1Fr used (№ 20C1) Switzerland Basel 1883 revenue 2Fr - 21C2.jpg|2Fr used (№ 21C2) Switzerland Basel 1883 revenue 3Fr - 22C2.jpg|3Fr used (№ 22C2) Switzerland Basel 1883 revenue 5Fr - 24C3.jpg|5Fr used (№ 24C3) Switzerland Basel 1883 revenue 6Fr - 25C2.jpg|6Fr used (№ 25C2) </gallery> ===Bordereaux=== Purpose classification C. Employers had to file a pay-roll report in the form of an individual periodical reporting leaflet (feuillet de cotisations) for each insured wage earner employed, plus a summary sheet (bordereau) for the entire group. The bordereau lists the name, registration number, and total contribution amount of each worker employed by the employer. Tax stamps were affixed on the bordereau as proof of the payment of social insurance contributions. ====1884==== Arms of Basel and basilisk. Colours range from light to dark brown. Three different perforations exist; imperforate (A), perforated 11.5 (B) or 12.75-13.25 (C).<br><br> '''Perforation B, 11.5.''' <br> <gallery> Switzerland Basel 1884 bordereau revenue 20c - 1B.jpg|20c used (№ 1B) Switzerland Basel 1884 bordereau revenue 50c - 2B.jpg|50c used (№ 2B) Switzerland Basel 1884 bordereau revenue 1Fr - 3B.jpg|1Fr used (№ 3B) Switzerland Basel 1884 bordereau revenue 1.50Fr - 4B.jpg|1.50Fr used (№ 4B) </gallery> '''Perforation C, 12.75-13.25.''' <br> <gallery> Switzerland Basel 1884 bordereau revenue 20c - 1C.jpg|20c used (№ 1C) Switzerland Basel 1884 bordereau revenue 50c - 2C.jpg|50c used (№ 2C) Switzerland Basel 1884 bordereau revenue 2Fr - 5C.jpg|2Fr used (№ 5C) Switzerland Basel 1884 bordereau revenue 2.50Fr - 6C.jpg|2.50Fr used (№ 6C) </gallery> ====1899==== Arms of Basel. Colours range from brown to lilac-brown. Two different perforations exist; perforated 11.5 (A) or 12.75-13.25 (B). The 5Fr. and 10Fr. exist with watermark (D).<br><br> '''Perforation A, 11.5.''' <br> <gallery> Switzerland Basel 1899 bordereau revenue 10c - 7A.jpg|10c used (№ 7A) Switzerland Basel 1899 bordereau revenue 50c - 9A.jpg|50c used (№ 9A) Switzerland Basel 1899 bordereau revenue 1Fr - 10A.jpg|1Fr used (№ 10A) Switzerland Basel 1899 bordereau revenue 2Fr - 11A.jpg|2Fr used 'Fr. 2' (№ 11A) Switzerland Basel 1899 bordereau revenue 3Fr - 13A.jpg|3Fr used (№ 13A) Switzerland Basel 1899 bordereau revenue 4Fr - 14A.jpg|4Fr used (№ 14A) </gallery> '''Perforation B, 12.75-13.''' <br> <gallery> Switzerland Basel 1899 bordereau revenue 10c - 7B.jpg|10c used (№ 7B) Switzerland Basel 1899 bordereau revenue 20c - 8B.jpg|20c used (№ 8B) Switzerland Basel 1899 bordereau revenue 50c - 9B.jpg|50c used (№ 9B) Switzerland Basel 1899 bordereau revenue 1Fr - 10B unused.jpg|1Fr unused (№ 10B) Switzerland Basel 1899 bordereau revenue 1Fr - 10B.jpg|1Fr used (№ 10B) Switzerland Basel 1899 bordereau revenue 2Fr - 12B.jpg|2Fr used '2 Fr.' (№ 12B) Switzerland Basel 1899 bordereau revenue 3Fr - 13B.jpg|3Fr used (№ 13B) Switzerland Basel 1899 bordereau revenue 5Fr - 15B.jpg|5Fr used (№ 15B) Switzerland Basel 1899 bordereau revenue 10Fr - 16aB.jpg|10Fr used, 'Fr.' 4.3mm (№ 16aB) </gallery> ===General revenue=== Purpose classification D. ====1884==== Arms of Basel and basilisk. Many shades of green are known. Three different perforations exist; imperforate (A), perforated 11.5 (B) or 12.75-13.25 (C). <gallery> Switzerland Basel 1884 revenue 10c - 1B.jpg|10c unused (№ 1B) Switzerland Basel 1884 revenue 10c - 1B (2).jpg|10c used (№ 1B) Switzerland Basel 1884 revenue 10c - 1C.jpg|10c used (№ 1C) Switzerland Basel 1884 revenue 10c - 1C (2).jpg|10c used (№ 1C) Switzerland Basel 1884 revenue 20c - 2B.jpg|20c used (№ 2B) Switzerland Basel 1884 revenue 40c - 3B.jpg|40c used (№ 3B) </gallery> ====1899==== Arms of Basel. With and without watermark. No watermark, three different perforations; perforated 11.5 (A), 12.75-13 (C) or 12.75-13 and partial horizontally imperforate (D). Watermarked; perforation 11.5 (B) and perforation 12.75-13 (E).<br><br> '''No watermark, perforation 11.5 (A).''' <br> <gallery> Switzerland Basel 1899 revenue 10c - 4A.jpg|10c used, small green 'C' (№ 4A) Switzerland Basel 1899 revenue 10c - 4A (2).jpg|10c used, small green 'C' (№ 4A) Switzerland Basel 1899 revenue 20c - 6A.jpg|20c used (№ 6A) Switzerland Basel 1899 revenue 60c - 9A.jpg|60c used (№ 9A) </gallery> '''No watermark, perforation 12.75-13 (C or D).''' <br> <gallery> Switzerland Basel 1899 revenue 10c - 4C.jpg|10c used, small green 'C' (№ 4C) Switzerland Basel 1899 revenue 40c - 7C.jpg|40c used (№ 7D) Switzerland Basel 1899 revenue 60c - 9C.jpg|60c used (№ 9C) Switzerland Basel 1899 revenue 1Fr - 10C.jpg|1Fr used (№ 10C) Switzerland Basel 1899 revenue 2Fr - 11C.jpg|2Fr used (№ 11C) Switzerland Basel 1899 revenue 4Fr - 14C.jpg|4Fr used (№ 14C) Switzerland Basel 1899 revenue 5Fr - 15C.jpg|5Fr used (№ 15C) Switzerland Basel 1899 revenue 10Fr - 16C.jpg|10Fr used (№ 16C) Switzerland Basel 1899 revenue 15Fr - 17D.jpg|15Fr used (№ 17D) Switzerland Basel 1899 revenue 20Fr - 18D.jpg|20Fr used (№ 18D) Switzerland Basel 1899 revenue 30Fr - 19C.jpg|30Fr used (№ 19C) </gallery> ====1914==== Arms of Basel. Normal and thick paper (a), perforated 11.75. <gallery> Switzerland Basel 1914 revenue 10c - 20.jpg|10c used (№ 20) Switzerland Basel 1914 revenue 20c - 21a.jpg|20c used (№ 21a) Switzerland Basel 1914 revenue 30c - 22.jpg|30c used (№ 22) </gallery> ===Stocks and bonds=== Purpose classification E. ====1883==== Arms of Basel and basilisk. Colours range from light to dark grey-blue. <br><br> '''Group 1'''<br> Inscription: 'OBLIGATIONEN & ACTIENSTEMPEL'. Two different perforations exist: 11.5 (A) or 12.75-13 (B). <gallery> Switzerland Basel 1883 stocks and bonds revenue 10c - 1A.jpg|10c used (№ 1A) Switzerland Basel 1883 stocks and bonds revenue 30c - 3A.jpg|30c used (№ 3A) Switzerland Basel 1883 stocks and bonds revenue 60c - 4A.jpg|60c used (№ 4A) Switzerland Basel 1883 stocks and bonds revenue 60c - 4A (2).jpg|60c used (№ 4A) Switzerland Basel 1883 stocks and bonds revenue 1.20Fr - 5A.jpg|1.20Fr used (№ 5A) Switzerland Basel 1883 stocks and bonds revenue 1.20Fr - 5B.jpg|1.20Fr used (№ 5B) Switzerland Basel 1883 stocks and bonds revenue 3Fr - 6A.jpg|3Fr used (№ 6A) Switzerland Basel 1883 stocks and bonds revenue 3Fr - 6B.jpg|3Fr used (№ 6B) </gallery> '''Group 2'''<br> Inscription: 'OBLIGATIONENSTEMPEL'. Perforated 11.5. <gallery> Switzerland Basel 1883 stocks and bonds revenue 4.80Fr - 7.jpg|4.80Fr used (№ 7) Switzerland Basel 1883 stocks and bonds revenue 6Fr - 8.jpg|6Fr used (№ 8) Switzerland Basel 1883 stocks and bonds revenue 12Fr - 9.jpg|12Fr used (№ 9) Switzerland Basel 1883 stocks and bonds revenue 30Fr - 11.jpg|30Fr used (№ 11) </gallery> ===Bailiff (Betreibungsamt)=== Purpose classification F. The Swiss bailiff or debt collecting office ([[w:de:Betreibungsamt|Betreibungsamt]]) is a cantonal or communal public and independent office which is responsible for the appropriate legal procedures for initiation of proceedings. ====1897==== Arms of Basel and basilisk. Perforated 11.5, straight legs of the 'M' of 'TAXMARKE'. <gallery> Switzerland Basel 1897 Betreibungsamt revenue 80c - 1.jpg|80c used (№ 1) Switzerland Basel 1897 Betreibungsamt revenue 1.50Fr - 2.jpg|1.50Fr used (№ 2) Switzerland Basel 1897 Betreibungsamt revenue 2.50Fr - 3.jpg|2.50Fr used (№ 3) </gallery> ====1904==== Numerals. Clear (A) or dark (B) colors. Perforated 11.5. <gallery> Switzerland Basel 1904 Betreibungsamt revenue 5c - 5A.jpg|5c used (№ 5A) Switzerland Basel 1904 Betreibungsamt revenue 10c - 7A.jpg|10c used (№ 7A) Switzerland Basel 1904 Betreibungsamt revenue 20c - 8A.jpg|20c used (№ 8A) Switzerland Basel 1904 Betreibungsamt revenue 50c - 9A.jpg|50c used (№ 9A) Switzerland Basel 1904 Betreibungsamt revenue 80c - 10A.jpg|80c used (№ 10A) Switzerland Basel 1904 Betreibungsamt revenue 80c - 10B.jpg|80c used (№ 10B) Switzerland Basel 1904 Betreibungsamt revenue 85c - 11B.jpg|85c used (№ 11B) Switzerland Basel 1904 Betreibungsamt revenue 90c - 12B.jpg|90c used (№ 12B) Switzerland Basel 1904 Betreibungsamt revenue 3Fr - 13A.jpg|3Fr used (№ 13A) </gallery> ====1905==== Arms of Basel and basilisk. Perforated 11.5, straight legs of the 'M' of 'TAXMARKE'. <gallery> Switzerland Basel 1905 Betreibungsamt revenue 2.50Fr - 16.jpg|2.50Fr used (№ 16) Switzerland Basel 1905 Betreibungsamt revenue 5Fr - 17.jpg|5Fr used (№ 17) </gallery> ====1906-1944==== Arms of Basel and basilisk. Perforated 11.5-11.75, splayed legs of the 'M' of 'TAXMARKE'. <gallery> Switzerland Basel 1906-1944 Betreibungsamt revenue 0.10Fr - 20.jpg|0.10Fr used (№ 20) Switzerland Basel 1906-1944 Betreibungsamt revenue 0.20Fr - 22.jpg|0.20Fr used (№ 22) Switzerland Basel 1906-1944 Betreibungsamt revenue 1.50Fr - 29.jpg|1.50Fr used (№ 29) Switzerland Basel 1906-1944 Betreibungsamt revenue 1.50Fr - 30.jpg|1.50Fr used (№ 30) Switzerland Basel 1906-1944 Betreibungsamt revenue 1.50Fr - 31.jpg|1.50Fr used (№ 31) Switzerland Basel 1906-1944 Betreibungsamt revenue 1.55Fr - 32.jpg|1.55Fr used (№ 32) Switzerland Basel 1906-1944 Betreibungsamt revenue 1.60Fr - 33.jpg|1.60Fr used (№ 33) Switzerland Basel 1906-1944 Betreibungsamt revenue 1.70Fr - 35.jpg|1.70Fr used (№ 35) Switzerland Basel 1906-1944 Betreibungsamt revenue 2Fr - 37 unused.jpg|2Fr unused (№ 37) Switzerland Basel 1906-1944 Betreibungsamt revenue 2.40Fr - 40.jpg|2.40Fr used (№ 40) Switzerland Basel 1906-1944 Betreibungsamt revenue 2.50Fr - 41.jpg|2.50Fr used (№ 41) Switzerland Basel 1906-1944 Betreibungsamt revenue 2.50Fr - 42.jpg|2.50Fr used (№ 42) Switzerland Basel 1906-1944 Betreibungsamt revenue 2.70Fr - 44a.jpg|2.70Fr used (№ 44a) Switzerland Basel 1906-1944 Betreibungsamt revenue 3Fr - 46.jpg|3Fr used (№ 46) Switzerland Basel 1906-1944 Betreibungsamt revenue 5Fr - 48.jpg|5Fr used (№ 48) Switzerland Basel 1906-1944 Betreibungsamt revenue 20Fr - 54.jpg|20Fr used (№ 54) </gallery> ====1924-1944==== Arms of Basel and basilisk. Surcharges on 1906-1944 issue. Perforated 11.5-11.75, splayed legs of the 'M' of 'TAXMARKE'. <gallery> Switzerland Basel 1924-1944 Betreibungsamt revenue 0.10Fr on 2.70Fr - 55.jpg|0.10Fr on 2.70Fr - № 44 used (№ 55) Switzerland Basel 1924-1944 Betreibungsamt revenue 0.50Fr on 1.40Fr - 56a.jpg|0.50Fr on 1.40Fr - № 28 used (№ 56a) Switzerland Basel 1924-1944 Betreibungsamt revenue 1Fr on 2.80Fr - 58.jpg|1Fr on 2.80Fr - № 45 used (№ 58) Switzerland Basel 1924-1944 Betreibungsamt revenue 1.60Fr on 1.55Fr - 60.jpg|1.60Fr on 1.55Fr - № 32 used (№ 60) Switzerland Basel 1924-1944 Betreibungsamt revenue 1.70Fr on 1.60Fr - 61.jpg|1.70Fr on 1.60Fr - № 33 used (№ 61) Switzerland Basel 1924-1944 Betreibungsamt revenue 2.50Fr on 0.10Fr - 67.jpg|2.50Fr on 0.10Fr - № 19 used (№ 67) Switzerland Basel 1924-1944 Betreibungsamt revenue 2.50Fr on 5Fr - 72.jpg|2.50Fr on 5Fr - № 48 used (№ 72) Switzerland Basel 1924-1944 Betreibungsamt revenue 2.50Fr on 5Fr - 73.jpg|2.50Fr on 5Fr - № 48 used (№ 73) Switzerland Basel 1924-1944 Betreibungsamt revenue 2.50Fr on 10Fr - 74.jpg|2.50Fr on 2.70Fr - № 50 used (№ 74) Switzerland Basel 1924-1944 Betreibungsamt revenue 8Fr on 3Fr - 76.jpg|8Fr on 3Fr - № 46 used (№ 76) </gallery> ====1913-1930==== Arms of Basel and basilisk. Similar design as the 1897 issue. Perforated 11.5, straight legs of the 'M' of 'TAXMARKE'. <gallery> Switzerland Basel 1913-1930 Betreibungsamt revenue 0.05Fr - 77.jpg|0.05Fr used (№ 77) Switzerland Basel 1913-1930 Betreibungsamt revenue 0.20Fr - 78.jpg|0.20Fr used (№ 78) Switzerland Basel 1913-1930 Betreibungsamt revenue 1Fr - 80.jpg|1Fr used (№ 80) </gallery> ====1920==== Arms of Basel and basilisk. Similar design as the 1913-1930 issue. Perforated 15.25, straight legs of the 'M' of 'TAXMARKE'. <gallery> Switzerland Basel 1920 Betreibungsamt revenue 0.10Fr - 86.jpg|0.10Fr used (№ 86) Switzerland Basel 1920 Betreibungsamt revenue 0.50Fr - 87.jpg|0.50Fr used (№ 87) Switzerland Basel 1920 Betreibungsamt revenue 1.10Fr - 89.jpg|1.10Fr used (№ 89) Switzerland Basel 1920 Betreibungsamt revenue 1.20Fr - 90.jpg|1.20Fr used (№ 90) Switzerland Basel 1920 Betreibungsamt revenue 2.30Fr - 93.jpg|2.30Fr used (№ 93) Switzerland Basel 1920 Betreibungsamt revenue 2.35Fr - 94.jpg|2.35Fr used (№ 94) Switzerland Basel 1920 Betreibungsamt revenue 2.40Fr - 95.jpg|2.40Fr used (№ 95) Switzerland Basel 1920 Betreibungsamt revenue 2.90Fr - 96.jpg|2.90Fr used (№ 96) Switzerland Basel 1920 Betreibungsamt revenue 5Fr - 97.jpg|5Fr used (№ 97) Switzerland Basel 1920 Betreibungsamt revenue 6.60Fr - 98.jpg|6.60Fr used (№ 98) Switzerland Basel 1920 Betreibungsamt revenue 15Fr - 99.jpg|15Fr used (№ 99) Switzerland Basel 1920 Betreibungsamt revenue 1.80Fr on 1.65Fr - 101.jpg|1.80Fr on 1.65Fr - № 91 used (№ 101) Switzerland Basel 1920 Betreibungsamt revenue 2.50Fr on 2.35Fr - 103.jpg|2.50Fr on 2.35Fr - № 94 used (№ 103) Switzerland Basel 1920 Betreibungsamt revenue 3Fr on 2.90Fr - 104.jpg|3Fr on 2.90Fr - № 96 used (№ 104) </gallery> ===Frontier police=== Purpose classification G. Arms of Basel. 7 different issues are known. ====1917-1927==== <gallery> Switzerland Basel 1918 frontier revenue 3.75Fr - 2.jpg|1918, issue 2, 3.75Fr unused (№ 2) Switzerland Basel 1927 frontier revenue 30Rp - 8C.jpg|1927, issue 3, 30Rp unused (№ 8C) Switzerland Basel 1927 frontier revenue 50Rp - 9C.jpg|1927, issue 3, 50Rp used (№ 9C) Switzerland Basel 1927 frontier revenue 50Rp - 9D.jpg|1927, issue 3, 50Rp used (№ 9D) Switzerland Basel 1927 frontier revenue 1.80Fr - 11D.jpg|1927, issue 3, 1.80Fr used (№ 11D) Switzerland Basel 1927 frontier revenue 3.50Fr - 22C.jpg|Issue 5, 3.50Fr used (№ 22C) Switzerland Basel 1927 frontier revenue 3.50Fr - 23C.jpg|Issue 5, 3.50Fr used (№ 23C) </gallery> ===Registry office (Zivilstandsamt)=== Purpose classification H. Stamps depict the [[w:Basel Minster|Basel Minster]] (1911 issue) or the arms of Basel. 3 different issues are known between 1911 and 1958. The issues of 1958 cannot be shown here due to license policy. ====1911-1939==== <gallery> Switzerland Basel 1911 registry office revenue 1.50Fr - 4.jpg|1911, 1.50Fr used (№ 4) Switzerland Basel 1911 registry office revenue 2Fr - 5a.jpg|1911, 2Fr used (№ 5a) Switzerland Basel 1911 registry office revenue 8Fr - 12.jpg|1911, 8Fr used (№ 12) Switzerland Basel 1911 registry office revenue 12Fr - 14.jpg|1911, 12Fr used (№ 14) Switzerland Basel 1939 registry office revenue 1Fr - 16.jpg|1939, 1Fr used (№ 16) Switzerland Basel 1939 registry office revenue 2Fr - 18.jpg|1939, 2Fr used (№ 18) Switzerland Basel 1939 registry office revenue 3Fr - 20.jpg|1939, 3Fr used (№ 20) Switzerland Basel 1939 registry office revenue 4Fr - 21.jpg|1939, 4Fr used (№ 21) </gallery> ===Harbour due (Hafenabgabe)=== Purpose classification J. Arms of Basel. From 1934 to the 1940's the Rhine Navigation Office ('Rheinschiffahrtsamt') used 21 different stamps (3 sets) to collect Rhine harbour dues. The exact issue date of series 2 and 3 is unknown. ====1934- ==== <gallery> Switzerland Basel 1934 harbour due 50c - 3.jpg|1934, issue 1, 50c used (№ 3) Switzerland Basel 1934 harbour due 10c - 16.jpg|Issue 3, 10c used (№ 16) Switzerland Basel 1934 harbour due 50c - 18.jpg|Issue 3, 50c used (№ 18) Switzerland Basel 1934 harbour due 1Fr - 19.jpg|Issue 3, 1Fr used (№ 19) </gallery> ===Public health service=== Purpose classification L. Numerals and 'Oe.K.K.' or 'Ö.K.K.', for ''Öffentliche Krankenkasse''. ====1937-1942==== <gallery> Switzerland Basel 1938 public health insurance revenue 20c - 3A.jpg|1938, 20c unused (№ 3A) Switzerland Basel 1938 public health insurance revenue 40c - 4B.jpg|1938, 40c unused (№ 4B) Switzerland Basel 1938 public health insurance revenue 60c - 5A.jpg|1938, 60c unused (№ 5A) Switzerland Basel 1942 public health insurance revenue 2Fr - 15.jpg|1942, 2Fr unused (№ 15) </gallery> ===War tax=== Purpose classification M. Arms of Basel. ====1941==== <gallery> Switzerland Basel 1941 war tax 0.50Fr - 4.jpg|0.50Fr unused (№ 4) Switzerland Basel 1941 war tax 0.50Fr - 6.jpg|0.50Fr unused (№ 6) Switzerland Basel 1941 war tax 5Fr - 7.jpg|5Fr unused (№ 7) Switzerland Basel 1941 war tax 25Fr - 8.jpg|25Fr unused (№ 8) Switzerland Basel 1941 war tax 1.50Fr - 9.jpg|1.50Fr unused (№ 9B) Switzerland Basel 1941 war tax 3Fr - 10B.jpg|3Fr unused (№ 10B) </gallery> ===Bicycle control=== Purpose classification O. Arms of Basel, stamps issued with talon. ====1944-1975==== <gallery> Switzerland Basel 1947 bicycle control revenue 1fr - 4.jpg|1947, 1Fr unused (№ 4) </gallery> ===Tourism=== Arms of Basel. ====1942==== Round period following 'RP' or 'FR'. <gallery> Switzerland Basel 1942 Tourism revenue 10Rp - 1.jpg|10Rp unused (№ 1) Switzerland Basel 1942 Tourism revenue 20Rp - 2a.jpg|20Rp unused (№ 2a) Switzerland Basel 1942 Tourism revenue 50rp - 3a round period.jpg|50Rp unused rose (№ 3a) Switzerland Basel 1942 Tourism revenue 1Fr - 4.jpg|1Fr unused (№ 4) </gallery> Square period following 'RP' or 'FR'. <gallery> Switzerland Basel 1942 Tourism revenue 10rp - 1 square period.jpg|10Rp unused (№ 1) Switzerland Basel 1942 Tourism revenue 50Rp - 3.jpg|50Rp unused lilac (№ 3) Switzerland Basel 1942 Tourism revenue 1Fr - 4 square period.jpg|1Fr unused (№ 4) </gallery> ==Municipalities of the canton of Basel-Landschaft== There are 86 [[w:municipalities of Switzerland|municipalities]] of the canton of [[w:Basel-Country|Basel-Country]], as of 2009.<ref name="Document90142">{{cite web | url=http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/fr/index/infothek/nomenklaturen/blank/blank/gem_liste/03.Document.90142.xls | title=Liste officielle des communes de la Suisse - 01.01.2008 | work=Office fédéral de la statistique | accessdate=15 December 2008 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612012604/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/fr/index/infothek/nomenklaturen/blank/blank/gem_liste/03.Document.90142.xls | archivedate=12 June 2009 | df= }}</ref>, of which some issued revenue stamps. ===Riehen=== [[w:Riehen|Riehen]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]], in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Basel-Stadt|Basel-Stadt]]. 3 different tax stamps were issued around 1907. [[File:CHE Riehen COA.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Riehen 1907 revenue 0.50Fr - 1A.jpg|1907 0.50Fr (№ 1A) Switzerland Riehen 1907 revenue 1Fr - 2A.jpg|1907 1Fr (№ 2A) Switzerland Riehen 1907 revenue 1Fr - 2B.jpg|1907 1Fr (№ 2B) </gallery> ==References== {{reflist}} {{see also|Revenue stamps of Switzerland}} [[File:Karte Lage Kanton Luzern 2015.png|right|thumb|250px|Map of the canton of Lucerne]] [[File:Wappen Luzern matt.svg|thumb|right|100px|Lucerne arms]] {{Multilingual description | en = Revenue stamps of Lucerne (Switzerland), by group. Numbering according Denis Gainon (1996, version 5), ''Catalogue de timbres administratifs publics de Suisse (fiscaux et analogues) confédération, cantons, communes''. | nl = Fiscaalzegels van Luzern (Zwitserland). Indeling en nummering aan de hand van Denis Gainon (1996, version 5), ''Catalogue de timbres administratifs publics de Suisse (fiscaux et analogues) confédération, cantons, communes''. }} ==Canton of Lucerne== The [[canton of Lucerne|canton of Lucerne]] is located in the centre of [[w:Switzerland|Switzerland]]. 279 different stamps were issued between 1878 and 1957 for general tax purposes only, categorized by Gainon in groups 1-11. Special issues are known. The amount of tax in Lucerne, as in Schwyz and Zug, was defined by the size of the document (discontinued in 1950). For simple legal matters: *5c - 1/8 bogen, smaller or equal to A6 *10c - 1/4 bogen, A5 *20c - 1/2 bogen, A4 *40c - 1 bogen, larger or equal to A3 The tax stamps of Lucerne were to be cancelled either by manuscript (company name and date) or handstamp.<ref>{{cite book|first=J. |last= Gross|title= Stempel-Vorschriften für Wechsel, Checks und andere Handelspapiere sowie die wichtigsten wechselrechtlichen Bestimmungen ausländischer Staaten |publisher= Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg |page=79 |year=1889 |isbn=9783662326855 }}</ref> ===1878=== Group 1. Arms of Lucerne, without overprint. <gallery> Switzerland Lucerne 1878 revenue 1 5c - 1.jpg|5c - (№ 1) Switzerland Lucerne 1878 revenue 1 10c - 2.jpg|10c - (№ 2) Switzerland Lucerne 1878 revenue 1 10c - 2 left imp.jpg|10c - (№ 2) Switzerland Lucerne 1878 revenue 1 20c - 3.jpg|20c - (№ 3) Switzerland Lucerne 1878 revenue 1 20c - 3 Nebikon.jpg|20c - (№ 3) Switzerland Lucerne 1878 revenue 1 40c - 4.jpg|40c - (№ 4) </gallery> ===1880-1887=== Group 2. Arms of Lucerne, with overprint month and year. <gallery> Switzerland Lucerne 1880 revenue 2 5c - 5 pen cancel.jpg|January 1880, 5c - (№ 5) Switzerland Lucerne 1880 revenue 2 10c - 6 pen cancel.jpg|January 1880, 10c - (№ 6) Switzerland Lucerne 1880 revenue 2 5c - 7.jpg|August 1880, 5c - (№ 7) Switzerland Lucerne 1880 revenue 2 10c - 8.jpg|August 1880, 10c - (№ 8) Switzerland Lucerne 1881 revenue 2 5c - 9.jpg|November 1881, 5c - (№ 9) Switzerland Lucerne 1881 revenue 2 10c - 10.jpg|November 1881, 10c - (№ 10) Switzerland Lucerne 1881 revenue 2 20c - 11.jpg|November 1881, 20c - (№ 11) Switzerland Lucerne November 1881 revenue 2 40c - 12.jpg|November 1881, 40c - (№ 12) Switzerland Lucerne December 1883 revenue 2 5c - 13.jpg|December 1883, 5c - (№ 13) Switzerland Lucerne December 1883 revenue 2 20c - 14.jpg|December 1883, 20c - (№ 14) Switzerland Lucerne March 1885 revenue 2 5c - 15.jpg|March 1885, 5c - (№ 15) Switzerland Lucerne 1885 revenue 2 10c - 16.jpg|March 1885, 10c - (№ 16) Switzerland Lucerne 1885 revenue 2 20c - 17.jpg|March 1885, 20c - (№ 17) Switzerland Lucerne 1886 revenue 2 5c - 18.jpg|May 1886, 5c - (№ 18) Switzerland Lucerne 1886 revenue 2 10c - 19.jpg|May 1886, 10c - (№ 19) Switzerland Lucerne 1887 revenue 2 5c - 21.jpg|September 1887, 5c - (№ 21) Switzerland Lucerne 1887 revenue 2 10c - 22.jpg|September 1887, 10c - (№ 22) Switzerland Lucerne 1887 revenue 2 40c - 24.jpg|September 1887, 40c - (№ 24) </gallery> ===1889-1890=== Group 3. Arms of Lucerne, with overprint 'Emission', month and year. <gallery> Switzerland Lucerne 1889 revenue 3 5c - 25.jpg|February 1889, 5c - (№ 25) Switzerland Lucerne 1889 revenue 3 5c - 25 unused.jpg|February 1889, 5c - (№ 25) Switzerland Lucerne 1889 revenue 3 10c - 26.jpg|February 1889, 10c - (№ 26) Switzerland Lucerne 1889 revenue 3 20c - 27.jpg|February 1889, 20c - (№ 27) Switzerland Lucerne 1889 revenue 3 40c - 28.jpg|February 1889, 40c - (№ 28) Switzerland Lucerne 1890 revenue 3 5c - 29.jpg|December 1890, 5c - (№ 29) Switzerland Lucerne 1890 revenue 3 10c - 30.jpg|December 1890, 10c - (№ 30) Switzerland Lucerne December 1890 revenue 3 20c - 31.jpg|December 1890, 20c - (№ 31) </gallery> ===1891-1894=== Group 4. Changed design, overprint 'E' (of Emission) in corner upper left, numeral (month) in corner upper right and the year in the lower corners. Size 22x31.5mm. <gallery> Switzerland Lucerne 1891 revenue 4 5c - 32 - E 11 91 bank cancel.jpg|1891, 5c - (№ 32) 11-91 Switzerland Lucerne 1891 revenue 4 5c - 32 - E 11 91.jpg|1891, 5c - (№ 32) 11-91 Switzerland Lucerne 1891 revenue 4 10c - 33 - E 11 91.jpg|1891, 10c - (№ 33) 11-91 Switzerland Lucerne 1891 revenue 4 10c - 33 - E 11 91 Bank cancel.jpg|1891, 10c - (№ 33) 11-91 Switzerland Lucerne 1891 revenue 4 10c - 33 - E 11 91 Hasle cancel.jpg|1891, 10c - (№ 33) 11-91. Used in [[w:Hasle LU|Hasle]] Switzerland Lucerne 1891 revenue 4 20c - 34 - E 11 91.jpg|1891, 20c - (№ 34) 11-91 Switzerland Lucerne 1891 revenue 4 10c - 34 - E 11 91 Grossdietwil cancel.jpg|1891, 20c - (№ 34) 11-91. Used in [[w:Grossdietwil|Grossdietwil]] Switzerland Lucerne 1893 revenue 4 5c - 36 - E 8 93.jpg|1893, 5c - (№ 36) 8-93 Switzerland Lucerne 1894 revenue 4 10c - 37a - E 3 94.jpg|1894, 10c - (№ 37a) 3-94 Switzerland Lucerne 1894 revenue 4 20c - 38a - E 3 94.jpg|1894, 20c - (№ 38a) 3-94 Switzerland Lucerne 1894 revenue 4 40c - 39 - E 3 94.jpg|1894, 40c - (№ 39) 3-94 </gallery> ===1894-1896=== Group 5. Same design as group 4 but larger size, 24.5x34mm. The 'C' of 'Cts.' measures 1.5mm. Perforated 14. <gallery> Switzerland Lucerne 1894 revenue 5 10c - 40 - E 3 94.jpg|1894, 10c - (№ 40) 3-94 Switzerland Lucerne 1894 revenue 5 5c - 43 - E 8 94.jpg|1894, 5c - (№ 43) 8-94 Switzerland Lucerne 1894 revenue 5 5c - 44 - E 12 94.jpg|1894, 5c - (№ 44) 12-94 Switzerland Lucerne 1895 revenue 5 5c - 45 - E 5 95.jpg|1895, 5c - (№ 45) 5-95 Switzerland Lucerne 1895 revenue 5 10c - 46 - E 9 95.jpg|1895, 10c - (№ 46) 9-95 Switzerland Lucerne 1895 revenue 5 20c - 47 - E 11 95.jpg|1895, 20c - (№ 47) 11-95 Switzerland Lucerne 1896 revenue 5 5c - 49 - E 2 96.jpg|1896, 5c - (№ 49) 2-96 </gallery> ===1896-1940=== Group 6. Same design as group 5 but inscription in different font and larger size. The 'C' of 'Cts.' measures 1.8mm. Perforated 13.75-14. ====1896-1897==== <gallery> Switzerland Lucerne 1897 revenue 6 5c - 53 - E 1 97.jpg|1897, 5c - (№ 53) E 1 97 Switzerland Lucerne 1897 revenue 6 30c - 54 - E 1 97.jpg|1897, 30c - (№ 54) E 1 97 Switzerland Lucerne 1897 revenue 6 40c - 55 - E 1 97.jpg|1897, 40c - (№ 55) E 1 97 Switzerland Lucerne 1897 revenue 6 50c - 56 - E 1 97.jpg|1897, 50c - (№ 56) E 1 97 Switzerland Lucerne 1897 revenue 6 60c - 57 - E 1 97.jpg|1897, 60c - (№ 57) E 1 97 Switzerland Lucerne 1897 revenue 6 70c - 58 - E 1 97.jpg|1897, 70c - (№ 58) E 1 97 Switzerland Lucerne 1897 revenue 6 80c - 59 - E 1 97.jpg|1897, 80c - (№ 59) E 1 97 Switzerland Lucerne 1897 revenue 6 90c - 60 - E 1 97.jpg|1897, 90c - (№ 60) E 1 97 Switzerland Lucerne 1897 revenue 6 1Fr - 61 - E 1 97.jpg|1897, 1Fr - (№ 61) E 1 97 Switzerland Lucerne 1897 revenue 6 2Fr - 62 - E 1 97.jpg|1897, 2Fr - (№ 62) E 1 97 Switzerland Lucerne 1897 revenue 6 3Fr - 63 - E 1 97.jpg|1897, 3Fr - (№ 63) E 1 97 Switzerland Lucerne 1897 revenue 6 4Fr - 64 - E 1 97.jpg|1897, 4Fr - (№ 64) E 1 97 Switzerland Lucerne 1897 revenue 6 5Fr - 65 - E 1 97.jpg|1897, 5Fr - (№ 65) E 1 97 Switzerland Lucerne 1897 revenue 6 10Fr - 66 - E 1 97.jpg|1897, 10Fr - (№ 66) E 1 97 Switzerland Lucerne 1897 revenue 6 30Fr - 68 - E 1 97.jpg|1897, 30Fr - (№ 68) E 1 97 Switzerland Lucerne 1897 revenue 6 40Fr - 69 - E 1 97.jpg|1897, 40Fr - (№ 69) E 1 97 Switzerland Lucerne 1897 revenue 6 50Fr - 70 - E 1 97.jpg|1897, 50Fr - (№ 70) E 1 97 Switzerland Lucerne 1897 revenue 6 100Fr - 71 - E 1 97.jpg|1897, 100Fr - (№ 71) E 1 97 Switzerland Lucerne 1897 revenue 6 20c - 72 - E 8 97.jpg|1897, 20c - (№ 72) E 8 97 Switzerland Lucerne 1897 revenue 6 10c - 74a - E 11 97.jpg|1897, 10c - (№ 74a) E 11 97 (error: broken dash) </gallery> ====1898-1905==== <gallery> Switzerland Lucerne 1898 revenue 6 5c - 76 - E 1 98.jpg|1898, 5c - (№ 76) E 1 98 Switzerland Lucerne 1898 revenue 6 10c - 77 - E 5 98.jpg|1898, 10c - (№ 77) E 5 98 Switzerland Lucerne 1898 revenue 6 10c - 77 - E 5 98 pair.jpg|1898, 10c pair - (№ 77) E 5 98 Switzerland Lucerne 1899 revenue 6 5c - 78 - E 2 99.jpg|1899, 5c - (№ 78) E 2 99 Switzerland Lucerne 1899 revenue 6 10c - 79 - E 6 99.jpg|1899, 10c - (№ 79) E 6 99 Switzerland Lucerne 1899 revenue 6 20c - 80 - E 7 99.jpg|1899, 20c - (№ 80) E 7 99 Switzerland Lucerne 1899 revenue 6 40c - 81 - E 11 99.jpg|1899, 40c - (№ 81) E 11 99 Switzerland Lucerne 1901 revenue 6 10c - 85 - E 3 01.jpg|1901, 10c - (№ 85) E 3 01 Switzerland Lucerne 1901 revenue 6 20c - 87 - E 12 01.jpg|1901, 20c - (№ 87) E 12 01 Switzerland Lucerne 1901 revenue 6 40c - 88 - E 12 01.jpg|1901, 40c - (№ 88) E 12 01 Switzerland Lucerne 1902 revenue 6 10c - 90 - E 5 02.jpg|1902, 10c - (№ 90) E 5 02 Switzerland Lucerne 1903 revenue 6 10c - 91 - E 6 03.jpg|1903, 10c - (№ 91) E 6 03 Switzerland Lucerne 1903 revenue 6 10c - 92 - E 10 03.jpg|1903, 10c - (№ 92) E 10 03 Switzerland Lucerne 1905 revenue 6 40c - 96 - E 1 05.jpg|1905, 40c - (№ 96) E 1 05 Switzerland Lucerne 1905 revenue 6 10c - 97 - E 5 05.jpg|1905, 10c - (№ 97) E 5 05 Switzerland Lucerne 1905 revenue 6 5c - 100 - E 10 05.jpg|1905, 5c - (№ 100) E 10 05 </gallery> ====1906-1909==== <gallery> Switzerland Lucerne 1906 revenue 6 10c - 101 - E 5 06.jpg|1906, 10c - (№ 101) E 5 06 Switzerland Lucerne 1906 revenue 6 5c - 102 - E 8 06.jpg|1906, 5c - (№ 102) E 8 06 Switzerland Lucerne 1907 revenue 6 40c - 108 - E 7 07.jpg|1906, 40c - (№ 108) E 7 07 Switzerland Lucerne 1907 revenue 6 5c - 109 - E 9 07.jpg|1907, 5c - (№ 109) E 9 07 Switzerland Lucerne 1907 revenue 6 10c - 112 - E 1 08.jpg|1908, 10c - (№ 112) E 1 08 Switzerland Lucerne 1908 revenue 6 20c - 114 - E 5 08.jpg|1908, 20c - (№ 114) E 5 08 Switzerland Lucerne 1908 revenue 6 5c - 115 - E 7 08.jpg|1908, 5c - (№ 115) E 7 08 Switzerland Lucerne 1909 revenue 6 10c - 116 - E 1 09.jpg|1909, 10c - (№ 116) E 1 09 </gallery> ====1910-1937==== <gallery> Switzerland Lucerne 1910 revenue 6 50c - 128 - E 6 10.jpg|1910, 50c - (№ 128) E 6 10 Switzerland Lucerne 1911 revenue 6 5c - 131 - E 2 11.jpg|1911, 5c - (№ 131) E 2 11 Switzerland Lucerne 1911 revenue 6 10c - 132 - E 2 11.jpg|1911, 10c - (№ 132) E 2 11 Switzerland Lucerne 1912 revenue 6 40c - 137 - E 1 12.jpg|1912, 40c - (№ 137) E 1 12 Switzerland Lucerne 1912 revenue 6 10c - 138 - E 6 12.jpg|1912, 10c - (№ 138) E 6 12 Switzerland Lucerne 1915 revenue 6 20c - 150 - E 4 15.jpg|1915, 20c - (№ 150) E 4 15 Switzerland Lucerne 1915 revenue 6 5c - 154 - E 6 15.jpg|1915, 5c - (№ 154) E 6 15 Switzerland Lucerne 1918 revenue 6 5c - 165 - E 9 18.jpg|1918, 5c - (№ 165) E 9 18 Switzerland Lucerne 1919 revenue 6 20c - 167 - E 8 19.jpg|1919, 20c - (№ 167) E 8 19 Switzerland Lucerne 1920 revenue 6 5c - 169 - E 4 20.jpg|1920, 5c - (№ 169) E 4 20 Switzerland Lucerne 1923 revenue 6 10c - 180 - E 2 23.jpg|1923, 10c - (№ 180) E 2 23 Switzerland Lucerne 1924 revenue 6 10c - 183 - E 5 24.jpg|1924, 10c - (№ 183) E 5 24 Switzerland Lucerne 1937 revenue 6 40c - 220 - E 4 37 pair.jpg|1937, 40c pair - (№ 220) E 4 37 Switzerland Lucerne 1914 receipt with revenue 6 5c - 146 - E 1 14.jpg|1914 Receipt with 5c - (№ 146) E 1 14 </gallery> ==References== {{reflist}} {{see also|Revenue stamps of Switzerland}} [[File:Karte Lage Kanton Freiburg 2015.png|right|thumb|250px|Map of the Canton of Fribourg]] {{Multilingual description | en = Revenue stamps of Fribourg (Switzerland), by type. Numbering and purpose classification according Denis Gainon (1996, version 5), ''Catalogue de timbres administratifs publics de Suisse (fiscaux et analogues) confédération, cantons, communes''. | nl = Fiscaalzegels van Fribourg (Zwitserland), gegroepeerd per type. Indeling en nummering aan de hand van Denis Gainon (1996, version 5), ''Catalogue de timbres administratifs publics de Suisse (fiscaux et analogues) confédération, cantons, communes''. }} ==Canton of Fribourg== The [[w:Canton of Fribourg|Canton of Fribourg]] is a [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Switzerland|Switzerland]] located in the west of the country. [[File:Wappen Freiburg matt.svg|thumb|right|100px|Canton of Fribourg arms]] ===Commerce=== Arms of Fribourg. Purpose classification A. ====1862-1867==== Gainon group 1. Inscribed ''Timbre de Comerce''. Imperforate. <gallery> Switzerland Fribourg 1862-1867 revenue 30c - 2A.jpg|30c used (№ 2A) Switzerland Fribourg 1862-1867 revenue 50c - 3A.jpg|50c used (№ 3A) Switzerland Fribourg 1862-1867 revenue 75c - 4A.jpg|75c used (№ 4A) Switzerland Fribourg 1862-1867 revenue 1Fr - 5A.jpg|1Fr unused (№ 5A) Switzerland Fribourg 1862-1867 revenue 1.25Fr - 6A.jpg|1.25Fr used (№ 6A) Switzerland Fribourg 1862-1867 revenue 1.50Fr - 7A.jpg|1.50Fr used (№ 7A) Switzerland Fribourg 1862-1867 revenue 1.75Fr - 8A.jpg|1.75Fr used (№ 8A) Switzerland Fribourg 1862-1867 revenue 2Fr - 9A.jpg|2Fr used (№ 9A) Switzerland Fribourg 1862-1867 revenue 2.25Fr - 10A.jpg|2.25Fr used (№ 10A) Switzerland Fribourg 1862-1867 revenue 2.50Fr - 11A.jpg|2.50Fr unused (№ 11A) Switzerland Fribourg 1862-1867 revenue 2.75Fr - 12A.jpg|2.75Fr used (№ 12A) Switzerland Fribourg 1862-1867 revenue 3Fr - 13A.jpg|3Fr used (№ 13A) Switzerland Fribourg 1862-1867 revenue 3.25Fr - 14A.jpg|3.25Fr used (№ 14A) Switzerland Fribourg 1862-1867 revenue 3.50Fr - 15A.jpg|3.50Fr unused (№ 15A) Switzerland Fribourg 1862-1867 revenue 3.75Fr - 16A.jpg|3.75Fr used (№ 16A) </gallery> Gainon group 2. Changed color. <gallery> Switzerland Fribourg 1862-1867 revenue 15c - 17.jpg|15c used (№ 17) France Dijon 14-09-1864 money order reverse.jpg|France 1864 money order reverse with 15c (№ 17) </gallery> <br> =====Special issue===== <br> <gallery> Switzerland Fribourg 1862-1867 revenue 15c - S1A.jpg|15c - (№ 1A) Switzerland Fribourg 1862-1867 revenue 30c - S2A.jpg|30c - (№ 2A) Switzerland Fribourg 1862-1867 revenue 30c - S2aA.jpg|30c - (№ 2aA) Switzerland Fribourg 1862-1867 revenue 75c - S4A.jpg|75c - (№ 4A) Switzerland Fribourg 1862-1867 revenue 1.50Fr - S7A.jpg|1.50Fr - (№ 7A) Switzerland Fribourg 1862-1867 revenue 1.75c - S8A.jpg|1.75Fr - (№ 8A) Switzerland Fribourg 1862-1867 revenue 2Fr - S9A.jpg|2Fr - (№ 9A) Switzerland Fribourg 1862-1867 revenue 2.25Fr - S10A.jpg|2.25Fr - (№ 10A) Switzerland Fribourg 1862-1867 revenue 2.50Fr - S11A.jpg|2.50Fr - (№ 11A) Switzerland Fribourg 1862-1867 revenue 2.75Fr - S12A.jpg|2.75Fr - (№ 12A) Switzerland Fribourg 1862-1867 revenue 3Fr - S13A.jpg|3Fr - (№ 13A) Switzerland Fribourg 1862-1867 revenue 3.25Fr - S14A.jpg|3.25Fr - (№ 14A) Switzerland Fribourg 1862-1867 revenue 3.50Fr - S15A.jpg|3.50Fr - (№ 15A) Switzerland Fribourg 1862-1867 revenue 3.75Fr - S16A.jpg|3.75Fr - (№ 16A) </gallery> ====1876==== Gainon group 3. Right vertical text reads bottom up. <gallery> Switzerland Fribourg 1876 revenue 15c - 18B.jpg|15c - (№ 18B) Switzerland Fribourg 1876 revenue 30c - 19B.jpg|30c - (№ 19B) Switzerland Fribourg 1876 revenue 50c - 20B.jpg|50c - (№ 20B) Switzerland Fribourg 1876 revenue 75c - 21B.jpg|75c - (№ 21B) Switzerland Fribourg 1876 revenue 1Fr - 22B.jpg|1Fr - (№ 22B) Switzerland Fribourg 1876 revenue 1.25Fr - 23B.jpg|1.25Fr - (№ 23B) Switzerland Fribourg 1876 revenue 1.50Fr - 24B.jpg|1.50Fr - (№ 24B) Switzerland Fribourg 1876 revenue 1.75Fr - 25B.jpg|1.75Fr - (№ 25B) Switzerland Fribourg 1876 revenue 2Fr - 26B.jpg|2Fr - (№ 26B) Switzerland Fribourg 1876 revenue 2.25Fr - 27B.jpg|2.25Fr - (№ 27B) Switzerland Fribourg 1876 revenue 2.50Fr - 28B.jpg|2.50Fr - (№ 28B) Switzerland Fribourg 1876 revenue 2.75Fr - 29B.jpg|2.75Fr - (№ 29B) Switzerland Fribourg 1876 revenue 3Fr - 30B.jpg|3Fr - (№ 30B) Switzerland Fribourg 1876 revenue 3.25Fr - 31B.jpg|3.25Fr - (№ 31B) Switzerland Fribourg 1876 revenue 3.50Fr - 32B.jpg|3.50Fr - (№ 32B) Switzerland Fribourg 1876 revenue 3.75Fr - 33B.jpg|3.75Fr - (№ 33B) </gallery> Gainon group 4. Right vertical text reads top down. <gallery> Switzerland Fribourg 1876 revenue 20c - 35.jpg|20c - (№ 35) Switzerland Fribourg 1876 revenue 1Fr - 38 unused.jpg|1Fr - (№ 38) Switzerland Fribourg 1876 revenue 10Fr - 56.jpg|10Fr - (№ 56) </gallery> ====1882==== [[File:Switzerland Fribourg 1882 revenue 10c - 57 detail.jpg|thumb|right|125px|Corner ornament touches design]] Gainon group 5. Color modified, the ends of the two top corner ornaments touch the interior design. The word 'COMMERCE' 1.7mm. Perforated 11.5 (A) or 12.75-13 (B). No watermark but 10c-50c exist with watermark (a). <gallery> Switzerland Fribourg 1882 revenue 10c - 57.jpg|10c - (№ 57A) Switzerland Fribourg 1882 revenue 1.50Fr - 62B.jpg|1.50Fr - (№ 62B) Switzerland Fribourg 1882 revenue 2.50Fr - 64A.jpg|2.50Fr - (№ 64A) Switzerland Fribourg 1882 revenue 3Fr - 65A.jpg|3Fr - (№ 65A) Switzerland Fribourg 1882 revenue 4Fr - 67A.jpg|4Fr - (№ 67A) </gallery> =====Special issue===== <gallery> Switzerland Fribourg 1882 revenue 10c - S18.jpg|10c - (№ S18) Switzerland Fribourg 1882 revenue 20c - S19.jpg|20c - (№ S19) </gallery> ====1895==== Gainon group 6. Inscribed ''Timbre Mobile Gradué''. <gallery> Switzerland Fribourg 1895 revenue 20c - 81.jpg|20c - (№ 81) Switzerland Fribourg 1895 revenue 30c - 82.jpg|30c - (№ 82) Switzerland Fribourg 1895 revenue 1.50Fr - 85.jpg|1.50Fr - (№ 85) Switzerland Fribourg 1895 revenue 2Fr - 86.jpg|2Fr - (№ 86) Switzerland Fribourg 1895 revenue 2.50Fr - 87.jpg|2.50Fr - (№ 87) Switzerland Fribourg 1895 revenue 3Fr - 88.jpg|3Fr - (№ 88) Switzerland Fribourg 1895 revenue 3.50Fr - 89.jpg|3.50Fr - (№ 89) Switzerland Fribourg 1895 revenue 4Fr - 90.jpg|4Fr - (№ 90) Switzerland Fribourg 1895 revenue 4.50Fr - 91.jpg|4.50Fr - (№ 91) </gallery> =====Special issue===== <gallery> Switzerland Fribourg 1895 revenue 0.50Fr - S20.jpg|0.50Fr - (№ S20) </gallery> ====1907==== [[File:Switzerland Fribourg 1907 revenue 10c - 104A detail.jpg|thumb|right|125px|Ends of corner ornament do not touch design]] Gainon group 8. Larger stamps. The word 'COMMERCE' larger (2mm). The ends of the two top corner ornaments do not touch the interior design. Perforated 11.5, no watermark (A), watermarked (B) or 12.75-13, no watermark (C) or watermarked (D). <gallery> Switzerland Fribourg 1907 revenue 10c - 104A.jpg|10c - (№ 104A) Switzerland Fribourg 1907 revenue 20c - 105A.jpg|20c - (№ 105A) Switzerland Fribourg 1907 revenue 1Fr - 108C.jpg|1Fr - (№ 108C) </gallery> ===Commerce supplement=== Arms of Fribourg. Purpose classification B. ====1862==== Gainon group 1. Inscribed ''Timbre de Comerce / Visa Supplem''. Imperforate. <gallery> Switzerland Fribourg 1862 revenue 25c - 1A.jpg|25c - (№ 1) Switzerland Fribourg 1862 revenue 50c - 2A.jpg|50c - (№ 2) Switzerland Fribourg 1862 revenue 1Fr - 3A.jpg|1Fr - (№ 3) </gallery> =====Special Issue===== <gallery> Switzerland Fribourg 1862 revenue 25c - S1.jpg|25c - (№ S1) Switzerland Fribourg 1862 revenue 50c - S2.jpg|50c - (№ S2) Switzerland Fribourg 1862 revenue 1Fr - S3.jpg|1Fr - (№ S3) </gallery> ====1876==== Gainon group 2. <gallery> Switzerland Fribourg 1876 supplementary revenue 25c - 4B.jpg|25c - (№ 4B) </gallery> ===Non commercial visa=== Arms of Fribourg. Purpose classification E. ====1870==== Gainon group 1. Inscribed ''Visa en Lieu de Timbre Gradué''. Perforated 11.75 (except 1a - 12.75-13). <gallery> Switzerland Fribourg 1870 visa revenue 20c - 1a.jpg|20c - (№ 1a) Switzerland Fribourg 1870 visa revenue 40c - 2.jpg|40c - (№ 2) Switzerland Fribourg 1870 visa revenue 60c - 3.jpg|60c - (№ 3) Switzerland Fribourg 1870 visa revenue 80c - 4.jpg|80c - (№ 4) Switzerland Fribourg 1870 visa revenue 1Fr - 5.jpg|1Fr - (№ 5) Switzerland Fribourg 1870 visa revenue 2Fr - 6.jpg|2Fr - (№ 6) Switzerland Fribourg 1870 visa revenue 3Fr - 7.jpg|3Fr - (№ 7) Switzerland Fribourg 1870 visa revenue 4Fr - 8.jpg|4Fr - (№ 8) Switzerland Fribourg 1870 visa revenue 5Fr - 9.jpg|5Fr - (№ 9) Switzerland Fribourg 1870 visa revenue 6Fr - 10.jpg|6Fr - (№ 10) Switzerland Fribourg 1870 visa revenue 7Fr - 11.jpg|7Fr - (№ 11) Switzerland Fribourg 1870 visa revenue 8Fr - 12.jpg|8Fr - (№ 12) Switzerland Fribourg 1870 visa revenue 9Fr - 13.jpg|9Fr - (№ 13) Switzerland Fribourg 1870 visa revenue 10Fr - 14.jpg|10Fr - (№ 14) Switzerland Fribourg 1870 visa revenue 20c - 15.jpg|20c - (№ 15) Switzerland Fribourg 1870 visa revenue 40c - 16.jpg|40c - (№ 16) Switzerland Fribourg 1870 visa revenue 1Fr - 19.jpg|1Fr - (№ 19) Switzerland Fribourg 1870 visa revenue 2Fr - 20.jpg|2Fr - (№ 20) Switzerland Fribourg 1870 visa revenue 3Fr - 21.jpg|3Fr - (№ 21) Switzerland Fribourg 1870 visa revenue 4Fr - 22.jpg|4Fr - (№ 22) Switzerland Fribourg 1870 visa revenue 5Fr - 23.jpg|5Fr - (№ 23) Switzerland Fribourg 1870 visa revenue 6Fr - 24.jpg|6Fr - (№ 24) Switzerland Fribourg 1870 visa revenue 7Fr - 25.jpg|7Fr - (№ 25) Switzerland Fribourg 1870 visa revenue 8Fr - 26.jpg|8Fr - (№ 26) Switzerland Fribourg 1870 visa revenue 9Fr - 27.jpg|9Fr - (№ 27) Switzerland Fribourg 1870 visa revenue 10Fr - 28.jpg|10Fr - (№ 28) </gallery> ===Revenue documents=== Arms of Fribourg. Purpose classification F. ====1862==== Gainon group 1. Inscribed ''Timbre de Dimens(sion Ordinaire)''. Imperforated. <gallery> Switzerland Fribourg 1862 revenue 20c - F 1.jpg|20c - (№ 1) Switzerland Fribourg 1862 revenue 50c - F 2.jpg|50c - (№ 2) Switzerland Fribourg 1862 revenue 1Fr - F 3.jpg|1Fr - (№ 3) </gallery> =====Special issue===== <gallery> Switzerland Fribourg 1862 revenue 20c - F S1.jpg|20c - (№ S1) Switzerland Fribourg 1862 revenue 50c - F S3.jpg|50c - (№ S3) Switzerland Fribourg 1862 revenue 1Fr - F S4.jpg|1Fr - (№ S4) </gallery> ===Private agreements=== Arms of Fribourg. Purpose classification J. ====1865==== Gainon group 2. Inscribed ''Actes Sous Seing-Privé''. Five different types by perforation and separation lines: * A: 11.75, no lines * B: 11.75, with lines * C: 12.75, no lines * D: 12.75, with lines * E: 13.25, with lines <gallery>Switzerland Fribourg 1865 private acts revenue 5c - 14A Bulle pair.jpg|5c Bulle - (№ 14A) Switzerland Fribourg 1865 private acts revenue 5c - 15C Chatel.jpg|5c Chatel - (№ 15C) Switzerland Fribourg 1865 private acts revenue 5c - 22A Mourret pair.jpg|5c Mourret - (№ 22A) Switzerland Fribourg 1865 private acts revenue 5c - 23A Romont pair.jpg|5c Romont - (№ 23A) Switzerland Fribourg 1865 private acts revenue 5c - 26A Tavel pair.jpg|5c Tavel - (№ 26A) Switzerland Fribourg 1865 private acts revenue 5c - 27A Villars S Mont used.jpg|5c Villars-S-Mont - (№ 27A) Switzerland Fribourg 1865 private acts revenue 5c - 27A Villars S Mont pair.jpg|5c Villars-S-Mont - (№ 27A) </gallery> ===Poster tax=== Arms of Fribourg. Purpose classification K. ====1882==== Gainon special issue. Inscribed ''Visa en Lieu de Timbre / Affiches''. <gallery> Switzerland Fribourg 1882 poster revenue 10c - S1 pair.jpg|50c - (№ S1) </gallery> ===Permanent poster tax=== 1908-1958. Arms of Fribourg, inscribed ''Affiche Permanente''. Purpose classification L, Gainon groups 1-5. <gallery> Switzerland Fribourg 1908 poster revenue 2 1Fr - L 3.jpg|Group 2, 1908 1Fr - (№ 3) Switzerland Fribourg 1908 poster revenue 2 1Fr - L 3 pair.jpg|Group 2, 1908 1Fr pair - (№ 3) Switzerland Fribourg 1908 poster revenue 2 5Fr - L 4.jpg|Group 2, 1908 5Fr - (№ 4) Switzerland Fribourg 1908 poster revenue 3 5Fr - L 5 pair.jpg|Group 3, 1908 5Fr pair - (№ 5) </gallery> ===Conveyance=== Arms of Fribourg. Purpose classification N. ====1905==== Gainon groups 1 and 2. Inscribed ''Lettre de voiture''. Group 1: crude design, either perforated 11.5 (A) or 12.75 (B), brown-olive (a) or green (b-c). Group 2: fine design, sharper drawn leaves, larger cross with more rays. Perforated 11.5. <gallery> Switzerland Fribourg 1905 conveyance revenue 10c - N 1bA.jpg|Group 1, 10c - (№ 1bA) Switzerland Fribourg 1905 conveyance revenue 10c - N 1bB.jpg|Group 1, 10c - (№ 1bB) Switzerland Fribourg 1905 conveyance revenue 10c - N 2.jpg|Group 2, 10c - (№ 2) Switzerland Fribourg 1905 conveyance revenue 10c - N 1bA detail.jpg|Group 1, 10c - (№ 1bA detail) Switzerland Fribourg 1905 conveyance revenue 10c - N 2 detail.jpg|Group 2, 10c - (№ 2 detail) </gallery> ===Other=== Unlisted stamps, possible cinderellas. <gallery> Switzerland Fribourg revenue stamp 1Fr.jpg|1Fr, 'SERV(ICE) D'ESCOMPTE FRIBOURGEOIS' </gallery> {{see also|Revenue stamps of Switzerland}} [[File:Karte Lage Kanton Genf 2015.png|right|thumb|250px|Map of the Canton of Fribourg]] {{Multilingual description | en = Revenue stamps of Geneva (Switzerland), by group. Numbering and purpose classification according Denis Gainon (1996, version 5), ''Catalogue de timbres administratifs publics de Suisse (fiscaux et analogues) confédération, cantons, communes''. | nl = Fiscaalzegels van Genève (Zwitserland), per groep. Indeling en nummering aan de hand van Denis Gainon (1996, version 5), ''Catalogue de timbres administratifs publics de Suisse (fiscaux et analogues) confédération, cantons, communes''. }} ==Canton of Geneva== The French-speaking [[w:Canton of Geneva|Canton of Geneva]] is the westernmost [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Switzerland|Switzerland]]. [[File:Wappen Genf matt.svg|thumb|right|100px|Canton of Geneva arms]] ===Commerce=== Arms of Geneva. Purpose classification A. ====1860==== Group 1, imperforate. <gallery> Switzerland Geneva 1860 revenue A1 5c - 1 black.jpg|5c - (№ 1) Switzerland Geneva 1860 revenue A1 5c - 1 slate.jpg|5c - (№ 1) Switzerland Geneva 1860 revenue A1 5c - 1a.jpg|5c blue-grey - (№ 1a) Switzerland Geneva 1860 revenue A1 25c - 2.jpg|5c - (№ 2) Switzerland Geneva 1860 revenue A1 50c - 3.jpg|5c - (№ 3) Switzerland Geneva 1860 revenue A1 75c - 4 unused.jpg|5c - (№ 4) Switzerland Geneva 1860 revenue A1 75c - 4.jpg|5c - (№ 4) Switzerland Geneva 1860 revenue A1 1.25Fr - 6.jpg|5c - (№ 6) Switzerland Geneva 1860 revenue A1 2Fr - 9.jpg|5c - (№ 9) Switzerland Geneva 1860 revenue A1 2.25Fr - 10.jpg|5c - (№ 10) </gallery> =====Special issue===== <gallery> Switzerland Geneva 1860 revenue A1 1.75Fr - S1.jpg|1.75Fr - (№ S1) Switzerland Geneva 1860 revenue A1 2Fr - S2.jpg|2Fr - (№ S2) Switzerland Geneva 1860 revenue A1 2.25Fr - S3.jpg|2.25Fr - (№ S3) </gallery> ====1865==== Group 2. Imperforate (A), 11.25 (B) or 11.75 (C). <gallery> Switzerland Geneva 1865 revenue A2 5c - 13A strip of 3.jpg|5c - (№ 13A) Switzerland Geneva 1865 revenue A2 5c - 13C.jpg|5c - (№ 13C) Switzerland Geneva 1865 revenue A2 10c - 14C.jpg|10c - (№ 14C) Switzerland Geneva 1865 revenue A2 15c - 15C.jpg|15c - (№ 15C) Switzerland Geneva 1865 revenue A2 20c - 16A.jpg|20c - (№ 16A) Switzerland Geneva 1865 revenue A2 20c - 16C.jpg|20c - (№ 16C) Switzerland Geneva 1865 revenue A2 25c - 17C.jpg|25c - (№ 17C) Switzerland Geneva 1865 revenue A2 50c - 18C.jpg|50c - (№ 18C) Switzerland Geneva 1865 revenue A2 75c - 19C.jpg|75c - (№ 19C) Switzerland Geneva 1865 revenue A2 1Fr - 20A.jpg|1Fr - (№ 20A) Switzerland Geneva 1865 revenue A2 1Fr - 20C.jpg|1Fr - (№ 20C) Switzerland Geneva 1865 revenue A2 1.50Fr - 21A.jpg|1.50Fr - (№ 21A) France Dijon 26-04-1865 money order reverse.jpg|French 1865 money order with 5c - (№ 13A) France Dijon 12-06-1865 money order reverse.jpg|French 1865 money order with 10c - (№ 14A) </gallery> ====1877-1887==== For catalogue numbers 29-83 Gainon distinguishes different issue groups depending on: * wing of the arms eagle: open (group 3, 4, 7) or closed (group 5, 6, 8) * differences in the value inscription: type I (group 3, 5, 7, 8) and II (group 4, 6, 7, 8) * 10 different combinations of paper type, watermark and perforation, A-J: **Paper X: smooth, thick and opaque (A, B, C, I) **Paper Y: rough, medium thick, opaque to slightly transparent (D, E, G, H, J) **Paper Z: rough, thin and transparent (F, not watermarked and only perforated 11.5-11.75) The 5c pink with an open wing (29 and 45) for example, exists in 8 different types in two groups (3 and 4). Different shades also exist. '''Eagle wing''' <gallery> Switzerland Geneva revenue A3 5c - 29DI open wing.jpg|Open wing Switzerland Geneva 1887 revenue A5 15c - 56D detail.jpg|Closed wing </gallery> '''Inscription types''' <gallery> Switzerland Geneva revenue A3 5c - 32DI type I value.jpg|Type I: 5c detail - short dash on '1' Switzerland Geneva revenue A4 5c - 45F detail 2.jpg|Type II: 5c detail - long dash on '1' Switzerland Geneva revenue A4 5c - 29D detail.jpg|Type I: 5c detail Switzerland Geneva revenue A4 5c - 45F detail.jpg|Type II: 5c detail Switzerland Geneva revenue A3 10c - 30B detail.jpg|Type I: 10c 'centimes' 11.2mm long Switzerland Geneva revenue A4 10c - 46D detail.jpg|Type II: 10c 'centimes' 11.6-11.8mm long Switzerland Geneva revenue A3 15c - 31B detail.jpg|Type I: 15c space between '1' and '5' is 1mm Switzerland Geneva 1887 revenue A4 15c - 47aF detail.jpg|Type II: 15c space between '1' and '5' is 1.4mm Switzerland Geneva revenue A4 20c - 48F detail.jpg|Type II: 20c space between '2' and '0' is 1.4mm Switzerland Geneva revenue A3 25c - 33B detail.jpg|Type I: 25c space between '2' and '5' is 0.5mm Switzerland Geneva revenue A4 25c - 49aF detail.jpg|Type II: 25c space between '2' and '5' is 1.3mm Switzerland Geneva revenue A4 50c - 34D detail.jpg|Type I: thick 50c 1877 issue Switzerland Geneva revenue A4 50c - 50D detail.jpg|Type II: 50c on medium paper, 1887 Switzerland Geneva revenue A4 50c - 50F detail 1.jpg|Type II: 50c on thin paper (Z),1887 Switzerland Geneva revenue A3 75c - 35A detail.jpg|Type I: 75c space between '7' and '5' is 0.8mm Switzerland Geneva 1887 revenue A8 1Fr - 74 type I detail.jpg|Type I: 1Fr 'Franc' 8mm long </gallery> =====1877 group 3===== Open eagle wing. Value inscription type I. <gallery> Switzerland Geneva revenue A3 5c - 29DI used.jpg|5c pink - (№ 29B) Switzerland Geneva revenue A3 5c - 29DI unused.jpg|5c pink - (№ 29D) Switzerland Geneva revenue A3 10c - 30B.jpg|10c green - (№ 30B) Switzerland Geneva revenue A3 15c - 31B shade.jpg|15c lilac-grey - (№ 31B) Switzerland Geneva revenue A3 15c - 31B.jpg|15c lilac-grey - (№ 31B) Switzerland Geneva revenue A3 25c - 33B.jpg|25c blue - (№ 33B) Switzerland Geneva revenue A3 50c - 34B.jpg|50c red - (№ 34B) Switzerland Geneva revenue A4 50c - 34D.jpg|50c red - (№ 34D) Switzerland Geneva revenue A3 75c - 35A.jpg|75c French bistre - (№ 35A) Switzerland Geneva revenue A3 3Fr- 40B.jpg|3fr blue - (№ 40B) </gallery> =====1887 group 4===== Open eagle wing. Value inscription type II. <gallery> Switzerland Geneva revenue A4 5c - 45F.jpg|5c pink - (№ 45F) Switzerland Geneva revenue A4 10c - 46D.jpg|10c green - (№ 46D) Switzerland Geneva 1887 revenue A4 15c - 47aF.jpg|15c violet - (№ 47aF) Switzerland Geneva revenue A4 20c - 48F.jpg|20c ochre - (№ 48F) Switzerland Geneva revenue A4 25c - 49aF.jpg|25c blue-green - (№ 49aF) Switzerland Geneva revenue A4 50c - 50D.jpg|50c red - (№ 50D) Switzerland Geneva revenue A4 50c - 50F.jpg|50c red - (№ 50F) </gallery> =====Special issue===== Imperforate, with and without value inscription. <gallery> Switzerland Geneva 1887 revenue S4 (4).jpg|No value, green - (№ S4) Switzerland Geneva 1887 revenue S5 (2).jpg|No value, ochre - (№ S5) Switzerland Geneva 1887 revenue S6 (3).jpg|No value, pink on pink - (№ S6) Switzerland Geneva 1887 revenue S7.jpg|5c pink - (№ S7) type I Switzerland Geneva 1887 revenue S8.jpg|10c green - (№ S8) type I </gallery> =====1887, Group 5===== Closed eagle wing. Value inscription type I. <gallery> Switzerland Geneva 1887 revenue A5 5c - 54F.jpg|5c pink - (№ 54F) Switzerland Geneva 1887 revenue A5 10c - 55F.jpg|10c green - (№ 55F) Switzerland Geneva 1887 revenue A5 15c - 56D.jpg|15c lilac - (№ 56D) Switzerland Geneva 1887 revenue A5 50c - 59A.jpg|50c red - (№ 59A) Switzerland Geneva 1887 revenue A5 75c - 60A.jpg|75c French bistre - (№ 60A) </gallery> =====1887, Group 7===== Open eagle wing, black value inscription. <gallery> Switzerland Geneva 1887 revenue A7 4Fr - 71.jpg|4Fr blue - (№ 71) Switzerland Geneva 1887 revenue A7 4.50Fr - 72.jpg|4.50Fr brown - (№ 72) </gallery> =====1887, Group 8===== Closed eagle wing, black value inscription. 1 franc value inscription type I (№ 74) or II (№ 75). <gallery> Switzerland Geneva 1887 revenue A8 1Fr - 74 type I.jpg|1Fr pink, type I - (№ 74) Switzerland Geneva 1887 revenue A8 2Fr - 77.jpg|2Fr violet - (№ 77) Switzerland Geneva 1887 revenue A8 2.50Fr - 78.jpg|2.50Fr yellow - (№ 78) Switzerland Geneva 1887 revenue A8 3Fr - 79.jpg|3Fr blue - (№ 79) Switzerland Geneva 1887 revenue A8 3.50Fr - 80.jpg|3.50Fr blue-green - (№ 80) Switzerland Geneva 1887 revenue A8 4Fr - 81.jpg|4Fr blue - (№ 81) Switzerland Geneva 1887 revenue A8 4.50Fr - 82.jpg|4.50 brown - (№ 82) </gallery> =====1887, Group 9===== Different design. Printers inscription 'F. de Siebenthal & Cie, Geneve' at bottom. <gallery> Switzerland Geneva 1887 revenue A9 75c - 87.jpg|75c light brown - (№ 87) Switzerland Geneva 1887 revenue A9 2Fr - 90.jpg|2Fr red-lilac - (№ 90) </gallery> ===Conveyance=== Arms of Geneva. Purpose classification B. ====1865==== Group 1, imperforate. Inscribed ''LOI DU 1 FÉVRIER 1865''. Used by the Geneva freight (railway-)station and weighing office, often cancelled ''GENEVE C.F.F.'' (meaning Chemins de Fer Fédéraux Suisses - Swiss Federal Railways), and/or GENEVE P.V. meaning Petite Vitesse (low speed), GENEVE G.V. meaning Grande Vitesse (urgent, high speed). <gallery> Switzerland Geneva 1865 revenue B1 10c - 1.jpg|10c - (№ 1) </gallery> ====1876==== Group 2. Inscribed ''CANTON DE GENEVE''. One stamp which comes in 12 different types, depending on color, perforation and paper type. Perforations 11.5 (a, b, c), 11.75 (d) or 12.75 (e). No watermark except 2aB (lilac, 11.5, coarse opaque paper). Three different [[w:Postage stamp paper|paper]] types: * Smooth and opaque (A) * Coarse and opaque to semi-translucent (B) * Thin and semi-translucent to semi-transparent (C) Different colors, [[w:Shades of violet|shades of violet]] and [[w:Shades of gray|gray]]: * [[w:Lilac (color)|Lilac]] (2 and 2a) * Gray to [[w:Shades of violet|violet-gray]] (2b) * Light gray-lilac (2c) * Gray-lilac (2d and 2e) <gallery> Switzerland Geneva 1876 revenue B2 10c - 2A.jpg|10c - (№ 2A), cancelled '(GENEVE) CFF' (Chemins de fer fédéraux suisses - [[w:Swiss Federal Railways|Swiss Federal Railways]]) Switzerland Geneva 1876 revenue B2 10c - 2B.jpg|10c - (№ 2B), cancelled '(GENEVE) CFF' Switzerland Geneva 1876 revenue B2 10c - 2C.jpg|10c - (№ 2C), cancelled 'GENEV(E CFF)' Switzerland Geneva 1876 revenue B2 10c - 2bA.jpg|10c - (№ 2bA), cancelled '(G)ENEVE G.V.' (Grande Vitesse - urgent) Switzerland Geneva 1876 revenue B2 10c - 2bB.jpg|10c - (№ 2bB) Switzerland Geneva 1876 revenue B2 10c - 2bC.jpg|10c - (№ 2bC) Switzerland Geneva 1876 revenue B2 10c - 2cA.jpg|10c - (№ 2cA) Switzerland Geneva 1876 revenue B2 10c - 2dB.jpg|10c - (№ 2dB) </gallery> ====1918==== Group 3. Changed design. <gallery> Switzerland Geneva 1918 revenue B3 10c - 4.jpg|10c - (№ 4) Cancelled 'GENEVE P.V. E(XPEDITIONS CFF)' </gallery> ===Stock exchange=== Arms of Geneva. Purpose classification C. 4 different groups are known. ====1931==== Group 2-4. <gallery> Switzerland Geneva 1931 revenue C2 0.10Fr - 14.jpg|C2 0.10Fr - (№ 14) Switzerland Geneva 1931 revenue C3 0.10Fr - 21A.jpg|C3 0.10Fr - (№ 21A) Switzerland Geneva 1931 revenue C3 1Fr - 24A.jpg|C3 1Fr - (№ 24A) </gallery> ===General tax, 1892=== Arms of Geneva. Purpose classification E. Lithographed by Lanz. <gallery> Switzerland Geneva 1892 revenue E1 5c - 1.jpg|5c - (№ 1) Switzerland Geneva 1892 revenue E1 20c - 2.jpg|20c - (№ 2) Switzerland Geneva 1892 revenue E1 50c - 3.jpg|50c - (№ 3) Switzerland Geneva 1892 revenue E1 1Fr - 4.jpg|1Fr - (№ 4) </gallery> ===Hospital tax=== Purpose classification H. 1902-1922, group 1. <gallery> Switzerland Geneva 1902 revenue H1 2.50Fr - 1A.jpg|1902, 2.50Fr - (№ 1A) Switzerland Geneva 1903 revenue H1 2.50Fr - 2A.jpg|1903, 2.50Fr - (№ 2A) Switzerland Geneva 1904 revenue H1 2.50Fr - 3A.jpg|1904, 2.50Fr - (№ 3A) Switzerland Geneva 1905 revenue H1 2.50Fr - 4A.jpg|1905, 2.50Fr - (№ 4A) Switzerland Geneva 1908 revenue H1 2.50Fr - 7A.jpg|1908, 2.50Fr - (№ 7A) </gallery> ===Poster tax=== Arms of Geneva. Purpose classification M. 9 different groups are known, issued between 1924 and 1967. <gallery> Switzerland Geneva 1925 revenue M2 0.25Fr - 7.jpg|1925, M2 0.25Fr - (№ 7) Switzerland Geneva 1931 revenue M3 0.10Fr - 9.jpg|1931, M3 0.10Fr - (№ 9) Switzerland Geneva 1932 revenue M4 0.10Fr - 11.jpg|1932, M4 0.10Fr - (№ 11) </gallery> {{see also|Revenue stamps of Switzerland}} [[File:Karte Lage Kanton Neuenburg 2015.png|right|thumb|250px|Map of the canton Neuchâtel]] [[File:Wappen Neuenburg matt.svg|thumb|right|100px|Canton Neuchâtel arms]] {{Multilingual description | en = Revenue stamps of the canton and city of Neuchâtel (Switzerland), by type. Numbering according Denis Gainon (1996, version 5), ''Catalogue de timbres administratifs publics de Suisse (fiscaux et analogues) confédération, cantons, communes''. | nl = Fiscaalzegels van kanton en stad Neuchâtel (Zwitserland), gegroepeerd per type. Indeling en nummering aan de hand van Denis Gainon (1996, version 5), ''Catalogue de timbres administratifs publics de Suisse (fiscaux et analogues) confédération, cantons, communes''. }} ==Canton of Neuchâtel== The [[w:Canton of Neuchâtel|Republic and Canton of Neuchâtel]] is a [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of French-speaking western [[w:Switzerland|Switzerland]]. In 2007, its population was 169,782. The [[w:capital (political)|capital]] is [[w:Neuchâtel|city of Neuchâtel]]. Stamps were issued for 6 different purposes (classifications A-F). Special issues exist. ===Court taxes=== Purpose classification A. Arms of Neuchâtel. ====1879, group 2==== Perforated 11 (A), 11.5 (B) or 12.75-13 (C). Stamps with watermark I, 2 or 3 letters of 'ANNONAY', exist (a). <gallery> Switzerland Neuchâtel 1879 revenue 2 50c - 2C.jpg|50c used (№ 2C) </gallery> ====1879, group 3==== Imperforate (A), perforated 11.5 (B) or 12.75-13 (C). Stamps with watermark II or III, beaver, exist. <gallery> Switzerland Neuchâtel 1879 revenue 3 10c - 3C.jpg|10c used (№ 3C) Switzerland Neuchâtel 1879 revenue 3 25c - 4C.jpg|25c used (№ 4C) Switzerland Neuchâtel 1879 revenue 3 30c - 5C.jpg|30c used (№ 5C) Switzerland Neuchâtel 1879 revenue 3 50c - 6bC.jpg|10c used (№ 6bC) Switzerland Neuchâtel 1879 revenue 3 70c - 7C.jpg|70c used (№ 7C) Switzerland Neuchâtel 1879 revenue 3 80c - 8B.jpg|80c used (№ 8B) Switzerland Neuchâtel 1879 revenue 3 1Fr - 9C.jpg|1Fr used (№ 9C) Switzerland Neuchâtel 1879 revenue 3 1.50Fr - 10C.jpg|1.50Fr used (№ 10C) Switzerland Neuchâtel 1879 revenue 3 2Fr - 11C.jpg|2Fr used (№ 11C) </gallery> ====1879, special issue==== Imperforate. <gallery> Switzerland Neuchâtel 1879 revenue S 10c - S1.jpg|10c - (№ S1) Switzerland Neuchâtel 1879 revenue S 25 - S2.jpg|25c - (№ S2 Switzerland Neuchâtel 1879 revenue S 30c - S3.jpg|30c - (№ S3) Switzerland Neuchâtel 1879 revenue S 50c - S4.jpg|50c - (№ S4) Switzerland Neuchâtel 1879 revenue S 80c - S5.jpg|80c - (№ S5) Switzerland Neuchâtel 1879 revenue S 1Fr - S6.jpg|1Fr - (№ S6) </gallery> ====1890, group 4==== Perforated 11.5 (A), 11.75 (B) or 12.75-13 (C). <gallery> Switzerland Neuchâtel 1890 revenue 4 20c - 17C.jpg|20c used (№ 17C) </gallery> ====1925, group 5==== Redrawn. Perforated 10.75-12 (A), 11.25 (B) or 11.5 (C). <gallery> Switzerland Neuchâtel 1925 revenue 5 50c - 27C.jpg|50c used (№ 27C) Switzerland Neuchâtel 1925 revenue 5 60c - 28C.jpg|60c used (№ 28C) Switzerland Neuchâtel 1925 revenue 5 80c - 29B.jpg|80c used (№ 29B) Switzerland Neuchâtel 1925 revenue 5 80c - 29C.jpg|80c used (№ 29C) Switzerland Neuchâtel 1925 revenue 5 1Fr - 31C.jpg|1Fr used (№ 31C) </gallery> ===Administrative tax=== ====1921, group 1==== Perforated 10.5-10.75 (A), 11 (B), or 11.25 (C), 11.5 (D - most common) or mixed (E). <gallery> Switzerland Neuchâtel 1921 revenue 1 20c - 4D.jpg|20c used (№ 4D) Switzerland Neuchâtel 1921 revenue 1 50c - 5D.jpg|50c used (№ 5D) Switzerland Neuchâtel 1921 revenue 1 1Fr - 6D.jpg|1Fr used (№ 6D) Switzerland Neuchâtel 1921 revenue 1 1.50Fr - 7D.jpg|1.50Fr used (№ 7D) Switzerland Neuchâtel 1921 revenue 1 2Fr - 9D.jpg|2Fr used (№ 9D) Switzerland Neuchâtel 1921 revenue 1 3Fr - 10D.jpg|3Fr used (№ 10D) Switzerland Neuchâtel 1921 revenue 1 5Fr - 11D.jpg|5Fr used (№ 11D) </gallery> ==City of Neuchâtel== [[w:Neuchâtel|Neuchâtel]] is the [[w:capital (political)|capital]] of the [[w:Switzerland|Swiss]] [[w:cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Neuchâtel (canton)|Neuchâtel]] on [[w:Lake Neuchâtel|Lake Neuchâtel]]. Stamps were issued for communal tax from 1891 to 1975. Gainon distinguishes 17 different issue groups. Special issues exist. ===1891 - c. 1930=== <gallery> Switzerland Neuchâtel city 1891 revenue 1 50c - 1.jpg|1891, group 1, 50c - (№ 1) Switzerland Neuchâtel city 1930 revenue 6 2Fr - 11.jpg|1930, group 6, 2Fr - (№ 11) Switzerland Neuchâtel city 1930 revenue 6 3Fr - 12.jpg|1930, group 6, 3Fr - (№ 12) Switzerland Neuchâtel city revenue 7 5Fr - 17.jpg|c. 1930, group 7, 5Fr - (№ 17) Switzerland Neuchâtel city revenue 10 60c - 31B.jpg|c. 1930, group 10, 60c - (№ 31B) </gallery> ==Municipalities== There are the 31 [[w:municipalities of Switzerland|municipalities]] of the [[w:canton of Neuchâtel|canton of Neuchâtel]], as of 2018.<ref name="Document90142">{{cite web | url=http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/fr/index/infothek/nomenklaturen/blank/blank/gem_liste/03.Document.90142.xls | title=Liste officielle des communes de la Suisse - 01.01.2008 | work=Office fédéral de la statistique | accessdate=15 December 2008 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175719/https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/fr/index/infothek/nomenklaturen/blank/blank/gem_liste/03.Document.90142.xls | archivedate=3 March 2016 | df= }}</ref>, of which some issued revenue stamps. ===Locle, Le=== [[w:Le Locle|Le Locle]] is a [[w:Communes of Switzerland|municipality]] in [[w:Le Locle District|the Le Locle District]] in the [[w:Canton of Neuchâtel|Canton of Neuchâtel]]. 22 different stamps were issued between 1892 and 1950. [[File:Le Locle-coat of arms.svg|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Le Locle 1892 revenue 5c - 1.jpg|1892, 5c unused (№ 1) Switzerland Le Locle 1892 revenue 20c - 2.jpg|1892, 20c used (№ 2) Switzerland Le Locle 1892 revenue 50c - 3.jpg|1892, 50c used (№ 3) Switzerland Le Locle 1892 revenue 1Fr - 4.jpg|1892, 1Fr used (№ 4) </gallery> ===Ponts-de-Martel, Les=== [[w:Les Ponts-de-Martel|Les Ponts-de-Martel]] is a [[w:Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the district of [[w:Locle (district)|Le Locle]] in the [[w:Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[w:Neuchâtel (canton)|Neuchâtel]]. 14 different tax stamps were issued from 1892. Gainon distinguishes 4 different groups. [[File:CHE Les Ponts-de-Martel COA.svg|thumb|right|100px]] <gallery> Switzerland Les Ponts-de-Martel 1892 revenue 1 5c - 1.jpg|1892 group 1, 5c unused (№ 1) Switzerland Les Ponts-de-Martel 1892 revenue 1 20c - 2.jpg|1892 group 1, 20c used (№ 2) Switzerland Les Ponts-de-Martel 1892 revenue 1 50c - 3.jpg|1892 group 1, 50c used (№ 3) Switzerland Les Ponts-de-Martel 1892 revenue 1 1Fr - 4.jpg|1892 group 1, 1Fr used (№ 4) </gallery> ==References== {{reflist}} kj3dtphsoa02u6nu0k9kcr6a0php412 0 449354 4498355 4114152 2025-06-02T14:51:45Z JCrue 2226064 theory table 4498355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= |Stafford gambit with 5. d3 |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C42]] |parent=[[../|Stafford gambit]] }} == 5. d3 == White defends the e-pawn with '''5. d3'''. This is White's most common continuation. Black will almost always play the Stafford gambit's most thematic key move. [[/5...Bc5|'''5...Bc5''']], developing the bishop and threatening the f2 square. == Theory table == {{ChessTable}} {{Chess/theory table |name1=Stafford gambit with 5. d3 |line1=5...Bc5 6. Be2 h5 7. c3! Ng4 8. d4 Bb6 9. h3 Nf6 |eval1={{Chess/not|+++}} |line2=5. ... ... 6. ... ... 7. ... Bb6 8. a4 Be6 9. a5 Bc5 10. d4 Be7 11. Nd2 |eval2={{Chess/not|++}} |line3=5. ... ... 6. ... ... 7. O-O? Ng4 8. h3 Qd6 9. hxg4?? hxg4 10. e5 Qxe5 11. Bf4 |eval3={{Chess/not|--}} |line4=5. ... ... 6. ... ... 7. Bxg4 Qh4 8. g3 Qxg4 9. Qxg4 Bxg4 |eval4={{Chess/not|++}} |line5=5. ... ... 6. ... ... 7. ... ... 8. Bxc8?? Qxf2# |eval5=0-1 |line6=5. ... ... 6. Be3 Bxe3 7. fxe3 Ng4 8. Qf3 Qh4+ 9. g3 Qg5 10. Kd2 |eval6={{Chess/not|++}} |line7=5. ... ... 6. Nc3? Ng4 7. Be3 Nxe3 8. fxe3 Bxe3 |eval7={{Chess/not|-}} |line8=5. ... ... 6. h3 Bxf2+ 7. Kxf2 Nxe4+ 8. Kg1?? Qd4+ 9. Kh2 Qe5+ 10. Kg1 Qd4+ 11. Kh2 Qe5+ 12. Kg1 Qd4+ 13. Kh2 Qe5+ |eval8=½-½ |line9=5. ... ... 6. ... ... 7. ... ... 8. Kf3 Qf6+ 9. Kxe4 O-O |eval9={{Chess/not|unclear}} |line10=5. ... ... 6. Bg5?? Nxe4 7. Bxd8?? Bxf2+ 8. Ke2 Bg4# |eval10=0-1 |line11=5. ... ... 6. ... ... 7. Be3 Bxe3 8. fxe3 Qh4+ 9. g3 Nxg3 10. hxg3 Qxh1 |eva11={{Chess/not|--}} |line12=5. ... ... 6. ... ... 7. dxe4?? Bxf2+ 8. Ke2 Bg4+ 9. Kxf2 Qxd1 |eval12={{Chess/not|--}} }} {{ChessMid}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{wikipedia|Petrov Defence}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} oic7b45rpk6rotmm8xcm5zoo8voqm28 0 449355 4498354 4496039 2025-06-02T14:44:06Z JCrue 2226064 4498354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |Stafford gambit with 5. d3 |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C42]] |parent=[[../|Stafford gambit]] }} == 5...Bc5 == Black develops their bishop to pressure White's vulnerable f2-pawn. Black would like to attack it with their knight as well. White must prevent the knight from coming to g4 or suffer the consequences. If White ignores the danger and plays a normal developing move like [[/6. Nc3|'''6. Nc3?''']], Black can exploit this with 6...Ng4 7. Be3 Nxe3 8. fxe3 Bxe3, winning back their pawn. [[/6. Bg5|'''6. Bg5??''']], thinking to pin the knight, instead springs a number of Stafford traps, the most infamous being: 6...Nxe4! 7. Bxd8? Bxf2+ 8. Ke2 Bg4#. Instead White must control the g4 square directly: * [[/6. Be2|'''6. Be2''']] controls the square while developing a piece. Ultimately after 6. Be2, White would like to play c3 and d4, expanding central control until the Stafford gambit position suffocates. :Black may try 6...Ng4 anyway, intending 7. Bxg4 Qh4, bringing an extra attacker to g4 while also threatening Qxf2#. White can just give back the piece and trade queens and be very happy 8. g3 Qxg4 9. Qxg4 Bxg4{{Chess/not|++}}. :The more thematic continuation is 6...h5, supporting the knight going to g4 and with ideas of opening up the h file for Black's rook. Or, Black can try 6...Qd5, threatening Qxf2#. 7. O-O defends f2, and White can follow with c3 and d4. * [[/6. h3|'''6. h3''']] controls g4 with a pawn. These lines are broadly similar: one difference is that h3 allows 6...Bxf2+!? 7. Kxf2 Nxe4+, taking advantage of the fact the d pawn is pinned to White's queen. As they have not developed the bishop, White cannot castle if 6...Qd5 so must defend the f pawn with their queen. * [[/6. f3|'''6. f3''']] is the final way to control g4. White builds a rock-solid, Semi-Slav-style pyramid, intending to follow up with the c3 and d4 idea. This opens the e1-to-h4 diagonal and gives Black the option 6...Nh4 (intending 7...Qh4+). White can defuse with 6...g4. Because White's d3 and f3 pawns prevent any Black pieces from jumping to g4 or e4, this is one of the most effective ways for positional players to immediately neutralize and defeat the Stafford gambit. (See also [[../../5. f3|5. f3]].) [[/6. Be3|'''6. Be3!?''']], to diffuse the threat by trading off bishops, is also a fair try for White and leads to a quieter game. The engine believes White gives up most of the advantage after 6...Bxe3 7. fxe3 and White must navigate threats on the e1-to-h4 diagonal. == Theory table == {{ChessTable}} {{Chess/theory table |name1=Stafford gambit with 5. d3 |line1=6. Be2 h5 7. c3! Ng4 8. d4 Bb6 9. h3 Nf6 |eval1={{Chess/not|+++}} |line2=6. ... ... 7. ... Bb6 8. a4 Be6 9. a5 Bc5 10. d4 Be7 11. Nd2 |eval2={{Chess/not|++}} |line3=6. ... ... 7. O-O? Ng4 8. h3 Qd6 9. hxg4?? hxg4 10. e5 Qxe5 11. Bf4 |eval3={{Chess/not|--}} |line4=6. ... ... 7. Bxg4 Qh4 8. g3 Qxg4 9. Qxg4 Bxg4 |eval4={{Chess/not|++}} |line5=6. ... ... 7. ... ... 8. Bxc8?? Qxf2# |eval5=0-1 |line6=6. Be3 Bxe3 7. fxe3 Ng4 8. Qf3 Qh4+ 9. g3 Qg5 10. Kd2 |eval6={{Chess/not|++}} |line7=6. Nc3? Ng4 7. Be3 Nxe3 8. fxe3 Bxe3 |eval7={{Chess/not|-}} |line8=6. h3 Bxf2+ 7. Kxf2 Nxe4+ 8. Kg1?? Qd4+ 9. Kh2 Qe5+ 10. Kg1 Qd4+ 11. Kh2 Qe5+ 12. Kg1 Qd4+ 13. Kh2 Qe5+ |eval8=½-½ |line9=6. ... ... 7. ... ... 8. Kf3 Qf6+ 9. Kxe4 O-O |eval9={{Chess/not|unclear}} |line10=6. Bg5?? Nxe4 7. Bxd8?? Bxf2+ 8. Ke2 Bg4# |eval10=0-1 |line11=6. ... ... 7. Be3 Bxe3 8. fxe3 Qh4+ 9. g3 Nxg3 10. hxg3 Qxh1 |eva11={{Chess/not|--}} |line12=6. ... ... 7. dxe4?? Bxf2+ 8. Ke2 Bg4+ 9. Kxf2 Qxd1 |eval12={{Chess/not|--}} }} {{ChessMid}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{wikipedia|Petrov Defence}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} bl52pkdwduorjp1laniossq8jx5jemp 0 449743 4498352 4428540 2025-06-02T14:39:46Z JCrue 2226064 4498352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |Stafford gambit with 5. d3 |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C42]] |parent=[[../|Stafford gambit]] }} == 6. Be2 == '''6. Be2''' helps to control the g4 square. Now '''6...Ng4''' leads to a trade of queens: 6...Ng4 7. Bxg4 Qh4 (7...Bxg4? 8. Qxh4!) 8. g3 Qxg4 9. Qxg4 Bxg4 and White is ahead, Black's threats mostly defused. The most thematic response is [[/6...h5|'''6...h5''']], where Black continues to fight for the g4 square. Black won't be able to keep their knight there, but they are optimistic that after Ng4 Bxg4 hxg4, they will be able to use the open h-file to their advantage, especially if White castles short. White's best and usual reply is 7. c3, preparing d4 to kick Black's bishop and take over the centre, whereupon Black will have a hard time keeping up the attack. After 7. c3 the main line goes 7...Ng4 8. d4 Qh4 9. g3 Qf6, and White has a significant advantage. However, White needs to be careful still. If 10. Bxg4?, then 10... Bxg4 11. Qd3 (11. Qd2? Qf3! and Black is already winning) O-O-O, and Black gets a dangerous attack and plenty of development, along with a safe king, giving more than enough compensation for the pawn. Instead, the way to continue is 10. f3! (10. Bf3 also works) h4!? 11. fxg4 hxg3 12. Be3 (not 12. hxg3?? Rxh1+ winning the rook or 12. dxc5?? Qf2+ with a crushing attack. 12. Rf1 gxh2 isn't good for White either) Rxh2 13. Rg1! (Rf1 and Rxh2 are alright according to computer analysis, but 13. Rg1 is the most straightforward way to maintain advantage) Be7 14. Nd2! Qh4?! 15. Nf3 Qh3 16. Kd2! If White does manage to weather the attack, they should be completely winning, but this is harder than most people think and even many titled players have struggled with the long-term attack that Black gets. == Theory table == {{ChessTable}} {{ChessMid}} == References == {{reflist}} {{wikipedia|Petrov Defence}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} l6d63ju58im8dydkzdcrga0h7zztrw9 4498353 4498352 2025-06-02T14:43:47Z JCrue 2226064 theory table 4498353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |Stafford gambit with 5. d3 |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C42]] |parent=[[../|Stafford gambit]] }} == 6. Be2 == '''6. Be2''' helps to control the g4 square. Now '''6...Ng4''' leads to a trade of queens: 6...Ng4 7. Bxg4 Qh4 (7...Bxg4? 8. Qxh4!) threatens Qxf2#, then 8. g3 Qxg4 9. Qxg4 Bxg4 and White is ahead, Black's threats mostly defused. The most thematic response is [[/6...h5|'''6...h5''']], where Black continues to fight for the g4 square. Black won't be able to keep their knight there, but they are optimistic that after Ng4 Bxg4 hxg4, they will be able to use the open h-file to their advantage, especially if White castles short. White's best and usual reply is 7. c3, preparing d4 to kick Black's bishop and take over the centre, whereupon Black will have a hard time keeping up the attack. After 7. c3 the main line goes 7...Ng4 8. d4 Qh4 9. g3 Qf6, and White has a significant advantage. However, White needs to be careful still. If 10. Bxg4?, then 10... Bxg4 11. Qd3 (11. Qd2? Qf3! and Black is already winning) O-O-O, and Black gets a dangerous attack and plenty of development, along with a safe king, giving more than enough compensation for the pawn. Instead, the way to continue is 10. f3! (10. Bf3 also works) h4!? 11. fxg4 hxg3 12. Be3 (not 12. hxg3?? Rxh1+ winning the rook or 12. dxc5?? Qf2+ with a crushing attack. 12. Rf1 gxh2 isn't good for White either) Rxh2 13. Rg1! (Rf1 and Rxh2 are alright according to computer analysis, but 13. Rg1 is the most straightforward way to maintain advantage) Be7 14. Nd2! Qh4?! 15. Nf3 Qh3 16. Kd2! If White does manage to weather the attack, they should be completely winning, but this is harder than most people think and even many titled players have struggled with the long-term attack that Black gets. == Theory table == {{ChessTable}} {{Chess/theory table |name1=Stafford gambit with 5. d3 |line1=6...h5 7. c3! Ng4 8. d4 Bb6 9. h3 Nf6 |eval1={{Chess/not|+++}} |line2=6. ... 7. ... Bb6 8. a4 Be6 9. a5 Bc5 10. d4 Be7 11. Nd2 |eval2={{Chess/not|++}} |line3=6. ... 7. O-O? Ng4 8. h3 Qd6 9. hxg4?? hxg4 10. e5 Qxe5 11. Bf4 |eval3={{Chess/not|--}} |line4=6. ... 7. Bxg4 Qh4 8. g3 Qxg4 9. Qxg4 Bxg4 |eval4={{Chess/not|++}} |line5=6. ... 7. ... ... 8. Bxc8?? Qxf2# |eval5=0-1 }} {{ChessMid}} == References == {{reflist}} {{wikipedia|Petrov Defence}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} df2l43qv8zooxg8gewgosibt2r5mkfq 3 452115 4498381 4498336 2025-06-02T23:55:40Z MediaWiki message delivery 1188004 /* Tech News: 2025-23 */ new section 4498381 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> {{User:Xeverything11/tabs}} {{User:Xeverything11/header|Welcome to|Xeverything11's|updates talk page!|archives= * [[User talk:Xeverything11/archives/2022|2022]] * [[User talk:Xeverything11/archives/2023|2023]] }} </noinclude> __NOTOC__ {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = User talk:Xeverything11/archives/%(year)d |algo = old(60d) |counter = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 }} == Tech News: 2023-03 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == <section begin="technews-2023-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The URLs in "{{int:last}}" links on page history now contain <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>diff=prev&oldid=[revision ID]</nowiki></code></bdi> in place of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>diff=[revision ID]&oldid=[revision ID]</nowiki></code></bdi>. This is to fix a problem with links pointing to incorrect diffs when history was filtered by a tag. Some user scripts may break as a result of this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243569] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|changes to the appearance of talk pages]] have only been available on <code>{{ns:1}}:</code> and <code>{{ns:3}}:</code> namespaces. These will be extended to other talk namespaces, such as <code>{{ns:5}}:</code>. They will continue to be unavailable in non-talk namespaces, including <code>{{ns:4}}:</code> pages (e.g., at the Village Pump). You can [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|change your preferences]] ([[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T325417] *On Wikisources, when an image is zoomed or panned in the Page: namespace, the same zoom and pan settings will be remembered for all Page: namespace pages that are linked to a particular Index: namespace page. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/ProofreadPage/+/868841] * The Vector 2022 skin will become the default for the English Wikipedia desktop users. The change will take place on January 18 at 15:00 UTC. [[:en:w:Wikipedia:Vector 2022|Learn more]]. '''Future changes''' * The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]], which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts next week on 23 January 2023 at 18:00 UTC. You can start drafting your proposals in [[m:Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|the CWS sandbox]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W03"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:11, 17 January 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24381020 --> == Tech News: 2023-04 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == <section begin="technews-2023-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, for ~15 minutes, all wikis were unreachable for logged-in users and non-cached pages. This was caused by a timing issue. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-17_MediaWiki] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * If you have the Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project|DiscussionTools]] enabled, the appearance of talk pages will add more information about discussion activity. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Status][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317907] * The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]] (CWS), which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts on Monday 23 January 2023 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1674496814 18:00 UTC]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W04"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:46, 23 January 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24418874 --> == Tech News: 2023-05 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == <section begin="technews-2023-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, for ~15 minutes, some users were unable to log in or edit pages. This was caused by a problem with session storage. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-24_sessionstore_quorum_issues] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Wikis that use localized numbering schemes for references need to add new CSS. This will help to show citation numbers the same way in all reading and editing modes. If your wiki would prefer to do it yourselves, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|details and example CSS to copy from]], and also add your wiki to the list. Otherwise, the developers will directly help out starting the week of February 5. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W05"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:06, 31 January 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24455949 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-06 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Sweden Finns' Day]] '''<br /> <small>''([[:fi:Ruotsinsuomalaisten päivä]]) ([[:sv:Sverigefinnarnas dag]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Sverigefinskaflaggan.svg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Sweden Finns' Day''' (Finnish: Ruotsinsuomalaisten päivä, Swedish: Sverigefinnarnas dag) is an anniversary celebrated in Sweden on 24 February. The anniversary of the calendar was approved by the Swedish Academy in 2010 and was celebrated for the first time in 2011. February 24 was chosen as the birthday of Carl Axel Gottlund, a collector of folk poetry and a defender of the status of the Finnish language. The purpose of the day is to celebrate the Sweden Finns and to recognize their history, language and culture as a prominent part of Sweden's cultural heritage. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:04, 6 February 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=24491747 --> == Tech News: 2023-06 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == <section begin="technews-2023-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022 skin]], logged-out users using the full-width toggle will be able to see the setting of their choice even after refreshing pages or opening new ones. This only applies to wikis where Vector 2022 is the default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321498] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Previously, we announced when some wikis would be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. These switches will not be announced any more, as the read-only time has become non-significant. Switches will continue to happen at 7AM UTC on Tuesdays and Thursdays. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292543#8568433] * Across all the wikis, in the Vector 2022 skin, logged-in users will see the page-related links such as "What links here" in a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Features/Page_tools|new side menu]]. It will be displayed on the other side of the screen. This change had previously been made on Czech, English, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328692] *[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] will stop receiving new proposals on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1675706431 Monday, 6 February 2023, at 18:00 UTC]. Proposers should complete any edits by then, to give time for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/Help_us|translations]] and review. Voting will begin on Friday, 10 February. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts will be changing to load on desktop and mobile sites. Previously they would only load on the desktop site. It is recommended that wiki administrators audit the [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition|gadget definitions]] prior to this change, and add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>skins=…</code></bdi> for any gadgets which should not load on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610 More details are available]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W06"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 10:21, 6 February 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24491749 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-07 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Delivery robot]] '''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Woman Takes Groceries from Dax Delivery Robot.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> A '''delivery robot''' is an autonomous robot that provides "last mile" delivery services. An operator may monitor and take control of the robot remotely in certain situations that the robot cannot resolve by itself such as when it is stuck in an obstacle. Delivery robots can be used in different settings such as food delivery, package delivery, hospital delivery, and room service. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:26, 13 February 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=24515453 --> == Tech News: 2023-07 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == <section begin="technews-2023-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * On wikis where patrolled edits are enabled, changes made to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list|mentor list]] by autopatrolled mentors are not correctly marked as patrolled. It will be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328444] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The Reply tool and other parts of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|DiscussionTools]] will be deployed for all editors using the mobile site. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Mobile#Status_Updates|read more about this decision]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298060] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W07"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:49, 14 February 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24540832 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-08 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Buddha Dhatu Jadi]] '''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Swarno Mandir.JPG|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Buddha Dhatu Jadi''' (Bengali: বুদ্ধ ধাতু জাদি; Burmese: ဗုဒ္ဓဓာတုစေတီ also known as the Bandarban Golden Temple) is located close to Balaghata town, in Bandarban City, in Bangladesh. Dhatu are the material remains of a holy person, and in this temple the relics belong to Buddha. It is the largest Theravada Buddhist temple in Bangladesh and has the second-largest Buddha statue in the country. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:18, 20 February 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=24581813 --> == Tech News: 2023-08 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == <section begin="technews-2023-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, during planned maintenance of Cloud Services, unforeseen complications forced the team to turn off all tools for 2–3 hours to prevent data corruption. Work is ongoing to prevent similar problems in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329535] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). *The voting phase for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] ends on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677261621 24 February at 18:00 UTC]. The results of the survey will be announced on 28 February. '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W08"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:58, 21 February 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24570514 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-09 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Alina Scholtz]] '''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Alina Scholtz''' (24 September 1908 – 25 February 1996) was a Polish landscape architect, known as one of country's pioneers in developing the field. Throughout her career she worked on various public and private projects for cemeteries, parks and green spaces. Some of her most noted works include the grounds of a villa on Kielecka Street in Warsaw for which she won a Silver Medal at the 1937 World Exhibition in Paris, the memorial cemetery to the victims of the Palmiry massacre, and landscaping projects along the East-West traffic route of Warsaw. In addition to her design work, she served as one of the founding members of the International Federation of Landscape Architects. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:04, 27 February 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=24617511 --> == Tech News: 2023-09 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == <section begin="technews-2023-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, in some areas of the world, there were problems with loading pages for 20 minutes and saving edits for 55 minutes. These issues were caused by a problem with our caching servers due to unforseen events during a routine maintenance task. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_wiki_outage][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_read_only] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W09"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:47, 27 February 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24634242 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-10 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Mary Nzimiro]] '''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Mary Nzimiro''', birthname Mary Nwametu Onumonu, MBE (1898–1993) was a pioneering Nigerian businesswoman, politician and women's activist. In 1948, she was appointed principal representative of the United Africa Company (UAC) for Eastern Nigeria, while maintaining textile and cosmetics retail outlets of her own in Port Harcourt, Aba and Owerri. By the early 1950s, she was among the richest individuals in West Africa, becoming a resident of the exclusive Bernard Carr Street in Port Harcourt. On the political front, she was a member of the influential National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons, becoming a member of its executive committee in 1957 and vice-president of the NCNC Estern Women's Association in 1962. During the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970), she organized Igbo women in support of the Biafrans. As a result she lost most of her property in Port Harcourt and returned to her native Oguta where she died in 1993. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:47, 6 March 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=24636259 --> == Tech News: 2023-10 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == <section begin="technews-2023-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Community Wishlist Survey 2023 edition has been concluded. Community Tech has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|published the results]] of the survey and will provide an update on what is next in April 2023. * On wikis which use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Writing_systems|LanguageConverter]] to handle multiple writing systems, articles which used custom conversion rules in the wikitext (primarily on Chinese Wikipedia) would have these rules applied inconsistently in the table of contents, especially in the Vector 2022 skin. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306862] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * A search system has been added to the [[Special:Preferences|Preferences screen]]. This will let you find different options more easily. Making it work on mobile devices will happen soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313804] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W10"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:50, 6 March 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24676916 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-11 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Elizabeth Langdon Williams]] '''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Elizabeth Langdon Williams.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Elizabeth Langdon Williams''' (February 8, 1879 in Putnam, Connecticut – 1981 in Enfield, New Hampshire) was an American human computer and astronomer whose work helped lead to the discovery of Pluto, or Planet X. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:21, 13 March 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=24700408 --> == Tech News: 2023-11 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == <section begin="technews-2023-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-cbk_zamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cdowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cebwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ckbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-csbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304542][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304550] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W11"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:20, 13 March 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24700189 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-12 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:I Didn't Raise My Boy to Be a Soldier]] '''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Peerless Quartet - I Didn't Raise my Boy to be a Soldier.ogg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> an American anti-war song that was influential within the pacifist movement that existed in the United States before it entered World War I. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:31, 20 March 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=24720571 --> == Tech News: 2023-12 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == <section begin="technews-2023-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, some users experienced issues loading image thumbnails. This was due to incorrectly cached images. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331820] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A link to the user's [[{{#special:CentralAuth}}]] page will appear on [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] — some user scripts which previously added this link may cause conflicts. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Admins and patrollers/Add link to CentralAuth on Special:Contributions|voted #17 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[{{#special:AbuseFilter}}]] edit window will be resizable and larger by default. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Make the AbuseFilter edit window resizable and larger by default|voted #80 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * There will be a new option for Administrators when they are unblocking a user, to add the unblocked user’s user page to their watchlist. This will work both via [[{{#special:Unblock}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257662] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1679677204 24 March at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Office Hours|details and how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W12"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:26, 21 March 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24732558 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-13 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:es:Diana Aguavil]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:en:Diana Aguavil]]) ([[:pt:Diana Aguavil]]) ''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Diana Aguavil.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Diana Alexandra Aguavil Calazacón''' (born 7 August 1983) is an Ecuadorian indigenous leader, since 25 August 2018, the first female governor of the Tsáchila nationality after 104 years of male administrations and winning the 2018 Tsáchila election. She was also the second woman to become a candidate. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:39, 27 March 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=24758626 --> == Tech News: 2023-13 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == <section begin="technews-2023-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] condition limit was increased from 1000 to 2000. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309609] * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter#Locally disabled actions|Some Global AbuseFilter]] actions will no longer apply to local projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332521] * Desktop users are now able to subscribe to talk pages by clicking on the {{int:discussiontools-newtopicssubscription-button-subscribe-label}} link in the {{int:toolbox}} menu. If you subscribe to a talk page, you receive [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications|notifications]] when new topics are started on that talk page. This is separate from putting the page on your watchlist or subscribing to a single discussion. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263821] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You will be able to choose [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|visual diffs]] on all [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Page history|history pages]] at the Wiktionaries and Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314588] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The legacy [[mw:Mobile Content Service|Mobile Content Service]] is going away in July 2023. Developers are encouraged to switch to Parsoid or another API before then to ensure service continuity. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/4MVQQTONJT7FJAXNVOFV3WWVVMCHRINE/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W13"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:14, 28 March 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24780854 --> == Tech News: 2023-14 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == <section begin="technews-2023-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The system for automatically creating categories for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Babel|Babel]] extension has had several important changes and fixes. One of them allows you to insert templates for automatic category descriptions on creation, allowing you to categorize the new categories. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211665][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T64714][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170654][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184941][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33074] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some older [[w:en:Web browser|Web browsers]] will stop being able to use [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] on Wikimedia wikis from this week. This mainly affects users of Internet Explorer 11. If you have an old web browser on your computer you can try to upgrade to a newer version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T178356] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The deprecated <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.hoverIntent</code></bdi> module has been removed. This module could be used by gadgets and user scripts, to create an artificial delay in how JavaScript responds to a hover event. Gadgets and user scripts should now use jQuery <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>hover()</code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>on()</code></bdi> instead. Examples can be found in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Migration_guide_(users)#jquery.hoverIntent|migration guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311194] * Some of the links in [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] will be re-arranged. There will be a clearer separation between links that relate to all users, and links related to your own user account. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333242] * You will be able to hide the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|Reply button]] in archived discussion pages with a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__ARCHIVEDTALK__</nowiki></code></bdi> magic word. There will also be a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.mw-archivedtalk</code></bdi> CSS class for hiding the Reply button in individual sections on a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249293][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295553][https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/DiscussionTools/+/738221] '''Future changes''' * The Vega software that creates data visualizations in pages, such as graphs, will be upgraded to the newest version in the future. Graphs that still use the very old version 1.5 syntax may stop working properly. Most existing uses have been found and updated, but you can help to check, and to update any local documentation. [[phab:T260542|Examples of how to find and fix these graphs are available]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W14"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:40, 3 April 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24820268 --> == Tech News: 2023-15 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == <section begin="technews-2023-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] In the visual editor, it is now possible to edit captions of images in galleries without opening the gallery dialog. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Editing/Editable gallery captions in Visual Editor|voted #61 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190224] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] You can now receive notifications when another user edits your user page. See the "{{int:Echo-category-title-edit-user-page}}" option in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo|your Preferences]]. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Notifications for user page edits|voted #3 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T3876] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with all types of CentralNotice banners still being shown to logged-in users even if they had [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-centralnotice-banners|turned off]] specific banner types. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331671] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-arywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dinwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-elwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-emlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-etwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-euwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-extwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tumwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ffwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiu_vrowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-furwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gcrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gotwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-guwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304551][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308133] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W15"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:05, 10 April 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24851886 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-16 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:it:Lucy Salani]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:en:Lucy Salani]]) ([[:fr:Lucy Salani]]) ''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Lucy Salani.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Lucy Salani''' was an Italian activist and is considered the only Italian transgender person to have survived the Nazi concentration camps. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:06, 17 April 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=24872966 --> == Tech News: 2023-16 == <section begin="technews-2023-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Show_nearby_articles|nearby articles on a Kartographer map]] with the button for the new feature "{{int:Kartographer-sidebar-nearbybutton}}". Six wikis have been testing this feature since October. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Nearby_articles#Implementation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334079] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Special:GlobalWatchlist]] page now has links for "{{int:globalwatchlist-markpageseen}}" for each entry. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Button to mark a single change as read in the global watch list|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334246] '''Problems''' * At Wikimedia Commons, some thumbnails have not been getting replaced correctly after a new version of the image is uploaded. This should be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331138][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333042] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] For the last few weeks, some external tools had inconsistent problems with logging-in with OAuth. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332650] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W16"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:55, 18 April 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24881071 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-17 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:ca:María Fernanda Castro Maya]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:pt:María Fernanda Castro Maya]]) ([[:eu:María Fernanda Castro Maya]]) ''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''María Fernanda Castro Maya''' is a Mexican self-advocate disability rights activist. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:55, 24 April 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=24872966 --> == Tech News: 2023-17 == <section begin="technews-2023-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The date-selection menu on pages such as [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] will now show year-ranges that are in the current and past decade, instead of the current and future decade. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Change year range shown in date selection popup|voted #145 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334316] '''Problems''' * Due to security issues with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]], graphs have been disabled in all Wikimedia projects. Wikimedia Foundation teams are working to respond to these vulnerabilities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940] * For a few days, it was not possible to save some kinds of edits on the mobile version of a wiki. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334797][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334799][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334794] '''Changes later this week''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on April 26. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1682517653 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The Editing team plans an A/B test for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|a usability analysis of the Talk page project]]. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|planned measurements are available]]. Your wiki [[phab:T332946|may be invited to participate]]. Please suggest improvements to the measurement plan at [[mw:Talk:Talk pages project/Usability|the discussion page]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024|The Wikimedia Foundation annual plan 2023-2024 draft is open for comment and input]] until May 19. The final plan will be published in July 2023 on Meta-wiki. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W17"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:04, 24 April 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24933592 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-18 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Sonia Orbuch]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Sonia Shainwald Orbuch''' (born Sarah Shainwald, May 24, 1925 – September 30, 2018) was an American Holocaust educator. During the Second World War she was a Jewish resistance fighter in eastern Poland. Orbuch hid in the forests of Poland with her family during the Second World War. She joined a group of Soviet partisans, being renamed Sonia in case she was captured, and helped fight against the Germans. After the war, she returned home, where she met her future husband. After having a daughter in a refugee camp in Germany, the family eventually emigrated to the United States. She spent the rest of life in public engagement, speaking about her experiences and in 2009, published her autobiography, Here, There Are No Sarahs: A Woman's Courageous Fight Against the Nazis and Her Bittersweet Fulfillment of the American Dream. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 06:24, 1 May 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=24872966 --> == Tech News: 2023-18 == <section begin="technews-2023-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the French and Italian Wikipedias. More languages will be added in the near future. This is part of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend "Who Wrote That?" tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243711][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270490][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891] * The [[:commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2commons]] tool has been updated. This fixed several bugs related to YouTube uploads. [https://github.com/toolforge/video2commons/pull/162/commits] * The [[{{#special:Preferences}}]] page has been redesigned on mobile web. The new design makes it easier to browse the different categories and settings at low screen widths. You can also now access the page via a link in the Settings menu in the mobile web sidebar. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Content_moderation_on_mobile_web/Preferences] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W18"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:45, 2 May 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24966974 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-19 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Nadia Ghulam]]'''<br /><small>''([[:fr:Nadia Ghulam]]) ([[:es:Nadia Ghulam]]) ([[:ca:Nadia Ghulam]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Nadia Ghulam (cropped).jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Nadia Ghulam Dastgir''' is an Afghan woman who spent ten years posing as her dead brother to evade the Taliban's strictures against women. Her book about her experiences, written with Agnès Rotger and published in 2010, El secret del meu turbant (The Secret of My Turban), won the Prudenci Bertrana Prize for fiction. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:37, 8 May 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=24966177 --> == Tech News: 2023-19 == <section begin="technews-2023-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Last week, Community Tech released the first update for providing [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diffs]], the #1 request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey. [[phab:T324759|This update]] adds legends and tooltips to inline diffs so that users unfamiliar with the blue and yellow highlights can better understand the type of edits made. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] When you close an image that is displayed via MediaViewer, it will now return to the wiki page instead of going back in your browser history. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Return to the article when closing the MediaViewer|voted #65 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T236591] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|SyntaxHighlight]] extension now supports <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>wikitext</code></bdi> as a selected language. Old alternatives that were used to highlight wikitext, such as <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>html5</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>moin</code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>html+handlebars</code></bdi>, can now be replaced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29828] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating pages with preloaded text|Preloading text to new pages/sections]] now supports preloading from localized MediaWiki interface messages. [https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Martin_Urbanec_(WMF)?action=edit&section=new&preload=MediaWiki:July Here is an example] at the {{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}} that uses <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>preload=MediaWiki:July</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330337] '''Problems''' * Graph Extension update: Foundation developers have completed upgrading the visualization software to Vega5. Existing community graphs based on Vega2 are no longer compatible. Communities need to update local graphs and templates, and shared lua modules like <bdi lang="de" dir="ltr">[[:de:Modul:Graph]]</bdi>. The [https://vega.github.io/vega/docs/porting-guide/ Vega Porting guide] provides the most comprehensive detail on migration from Vega2 and [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Graph:PageViews&action=history here is an example migration]. Vega5 has currently just been enabled on mediawiki.org to provide a test environment for communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940#8813922] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Until now, all new OAuth apps went through manual review. Starting this week, apps using identification-only or basic authorizations will not require review. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T67750] '''Future changes''' * During the next year, MediaWiki will stop using IP addresses to identify logged-out users, and will start automatically assigning unique temporary usernames. Read more at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates|IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates]]. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#What should it look like?|join the discussion]] about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates#What will temporary usernames look like?|format of the temporary usernames]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332805] * There will be an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on 10 Wikipedias where the Vector 2022 skin is the default skin. Half of logged-in desktop users will see an interface where the different parts of the page are more clearly separated. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2023-05 Zebra9 A/B test|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333180][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335972] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] <code>jquery.tipsy</code> will be removed from the MediaWiki core. This will affect some user scripts. Many lines with <code>.tipsy(</code> can be commented out. <code>OO.ui.PopupWidget</code> can be used to keep things working like they are now. You can [[phab:T336019|read more]] and [[:mw:Help:Locating broken scripts|read about how to find broken scripts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336019] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W19"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:36, 9 May 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24998636 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-20 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Purple Day]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Epilepsy Warrior Brooch May 2018 Purple Day.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Purple Day''' is a global grassroots event that was formed with the intention to increase worldwide awareness of epilepsy, and to dispel common myths and fears of this neurological disorder. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:17, 15 May 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25000361 --> == Tech News: 2023-20 == <section begin="technews-2023-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Citations that are automatically generated based on [[d:Q33057|ISBN]] are currently broken. This affects citations made with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]], and the use of the citoid API in gadgets and user scripts. Work is ongoing to restore this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-gorwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hakwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hifwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-htwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-igwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ilowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-inhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308134] '''Future changes''' * There is a recently formed team at the Wikimedia Foundation which will be focusing on experimenting with new tools. Currently they are building [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI|a prototype ChatGPT plugin that allows information generated by ChatGPT to be properly attributed]] to the Wikimedia projects. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and userscript developers should replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki.cookie</code></bdi>. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> library will be removed in ~1 month, and staff developers will run a script to replace any remaining uses at that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336018] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W20"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:45, 15 May 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25011501 --> == Tech News: 2023-21 == <section begin="technews-2023-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The "recent edits" time period for page watchers is now 30 days. It used to be 180 days. This was a [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Change information about the number of watchers on a page|Community Wishlist Survey proposal]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336250] '''Changes later this week''' * An [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Impact|improved impact module]] will be available at Wikipedias. The impact module is a feature available to newcomers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer homepage|at their personal homepage]]. It will show their number of edits, how many readers their edited pages have, how many thanks they have received and similar things. It is also accessible by accessing Special:Impact. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W21"/> 16:55, 22 May 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25028325 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-22 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Valencian Art Nouveau]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:es:Modernismo valenciano]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Santuario Novelda.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Valencian Art Nouveau''' (Spanish: modernismo valenciano, Valencian: modernisme valencià), is the historiographic denomination given to an art and literature movement associated with the Art Nouveau in the Valencian Community, in Spain. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:46, 29 May 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25074014 --> == Tech News: 2023-22 == <section begin="technews-2023-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Citations can once again be added automatically from ISBNs, thanks to Zotero's ISBN searches. The current data sources are the Library of Congress (United States), the Bibliothèque nationale de France (French National Library), and K10plus ISBN (German repository). Additional data source searches can be [[mw:Citoid/Creating Zotero translators|proposed to Zotero]]. The ISBN labels in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]] will reappear later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298#8859917] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The page [[{{#special:EditWatchlist}}]] now has "{{int:watchlistedit-normal-check-all}}" options to select all the pages within a namespace. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Watchlist edit - "check all" checkbox|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334252] '''Problems''' * For a few days earlier this month, the "Add interlanguage link" item in the Tools menu did not work properly. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337081] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/small.dblist small] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/medium.dblist medium] wikis this week. Large wikis will follow in the coming weeks. This is part of the effort to move Parsoid into MediaWiki core. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W22"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:04, 29 May 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25079963 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-23 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:pt:Alessandra Korap]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:en:Alessandra Korap]]) ''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Alessandra Korap''' is an indigenous leader and Brazilian environmental activist from the Munduruku ethnic group. Her main work is defending the demarcation of indigenous territory and denouncing the illegal exploitation and activities of the mining and logging industries. Alessandra is internationally recognized for her work. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:33, 5 June 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25111481 --> == Tech News: 2023-23 == <section begin="technews-2023-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe|RealMe]] extension allows you to mark URLs on your user page as verified for Mastodon and similar software. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Citation and footnote editing can now be started from the reference list when using the visual editor. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Citations/Allow citations to be edited in the references section with VisualEditor|voted #2 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T54750] * Previously, clicking on someone else's link to Recent Changes with filters applied within the URL could unintentionally change your preference for "{{int:Rcfilters-group-results-by-page}}". This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202916#8874081] '''Problems''' * For a few days last week, some tools and bots returned outdated information due to database replication problems, and may have been down entirely while it was being fixed. These issues have now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337446] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Bots will no longer be prevented from making edits because of URLs that match the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SpamBlacklist|spam blacklist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313107] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W23"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:52, 5 June 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25114640 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-24 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Cassinga Day]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Cassinga Day''' is a national public holiday in Namibia remembering the Cassinga Massacre. Commemorated annually on 4 May, the date "remembers those (approximately 600) killed in 1978 when the South African Defence Force attacked a SWAPO base at Cassinga in southern Angola". <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:07, 12 June 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25111481 --> == Tech News: 2023-24 == <section begin="technews-2023-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the Dutch, German, Hungarian, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish and Portuguese Wikipedias. This was the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend "Who Wrote That?" tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Search Improvements#Search Preview panel|Search Preview panel]] has been deployed on four Wikipedias (Catalan, Dutch, Hungarian and Norwegian). The panel will show an image related to the article (if existing), the top sections of the article, related images (coming from MediaSearch on Commons), and eventually the sister projects associated with the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306341] * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe#Verifying_a_link_on_non-user_pages|RealMe]] extension now allows administrators to verify URLs for any page, for Mastodon and similar software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324937] * The default project license [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimediaannounce-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/7G6XPWZPQFLZ2JANN3ZX6RT4DVUI3HZQ/ has been officially upgraded] to CC BY-SA 4.0. The software interface messages have been updated. Communities should feel free to start updating any mentions of the old CC BY-SA 3.0 licensing within policies and related documentation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319064] '''Problems''' * For three days last month, some Wikipedia pages edited with VisualEditor or DiscussionTools had an unintended <code><nowiki>__TOC__</nowiki></code> (or its localized form) added during an edit. There is [[mw:Parsoid/Deployments/T336101_followup|a listing of affected pages sorted by wiki]], that may still need to be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336101] * Currently, the "{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}" feature in VisualEditor is broken. Existing <code><nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}</nowiki></code> keywords incorrectly appear as missing templates in VisualEditor. Developers are exploring how to fix this. In the meantime, those wishing to edit the default sortkey of a page are advised to switch to source editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Last week, an update to the delete form may have broken some gadgets or user scripts. If you need to manipulate (empty) the reason field, replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>#wpReason</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;"><code>#wpReason > input</code></bdi>. See [https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3AGadget-CleanDeleteReasons.js&diff=22859956&oldid=12794189 an example fix]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337809] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on English Wikipedia on Monday, and all other [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/large.dblist large] wikis on Thursday. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529] '''Future changes''' * From 5 June to 17 July, the Foundation's [[:mw:Wikimedia Security Team|Security team]] is holding a consultation with contributors regarding a draft policy to govern the use of third-party resources in volunteer-developed gadgets and scripts. Feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|Third-party resources policy]] on meta-wiki. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W24"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:52, 12 June 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25133779 --> == Tech News: 2023-25 == <section begin="technews-2023-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Flame graphs are now available in WikimediaDebug. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/JXNQD3EHG5V5QW5UXFDPSHQG4MJ3FWJQ/][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2023/06/08/flame-graphs-arrive-in-wikimediadebug/] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * There is now a toolbar search popup in the visual editor. You can trigger it by typing <code>\</code> or pressing <code>ctrl + shift + p</code>. It can help you quickly access most tools in the editor. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Visual_editor_toolbar_search_feature.png][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T66905] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W25"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:09, 19 June 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25159510 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-26 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Rawon]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Rawon Setan.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Rawon''' (Javanese: ꦫꦮꦺꦴꦤ꧀) is an Indonesian beef soup. Originating from East Java, rawon utilizes the black keluak nut as the main seasoning, which gives a dark color and nutty flavor to the soup. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:18, 26 June 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25177056 --> == Tech News: 2023-26 == <section begin="technews-2023-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Action API modules and Special:LinkSearch will now add a trailing <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>/</code></bdi> to all <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prop=extlinks</code></bdi> responses for bare domains. This is part of the work to remove duplication in the <code>externallinks</code> database table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337994] '''Problems''' * Last week, search was broken on Commons and Wikidata for 23 hours. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339810][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-06-18_search_broken_on_wikidata_and_commons] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Minerva skin now applies more predefined styles to the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.mbox-text</code></bdi> CSS class. This enables support for mbox templates that use divs instead of tables. Please make sure that the new styles won't affect other templates in your wiki. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/skins/MinervaNeue/+/930901/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339040] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets will now load on both desktop and mobile by default. Previously, gadgets loaded only on desktop by default. Changing this default using the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|targets=</code></bdi> parameter is also deprecated and should not be used. You should make gadgets work on mobile or disable them based on the skin (with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|skins=</code></bdi> parameter in <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition</bdi>) rather than whether the user uses the mobile or the desktop website. Popular gadgets that create errors on mobile will be disabled by developers on the Minerva skin as a temporary solution. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T127268] * All namespace tabs now have the same browser [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Keyboard_shortcuts|access key]] by default. Previously, custom and extension-defined namespaces would have to have their access keys set manually on-wiki, but that is no longer necessary. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T22126] * The review form of the Flagged Revisions extension now uses the standardized [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|user interface components]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the parser's HTML output will change in the coming weeks at [[:wikitech:Deployments/Train#Thursday|group2 wikis]]. This change improves the accessibility of content. You may need to update your site-CSS, or userscripts and gadgets. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Media_structure/FAQ|details on what code to check, how to update the code, and where to report any related problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314318] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W26"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:19, 26 June 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25202311 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-27 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Hook echo]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Tornadic classic supercell radar.gif|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> A '''hook echo''' is a pendant or hook-shaped weather radar signature as part of some supercell thunderstorms. It is found in the lower portions of a storm as air and precipitation flow into a mesocyclone, resulting in a curved feature of reflectivity. The echo is produced by rain, hail, or even debris being wrapped around the supercell <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:18, 3 July 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25241057 --> == Tech News: 2023-27 == <section begin="technews-2023-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the rolling out of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposal, [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/small.dblist small wikis] will now be able to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline audio player mode|inline audio player]] that is implemented by the [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] extension. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] From this week all gadgets automatically load on mobile and desktop sites. If you see any problems with gadgets on your wikis, please adjust the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|gadget options]] in your gadget definitions file. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W27"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:51, 3 July 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25231546 --> == Tech News: 2023-28 == <section begin="technews-2023-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Section-level Image Suggestions|Section-level Image Suggestions feature]] has been deployed on seven Wikipedias (Portuguese, Russian, Indonesian, Catalan, Hungarian, Finnish and Norwegian Bokmål). The feature recommends images for articles on contributors' watchlists that are a good match for individual sections of those articles. * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter|Global abuse filters]] have been enabled on all Wikimedia projects, except English and Japanese Wikipedias (who opted out). This change was made following a [[:m:Requests for comment/Make global abuse filters opt-out|global request for comments]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341159] * [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] is a new tool for administrators to help fight spam. It provides a clearer interface for blocking plain domains (and their subdomains), is more easily searchable, and is faster for the software to process for each edit on the wiki. It does not support regex (for complex cases), nor URL path-matching, nor the [[MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist|MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist]], but otherwise it replaces most of the functionalities of the existing [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist|MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]]. There is a Python script to help migrate all simple domains into this tool, and more feature details, within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:BlockedExternalDomains|the tool's documentation]]. It is available at all wikis except for Meta-wiki, Commons, and Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337431] * The WikiEditor extension was updated. It includes some of the most frequently used features of wikitext editing. In the past, many of its messages could only be translated by administrators, but now all regular translators on translatewiki can translate them. Please check [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=ext-wikieditor&messages=&x=D#sortable:0=asc the state of WikiEditor localization into your language], and if the "Completion" for your language shows anything less than 100%, please complete the translation. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-ambassadors@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/D4YELU2DXMZ75PGELUOKXXMFF3FH45XA/ a more detailed explanation]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The default protocol of [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and API counterparts has changed from http to both http and https. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14810] * [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and its API counterparts will now search for all of the URL provided in the query. It used to be only the first 60 characters. This feature was requested fifteen years ago. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T17218] '''Future changes''' * There is an experiment with a [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin. This is to show users where the information is coming from when they read information from Wikipedia. It has been tested by Wikimedia Foundation staff and other Wikimedians. Soon all ChatGPT plugin users can use the Wikipedia plugin. This is the same plugin which was mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Tech News 2023/20]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI] * There is an ongoing discussion on a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|proposed Third-party resources policy]]. The proposal will impact the use of third-party resources in gadgets and userscripts. Based on the ideas received so far, policy includes some of the risks related to user scripts and gadgets loading third-party resources, some best practices and exemption requirements such as code transparency and inspectability. Your feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome until July 17, 2023 on [[m:Talk:Third-party resources policy|on the policy talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W28"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:54, 10 July 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25278797 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-29 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Esther Cooper Jackson]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:fr:Esther Cooper Jackson]]) ([[:simple:Esther Cooper Jackson]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Esther Cooper Jackson, 1968, Great Barrington.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Esther Victoria Cooper Jackson''' was an American civil rights activist and social worker. She was one of the founding editors of the magazine Freedomways. She also was an organizational and executive secretary at the Southern Negro Youth Congress. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:14, 17 July 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25266525 --> == Tech News: 2023-29 == <section begin="technews-2023-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] We are now serving 1% of all global user traffic from [[w:en:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]] (you can [[wikitech:MediaWiki On Kubernetes|read more technical details]]). We are planning to increment this percentage regularly. You can [[phab:T290536|follow the progress of this work]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message|system messages]] will now look for available local fallbacks, instead of always using the default fallback defined by software. This means wikis no longer need to override each language on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback_languages|fallback chain]] separately. For example, English Wikipedia doesn't have to create <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>en-ca</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>en-gb</code></bdi> subpages with a transclusion of the base pages anymore. This makes it easier to maintain local overrides. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229992] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>action=growthsetmentorstatus</code></bdi> API will be deprecated with the new MediaWiki version. Bots or scripts calling that API should use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>action=growthmanagementorlist</code></bdi> API now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321503] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W29"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:08, 17 July 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25289122 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-30 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Cut of pork]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:American Pork Cuts.svg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''cuts of pork''' are the different parts of the pig which are consumed as food by humans. The terminology and extent of each cut varies from country to country. There are between four and six primal cuts, which are the large parts in which the pig is first cut: the shoulder (blade and picnic), loin, belly (spare ribs and side) and leg <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:21, 24 July 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25318972 --> == Tech News: 2023-30 == <section begin="technews-2023-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] On July 18, the Wikimedia Foundation launched a survey about the [[:mw:Technical_decision_making|technical decision making process]] for people who do technical work that relies on software that is maintained by the Foundation or affiliates. If this applies to you, [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/885471 please take part in the survey]. The survey will be open for three weeks, until August 7. You can find more information in [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/Q7DUCFA75DXG3G2KHTO7CEWMLCYTSDB2/|the announcement e-mail on wikitech-l]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W30"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:20, 25 July 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25332248 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-31 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Gunhild Cross]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Gunhildkorset.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Gunhild Cross''' (Danish: Gunhildkorset), named for its first owner, Gunhild, a daughter of Svend III of Denmark, is a mid-12th-century crucifix carved in walrus tusk and with both Latin and Runic inscriptions. It is now in the collection of the National Museum of Denmark. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:48, 31 July 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25380210 --> == Tech News: 2023-31 == <section begin="technews-2023-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Synchronizer|Synchronizer]] tool is now available to keep Lua modules synced across Wikimedia wikis, along with [[mw:Multilingual Templates and Modules|updated documentation]] to develop global Lua modules and templates. * The tag filter on [[{{#special:NewPages}}]] and revision history pages can now be inverted. For example, you can hide edits that were made using an automated tool. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334337][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334338] * The Wikipedia [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin experiment can now be used by ChatGPT users who can use plugins. You can participate in a [[:m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future Audiences#Announcing monthly Future Audiences open "office hours"|video call]] if you want to talk about this experiment or similar work. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI] '''Problems''' * It was not possible to generate a PDF for pages with non-Latin characters in the title, for the last two weeks. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342442] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Tuesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-kawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kaawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-knwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kshwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kwwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308135] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W31"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:54, 31 July 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25362228 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-32 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Polyura athamas]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Close wing mud-puddling position of Charaxes bharata (C.& R. Felder,1867) - Indian Nawab.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''''Polyura athamas''''', the common nawab, is a species of fast-flying canopy butterfly found in tropical Asia. It belongs to the Charaxinae (rajahs and nawabs) in the brush-footed butterfly family (Nymphalidae). <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 03:14, 7 August 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25410866 --> == Tech News: 2023-32 == <section begin="technews-2023-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Mobile Web editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile_contributions#August_1,_2023_-_Full-page_editing_added_on_mobile|edit a whole page at once]]. To use this feature, turn on "{{int:Mobile-frontend-mobile-option-amc}}" in your settings and use the "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}" button in the "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-overflow}}" menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203151] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W32"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:21, 7 August 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25420038 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-33 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Women's page]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:"Doings in Pittsburg Society" The Pittsburg Press February 1, 1920.png|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''women's page''' (sometimes called home page or women's section) of a newspaper was a section devoted to covering news assumed to be of interest to women. Women's pages started out in the 19th century as society pages and eventually morphed into features sections in the 1970s. Although denigrated during much of that period, they had a significant impact on journalism and in their communities. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:51, 14 August 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25427472 --> == Tech News: 2023-33 == <section begin="technews-2023-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Content translation system is no longer using Youdao's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Initial_machine_translation|machine translation service]]. The service was in place for several years, but due to no usage, and availability of alternatives, it was deprecated to reduce maintenance overheads. Other services which cover the same languages are still available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329137] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ladwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lezwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lfnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-liwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lijwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lmowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ltgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-maiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-map_bmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mdfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kywiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308136] <!-- TODO replace wiki codes --> '''Future changes''' * A few gadgets/user scripts which add icons to the Minerva skin need to have their CSS updated. There are more details available including a [[phab:T344067|search for all existing instances and how to update them]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W33"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 06:00, 15 August 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25428668 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-34 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Insect toxin]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:de:Insektengift]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:PDB 1lmr EBI.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Insect toxins''' are various protein toxins produced by insect species. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:32, 21 August 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25427472 --> == Tech News: 2023-34 == <section begin="technews-2023-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [https://gdrive-to-commons.toolforge.org/ GDrive to Commons Uploader] tool is now available. It enables [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GDrive to Commons Uploader|securely selecting and uploading files]] from your Google Drive directly to Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267868] * From now on, we will announce new Wikimedia wikis in Tech News, so you can update any tools or pages. ** Since the last edition, two new wikis have been created: *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q7121294|Pa'O]] ([[wikt:blk:|<code>wikt:blk:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343540] *** a Wikisource in [[d:Q34002|Sundanese]] ([[s:su:|<code>s:su:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343539] ** To catch up, the next most recent six wikis are: *** Wikifunctions ([[f:|<code>f:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275945] *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[wikt:btm:|<code>wikt:btm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335216] *** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q5555465|Ghanaian Pidgin]] ([[w:gpe:|<code>w:gpe:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335969] *** a Wikinews in [[d:Q3111668|Gungbe]] ([[n:guw:|<code>n:guw:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334394] *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q33522|Kabardian]] ([[wikt:kbd:|<code>wikt:kbd:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333266] *** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35570|Fante]] ([[w:fat:|<code>w:fat:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335016] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There is an existing [[mw:Stable interface policy|stable interface policy]] for MediaWiki backend code. There is a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Stable interface policy/frontend|proposed stable interface policy for frontend code]]. This is relevant for anyone who works on gadgets or Wikimedia frontend code. You can read it, discuss it, and let the proposer know if there are any problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W34"/> 15:25, 21 August 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25497111 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-35 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Manchester Blitz]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Air Raid Damage in Britain- Manchester HU49833.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Manchester Blitz''' (also known as the Christmas Blitz) was the heavy bombing of the city of Manchester and its surrounding areas in North West England during the Second World War by the German Luftwaffe. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:16, 28 August 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25427472 --> == Tech News: 2023-35 == <section begin="technews-2023-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diff handling of paragraph splits]], improved detection of splits is being rolled out. Over the last two weeks, we deployed this support to [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Groups|group0]] and group1 wikis. This week it will be deployed to group2 wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341754] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] All [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] pages now show the user's local edit count and the account's creation date. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324166] * Wikisource users can now use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prpbengalicurrency</code></bdi> label to denote Bengali currency characters as page numbers inside the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><pagelist></nowiki></code></bdi> tag. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268932] * Two preferences have been relocated. The preference "{{int:visualeditor-preference-visualeditor}}" is now shown on the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|"{{int:prefs-editing}}" tab]] at all wikis. Previously it was shown on the "{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}" tab at some wikis. The preference "{{int:visualeditor-preference-newwikitexteditor-enable}}" is now also shown on the "{{int:prefs-editing}}" tab at all wikis, instead of the "{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}" tab. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335056][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344158] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] New signups for a Wikimedia developer account will start being pushed towards <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://idm.wikimedia.org/ idm.wikimedia.org]</bdi>, rather than going via Wikitech. [[wikitech:IDM|Further information about the new system is available]]. * All right-to-left language wikis, plus Korean, Armenian, Ukrainian, Russian, and Bulgarian Wikipedias, will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. This feature will come to more wikis in future weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921] '''Future changes''' * The removal of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DoubleWiki|DoubleWiki extension]] is being discussed. This extension currently allows Wikisource users to view articles from multiple language versions side by side when the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><=></code></bdi> symbol next to a specific language edition is selected. Comments on this are welcomed at [[phab:T344544|the phabricator task]]. * A proposal has been made to merge the second hidden-categories list (which appears below the wikitext editing form) with the main list of categories (which is further down the page). [[phab:T340606|More information is available on Phabricator]]; feedback is welcome! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W35"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:00, 28 August 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25510866 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-36 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Ghana Independence Act 1957]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Ghana Independence Act 1957''' is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that granted the Gold Coast fully responsible government within the British Commonwealth of Nations under the name of Ghana <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:18, 4 September 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25427472 --> == Tech News: 2023-36 == <section begin="technews-2023-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[m:Wikisource_EditInSequence|EditInSequence]], a feature that allows users to edit pages faster on Wikisource has been moved to a Beta Feature based on community feedback. To enable it, you can navigate to the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features tab in Preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308098] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Generate Audio for IPA|Generate Audio for IPA]] and [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|Audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposals, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline_audio_player_mode|inline audio player mode]] of [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] has been deployed to all projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763] * There is a new option for Administrators when they are changing the usergroups for a user, to add the user’s user page to their watchlist. This works both via [[{{#special:UserRights}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272294] * One new wiki has been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34318|Talysh]] ([[w:tly:|<code>w:tly:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345166] '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:LoginNotify|LoginNotify extension]] was not sending notifications since January. It has now been fixed, so going forward, you may see notifications for failed login attempts, and successful login attempts from a new device. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344785] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-mhrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-miwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-minwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mtwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mwlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-myvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mznwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-napwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ndswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nds_nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-novwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nqowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nrmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nsowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ocwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-olowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-omwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-orwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-oswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pagwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-papwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pcdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pdcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pflwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pihwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pnbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pntwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pswiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308137][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308138] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W36"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:34, 4 September 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25566983 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-37 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Betrayal trauma]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:sv:Svektrauma]]) ([[:ar:صدمة الخيانة]]) ([[:ko:배신 트라우마]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Betrayal trauma''' is defined as a trauma perpetrated by someone with whom the victim is close to and reliant upon for support and survival. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:49, 11 September 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25427472 --> == Tech News: 2023-37 == <section begin="technews-2023-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ORES|ORES]], the revision evaluation service, is now using a new open-source infrastructure on all wikis except for English Wikipedia and Wikidata. These two will follow this week. If you notice any unusual results from the Recent Changes filters that are related to ORES (for example, "{{int:ores-rcfilters-damaging-title}}" and "{{int:ores-rcfilters-goodfaith-title}}"), please [[mw:Talk:Machine Learning|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342115] * When you are logged in on one Wikimedia wiki and visit a different Wikimedia wiki, the system tries to log you in there automatically. This has been unreliable for a long time. You can now visit the login page to make the system try extra hard. If you feel that made logging in better or worse than it used to be, your feedback is appreciated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326281] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Technical decision making|Technical Decision-Making Forum Retrospective]] team invites anyone involved in the technical field of Wikimedia projects to signup to and join [[mw:Technical decision making/Listening Sessions|one of their listening sessions]] on 13 September. Another date will be scheduled later. The goal is to improve the technical decision-making processes. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|Better diff handling of paragraph splits]] wishlist proposal, the inline switch widget in diff pages is being rolled out this week to all wikis. The inline switch will allow viewers to toggle between a unified inline or two-column diff wikitext format. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336716] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on 20 September. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263] * The Enterprise API is launching a new feature called "[http://breakingnews-beta.enterprise.wikimedia.com/ breaking news]". Currently in BETA, this attempts to identify likely "newsworthy" topics as they are currently being written about in any Wikipedia. Your help is requested to improve the accuracy of its detection model, especially on smaller language editions, by recommending templates or identifiable editing patterns. See more information at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/Breaking news|the documentation page]] on MediaWiki or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#What is Breaking News|the FAQ]] on Meta. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W37"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:08, 11 September 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25589064 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-38 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:es:Genocidio del Putumayo]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:en:Putumayo genocide]]) ([[:ca:Genocidi del Putumayo]])''</small></div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:The Putumayo - the devil's paradise, travels in the Peruvian Amazon Region and an account of the atrocities committed upon the Indians therein (1913) (14782203995).jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Putumayo genocide''' is the term which is used in reference to the enslavement, massacres and ethnocide of the indigenous population of the Amazon at the hands of the Peruvian Amazon Company, specifically in the area between the Putumayo River and the Caquetá River during the Amazon rubber boom period from 1879 to 1912. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 03:38, 18 September 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25599361 --> == Tech News: 2023-38 == <section begin="technews-2023-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki now has a [[mw:Stable interface policy/frontend|stable interface policy for frontend code]] that more clearly defines how we deprecate MediaWiki code and wiki-based code (e.g. gadgets and user scripts). Thank you to everyone who contributed to the content and discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346467][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 20. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263] * All wikis will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The team investigating the Graph Extension posted [[mw:Extension:Graph/Plans#Proposal|a proposal for reenabling it]] and they need your input. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W38"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:20, 18 September 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25623533 --> == Tech News: 2023-39 == <section begin="technews-2023-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Vector 2022 skin will now remember the pinned/unpinned status for the Table of Contents for all logged-out users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316060] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui</nowiki></code></bdi> modules are now deprecated as part of the move to Vue.js and Codex. There is a [[mw:Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. More [[phab:T346468|details are available in the task]] and your questions are welcome there. * Gadget definitions will have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new "namespaces" option]]. The option takes a list of namespace IDs. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages in the given namespaces. '''Future changes''' * New variables will be added to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]]: <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">global_account_groups</bdi></code> and <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">global_account_editcount</bdi></code>. They are available only when an account is being created. You can use them to prevent blocking automatic creation of accounts when users with many edits elsewhere visit your wiki for the first time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345632][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules_format] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1698426015 27 October at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Office_Hours#October_2023|details and how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W39"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:51, 26 September 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25655264 --> == Tech News: 2023-40 == <section begin="technews-2023-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-advancedrendering|user preference]] for "{{int:tog-forcesafemode}}". This setting will make pages load without including any on-wiki JavaScript or on-wiki stylesheet pages. It can be useful for debugging broken JavaScript gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342347] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget definitions now have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new "<var>contentModels</var>" option]]. The option takes a list of page content models, like <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">wikitext</bdi></code> or <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">css</bdi></code>. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages with the given content models. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Vector 2022 skin will no longer use the custom styles and scripts of Vector legacy (2010). The change will be made later this year or in early 2024. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|how to adjust the CSS and JS pages on your wiki]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331679] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W40"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:27, 3 October 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25686930 --> == Tech News: 2023-41 == <section begin="technews-2023-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33291|Fon]] ([[w:fon:|<code>w:fon:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347935] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-warwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xalwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xmfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zeawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zh_min_nanwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zuwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308139] * At some wikis, newcomers are suggested images from Commons to add to articles without any images. Starting on Tuesday, newcomers at these wikis will be able to add images to unillustrated article sections. The specific wikis are listed under "Images recommendations" [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment table|at the Growth team deployment table]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add an image|learn more about this feature.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345940] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In the mobile web skin (Minerva) the CSS ID <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#page-actions</nowiki></code></bdi> will be replaced with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#p-views</nowiki></code></bdi>. This change is to make it consistent with other skins and to improve support for gadgets and extensions in the mobile skin. A few gadgets may need to be updated; there are [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348267 details and search-links in the task]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W41"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:39, 9 October 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25712895 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-42 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Athyma nefte]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:VB 019 Color Sergeant UP.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''''Athyma nefte''''', the colour sergeant, is a species of brush-footed butterfly found in tropical South and Southeast Asia. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:58, 16 October 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25693965 --> == Tech News: 2023-42 == <section begin="technews-2023-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|Unified login]] system's edge login should now be fixed for some browsers (Chrome, Edge, Opera). This means that if you visit a new sister project wiki, you should be logged in automatically without the need to click "Log in" or reload the page. Feedback on whether it's working for you is welcome. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347889] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/Edit_notice|Edit notices]] are now available within the MobileFrontend/Minerva skin. This feature was inspired by [[w:en:Wikipedia:EditNoticesOnMobile|the gadget on English Wikipedia]]. See more details in [[phab:T316178|T316178]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * In 3 weeks, in the Vector 2022 skin, code related to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>addPortletLink</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#p-namespaces</nowiki></code></bdi> that was deprecated one year ago will be removed. If you notice tools that should appear next to the "Discussion" tab are then missing, please tell the gadget's maintainers to see [[phab:T347907|instructions in the Phabricator task]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W42"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:47, 16 October 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25745824 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-43 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Typhoon Rusa]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Rusa 2002-08-27 0350Z.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Typhoon Rusa''' was the most powerful typhoon to strike South Korea in 43 years. It was the 21st JTWC tropical depression, the 15th named storm, and the 10th typhoon of the 2002 Pacific typhoon season. It developed on August 22 from the monsoon trough in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, well to the southeast of Japan. For several days, Rusa moved to the northwest, eventually intensifying into a powerful typhoon. On August 26, the storm moved across the Amami Islands of Japan, where Rusa left 20,000 people without power and caused two fatalities. Across Japan, the typhoon dropped torrential rainfall peaking at 902 mm (35.5 in) in Tokushima Prefecture. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:50, 23 October 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25693965 --> == Tech News: 2023-43 == <section begin="technews-2023-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language engineering/Newsletter/2023/October|Language and internationalization newsletter]], written quarterly. It contains updates on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects, and related support work. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Source map support has been enabled on all wikis. When you open the debugger in your browser's developer tools, you should be able to see the unminified JavaScript source code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T47514] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W43"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:17, 23 October 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25782286 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-44 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Hein Eersel]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:nl:Hein Eersel]]) ([[:it:Hein Eersel]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:HeinEersel.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Christiaan Hendrik "Hein" Eersel''' was a Surinamese linguist and cultural researcher. He served as Minister of Education and Population Development in the cabinet of acting Prime Minister Arthur Johan May. He was also the first chancellor of the University of Suriname. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:09, 30 October 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25797248 --> == Tech News: 2023-44 == <section begin="technews-2023-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Structured Content team, as part of its project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]], made some UX improvements to the upload step of choosing own vs not own work ([[phab:T347590|T347590]]), as well as to the licensing step for own work ([[phab:T347756|T347756]]). * The Design Systems team has released version 1.0.0 of [[wmdoc:codex/latest/|Codex]], the new design system for Wikimedia. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design_Systems_Team/Announcing_Codex_1.0|full announcement about the release of Codex 1.0.0]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Listings on category pages are sorted on each wiki for that language using a [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|library]]. For a brief period on 2 November, changes to categories will not be sorted correctly for many languages. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the library. They will then use a script to fix the existing categories. This will take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345561][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145] * Starting November 1, the impact module (Special:Impact) will be upgraded by the Growth team. The new impact module shows newcomers more data regarding their impact on the wiki. It was tested by a few wikis during the last few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203] '''Future changes''' * There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans#Roadmap|a proposed plan]] for re-enabling the Graph Extension. You can help by reviewing this proposal and [[mw:Extension_talk:Graph/Plans#c-PPelberg_(WMF)-20231020221600-Update:_20_October|sharing what you think about it]]. * The WMF is working on making it possible for administrators to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration_2.0|edit MediaWiki configuration directly]]. This is similar to previous work on Special:EditGrowthConfig. [[phab:T349757|A technical RfC is running until November 08, where you can provide feedback.]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W44"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:21, 30 October 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25801989 --> == Tech News: 2023-45 == <section begin="technews-2023-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the Vector 2022 skin, the default font-size of a number of navigational elements (tagline, tools menu, navigational links, and more) has been increased slightly to match the font size used in page content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346062] '''Problems''' * Last week, there was a problem displaying some recent edits on [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist a few wikis], for 1-6 hours. The edits were saved but not immediately shown. This was due to a database problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350443] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The Growth team will reassign newcomers from former mentors to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Structured mentor list|the currently active mentors]]. They have also changed the notification language to be more user-friendly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330071][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327493] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W45"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:06, 6 November 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25838105 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-45 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Reclaim the Night]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:de:Reclaim the Night]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Reclaim the Night 2014.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Reclaim the Night''' is a movement started in Leeds in 1977 as part of the Women's Liberation Movement. Marches demanding that women be able to move throughout public spaces at night took place across England until the 1990s. Later, the organisation was revived and sponsors annual and national marches against rape and violence against women. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 00:40, 8 November 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25797248 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-46 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Ishe Komborera Africa]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Ishe Komborera Africa.mp3|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> "'''Ishe Komborera Africa'''" (Shona for: God Bless Africa), also called "Ishe Komborera Zimbabwe" (Shona for: God Bless Zimbabwe), was the Zimbabwean national anthem from 1980 to 1994. It was the country's first national anthem after gaining independence in 1980. It is a translation of 19th-century South African schoolteacher Enoch Sontonga's popular African hymn "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" into Zimbabwe's native Shona and Ndebele languages. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 00:38, 13 November 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25797248 --> == Tech News: 2023-46 == <section begin="technews-2023-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Four new wikis have been created: ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q7598268|Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[w:zgh:|<code>w:zgh:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350216] ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35159|Dagaare]] ([[w:dga:|<code>w:dga:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350218] ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q33017|Toba Batak]] ([[w:bbc:|<code>w:bbc:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350320] ** a Wikiquote in [[d:Q33151|Banjar]] ([[q:bjn:|<code>q:bjn:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350217] '''Problems''' * Last week, users who previously visited Meta-Wiki or Wikimedia Commons and then became logged out on those wikis could not log in again. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350695] * Last week, some pop-up dialogs and menus were shown with the wrong font size. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350544] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Reference Previews are coming to many wikis as a default feature. They are popups for references, similar to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|PagePreviews feature]]. [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Opt-out feature|You can opt out]] of seeing them. If you are [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|using the gadgets]] Reference Tooltips or Navigation Popups, you won’t see Reference Previews. [[phab:T282999|Deployment]] is planned for November 22, 2023. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Canary (also known as heartbeat) events will be produced into [https://stream.wikimedia.org/?doc#/streams Wikimedia event streams] from December 11. Streams users are advised to filter out these events, by discarding all events where <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>meta.domain == "canary"</nowiki></code></bdi>. Updates to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] or [https://github.com/ChlodAlejandro/wikimedia-streams wikimedia-streams] will discard these events by default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266798] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W46"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:52, 13 November 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25859263 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-47 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Bhagavata Mela]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Bhagavata Mela''' is a classical Indian dance that is performed in Tamil Nadu, particularly the Thanjavur area. It is choreographed as an annual Vaishnavism tradition in Melattur and nearby regions, and celebrated as a dance-drama performance art. The dance art has roots in a historic migration of practitioners of Kuchipudi, another Indian classical dance art, from Andhra Pradesh to the kingdom of Tanjavur. The term Bhagavata, state Brandon and Banham, refers to the Hindu text Bhagavata Purana. Mela is a Sanskrit word that means "gathering, meeting of a group" and connotes a folk festival. The traditional Bhagavata Mela performance acts out the legends of Hinduism, set to the Carnatic style music. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 00:38, 04:07, 20 November 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25797248 --> == Tech News: 2023-47 == <section begin="technews-2023-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-quwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_rupwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_tarawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ruewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rwwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-satwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-shwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-siwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-skwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-slwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-smwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-suwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-szlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tcywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tetwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-towiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tpiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ttwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-twwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tyvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-udmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ugwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-uzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vecwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vepwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vlswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vowiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308141][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308142][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308143] * The Vector 2022 skin will have some minor visual changes to drop-down menus, column widths, and more. These changes were added to four Wikipedias last week. If no issues are found, these changes will proceed to all wikis this week. These changes will make it possible to add new menus for readability and dark mode. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Updates#November_2023:_Visual_changes,_more_deployments,_and_shifting_focus|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347711] '''Future changes''' * There is [[mw:Extension talk:Graph/Plans#Update: 15 November|an update on re-enabling the Graph Extension]]. To speed up the process, Vega 2 will not be supported and only [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335325 some protocols] will be available at launch. You can help by sharing what you think about the plan. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W47"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:55, 21 November 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25884616 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-48 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:fr:Zanskari]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:en:Zaniskari]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Zaniskari Horse in Ladakh, India.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Zaniskari''' or '''Zanskari''' is a breed of small mountain horse or pony from Ladakh, in northern India. It is named for the Zanskar valley or region in Kargil district. It is similar to the Spiti breed of Himachal Pradesh, but is better adapted to work at high altitude. Like the Spiti, it shows similarities to the Tibetan breeds of neighbouring Tibet. It is of medium size, and is often grey in colour. The breed is considered endangered, as there are only a few hundred alive today, and a conservation programme has been started at Padum, Zanskar, in the Kargil district of Ladakh. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:44, 27 November 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25797248 --> == Tech News: 2023-48 == <section begin="technews-2023-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki's JavaScript system will now allow <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>async</code>/<code>await</code></bdi> syntax in gadgets and user scripts. Gadget authors should remember that users' browsers may not support it, so it should be used appropriately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343499] * The deployment of "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a link]]" announced [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|last week]] was postponed. It will resume this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W48"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:09, 27 November 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25906379 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-49 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Sheikh Hussein]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:fr:Sheikh Hussein]]) ([[:it:Scec Hussèn]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Sheikh Hussein.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Sheikh Hussein''' is a town in south-eastern Ethiopia. The site has been recorded in the tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage List since 2011 as a religious, cultural and historical site. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:34, 4 December 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25921616 --> == Tech News: 2023-49 == <section begin="technews-2023-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The spacing between paragraphs on Vector 2022 has been changed from 7px to 14px to match the size of the text. This will make it easier to distinguish paragraphs from sentences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T351754] * The "{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}" feature in VisualEditor is working again. You no longer need to switch to source editing to edit <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}</nowiki></code></bdi> keywords. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * On 6 December, people who have the enabled the preference for "{{int:Discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}" will notice the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|talk page usability improvements]] appear on pages that include the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__NEWSECTIONLINK__</nowiki></code></bdi> magic word. If you notice any issues, please [[phab:T352232|share them with the team on Phabricator]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge [[wikitech:News/Toolforge Grid Engine deprecation|Grid Engine shutdown process]] will start on December 14. Maintainers of [[toolforge:grid-deprecation|tools that still use this old system]] should plan to migrate to Kubernetes, or tell the team your plans on Phabricator in the task about your tool, before that date. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/VIWWQKMSQO2ED3TVUR7KPPWRTOBYBVOA/] * Communities using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions|Structured Discussions]] are being contacted regarding [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|the upcoming deprecation of Structured Discussions]]. You can read more about this project, and share your comments, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|on the project's page]]. '''Events''' * Registration & Scholarship applications are now open for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2024|Wikimedia Hackathon 2024]] that will take place from 3–5 May in Tallinn, Estonia. Scholarship applications are open until 5 January 2024. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W49"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:50, 4 December 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25914435 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-50 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:fr:Applaudissements aux fenêtres pendant la pandémie de Covid-19]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:es:Aplauso por los trabajadores de la salud]]) ([[:gl:Aplauso ao persoal sanitario]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Koronabirus konfinamendua Lasarten 2020-03-29.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> During the COVID-19 pandemic, applauding daily at a scheduled hour was a gesture of acclamation, recognition and gratitude towards health professionals in tribute to their work at the time. This habit emerged in January 2020 in Wuhan, where the pandemic originated, and then spread to several cities around the world during the quarantines and sanitary cordons ordered as preventive measures, Italy being the first one. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:26, 11 December 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25925561 --> == Tech News: 2023-50 == <section begin="technews-2023-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On Wikimedia Commons, there are some minor user-interface improvements for the "choosing own vs not own work" step in the UploadWizard. This is part of the Structured Content team's project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352707][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352709] '''Problems''' * There was a problem showing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Newcomer homepage|Newcomer homepage]] feature with the "impact module" and their page-view graphs, for a few days in early December. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352352][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352349] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]] The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/796964 2023 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 5 January 2024, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:December_2023_Developer_Satisfaction_Survey|privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W50"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:13, 12 December 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25945501 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-51 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Aerial view of Subway Island, July 2019.JPG|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge''' is a wildlife refuge in New York City managed by the National Park Service as part of Gateway National Recreation Area. It is composed of the open water and intertidal salt marshes of Jamaica Bay. It lies entirely within the boundaries of New York City, divided between the boroughs of Brooklyn to the west and Queens to the east. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:05, 18 December 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25951007 --> == Tech News: 2023-51 == <section begin="technews-2023-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 8 January 2024 because of [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|the holidays]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting December 18, it won't be possible to activate Structured Discussions on a user's own talk page using the Beta feature. The Beta feature option remains available for users who want to deactivate Structured Discussions. This is part of [[mw:Structured Discussions/Deprecation|Structured Discussions' deprecation work]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248309] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There will be full support for redirects in the Module namespace. The "Move Page" feature will leave an appropriate redirect behind, and such redirects will be appropriately recognized by the software (e.g. hidden from [[{{#special:UnconnectedPages}}]]). There will also be support for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Renaming or moving modules|manual redirects]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120794] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The MediaWiki JavaScript documentation is moving to a new format. During the move, you can read the old docs using [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/REL1_41/js/ version 1.41]. Feedback about [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/master/js/ the new site] is welcome on the [[mw:Talk:JSDoc_WMF_theme|project talk page]]. * The Wishathon is a new initiative that encourages collaboration across the Wikimedia community to develop solutions for wishes collected through the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The first community Wishathon will take place from 15–17 March. If you are interested in a project proposal as a user, developer, designer, or product lead, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WishathonMarch2024|register for the event and read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W51"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:18, 18 December 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25959059 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-52 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Plant blindness]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:fr:Cécité botanique]]) ([[:de:Pflanzenblindheit]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Plant blindness 0323.png|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Plant blindness''' is an informally-proposed form of cognitive bias, which in its broadest meaning, is a human tendency to ignore plant species. This includes such phenomena as not noticing plants in the surrounding environment, not recognizing the importance of plant life to the whole biosphere and to human affairs, a philosophical view of plants as an inferior form of life to animals and/or the inability to appreciate the unique features or aesthetics of plants. Related terms include plant‐neglect, zoo-centrism, and zoo‐chauvinism. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:58, 25 December 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25971304 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-02 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Pax airship disaster]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:pt:Catástrofe do dirigível Pax]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Sim new-mcclures-magazine 1902-09 19 5 (page 75 crop).jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''''Pax''''' '''airship disaster''' was the explosion of the ''Pax'' airship on May 12, 1902, in Paris, which killed the Brazilian inventor Augusto Severo and the French mechanic Georges Saché. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 12:14, 8 January 2024 (UTC)'' </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26033876 --> == Tech News: 2024-02 == <section begin="technews-2024-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [https://mediawiki2latex.wmflabs.org/ mediawiki2latex] is a tool that converts wiki content into the formats of LaTeX, PDF, ODT, and EPUB. The code now runs many times faster due to recent improvements. There is also an optional Docker container you can [[b:de:Benutzer:Dirk_Hünniger/wb2pdf/install#Using_Docker|install]] on your local machine. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The way that Random pages are selected has been updated. This will slowly reduce the problem of some pages having a lower chance of appearing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309477] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W02"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:20, 9 January 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26026251 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-03 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Conversion to Islam]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:fr:Conversion à l'islam]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Conversion to Islam''' is accepting Islam as a religion or faith and rejecting any other religion or irreligion. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:11, 15 January 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26044632 --> == Tech News: 2024-03 == <section begin="technews-2024-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Pages that use the JSON [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:ContentHandler|contentmodel]] will now use tabs instead of spaces for auto-indentation. This will significantly reduce the page size. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326065] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and personal user scripts may now use JavaScript syntax introduced in ES6 (also known as "ES2015") and ES7 ("ES2016"). MediaWiki validates the source code to protect other site functionality from syntax errors, and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browsers|supported browsers]]. Previously, Gadgets could use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>requiresES6</nowiki></code></bdi> option. This option is no longer needed and will be removed in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T75714] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|Bot passwords]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|owner-only OAuth consumers]] can now be restricted to allow editing only specific pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T349957] * You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thank]] edits made by bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341388] * An update on the status of the Community Wishlist Survey for 2024 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Future Of The Wishlist/January 4, 2024 Update|has been published]]. Please read and give your feedback. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting on January 17, it will not be possible to login to Wikimedia wikis from some specific old versions of the Chrome browser (versions 51–66, released between 2016 and 2018). Additionally, users of iOS 12, or Safari on Mac OS 10.14, may need to login to each wiki separately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344791] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> module was deprecated and replaced with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki.cookie</code></bdi> module last year. A script has now been run to replace any remaining uses, and this week the temporary alias will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354966] '''Future changes''' * Wikimedia Deutschland is working to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Reusing references|make reusing references easier]]. They are looking for people who are interested in participating in [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ individual video calls for user research in January and February]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W03"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:13, 16 January 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26074460 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-04 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Kinder der Landstrasse]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Kinderdlandstrasse plakat.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Kinder der Landstrasse''' (literally: Children of the Country Road) was a project implemented by the Swiss foundation Pro Juventute from 1926 to 1973. The project aimed to assimilate the itinerant Yenish people in Switzerland by forcibly removing their children from their parents and placing them in orphanages or foster homes. Approximately 590 children were affected by this program. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:02, 22 January 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26044632 --> == Tech News: 2024-04 == <section begin="technews-2024-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * A bug in UploadWizard prevented linking to the userpage of the uploader when uploading. It has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354529] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W04"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:04, 23 January 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26096197 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-05 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Qurm Nature Reserve]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Al-Qurm Wetlands.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Qurm Nature Reserve''' is a national nature reserve in Muscat Governorate, Oman. Located on the Gulf of Oman coast, the reserve protects a mangrove forest and the surrounding wetland in a small estuary within the urban area of Qurm. Established in 1975, the reserve has been designated as an Important Bird Area since 1994, and as a protected Ramsar site since 2013. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:03, 29 January 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26149847 --> == Tech News: 2024-05 == <section begin="technews-2024-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Starting Monday January 29, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they are looking for, even if this comment was moved elsewhere. This will affect all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. You can read more about this change [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/ on Diff] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk_pages_permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]].<!-- The Diff post will be published on Monday morning UTC--> [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302011] * There are some improvements to the CAPTCHA to make it harder for spam bots and scripts to bypass it. If you have feedback on this change, please comment on [[phab:T141490|the task]]. Staff are monitoring metrics related to the CAPTCHA, as well as secondary metrics such as account creations and edit counts. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] On February 1, a link will be added to the "Tools" menu to download a [[w:en:QR code|QR code]] that links to the page you are viewing. There will also be a new [[{{#special:QrCode}}]] page to create QR codes for any Wikimedia URL. This addresses the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Mobile and apps/Add ability to share QR code for a page in any Wikimedia project|#19 most-voted wish]] from the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329973] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] which only work in some skins have sometimes used the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>targets</code></bdi> option to limit where you can use them. This will stop working this week. You should use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>skins</code></bdi> option instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328497] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W05"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:31, 29 January 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26137870 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-06 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Timurid architecture]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Gur-e-Amir Mausolueum - Samarkand - Uzbekistan (7488414078).jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Timurid architecture''' was an important stage in the architectural history of Iran and Central Asia during the late 14th and 15th centuries. The Timurid Empire (1370–1507), founded by Timur (d. 1405) and conquering most of this region, oversaw a cultural renaissance. In architecture, the Timurid dynasty patronized the construction of palaces, mausoleums, and religious monuments across the region. Their architecture is distinguished by its grand scale, luxurious decoration in tilework, and sophisticated geometric vaulting. This architectural style, along with other aspects of Timurid art, spread across the empire and subsequently influenced the architecture of other empires from the Middle East to the Indian subcontinent. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:23, 5 February 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26169542 --> == Tech News: 2024-06 == <section begin="technews-2024-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *The mobile site history pages now use the same HTML as the desktop history pages. If you hear of any problems relating to mobile history usage please point them to [[phab:T353388|the phabricator task]]. *On most wikis, admins can now block users from making specific actions. These actions are: uploading files, creating new pages, moving (renaming) pages, and sending thanks. The goal of this feature is to allow admins to apply blocks that are adequate to the blocked users' activity. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks#action-blocks|Learn more about "action blocks"]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242541][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280531] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Talk pages permalinks that included diacritics and non-Latin script were malfunctioning. This issue is fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356199] '''Future changes''' * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#24WPs|24 Wikipedias]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference_Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] as a default gadget are encouraged to remove that default flag. This would make [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference_Previews|Reference Previews]] the new default for reference popups, leading to a more consistent experience across wikis. For [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#46WPs|46 Wikipedias]] with less than 4 interface admins, the change is already scheduled for mid-February, [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference Previews to become the default for previewing references on more wikis.|unless there are concerns]]. The older Reference Tooltips gadget will still remain usable and will override this feature, if it is available on your wiki and you have enabled it in your settings. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference_Previews_to_become_the_default_for_previewing_references_on_more_wikis][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355312] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W06"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:22, 5 February 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26180971 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-07 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Adoration of the Magi (Fra Angelico and Filippo Lippi)]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Fra Angelico, Fra Filippo Lippi, The Adoration of the Magi.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''''Adoration of the Magi''''' is a tondo, or circular painting, of the Adoration of the Magi assumed to be that recorded in 1492 in the Palazzo Medici Riccardi in Florence as by Fra Angelico. It dates from the mid-15th century and is now in the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C. Most art historians think that Filippo Lippi painted more of the original work, and that it was added to some years after by other artists, as well as including work by assistants in the workshops of both the original masters. It has been known as the Washington Tondo and Cook Tondo after Herbert Cook, and this latter name in particular continues to be used over 50 years after the painting left the Cook collection. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 07:00, 12 February 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26187446 --> == Tech News: 2024-07 == <section begin="technews-2024-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split experiment]] is working and loaded onto 3 test servers. The team in charge is testing the split's impact and requires feedback from WDQS users through the UI or programmatically in different channels. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata_talk:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356773][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Sannita_(WMF)] Users' feedback will validate the impact of various use cases and workflows around the Wikidata Query service. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_backend_update/October_2023_scaling_update][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikidata_Query_Service/User_Manual#Federation] '''Problems''' *There was a bug that affected the appearance of visited links when using mobile device to access wiki sites. It made the links appear black; [[phab:T356928|this issue]] is fixed. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] As work continues on the grid engine deprecation,[https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation] tools on the grid engine will be stopped starting on February 14th, 2024. If you have tools actively migrating you can ask for an extension so they are not stopped. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W07"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 05:49, 13 February 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26223994 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-08 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:nl:Graf met de handjes]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Weg langs het kerkhof tegenover 1, Roermond.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The monument '''Van Gorkum-Van Aefferden''', more well known as the "'''grave with the little hands'''" is a monumental Tombstone in the Dutch city of Roermond. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 13:24, 19 February 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26260848 --> == Tech News: 2024-08 == <section begin="technews-2024-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * If you have the "{{int:Tog-enotifwatchlistpages}}" option enabled, edits by bot accounts no longer trigger notification emails. Previously, only minor edits would not trigger the notification emails. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356984] * There are changes to how user and site scripts load for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022| Vector 2022]] on specific wikis. The changes impacted the following Wikis: all projects with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector legacy]] as the default skin, Wikivoyage, and Wikibooks. Other wikis will be affected over the course of the next three months. Gadgets are not impacted. If you have been affected or want to minimize the impact on your project, see [[Phab:T357580| this ticket]]. Please coordinate and take action proactively. *Newly auto-created accounts (the accounts you get when you visit a new wiki) now have the same local notification preferences as users who freshly register on that wiki. It is effected in four notification types listed in the [[phab:T353225|task's description]]. *The maximum file size when using [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Upload_Wizard|Upload Wizard]] is now 5 GiB. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191804] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Selected tools on the grid engine have been [[wikitech:News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation|stopped]] as we prepare to shut down the grid on March 14th, 2024. The tool's code and data have not been deleted. If you are a maintainer and you want your tool re-enabled reach out to the [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support|team]]. Only tools that have asked for extension are still running on the grid. * The CSS <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/filter filter]</code></bdi> property can now be used in HTML <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>style</code></bdi> attributes in wikitext. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308160] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W08"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:37, 19 February 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26254282 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-09 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Doorway effect]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''doorway effect''' is a known psychological event where a person's short-term memory declines when passing through a doorway moving from one location to another when it would not if they had remained in the same place. People experience this effect by forgetting what they were going to do, thinking about, or planning upon entering a different room. This is thought to be due to the change in one's physical environment, which is used to distinguish boundaries between remembered events: memories of events encountered in the present environment are more accessible than those beyond it. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:30, 26 February 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26260848 --> == Tech News: 2024-09 == <section begin="technews-2024-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile|mobile visual editor]] is now the default editor for users who never edited before, at a small group of wikis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile/VE_mobile_default#A/B_test_results| Research ]] shows that users using this editor are slightly more successful publishing the edits they started, and slightly less successful publishing non-reverted edits. Users who defined the wikitext editor as their default on desktop will get the wikitext editor on mobile for their first edit on mobile as well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352127] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Core modules#mw.config|mw.config]] value <code>wgGlobalGroups</code> now only contains groups that are active in the wiki. Scripts no longer have to check whether the group is active on the wiki via an API request. A code example of the above is: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>if (/globalgroupname/.test(mw.config.get("wgGlobalGroups")))</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356008] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * The right to change [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Tags|edit tags]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>changetags</code></bdi>) will be removed from users in Wikimedia sites, keeping it by default for admins and bots only. Your community can ask to retain the old configuration on your wiki before this change happens. Please indicate in [[phab:T355639|this ticket]] to keep it for your community before the end of March 2024. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W09"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:23, 26 February 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26294125 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-10 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Sissieretta Jones]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:1899 poster of Mme. M. Sissieretta Jones.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Matilda Sissieretta Joyner Jones''' (January 5, 1868, or 1869 – June 24, 1933) was an American soprano. She sometimes was called "The Black Patti" in reference to Italian opera singer Adelina Patti. Jones' repertoire included grand opera, light opera, and popular music <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:33, 4 March 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26313143 --> == Tech News: 2024-10 == <section begin="technews-2024-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Special:Book</code></bdi> page (as well as the associated "Create a book" functionality) provided by the old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Collection|Collection extension]] has been removed from all Wikisource wikis, as it was broken. This does not affect the ability to download normal books, which is provided by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Wikisource|Wikisource extension]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358437] * [[m:Wikitech|Wikitech]] now uses the next-generation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] wikitext parser by default to generate all pages in the Talk namespace. Report any problems on the [[mw:Talk:Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Known_Issues|Known Issues discussion page]]. You can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration]] extension to control the use of Parsoid; see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration help documentation]] for more details. * Maintenance on [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org etherpad] is completed. If you encounter any issues, please indicate in [[phab:T316421|this ticket]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] allow interface admins to create custom features with CSS and JavaScript. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Gadget</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Gadget_definition</code></bdi> namespaces and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>gadgets-definition-edit</code></bdi> user right were reserved for an experiment in 2015, but were never used. These were visible on Special:Search and Special:ListGroupRights. The unused namespaces and user rights are now removed. No pages are moved, and no changes need to be made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T31272] * A usability improvement to the "Add a citation" in Wikipedia workflow has been made, the insert button was moved to the popup header. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354847] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233] * The HTML markup of headings and section edit links will be changed later this year to improve accessibility. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Heading_HTML_changes|Heading HTML changes]] for details. The new markup will be the same as in the new Parsoid wikitext parser. You can test your gadget or stylesheet with the new markup if you add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>?useparsoid=1</code></bdi> to your URL ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Selecting_a_parser_using_a_URL_query_string|more info]]) or turn on Parsoid read views in your user options ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Enabling_via_user_preference|more info]]). * '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W10"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:47, 4 March 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26329807 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-11 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Preventative Coup of November 11]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:es:Golpe de Estado en Brasil de 1955]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Exército na casa de Café Filho.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Preventative Coup of November 11''' sometimes called the '''1955 Brazilian coup d'état''' or referred to as an "anti-coup" or a "counter-coup" (Portuguese: ''Novembrada, Movimento de 11 de Novembro, Contragolpe, Golpe Preventivo do Marechal Lott'') was a series of military and political events led by Henrique Teixeira Lott that resulted in Nereu Ramos assuming the presidency of Brazil until being peacefully succeeded by Juscelino Kubitschek a few months later. The bloodless coup removed Carlos Luz from the presidency because he was suspected of plotting to prevent Kubitschek from taking office. As a result of the tensions, Brazil had three presidents in the span of a single week. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:04, 11 March 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26366849 --> == Tech News: 2024-11 == <section begin="technews-2024-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * After consulting with various communities, the line height of the text on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] will be increased to its previous value of 1.65. Different options for typography can also be set using the options in the menu, as needed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358498] *The active link color in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva]] will be changed to provide more consistency with our other platforms and best practices. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358516] * [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Structured data|Structured data on Commons]] will no longer ask whether you want to leave the page without saving. This will prevent the “information you’ve entered may not be saved” popups from appearing when no information have been entered. It will also make file pages on Commons load faster in certain cases. However, the popups will be hidden even if information has indeed been entered. If you accidentally close the page before saving the structured data you entered, that data will be lost. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312315] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W11"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:04, 11 March 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26374013 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-12 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Hojang Taret]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Hojang Taret''' is a classical Meitei language play based on Euripides's ancient Greek tragedy The Phoenician Women. It is directed by Oasis Sougaijam and produced by The Umbilical Theatre in Imphal, Kangleipak. It depicts the moral ambiguities of conflict between brothers resulting to the ruination of the ancient city of Thebes. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:52, 18 March 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26366849 --> == Tech News: 2024-12 == <section begin="technews-2024-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The notice "Language links are at the top of the page" that appears in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]] main menu has been removed now that users have learned the new location of the Language switcher. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T353619] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP_Editing:_Privacy_Enhancement_and_Abuse_Mitigation/IP_Info_feature|IP info feature]] displays data from Spur, an IP addresses database. Previously, the only data source for this feature was MaxMind. Now, IP info is more useful for patrollers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341395] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge Grid Engine services have been shut down after the final migration process from Grid Engine to Kubernetes. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Obsolete:Toolforge/Grid][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2022/03/14/toolforge-and-grid-engine/] * Communities can now customize the default reasons for undeleting a page by creating [[MediaWiki:Undelete-comment-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326746] '''Problems''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] is an interface to interactively browse a page's history. Users in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider/Developing_a_RTL-accessible_feature_in_MediaWiki_-_what_we%27ve_learned_while_creating_the_RevisionSlider|right-to-left]] languages reported RevisionSlider reacting wrong to mouse clicks. This should be fixed now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352169] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1710943200 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W12"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:40, 18 March 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26410165 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-13 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Magna Lykseth-Skogman]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Magna Lykseth in Tristan och Isolde at Kungliga Operan 1909 - SMV - GL164.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Magna Elvine Lykseth-Skogman''' (6 February 1874 – 13 November 1949), also known as Magna Lykseth-Schjerven, was a Norwegian-born Swedish operatic soprano. After making her début at the Royal Swedish Opera in 1901 as Santuzza in Cavalleria rusticana, she was engaged there until 1918 becoming the company's prima donna. She performed leading roles in a wide range of operas but is remembered in particular for her Wagnerian interpretations, creating Brünnhilde in the Swedish premières of Siegfried and Götterdämmerung, and Isolde in 1909. Considered to be one of the most outstanding Swedish opera singers of her generation, she was awarded the Litteris et Artibus medal in 1907 and became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music in 1912 <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:00, 25 March 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26447450 --> == Tech News: 2024-13 == <section begin="technews-2024-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] An update was made on March 18th 2024 to how various projects load site, user JavaScript and CSS in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]]. A [[phab:T360384|checklist]] is provided for site admins to follow. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W13"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:57, 25 March 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26446209 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-14 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Lidder Valley]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Pahalgam Valley.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Lidder Valley''' or Liddar Valley is a Himalayan sub-valley that forms the southeastern corner of Anantnag district in Indian-administered Kashmir. The Lidder River flows down the valley. The entrance to the valley lies 7 km northeast from Anantnag town and 62 km southeast from Srinagar, the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir. It is a 40-km-long gorge valley with an average width of 3 km. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:15, 1 April 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26509189 --> == Tech News: 2024-14 == <section begin="technews-2024-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|reading accessibility]] beta feature will notice that the default line height for the standard and large text options has changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359030] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has an annual plan. The annual plan decides what the Wikimedia Foundation will work on. You can now read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs#Draft Key Results|the draft key results]] for the Product and Technology department. They are suggestions for what results the Foundation wants from big technical changes from July 2024 to June 2025. You can [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs|comment on the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W14"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:36, 2 April 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26462933 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-15 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Operation Kraai]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Overzicht van het vliegveld te Djokja vanuit de 'Control Tower', Bestanddeelnr 5128.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Operation Kraai''' (Operation Crow) was a Dutch military offensive against the de facto Republic of Indonesia in December 1948 after negotiations failed. With the advantage of surprise the Dutch managed to capture the Indonesian Republic's temporary capital, Yogyakarta, and seized Indonesian leaders such as de facto Republican President Sukarno. This apparent military success was however followed by guerrilla warfare, while the violation of the Renville Agreement ceasefire diplomatically isolated the Dutch, leading to the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference and recognition of the United States of Indonesia. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:47, 8 April 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26550154 --> == Tech News: 2024-15 == <section begin="technews-2024-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Web browsers can use tools called [[:w:en:Browser extension|extensions]]. There is now a Chrome extension called [[m:Future Audiences/Experiment:Citation Needed|Citation Needed]] which you can use to see if an online statement is supported by a Wikipedia article. This is a small experiment to see if Wikipedia can be used this way. Because it is a small experiment, it can only be used in Chrome in English. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit Recovery|Edit Recovery]] feature has been added to all wikis, available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user preference]]. Once you enable it, your in-progress edits will be stored in your web browser, and if you accidentally close an editing window or your browser or computer crashes, you will be prompted to recover the unpublished text. Please leave any feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Edit-recovery feature|project talk page]]. This was the #8 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey. * Initial results of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] experiments [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#4_April_2024|have been published]]. Edit Check is now deployed as a default feature at [[phab:T342930#9538364|the wikis that tested it]]. [[mw:Talk:Edit check|Let us know]] if you want your wiki to be part of the next deployment of Edit check. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342930][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361727] * Readers using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] on mobile will notice there has been an improvement in the line height across all typography settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359029] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * New accounts and logged-out users will get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|visual editor]] as their default editor on mobile. This deployment is made at all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361134] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W15"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:38, 8 April 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26564838 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-16 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:ru:Павильон Росси]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:en:Rossi Pavilion]])&#32;([[:fr:Pavillon Rossi]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Rossi's Pavilion in Mikhailovsky Garden. Saint-Petersburg. 1825..jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Rossi Pavilion''' (Russian: Павильон Росси) is a pavilion on the bank of the Moyka River in the Mikhailovsky Garden in Saint Petersburg. It was designed by architect Carlo Rossi in the early 1820s and built in 1825 during his redevelopment of the garden. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:53, 15 April 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26565118 --> == Tech News: 2024-16 == <section begin="technews-2024-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Between 2 April and 8 April, on wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged Revisions]], the "{{Int:tag-mw-reverted}}" tag was not applied to undone edits. In addition, page moves, protections and imports were not autoreviewed. This problem is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361918][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361940] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#DEFAULTSORT|Default category sort keys]] will now affect categories added by templates placed in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite|footnotes]]. Previously footnotes used the page title as the default sort key even if a different default sort key was specified (category-specific sort keys already worked). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40435] * A new variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>page_last_edit_age</code></bdi> will be added to [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]]. It tells how many seconds ago the last edit to a page was made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T269769] '''Future changes''' * Volunteer developers are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Four database fields will be removed from database replicas (including [[quarry:|Quarry]]). This affects only the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>abuse_filter</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>abuse_filter_history</code></bdi> tables. Some queries might need to be updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361996] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W16"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:29, 15 April 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26564838 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-17 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Devorà Ascarelli]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:it:Debora Ascarelli]])&#32;([[:es:Devorà Ascarelli]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Devorà Ascarelli''' was a 16th-century Italian poet living in Rome, Italy. Ascarelli may have been the first Jewish woman to have a book of her own work published. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:35, 22 April 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26624302 --> == Tech News: 2024-17 == <section begin="technews-2024-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Starting this week, newcomers editing Wikipedia [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Leveling up 3|will be encouraged]] to try structured tasks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer tasks|Structured tasks]] have been shown to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link/Experiment analysis, December 2021|improve newcomer activation and retention]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348086] * You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|nominate your favorite tools]] for the fifth edition of the Coolest Tool Award. Nominations will be open until May 10. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * This is the last warning that by the end of May 2024 the Vector 2022 skin will no longer share site and user scripts/styles with old Vector. For user-scripts that you want to keep using on Vector 2022, copy the contents of [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector.js]] to [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector-2022.js]]. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|more technical details]] available. Interface administrators who foresee this leading to lots of technical support questions may wish to send a mass message to your community, as was done on French Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362701] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W17"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:28, 22 April 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26647188 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-18 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:1989 Serbian general election]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:sr:Председнички избори у Србији 1989.]])&#32;([[:vi:Tổng tuyển cử Serbia 1989]])''</small></div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Parliament of SR Serbia (1989–1991).svg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''General elections were held in Serbia''', a constituent federal unit of SFR Yugoslavia, on 12 November 1989 to elect the president of the presidency of the Socialist Republic of Serbia and delegates of the Assembly of SR Serbia. Voting for delegates also took place on 10 and 30 November 1989. In addition to the general elections, local elections were held simultaneously. These were the first direct elections conducted after the adoption of the 1974 Yugoslav Constitution and the delegate electoral system, and the last elections conducted under a one-party system. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:32, 29 April 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26624302 --> == Tech News: 2024-18 == <section begin="technews-2024-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' [[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages changed for the following wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}. These wikis participated to a test, where 50% of users got the new design, for one year. As this test [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|gave positive results]], the new design is deployed on these wikis as the default design. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). The deployment will happen at all wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341491] * Seven new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[w:bew:|<code>w:bew:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357866] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35708|Kusaal]] ([[w:kus:|<code>w:kus:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359757] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35513|Igala]] ([[w:igl:|<code>w:igl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361644] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q33541|Karakalpak]] ([[wikt:kaa:|<code>wikt:kaa:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362135] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9228|Burmese]] ([[s:my:|<code>s:my:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361085] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[s:ms:|<code>s:ms:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363039] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q8108|Georgian]] ([[s:ka:|<code>s:ka:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363085] * You can now [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Support#Early_access:_Watch_Message_Groups_on_Translatewiki.net watch message groups/projects] on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/translatewiki.net|Translatewiki.net]]. Initially, this feature will notify you of added or deleted messages in these groups. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348501] * Dark mode is now available on all wikis, on mobile web for logged-in users who opt into the [[Special:MobileOptions|advanced mode]]. This is the early release of the feature. Technical editors are invited to [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ check for accessibility issues on wikis]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|more detailed guidelines]]. '''Problems''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can use an alternative visual style without labels, by using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mapstyle="osm"</nowiki></code></bdi>. This wasn't working in previews, creating the wrong impression that it wasn't supported. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362531] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W18"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:34, 30 April 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26689057 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-19 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Heinrich Bünting]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Heinrich Bünting''' (1545 – 1606) was a Protestant pastor and theologian. He is best known for his book of woodcut maps titled Itinerarium Sacrae Scripturae (Travel book through Holy Scripture) first published in 1581. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:27, 6 May 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26624302 --> == Tech News: 2024-19 == <section begin="technews-2024-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' [[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages changed for all wikis, except for Commons, Wikidata and most Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|a few]] have already received this design change). You can read the detail of the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). The deployment will happen at remaining wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352087][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Interface admins now have greater control over the styling of article components on mobile with the introduction of the <code>SiteAdminHelper</code>. More information on how styles can be disabled can be found [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikimediaMessages#Site_admin_helper|at the extension's page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363932] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has added article body sections in JSON format and a curated short description field to the existing parsed Infobox. This expansion to the API is also available via Wikimedia Cloud Services. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/article-sections-and-description/] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * When you look at the Special:Log page, the first view is labelled "All public logs", but it only shows some logs. This label will now say "Main public logs". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237729] '''Future changes''' * A new service will be built to replace [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Extension:Graph]]. Details can be found in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans|the latest update]] regarding this extension. * Starting May 21, English Wikipedia and German Wikipedia will get the possibility to activate "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]". This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to all Wikipedias]]. These communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|activate and configure the feature locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308144] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W19"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:45, 6 May 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26729363 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-20 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:var(--background-color-backdrop-dark, #DDDDDD); border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:var(--color-inverted, #000000); padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Ruyan (district)]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:fa:رویان (طبرستان)]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Northern Iran and its surroundings during the Iranian intermezzo.svg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Ruyan''' (Persian: رویان), later known as Rustamdar (رستمدار), was the name of a mountainous district that encompassed the western part of Tabaristan/Mazandaran, a region on the Caspian coast of northern Iran. In Iranian mythology, Ruyan appears as one of the places that the legendary archer Arash shot his arrow from, reaching the edge of Khorasan to mark the border between Iran and Turan. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:39, 13 May 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26755244 --> == Tech News: 2024-20 == <section begin="technews-2024-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On Wikisource there is a special page listing pages of works without corresponding scan images. Now you can use the new magic word <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>__EXPECTWITHOUTSCANS__</code></bdi> to exclude certain pages (list of editions or translations of works) from that list. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344214] * If you use the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user-preference]] "{{int:tog-uselivepreview}}", then the template-page feature "{{int:Templatesandbox-editform-legend}}" will now also work without reloading the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T136907] * [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can now specify an alternative text via the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>alt=</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute. This is identical in usage to the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>alt=</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Syntax|image and gallery syntax]]. An exception for this feature is wikis like Wikivoyage where the miniature maps are interactive. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328137] * The old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|Guided Tour]] for the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|New Filters for Edit Review]]" feature has been removed. It was created in 2017 to show people with older accounts how the interface had changed, and has now been seen by most of the intended people. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217451] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[{{#special:search}}]] results page will now use CSS flex attributes, for better accessibility, instead of a table. If you have a gadget or script that adjusts search results, you should update your script to the new HTML structure. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320295] '''Future changes''' * In the Vector 2022 skin, main pages will be displayed at full width (like special pages). The goal is to keep the number of characters per line large enough. This is related to the coming changes to typography in Vector 2022. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357706] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Two columns of the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:pagelinks table|pagelinks]]</code></bdi> database table (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_namespace</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_title</code></bdi>) are being dropped soon. Users must use two columns of the new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:special:MyLanguage/Manual:linktarget table|linktarget]]</code></bdi> table instead (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_namespace</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_title</code></bdi>). In your existing SQL queries: *# Replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN pagelinks</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN linktarget</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_</code></bdi> in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>ON</code></bdi> statement *# Below that add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN pagelinks ON lt_id = pl_target_id</code></bdi> ** See <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[phab:T222224]]</bdi> for technical reasoning. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222224][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T299947] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W20"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:59, 13 May 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26762074 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-21 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: #f8f9fa; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Turlough (lake)]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:de:Turlough]])&#32;([[:no:Turlough]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Carran Turlough.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> A '''turlough''' is a seasonal or periodic water body found mostly in limestone karst areas of Ireland, west of the River Shannon. [...] The water bodies fill and empty with the changes in the level of the water table, usually being very low or empty during summer and autumn and full in the winter. As groundwater levels drop the water drains away underground through cracks in the karstic limestone. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:31, 20 May 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26789673 --> == Tech News: 2024-21 == <section begin="technews-2024-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, will now correctly delete pages which were moved to another title. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T43351] * New changes have been made to the UploadWizard in Wikimedia Commons: the overall layout has been improved, by following new styling and spacing for the form and its fields; the headers and helper text for each of the fields was changed; the Caption field is now a required field, and there is an option for users to copy their caption into the media description. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:WMF_support_for_Commons/Upload_Wizard_Improvements#Changes_to_%22Describe%22_workflow][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361049] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading_HTML_changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It will change on 22 May in some skins (Timeless, Modern, CologneBlue, Nostalgia, and Monobook). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in all other skins. The developers are also considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W21"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:04, 20 May 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26786311 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-22 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: #f8f9fa; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Geiranger Church]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:no:Geiranger kirke]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Iglesia parroquial, Geiranger, Noruega, 2019-09-07, DD 84-97 PAN.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Geiranger Church''' (Norwegian: Geiranger kyrkje) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Stranda Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is located in the village of Geiranger, and the end of the famous Geirangerfjorden. It is the church for the Geiranger parish which is part of the Nordre Sunnmøre prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Møre. The white, wooden church was built in an octagonal design in 1842 using plans drawn up by the architect Hans Klipe. The church seats about 165 people. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:48, 27 May 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26828106 --> == Tech News: 2024-22 == <section begin="technews-2024-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Several bugs related to the latest updates to the UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons have been fixed. For more information, see [[:phab:T365107|T365107]] and [[:phab:T365119|T365119]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In March 2024 a new [[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addPortlet|addPortlet]] API was added to allow gadgets to create new portlets (menus) in the skin. In certain skins this can be used to create dropdowns. Gadget developers are invited to try it and [[phab:T361661|give feedback]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some CSS in the Minerva skin has been removed to enable easier community configuration. Interface editors should check the rendering on mobile devices for aspects related to the classes: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.collapsible</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.multicol</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.reflist</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.coordinates</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.topicon</code></bdi>. [[phab:T361659|Further details are available on replacement CSS]] if it is needed. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * When you visit a wiki where you don't yet have a local account, local rules such as edit filters can sometimes prevent your account from being created. Starting this week, MediaWiki takes your global rights into account when evaluating whether you can override such local rules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316303] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W22"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:15, 28 May 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26832205 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-23 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: #f8f9fa; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Guillermo Larrazábal]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Guillermo Larrazábal Arzubide''' (10 February 1907 – 1983) was a Spanish stained glass artist who was active in Ecuador. He is considered Ecuador's most important stained glass artist. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:14, 3 June 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26828106 --> == Tech News: 2024-23 == <section begin="technews-2024-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * It is now possible for local administrators to add new links to the bottom of the site Tools menu without JavaScript. [[mw:Manual:Interface/Sidebar#Add or remove toolbox sections|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6086] * The message name for the definition of the tracking category of WikiHiero has changed from "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MediaWiki:Wikhiero-usage-tracking-category</code></bdi>" to "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MediaWiki:Wikihiero-usage-tracking-category</code></bdi>". [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/wikihiero/+/1035855] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q5317225|Kadazandusun]] ([[w:dtp:|<code>w:dtp:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365220] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * Next week, on wikis with the Vector 2022 skin as the default, logged-out desktop users will be able to choose between different font sizes. The default font size will also be increased for them. This is to make Wikimedia projects easier to read. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-06 deployments|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W23"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:35, 3 June 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26844397 --> == Tech News: 2024-24 == <section begin="technews-2024-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The software used to render SVG files has been updated to a new version, fixing many longstanding bugs in SVG rendering. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265549] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading HTML changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It was changed last week in some skins (Vector legacy and Minerva). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in Vector-2022. The developers are still considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML markup used for citations by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] changed last week. In places where Parsoid previously added the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw-reference-text</code></bdi> class, Parsoid now also adds the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>reference-text</code></bdi> class for better compatibility with the legacy parser. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1036705] '''Problems''' * There was a bug with the Content Translation interface that caused the tools menus to appear in the wrong location. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366374] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The new version of MediaWiki includes another change to the HTML markup used for citations: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] will now generate a <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><span class="mw-cite-backlink"></nowiki></code></bdi> wrapper for both named and unnamed references for better compatibility with the legacy parser. Interface administrators should verify that gadgets that interact with citations are compatible with the new markup. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1035809] * On multilingual wikis that use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><translate></nowiki></code></bdi> system, there is a feature that shows potentially-outdated translations with a pink background until they are updated or confirmed. From this week, confirming translations will be logged, and there is a new user-right that can be required for confirming translations if the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requests it]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T49177] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W24"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:20, 10 June 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26893898 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-25 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: #f8f9fa; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:de:Magdalena Zeger]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Magdalena Zeger''' ([mak.da.ˈleː.na ˈt͡seː.gɐ], * 1491; † 16. January 1568 in Kolding) was a calendar maker, astronomer and astrologist. Her Hamburg almanacs and forecasts from 1561 and 1563 have been preserved. Zeger's calendars are the first independent publications by a woman in the field of astronomy. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:29, 17 June 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26940351 --> == Tech News: 2024-25 == <section begin="technews-2024-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * People who attempt to add an external link in the visual editor will now receive immediate feedback if they attempt to link to a domain that a project has decided to block. Please see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#11_June_2024|Edit check]] for more details. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366751] * The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CommunityConfiguration|Community Configuration extension]] is available [[testwiki:Special:CommunityConfiguration|on Test Wikipedia]]. This extension allows communities to customize specific features to meet their local needs. Currently only Growth features are configurable, but the extension will support other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration#Use_cases|Community Configuration use cases]] in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323811][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360954] * The dark mode [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] is now available on category and help pages, as well as more special pages. There may be contrast issues. Please report bugs on the [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366370] '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Cloud Services tools were not available for 25 minutes last week. This was caused by a faulty hardware cable in the data center. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2024-06-11_WMCS_Ceph] * Last week, styling updates were made to the Vector 2022 skin. This caused unforeseen issues with templates, hatnotes, and images. Changes to templates and hatnotes were reverted. Most issues with images were fixed. If you still see any, [[phab:T367463|report them here]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367480] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting June 18, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Edit Check]] will be deployed to [[phab:T361843|a new set of Wikipedias]]. This feature is intended to help newcomers and to assist edit-patrollers by inviting people who are adding new content to a Wikipedia article to add a citation when they do not do so themselves. During [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#Reference_Check_A/B_Test|a test at 11 wikis]], the number of citations added [https://diff.wikimedia.org/?p=127553 more than doubled] when Reference Check was shown to people. Reference Check is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|community configurable]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361843]<!-- NOTE: THE DIFF BLOG WILL BE PUBLISHED ON MONDAY --> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mailing_lists|Mailing lists]] will be unavailable for roughly two hours on Tuesday 10:00–12:00 UTC. This is to enable migration to a new server and upgrade its software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367521] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W25"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:49, 17 June 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26911987 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-26 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: #f8f9fa; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Koreans in Micronesia]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:zh:朝鮮裔密克羅尼西亞人]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Koreans in Micronesia''' used to form a significant population before World War II, when most of the region was ruled as the South Seas Mandate of the Empire of Japan; for example, they formed 7.3% of the population of Palau in 1943. However, after the area came under the control of the United States as the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, most Koreans returned to their homeland. As of 2013, about seven thousand South Korean expatriates & immigrants and Korean Americans reside in the Marianas (Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands), which have remained under U.S. control, while only around two hundred South Korean expatriates reside in the independent countries of Micronesia. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 04:03, 24 June 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26940351 --> == Tech News: 2024-26 == <section begin="technews-2024-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Editors will notice that there have been some changes to the background color of text in the diff view, and the color of the byte-change numbers, last week. These changes are intended to make text more readable in both light mode and dark mode, and are part of a larger effort to increase accessibility. You can share your comments or questions [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading|on the project talkpage]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361717] * The text colors that are used for visited-links, hovered-links, and active-links, were also slightly changed last week to improve their accessibility in both light mode and dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366515] '''Problems''' * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|copy permanent links to talk page comments]] by clicking on a comment's timestamp. [[mw:Talk pages project/Permalinks|This feature]] did not always work when the topic title was very long and the link was used as a wikitext link. This has been fixed. Thanks to Lofhi for submitting the bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356196] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting 26 June, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link at English Wikipedia, making this feature available for you to use at all wikis. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they were linked to, even if this comment has since been moved elsewhere. You can read more about this feature [[DiffBlog:/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/|on Diff]] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365974] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W26"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:33, 24 June 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26989424 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-27 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Roller printing on textiles]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Silverstudio.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Roller printing''' on fabrics is a textile printing process patented by Thomas Bell of Scotland in 1783 in an attempt to reduce the cost of the earlier copperplate printing. This method was used in Lancashire fabric mills to produce cotton dress fabrics from the 1790s, most often reproducing small monochrome patterns characterized by striped motifs and tiny dotted patterns called "machine grounds". Improvements in the technology resulted in more elaborate roller prints in bright, rich colours from the 1820s; Turkey red and chrome yellow were particularly popular. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:44, 1 July 2024 (UTC)'' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27031540 --> == Tech News: 2024-27 == <section begin="technews-2024-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Over the next three weeks, dark mode will become available for all users, both logged-in and logged-out, starting with the mobile web version. This fulfils one of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2023/Reading/Dark_mode|top-requested community wishes]], and improves low-contrast reading and usage in low-light settings. As part of these changes, dark mode will also work on User-pages and Portals. There is more information in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Updates#June_2024:_Typography_and_dark_mode_deployments,_new_global_preferences|the latest Web team update]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366364] * Logged-in users can now set [[m:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-skin-skin-prefs|global preferences for the text-size and dark-mode]], thanks to a combined effort across Foundation teams. This allows Wikimedians using multiple wikis to set up a consistent reading experience easily, for example by switching between light and dark mode only once for all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341278] * If you use a very old web browser some features might not work on the Wikimedia wikis. This affects Internet Explorer 11 and versions of Chrome, Firefox and Safari older than 2016. This change makes it possible to use new [[d:Q46441|CSS]] features and to send less code to all readers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288287][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:How_to_make_a_MediaWiki_skin#Using_CSS_variables_for_supporting_different_themes_e.g._dark_mode] * Wikipedia Admins can customize local wiki configuration options easily using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]]. Community Configuration was created to allow communities to customize how some features work, because each language wiki has unique needs. At the moment, admins can configure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] on their home wikis, in order to better recruit and retain new editors. More options will be provided in the coming months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366458] * Editors interested in language issues that are related to [[w:en:Unicode|Unicode standards]], can now discuss those topics at [[mw:Talk:WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|a new conversation space in MediaWiki.org]]. The Wikimedia Foundation is now a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|member of the Unicode Consortium]], and the coordination group can collaboratively review the issues discussed and, where appropriate, bring them to the attention of the Unicode Consortium. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[w:btm:|<code>w:btm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368038] '''Problems''' * Editors can once again click on links within the visual editor's citation-preview, thanks to a bug fix by the Editing Team. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368119] '''Future changes''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 2 weeks. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W27"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:59, 1 July 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27038456 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-28 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:simple:India naming dispute]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:ur:انڈیا نام کا تنازعہ]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''India naming dispute''' in 1947 refers to the argument over the use of the name India during and after the partition of British Raj, between the countries of Pakistan and the Republic of India. This dispute involved key figures such as Lord Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of British Raj, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League and a founder of Pakistan. By 1947, the British Raj was going to be divided into two new nation states – Hindustan and Pakistan. Jinnah was initially convinced that Hindustan would not use the term India, since it lacked indigenous pedigree, etymologically and historically India meant the Indus Valley (modern-Pakistan). He also opposed the use of the name India as it would cause confusion regarding history. The disagreement had significant implications for national identity and international recognition. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:13, 8 July 2024 (UTC)'' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27031540 --> == Tech News: 2024-28 == <section begin="technews-2024-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * At the Wikimedia Foundation a new task force was formed to replace the disabled Graph with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project|more secure, easy to use, and extensible Chart]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Chart Project|subscribe to the newsletter]] to get notified about new project updates and other news about Chart. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension is now available on Meta-wiki, Igbo Wikipedia, and Swahili Wikipedia, and can be requested on your wiki. This extension helps in managing and making events more visible, giving Event organizers the ability to use tools like the Event registration tool. To learn more about the deployment status and how to request this extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status|CampaignEvents page on Meta-wiki]]. * Editors using the iOS Wikipedia app who have more than 50 edits can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits#Add an image|Add an Image]] feature. This feature presents opportunities for small but useful contributions to Wikipedia. * Thank you to [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth/Celebration|all of the authors]] who have contributed to MediaWiki Core. As a result of these contributions, the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth|percentage of authors contributing more than 5 patches has increased by 25% since last year]], which helps ensure the sustainability of the platform for the Wikimedia projects. '''Problems''' * A problem with the color of the talkpage tabs always showing as blue, even for non-existent pages which should have been red, affecting the Vector 2022 skin, [[phab:T367982|has been fixed]]. '''Future changes''' * The Trust and Safety Product team wants to introduce [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] with as little disruption to tools and workflows as possible. Volunteer developers, including gadget and user-script maintainers, are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle temporary accounts. The team has [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|created documentation]] explaining how to do the update. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]]. '''Tech News survey''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 1 more week. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W28"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:32, 8 July 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27080357 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-29 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Adumu]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Maasai 2012 05 31 2782 (7522645058).jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Adumu''', is a type of dance that the Maasai people of Kenya and Tanzania practice. Young Maasai warriors generally perform the energetic and acrobatic dance at ceremonial occasions including weddings, religious rites, and other significant cultural events. The Adumu dance is characterized by a sequence of jumps performed by the dancers, who stand in a circle and alternately jump while keeping their bodies as straight and upright as possible. In addition to wearing vividly colored shúkàs (clothes) and beaded jewelry, the dancers are typically clad in traditional Maasai costume. Traditional Maasai songs and chants are also performed during the dance. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:15, 15 July 2024 (UTC)'' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27031540 --> == Tech News: 2024-29 == <section begin="technews-2024-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News survey''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 3 more days. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia developers can now officially continue to use both [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]], due to a June 24 decision by the Wikimedia Foundation to support software development on both platforms. Gerrit and GitLab are both code repositories used by developers to write, review, and deploy the software code that supports the MediaWiki software that the wiki projects are built on, as well as the tools used by editors to create and improve content. This decision will safeguard the productivity of our developers and prevent problems in code review from affecting our users. More details are available in the [[mw:GitLab/Migration status|Migration status]] page. * The Wikimedia Foundation seeks applicants for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). This group will bring technical contributors and Wikimedia Foundation together to co-define a more resilient, future-proof technological platform. Council members will evaluate and consult on the movement's product and technical activities, so that we develop multi-generational projects. We are looking for a range of technical contributors across the globe, from a variety of Wikimedia projects. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal#Joining the PTAC as a technical volunteer|Please apply here by August 10]]. * Editors with rollback user-rights who use the Wikipedia App for Android can use the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Anti Vandalism|Edit Patrol]] features. These features include a new feed of Recent Changes, related links such as Undo and Rollback, and the ability to create and save a personal library of user talk messages to use while patrolling. If your wiki wants to make these features available to users who do not have rollback rights but have reached a certain edit threshold, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android#Contact us|you can contact the team]]. You can [[diffblog:2024/07/10/ِaddressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/|read more about this project on Diff blog]]. * Editors who have access to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The_Wikipedia_Library|The Wikipedia Library]] can once again use non-open access content in SpringerLinks, after the Foundation [[phab:T368865|contacted]] them to restore access. You can read more about [[m:Tech/News/Recently_resolved_community_tasks|this and 21 other community-submitted tasks that were completed last week]]. '''Changes later this week''' * This week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-07 deployments|dark mode will be available on a number of Wikipedias]], both desktop and mobile, for logged-in and logged-out users. Interface admins and user script maintainers are encouraged to check gadgets and user scripts in the dark mode, to find any hard-coded colors and fix them. There are some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations for dark mode compatibility]] to help. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Next week, functionaries, volunteers maintaining tools, and software development teams are invited to test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on testwiki. Temporary accounts is a feature that will help improve privacy on the wikis. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348895] * Editors who upload files cross-wiki, or teach other people how to do so, may wish to join a Wikimedia Commons discussion. The Commons community is discussing limiting who can upload files through the cross-wiki upload/Upload dialog feature to users auto-confirmed on Wikimedia Commons. This is due to the large amount of copyright violations uploaded this way. There is a short summary at [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Cross-wiki upload|Commons:Cross-wiki upload]] and [[c:Commons:Village pump/Proposals#Deactivate cross-wiki uploads for new users|discussion at Commons:Village Pump]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]]. </div><section end="technews-2024-W29"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:31, 16 July 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27124561 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-30 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Rathaus-Glockenspiel]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:2019-11-16, Glockenspiel, Neues Münchner Rathaus, IMG 7463 edit Christoph Braun.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Rathaus-Glockenspiel''' is a large mechanical clock located in Marienplatz Square, in the heart of Munich, Germany. Famous for its life-size characters, the clock twice daily re-enacts scenes from Munich's history. First is the story of the marriage of Duke Wilhelm V to Renata of Lorraine in 1568, followed by the story of the Schäfflerstanz, also known as the coopers' dance. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:56, 22 July 2024 (UTC)'' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27031540 --> == Tech News: 2024-30 == <section begin="technews-2024-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translations]] are available. '''Feature News''' * Stewards can now [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks|globally block]] accounts. Before [[phab:T17294|the change]] only IP addresses and IP ranges could be blocked globally. Global account blocks are useful when the blocked user should not be logged out. [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_locks|Global locks]] (a similar tool logging the user out of their account) are unaffected by this change. The new global account block feature is related to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project, which is a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors that are no longer made public. * Later this week, Wikimedia site users will notice that the Interface of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as "Pending Changes") is improved and consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Wikimedia's design system]]. The FlaggedRevs interface experience on mobile and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MinervaNeue|Minerva skin]] was inconsistent before it was fixed and ported to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]] by the WMF Growth team and some volunteers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] * Wikimedia site users can now submit account vanishing requests via [[m:Special:GlobalVanishRequest|GlobalVanishRequest]]. This feature is used when a contributor wishes to stop editing forever. It helps you hide your past association and edit to protect your privacy. Once processed, the account will be locked and renamed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367329] * Have you tried monitoring and addressing vandalism in Wikipedia using your phone? [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/10/%d9%90addressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/ A Diff blog post on Patrolling features in the Mobile App] highlights some of the new capabilities of the feature, including swiping through a feed of recent changes and a personal library of user talk messages for use when patrolling from your phone. * Wikimedia contributors and GLAM (galleries, libraries, archives, and museums) organisations can now learn and measure the impact Wikimedia Commons is having towards creating quality encyclopedic content using the [https://doc.wikimedia.org/generated-data-platform/aqs/analytics-api/reference/commons.html Commons Impact Metrics] analytics dashboard. The dashboard offers organizations analytics on things like monthly edits in a category, the most viewed files, and which Wikimedia articles are using Commons images. As a result of these new data dumps, GLAM organisation can more reliably measure their return on investment for programs bringing content into the digital Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/] '''Project Updates''' * Come share your ideas for improving the wikis on the newly reopened [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]]. The Community Wishlist is Wikimedia’s forum for volunteers to share ideas (called wishes) to improve how the wikis work. The new version of the wishlist is always open, works with both wikitext and Visual Editor, and allows wishes in any language. '''Learn more''' * Have you ever wondered how Wikimedia software works across over 300 languages? This is 253 languages more than the Google Chrome interface, and it's no accident. The Language and Product Localization Team at the Wikimedia Foundation supports your work by adapting all the tools and interfaces in the MediaWiki software so that contributors in our movement who translate pages and strings can translate them and have the sites in all languages. Read more about the team and their upcoming work on [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/building-towards-a-robust-multilingual-knowledge-ecosystem-for-the-wikimedia-movement/ Diff]. * How can Wikimedia build innovative and experimental products while maintaining such heavily used websites? A recent [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/ blog post] by WMF staff Johan Jönsson highlights the work of the [[m:Future Audiences#Objectives and Key Results|WMF Future Audience initiative]], where the goal is not to build polished products but test out new ideas, such as a [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiments: conversational/generative AI|ChatGPT plugin]] and [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiment:Add a Fact|Add a Fact]], to help take Wikimedia into the future. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]]. </div><section end="technews-2024-W30"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:05, 23 July 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27142915 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-31 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Nederlandsche Cocaïnefabriek]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:es:Nederlandsche Cocaïnefabriek]])&#32;([[:nl:Nederlandsche Cocaïnefabriek]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Nederlandsche Cocainefabriek Schinkelstraat Amsterdam architect HH Baanders 1902.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Nederlandsche Cocaïnefabriek''' (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈneːdərlɑntsə koːkaːˈinəfaːˌbrik]; English: Dutch Cocaine Factory) or NCF was an Amsterdam-based company producing cocaine for medical purposes in the 20th century. It imported its raw materials mainly from the Dutch East Indies and sold its products across Europe, making good profits especially in the early years of World War I. The NCF produced morphine, heroin and ephedrine as well. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:44, 29 July 2024 (UTC)'' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27150339 --> == Tech News: 2024-31 == <section begin="technews-2024-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Editors using the Visual Editor in languages that use non-Latin characters for numbers, such as Hindi, Manipuri and Eastern Arabic, may notice some changes in the formatting of reference numbers. This is a side effect of preparing a new sub-referencing feature, and will also allow fixing some general numbering issues in Visual Editor. If you notice any related problems on your wiki, please share details at the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|project talkpage]]. '''Bugs status''' * Some logged-in editors were briefly unable to edit or load pages last week. [[phab:T370304|These errors]] were mainly due to the addition of new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|linter]] rules which led to caching problems. Fixes have been applied and investigations are continuing. * Editors can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Information tool]] to get information about IP addresses. This tool is available as a Beta Feature in your preferences. The tool was not available for a few days last week, but is now working again. Thank you to Shizhao for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks#2024-07-25|28 other community-submitted tasks]] that were resolved last week. '''Project updates''' * There are new features and improvements to Phabricator from the Release Engineering and Collaboration Services teams, and some volunteers, including: the search systems, the new task creation system, the login systems, the translation setup which has resulted in support for more languages (thanks to Pppery), and fixes for many edge-case errors. You can [[phab:phame/post/view/316/iterative_improvements/|read details about these and other improvements in this summary]]. * There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|update on the Charts project]]. The team has decided which visualization library to use, which chart types to start focusing on, and where to store chart definitions. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9056|Czech]] ([[voy:cs:|<code>voy:cs:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370905] '''Learn more''' * There is a [[diffblog:2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/|new Wikimedia Foundation data center]] in São Paulo, Brazil which helps to reduce load times. * There is new [[diffblog:2024/07/22/the-perplexing-process-of-uploading-images-to-wikipedia/|user research]] on problems with the process of uploading images. * Commons Impact Metrics are [[diffblog:2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/|now available]] via data dumps and API. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/July|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W31"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:11, 29 July 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27164109 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-32 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Suffrage drama]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Pamphlet from NAWSA for women's suffrage plays, page 1.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Suffrage drama''' (also known as suffrage plays or suffrage theatre) is a form of dramatic literature that emerged during the British women's suffrage movement in the early twentieth century. Suffrage performances lasted approximately from 1907-1914. Many suffrage plays called for a predominant or all female cast. Suffrage plays served to reveal issues behind the suffrage movement. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:13, 5 August 2024 (UTC)'' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27150339 --> == Tech News: 2024-32 == <section begin="technews-2024-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Two new parser functions will be available this week: <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#dir|#dir]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#bcp47|#bcp47]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>. These will reduce the need for <code>Template:Dir</code> and <code>Template:BCP47</code> on Commons and allow us to [[phab:T343131|drop 100 million rows]] from the "what links here" database. Editors at any wiki that use these templates, can help by replacing the templates with these new functions. The templates at Commons will be updated during the Hackathon at Wikimania. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359761][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366623] * Communities can request the activation of the visual editor on entire namespaces where discussions sometimes happen (for instance ''Wikipedia:'' or ''Wikisource:'' namespaces) if they understand the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/FAQ#WPNS|known limitations]]. For discussions, users can already use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] in these namespaces. * The tracking category "Pages using Timeline" has been renamed to "Pages using the EasyTimeline extension" [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3ATimeline-tracking-category&namespace=8 in TranslateWiki]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. '''Project updates''' * Editors who help to organize WikiProjects and similar on-wiki collaborations, are invited to share ideas and examples of successful collaborations with the Campaigns and Programs teams. You can fill out [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/WikiProjects|a brief survey]] or share your thoughts [[m:Talk:Campaigns/WikiProjects|on the talkpage]]. The teams are particularly looking for details about successful collaborations on non-English wikis. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The new parser is being rolled out on {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} wikis over the next few months. The {{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage}} and {{int:project-localized-name-hewikivoyage}} were [[phab:T365367|switched]] to Parsoid last week. For more information, see [[mw:Parsoid/Parser_Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]]. '''Learn more''' * There will be more than 200 sessions at Wikimania this week. Here is a summary of some of the [[diffblog:2024/08/05/interested-in-product-and-tech-here-are-some-wikimania-sessions-you-dont-want-to-miss/|key sessions related to the product and technology area]]. * The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/07-02|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/July|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New design previews for Translatable pages; Updates about MinT for Wiki Readers; the release of Translation dumps; and more. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/31|Growth newsletter]] is available. * The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/July 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W32"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:44, 5 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27233905 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-33 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Karatgurk]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:it:Karatgurk]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> In the Australian Aboriginal mythology of the Aboriginal people of south-eastern Australian state of Victoria, the '''Karatgurk''' were seven sisters who represented the constellation known in western astronomy as the Pleiades. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:13, 12 August 2024 (UTC)'' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27264174 --> == Tech News: 2024-33 == <section begin="technews-2024-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] editors and maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Actions#Show a CAPTCHA|make a CAPTCHA show if a filter matches an edit]]. This allows communities to quickly respond to spamming by automated bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T20110] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards|Stewards]] can now specify if global blocks should prevent account creation. Before [[phab:T17273|this change]] by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product]] Team, all global blocks would prevent account creation. This will allow stewards to reduce the unintended side-effects of global blocks on IP addresses. '''Project updates''' * [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#August_2024_committee_nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new members to refresh the [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]]. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open until at least 2024-08-26. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2880037|West Coast Bajau]] ([[w:bdr:|<code>w:bdr:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371757] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W33"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:22, 12 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27253654 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-34 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:B1 (classification)]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''B1''' is a medical-based Paralympic classification for blind sport. Athletes in this classification are totally or almost totally blind. It is used by a number of blind sports including blind tennis, para-alpine skiing, para-Nordic skiing, blind cricket, blind golf, five-a-side football, goalball and judo. Some other sports, including adaptive rowing, athletics and swimming, have equivalents to this class. The B1 classification was first created by the IBSA in the 1970s, and has largely remained unchanged since despite an effort by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) to move towards a more functional and evidence-based classification system. Classification is often handled on the international level by the International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA) but it sometimes handled by national sport federations. There are exceptions for sports like athletics and cycling, where classification is handled by their own governing bodies. Equipment utilized by competitors in this class may differ from sport to sport, and may include sighted guides, guide rails, beeping balls and clapsticks. There may be some modifications related to equipment and rules to specifically address needs of competitors in this class to allow them to compete in specific sports. Some sports specifically do not allow a guide, whereas cycling and skiing require one. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:56, 19 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27278917 --> == Tech News: 2024-34 == <section begin="technews-2024-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Editors who want to re-use references but with different details such as page numbers, will be able to do so by the end of 2024, using a new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Sub-referencing in a nutshell|sub-referencing]] feature. You can read more [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|about the project]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|how to test the prototype]]. * Editors using tracking categories to identify which pages use specific extensions may notice that six of the categories have been renamed to make them more easily understood and consistent. These categories are automatically added to pages that use specialized MediaWiki extensions. The affected names are for: [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aintersection-category&namespace=8 DynamicPageList], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Akartographer-tracking-category&namespace=8 Kartographer], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aphonos-tracking-category&namespace=8 Phonos], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Arss-tracking-category&namespace=8 RSS], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Ascore-use-category&namespace=8 Score], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Awikihiero-usage-tracking-category&namespace=8 WikiHiero]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. Thanks to Pppery for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347324] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Technical volunteers who edit modules and want to get a list of the categories used on a page, can now do so using the <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">categories</bdi></code> property of <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Title objects|mw.title objects]]</bdi></code>. This enables wikis to configure workflows such as category-specific edit notices. Thanks to SD001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T50175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85372] '''Bugs status''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Your help is needed to check if any pages need to be moved or deleted. A maintenance script was run to clean up unreachable pages (due to Unicode issues or introduction of new namespaces/namespace aliases). The script tried to find appropriate names for the pages (e.g. by following the Unicode changes or by moving pages whose titles on Wikipedia start with <code>Talk:WP:</code> so that their titles start with <code>Wikipedia talk:</code>), but it may have failed for some pages, and moved them to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[Special:PrefixIndex/T195546/]]</bdi> instead. Your community should check if any pages are listed there, and move them to the correct titles, or delete them if they are no longer needed. A full log (including pages for which appropriate names could be found) is available in [[phab:P67388]]. * Editors who volunteer as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|mentors]] to newcomers on their wiki are once again able to access lists of potential mentees who they can connect with to offer help and guidance. This functionality was restored thanks to [[phab:T372164|a bug fix]]. Thank you to Mbch331 for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and 18 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Project updates''' * The application deadline for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product & Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC) has been extended to September 16. Members will help by providing advice to Foundation Product and Technology leadership on short and long term plans, on complex strategic problems, and help to get feedback from more contributors and technical communities. Selected members should expect to spend roughly 5 hours per month for the Council, during the one year pilot. Please consider applying, and spread the word to volunteers you think would make a positive contribution to the committee. '''Learn more''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award#2024 Winners|2024 Coolest Tool Awards]] were awarded at Wikimania, in seven categories. For example, one award went to the ISA Tool, used for adding structured data to files on Commons, which was recently improved during the [[m:Event:Wiki Mentor Africa ISA Hackathon 2024|Wiki Mentor Africa Hackathon]]. You can see video demonstrations of each tool at the awards page. Congratulations to this year's recipients, and thank you to all tool creators and maintainers. * The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/08-01|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available, and includes some highlights from Wikimania, an upcoming Language community meeting, and other news from the movement. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W34"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:54, 20 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27307284 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-35 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Erzi (village)]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Caucasus, Ingushetia, Ингушские боевые и смотровые башни, горы Кавказа.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Erzi''' (Russian: Эрзи; Ingush: Аьрзи, romanized: Ärzi, lit. 'Eagle') is a medieval village (aul) in the Dzheyrakhsky District of Ingushetia. It is part of the rural settlement (administrative center) of Olgeti. The entire territory of the settlement is included in the Dzheyrakh-Assa State Historical-Architectural and Natural Museum-Reserve and is under state protection. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:19, 26 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27345183 --> == Tech News: 2024-35 == <section begin="technews-2024-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Administrators can now test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on test2wiki. This was done to allow cross-wiki testing of temporary accounts, for when temporary accounts switch between projects. The feature was enabled on testwiki a few weeks ago. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Temporary Accounts is a project to create a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors which are no longer made public. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. * Later this week, editors at wikis that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as "Pending Changes") may notice that the indicators at the top of articles have changed. This change makes the system more consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] '''Bugs status''' * Editors who use the 2010 wikitext editor, and use the Character Insert buttons, will [[phab:T361465|no longer]] experience problems with the buttons adding content into the edit-summary instead of the edit-window. You can read more about that, and 26 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Project updates''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Please review and vote on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas|Focus Areas]], which are groups of wishes that share a problem. Focus Areas were created for the newly reopened Community Wishlist, which is now open year-round for submissions. The first batch of focus areas are specific to moderator workflows, around welcoming newcomers, minimizing repetitive tasks, and prioritizing tasks. Once volunteers have reviewed and voted on focus areas, the Foundation will then review and select focus areas for prioritization. * Do you have a project and are willing to provide a three (3) month mentorship for an intern? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Outreachy|Outreachy]] is a twice a year program for people to participate in a paid internship that will start in December 2024 and end in early March 2025, and they need mentors and projects to work on. Projects can be focused on coding or non-coding (design, documentation, translation, research). See the Outreachy page for more details, and a list of past projects since 2013. '''Learn more''' * If you're curious about the product and technology improvements made by the Wikimedia Foundation last year, read [[diffblog:2024/08/21/wikimedia-foundation-product-technology-improving-the-user-experience/|this recent highlights summary on Diff]]. * To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together.webm|Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together]] (55 mins) - about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] project. ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Belgrade - Day 1 - Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views.webm|Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views]] (30 mins) - an overview for both technical and non technical audiences, covering some of the challenges and open questions, related to the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights|platform evolution, stewardship and developer experiences]] research. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W35"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:34, 26 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27341211 --> == Tech News: 2024-36 == <section begin="technews-2024-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Editors and volunteer developers interested in data visualisation can now test the new software for charts. Its early version is available on beta Commons and beta Wikipedia. This is an important milestone before making charts available on regular wikis. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|read more about this project update]] and help to test the charts. '''Feature news''' * Editors who use the [[{{#special:Unusedtemplates}}]] page can now filter out pages which are expected to be there permanently, such as sandboxes, test-cases, and templates that are always substituted. Editors can add the new magic word [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE|<code dir="ltr"><nowiki>__EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE__</nowiki></code>]] to a template page to hide it from the listing. Thanks to Sophivorus and DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184633] * Editors who use the New Topic tool on discussion pages, will [[phab:T334163|now be reminded]] to add a section header, which should help reduce the quantity of newcomers who add sections without a header. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:28}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. * Last week, some Toolforge tools had occasional connection problems. The cause is still being investigated, but the problems have been resolved for now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373243] * Translation administrators at multilingual wikis, when editing multiple translation units, can now easily mark which changes require updates to the translation. This is possible with the [[phab:T298852#10087288|new dropdown menu]]. '''Project updates''' * A new draft text of a policy discussing the use of Wikimedia's APIs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/API Policy Update 2024|has been published on Meta-Wiki]]. The draft text does not reflect a change in policy around the APIs; instead, it is an attempt to codify existing API rules. Comments, questions, and suggestions are welcome on [[m:Talk:API Policy Update 2024|the proposed update’s talk page]] until September 13 or until those discussions have concluded. '''Learn more''' * To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization.webm|Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization]] (25 mins) – about the above-mentioned Charts project. ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 3 - State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia.webm|State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia]] (90 mins) – about some of the language tools that support Wikimedia sites, such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content]]/[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Section Translation]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MinT|MinT]], and LanguageConverter; also the current state and future of languages onboarding. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368772] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W36"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:08, 3 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27390268 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-37 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Cappadocian calendar]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Cappadocian calendar''' was a solar calendar that was derived from the Persian Zoroastrian calendar. It is named after the historic region Cappadocia in present-day Turkey, where it was used. The calendar, which had 12 months of 30 days each and five epagomenal days, originated between 550 and 330 BC, when Cappadocia was part of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. The Cappadocian calendar was identical to the Zoroastrian calendar; this can be seen in its structure, in the Avestan names and in the order of the months. The Cappadocian calendar reflects the Iranian cultural influence in the region. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:42, 9 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27357319 --> == Tech News: 2024-37 == <section begin="technews-2024-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Starting this week, the standard [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will receive new colors that make them compatible in dark mode. This is the first of many changes to come as part of a major upgrade to syntax highlighting. You can learn more about what's to come on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365311][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Editors of wikis using Wikidata will now be notified of only relevant Wikidata changes in their watchlist. This is because the Lua functions <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>entity:getSitelink()</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qid)</code></bdi> will have their logic unified for tracking different aspects of sitelinks to reduce junk notifications from [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Projects/Watchlist Wikidata Sitelinks Tracking|inconsistent sitelinks tracking]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295356] '''Project updates''' * Users of all Wikis will have access to Wikimedia sites as read-only for a few minutes on September 25, starting at 15:00 UTC. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962] * Contributors of [[phab:T363538#10123348|11 Wikipedias]], including English will have a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS</code></bdi> namespace added to their Wikipedias. This improvement ensures that links beginning with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS:</code></bdi> (usually shortcuts to the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]) are not broken by [[w:en:Mooré|Mooré]] Wikipedia (language code <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mos</code></bdi>). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363538] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W37"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:53, 9 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27424457 --> == Tech News: 2024-38 == <section begin="technews-2024-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translations]] are available. '''Improvements and Maintenance''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Editors interested in templates can help by reading the latest Wishlist focus area, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template recall and discovery]], and share your feedback on the talkpage. This input helps the Community Tech team to decide the right technical approach to build. Everyone is also encouraged to continue adding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|new wishes]]. * The new automated [[{{#special:NamespaceInfo}}]] page helps editors understand which [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespaces|namespaces]] exist on each wiki, and some details about how they are configured. Thanks to DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263513] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|References Check]] is a feature that encourages editors to add a citation when they add a new paragraph to a Wikipedia article. For a short time, the corresponding tag "Edit Check (references) activated" was erroneously being applied to some edits outside of the main namespace. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373692] * It is now possible for a wiki community to change the order in which a page’s categories are displayed on their wiki. By default, categories are displayed in the order they appear in the wikitext. Now, wikis with a consensus to do so can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|request]] a configuration change to display them in alphabetical order. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373480] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool authors can now access ToolsDB's [[wikitech:Portal:Data Services#ToolsDB|public databases]] from both [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry|Quarry]] and [[wikitech:Superset|Superset]]. Those databases have always been accessible to every [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] user, but they are now more broadly accessible, as Quarry can be accessed by anyone with a Wikimedia account. In addition, Quarry's internal database can now be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry#Querying Quarry's own database|queried from Quarry itself]]. This database contains information about all queries that are being run and starred by users in Quarry. This information was already public through the web interface, but you can now query it using SQL. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:20}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. * Any pages or tools that still use the very old CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw-message-box</code></bdi> need to be updated. These old classes will be removed next week or soon afterwards. Editors can use a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-message-box&regex=1&namespaces=&title= global-search] to determine what needs to be changed. It is possible to use the newer <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>cdx-message</code></bdi> group of classes as a replacement (see [https://doc.wikimedia.org/codex/latest/components/demos/message.html#css-only-version the relevant Codex documentation], and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tech/Header&diff=prev&oldid=27449042 an example update]), but using locally defined onwiki classes would be best. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374499] '''Technical project updates''' * Next week, all Wikimedia wikis will be read-only for a few minutes. This will start on September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This maintenance process also targets other services.]] The previous switchover took 3 minutes, and the Site Reliability Engineering teams use many tools to make sure that this essential maintenance work happens as quickly as possible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962] '''Tech in depth''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/August 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes details about: research about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Hooks|hook]] handlers to help simplify development, research about performance improvements, work to improve the REST API for end-users, and more. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Auditorium Kyiv - Day 4 - Hackathon Showcase.webm|Hackathon Showcase]] (45 mins) - 19 short presentations by some of the Hackathon participants, describing some of the projects they worked on, such as automated testing of maintenance scripts, a video-cutting command line tool, and interface improvements for various tools. There are [[phab:T369234|more details and links available]] in the Phabricator task. ** [[c:File:Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem.webm|Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem]] (40 mins) - a roundtable discussion for tool-maintainers, users, and supporters of Toolforge about how to make the platform sustainable and how to evaluate the tools available there. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W38"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:03, 17 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27460876 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-39 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Independence Day (Albania)]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Independence Day''' (Albanian: Dita e Pavarësisë) is a public holiday in Albania observed on 28 November. It commemorates the Albanian Declaration of Independence (from the Ottoman Empire), which was ratified by the All-Albanian Congress on 28 November 1912, establishing the state of Albania. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 00:29, 23 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27456350 --> == Tech News: 2024-39 == <section begin="technews-2024-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. Reading the wikis will not be interrupted, but editing will be paused. These twice-yearly processes allow WMF's site reliability engineering teams to remain prepared to keep the wikis functioning even in the event of a major interruption to one of our data centers. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Add alt text from a halfsheet, with the article behind.png|thumb|A screenshot of the interface for the Alt Text suggested-edit feature]] * Editors who use the iOS Wikipedia app in Spanish, Portuguese, French, or Chinese, may see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|Alt Text suggested-edit experiment]] after editing an article, or completing a suggested edit using "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project#Hypothesis 2 Add an Image Suggested Edit|Add an image]]". Alt-text helps people with visual impairments to read Wikipedia articles. The team aims to learn if adding alt-text to images is a task that editors can be successful with. Please share any feedback on [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|the discussion page]]. * The Codex color palette has been updated with new and revised colors for the MediaWiki user interfaces. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design System Team/Color/Design documentation#Updates|most noticeable changes]] for editors include updates for: dark mode colors for Links and for quiet Buttons (progressive and destructive), visited Link colors for both light and dark modes, and background colors for system-messages in both light and dark modes. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] It is now possible to include clickable wikilinks and external links inside code blocks. This includes links that are used within <code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code> tags and on code pages (JavaScript, CSS, Scribunto and Sanitized CSS). Uses of template syntax <code><nowiki>{{…}}</nowiki></code> are also linked to the template page. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368166] * Two bugs were fixed in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Account vanishing|GlobalVanishRequest]] system by improving the logging and by removing an incorrect placeholder message. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370595][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T372223] * View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] From [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]]: ** The API now enables 5,000 on-demand API requests per month and twice-monthly HTML snapshots freely (gratis and libre). More information on the updates and also improvements to the software development kits (SDK) are explained on [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api/ the project's blog post]. While Wikimedia Enterprise APIs are designed for high-volume commercial reusers, this change enables many more community use-cases to be built on the service too. ** The Snapshot API (html dumps) have added beta Structured Contents endpoints ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/ blog post on that]) as well as released two beta datasets (English and French Wikipedia) from that endpoint to Hugging Face for public use and feedback ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/hugging-face-dataset/ blog post on that]). These pre-parsed data sets enable new options for researchers, developers, and data scientists to use and study the content. '''In depth''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) is used to get answers to questions using the Wikidata data set. As Wikidata grows, we had to make a major architectural change so that WDQS could remain performant. As part of the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split project]], we have new SPARQL endpoints available for serving the "[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org scholarly]" and "[https://query-main.wikidata.org main]" subgraphs of Wikidata. The [http://query.wikidata.org query.wikidata.org endpoint] will continue to serve the full Wikidata graph until March 2025. After this date, it will only serve the main graph. For more information, please see [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|the announcement on Wikidata]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W39"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:37, 23 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27493779 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-40 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Wildlife of Bahrain]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Birds in Al-Areen Wildlife Park.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The wildlife of the archipelago of Bahrain, is more varied than might be expected of this small group of islands in the Persian Gulf. Apart from a strip of the north and west of the main island, where crops are grown with irrigation, the land is arid. With a very hot dry summer, a mild winter, and brackish groundwater, the plants need adaptations in order to survive. Nevertheless, 196 species of higher plant have been recorded here, as well as about seventeen species of terrestrial mammals, many birds and reptiles, and many migratory birds visit the islands in autumn and spring. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:57, 30 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27456350 --> == Tech News: 2024-40 == <section begin="technews-2024-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Readers of [[phab:T375401|42 more wikis]] can now use Dark Mode. If the option is not yet available for logged-out users of your wiki, this is likely because many templates do not yet display well in Dark Mode. Please use the [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ night-mode-checker tool] if you are interested in helping to reduce the number of issues. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations page]] provides guidance on this. Dark Mode is enabled on additional wikis once per month. * Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor as their default can access features from the 2017 wikitext editor by adding <code dir=ltr>?veaction=editsource</code> to the URL. If you would like to enable the 2017 wikitext editor as your default, it can be set in [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-newwikitext|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239796] * For logged-out readers using the Vector 2022 skin, the "donate" link has been moved from a collapsible menu next to the content area into a more prominent top menu, next to "Create an account". This restores the link to the level of prominence it had in the Vector 2010 skin. [[mw:Readers/2024 Reader and Donor Experiences#Donor Experiences (Key Result WE 3.2 and the related hypotheses)|Learn more]] about the changes related to donor experiences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373585] * The CampaignEvents extension provides tools for organizers to more easily manage events, communicate with participants, and promote their events on the wikis. The extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|enabled]] on Arabic Wikipedia, Igbo Wikipedia, Swahili Wikipedia, and Meta-Wiki. [[w:zh:Wikipedia:互助客栈/其他#引進CampaignEvents擴充功能|Chinese Wikipedia has decided]] to enable the extension, and discussions on the extension are in progress [[w:es:Wikipedia:Votaciones/2024/Sobre la política de Organizadores de Eventos|on Spanish Wikipedia]] and [[d:Wikidata:Project chat#Enabling the CampaignEvents Extention on Wikidata|on Wikidata]]. To learn how to enable the extension on your wiki, you can visit [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|the CampaignEvents page on Meta-Wiki]]. * View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers with an account on Wikitech-wiki should [[wikitech:Wikitech/SUL-migration|check if any action is required]] for their accounts. The wiki is being changed to use the single-user-login (SUL) system, and other configuration changes. This change will help reduce the overall complexity for the weekly software updates across all our wikis. '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|server switch]] was completed successfully last week with a read-only time of [[wikitech:Switch Datacenter#Past Switches|only 2 minutes 46 seconds]]. This periodic process makes sure that engineers can switch data centers and keep all of the wikis available for readers, even if there are major technical issues. It also gives engineers a chance to do maintenance and upgrades on systems that normally run 24 hours a day, and often helps to reveal weaknesses in the infrastructure. The process involves dozens of software services and hundreds of hardware servers, and requires multiple teams working together. Work over the past few years has reduced the time from 17 minutes down to 2–3 minutes. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/66ZW7B2MG63AESQVTXDIFQBDBS766JGW/] '''Meetings and events''' * October 4–6: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiIndaba conference 2024|WikiIndaba Conference's Hackathon]] in Johannesburg, South Africa * November 4–6: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] in Vienna, Austria '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W40"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:21, 30 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27530062 --> == Tech News: 2024-41 == <section begin="technews-2024-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Communities can now request installation of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator|Automoderator]] on their wiki. Automoderator is an automated anti-vandalism tool that reverts bad edits based on scores from the new "Revert Risk" machine learning model. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AutoModerator/Deploying|read details about the necessary steps]] for installation and configuration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336934] '''Updates for editors''' * Translators in wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|the mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now customize their articles suggestion list from 41 filtering options when using the tool. This topic-based article suggestion feature makes it easy for translators to self-discover relevant articles based on their area of interest and translate them. You can [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&active-list=suggestions try it with your mobile device]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368422] * View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * It is now possible for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code></bdi> code blocks to offer readers a "Copy" button if the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>copy=1</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight#copy|set on the tag]]. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40932] * Customized copyright footer messages on all wikis will be updated. The new versions will use wikitext markup instead of requiring editing raw HTML. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375789] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this month, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] will be rolled out on several pilot wikis. The final list of the wikis will be published in the second half of the month. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on [[phab:T376499|these 11 wikis]], and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Rate limiting has been enabled for the code review tools [[Wikitech:Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[Wikitech:GitLab|GitLab]] to address ongoing issues caused by malicious traffic and scraping. Clients that open too many concurrent connections will be restricted for a few minutes. This rate limiting is managed through [[Wikitech:nftables|nftables]] firewall rules. For more details, see Wikitech's pages on [[Wikitech:Firewall#Throttling with nftables|Firewall]], [[Wikitech:GitLab/Abuse and rate limiting|GitLab limits]] and [[Wikitech:Gerrit/Operations#Throttling IPs|Gerrit operations]]. * Five new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q49224|Komering]] ([[w:kge:|<code>w:kge:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374813] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36096|Mooré]] ([[m:mos:|<code>m:mos:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374641] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[wikt:mad:|<code>wikt:mad:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374968] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q2501174|Gorontalo]] ([[q:gor:|<code>q:gor:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375088] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikinews}} in [[d:Q56482|Shan]] ([[n:shn:|<code>n:shn:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375430] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W41"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:43, 7 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27557422 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-42 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Little Danes experiment]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:fa:آزمایش دانمارکی‌های کوچک]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Children play at a Danish Red Cross-run orphanage in Greenland.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''little Danes experiment''' was a 1951 Danish operation where 22 Greenlandic Inuit children were sent to Danish foster families in an attempt to re-educate them as "little Danes". While the children were all supposed to be orphans, most were not. Six children were adopted while in Denmark, and sixteen returned to Greenland, only to be placed in Danish-speaking orphanages and never live with their families again. Half of the children experienced mental health disturbances, and half of them died in young adulthood. The government of Denmark officially apologised in 2020, after several years of demands from Greenlandic officials. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:16, 14 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27572997 --> == Tech News: 2024-42 == <section begin="technews-2024-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is starting to be removed. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|A first set of wikis]] are being contacted. These wikis are invited to stop using Flow, and to move all Flow boards to sub-pages, as archives. At these wikis, a script will move all Flow pages that aren't a sub-page to a sub-page automatically, starting on 22 October 2024. On 28 October 2024, all Flow boards at these wikis will be set in read-only mode. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370722] * WMF's Search Platform team is working on making it easier for readers to perform text searches in their language. A [[phab:T332342|change last week]] on over 30 languages makes it easier to find words with accents and other diacritics. This applies to both full-text search and to types of advanced search such as the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">''hastemplate''</bdi> and <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">''incategory''</bdi> keywords. More technical details (including a few other minor search upgrades) are available. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:TJones_%28WMF%29/Notes/Language_Analyzer_Harmonization_Notes#ASCII-folding/ICU-folding_%28T332342%29] * View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|EditCheck]] was installed at Russian Wikipedia, and fixes were made for some missing user interface styles. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Editors who use the Toolforge tool [[toolforge:copyvios|Earwig's Copyright Violation Detector]] will now be required to log in with their Wikimedia account before running checks using the "search engine" option. This change is needed to help prevent external bots from misusing the system. Thanks to Chlod for these improvements. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:New_pages_patrol/Reviewers#Authentication_is_now_required_for_search_engine_checks_on_Earwig's_Copyvio_Tool] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] users can create tickets and add comments on existing tickets via Email again. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator/Help#Using email|Sending email to Phabricator]] has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356077] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Some HTML elements in the interface are now wrapped with a <code><nowiki><bdi></nowiki></code> element, to make our HTML output more aligned with Web standards. More changes like this will be coming in future weeks. This change might break some tools that rely on the previous HTML structure of the interface. Note that relying on the HTML structure of the interface is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Stable interface policy/Frontend#What is not stable?|not recommended]] and might break at any time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375975] '''In depth''' * The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/September 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes: updates on Wikimedia's authentication system, research to simplify feature development in the MediaWiki platform, updates on Parser Unification and MathML rollout, and more. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/October|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition include: research about improving topic suggestions related to countries, improvements to PHPUnit tests, and more. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W42"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:22, 14 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27597254 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-43 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Kharayeb]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Muharram 1Oth-Ashouraa 2007 in Kharayeb - panoramio.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Kharayeb''' (Arabic: الخرايب) is a historic town in the Sidon District in the South Governorate, Lebanon. The town is 77 km (48 mi) south of Beirut, and stands at an average altitude of 190 m (620 ft) above sea level. The town boasts a rich historical legacy, with archaeological excavations revealing a complex settlement history spanning from Prehistory to the Ottoman period. Notably, Kharayeb's origins can be traced back to the Persian period (539–330 BC), when it played a pivotal role in the region's agricultural and economic landscape, culminating in the construction of its Phoenician temple around the 6th century BC. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:38, 21 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27572997 --> == Tech News: 2024-43 == <section begin="technews-2024-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Mobile Apps team has released an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh#Phase 1: Creating a user Profile Menu (T373714)|update]] to the iOS app's navigation, and it is now available in the latest App store version. The team added a new Profile menu that allows for easy access to editor features like Notifications and Watchlist from the Article view, and brings the "Donate" button into a more accessible place for users who are reading an article. This is the first phase of a larger planned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh|navigation refresh]] to help the iOS app transition from a primarily reader-focused app, to an app that fully supports reading and editing. The Wikimedia Foundation has added more editing features and support for on-wiki communication based on volunteer requests in recent years. [[File:IOS App Navigation refresh first phase 05.png|thumb|iOS Wikipedia App's profile menu and contents]] '''Updates for editors''' * Wikipedia readers can now download a browser extension to experiment with some early ideas on potential features that recommend articles for further reading, automatically summarize articles, and improve search functionality. For more details and to stay updated, check out the Web team's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments|Content Discovery Experiments page]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Web team's projects|subscribe to their newsletter]]. * Later this month, logged-out editors of [[phab:T376499|these 12 wikis]] will start to have [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] created. The list may slightly change - some wikis may be removed but none will be added. Temporary account is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User account types|type of user account]]. It enhances the logged-out editors' privacy and makes it easier for community members to communicate with them. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on these 12 wikis, and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. Read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|deployment plan across all wikis]]. * View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[w:nr:Main Page|South Ndebele]], [[w:rsk:Главни бок|Pannonian Rusyn]], [[w:ann:Uwu|Obolo]], [[w:iba:Lambar Keterubah|Iban]] and [[w:tdd:ᥞᥨᥝᥴ ᥘᥣᥲ ᥖᥥᥰ|Tai Nüa]] Wikipedia languages were created last week. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36785][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35660][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36614][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33424][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36556] * It is now possible to create functions on Wikifunctions using Wikidata lexemes, through the new [[f:Z6005|Wikidata lexeme type]] launched last week. When you go to one of these functions, the user interface provides a lexeme selector that helps you pick a lexeme from Wikidata that matches the word you type. After hitting run, your selected lexeme is retrieved from Wikidata, transformed into a Wikidata lexeme type, and passed into the selected function. Read more about this in [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-17#Function of the Week: select representation from lexeme|the latest Wikifunctions newsletter]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Users of the Wikimedia sites can now format dates more easily in different languages with the new <code dir="ltr">{{[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef|#timef]]:…}}</code> parser function. For example, <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{#timef:now|date|en}}</nowiki></code> will show as "<bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">{{#timef:now|date|en}}</bdi>". Previously, <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{#time:…}}</nowiki></code> could be used to format dates, but this required knowledge of the order of the time and date components and their intervening punctuation. <code dir="ltr">#timef</code> (or <code dir="ltr">#timefl</code> for local time) provides access to the standard date formats that MediaWiki uses in its user interface. This may help to simplify some templates on multi-lingual wikis like Commons and Meta. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223772][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Commons and Meta users can now efficiently [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Localization|retrieve the user's language]] using <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{USERLANGUAGE}}</nowiki></code> instead of using <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{int:lang}}</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T4085] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Tech Advisory Council]] (PTAC) now has its pilot members with representation across Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America. They will work to address the [[Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives/Technology Council|Movement Strategy's Technology Council]] initiative of having a co-defined and more resilient technological platform. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Movement_Strategy/Initiatives/Technology_Council] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/32|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: an upcoming Newcomer Homepage Community Updates module, new Community Configuration options, and details on new projects. * The Wikimedia Foundation is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Security Team#CNA Partnership|now an official partner of the CVE program]], which is an international effort to catalog publicly disclosed cybersecurity vulnerabilities. This partnership will allow the Security Team to instantly publish [[w:en:Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures|common vulnerabilities and exposures]] (CVE) records that are affecting MediaWiki core, extensions, and skins, along with any other code the Foundation is a steward of. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]] is now [[m:Community Wishlist/Updates#October 16, 2024: Conversations Made Easier: Machine-Translated Wishes Are Here!|testing machine translations]] for Wishlist content. Volunteers can now read machine-translated versions of wishes and dive into discussions even before translators arrive to translate content. '''Meetings and events''' * 24 October - Wiki Education Speaker Series Webinar - [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/N4XTB4G55BUY3M3PNGUAKQWJ7A4UOPAK/ Open Source Tech: Building the Wiki Education Dashboard], featuring Wikimedia interns and a Web developer in the panel. * 20–22 December 2024 - [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024|Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024]] in Odisha, India. A hackathon for community members, including developers, designers and content editors, to build technical solutions that improve contributors' experiences. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W43"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:53, 21 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27634672 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-44 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Christmas horror]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:es:Terror navideño]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Christmascarol1843 -- 169.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Christmas horror''' is a fiction genre and film genre that incorporates horror elements into a seasonal setting. It is popular in multiple countries. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:05, 28 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27647428 --> == Tech News: 2024-44 == <section begin="technews-2024-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Later in November, the Charts extension will be deployed to the test wikis in order to help identify and fix any issue. A security review is underway to then enable deployment to pilot wikis for broader testing. You can read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#October 2024: Working towards production deployment|the October project update]] and see the [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Charts latest documentation and examples on Beta Wikipedia]. * View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[w:en:PediaPress|Pediapress.com]], an external service that creates books from Wikipedia, can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Maps|Wikimedia Maps]] to include existing pre-rendered infobox map images in their printed books on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375761] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Wikis can use [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|the Guided Tour extension]] to help newcomers understand how to edit. The Guided Tours extension now works with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Dark mode|dark mode]]. Guided Tour maintainers can check their tours to see that nothing looks odd. They can also set <code>emitTransitionOnStep</code> to <code>true</code> to fix an old bug. They can use the new flag <code>allowAutomaticBack</code> to avoid back-buttons they don't want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73927#10241528] * Administrators in the Wikimedia projects who use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Nuke|Nuke Extension]] will notice that mass deletions done with this tool have the "Nuke" tag. This change will make reviewing and analyzing deletions performed with the tool easier. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366068] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W44"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:57, 28 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27668811 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-45 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Placenta cake]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:simple:Placenta cake]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Bucharest, Greek pie-maker, 1880.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Placenta cake''' is a dish from ancient Greece and Rome consisting of many dough layers interspersed with a mixture of cheese and honey and flavored with bay leaves, baked and then covered in honey. The dessert is mentioned in classical texts such as the Greek poems of Archestratos and Antiphanes, as well as the De agri cultura of Cato the Elder. It is often seen as the predecessor of baklava and börek. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:16, 4 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27647428 --> == Tech News: 2024-45 == <section begin="technews-2024-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Stewards can now make [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks|global account blocks]] cause global [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblocks]]. This will assist stewards in preventing abuse from users who have been globally blocked. This includes preventing globally blocked temporary accounts from exiting their session or switching browsers to make subsequent edits for 24 hours. Previously, temporary accounts could exit their current session or switch browsers to continue editing. This is an anti-abuse tool improvement for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project. You can read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|progress on key features for temporary accounts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368949] * Wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]] can now use the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event list#October 29, 2024: Collaboration List launched|Collaboration List]] feature. This list provides a new, easy way for contributors to learn about WikiProjects on their wikis. Thanks to the Campaign team for this work that is part of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product %26 Technology OKRs#WE KRs|the 2024/25 annual plan]]. If you are interested in bringing the CampaignEvents extension to your wiki, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|follow these steps]] or you can reach out to User:Udehb-WMF for help. * The text color for red links will be slightly changed later this week to improve their contrast in light mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370446] * View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, on multilingual wikis, users [[phab:T216368|can now]] hide translations from the WhatLinksHere special page. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * XML [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Data dumps|data dumps]] have been temporarily paused whilst a bug is investigated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/xmldatadumps-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/BXWJDPO5QI2QMBCY7HO36ELDCRO6HRM4/] '''In depth''' * Temporary Accounts have been deployed to six wikis; thanks to the Trust and Safety Product team for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|this work]], you can read about [[phab:T340001|the deployment plans]]. Beginning next week, Temporary Accounts will also be enabled on [[phab:T378336|seven other projects]]. If you are active on these wikis and need help migrating your tools, please reach out to [[m:User:Udehb-WMF|User:Udehb-WMF]] for assistance. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/October|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New languages supported in translatewiki or in MediaWiki; New keyboard input methods for some languages; details about recent and upcoming meetings, and more. '''Meetings and events''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] is happening in Vienna, Austria and online from 4 to 6 November 2024. The conference will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W45"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:51, 4 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27693917 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-46 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Trisomy 16]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Chromosome 16.svg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Trisomy 16''' is a chromosomal abnormality in which there are 3 copies of chromosome 16 rather than two. It is the most common trisomy leading to miscarriage and the second most common chromosomal cause of it, closely following X-chromosome monosomy. About 6% of miscarriages have trisomy 16. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:09, 11 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27708700 --> == Tech News: 2024-46 == <section begin="technews-2024-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * On wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|Translate extension]] enabled, users will notice that the FuzzyBot will now automatically create translated versions of categories used on translated pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285463] * View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the submitted task to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SecurePoll|SecurePoll extension]] for English Wikipedia's special [[w:en:Wikipedia:Administrator elections|administrator election]] was resolved on time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371454] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] In <code dir="ltr">[[mw:MediaWiki_1.44/wmf.2|1.44.0-wmf-2]]</code>, the logic of Wikibase function <code>getAllStatements</code> changed to behave like <code>getBestStatements</code>. Invoking the function now returns a copy of values which are immutable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270851] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. The API will be rerouting some page content endpoints from RESTbase to the newer [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST API]] endpoints. The [[phab:T374683|impacted endpoints]] include getting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content. These changes will be available on testwiki later this week, with other projects to follow. This change should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints should verify behavior on testwiki, and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]]. '''In depth''' * Admins and users of the Wikimedia projects [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator_Tools/Automoderator#Usage|where Automoderator is enabled]] can now monitor and evaluate important metrics related to Automoderator's actions. [https://superset.wmcloud.org/superset/dashboard/unified-automoderator-activity-dashboard/ This Superset dashboard] calculates and aggregates metrics about Automoderator's behaviour on the projects in which it is deployed. Thanks to the Moderator Tools team for this Dashboard; you can visit [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator/Unified Activity Dashboard|the documentation page]] for more information about this work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369488] '''Meetings and events''' * 21 November 2024 ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] & [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]) - [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Community call]] with Wikimedia Commons volunteers and stakeholders to help prioritize support efforts for 2025-2026 Fiscal Year. The theme of this call is how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W46"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:08, 12 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27732268 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-47 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Boana platanera]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Rana platanera - Boana platanera.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''''Boana platanera''''', commonly known as the banana tree dwelling frog, is a species of tree frog in the family Hylidae. It is distributed within Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Trinidad and Tobago. Boana platanera was described in 2021, and individuals of the species were previously classified as Boana crepitans or Boana xerophylla. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:53, 18 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27735014 --> == Tech News: 2024-47 == <section begin="technews-2024-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of Wikimedia sites will now be warned when they create a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects|redirect]] to a page that doesn't exist. This will reduce the number of broken redirects to red links in our projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326057] * View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot/Overview|Pywikibot]], which automates work on MediaWiki sites, was upgraded to 9.5.0 on Toolforge. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * On wikis that use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]], pages created or moved by users with the appropriate permissions are marked as flagged automatically. This feature has not been working recently, and changes fixing it should be deployed this week. Thanks to Daniel and Wargo for working on this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379218][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368380] '''In depth''' * There is a new [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/11/05/say-hi-to-temporary-accounts-easier-collaboration-with-logged-out-editors-with-better-privacy-protection Diff post] about Temporary Accounts, available in more than 15 languages. Read it to learn about what Temporary Accounts are, their impact on different groups of users, and the plan to introduce the change on all wikis. '''Meetings and events''' * Technical volunteers can now register for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which will take place in Istanbul, Turkey. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/hackathon2025/ Application for travel and accommodation scholarships] is open from '''November 12 to December 10 2024'''. The registration for the event will close in mid-April 2025. The Wikimedia Hackathon is an annual gathering that unites the global technical community to collaborate on existing projects and explore new ideas. * Join the [[C:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF%20support%20for%20Commons/Commons%20community%20calls|Wikimedia Commons community calls]] this week to help prioritize support for Commons which will be planned for 2025–2026. The theme will be how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. This is an opportunity for volunteers who work on different things to come together and talk about what matters for the future of the project. The calls will take place '''November 21, 2024, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]'''. * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place '''November 29, 16:00 UTC''' to discuss updates and technical problem-solving. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W47"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:01, 19 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27806858 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-48 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Wang Su-bok]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:fa:وانگ سو بوک]])&#32;([[:ko:왕수복]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Wang Su-bok''' was a singer from North Korea, who was the most popular singer in Japanese-occupied Korea in 1935. She was credited as a ground-breaking female artist, whose work led the way for the modern K-pop phenomenon. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:57, 25 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27846897 --> == Tech News: 2024-48 == <section begin="technews-2024-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new version of the standard wikitext editor-mode [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will be available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] later this week. This brings many new features and bug fixes, including right-to-left support, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Template folding|template folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and an improved search panel. You can learn more on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. * The 2010 wikitext editor now supports common keyboard shortcuts such <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>B</code></bdi> for bold and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>I</code></bdi> for italics. A full [[mw:Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|list of all six shortcuts]] is available. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62928] * Starting November 28, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: <bdi>bswiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>elwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>euwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>fawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>fiwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikiquote</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikisource</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikiversity</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikivoyage</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>idwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>lvwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>plwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>ptwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>urwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>viwikisource</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>zhwikisource</bdi>. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a user creating a new AbuseFilter can now only set the filter to "protected" [[phab:T377765|if it includes a protected variable]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]], which can be used in JavaScript, CSS, JSON, and Lua pages, [[phab:T377663|now offers]] live autocompletion. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. The feature can be temporarily disabled on a page by pressing <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>,</code></bdi> and un-selecting "<bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Live Autocompletion</bdi>". * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool-maintainers who use the Graphite system for tracking metrics, need to migrate to the newer Prometheus system. They can check [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/K6DEOo5Ik/grafana-graphite-datasource-utilization?orgId=1 this dashboard] and the list in the Description of the [[phab:T350592|task T350592]] to see if their tools are listed, and they should claim metrics and dashboards connected to their tools. They can then disable or migrate all existing metrics by following the instructions in the task. The Graphite service will become read-only in April. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/KLUV4IOLRYXPQFWD6WKKJUHMWE77BMSZ/] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/NewPP parser report|New PreProcessor parser performance report]] has been fixed to give an accurate count for the number of Wikibase entities accessed. It had previously been resetting after 400 entities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279069] '''Meetings and events''' * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place November 29 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000 16:00 UTC]. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Mooré Wikipedia, the language support track at [[m:Wiki Indaba|Wiki Indaba]], and a report from the Wayuunaiki community on their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community over the last 3 years. This meeting will be in English and will also have Spanish interpretation. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W48"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:42, 25 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27847039 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-49 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Storm Filomena]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Spain’s chilly blanket ESA22415247.jpeg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Storm Filomena''' was an extratropical cyclone in early January 2021 that was most notable for bringing unusually heavy snowfall to parts of Spain, with Madrid recording its heaviest snowfall in over a century, and with Portugal being hit less severely. The eighth named storm of the 2020–21 European windstorm season, Filomena formed over the Atlantic Ocean close to the Canary Islands on 7 January, subsequently taking a slow track north-eastwards towards the Iberian Peninsula and then eastwards across the Mediterranean Sea. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:48, 2 December 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27846897 --> == Tech News: 2024-49 == <section begin="technews-2024-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Two new parser functions were added this week. The <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interwikilink|#interwikilink]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interwiki links|interwiki link]] and the <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interlanguagelink|#interlanguagelink]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interlanguage links|interlanguage link]]. These parser functions are useful on wikis where namespaces conflict with interwiki prefixes. For example, links beginning with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS:</code></bdi> on English Wikipedia [[phab:T363538|conflict with the <code>mos</code> language code prefix of Mooré Wikipedia]]. * Starting this week, Wikimedia wikis no longer support connections using old RSA-based HTTPS certificates, specifically rsa-2048. This change is to improve security for all users. Some older, unsupported browser or smartphone devices will be unable to connect; Instead, they will display a connectivity error. See the [[wikitech:HTTPS/Browser_Recommendations|HTTPS Browser Recommendations page]] for more-detailed information. All modern operating systems and browsers are always able to reach Wikimedia projects. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/CTYEHVNSXUD3NFAAMG3BLZVTVQWJXJAH/] * Starting December 16, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: <bdi>arwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>cawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>mediawikiwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>orwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wawiktionary</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wikidatawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>zhwiki</bdi>. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380910] * This month the Chart extension was deployed to production and is now available on Commons and Testwiki. With the security review complete, pilot wiki deployment is expected to start in the first week of December. You can see a working version [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details. * View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug with the "Download as PDF" system was fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376438] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * In late February, temporary accounts will be rolled out on at least 10 large wikis. This deployment will have a significant effect on the community-maintained code. This is about Toolforge tools, bots, gadgets, and user scripts that use IP address data or that are available for logged-out users. The Trust and Safety Product team wants to identify this code, monitor it, and assist in updating it ahead of the deployment to minimize disruption to workflows. The team asks technical editors and volunteer developers to help identify such tools by adding them to [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/Impacted tools|this list]]. In addition, review the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|updated documentation]] to learn how to adjust the tools. Join the discussions on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|project talk page]] or in the [[discord:channels/221049808784326656/1227616742340034722|dedicated thread]] on the [[w:Wikipedia:Discord|Wikimedia Community Discord server (in English)]] for support and to share feedback. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W49"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:23, 2 December 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27873992 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-50 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Syrian literature]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Poem about Baybars page 1 from Hakawati book.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Syrian literature''' is modern fiction written or orally performed in Arabic by writers from Syria since the independence of the Syrian Arab Republic in 1946. It is part of the historically and geographically wider Arabic literature. The modern states of Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel as well as the Palestinian autonomous areas only came into being in the mid-20th century. Therefore, Syrian literature has since been referred to by literary scholarship as the national literature of the Syrian Arab Republic, as well as the works created in Arabic by Syrian writers in the diaspora. This literature has been influenced by the country's political history, the literature of other Arabic-speaking countries and, especially in its early days, by French literature. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:59, 9 December 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27846897 --> == Tech News: 2024-50 == <section begin="technews-2024-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Technical documentation contributors can find updated resources, and new ways to connect with each other and the Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team, at the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Documentation|Documentation hub]] on MediaWiki.org. This page links to: resources for writing and improving documentation, a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">#wikimedia-techdocs</bdi> IRC channel on libera.chat, a listing of past and upcoming documentation events, and ways to request a documentation consultation or review. If you have any feedback or ideas for improvements to the documentation ecosystem, please [[mw:Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team#Contact us|contact the Technical Documentation Team]]. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Edit Check on Desktop.png|thumb|Layout change for the Edit Check feature]] * Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] will be relocated to a sidebar on desktop. Edit check is the feature for new editors to help them follow policies and guidelines. This layout change creates space to present people with [[mw:Edit check#1 November 2024|new Checks]] that appear ''while'' they are typing. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#Reference Check A/B Test|initial results]] show newcomers encountering Edit Check are 2.2 times more likely to publish a new content edit that includes a reference and is not reverted. * The Chart extension, which enables editors to create data visualizations, was successfully made available on MediaWiki.org and three pilot wikis (Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedias). You can see a working examples [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details. * Translators in wikis where the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now discover articles in Wikiproject campaigns of their interest from the "[https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=specialcx&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=collections&active-list=suggestions&from=es&to=en All collection]" category in the articles suggestion feature. Wikiproject Campaign organizers can use this feature, to help translators to discover articles of interest, by adding the <code dir=ltr><nowiki><page-collection> </page-collection></nowiki></code> tag to their campaign article list page on Meta-wiki. This will make those articles discoverable in the Content Translation tool. For more detailed information on how to use the tool and tag, please refer to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based & Community-defined lists/How to use the features|the step-by-step guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378958] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, now has a [[phab:T376379#10310998|multiselect filter for namespace selection]]. This enables users to select multiple specific namespaces, instead of only one or all, when fetching pages for deletion. * The Nuke feature also now [[phab:T364225#10371365|provides links]] to the userpage of the user whose pages were deleted, and to the pages which were not selected for deletion, after page deletions are queued. This enables easier follow-up admin-actions. Thanks to Chlod and the Moderator Tools team for both of these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364225#10371365] * The Editing Team is working on making it easier to populate citations from archive.org using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|Citoid]] tool, the auto-filled citation generator. They are asking communities to add two parameters preemptively, <code dir=ltr>archiveUrl</code> and <code dir=ltr>archiveDate</code>, within the TemplateData for each citation template using Citoid. You can see an [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACite_web%2Fdoc&diff=1261320172&oldid=1260788022 example of a change in a template], and a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?namespaces=10&q=%5C%22citoid%5C%22%3A%20%5C%7B&regex=1&title= list of all relevant templates]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374831] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9240|Indonesian]] ([[voy:id:|<code>voy:id:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380726] * Last week, all wikis had problems serving pages to logged-in users and some logged-out users for 30–45 minutes. This was caused by a database problem, and investigation is ongoing. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/3g2ckc7bp6l9] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add Link]] feature has been fixed. Previously, the list of sections which are excluded from Add Link was partially ignored in certain cases. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380455][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380329] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, now has an early-stage [[git:design/codex-php|implementation in PHP]]. It is available for general use in MediaWiki extensions and Toolforge apps through [https://packagist.org/packages/wikimedia/codex Composer], with use in MediaWiki core coming soon. More information is available in [[wmdoc:design-codex-php/main/index.html|the documentation]]. Thanks to Doğu for the inspiration and many contributions to the library. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379662] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. On December 4, the MediaWiki Interfaces team began rerouting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content endpoints on [[testwiki:|testwiki]] from RESTbase to comparable MediaWiki REST API endpoints. The team encourages active users of these endpoints to verify their tool's behavior on testwiki and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]] before the end of the year, as they intend to roll out the same change across all Wikimedia projects in early January. These changes are part of the work to replace the outdated [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|RESTBase]] system. * The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/986172 2024 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 3 January 2025, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:Developer Satisfaction Survey 2024 Privacy Statement|privacy statement]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Meetings and events''' * The next meeting in the series of [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation discussions with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12 December 2024 08:00 UTC|December 12 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12_December 2024 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is new media and new contributors. Contributors from all wikis are welcome to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W50"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:16, 9 December 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27919424 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-51 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Mars ocean theory]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:AncientMars.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Mars ocean theory''' states that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was covered by an ocean of liquid water early in the planet's geologic history. This primordial ocean, dubbed Paleo-Ocean or Oceanus Borealis (/oʊˈsiːənəs ˌbɒriˈælɪs/ oh-SEE-ə-nəs BORR-ee-AL-iss), would have filled the basin Vastitas Borealis in the northern hemisphere, a region that lies 4–5 km (2.5–3 miles) below the mean planetary elevation, at a time period of approximately 4.1–3.8 billion years ago. Evidence for this ocean includes geographic features resembling ancient shorelines, and the chemical properties of the Martian soil and atmosphere <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:44, 16 December 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27933909 --> == Tech News: 2024-51 == <section begin="technews-2024-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Interested in improving event management on your home wiki? The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] offers organizers features like event registration management, event/wikiproject promotion, finding potential participants, and more - all directly on-wiki. If you are an organizer or think your community would benefit from this extension, start a discussion to enable it on your wiki today. To learn more about how to enable this extension on your wiki, visit the [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|deployment status page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in Italy and Mexico on the Italian, Spanish, and English Wikipedias, can see a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review|personalized Year in Review]] with insights based on their reading and editing history. * Users of the Android Wikipedia App in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia can see the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Rabbit Holes|Rabbit Holes]] feature. This feature shows a suggested search term in the Search bar based on the current article being viewed, and a suggested reading list generated from the user’s last two visited articles. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|global reminder bot]] is now active and running on nearly 800 wikis. This service reminds most users holding temporary rights when they are about to expire, so that they can renew should they want to. See [[m:Global reminder bot/Technical details|the technical details page]] for more information. * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 13 January 2025 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was [[phab:T374988|fixed]] in the Android Wikipedia App which had caused translatable SVG images to show the wrong language when they were tapped. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There is no new MediaWiki version next week. The next deployments will start on 14 January. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar/2025] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W51"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:25, 16 December 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27942374 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-52 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:2023 Slovenia floods]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Sava v Tacnu 4. avgusta ob 16h.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> In August 2023, major floods occurred in large part of Slovenia and neighbouring areas of Austria and Croatia due to heavy rain. Amongst others, the level of rivers Sava, Mur and Drava was exceptionally high. Several settlements and transport links in Slovene Littoral, Upper Carniola and Slovenian Carinthia were flooded. Due to the amount of rain, the streams in Idrija, Cerkno and Škofja Loka Hills overflowed. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:55, 23 December 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27933909 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-01 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Uganda Railways Corporation]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:de:Schienenverkehr in Uganda]])&#32;([[:no:Uganda Railways Corporation]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:9620 mit Güterzug.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Uganda Railways Corporation''' (URC) is the parastatal railway of Uganda. It was formed after the breakup of the East African Railways Corporation (EARC) in 1977 when it took over the Ugandan part of the East African railways. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:37, 30 December 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28019313 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-02 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Internment of Japanese Canadians]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Japanese road camp.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> From 1942 to 1949, Canada forcibly relocated and incarcerated over 22,000 Japanese Canadians—comprising over 90% of the total Japanese Canadian population—from British Columbia in the name of "national security". The majority were Canadian citizens by birth and were targeted based on their ancestry. This decision followed the events of the Japanese Empire's war in the Pacific against the Western Allies, such as the invasion of Hong Kong, the attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, and the Fall of Singapore which led to the Canadian declaration of war on Japan during World War II. Similar to the actions taken against Japanese Americans in neighbouring United States, this forced relocation subjected many Japanese Canadians to government-enforced curfews and interrogations, job and property losses, and forced repatriation to Japan <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:56, 6 January 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28070038 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-03 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Christmas seals]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:no:Julemerke]])&#32;([[:ru:Рождественская виньетка]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:1915 US Christmas Seal.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Christmas seals''' are adhesive labels that are similar in appearance to postage stamps that are sold then affixed to mail during the Christmas season to raise funds and awareness for charitable programs. Christmas seals have become particularly associated with lung diseases such as tuberculosis, and with child welfare in general. They were first issued in Denmark beginning in 1904, with Sweden and Iceland following with issues that same year. Thereafter the use of Christmas seals proved to be popular and spread quickly around the world, with 130 countries producing their own issues. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:24, 13 January 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28086717 --> == Tech News: 2025-03 == <section begin="technews-2025-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Single User Login system is being updated over the next few months. This is the system which allows users to fill out the login form on one Wikimedia site and get logged in on all others at the same time. It needs to be updated because of the ways that browsers are increasingly restricting cross-domain cookies. To accommodate these restrictions, login and account creation pages will move to a central domain, but it will still appear to the user as if they are on the originating wiki. The updated code will be enabled this week for users on test wikis. This change is planned to roll out to all users during February and March. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and a timeline. '''Updates for editors''' * On wikis with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments|PageAssessments]] installed, you can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments#Search|filter search results]] to pages in a given WikiProject by using the <code dir=ltr>inproject:</code> keyword. (These wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-huwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378868] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34129|Tigre]] ([[w:tig:|<code>w:tig:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381377] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with updating a user's edit-count after making a rollback edit, which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382592] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia REST API users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. Starting the week of January 13, we will begin rerouting [[phab:T374683|some page content endpoints]] from RESTbase to the newer MediaWiki REST API endpoints for all wiki projects. This change was previously available on testwiki and should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints may raise issues directly to the [[phab:project/view/6931/|MediaWiki Interfaces Team]] in Phabricator if they arise. * Toolforge tool maintainers can now share their feedback on Toolforge UI, an initiative to provide a web platform that allows creating and managing Toolforge tools through a graphic interface, in addition to existing command-line workflows. This project aims to streamline active maintainers’ tasks, as well as make registration and deployment processes more accessible for new tool creators. The initiative is still at a very early stage, and the Cloud Services team is in the process of collecting feedback from the Toolforge community to help shape the solution to their needs. [[wikitech:Wikimedia Cloud Services team/EnhancementProposals/Toolforge UI|Read more and share your thoughts about Toolforge UI]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] For tool and library developers who use the OAuth system: The identity endpoint used for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user|OAuth 1]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user 2|OAuth 2]] returned a JSON object with an integer in its <code>sub</code> field, which was incorrect (the field must always be a string). This has been fixed; the fix will be deployed to Wikimedia wikis on the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382139] * Many wikis currently use [[:mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|Cite CSS]] to render custom footnote markers in Parsoid output. Starting January 20 these rules will be disabled, but the developers ask you to ''not'' clean up your <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]</bdi> until February 20 to avoid issues during the migration. Your wikis might experience some small changes to footnote markers in Visual Editor and when using experimental Parsoid read mode, but if there are changes these are expected to bring the rendering in line with the legacy parser output. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370027] '''Meetings and events''' * The next meeting in the series of [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation Community Conversations with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 08:00 UTC|January 15 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is defining the priorities in tool investment for Commons. Contributors from all wikis, especially users who are maintaining tools for Commons, are welcome to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W03"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:42, 14 January 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28048614 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-04 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:2010 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:it:Scontri del Nagorno Karabakh del 2010]])&#32;([[:tr:2010 Dağlık Karabağ çatışmaları]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''2010 Nahorno karabakh war''' were a series of exchanges of gunfire that took place on February 18 on the line of contact dividing Azerbaijani and the Karabakh Armenian military forces. Azerbaijan accused the Armenian forces of firing on the Azerbaijani positions near Tap Qaraqoyunlu, Qızıloba, Qapanlı, Yusifcanlı and Cavahirli villages, as well as in uplands of Agdam Rayon with small arms fire including snipers. As a result, three Azerbaijani soldiers were killed and one wounded. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:20, 20 January 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28099770 --> == Tech News: 2025-04 == <section begin="technews-2025-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators can mass-delete multiple pages created by a user or IP address using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Extension:Nuke]]. It previously only allowed deletion of pages created in the last 30 days. It can now delete pages from the last 90 days, provided it is targeting a specific user or IP address. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380846] * On [[phab:P72148|wikis that use]] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Patrolled edits|Patrolled edits]] feature, when the rollback feature is used to revert an unpatrolled page revision, that revision will now be marked as "manually patrolled" instead of "autopatrolled", which is more accurate. Some editors that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Filtering|filters]] on Recent Changes may need to update their filter settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302140] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Visual Editor's "Insert link" feature did not always suggest existing pages properly when an editor started typing, which has now been [[phab:T383497|fixed]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is being progressively removed from the wikis. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|The last group of wikis]] ({{int:project-localized-name-cawikiquote/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwikimedia/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwikibooks/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewikimedia/en}}) will soon be contacted. If you have questions about this process, please ping [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] at your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380912] * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical_Community_Newsletter/2025/January|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: updates about services from the Data Platform Engineering teams, information about Codex from the Design System team, and more. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W04"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:37, 21 January 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28129769 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-05 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Jinnah's birthday]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Yorkstatue.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Jinnah's Birthday''', officially Quaid-e-Azam Day and sometimes known as Quaid Day, is a public holiday in Pakistan observed annually on 25 December to celebrate the birthday of the founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, known as Quaid-i-Azam ("Great Leader"). A major holiday, commemorations for Jinnah began during his lifetime in 1942, and have continued ever since. The event is primarily observed by the government and the citizens of the country where the national flag is hoisted at major architectural structures such as private and public buildings, particularly at the top of Quaid-e-Azam House in Karachi. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:30, 27 January 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28156501 --> == Tech News: 2025-05 == <section begin="technews-2025-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Patrollers and admins - what information or context about edits or users could help you to make patroller or admin decisions more quickly or easily? The Wikimedia Foundation wants to hear from you to help guide its upcoming annual plan. Please consider sharing your thoughts on this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|13 other questions]] to shape the technical direction for next year. '''Updates for editors''' * iOS Wikipedia App users worldwide can now access a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review/How your data is used|personalized Year in Review]] feature, which provides insights based on their reading and editing history on Wikipedia. This project is part of a broader effort to help welcome new readers as they discover and interact with encyclopedic content. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Edit patrollers now have a new feature available that can highlight potentially problematic new pages. When a page is created with the same title as a page which was previously deleted, a tag ('Recreated') will now be added, which users can filter for in [[{{#special:RecentChanges}}]] and [[{{#special:NewPages}}]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T56145] * Later this week, there will be a new warning for editors if they attempt to create a redirect that links to another redirect (a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects#Double redirects|double redirect]]). The feature will recommend that they link directly to the second redirect's target page. Thanks to the user SomeRandomDeveloper for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326056] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia wikis allow [[w:en:WebAuthn|WebAuthn]]-based second factor checks (such as hardware tokens) during login, but the feature is [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Fix security key (WebAuthn) support|fragile]] and has very few users. The MediaWiki Platform team is temporarily disabling adding new WebAuthn keys, to avoid interfering with the rollout of [[mw:MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3]] (single user login version 3). Existing keys are unaffected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378402] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * For developers that use the [[wikitech:Data Platform/Data Lake/Edits/MediaWiki history dumps|MediaWiki History dumps]]: The Data Platform Engineering team has added a couple of new fields to these dumps, to support the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] initiative. If you maintain software that reads those dumps, please review your code and the updated documentation, since the order of the fields in the row will change. There will also be one field rename: in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki_user_history</code></bdi> dump, the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>anonymous</code></bdi> field will be renamed to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>is_anonymous</code></bdi>. The changes will take effect with the next release of the dumps in February. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LKMFDS62TXGDN6L56F4ABXYLN7CSCQDI/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W05"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:15, 27 January 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28149374 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-06 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:French conquest of Corsica]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Bataille de Ponte Novu.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''French conquest of Corsica''' was a successful expedition by French forces of the Kingdom of France under Comte de Vaux, against Corsican forces under Pasquale Paoli of the Corsican Republic. The expedition was launched in May 1768, in the aftermath of the Seven Years' War. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:20, 3 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28200320 --> == Tech News: 2025-06 == <section begin="technews-2025-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors who use the "Special characters" editing-toolbar menu can now see the 32 special characters you have used most recently, across editing sessions on that wiki. This change should help make it easier to find the characters you use most often. The feature is in both the 2010 wikitext editor and VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110722] * Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor can now create sublists with correct indentation by selecting the line(s) you want to indent and then clicking the toolbar buttons.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380438] You can now also insert <code><nowiki><code></nowiki></code> tags using a new toolbar button.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383010] Thanks to user stjn for these improvements. * Help is needed to ensure the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]] works properly on each wiki. ** (1) Administrators should update the local versions of the page <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json</code> to include entries for <code dir=ltr>preprint</code>, <code dir=ltr>standard</code>, and <code dir=ltr>dataset</code>; Here are example diffs to replicate [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&diff=1189164774&oldid=1165783565 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&diff=1270832208&oldid=1270828390 for 'standard' and 'dataset']. ** (2.1) If the citoid map in the citation template used for these types of references is missing, [[mediawikiwiki:Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki#Step 2.a: Create a 'citoid' maps value for each citation template|one will need to be added]]. (2.2) If the citoid map does exist, the TemplateData will need to be updated to include new field names. Here are example updates [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&diff=1270829051&oldid=1262470053 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&diff=1270831369&oldid=1270829480 for 'standard' and 'dataset']. The new fields that may need to be supported are <code dir=ltr>archiveID</code>, <code dir=ltr>identifier</code>, <code dir=ltr>repository</code>, <code dir=ltr>organization</code>, <code dir=ltr>repositoryLocation</code>, <code dir=ltr>committee</code>, and <code dir=ltr>versionNumber</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383666] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q15637215|Central Kanuri]] ([[w:knc:|<code>w:knc:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385181] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Wikisource/Wikimedia OCR|OCR (optical character recognition) tool]] used for Wikisource now supports a new language, Church Slavonic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384782] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W06"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:09, 4 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28203495 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-07 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Assassination of Spencer Perceval]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:PercevalShooting.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> On 11 May 1812, at about 5:15 pm, Spencer Perceval, the prime minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, was shot dead in the lobby of the House of Commons by John Bellingham, a Liverpool merchant with a grievance against the government. Bellingham was detained; four days after the murder, he was tried, convicted and sentenced to death. He was hanged at Newgate Prison on 18 May, one week after the assassination and one month before the start of the War of 1812. Perceval remains the sole British prime minister to have been assassinated. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:18, 10 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28200320 --> == Tech News: 2025-07 == <section begin="technews-2025-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Product and Technology Advisory Council (PTAC) has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|a draft of their recommendations]] for the Wikimedia Foundation's Product and Technology department. They have recommended focusing on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback/Mobile experiences|mobile experiences]], particularly contributions. They request community [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|feedback at the talk page]] by 21 February. '''Updates for editors''' * The "Special pages" portlet link will be moved from the "Toolbox" into the "Navigation" section of the main menu's sidebar by default. This change is because the Toolbox is intended for tools relating to the current page, not tools relating to the site, so the link will be more logically and consistently located. To modify this behavior and update CSS styling, administrators can follow the instructions at [[phab:T385346|T385346]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333211] * As part of this year's work around improving the ways readers discover content on the wikis, the Web team will be running an experiment with a small number of readers that displays some suggestions for related or interesting articles within the search bar. Please check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments#Experiment 1: Display article recommendations in more prominent locations, search|the project page]] for more information. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template editors who use TemplateStyles can now customize output for users with specific accessibility needs by using accessibility related media queries (<code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-motion prefers-reduced-motion]</code>, <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-transparency prefers-reduced-transparency]</code>, <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-contrast prefers-contrast]</code>, and <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/forced-colors forced-colors]</code>). Thanks to user Bawolff for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384175] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the global blocks log will now be shown directly on the {{#special:CentralAuth}} page, similarly to global locks, to simplify the workflows for stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377024] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Wikidata [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Default values for labels and aliases|now supports a special language as a "default for all languages"]] for labels and aliases. This is to avoid excessive duplication of the same information across many languages. If your Wikidata queries use labels, you may need to update them as some existing labels are getting removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312511] * The function <code dir="ltr">getDescription</code> was invoked on every Wiki page read and accounts for ~2.5% of a page's total load time. The calculated value will now be cached, reducing load on Wikimedia servers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383660] * As part of the RESTBase deprecation [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|effort]], the <code dir="ltr">/page/related</code> endpoint has been blocked as of February 6, 2025, and will be removed soon. This timeline was chosen to align with the deprecation schedules for older Android and iOS versions. The stable alternative is the "<code dir="ltr">morelike</code>" action API in MediaWiki, and [[gerrit:c/mediawiki/services/mobileapps/+/982154/13/pagelib/src/transform/FooterReadMore.js|a migration example]] is available. The MediaWiki Interfaces team [[phab:T376297|can be contacted]] for any questions. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/GFC2IJO7L4BWO3YTM7C5HF4MCCBE2RJ2/] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: Updates about the "Contribute" menu; details on some of the newest language editions of Wikipedia; details on new languages supported by the MediaWiki interface; updates on the Community-defined lists feature; and more. * The latest [[mw:Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#January 2025: Better visibility into charts and tabular data usage|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on the progress towards bringing better visibility into global charts usage and support for categorizing pages in the Data namespace on Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W07"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:12, 11 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28231022 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-08 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:2010 Malagasy constitutional referendum]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> A constitutional referendum was held in Madagascar on 17 November 2010, in which voters approved a proposal for the state's fourth Constitution. The Malagasy people were asked to answer "Yes" or "No" to the proposed new constitution, which was considered to help consolidate Andry Rajoelina's grip on power. At the time of the referendum, Rajoelina headed the governing Highest Transitional Authority (HAT), an interim junta established following the military-backed coup d'état against then President Marc Ravalomanana in March 2009. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:21, 17 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28245290 --> == Tech News: 2025-08 == <section begin="technews-2025-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Communities using growth tools can now showcase one event on the <code>{{#special:Homepage}}</code> for newcomers. This feature will help newcomers to be informed about editing activities they can participate in. Administrators can create a new event to showcase at <code>{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}</code>. To learn more about this feature, please read [[diffblog:2025/02/12/community-updates-module-connecting-newcomers-to-your-initiatives/|the Diff post]], have a look [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Community updates module|at the documentation]], or contact [[mw:Talk:Growth|the Growth team]]. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Page Frame Features on desktop.png|thumb|Highlighted talk pages improvements]] * Starting next week, talk pages at these wikis – {{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}} – will get [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|a new design]]. This change was extensively tested as a Beta feature and is the last step of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|talk pages improvements]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379102] * You can now navigate to view a redirect page directly from its action pages, such as the history page. Previously, you were forced to first go to the redirect target. This change should help editors who work with redirects a lot. Thanks to user stjn for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T5324] * When a Cite reference is reused many times, wikis currently show either numbers like "1.23" or localized alphabetic markers like "a b c" in the reference list. Previously, if there were so many reuses that the alphabetic markers were all used, [[MediaWiki:Cite error references no backlink label|an error message]] was displayed. As part of the work to [[phab:T383036|modernize Cite customization]], these errors will no longer be shown and instead the backlinks will fall back to showing numeric markers like "1.23" once the alphabetic markers are all used. * The log entries for each change to an editor's user-groups are now clearer by specifying exactly what has changed, instead of the plain before and after listings. Translators can [[phab:T369466|help to update the localized versions]]. Thanks to user Msz2001 for these improvements. * A new filter has been added to the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool, which allows administrators to mass delete pages, to enable users to filter for pages in a range of page sizes (in bytes). This allows, for example, deleting pages only of a certain size or below. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378488] * Non-administrators can now check which pages are able to be deleted using the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool. Thanks to user MolecularPilot for this and the previous improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376378] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed in the configuration for the AV1 video file format, which enables these files to play again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382193] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to most Wiktionaries over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyage to Parsoid Read Views last year. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385923][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371640] * Developers of tools that run on-wiki should note that <code dir=ltr>mw.Uri</code> is deprecated. Tools requiring <code dir=ltr>mw.Uri</code> must explicitly declare <code dir=ltr>mediawiki.Uri</code> as a ResourceLoader dependency, and should migrate to the browser native <code dir=ltr>URL</code> API soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384515] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W08"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:17, 17 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28275610 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-09 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Cooler Heads Coalition]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:de:Cooler Heads Coalition]])&#32;([[:fr:Cooler Heads Coalition]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Cooler Heads Coalition''' is a politically conservative "informal and ad-hoc group" in the United States, financed and operated by the Competitive Enterprise Institute. The group, which rejects the scientific consensus on climate change, made efforts to stop the government from addressing climate change. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:23, 24 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28300238 --> == Tech News: 2025-09 == <section begin="technews-2025-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators can now customize how the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User language|Babel feature]] creates categories using [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Babel}}]]. They can rename language categories, choose whether they should be auto-created, and adjust other settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374348] * The <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikimedia.org/ wikimedia.org]</bdi> portal has been updated – and is receiving some ongoing improvements – to modernize and improve the accessibility of our portal pages. It now has better support for mobile layouts, updated wording and links, and better language support. Additionally, all of the Wikimedia project portals, such as <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://wikibooks.org wikibooks.org]</bdi>, now support dark mode when a reader is using that system setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373204][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368221][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Project_portals] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33965|Santali]] ([[wikt:sat:|<code>wikt:sat:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386619] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that prevented clicking on search results in the web-interface for some Firefox for Android phone configurations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381289] '''Meetings and events''' * The next Language Community Meeting is happening soon, February 28th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1740751200 14:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: highlights and technical updates on keyboard and tools for the Sámi languages, Translatewiki.net contributions from the Bahasa Lampung community in Indonesia, and technical Q&A. If you'd like to join, simply [[mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#28 February 2025|sign up on the wiki page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W09"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:42, 25 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28296129 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-10 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:pt:Transmissor de Ondas]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:en:Wave Transmitter]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Esq eletr transm ondas color.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Transmissor de Ondas''' é um equipamento precursor do rádio, desenvolvido por Roberto Landell de Moura na década de 1890, capaz de transmitir áudio via ondas eletromagnéticas, com sua primeira demonstração pública documentada tendo ocorrido no dia 16 de julho de 1899. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:49, 3 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28317097 --> == Tech News: 2025-10 == <section begin="technews-2025-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * All logged-in editors using the mobile view can now edit a full page. The "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}" link is accessible from the "{{int:minerva-page-actions-overflow}}" menu in the toolbar. This was previously only available to editors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|Advanced mobile contributions]] setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387180] * Interface administrators can now help to remove the deprecated Cite CSS code matching "<code dir="ltr">mw-ref</code>" from their local <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]</bdi>. The list of wikis in need of cleanup, and the code to remove, [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-ref%5B%5E-a-z%5D&regex=1&namespaces=8&title=.*css can be found with this global search] and in [https://ace.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Common.css&oldid=145662#L-139--L-144 this example], and you can learn more about how to help on the [[mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|CSS migration project page]]. The Cite footnote markers ("<code dir="ltr">[1]</code>") are now rendered by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]], and the deprecated CSS is no longer needed. The CSS for backlinks ("<code dir="ltr">mw:referencedBy</code>") should remain in place for now. This cleanup is expected to cause no visible changes for readers. Please help to remove this code before March 20, after which the development team will do it for you. * When editors embed a file (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[File:MediaWiki.png]]</nowiki></code>) on a page that is protected with cascading protection, the software will no longer restrict edits to the file description page, only to new file uploads.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24521] In contrast, transcluding a file description page (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{:File:MediaWiki.png}}</nowiki></code>) will now restrict edits to the page.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62109] * When editors revert a file to an earlier version it will now require the same permissions as ordinarily uploading a new version of the file. The software now checks for 'reupload' or 'reupload-own' rights,[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304474] and respects cascading protection.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140010] * When administrators are listing pages for deletion with the Nuke tool, they can now also list associated talk pages and redirects for deletion, alongside pages created by the target, rather than needing to manually delete these pages afterwards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T95797] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|previously noted]] update to Single User Login, which will accommodate browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies by moving login and account creation to a central domain, will now roll out to all users during March and April. The team plans to enable it for all new account creation on [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Tuesday|Group0]] wikis this week. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and an updated timeline. * Since last week there has been a bug that shows some interface icons as black squares until the page has fully loaded. It will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387351] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q2044560|Sylheti]] ([[w:syl:|<code>w:syl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386441] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed with loading images in very old versions of the Firefox browser on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386400] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W10"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:31, 4 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28334563 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-11 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:it:Smoky (mascotte olimpica)]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:en:Smoky (Olympic mascot)]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Smoky 1932 Olympic Village Mascot.webp|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Smoky''' (Los Angeles, 1931 o 1932 - Los Angeles, aprile 1934), occasionalmente scritto Smokey, è stato un cane che divenne la mascotte del villaggio olimpico estivo del 1932 e, successivamente, dell'evento generale. Pur non essendo oggi riconosciuto dal CIO, è stato, seppur non in modo ufficiale, la prima mascotte olimpica dei Giochi, oltre che a essere attualmente l'unica a essere stata un animale vero. Le successive edizioni non ebbero mascotte, dovendo aspettare i X Giochi olimpici invernali di Grenoble nel 1968 per ritrovarne una ufficialmente riconosciuta, lo sciatore stilizzato Schuss, allora non considerato ufficiale ma successivamente riconosciuto come tale. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:50, 10 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28317097 --> == Tech News: 2025-11 == <section begin="technews-2025-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors who use password managers at multiple wikis may notice changes in the future. The way that our wikis provide information to password managers about reusing passwords across domains has recently been updated, so some password managers might now offer you login credentials that you saved for a different Wikimedia site. Some password managers already did this, and are now doing it for more Wikimedia domains. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3 project]] which aims to improve how our unified login works, and to keep it compatible with ongoing changes to the web-browsers we use. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385520][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384844] * The Wikipedia Apps Team is inviting interested users to help improve Wikipedia’s offline and limited internet use. After discussions in [[m:Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]] and the last [[m:Special:MyLanguage/ESEAP Hub/Meetings|ESEAP call]], key challenges like search, editing, and offline access are being explored, with upcoming focus groups to dive deeper into these topics. All languages are welcome, and interpretation will be available. Want to share your thoughts? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Improving Wikipedia Mobile Apps for Offline & Limited Internet Use|Join the discussion]] or email <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">aramadan@wikimedia.org</bdi>! * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 19. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/33|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the launch of the Community Updates module, the most recent changes in Community Configuration, and the upcoming test of in-article suggestions for first-time editors. * An old API that was previously used in the Android Wikipedia app is being removed at the end of March. There are no current software uses, but users of the app with a version that is older than 6 months by the time of removal (2025-03-31), will no longer have access to the Suggested Edits feature, until they update their app. You can [[diffblog:2025/02/24/sunset-of-wikimedia-recommendation-api/|read more details about this change]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W11"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:10, 10 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28372257 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-12 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:pt:Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo]])&#32;([[:es:Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Frame A from Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''''Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo''''' (lit. 'Amazon: The Greatest River in the World') is a 1922 Brazilian silent documentary film produced in 1918 by Silvino Santos. It is a black-and-white film that portrays life in the Amazon rainforest. Completed in 1920, it is considered one of the oldest cinematic records of the Amazon. It was presumed lost in 1931 and only rediscovered in 2023 at the Czech Film Archive. Silvino Santos produced the work over three years using sophisticated cinematic techniques, which led it to be deemed of "immense artistic value" by Le Monde. It has also been described as the "Holy Grail of Brazilian silent cinema" by The Guardian. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:57, 17 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28392163 --> == Tech News: 2025-12 == <section begin="technews-2025-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Twice a year, around the equinoxes, the Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team performs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|a datacenter server switchover]], redirecting all traffic from one primary server to its backup. This provides reliability in case of a crisis, as we can always fall back on the other datacenter. [http://listen.hatnote.com/ Thanks to the Listen to Wikipedia] tool, you can hear the switchover take place: Before it begins, you'll hear the steady stream of edits; Then, as the system enters a brief read-only phase, the sound stops for a couple of minutes, before resuming after the switchover. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]]. If you want to keep an ear out for the next server switchover, listen to the wikis on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 March 19 at 14:00 UTC]. '''Updates for editors''' * The [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es improved Content Translation tool dashboard] is now available in [[phab:T387820|10 Wikipedias]] and will be available for all Wikipedias [[phab:T387821|soon]]. With [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|the unified dashboard]], desktop users can now: Translate new sections of an article; Discover and access topic-based [https://ig.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=ig&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits article suggestion filters] (initially available only for mobile device users); Discover and access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based & Community-defined lists|Community-defined lists]] filter, also known as "Collections", from wiki-projects and campaigns. * On Wikimedia Commons, a [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements#Improve category selection|new system to select the appropriate file categories]] has been introduced: if a category has one or more subcategories, users will be able to click on an arrow that will open the subcategories directly within the form, and choose the correct one. The parent category name will always be shown on top, and it will always be possible to come back to it. This should decrease the amount of work for volunteers in fixing/creating new categories. The change is also available on mobile. These changes are part of planned improvements to the UploadWizard. * The Community Tech team is seeking wikis to join a pilot for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] feature and a refreshed Special:Block page in late March. Multiblocks enables administrators to impose multiple different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. If you are an admin or steward and would like us to discuss joining the pilot with your community, please leave a message on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|project talk page]]. * Starting March 25, the Editing team will test a new feature for Edit Check at [[phab:T384372|12 Wikipedias]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi-check|Multi-Check]]. Half of the newcomers on these wikis will see all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Checks]] during their edit session, while the other half will continue seeing only one. The goal of this test is to see if users are confused or discouraged when shown multiple Reference Checks (when relevant) within a single editing session. At these wikis, the tags used on edits that show References Check will be simplified, as multiple tags could be shown within a single edit. Changes to the tags are documented [[phab:T373949|on Phabricator]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379131] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], which is a service for notifying users that their temporary user-rights are about to expire, now supports using the localized name of the user-rights group in the message heading. Translators can see the [[m:Global reminder bot/Translation|listing of existing translations and documentation]] to check if their language needs updating or creation. * The [[Special:GlobalPreferences|GlobalPreferences]] gender setting, which is used for how the software should refer to you in interface messages, now works as expected by overriding the local defaults. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386584] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:26}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:26|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Wikipedia App for Android had a bug fixed for when a user is browsing and searching in multiple languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379777] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Later this week, the way that Codex styles are loaded will be changing. There is a small risk that this may result in unstyled interface message boxes on certain pages. User generated content (e.g. templates) is not impacted. Gadgets may be impacted. If you see any issues [[phab:T388847|please report them]]. See the linked task for details, screenshots, and documentation on how to fix any affected gadgets. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W12"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:48, 17 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28412594 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-13 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Ali of the Eretnids]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:tr:Alaaddin Ali Bey]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Ala al-Din Ali''' (January 1353 – August 1380) was the third Sultan of the Eretnids ruling from 1366 until his death. He inherited the throne at a very early age and was removed from administrative matters. He was characterized as particularly keen on personal pleasures, which later discredited his authority. During his rule, emirs under the Eretnids enjoyed considerable autonomy, and the state continued to shrink as neighboring powers captured several towns. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:59, 24 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28433698 --> == Tech News: 2025-13 == <section begin="technews-2025-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is seeking your feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|drafts of the objectives and key results that will shape the Foundation's Product and Technology priorities]] for the next fiscal year (starting in July). The objectives are broad high-level areas, and the key-results are measurable ways to track the success of their objectives. Please share your feedback on the talkpage, in any language, ideally before the end of April. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] will be released to multiple wikis (see [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|deployment plan]] for details) in April 2025, and the team has begun the process of engaging communities on the identified wikis. The extension provides tools to organize, manage, and promote collaborative activities (like events, edit-a-thons, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. The extension has three tools: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation Lists]]. It is currently on 13 Wikipedias, including English Wikipedia, French Wikipedia, and Spanish Wikipedia, as well as Wikidata. Questions or requests can be directed to the [[mw:Help talk:Extension:CampaignEvents|extension talk page]] or in Phabricator (with <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;">#campaigns-product-team</bdi> tag). * Starting the week of March 31st, wikis will be able to set which user groups can view private registrants in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], as part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension. By default, event organizers and the local wiki admins will be able to see private registrants. This is a change from the current behavior, in which only event organizers can see private registrants. Wikis can change the default setup by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requesting a configuration change]] in Phabricator (and adding the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;">#campaigns-product-team</bdi> tag). Participants of past events can cancel their registration at any time. * Administrators at wikis that have a customized <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Sidebar]]</bdi> should check that it contains an entry for the {{int:specialpages}} listing. If it does not, they should add it using <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">* specialpages-url|specialpages</code>. Wikis with a default sidebar will see the link moved from the page toolbox into the sidebar menu in April. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388927] * The Minerva skin (mobile web) combines both Notice and Alert notifications within the bell icon ([[File:OOjs UI icon bell.svg|16px|link=|class=skin-invert]]). There was a long-standing bug where an indication for new notifications was only shown if you had unseen Alerts. This bug is now fixed. In the future, Minerva users will notice a counter atop the bell icon when you have 1 or more unseen Notices and/or Alerts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344029] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * VisualEditor has introduced a [[mw:VisualEditor/Hooks|new client-side hook]] for developers to use when integrating with the VisualEditor target lifecycle. This hook should replace the existing lifecycle-related hooks, and be more consistent between different platforms. In addition, the new hook will apply to uses of VisualEditor outside of just full article editing, allowing gadgets to interact with the editor in DiscussionTools as well. The Editing Team intends to deprecate and eventually remove the old lifecycle hooks, so any use cases that this new hook does not cover would be of interest to them and can be [[phab:T355555|shared in the task]]. * Developers who use the <code dir=ltr>mw.Api</code> JavaScript library, can now identify the tool using it with the <code dir=ltr>userAgent</code> parameter: <code dir=ltr>var api = new mw.Api( { userAgent: 'GadgetNameHere/1.0.1' } );</code>. If you maintain a gadget or user script, please set a user agent, because it helps with library and server maintenance and with differentiating between legitimate and illegitimate traffic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373874][https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Wikimedia_Foundation_User-Agent_Policy] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W13"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:43, 24 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28443127 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-14 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Chilembwe uprising]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Chilembwe supporters being led to be executed (cropped).jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Chilembwe uprising''' was a rebellion against British colonial rule in Nyasaland (modern-day Malawi) which took place in January 1915. It was led by John Chilembwe, an American-educated Baptist minister. Based around his church in the village of Mbombwe in the south-east of the colony, the leaders of the revolt were mainly from an emerging black middle class. They were motivated by grievances against the British colonial system, which included forced labour, racial discrimination and new demands imposed on the African population following the outbreak of World War I. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:52, 31 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28454663 --> == Tech News: 2025-14 == <section begin="technews-2025-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Editing team is working on a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Check|Edit check]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#26 March 2025|Peacock check]]. This check's goal is to identify non-neutral terms while a user is editing a wikipage, so that they can be informed that their edit should perhaps be changed before they publish it. This project is at the early stages, and the team is looking for communities' input: [[phab:T389445|in this Phabricator task]], they are gathering on-wiki policies, templates used to tag non-neutral articles, and the terms (jargon and keywords) used in edit summaries for the languages they are currently researching. You can participate by editing the table on Phabricator, commenting on the task, or directly messaging [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|Single User Login]] has now been updated on all wikis to move login and account creation to a central domain. This makes user login compatible with browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies, which have prevented users of some browsers from staying logged in. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting on March 31st, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin a limited release of generated OpenAPI specs and a SwaggerUI-based sandbox experience for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST APIs]]. They invite developers from a limited group of non-English Wikipedia communities (Arabic, German, French, Hebrew, Interlingua, Dutch, Chinese) to review the documentation and experiment with the sandbox in their preferred language. In addition to these specific Wikipedia projects, the sandbox and OpenAPI spec will be available on the [[testwiki:Special:RestSandbox|on the test wiki REST Sandbox special page]] for developers with English as their preferred language. During the preview period, the MediaWiki Interfaces Team also invites developers to [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|share feedback about your experience]]. The preview will last for approximately 2 weeks, after which the sandbox and OpenAPI specs will be made available across all wiki projects. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Sometimes a small, [[gerrit:c/operations/cookbooks/+/1129184|one line code change]] can have great significance: in this case, it means that for the first time in years we're able to run all of the stack serving <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[http://maps.wikimedia.org/ maps.wikimedia.org]</bdi> - a host dedicated to serving our wikis and their multi-lingual maps needs - from a single core datacenter, something we test every time we perform a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter switchover]]. This is important because it means that in case one of our datacenters is affected by a catastrophe, we'll still be able to serve the site. This change is the result of [[phab:T216826|extensive work]] by two developers on porting the last component of the maps stack over to [[w:en:Kubernetes|kubernetes]], where we can allocate resources more efficiently than before, thus we're able to withstand more traffic in a single datacenter. This work involved a lot of complicated steps because this software, and the software libraries it uses, required many long overdue upgrades. This type of work makes the Wikimedia infrastructure more sustainable. '''Meetings and events''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025]] is happening in Sandusky, USA, and online, from 14–16 May 2025. The workshop will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users. Registration and presentation signup is now available at the workshop's website. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W14"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:06, 1 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28473566 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-15 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:1930 Bago earthquake]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:my:၁၉၃၀ ပဲခူးငလျင်]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Thiao Mueang Phama (1955, p. 165).jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> An earthquake affected Myanmar on 5 May 1930 with a moment magnitude (Mw ) 7.4. The shock occurred 35 km (22 mi) beneath the surface with a maximum Rossi–Forel intensity of IX (Devastating tremor). The earthquake was the result of rupture along a 131 km (81 mi) segment of the Sagaing Fault—a major strike-slip fault that runs through the country. Extensive damage was reported in the southern part of the country, particularly in Bago and Yangon, where buildings collapsed and fires erupted. At least 550, and possibly up to 7,000 people were killed. A moderate tsunami struck the Burmese coast which caused minor damage to ships and a port. It was felt for over 570,000 km2 (220,000 sq mi) and as far as Shan State and Thailand. The mainshock was followed by many aftershocks; several were damaging. The December earthquake was similarly sized which also occurred along the Sagaing Fault. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:54, 7 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28454663 --> == Tech News: 2025-15 == <section begin="technews-2025-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * From now on, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface admins]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Central notice administrators|centralnotice admins]] are technically required to enable [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] before they can use their privileges. In the future this might be expanded to more groups with advanced user-rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150898] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Design System Team is preparing to release the next major version of Codex (v2.0.0) on April 29. Editors and developers who use CSS from Codex should see the [[mw:Codex/Release Timeline/2.0|2.0 overview documentation]], which includes guidance related to a few of the breaking changes such as <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">font-size</code>, <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">line-height</code>, and <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">size-icon</code>. * The results of the [[mw:Developer Satisfaction Survey/2025|Developer Satisfaction Survey (2025)]]  are now available. Thank you to all participants. These results help the Foundation decide what to work on next and to review what they recently worked on. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]] will take place in Istanbul, Turkey, between 2–4 May. Registration for attending the in-person event will close on 13 April. Before registering, please note the potential need for a [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkish-representations.en.mfa visa] or [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/visa-information-for-foreigners.en.mfa e-visa] to enter the country. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W15"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:53, 7 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28507470 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-16 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:pt:Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Museu de Zoologia da USP 02.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo''' (Portuguese: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, abbreviated MZUSP) is a public natural history museum located in the historic Ipiranga district of São Paulo, Brazil. The MZUSP is an educational and research institution that is part of the University of São Paulo. The museum began at the end of the 19th century as part of the Museu Paulista; in 1941, it moved into a dedicated building. In 1969 the museum became a part of the University of São Paulo, receiving its current name. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:27, 14 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28454663 --> == Tech News: 2025-16 == <section begin="technews-2025-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Later this week, the default thumbnail size will be increased from 220px to 250px. This changes how pages are shown in all wikis and has been requested by some communities for many years, but wasn't previously possible due to technical limitations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914] * File thumbnails are now stored in discrete sizes. If a page specifies a thumbnail size that's not among the standard sizes (20, 40, 60, 120, 250, 330, 500, 960), then MediaWiki will pick the closest larger thumbnail size but will tell the browser to downscale it to the requested size. In these cases, nothing will change visually but users might load slightly larger images. If it doesn't matter which thumbnail size is used in a page, please pick one of the standard sizes to avoid the extra in-browser down-scaling step. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Thumbnail_sizes][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914] '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Foundation are working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]] which will enable [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[:w:en:Denial-of-service attack|Distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is so that they can more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for. * To improve security for users, a small percentage of logins will now require that the account owner input a one-time password [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:EmailAuth|emailed to their account]]. It is recommended that you [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|check]] that the email address on your account is set correctly, and that it has been confirmed, and that you have an email set for this purpose. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390662] * "Are you interested in taking a short survey to improve tools used for reviewing or reverting edits on your Wiki?" This question will be [[phab:T389401|asked at 7 wikis starting next week]], on Recent Changes and Watchlist pages. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools team]] wants to know more about activities that involve looking at new edits made to your Wikimedia project, and determining whether they adhere to your project's policies. * On April 15, the full Wikidata graph will no longer be supported on <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]</bdi>. After this date, scholarly articles will be available through <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;">[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/ query-scholarly.wikidata.org]</bdi>, while the rest of the data hosted on Wikidata will be available through the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]</bdi> endpoint. This is part of the scheduled split of the Wikidata Graph, which was [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|announced in September 2024]]. More information is [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|available on Wikidata]]. * The latest quarterly [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter/First quarter of 2025|Wikimedia Apps Newsletter]] is now available. It covers updates, experiments, and improvements made to the Wikipedia mobile apps. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2025/April|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: an invitation for tool maintainers to attend the Toolforge UI Community Feedback Session on April 15th; recent community metrics; and recent technical blog posts. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.25|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W16"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:25, 15 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28540654 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-17 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Fear of crime]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:ar:الخوف من الجريمة]])&#32;([[:it:Criminofobia]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Fear of crime''' refers to the fear of being a victim of crime, which is not necessarily reflective of the actual probability of being such a victim. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:23, 21 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28559524 --> == Tech News: 2025-17 == <section begin="technews-2025-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] is now integrated with [[w:dag:Solɔɣu|Dagbani Wikipedia]] since April 15. It is the first project that will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in articles. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template. [https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status_updates/2025-04-16] * A new type of lint error has been created: [[Special:LintErrors/empty-heading|{{int:linter-category-empty-heading}}]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Lint errors/empty-heading|documentation]]). The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|Linter extension]]'s purpose is to identify wikitext patterns that must or can be fixed in pages and provide some guidance about what the problems are with those patterns and how to fix them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368722] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Following its publication on HuggingFace, the "Structured Contents" dataset, developed by Wikimedia Enterprise, is [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/kaggle-dataset/ now also available on Kaggle]. This Beta initiative is focused on making Wikimedia data more machine-readable for high-volume reusers. They are releasing this beta version in a location that open dataset communities already use, in order to seek feedback, to help improve the product for a future wider release. You can read more about the overall [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/#open-datasets Structured Contents project], and about the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-wikipedia-infobox/ first release that's freely usable]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings and events''' * The Editing and Machine Learning Teams invite interested volunteers to a video meeting to discuss [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]], which is the latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] that will detect "peacock" or "overly-promotional" or "non-neutral" language whilst an editor is typing. Editors who work with newcomers, or help to fix this kind of writing, or are interested in how we use artificial intelligence in our projects are encouraged to attend. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing team/Community Conversations#Next Conversation|meeting will be on April 28, 2025]] at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745863200 18:00–19:00 UTC] and hosted on Zoom. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W17"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:01, 21 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28578245 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-18 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Heritage preservation in South Korea]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Korean.Dance-03.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The heritage preservation system of South Korea is a multi-level program aiming to preserve and cultivate Korean cultural heritage. The program is administered by the Cultural Heritage Administration (CHA), and the legal framework is provided by the Cultural Heritage Protection Act of 1962, last updated in 2012. The program started in 1962 and has gradually been extended and upgraded since then. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 00:57, 28 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28583422 --> == Tech News: 2025-18 == <section begin="technews-2025-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Event organizers who host collaborative activities on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|multiple wikis]], including Bengali, Japanese, and Korean Wikipedias, will have access to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] this week. Also, admins in the Wikipedia where the extension is enabled will automatically be granted the event organizer right soon. They won't have to manually grant themselves the right before they can manage events as [[phab:T386861|requested by a community]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The release of the next major version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, is scheduled for 29 April 2025. Technical editors will have access to the release by the week of 5 May 2025. This update will include a number of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Breaking_changes|breaking changes]] and minor [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Visual_changes|visual changes]]. Instructions on handling the breaking and visual changes are documented on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release Timeline/2.0#|this page]]. Pre-release testing is reported in [[phab:T386298|T386298]], with post-release issues tracked in [[phab:T392379|T392379]] and [[phab:T392390|T392390]]. * Users of [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Wiki_Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will notice that the database views of <code dir="ltr">ipblocks</code>, <code dir="ltr">ipblocks_ipindex</code>, and <code dir="ltr">ipblocks_compat</code> are [[phab:T390767|now deprecated]]. Users can query the <code dir="ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_table|block]]</code> and <code dir="ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_target_table|block_target]]</code> new views that mirror the new tables in the production database instead. The deprecated views will be removed entirely from Wiki Replicas in June, 2025. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes an overview of the improved [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=es&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en#/ Content Translation Dashboard Tool], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Language Support for New and Existing Languages|support for new languages]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Wiki Loves Ramadan Articles Made In Content Translation Mobile Workflow|highlights from the Wiki Loves Ramadan campaign]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Languages Onboarding Experiment 2024 - Executive Summary|results from the Language Onboarding Experiment]], an analysis of topic diversity in articles, and information on upcoming community meetings and events. '''Meetings and events''' * The [[Special:MyLanguage/Grants:Knowledge_Sharing/Connect/Calendar|Let's Connect Learning Clinic]] will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745937000 April 29 at 14:30 UTC]. This edition will focus on "Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects". You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Learning Clinic %E2%80%93 Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects (Part_1)|register now]] to attend. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which brings the global technical community together to connect, brainstorm, and hack existing projects, will take place from May 2 to 4th, 2025, at Istanbul, Turkey. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W18"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:32, 28 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28585685 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-19 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Lhamana]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:We-Wa, a Zuni berdache, weaving - NARA - 523796 (cropped).jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Lhamana''', in traditional Zuni culture, are biologically male people who take on the social and ceremonial roles usually performed by women in their culture, at least some of the time. They wear a mixture of women's and men's clothing and much of their work is in the areas usually occupied by Zuni women. Some contemporary lhamana participate in the pan-Indian two-spirit community. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 07:28, 5 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28583422 --> == Tech News: 2025-19 == <section begin="technews-2025-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has shared the latest draft update to their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|annual plan]] for next year (July 2025–June 2026). This includes an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|executive summary]] (also on [[diffblog:2025/04/25/sharing-the-wikimedia-foundations-2025-2026-draft-annual-plan/|Diff]]), details about the three main [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals|goals]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Effectiveness|Effectiveness]]), [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Global Trends|global trends]], and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Budget Overview|budget]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Financial Model|financial model]]. Feedback and questions are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|talk page]] until the end of May. '''Updates for editors''' * For wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]], two new feature improvements have been released: ** Admins can now choose which namespaces are permitted for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] via [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Permitted namespaces|documentation]]). The default setup is for event registration to be permitted in the Event namespace, but other namespaces (such as the project namespace or WikiProject namespace) can now be added. With this change, communities like WikiProjects can now more easily use Event Registration for their collaborative activities. ** Editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Transclusion|transclude]] the Collaboration List on a wiki page ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Collaboration list/Transclusion|documentation]]). The Collaboration List is an automated list of events and WikiProjects on the wikis, accessed via {{#special:AllEvents}} ([[w:en:Special:AllEvents|example]]). Now, the Collaboration List can be added to all sorts of wiki pages, such as: a wiki mainpage, a WikiProject page, an affiliate page, an event page, or even a user page. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers who use the <code dir=ltr>moment</code> library in gadgets and user scripts should revise their code to use alternatives like the <code dir=ltr>Intl</code> library or the new <code dir=ltr>mediawiki.DateFormatter</code> library. The <code dir=ltr>moment</code> library has been deprecated and will begin to log messages in the developer console. You can see a global search for current uses, and [[phab:T392532|ask related questions in this Phabricator task]]. * Developers who maintain a tool that queries the Wikidata term store tables (<code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">wbt_*</code>) need to update their code to connect to a separate database cluster. These tables are being split into a separate database cluster. Tools that query those tables via the wiki replicas must be adapted to connect to the new cluster instead. [[wikitech:News/2025 Wikidata term store database split|Documentation and related links are available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390954] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.28|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on preparing to expand the deployment to additional wikis as soon as this week (starting May 6) and scaling up over the following weeks, plus exploring filtering and transforming source data. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W19"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:15, 6 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28665011 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-20 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:it:Gruppo del Sileno]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Parco3.JPG|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Sileno ed Egle con Mnasilo e Cromi''', meglio noto come Gruppo del Sileno, è un monumento in marmo di Carrara, realizzato da Jean-Baptiste Boudard nel 1765 per il Giardino Ducale di Parma; sostituito nel 1991 con una copia in polvere di marmo e resina, l'originale si trova provvisoriamente nel chiostro della Fontana del monastero di San Paolo, in attesa della definitiva collocazione prevista all'interno del palazzetto Eucherio Sanvitale nel parco Ducale. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:28, 12 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28709947 --> == Tech News: 2025-20 == <section begin="technews-2025-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|"Get shortened URL"]] link on the sidebar now includes a [[phab:T393309|QR code]]. Wikimedia site users can now use it by scanning or downloading it to quickly share and access shared content from Wikimedia sites, conveniently. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]], which will enable [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[w:en:Denial-of-service attack|distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is to help more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for. Tech News has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|previously written about this]]. The deployment will be gradual. Some might see the Edge Uniques cookie the week of 19 May. You can discuss this on the [[m:Talk:Edge Uniques|talk page]]. * Starting May 19, 2025, Event organisers in wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled can use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] in the project namespace (e.g., Wikipedia namespace, Wikidata namespace). With this change, communities don't need admins to use the feature. However, wikis that don't want this change can remove and add the permitted namespaces at [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/CampaignEvents]]. * The Wikipedia project now has a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q36720|Nupe]] ([[w:nup:|<code>w:nup:</code>]]). This is a language primarily spoken in the North Central region of Nigeria. Speakers of this language are invited to contribute to [[w:nup:Tatacin feregi|new Wikipedia]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers can now access pre-parsed Dutch Wikipedia, amongst others (English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese) through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/snapshot/#structured-contents-snapshot-bundle-info-beta Structured Contents snapshots (beta)]. The content includes parsed Wikipedia abstracts, descriptions, main images, infoboxes, article sections, and references. * The <code dir="ltr">/page/data-parsoid</code> REST API endpoint is no longer in use and will be deprecated. It is [[phab:T393557|scheduled to be turned off]] on June 7, 2025. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.1|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/2025_Cloud_VPS_VXLAN_IPv6_migration IPv6 support] is a newly introduced Cloud virtual network that significantly boosts Wikimedia platforms' scalability, security, and readiness for the future. If you are a technical contributor eager to learn more, check out [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/05/06/wikimedia-cloud-vps-ipv6-support/ this blog post] for an in-depth look at the journey to IPv6. '''Meetings and events''' * The 2nd edition of 2025 of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]], a virtual platform for African Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747328400 May 15 at 17:00 UTC]. This edition will focus on discussions regarding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|Wikimedia Annual planning and progress]]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MENA Connect Community Call|MENA Connect Community Call]], a virtual meeting for [[w:en:Middle East and North Africa|MENA]] Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747501200 May 17 at 17:00 UTC]. You can [[m:Event:MENA Connect (Wiki_Diwan) APP Call|register now]] to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W20"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:38, 12 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28714188 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-21 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Lorrin A. Thurston]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:fi:Lorrin Thurston]])&#32;([[:ko:로린 A. 서스턴]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Lorrinandrewsthurston1892.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Lorrin Andrews Thurston''' (July 31, 1858 – May 11, 1931) was a Hawaiian citizen lawyer, politician, and businessman. Thurston played a prominent role in the revolution that overthrew the Hawaiian Kingdom to replace Queen Liliʻuokalani with the Republic of Hawaii, with discreet US support for which Congress much later apologized. He published the Pacific Commercial Advertiser (a forerunner of the present-day Honolulu Star-Advertiser), and owned other enterprises. From 1906 to 1916, he and his network lobbied with national politicians to create a national park to preserve the Hawaiian volcanoes. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:33, 19 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28731710 --> == Tech News: 2025-21 == <section begin="technews-2025-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Peacock language model for the following languages: Arabic, Spanish, Portuguese, English, and Japanese. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check/model test|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on May 23, which will be the start date of the test. '''Updates for editors''' * From May 20, 2025, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Oversight policy|oversighters]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:CheckUsers|checkusers]] will need to have their accounts secured with two-factor authentication (2FA) to be able to use their advanced rights. All users who belong to these two groups and do not have 2FA enabled have been informed. In the future, this requirement may be extended to other users with advanced rights. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] will begin mass deployment by the end of the month: all non-Wikipedia projects plus Catalan Wikipedia will adopt Multiblocks in the week of May 26, while all other Wikipedias will adopt it in the week of June 2. Please [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|contact the team]] if you have concerns. Administrators can test the new user interface now on your own wiki by browsing to [{{fullurl:Special:Block|usecodex=1}} {{#special:Block}}?usecodex=1], and can test the full multiblocks functionality [[testwiki:Special:Block|on testwiki]]. Multiblocks is the feature that makes it possible for administrators to impose different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|help page]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121] * Later this week, the [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] listing of almost all special pages will be updated with a new design. This page has been [[phab:T219543|redesigned]] to improve the user experience in a few ways, including: The ability to search for names and aliases of the special pages, sorting, more visible marking of restricted special pages, and a more mobile-friendly look. The new version can be [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages previewed] at Beta Cluster now, and feedback shared in the task. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219543] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is being enabled on more wikis. For a detailed list of when the extension will be enabled on your wiki, please read the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|deployment timeline]]. * [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] will be deployed on May 27 on five Wiktionaries: [[wikt:ha:|Hausa]], [[wikt:ig:|Igbo]], [[wikt:bn:|Bengali]], [[wikt:ml:|Malayalam]], and [[wikt:dv:|Dhivehi/Maldivian]]. This is the second batch of deployment planned for the project. After deployment, the projects will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in their pages. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template. * Later this week, the Wikimedia Foundation will publish a hub for [[diffblog:2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/|experiments]]. This is to showcase and get user feedback on product experiments. The experiments help the Wikimedia movement [[diffblog:2023/07/13/exploring-paths-for-the-future-of-free-knowledge-new-wikipedia-chatgpt-plugin-leveraging-rich-media-social-apps-and-other-experiments/|understand new users]], how they interact with the internet and how it could affect the Wikimedia movement. Some examples are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Generated Video|generated video]], the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Roblox game|Wikipedia Roblox speedrun game]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Discord bot|the Discord bot]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with creating an account using the API, which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390751] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Gadgets and user scripts that interact with [[{{#special:Block}}]] may need to be updated to work with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|manage blocks interface]]. Please review the [[mw:Help:Manage blocks/Developers|developer guide]] for more information. If you need help or are unable to adapt your script to the new interface, please let the team know on the [[mw:Help talk:Manage blocks/Developers|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121] * The <code dir=ltr>mw.title</code> object allows you to get information about a specific wiki page in the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Lua|Lua]] programming language. Starting this week, a new property will be added to the object, named <code dir=ltr>isDisambiguationPage</code>. This property allows you to check if a page is a disambiguation page, without the need to write a custom function. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T71441] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] User script developers can use a [[toolforge:gitlab-content|new reverse proxy tool]] to load javascript and css from [[gitlab:|gitlab.wikimedia.org]] with <code dir=ltr>mw.loader.load</code>. The tool's author hopes this will enable collaborative development workflows for user scripts including linting, unit tests, code generation, and code review on <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">gitlab.wikimedia.org</bdi> without a separate copy-and-paste step to publish scripts to a Wikimedia wiki for integration and acceptance testing. See [[wikitech:Tool:Gitlab-content|Tool:Gitlab-content on Wikitech]] for more information. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The 12th edition of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Workshop 2025|Wiki Workshop 2025]], a forum that brings together researchers that explore all aspects of Wikimedia projects, will be held virtually on 21-22 May. Researchers can [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/wikiworkshop2025/ register now]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W21"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:13, 19 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28724712 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-22 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:it:Lamiera bugnata]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:en:Tread plate]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Diamond Plate.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> Una '''lamiera bugnata''' o mandorlata è una lamiera di metallo ottenuta dalla laminazione di una bramma attraverso rulli che, tramite punzonatura o goffratura, imprimono sulla lamina rilievi a forma di rombo o ellisse, detti bugne. Nel caso questi rilievi siano alternati singolarmente nei due assi, si parla di lamiera diamantata, mentre se le forme sono predisposte in maniera parallela per formare piccoli quadranti tra di loro tangenti, questo pattern viene identificato con il nome di mandorlato. We tend to ignore the fact that this type of plate is the only reason we don't slip when we walk on steel and wet or frozen surfaces. The Italian article it's short but quite complete, and has just the right amount of citations, unlike other poor languages' versions. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 06:03, 26 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28751788 --> == Tech News: 2025-22 == <section begin="technews-2025-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A community-wide discussion about a very delicate issue for the development of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]] is now open on Meta: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. The discussion is open until June 12 at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]], and every opinion is welcomed. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation. '''Updates for editors''' * Since last week, on all wikis except [[phab:T388604|the largest 20]], people using the mobile visual editor will have [[phab:T385851|additional tools in the menu bar]], accessed using the new <code>+</code> toolbar button. To start, the new menu will include options to add: citations, hieroglyphs, and code blocks. Deployment to the remaining wikis is [[phab:T388605|scheduled]] to happen in June. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##ifexist|#ifexist]]</code> parser function will no longer register a link to its target page. This will improve the usefulness of [[{{#special:WantedPages}}]], which will eventually only list pages that are the target of an actual red link. This change will happen gradually as the source pages are updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14019] * This week, the Moderator Tools team will launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], starting at Indonesian Wikipedia. This new filter highlights edits that are likely to be reverted. The goal is to help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic edits. Other wikis will benefit from this filter in the future. * Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. Readers of Catalan, Hebrew, and Italian Wikipedias and some sister projects will receive the change between May 21 and mid-June. Readers of other wikis will receive the change later. The goal is to encourage users to read the wikis more. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]]. * Some users of the Wikipedia Android app can use a new feature for readers, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|WikiGames]], a daily trivia game based on real historical events. The release has started as an A/B test, available to 50% of users in the following languages: English, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Newsletter|Newsletter extension]] that is available on MediaWiki.org allows the creation of [[mw:Special:Newsletters|various newsletters]] for global users. The extension can now publish new issues as section links on an existing page, instead of requiring a new page for each issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393844] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The previously deprecated <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Ipblocks table|ipblocks]]</code> views in [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will be removed in the beginning of June. Users are encouraged to query the new <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block table|block]]</code> and <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block target table|block_target]]</code> views instead. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects|Wikidata and Sister Projects]] is a multi-day online event that will focus on how Wikidata is integrated to Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia projects. The event runs from May 29 – June 1. You can [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects#Sessions|read the Program schedule]] and [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1291|register]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W22"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:05, 26 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28788673 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-23 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:it:Angelo azzurro (cocktail)]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:es:Ángel azul (cóctel)]])&#32;([[:fr:Ange bleu (cocktail)]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Angelo Azzurro Cocktail.png|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> L''''angelo azzurro''' è un cocktail alcolico italiano. È considerato uno dei cocktail più popolari in Italia negli anni novanta, insieme al B-52 e all'Invisibile. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 05:39, 2 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28788623 --> == Tech News: 2025-23 == <section begin="technews-2025-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Editors can use this new extension to create interactive data visualizations like bar, line, area, and pie charts. Charts are designed to replace many of the uses of the legacy [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]]. '''Updates for editors''' * It is now easier to configure automatic citations for your wiki within the visual editor's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]]. Administrators can now set a default template by using the <code dir=ltr>_default</code> key in the local <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json]]</bdi> page ([[mw:Special:Diff/6969653/7646386|example diff]]). Setting this default will also help to future-proof your existing configurations when [[phab:T347823|new item types]] are added in the future. You can still set templates for individual item types as they will be preferred to the default template. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384709] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting the week of June 2, bots logging in using <code dir=ltr>action=login</code> or <code dir=ltr>action=clientlogin</code> will fail more often. This is because of stronger protections against suspicious logins. Bots using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|bot passwords]] or using a loginless authentication method such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|OAuth]] are not affected. If your bot is not using one of those, you should update it; using <code dir=ltr>action=login</code> without a bot password was deprecated [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3EEMN7VQX5G7WMQI5K2GP5JC2336DPTD/|in 2016]]. For most bots, this only requires changing what password the bot uses. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395205] * From this week, Wikimedia wikis will allow ES2017 features in JavaScript code for official code, gadgets, and user scripts. The most visible feature of ES2017 is <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>async</code>/<code>await</code></bdi> syntax, allowing for easier-to-read code. Until this week, the platform only allowed up to ES2016, and a few months before that, up to ES2015. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381537] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Scholarship applications to participate in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025|GLAM Wiki Conference 2025]] are now open. The conference will take place from 30 October to 1 November, in Lisbon, Portugal. GLAM contributors who lack the means to support their participation can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025/Scholarships|apply here]]. Scholarship applications close on June 7th. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W23"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:55, 2 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28819186 --> di9jupd50aekpy6j0sl949v6xvr04ht 102 462809 4498372 4339563 2025-06-02T19:00:52Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 flesh out 4498372 wikitext text/x-wiki __notoc__ {{Ingredient summary | Image = [[File:Mexican-Mint Plant cropped.png|300px]] | Category = Herbs and spices }} {{Herb}} '''Mexican mint''' is an herb that goes by several names, including '''Cuban/Puerto Rican oregano''', '''Indian borage/mint''', and '''Spanish thyme'''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Cuban Oregano (Mexican Mint) |url=https://txmg.org/hendersonmg/plant-library/cuban-oregano-mexican-mint/ |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=HCMGA |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Editors |first=The |date=2011-12-28 |title=Cuban Oregano |url=https://www.saveur.com/article/Kitchen/saveur-100-cuban-oregano/ |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=Saveur |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=cdelorenzo@finegardening.com |date=2016-07-05 |title=Herb Gardening with Cuban Oregano |url=https://www.finegardening.com/article/herb-gardening-with-cuban-oregano |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=Fine Gardening |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Van Wyk |first=Ben-Erik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WEPbAwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=Culinary Herbs and Spices of the World |date=2014-09-26 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-09183-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2015-10-13 |title=Funky Cuban Oregano |url=https://csaproducerecipes.wordpress.com/2015/10/13/funky-cuban-oregano/ |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=Caribbean Recipes |language=en}}</ref> == Characteristics == The herb is believed to be native to South-eastern Africa but has spread worldwide.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Its toothed leaves are thick and succulent,<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> with a flavor is similar to that of mint but also of thyme, sage, and oregano.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> == Selection and storage == Store like other delicate fresh herbs. == Use == Mexican mint features in Caribbean cuisine, where it is used to season savory preparations like stews, sauces, and marinades.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> It can also be used in Southeast Asian cuisines.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" /> == Substitution == If you cannot get access to the herb itself, try incorporating a mixture of thyme, oregano, and sage.<ref name=":4" /> == Recipes == <categorytree mode="all" hideprefix="always">Recipes using Mexican mint</categorytree> == References == 2ga7z551ak7l6hl81cgsbe29w15qsqc 4 464822 4498374 4498340 2025-06-02T21:00:27Z 2405:6E00:2829:305A:9F82:BCF1:FD47:9C96 Continued 4498374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox heading}} <!-- Hello! Feel free to try your formatting and editing skills below this line. As this page is for editing experiments, this page will automatically be cleaned every 12 hours. --> 2025-5-1. Dressing Gowns, Jiff Cream near Mum’s Bathroom on Notepad. *2025-5-2. McDonald’s Toys and Foods, Pizza and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-3. Big M Iced Coffee and Pool Top and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-4. Dog Shampoo, Seed Plants and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-5. Food Shopping like Cola Bottles, Cans of Coca Cola or Nacho on Notepad. *2025-5-6. Pink Pillows and Blankets or Receipts on Notepad. *2025-5-7. Pizza with Pepsi, Garlic Bread and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-8. Colourful Pillowcases and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-9. Food Shopping like Milk, Cans of Coca Cola, Water Bottles on Notepad. *2025-5-10. Brown Intense Treasure with Pieces on Notepad. *2025-5-11. Sticky Tapes with Holders on Notepad. *2025-5-12. Fry Pans, Rolling Pin and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-13. Black Bucket, Towels and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-14. Food Shopping like Cheese, Cans or Coca Cola Box or Bottles and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-15. Brown Lunchbags, Foils and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-16. K-Time Twists or Metal Shelf and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-17. Food Shopping like Cola’s, Water’s or even Apples and Banana’s on Notepad. *2025-5-18. Brown Paper, Colour Pots or Grater and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-19. Clothing Baskets and Coat Hangers and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-20. Colourful Cloths or Sponge and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-21. Food Shopping like Litemilk or Cans of Coca Cola and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-22. Empty Cups with Spoons or Milkcarts and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-23. Light Bulbs or Ashtray and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-24. Food Shopping like Raisin Toast or Cinnamon Donuts on Notepad. *2025-5-25. Greater Cheese Container and Bowls and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-26. Lighters, Mittens or Frypan and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-27. Mask Bottles or Artline Texture and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-28. Foils, Wrappers or Pot and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-29. Colourful Light Lamp/Woolshirt or Soap (after calculation?). *2025-5-29. I DONT KNOW WHAT ??? MEANS WHY. Current Date: 2025-5-30 ‘2025-5-31’ Centenary Avenue / Melton Cemetery (after calculation?). p6la8u6375psguii95poo01gltgmjup 4498377 4498374 2025-06-02T23:40:08Z 2405:6E00:2829:305A:9F82:BCF1:FD47:9C96 Almost Done 4498377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox heading}} <!-- Hello! Feel free to try your formatting and editing skills below this line. As this page is for editing experiments, this page will automatically be cleaned every 12 hours. --> 2025-5-1. Dressing Gowns, Jiff Cream near Mum’s Bathroom on Notepad. *2025-5-2. McDonald’s Toys and Foods, Pizza and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-3. Big M Iced Coffee and Pool Top and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-4. Dog Shampoo, Seed Plants and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-5. Food Shopping like Cola Bottles, Cans of Coca Cola or Nacho on Notepad. *2025-5-6. Pink Pillows and Blankets or Receipts on Notepad. *2025-5-7. Pizza with Pepsi, Garlic Bread and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-8. Colourful Pillowcases and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-9. Food Shopping like Milk, Cans of Coca Cola, Water Bottles on Notepad. *2025-5-10. Brown Intense Treasure with Pieces on Notepad. *2025-5-11. Sticky Tapes with Holders on Notepad. *2025-5-12. Fry Pans, Rolling Pin and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-13. Black Bucket, Towels and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-14. Food Shopping like Cheese, Cans or Coca Cola Box or Bottles and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-15. Brown Lunchbags, Foils and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-16. K-Time Twists or Metal Shelf and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-17. Food Shopping like Cola’s, Water’s or even Apples and Banana’s on Notepad. *2025-5-18. Brown Paper, Colour Pots or Grater and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-19. Clothing Baskets and Coat Hangers and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-20. Colourful Cloths or Sponge and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-21. Food Shopping like Litemilk or Cans of Coca Cola and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-22. Empty Cups with Spoons or Milkcarts and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-23. Light Bulbs or Ashtray and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-24. Food Shopping like Raisin Toast or Cinnamon Donuts on Notepad. *2025-5-25. Greater Cheese Container and Bowls and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-26. Lighters, Mittens or Frypan and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-27. Mask Bottles or Artline Texture and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-28. Foils, Wrappers or Pot and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-29. Colourful Light Lamp/Woolshirt or Soap (after calculation?). *2025-5-30. I DONT KNOW WHAT ??? MEANS WHY. Current Date: 2025-5-31 ‘2025-5-31’ Centenary Avenue / Melton Cemetery (after calculation?). 0jm8v4peey1srgolkvw39fltk8ngnl2 4498378 4498377 2025-06-02T23:40:44Z 2405:6E00:2829:305A:9F82:BCF1:FD47:9C96 4498378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox heading}} <!-- Hello! Feel free to try your formatting and editing skills below this line. As this page is for editing experiments, this page will automatically be cleaned every 12 hours. --> 2025-5-1. Dressing Gowns, Jiff Cream near Mum’s Bathroom on Notepad. *2025-5-2. McDonald’s Toys and Foods, Pizza and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-3. Big M Iced Coffee and Pool Top and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-4. Dog Shampoo, Seed Plants and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-5. Food Shopping like Cola Bottles, Cans of Coca Cola or Nacho on Notepad. *2025-5-6. Pink Pillows and Blankets or Receipts on Notepad. *2025-5-7. Pizza with Pepsi, Garlic Bread and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-8. Colourful Pillowcases and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-9. Food Shopping like Milk, Cans of Coca Cola, Water Bottles on Notepad. *2025-5-10. Brown Intense Treasure with Pieces on Notepad. *2025-5-11. Sticky Tapes with Holders on Notepad. *2025-5-12. Fry Pans, Rolling Pin and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-13. Black Bucket, Towels and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-14. Food Shopping like Cheese, Cans or Coca Cola Box or Bottles and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-15. Brown Lunchbags, Foils and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-16. K-Time Twists or Metal Shelf and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-17. Food Shopping like Cola’s, Water’s or even Apples and Banana’s on Notepad. *2025-5-18. Brown Paper, Colour Pots or Grater and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-19. Clothing Baskets and Coat Hangers and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-20. Colourful Cloths or Sponge and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-21. Food Shopping like Litemilk or Cans of Coca Cola and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-22. Empty Cups with Spoons or Milkcarts and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-23. Light Bulbs or Ashtray and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-24. Food Shopping like Raisin Toast or Cinnamon Donuts on Notepad. *2025-5-25. Greater Cheese Container and Bowls and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-26. Lighters, Mittens or Frypan and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-27. Mask Bottles or Artline Texture and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-28. Foils, Wrappers or Pot and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-29. Colourful Light Lamp/Woolshirt or Soap and Others. *2025-5-30. I DONT KNOW WHAT ??? MEANS WHY. Current Date: 2025-5-31 '2025-5-31' Youtube Videos 9y89zv1411si8mgvg61o6hptcxni77x 4498379 4498378 2025-06-02T23:50:12Z 2405:6E00:2829:305A:9F82:BCF1:FD47:9C96 Start 6/1 now, no more IPV4 address 4498379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox heading}} <!-- Hello! Feel free to try your formatting and editing skills below this line. As this page is for editing experiments, this page will automatically be cleaned every 12 hours. --> 2025-5-1. Dressing Gowns, Jiff Cream near Mum’s Bathroom on Notepad. *2025-5-2. McDonald’s Toys and Foods, Pizza and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-3. Big M Iced Coffee and Pool Top and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-4. Dog Shampoo, Seed Plants and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-5. Food Shopping like Cola Bottles, Cans of Coca Cola or Nacho on Notepad. *2025-5-6. Pink Pillows and Blankets or Receipts on Notepad. *2025-5-7. Pizza with Pepsi, Garlic Bread and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-8. Colourful Pillowcases and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-9. Food Shopping like Milk, Cans of Coca Cola, Water Bottles on Notepad. *2025-5-10. Brown Intense Treasure with Pieces on Notepad. *2025-5-11. Sticky Tapes with Holders on Notepad. *2025-5-12. Fry Pans, Rolling Pin and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-13. Black Bucket, Towels and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-14. Food Shopping like Cheese, Cans or Coca Cola Box or Bottles and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-15. Brown Lunchbags, Foils and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-16. K-Time Twists or Metal Shelf and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-17. Food Shopping like Cola’s, Water’s or even Apples and Banana’s on Notepad. *2025-5-18. Brown Paper, Colour Pots or Grater and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-19. Clothing Baskets and Coat Hangers and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-20. Colourful Cloths or Sponge and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-21. Food Shopping like Litemilk or Cans of Coca Cola and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-22. Empty Cups with Spoons or Milkcarts and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-23. Light Bulbs or Ashtray and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-24. Food Shopping like Raisin Toast or Cinnamon Donuts on Notepad. *2025-5-25. Greater Cheese Container and Bowls and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-26. Lighters, Mittens or Frypan and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-27. Mask Bottles or Artline Texture and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-28. Foils, Wrappers or Pot and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-29. Colourful Light Lamp/Woolshirt or Soap and Others. *2025-5-30. Food Shopping like Raspberry or Lime Cordial or Waters. *2025-5-30. I DONT KNOW WHAT ??? MEANS WHY. Current Date: 2025-5-31 '2025-6-1' Youtube Videos scpskuzg54zj8mxyfaul1bjrjx5vgcx 4498380 4498379 2025-06-02T23:50:37Z 2405:6E00:2829:305A:9F82:BCF1:FD47:9C96 4498380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox heading}} <!-- Hello! Feel free to try your formatting and editing skills below this line. As this page is for editing experiments, this page will automatically be cleaned every 12 hours. --> 2025-5-1. Dressing Gowns, Jiff Cream near Mum’s Bathroom on Notepad. *2025-5-2. McDonald’s Toys and Foods, Pizza and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-3. Big M Iced Coffee and Pool Top and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-4. Dog Shampoo, Seed Plants and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-5. Food Shopping like Cola Bottles, Cans of Coca Cola or Nacho on Notepad. *2025-5-6. Pink Pillows and Blankets or Receipts on Notepad. *2025-5-7. Pizza with Pepsi, Garlic Bread and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-8. Colourful Pillowcases and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-9. Food Shopping like Milk, Cans of Coca Cola, Water Bottles on Notepad. *2025-5-10. Brown Intense Treasure with Pieces on Notepad. *2025-5-11. Sticky Tapes with Holders on Notepad. *2025-5-12. Fry Pans, Rolling Pin and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-13. Black Bucket, Towels and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-14. Food Shopping like Cheese, Cans or Coca Cola Box or Bottles and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-15. Brown Lunchbags, Foils and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-16. K-Time Twists or Metal Shelf and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-17. Food Shopping like Cola’s, Water’s or even Apples and Banana’s on Notepad. *2025-5-18. Brown Paper, Colour Pots or Grater and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-19. Clothing Baskets and Coat Hangers and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-20. Colourful Cloths or Sponge and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-21. Food Shopping like Litemilk or Cans of Coca Cola and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-22. Empty Cups with Spoons or Milkcarts and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-23. Light Bulbs or Ashtray and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-24. Food Shopping like Raisin Toast or Cinnamon Donuts on Notepad. *2025-5-25. Greater Cheese Container and Bowls and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-26. Lighters, Mittens or Frypan and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-27. Mask Bottles or Artline Texture and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-28. Foils, Wrappers or Pot and Others on Notepad. *2025-5-29. Colourful Light Lamp/Woolshirt or Soap and Others. *2025-5-30. Food Shopping like Raspberry or Lime Cordial or Waters (After drinks). *2025-5-30. I DONT KNOW WHAT ??? MEANS WHY. Current Date: 2025-5-31 '2025-6-1' Youtube Videos (after drinks). pu27ubgt1s49n5ie4a4bvn636j817yr 4498382 4498380 2025-06-03T00:00:35Z JackBot 396820 Bot: Automatically cleaned 4498382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox heading}} <!-- Hello! Feel free to try your formatting and editing skills below this line. As this page is for editing experiments, this page will automatically be cleaned every 12 hours. --> efa5udpbb942msq2oco4mlj2yz47q14 4 465072 4498371 4493715 2025-06-02T18:39:21Z 2001:D08:1205:2EE1:48D7:12FF:FE9D:1C88 /* Text generation */ 4498371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{draft}} {{shortcut|WB:AI}} The following draft policy outlines the Wikibooks community's perspective on the use of {{w|artificial intelligence}}-generated content on this site. == Text generation == {{w|Large language model}}s (LLMs), often referred to as "AI chatbots" or simply "AI", can be beneficial in certain circumstances. However, like human-generated text, machine-generated text can also contain errors or flaws, or even be entirely useless. In particular, requesting a language model to write a book or an essay can sometimes cause the production of complete fabrications, including fictitious references. The output can be biased, libel living people, infringe on copyrights, or simply be of poor quality. This might not pose a large risk for very rote tasks within closed communities; however, these issues can quickly become problematic in large communities and environments where knowledge transfer, verifiability, accountability, and critical thinking are important. In particular, the high volume and speed at which LLMs can generate content, all of which would need to be verified, means that their use poses an outsize risk. As such, LLMs '''may not be used to generate or summarize material and ideas at Wikibooks''', and their sources should not be blindly trusted. == Translation == LLMs may not be used for translation of content. Please see [[Wikibooks:Content translation]] for further information. == Media == Many AI tools have the capacity to create media, particularly images, from prompts. If you are interested in uploading this media, please be aware of relevant policies on licensing at our sister project [[:c:|Wikimedia Commons]] or our [[Wikibooks:Media|local policy on images]], depending on whether you are uploading it here or there. == Required disclosure == Any permissible content made with the help of an LLM must be explicitly marked as such in both the edit summary and the page's discussion page. The following information must be provided: * The date of generation/addition * The tool and tool version used (e.g. {{w|Gemini (chatbot)|Gemini}}, {{w|ChatGPT}}, {{w|Midjourney}}) * The prompt(s) fed into the tool This applies to ''every'' instance of using AI content. If you create new prompts and incorporate them into a page multiple times, ''each'' instance must be documented, including on the talk page. == Detection and enforcement == As of this policy's creation, there are no reliable, high-quality tools capable of detecting AI-generated materials. Instead, editors will have to be on the lookout for various issues, such as: * Illogical or meaningless sentences * Sentences, phrases, or arguments that seem coherent on the surface but do not hold up to scrutiny * Word changes that inappropriately change the meaning of a sentence * Citations or sources that do not match a claim * Phrasing that suggests it was generated in response to a prompt * Low-quality or flawed images All of these issues, however, can occur without the use of generative AI tools. If you detect these issues, you should first engage with the contributor in good faith to point out and address the problematic content, with the goal of resolving the issues. If good faith discussion and guidance fails, or if repeated, unambiguous violation of this policy is found, problematic editors may be subject to warning and subsequent editing restrictions. Use of copyright violation detectors (e.g. [https://copyvios.toolforge.org/?lang=en&project=wikibooks Earwig's Copyvio Detector]) can be used to help identify text copied verbatim from online sources. == Policy updates == Because the field of widely accessible "AI" and generative models is still young, this policy may need to change over time to best serve the project. When needed, updates should be proposed and discussed on this policy's talk page. arbv7vwijuhalf9jcm2xrq194nqxq9a 0 466867 4498346 4440420 2025-06-02T13:32:48Z Larsnooden 430753 Verifying Client Configurations 4498346 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{simple chapter navigation|previous=Remote_Processes|next=Tunnels}}</noinclude> &nbsp; ==SSH Client Configuration Files== Use of the client configuration file, [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config ssh_config(5)], is perhaps the most underrated and unrecognized feature, despite its great utility and flexibility. The configuration file can be used to create shortcuts for specific systems or scenarios by applying designated settings. The client, [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)], prioritizes settings applied at the command-line as run-time options. Then the settings from user's own configuration file, usually '''~/.ssh/config''', are applied. Then, finally, global client settings are applied, usually from the system-wide configuration file, '''/etc/ssh/ssh_config''', if it exits. So as mentioned in the chapter on [[OpenSSH/Client_Configuration_Files | Client Configuration Files]], the prioritization is as follows: # run time arguments via the shell # user's own configuration # system-wide configuration Even within the user's configuration file and the system's global configuration file, the first match is applied. Therefore specific configurations must always go towards the beginning of the file and more general settings towards the end. <noinclude>__TOC__</noinclude> ==Basics of SSH Client Configuration== Each stanza in the configuration file begins with either a '''Host''' or '''Match''' directive. The directives within the stanza are then applied, if relevant. More on '''Match''' later. Below two hosts are each set up with their own shortcuts using a basic '''Host''' directive. The settings for the two hosts are followed by two more general stanzas applicable to two whole domains. Lastly is a stanza with applying '''IdentitiesOnly''' to all outgoing connections. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> Host www HostName www.example.org User fred IdentityFile %d/.ssh/fred.www.key Host git HostName git.example.org User paz IdentityFile %d/.ssh/paz.git.key Host *.example.org ConnectTimeout 2 AddKeysToAgent yes Host *.example.com ConnectTimeout 5 Port 2022 Host * IdentitiesOnly yes </syntaxhighlight> The specific configurations are first and get more general until the end where '''IdentitiesOnly''' gets applied to all outgoing sessions. Hosts in the ''example.org'' domain use the default SSH port of 22, while that is overridden for those in the ''example.com'' domain which uses port 2022 instead. Keys are automatically added to the agent when used with the ''example.org'' domain but not with the ''example.com'' domain. The first host can be reached with <code>ssh www</code> and the second host with <code>ssh git</code>. In general, it is a good idea to set '''IdentitiesOnly''' so that only the one designated key is tried when authenticating. Otherwise, the keys are tried in whatever order they might be found in the agent which can be unpredictable. The result without '''IdentitiesOnly''' can be that the connection gets blocked from having too many failed logins attempts before the right key even gets tried. ===Verifying Client Configurations=== The actual settings used by the client for a connection are assigned first by the run time arguments, then from the user configuration files, and then finally from the system configuration files. Along the way, there can be more than one layer of decisions made using the '''Match''' directives in the configuration files. These are affected by the various stages of the destination's name resolution, the account and port being connected to, and the local account, address, and network being connected from. Matters can be complicated further through the use of the '''exec''' declaration which receives a pass or fail from external scripts or programs. The final calculation of settings which will be applied are shown using the client's '''-G''' option. The client then makes no attempt to actually connect but instead just calculates all the options which would have been used for the hypothetical connection. As with an actual connection, a host name or shortcut must be supplied. The defaults are filled in for everything else unless overridden through explicit run time settings. Then '''-G''' does its work. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell"> $ ssh -G example.org | sort | less -X </syntaxhighlight> Optionally, other parameters, such as a remote account name, can be specified. Additionally, those checked in the '''Match''' stanzas would be relevant to the final calculation of the configuration options. Those options include '''-b''' to set the source address, '''-l''' to set the destination account, '''-p''' to set the destination port, and '''-P''' to set a configuration Tag. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell"> $ ssh -G -l fred example.org | sort | less -X $ ssh -G git@code.example.com | sort | less -X $ ssh -G -p 2222 -l fred server.example.org | sort | less -X $ ssh -G -P detonate -l fred server.example.org | sort | less -X $ ssh -G -b 192.168.16.17 -l admin intra.example.org | sort | less -X </syntaxhighlight> See [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] for more details about '''Match''' and '''Tag''' and [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] for more about the client's run time options. See also [http://man.openbsd.org/diff.1 diff(1)] for comparing the output. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell"> $ diff --suppress-common-lines \ <(ssh -G -l fred garage | sort) \ <(ssh -G -l foo garage| sort) </syntaxhighlight> The above takes advantage of process substitution<ref name="Process Substitution">{{cite web |url=https://mywiki.wooledge.org/ProcessSubstitution |title=Process Substitution | publisher=Greg's Wiki | date=2025-04-19 | access-date=2025-06-02}}</ref> to compare the difference in client settings when connecting to two different remove accounts at the shortcut ''garage''. Process substitution is available in many shells, but not all. ==Multiple Shortcuts== Each stanza can have multiple shortcuts. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> Host w www www.example.org HostName www.example.org User fred IdentityFile %d/.ssh/example.org-fred.ed25519 </syntaxhighlight> Above, the same host can be reached with <code>ssh w</code>, <code>ssh www</code>, or <code>ssh www.example.org</code>. ==Different Keys for Different Accounts on the Same Systems== Sometimes it is necessary to access multiple accounts on the same remote system, each with a separate key. The '''Match''' block in [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config ssh_config(5)] can pair each account with its corresponding key. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> Match host www.example.org user git IdentityFile %d/.ssh/example.org-git.ed25519 Match host www.example.org user fred IdentityFile %d/.ssh/example.org-fred.ed25519 Match host www.example.org user backup IdentityFile %d/.ssh/example.org-backup.ed25519 Host www.example.org IdentitiesOnly yes AddKeysToAgent yes </syntaxhighlight> Above, different keys are applied to the same remote host depending on which of the three accounts is used. ==Automatically Fire Up Local VNC After Establishing A Tunnel== The '''LocalCommand''' directive can launch a local program upon successful authentication. If that is combined with other directives, there are a lot of possibilities. Here once a VNC tunnel gets established, the client is connected to it. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> Host make-tunnel tunnel Hostname 198.51.100.120 User tunneler IdentitiesOnly yes IdentityFile %d/.ssh/tunneler-vnc-tunnel LocalForward 5900 localhost:5900 ExitOnForwardFailure yes PermitLocalCommand yes LocalCommand remmina -c vnc://localhost:0 </syntaxhighlight> The '''LocalForward''' creates the tunnel, while the '''PermitLocalCommand''' and '''LocalCommand''' connects the client to the tunnel once the tunnel is complete. Should the tunnel fail, '''ExitOnForwareFailure''' ensures that the SSH session ends so that the failure can be properly investigated rather than the client connected to nothing. ===VNC Through A Jointly Accessible External Host - Approach One=== Networking through one or more layers of NAT can be a problem. That is especially the case as Carrier Grade NAT becomes more common in the legacy IPv4 networks provided by an increasing number of service providers. It is possible to connect two endpoints via a publicly accessible third machine on common ground. If there are three systems, A, B, and C, where A needs to connect to C, neither A nor C can connect directly to the other yet both can reach host B, then it is possible to make a tunnel via B if both A and C can reach it. Both A and C need to have working accounts on C, even if just for forwarding. Full shell access is not required. On host B, accounts are needed for C and A. On host C: <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> Host hostc HostName server.example.com IdentityFile %d/.ssh/test-fw6b AddKeysToAgent yes RemoteForward 7900 localhost:5900 RemoteForward 7901 localhost:5901 </syntaxhighlight> Start the VNC server and then have the system establish an SSH connection to host B with <code>ssh hostc</code>. The configuration of host B really needs no modification, unless if the key for the tunnel should be locked down or other restrictions desired. On host A: <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> Host tunnel LocalForward 5900 localhost:7900 LocalForward 5901 localhost:7901 PermitLocalCommand yes LocalCommand remmina -c vnc://localhost:0 ExitOnForwardFailure yes </syntaxhighlight> Start the SSH connection by entering <code>ssh tunnel</code> and Remmina will connect automatically to host C via the tunnel on Host C. ==System-wide Client Defaults== The system-wide client configuration file, '''/etc/ssh/sshd_config''', is a convenient way to provide what are effectively new, local default settings. As mentioned many times, configuration options are applied with a first match priority therefore any system-wide, global options should be as general as possible. System-wide defaults shine when customizing the local environment, including LAN access be means such as Kerberos authentication or even [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Host-based_Authentication‎|Host-based&nbsp;Authentication]], the latter is covered in its own chapter. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> Host 172.16.4.* HostKeyAlias a.pool.example.org ConnectTimeout 4 Host 172.16.5.* HostKeyAlias b.pool.example.org ConnectTimeout 2 Host 172.16.* HostbasedAuthentication yes Host * IdentitiesOnly yes </syntaxhighlight> The above allows host-based authentication for a specific subnet. It also sets '''IdentitiesOnly''' globally. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> Host *.pool.example.org VerifyHostKeyDNS no GSSAPIAuthentication yes GSSAPIKeyExchange yes GSSPITrustDNS yes GSSAPIRenewalForcesRekey yes GSSAPIDelegateCredentials yes </syntaxhighlight> The above sets system-wide options for all systems in the '''pool.example.org''' domain, such that Kerberos authentication is possible. The manual page for [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config ssh_config(5)] has a section on "tokens" which can be used in the stanzas in place of system information, such as the remote host name, the remote account name, or the local account name, to name just a few. These are useful when setting the system-wide client configuration file in '''/etc/ssh/ssh_config''' or '''/etc/ssh/ssh_config.d/*''' for all local accounts. ===Tokens=== Some client configuration directives can make use of tokens to stand in for certain values, as determined at run time. '''LocalCommand''' accepts all tokens. '''Hostname''' accepts the tokens %% and %h. '''ProxyCommand''' and '''ProxyJump''' accept the tokens %%, %h, %n, %p, and %r. '''CertificateFile''', '''ControlPath''', '''IdentityAgent''', '''IdentityFile''', '''KnownHostsCommand''', '''LocalForward''', '''Match exec''', '''RemoteCommand''', '''RemoteForward''', '''RevokedHostKeys''', and '''UserKnownHostsFile''' accept the tokens %%, %C, %d, %h, %i, %j, %k, %L, %l, %n, %p, %r, and %u. '''KnownHostsCommand''' additionally accepts the tokens %%, %C, %d, %f, %H, %h, %I, %i, %j, %K, %k, %L, %l, %n, %p, %r, %t, and %u. The client tokens are described as follows, and are somewhat different from the tokens used in server configuration: {| class="wikitable" style="caption-side: bottom;" |+ Lookup Table of OpenSSH Client Configuration Tokens |- style="border-bottom: thick solid #000;" ! Token ! Description |- ! %% | A literal ‘%’. |- ! %C | The hash of %l%h%p%r%j. |- ! %d | The local account's home directory. |- ! %f | The fingerprint of the remote server's host key. |- ! %H | The '''known_hosts''' host name or address searched for. |- ! %h | The remote host name. |- ! %I | The reason for a '''KnownHostsCommand''' execution: either ADDRESS when looking up the host by address (only when '''CheckHostIP''' is enabled), HOSTNAME when searching by host name, or ORDER when preparing the host key algorithm preference list to use for the destination host. |- ! %i | The local account's UID. |- ! %j | The contents of the '''ProxyJump option''', or an empty string if this option is unset. |- ! %K | The base64-encoded remote server's host key. |- ! %k | The host key alias if specified, otherwise the original remote host name as given on the command line. |- ! %L | The local host name. |- ! %l | The local host name, including the domain name. |- ! %n | The original remote host name, as given on the command line. |- ! %p | The remote port. |- ! %r | The remote account name. |- ! %T | The local [http://man.openbsd.org/tun tun(4)] or [http://man.openbsd.org/tap tap(4)] network interface assigned if tunnel forwarding was requested, otherwise "NONE". |- ! %t | The type of the server host key, e.g. ssh-ed25519. |- ! %u | The local account name. |} As always, check [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config ssh_config(5)] on the systems in question to know what is actually supported by the installed version of OpenSSH. {{BookCat}} {{status|100%}} <noinclude>{{OpenSSH/TOC|mini}} </noinclude> q54d66g19fb34laybjm9p7pi31ypqu0 4498348 4498346 2025-06-02T13:46:32Z Larsnooden 430753 /* Verifying Client Configurations */ 4498348 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{simple chapter navigation|previous=Remote_Processes|next=Tunnels}}</noinclude> &nbsp; ==SSH Client Configuration Files== Use of the client configuration file, [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config ssh_config(5)], is perhaps the most underrated and unrecognized feature, despite its great utility and flexibility. The configuration file can be used to create shortcuts for specific systems or scenarios by applying designated settings. The client, [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)], prioritizes settings applied at the command-line as run-time options. Then the settings from user's own configuration file, usually '''~/.ssh/config''', are applied. Then, finally, global client settings are applied, usually from the system-wide configuration file, '''/etc/ssh/ssh_config''', if it exits. So as mentioned in the chapter on [[OpenSSH/Client_Configuration_Files | Client Configuration Files]], the prioritization is as follows: # run time arguments via the shell # user's own configuration # system-wide configuration Even within the user's configuration file and the system's global configuration file, the first match is applied. Therefore specific configurations must always go towards the beginning of the file and more general settings towards the end. <noinclude>__TOC__</noinclude> ==Basics of SSH Client Configuration== Each stanza in the configuration file begins with either a '''Host''' or '''Match''' directive. The directives within the stanza are then applied, if relevant. More on '''Match''' later. Below two hosts are each set up with their own shortcuts using a basic '''Host''' directive. The settings for the two hosts are followed by two more general stanzas applicable to two whole domains. Lastly is a stanza with applying '''IdentitiesOnly''' to all outgoing connections. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> Host www HostName www.example.org User fred IdentityFile %d/.ssh/fred.www.key Host git HostName git.example.org User paz IdentityFile %d/.ssh/paz.git.key Host *.example.org ConnectTimeout 2 AddKeysToAgent yes Host *.example.com ConnectTimeout 5 Port 2022 Host * IdentitiesOnly yes </syntaxhighlight> The specific configurations are first and get more general until the end where '''IdentitiesOnly''' gets applied to all outgoing sessions. Hosts in the ''example.org'' domain use the default SSH port of 22, while that is overridden for those in the ''example.com'' domain which uses port 2022 instead. Keys are automatically added to the agent when used with the ''example.org'' domain but not with the ''example.com'' domain. The first host can be reached with <code>ssh www</code> and the second host with <code>ssh git</code>. In general, it is a good idea to set '''IdentitiesOnly''' so that only the one designated key is tried when authenticating. Otherwise, the keys are tried in whatever order they might be found in the agent which can be unpredictable. The result without '''IdentitiesOnly''' can be that the connection gets blocked from having too many failed logins attempts before the right key even gets tried. ===Verifying Client Configurations=== The actual settings used by the client for a connection are assigned first by the run time arguments, then from the user configuration files, and then finally from the system configuration files. Along the way, there can be more than one layer of decisions made using the '''Match''' directives in the configuration files. These are affected by the various stages of the destination's name resolution, the account and port being connected to, and the local account, address, and network being connected from. Matters can be complicated further through the use of the '''exec''' declaration which receives a pass or fail from external scripts or programs. The final calculation of settings which will be applied are shown using the client's '''-G''' option. The client then makes no attempt to actually connect but instead just calculates all the options which would have been used for the hypothetical connection. As with an actual connection, a host name or shortcut must be supplied. The defaults are filled in for everything else unless overridden through explicit run time settings. Then '''-G''' does its work. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell"> $ ssh -G example.org | sort | less -X </syntaxhighlight> Optionally, other parameters, such as a remote account name, can be specified. Additionally, those checked in the '''Match''' stanzas would be relevant to the final calculation of the configuration options. Those options include '''-b''' to set the source address, '''-l''' to set the destination account, '''-p''' to set the destination port, and '''-P''' to set a configuration Tag. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell"> $ ssh -G -l fred example.org | sort | less -X $ ssh -G git@code.example.com | sort | less -X $ ssh -G -p 2222 -l fred server.example.org | sort | less -X $ ssh -G -P detonate -l fred server.example.org | sort | less -X $ ssh -G -b 192.168.16.17 -l admin intra.example.org | sort | less -X </syntaxhighlight> See [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] for more details about '''Match''' and '''Tag''' and [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] for more about the client's run time options. See also [http://man.openbsd.org/diff.1 diff(1)] for comparing the output. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell"> $ diff --suppress-common-lines \ <(ssh -G -l fred garage | sort) \ <(ssh -G -l foo garage| sort) </syntaxhighlight> The above takes advantage of process substitution<ref name="Process Substitution">{{cite web |url=https://mywiki.wooledge.org/ProcessSubstitution |title=Process Substitution | publisher=Greg's Wiki | date=2025-04-19 | access-date=2025-06-02}}</ref> to compare the difference in client settings when connecting to two different remote accounts at the shortcut ''garage''. Process substitution is available in many shells, but not all. ==Multiple Shortcuts== Each stanza can have multiple shortcuts. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> Host w www www.example.org HostName www.example.org User fred IdentityFile %d/.ssh/example.org-fred.ed25519 </syntaxhighlight> Above, the same host can be reached with <code>ssh w</code>, <code>ssh www</code>, or <code>ssh www.example.org</code>. ==Different Keys for Different Accounts on the Same Systems== Sometimes it is necessary to access multiple accounts on the same remote system, each with a separate key. The '''Match''' block in [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config ssh_config(5)] can pair each account with its corresponding key. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> Match host www.example.org user git IdentityFile %d/.ssh/example.org-git.ed25519 Match host www.example.org user fred IdentityFile %d/.ssh/example.org-fred.ed25519 Match host www.example.org user backup IdentityFile %d/.ssh/example.org-backup.ed25519 Host www.example.org IdentitiesOnly yes AddKeysToAgent yes </syntaxhighlight> Above, different keys are applied to the same remote host depending on which of the three accounts is used. ==Automatically Fire Up Local VNC After Establishing A Tunnel== The '''LocalCommand''' directive can launch a local program upon successful authentication. If that is combined with other directives, there are a lot of possibilities. Here once a VNC tunnel gets established, the client is connected to it. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> Host make-tunnel tunnel Hostname 198.51.100.120 User tunneler IdentitiesOnly yes IdentityFile %d/.ssh/tunneler-vnc-tunnel LocalForward 5900 localhost:5900 ExitOnForwardFailure yes PermitLocalCommand yes LocalCommand remmina -c vnc://localhost:0 </syntaxhighlight> The '''LocalForward''' creates the tunnel, while the '''PermitLocalCommand''' and '''LocalCommand''' connects the client to the tunnel once the tunnel is complete. Should the tunnel fail, '''ExitOnForwareFailure''' ensures that the SSH session ends so that the failure can be properly investigated rather than the client connected to nothing. ===VNC Through A Jointly Accessible External Host - Approach One=== Networking through one or more layers of NAT can be a problem. That is especially the case as Carrier Grade NAT becomes more common in the legacy IPv4 networks provided by an increasing number of service providers. It is possible to connect two endpoints via a publicly accessible third machine on common ground. If there are three systems, A, B, and C, where A needs to connect to C, neither A nor C can connect directly to the other yet both can reach host B, then it is possible to make a tunnel via B if both A and C can reach it. Both A and C need to have working accounts on C, even if just for forwarding. Full shell access is not required. On host B, accounts are needed for C and A. On host C: <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> Host hostc HostName server.example.com IdentityFile %d/.ssh/test-fw6b AddKeysToAgent yes RemoteForward 7900 localhost:5900 RemoteForward 7901 localhost:5901 </syntaxhighlight> Start the VNC server and then have the system establish an SSH connection to host B with <code>ssh hostc</code>. The configuration of host B really needs no modification, unless if the key for the tunnel should be locked down or other restrictions desired. On host A: <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> Host tunnel LocalForward 5900 localhost:7900 LocalForward 5901 localhost:7901 PermitLocalCommand yes LocalCommand remmina -c vnc://localhost:0 ExitOnForwardFailure yes </syntaxhighlight> Start the SSH connection by entering <code>ssh tunnel</code> and Remmina will connect automatically to host C via the tunnel on Host C. ==System-wide Client Defaults== The system-wide client configuration file, '''/etc/ssh/sshd_config''', is a convenient way to provide what are effectively new, local default settings. As mentioned many times, configuration options are applied with a first match priority therefore any system-wide, global options should be as general as possible. System-wide defaults shine when customizing the local environment, including LAN access be means such as Kerberos authentication or even [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Host-based_Authentication‎|Host-based&nbsp;Authentication]], the latter is covered in its own chapter. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> Host 172.16.4.* HostKeyAlias a.pool.example.org ConnectTimeout 4 Host 172.16.5.* HostKeyAlias b.pool.example.org ConnectTimeout 2 Host 172.16.* HostbasedAuthentication yes Host * IdentitiesOnly yes </syntaxhighlight> The above allows host-based authentication for a specific subnet. It also sets '''IdentitiesOnly''' globally. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> Host *.pool.example.org VerifyHostKeyDNS no GSSAPIAuthentication yes GSSAPIKeyExchange yes GSSPITrustDNS yes GSSAPIRenewalForcesRekey yes GSSAPIDelegateCredentials yes </syntaxhighlight> The above sets system-wide options for all systems in the '''pool.example.org''' domain, such that Kerberos authentication is possible. The manual page for [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config ssh_config(5)] has a section on "tokens" which can be used in the stanzas in place of system information, such as the remote host name, the remote account name, or the local account name, to name just a few. These are useful when setting the system-wide client configuration file in '''/etc/ssh/ssh_config''' or '''/etc/ssh/ssh_config.d/*''' for all local accounts. ===Tokens=== Some client configuration directives can make use of tokens to stand in for certain values, as determined at run time. '''LocalCommand''' accepts all tokens. '''Hostname''' accepts the tokens %% and %h. '''ProxyCommand''' and '''ProxyJump''' accept the tokens %%, %h, %n, %p, and %r. '''CertificateFile''', '''ControlPath''', '''IdentityAgent''', '''IdentityFile''', '''KnownHostsCommand''', '''LocalForward''', '''Match exec''', '''RemoteCommand''', '''RemoteForward''', '''RevokedHostKeys''', and '''UserKnownHostsFile''' accept the tokens %%, %C, %d, %h, %i, %j, %k, %L, %l, %n, %p, %r, and %u. '''KnownHostsCommand''' additionally accepts the tokens %%, %C, %d, %f, %H, %h, %I, %i, %j, %K, %k, %L, %l, %n, %p, %r, %t, and %u. The client tokens are described as follows, and are somewhat different from the tokens used in server configuration: {| class="wikitable" style="caption-side: bottom;" |+ Lookup Table of OpenSSH Client Configuration Tokens |- style="border-bottom: thick solid #000;" ! Token ! Description |- ! %% | A literal ‘%’. |- ! %C | The hash of %l%h%p%r%j. |- ! %d | The local account's home directory. |- ! %f | The fingerprint of the remote server's host key. |- ! %H | The '''known_hosts''' host name or address searched for. |- ! %h | The remote host name. |- ! %I | The reason for a '''KnownHostsCommand''' execution: either ADDRESS when looking up the host by address (only when '''CheckHostIP''' is enabled), HOSTNAME when searching by host name, or ORDER when preparing the host key algorithm preference list to use for the destination host. |- ! %i | The local account's UID. |- ! %j | The contents of the '''ProxyJump option''', or an empty string if this option is unset. |- ! %K | The base64-encoded remote server's host key. |- ! %k | The host key alias if specified, otherwise the original remote host name as given on the command line. |- ! %L | The local host name. |- ! %l | The local host name, including the domain name. |- ! %n | The original remote host name, as given on the command line. |- ! %p | The remote port. |- ! %r | The remote account name. |- ! %T | The local [http://man.openbsd.org/tun tun(4)] or [http://man.openbsd.org/tap tap(4)] network interface assigned if tunnel forwarding was requested, otherwise "NONE". |- ! %t | The type of the server host key, e.g. ssh-ed25519. |- ! %u | The local account name. |} As always, check [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config ssh_config(5)] on the systems in question to know what is actually supported by the installed version of OpenSSH. {{BookCat}} {{status|100%}} <noinclude>{{OpenSSH/TOC|mini}} </noinclude> 22nbeeyejnikdoocyfekj1ksio6l9i6 0 469216 4498359 4497977 2025-06-02T16:11:44Z M1keTurn3rWilds 3503513 one of the predictions was wrong as it stated that Check valid number on line 141 did not return false when wrong and that this was an error. the function only checks if its a number not a number in the numbers allowed and therefore should not return false, it should and does only skip the .contains(temp) 4498359 wikitext text/x-wiki This is for the 2025 AQA A-level Computer Science Specification (7517). This is where suggestions can be made about what some of the questions might be and how we can solve them. '''Please be respectful and do not vandalise the page, as this may affect students' preparation for exams!''' == Section C Predictions == The 2025 paper 1 will contain '''four''' questions worth 23 marks. '''Predictions:''' # MaxNumber is used as a parameter in CheckValidNumber. there is difference whether it is used or not, making it obsolete. maybe it will ask a question using about using Maxnumber since there is not yet a practical use for the variable. ==Mark distribution comparison== Mark distribution for this year: * The 2025 paper 1 contains 4 questions: a '''5''' mark, an '''8''' mark, a '''12''' mark, and a '''14''' mark question(s). Mark distribution for previous years: * The 2024 paper 1 contained 4 questions: a '''5''' mark, a '''6''' mark question, a '''14''' mark question and one '''14''' mark question(s). * The 2023 paper 1 contained 4 questions: a '''5''' mark, a '''9''' mark, a '''10''' mark question, and a '''13''' mark question(s). * The 2022 paper 1 contained 4 questions: a '''5''' mark, a '''9''' mark, an '''11''' mark, and a '''13''' mark question(s). * The 2021 paper 1 contained 4 questions: a '''6''' mark, an '''8''' mark, a '''9''' mark, and a '''14''' mark question(s). * The 2020 paper 1 contained 4 questions: a '''6''' mark, an '''8''' mark, an '''11''' mark and a '''12''' mark question(s). * The 2019 paper 1 contained 4 questions: a '''5''' mark, an '''8''' mark, a '''9''' mark, and a '''13''' mark question(s). * The 2018 paper 1 contained 5 questions: a '''2''' mark, a '''5''' mark, two '''9''' mark, and a '''12''' mark question(s). * The 2017 paper 1 contained 5 questions: a '''5''' mark question, three '''6''' mark questions, and one '''12''' mark question.{{BookCat}} Please note the marks above include the screen capture(s), so the likely marks for the coding will be '''2-3''' marks lower. == Section D Predictions == Current questions are speculation by contributors to this page. === '''Fix the scoring bug whereby ''n'' targets cleared give you ''2n-1'' points instead of ''n'' points:''' === {{CPTAnswerTab|Python}} Instead of a single score decrementation happening in every iteration of PlayGame, we want three, on failure of each of the three validation (valid expression, numbers allowed, evaluates to a target): <br/> <syntaxhighlight lang="python" line="1" start="1"> def PlayGame(Targets, NumbersAllowed, TrainingGame, MaxTarget, MaxNumber): Score = 0 GameOver = False while not GameOver: DisplayState(Targets, NumbersAllowed, Score) UserInput = input("Enter an expression: ") print() if CheckIfUserInputValid(UserInput): UserInputInRPN = ConvertToRPN(UserInput) if CheckNumbersUsedAreAllInNumbersAllowed(NumbersAllowed, UserInputInRPN, MaxNumber): IsTarget, Score = CheckIfUserInputEvaluationIsATarget(Targets, UserInputInRPN, Score) if IsTarget: NumbersAllowed = RemoveNumbersUsed(UserInput, MaxNumber, NumbersAllowed) NumbersAllowed = FillNumbers(NumbersAllowed, TrainingGame, MaxNumber) else: Score -= 1 else: Score -= 1 else: Score -= 1 if Targets[0] != -1: GameOver = True else: Targets = UpdateTargets(Targets, TrainingGame, MaxTarget) print("Game over!") DisplayScore(Score) </syntaxhighlight> We also want to change the score incrementation in CheckIfUserInputEvaluationIsATarget, so each target gives us one point, not two: <br/> <syntaxhighlight lang="python" line="1" start="1"> def CheckIfUserInputEvaluationIsATarget(Targets, UserInputInRPN, Score): UserInputEvaluation = EvaluateRPN(UserInputInRPN) UserInputEvaluationIsATarget = False if UserInputEvaluation != -1: for Count in range(0, len(Targets)): if Targets[Count] == UserInputEvaluation: Score += 1 Targets[Count] = -1 UserInputEvaluationIsATarget = True return UserInputEvaluationIsATarget, Score </syntaxhighlight> {{CPTAnswerTabEnd}} {{CPTAnswerTab|C#}} In the function CheckIfUserInputEvaluationIsATarget, each score increment upon popping a target should be set to an increment of one instead of two. In addition, if a target has been popped, the score should be incremented by one an extra time - this is to negate the score decrement by one once the function ends (in the PlayGame procedure). <br/> <syntaxhighlight lang="C#" line="1" start="1"> static bool CheckIfUserInputEvaluationIsATarget(List<int> Targets, List<string> UserInputInRPN, ref int Score) { int UserInputEvaluation = EvaluateRPN(UserInputInRPN); bool UserInputEvaluationIsATarget = false; if (UserInputEvaluation != -1) { for (int Count = 0; Count < Targets.Count; Count++) { if (Targets[Count] == UserInputEvaluation) { Score += 1; // code modified Targets[Count] = -1; UserInputEvaluationIsATarget = true; } } } if (UserInputEvaluationIsATarget) // code modified { Score++; // code modified } return UserInputEvaluationIsATarget; } </syntaxhighlight> {{CPTAnswerTabEnd}} === '''Modify the program so that (1) the player can use each number more than once and (2) the game does not allow repeats within the 5 numbers given:''' === {{CPTAnswerTab|C#}} C# - DM - Riddlesdown <br></br> ________________________________________________________________ <br></br> In CheckNumbersUsedAreAllInNumbersAllowed you can remove the line Temp.Remove(Convert.ToInt32(Item)) around line 150 <br></br> <syntaxhighlight lang="csharp" line="1" start="1"> static bool CheckNumbersUsedAreAllInNumbersAllowed(List<int> NumbersAllowed, List<string> UserInputInRPN, int MaxNumber) { List<int> Temp = new List<int>(); foreach (int Item in NumbersAllowed) { Temp.Add(Item); } foreach (string Item in UserInputInRPN) { if (CheckValidNumber(Item, MaxNumber)) { if (Temp.Contains(Convert.ToInt32(Item))) { // CHANGE START (line removed) // CHANGE END } else { return false; } } } return true; } </syntaxhighlight> C# KN - Riddlesdown <br></br> ________________________________________________________________<br></br> In FillNumbers in the while (NumbersAllowed < 5) loop, you should add a ChosenNumber int variable and check it’s not already in the allowed numbers so there are no duplicates (near line 370): <syntaxhighlight lang="csharp" line="1" start="1"> static List<int> FillNumbers(List<int> NumbersAllowed, bool TrainingGame, int MaxNumber) { if (TrainingGame) { return new List<int> { 2, 3, 2, 8, 512 }; } else { while (NumbersAllowed.Count < 5) { // CHANGE START int ChosenNumber = GetNumber(MaxNumber); while (NumbersAllowed.Contains(ChosenNumber)) { ChosenNumber = GetNumber(MaxNumber); } NumbersAllowed.Add(ChosenNumber); // CHANGE END } return NumbersAllowed; } } </syntaxhighlight>{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}{{CPTAnswerTab|Python}}Edit <code>FillNumbers()</code> to add a selection (if) statement to ensure that the number returned from <code>GetNumber()</code> has not already been appended to the list <code>NumbersAllowed</code>. <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> def FillNumbers(NumbersAllowed, TrainingGame, MaxNumber): if TrainingGame: return [2, 3, 2, 8, 512] else: while len(NumbersAllowed) < 5: NewNumber = GetNumber(MaxNumber) if NewNumber not in NumbersAllowed: NumbersAllowed.append(NewNumber) else: continue return NumbersAllowed </syntaxhighlight> Edit <code>CheckNumbersUsedAreAllInNumbersAllowed()</code> to ensure that numbers that the user has inputted are not removed from the <code>Temp</code> list, allowing numbers to be re-used. <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> def CheckNumbersUsedAreAllInNumbersAllowed(NumbersAllowed, UserInputInRPN, MaxNumber): Temp = [] for Item in NumbersAllowed: Temp.append(Item) for Item in UserInputInRPN: if CheckValidNumber(Item, MaxNumber): if int(Item) in Temp: continue else: return False return True </syntaxhighlight>{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}} === '''Modify the program so expressions with whitespace ( ) are accepted:''' === {{CPTAnswerTab|C#}} If you put spaces between values the program doesn't recognise it as a valid input and hence you lose points even for correct solutions. To fix the issue, modify the PlayGame method as follows: Modify this: <syntaxhighlight lang="csharp" line="58"> UserInput = Console.ReadLine() </syntaxhighlight> To this: <syntaxhighlight lang="csharp" line="58"> UserInput = Console.ReadLine().Replace(" ",""); </syntaxhighlight> Note that this is unlikely to come up because of the simplicity of the solution, being resolvable in half a line of code. {{CPTAnswerTabEnd}} {{CPTAnswerTab|Python}} Create a function to remove spaces from the input. <syntaxhighlight lang ="python" line="1" start="1" highlight="8"> def PlayGame(Targets, NumbersAllowed, TrainingGame, MaxTarget, MaxNumber): Score = 0 GameOver = False while not GameOver: DisplayState(Targets, NumbersAllowed, Score) UserInput = input("Enter an expression: ") print() UserInput = RemoveWhitespace(UserInput) </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang ="python" line="1" start="1" highlight="1,2"> def RemoveWhitespace(UserInputWithWhitespace): return UserInputWithWhitespace.replace(" ","") </syntaxhighlight> <i>datb2</i> <syntaxhighlight lang ="python" line="1" start="1"> #whitespace at the start and end of a string can be removed with: UserInput.strip() </syntaxhighlight> {{CPTAnswerTabEnd}} === '''Add exponentials (using ^ or similar):''' === {{CPTAnswerTab|C#}} Riddlesdown - Unknown <br></br> _________________________________________________________________________<br></br> <syntaxhighlight lang="csharp" line="1"> static bool CheckIfUserInputValid(string UserInput) { // CHANGE START return Regex.IsMatch(UserInput, @"^([0-9]+[\+\-\*\/\^])+[0-9]+$"); // CHANGE END } </syntaxhighlight> {{CPTAnswer|}} In ConvertToRPN() add the ^ to the list of operators and give it the highest precedence }} <syntaxhighlight lang="csharp" line="1"> Riddlesdown - Unknown static List<string> ConvertToRPN(string UserInput) { int Position = 0; Dictionary<string, int> Precedence = new Dictionary<string, int> { // CHANGE START { "+", 2 }, { "-", 2 }, { "*", 4 }, { "/", 4 }, { "^", 5 } // CHANGE END }; List<string> Operators = new List<string>(); </syntaxhighlight> In EvaluateRPN() add the check to see if the current user input contains the ^, and make it evaluate the exponential if it does<syntaxhighlight lang="csharp" line="1"> Riddlesdown - Unknown<br></br> _________________________________________________________________________<br></br> static int EvaluateRPN(List<string> UserInputInRPN) { List<string> S = new List<string>(); while (UserInputInRPN.Count > 0) { // CHANGE START while (!"+-*/^".Contains(UserInputInRPN[0])) // CHANGE END { S.Add(UserInputInRPN[0]); UserInputInRPN.RemoveAt(0); } double Num2 = Convert.ToDouble(S[S.Count - 1]); S.RemoveAt(S.Count - 1); double Num1 = Convert.ToDouble(S[S.Count - 1]); S.RemoveAt(S.Count - 1); double Result = 0; switch (UserInputInRPN[0]) { case "+": Result = Num1 + Num2; break; case "-": Result = Num1 - Num2; break; case "*": Result = Num1 * Num2; break; case "/": Result = Num1 / Num2; break; // CHANGE START case "^": Result = Math.Pow(Num1, Num2); break; // CHANGE END } UserInputInRPN.RemoveAt(0); S.Add(Convert.ToString(Result)); } </syntaxhighlight> {{CPTAnswerTabEnd}} {{CPTAnswerTab|Python}} <syntaxhighlight lang ="python" line="1" start="1"> def ConvertToRPN(UserInput): Position = 0 Precedence = {"+": 2, "-": 2, "*": 4, "/": 4, "^": 5} # Add exponent value to dictionary Operators = [] </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang ="python" line="1" start="1"> def EvaluateRPN(UserInputInRPN): S = [] while len(UserInputInRPN) > 0: while UserInputInRPN[0] not in ["+", "-", "*", "/", "^"]: # Define ^ as a valid operator S.append(UserInputInRPN[0]) UserInputInRPN.pop(0) Num2 = float(S[-1]) S.pop() Num1 = float(S[-1]) S.pop() Result = 0.0 if UserInputInRPN[0] == "+": Result = Num1 + Num2 elif UserInputInRPN[0] == "-": Result = Num1 - Num2 elif UserInputInRPN[0] == "*": Result = Num1 * Num2 elif UserInputInRPN[0] == "/": Result = Num1 / Num2 elif UserInputInRPN[0] == "^": Result = Num1 ** Num2 UserInputInRPN.pop(0) S.append(str(Result)) if float(S[0]) - math.floor(float(S[0])) == 0.0: return math.floor(float(S[0])) else: return -1 </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang ="python" line="1" start="1"> def CheckIfUserInputValid(UserInput): if re.search("^([0-9]+[\\+\\-\\*\\/\\^])+[0-9]+$", UserInput) is not None: # Add the operator here to make sure its recognized when the RPN is searched, otherwise it wouldn't be identified correctly. return True else: return False </syntaxhighlight>{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}} === '''Allow the user to include brackets for their own order of operations:''' === {{CPTAnswerTab|C#}} C# - AC - Coombe Wood <br></br> ________________________________________________________________<br></br> <syntaxhighlight lang="csharp" line="1" start="1"> while (Position < UserInput.Length) { char CurrentChar = UserInput[Position]; if (char.IsDigit(CurrentChar)) { string Number = ""; while (Position < UserInput.Length && char.IsDigit(UserInput[Position])) { Number += UserInput[Position]; Position++; } UserInputInRPN.Add(Number); } else if (CurrentChar == '(') { Operators.Add("("); Position++; } else if (CurrentChar == ')') { while (Operators.Count > 0 && Operators[Operators.Count - 1] != "(") { UserInputInRPN.Add(Operators[Operators.Count - 1]); Operators.RemoveAt(Operators.Count - 1); } Operators.RemoveAt(Operators.Count - 1); Position++; } else if ("+-*/^".Contains(CurrentChar)) { string CurrentOperator = CurrentChar.ToString(); while (Operators.Count > 0 && Operators[Operators.Count - 1] != "(" && Precedence[Operators[Operators.Count - 1]] >= Precedence[CurrentOperator]) { UserInputInRPN.Add(Operators[Operators.Count - 1]); Operators.RemoveAt(Operators.Count - 1); } Operators.Add(CurrentOperator); Position++; } } </syntaxhighlight>{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}} {{CPTAnswerTab|Python}} Python - ''evokekw''<br></br> ________________________________________________________________<br></br> <syntaxhighlight lang="python" line="1" start="1"> from collections import deque # New function ConvertToRPNWithBrackets def ConvertToRPNWithBrackets(UserInput): Precedence = {"+": 2, "-": 2, "*": 4, "/": 4, "^": 6} Operators = [] Operands = [] i = 0 # Iterate through the expression while i < len(UserInput): Token = UserInput[i] # If the token is a digit we check too see if it has mutltiple digits if Token.isdigit(): Number, NewPos = GetNumberFromUserInput(UserInput, i) # append the number to queue Operands.append(str(Number)) if i == len(UserInput) - 1: break else: i = NewPos - 1 continue # If the token is an open bracket we push it to the stack elif Token == "(": Operators.append(Token) # If the token is a closing bracket then elif Token == ")": # We pop off all the operators and enqueue them until we get to an opening bracket while Operators and Operators[-1] != "(": Operands.append(Operators.pop()) if Operators and Operators[-1] == "(": # We pop the opening bracket Operators.pop() # If the token is an operator elif Token in Precedence: # If the precedence of the operator is less than the precedence of the operator on top of the stack we pop and enqueue while Operators and Operators[-1] != "(" and Precedence[Token] < Precedence[Operators[-1]]: Operands.append(Operators.pop()) Operators.append(Token) i += 1 # Make sure to empty stack after all tokens have been computed while Operators: Operands.append(Operators.pop()) return list(Operands) </syntaxhighlight> {{CPTAnswerTabEnd}} === '''Allow User to Add Brackets (Alternative Solution)''' === {{CPTAnswerTab|C#}} C# - Conor Carton<br></br> ________________________________________________________________<br></br> <syntaxhighlight lang="csharp" line="1" start="1"> //new method ConvertToRPNWithBrackets static List<string> ConvertToRPNWithBrackets(string UserInput) { int Position = 0; Dictionary<string, int> Precedence = new Dictionary<string, int> { { "+", 2 }, { "-", 2 }, { "*", 4 }, { "/", 4 } }; List<string> Operators = new List<string>(); List<string> UserInputInRPN = new List<string>(); while (Position < UserInput.Length) { //handle numbers if (char.IsDigit(UserInput[Position])) { string number = ""; while (Position < UserInput.Length && char.IsDigit(UserInput[Position])) { number += Convert.ToString(UserInput[Position]); Position++; } UserInputInRPN.Add(number); } //handle open bracket else if (UserInput[Position] == '(') { Operators.Add("("); Position++; } //handle close bracket else if (UserInput[Position] == ')') { while (Operators[Operators.Count - 1] != "(" && Operators.Count > 0) { UserInputInRPN.Add(Operators[Operators.Count - 1]); Operators.RemoveAt(Operators.Count - 1); } Operators.RemoveAt(Operators.Count - 1); Position++; } //handle operators else if ("+/*-".Contains(UserInput[Position]) ) { string CurrentOperator = Convert.ToString(UserInput[Position]); while (Operators.Count > 0 && Operators[Operators.Count - 1] != "(" && Precedence[Operators[Operators.Count - 1]] >= Precedence[CurrentOperator]) { UserInputInRPN.Add(Operators[Operators.Count - 1]); Operators.RemoveAt(Operators.Count - 1); } Operators.Add(CurrentOperator); Position++; } } //add remaining items to the queue while (Operators.Count > 0) { UserInputInRPN.Add(Operators[Operators.Count - 1]); Operators.RemoveAt(Operators.Count - 1); } return UserInputInRPN; } //change to PlayGame() UserInputInRPN = ConvertToRPNWithBrackets(UserInput); //change in RemoveNumbersUsed() List<string> UserInputInRPN = ConvertToRPNWithBrackets(UserInput); //change to CheckIfUserInputValid() static bool CheckIfUserInputValid(string UserInput) { return Regex.IsMatch(UserInput, @"^(\(*[0-9]+\)*[\+\-\*\/])+\(*[0-9]+\)*$"); } </syntaxhighlight>{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}} {{CPTAnswerTab|VB}} VB - Daniel Dovey<br></br> ________________________________________________________________<br></br> <syntaxhighlight lang= "vbnet" line="1" start="1"> ' new method ConvertToRPNWithBrackets Function ConvertToRPNWithBrackets(UserInput As String) As List(Of String) Dim Position As Integer = 0 Dim Precedence As New Dictionary(Of String, Integer) From {{"+", 2}, {"-", 2}, {"*", 4}, {"/", 4}} Dim Operators As New List(Of String) Dim UserInputInRPN As New List(Of String) While Position < UserInput.Length If Char.IsDigit(UserInput(Position)) Then Dim Number As String = "" While Position < UserInput.Length AndAlso Char.IsDigit(UserInput(Position)) Number &= UserInput(Position) Position += 1 End While UserInputInRPN.Add(Number) ElseIf UserInput(Position) = "(" Then Operators.Add("(") Position += 1 ElseIf UserInput(Position) = ")" Then While Operators.Count > 0 AndAlso Operators(Operators.Count - 1) <> "(" UserInputInRPN.Add(Operators(Operators.Count - 1)) Operators.RemoveAt(Operators.Count - 1) End While Position += 1 Operators.RemoveAt(Operators.Count - 1) ElseIf "+-*/".Contains(UserInput(Position)) Then Dim CurrentOperator As String = UserInput(Position) While Operators.Count > 0 AndAlso Operators(Operators.Count - 1) <> "(" AndAlso Precedence(Operators(Operators.Count - 1)) >= Precedence(CurrentOperator) UserInputInRPN.Add(Operators(Operators.Count - 1)) Operators.RemoveAt(Operators.Count - 1) End While Operators.Add(CurrentOperator) Position += 1 End If End While While Operators.Count > 0 UserInputInRPN.Add(Operators(Operators.Count - 1)) Operators.RemoveAt(Operators.Count - 1) End While Return UserInputInRPN End Function ' change to PlayGame() UserInputInRPN = ConvertToRPNWithBrackets(UserInput); ' change in RemoveNumbersUsed() Dim UserInputInRPN As List(Of String) = ConvertToRPNWithBrackets(UserInput) ' change to CheckIfUserInputValid() Function CheckIfUserInputValid(UserInput As String) As Boolean Return Regex.IsMatch(UserInput, "^(\(*[0-9]+\)*[\+\-\*\/])+\(*[0-9]+\)*$") End Function </syntaxhighlight>{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}} === '''Modify the program to accept input in Postfix (Reverse Polish Notation) instead of Infix''' === {{CPTAnswerTab|Python}} First, ask the user to input a comma-separated list. Instead of <code>ConvertToRPN()</code>, we call a new <code>SplitIntoRPN()</code> function which splits the user's input into a list object. <syntaxhighlight lang ="python" line="1" start="1" highlight="6-11"> def PlayGame(Targets, NumbersAllowed, TrainingGame, MaxTarget, MaxNumber): Score = 0 GameOver = False while not GameOver: DisplayState(Targets, NumbersAllowed, Score) UserInput = input("Enter an expression in RPN separated by commas e.g. 1,1,+ : ") print() UserInputInRPN, IsValidRPN = SplitIntoRPN(UserInput) if not IsValidRPN: print("Invalid RPN input") else: if CheckNumbersUsedAreAllInNumbersAllowed(NumbersAllowed, UserInputInRPN, MaxNumber): IsTarget, Score = CheckIfUserInputEvaluationIsATarget(Targets, UserInputInRPN, Score) if IsTarget: NumbersAllowed = RemoveNumbersUsed(UserInput, MaxNumber, NumbersAllowed) NumbersAllowed = FillNumbers(NumbersAllowed, TrainingGame, MaxNumber) Score -= 1 if Targets[0] != -1: GameOver = True else: Targets = UpdateTargets(Targets, TrainingGame, MaxTarget) print("Game over!") DisplayScore(Score) </syntaxhighlight> This function splits the user's input string, e.g. <code>"10,5,/"</code> into a list object, e.g. <code>["10", "5", "/"]</code>. It also checks that at least 3 items have been entered, and also that the first character is a digit. The function returns the list and a boolean indicating whether or not the input looks valid. <syntaxhighlight lang ="python" line="1" start="1" highlight="1-6"> def SplitIntoRPN(UserInput): #Extra RPN validation could be added here if len(UserInput) < 3 or not UserInput[0].isdigit(): return [], False Result = UserInput.split(",") return Result, True </syntaxhighlight> Also update <code>RemoveNumbersUsed()</code> to replace the <code>ConvertToRPN()</code> function with the new <code>SplitIntoRPN()</code> function. <syntaxhighlight lang ="python" line="1" start="1" highlight="2"> def RemoveNumbersUsed(UserInput, MaxNumber, NumbersAllowed): UserInputInRPN, IsValidRPN = SplitIntoRPN(UserInput) for Item in UserInputInRPN: if CheckValidNumber(Item, MaxNumber): if int(Item) in NumbersAllowed: NumbersAllowed.remove(int(Item)) return NumbersAllowed </syntaxhighlight> It may help to display the evaluated user input: <syntaxhighlight lang ="python" line="1" start="1" highlight="3"> def CheckIfUserInputEvaluationIsATarget(Targets, UserInputInRPN, Score): UserInputEvaluation = EvaluateRPN(UserInputInRPN) print("Your input evaluated to: " + str(UserInputEvaluation)) UserInputEvaluationIsATarget = False if UserInputEvaluation != -1: for Count in range(0, len(Targets)): if Targets[Count] == UserInputEvaluation: Score += 2 Targets[Count] = -1 UserInputEvaluationIsATarget = True return UserInputEvaluationIsATarget, Score </syntaxhighlight> Typical game output: <syntaxhighlight> Enter y to play the training game, anything else to play a random game: | | | | | |3|9|12|3|36|7|26|42|3|17|12|29|30|10|44| Numbers available: 8 6 10 7 3 Current score: 0 Enter an expression as RPN separated by commas e.g. 1,1,+ : 10,7,- Your input evaluated to: 3 | | | | | |9|12| |36|7|26|42| |17|12|29|30|10|44|48| Numbers available: 8 6 3 6 7 Current score: 5 Enter an expression as RPN separated by commas e.g. 1,1,+ : </syntaxhighlight> <i>datb2</i> {{CPTAnswerTabEnd}} === '''Allow the program to not stop after 'Game Over!' with no way for the user to exit.''' === {{CPTAnswerTab|Python}} <syntaxhighlight lang ="python" line="1" start="1"> def PlayGame(Targets, NumbersAllowed, TrainingGame, MaxTarget, MaxNumber): Score = 0 GameOver = False while not GameOver: DisplayState(Targets, NumbersAllowed, Score) UserInput = input("Enter an expression (+, -, *, /, ^) : ") print() if CheckIfUserInputValid(UserInput): UserInputInRPN = ConvertToRPN(UserInput) if CheckNumbersUsedAreAllInNumbersAllowed(NumbersAllowed, UserInputInRPN, MaxNumber): IsTarget, Score = CheckIfUserInputEvaluationIsATarget(Targets, UserInputInRPN, Score) if IsTarget: NumbersAllowed = RemoveNumbersUsed(UserInput, MaxNumber, NumbersAllowed) NumbersAllowed = FillNumbers(NumbersAllowed, TrainingGame, MaxNumber) Score -= 1 if Targets[0] != -1: GameOver = True else: Targets = UpdateTargets(Targets, TrainingGame, MaxTarget) print("Game over!") DisplayScore(Score) === '''Practice game - only generates 119 as new targets''' === {{CPTAnswerTab|Python}} The way that it is currently appending new targets to the list is just by re-appending the value on the end of the original list <syntaxhighlight lang = "python" line="1" start = "1"> Targets = [-1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 23, 9, 140, 82, 121, 34, 45, 68, 75, 34, 23, 119, 43, 23, 119] </syntaxhighlight> So by adding the PredefinedTargets list to the program, it will randomly pick one of those targets, rather than re-appending 119. <syntaxhighlight lang ="python" line="1" start="1"> def UpdateTargets(Targets, TrainingGame, MaxTarget): for Count in range (0, len(Targets) - 1): Targets[Count] = Targets[Count + 1] Targets.pop() if TrainingGame: PredefinedTargets = [23, 9, 140, 82, 121, 34, 45, 68, 75, 34, 23, 119, 43] # Updated list that is randomly picked from by using the random.choice function from the random library Targets.append(random.choice(PredefinedTargets)) else: Targets.append(GetTarget(MaxTarget)) return Targets </syntaxhighlight>{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}{{CPTAnswerTab|C#}}Coombe Wood - AA if (Targets[0] != -1) // If any target is still active, the game continues { Console.WriteLine("Do you want to play again or continue? If yes input 'y'"); string PlayAgain = Console.ReadLine(); if (PlayAgain == "y") { Console.WriteLine("To continue press 'c' or to play again press any other key"); string Continue = Console.ReadLine(); if (Continue == "c") { GameOver = false; } else { Restart(); static void Restart() { // Get the path to the current executable string exePath = Process.GetCurrentProcess().MainModule.FileName; // Start a new instance of the application Process.Start(exePath); // Exit the current instance Environment.Exit(0); } } } else { Console.WriteLine("Do you want to stop playing game? If yes type 'y'."); string Exit = Console.ReadLine(); if (Exit == "y") { GameOver = true; } } }{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}} === '''Allow the user to quit the game''' === {{CPTAnswerTab|1=C#}} Modify the program to allow inputs which exit the program. Add the line <code>if (UserInput.ToLower() == "exit") { Environment.Exit(0); }</code> to the <code>PlayGame</code> method as shown: <syntaxhighlight lang ="csharp" line="1" start="1"> if (UserInput.ToLower() == "exit") { Environment.Exit(0); } if (CheckIfUserInputValid(UserInput)) { UserInputInRPN = ConvertToRPN(UserInput); if (CheckNumbersUsedAreAllInNumbersAllowed(NumbersAllowed, UserInputInRPN, MaxNumber)) { if (CheckIfUserInputEvaluationIsATarget(Targets, UserInputInRPN, ref Score)) { RemoveNumbersUsed(UserInput, MaxNumber, NumbersAllowed); NumbersAllowed = FillNumbers(NumbersAllowed, TrainingGame, MaxNumber); } } } </syntaxhighlight> {{CPTAnswerTabEnd}} {{CPTAnswerTab|Python}} If the user types <code>q</code> during the game it will end. The <code>return</code> statement causes the PlayGame function to exit. <syntaxhighlight lang="python" line="1" start="1" highlight="4,5,10-13"> def PlayGame(Targets, NumbersAllowed, TrainingGame, MaxTarget, MaxNumber): Score = 0 GameOver = False print("Enter q to quit") print() while not GameOver: DisplayState(Targets, NumbersAllowed, Score) UserInput = input("Enter an expression: ") print() if UserInput == "q": print("Quitting...") DisplayScore(Score) return if CheckIfUserInputValid(UserInput): UserInputInRPN = ConvertToRPN(UserInput) if CheckNumbersUsedAreAllInNumbersAllowed(NumbersAllowed, UserInputInRPN, MaxNumber): IsTarget, Score = CheckIfUserInputEvaluationIsATarget(Targets, UserInputInRPN, Score) if IsTarget: NumbersAllowed = RemoveNumbersUsed(UserInput, MaxNumber, NumbersAllowed) NumbersAllowed = FillNumbers(NumbersAllowed, TrainingGame, MaxNumber) Score -= 1 if Targets[0] != -1: GameOver = True else: Targets = UpdateTargets(Targets, TrainingGame, MaxTarget) print("Game over!") DisplayScore(Score) </syntaxhighlight> <i>datb2</i> {{CPTAnswerTabEnd}} === '''Add the ability to clear any target''' === {{CPTAnswerTab|C#}} C# - AC - Coombe Wood <br></br> ________________________________________________________________ <br></br> <syntaxhighlight lang="csharp" line="1" start="1"> Console.WriteLine("Do you want to remove a target?"); UserInput1 = Console.ReadLine().ToUpper(); if (UserInput1 == "YES") { if (Score >= 10) { Console.WriteLine("What number?"); UserInput3 = Console.Read(); Score = Score - 10; } else { Console.WriteLine("You do not have enough points"); Console.ReadKey(); } } else if (UserInput1 == "NO") { Console.WriteLine("You selected NO"); } Score--; if (Targets[0] != -1) { GameOver = true; } else { UpdateTargets(Targets, TrainingGame, MaxTarget); </syntaxhighlight> C# - KH- Riddlesdown <br></br> _____________________________________________________________________________<br></br> <syntaxhighlight lang="csharp" line="1" start="1"> static bool RemoveTarget(List<int> Targets, string Userinput) { bool removed = false; int targetremove = int.Parse(Userinput); for (int Count = 0; Count < Targets.Count - 1; Count++) { if(targetremove == Targets[Count]) { removed = true; Targets.RemoveAt(Count); } } if (!removed) { Console.WriteLine("invalid target"); return (false); } return (true); } while (!GameOver) { DisplayState(Targets, NumbersAllowed, Score); Console.Write("Enter an expression: "); UserInput = Console.ReadLine(); Console.WriteLine(UserInput); Console.ReadKey(); Console.WriteLine(); if(UserInput.ToUpper() == "R") { Console.WriteLine("Enter the target"); UserInput = Console.ReadLine(); if(RemoveTarget(Targets, UserInput)) { Score -= 5; } } else { if (CheckIfUserInputValid(UserInput)) { UserInputInRPN = ConvertToRPN(UserInput); if (CheckNumbersUsedAreAllInNumbersAllowed(NumbersAllowed, UserInputInRPN, MaxNumber)) { if (CheckIfUserInputEvaluationIsATarget(Targets, UserInputInRPN, ref Score)) { RemoveNumbersUsed(UserInput, MaxNumber, NumbersAllowed); NumbersAllowed = FillNumbers(NumbersAllowed, TrainingGame, MaxNumber); } } } Score--; } if (Targets[0] != -1) { GameOver = true; } else { UpdateTargets(Targets, TrainingGame, MaxTarget); } } Console.WriteLine("Game over!"); DisplayScore(Score); } </syntaxhighlight> {{CPTAnswerTabEnd}} {{CPTAnswerTab|Python}} Call a new <code>ClearTarget()</code> function when the player enters <code>c</code>. <syntaxhighlight lang ="python" line="1" start="1" highlight="4,5,9,10,11"> def PlayGame(Targets, NumbersAllowed, TrainingGame, MaxTarget, MaxNumber): Score = 0 GameOver = False print("Enter c to clear any target (costs 10 points)") print() while not GameOver: DisplayState(Targets, NumbersAllowed, Score) UserInput = input("Enter an expression: ") if UserInput.lower().strip() == "c": Targets, Score = ClearTarget(Targets, Score) continue print() </syntaxhighlight> The new function: <syntaxhighlight lang ="python" line="1" start="1" highlight="1-16"> def ClearTarget(Targets, Score): InputTargetString = input("Enter target to clear: ") try: InputTarget = int(InputTargetString) except: print(InputTargetString + " is not a number") return Targets, Score if (InputTarget not in Targets): print(InputTargetString + " is not a target") return Targets, Score #Replace the first matching element with -1 Targets[Targets.index(InputTarget)] = -1 Score -= 10 print(InputTargetString + " has been cleared") print() return Targets, Score </syntaxhighlight> Typical game output: <syntaxhighlight> Enter y to play the training game, anything else to play a random game: Enter c to clear any target (costs 10 points) | | | | | |19|29|38|39|35|34|16|7|19|16|40|37|10|7|49| Numbers available: 8 3 8 8 10 Current score: 0 Enter an expression: c Enter target to clear: 19 19 has been cleared | | | | | | |29|38|39|35|34|16|7|19|16|40|37|10|7|49| Numbers available: 8 3 8 8 10 Current score: -10 Enter an expression: </syntaxhighlight> <i>datb2</i> {{CPTAnswerTabEnd}} === '''Allowed numbers don’t have any duplicate numbers, and can be used multiple times''' === {{CPTAnswerTab|C#}} C# - KH- Riddlesdown <br></br> ________________________________________________________________<br></br> In CheckNumbersUsedAreAllInNumbersAllowed you can remove the line Temp.Remove(Convert.ToInt32(Item)) around line 150 <syntaxhighlight lang="csharp" line="1" start="1"> static bool CheckNumbersUsedAreAllInNumbersAllowed(List<int> NumbersAllowed, List<string> UserInputInRPN, int MaxNumber) { List<int> Temp = new List<int>(); foreach (int Item in NumbersAllowed) { Temp.Add(Item); } foreach (string Item in UserInputInRPN) { if (CheckValidNumber(Item, MaxNumber)) { if (Temp.Contains(Convert.ToInt32(Item))) { // CHANGE START (line removed) // CHANGE END } else { return false; } } } return true; } </syntaxhighlight> In FillNumbers in the while (NumbersAllowed < 5) loop, you should add a ChosenNumber int variable and check it’s not already in the allowed numbers so there are no duplicates (near line 370): <syntaxhighlight lang="csharp" line="1" start="1"> static List<int> FillNumbers(List<int> NumbersAllowed, bool TrainingGame, int MaxNumber) { if (TrainingGame) { return new List<int> { 2, 3, 2, 8, 512 }; } else { while (NumbersAllowed.Count < 5) { // CHANGE START int ChosenNumber = GetNumber(MaxNumber); while (NumbersAllowed.Contains(ChosenNumber)) { ChosenNumber = GetNumber(MaxNumber); } NumbersAllowed.Add(ChosenNumber); // CHANGE END } return NumbersAllowed; } } </syntaxhighlight> {{CPTAnswerTabEnd}} === '''Update program so expressions with whitespace are validated''' === {{CPTAnswerTab|C#}} C# - KH- Riddlesdown <br></br> ________________________________________________________________ <br></br> At the moment if you put spaces between your numbers or operators it doesn't work so you will have to fix that Put RemoveSpaces() under user input. <syntaxhighlight lang="csharp" line="1" start="1"> static string RemoveSpaces(string UserInput) { char[] temp = new char[UserInput.Length]; string bufferstring = ""; bool isSpaces = true; for (int i = 0; i < UserInput.Length; i++) { temp[i] = UserInput[i]; } while (isSpaces) { int spaceCounter = 0; for (int i = 0; i < temp.Length-1 ; i++) { if(temp[i]==' ') { spaceCounter++; temp = shiftChars(temp, i); } } if (spaceCounter == 0) { isSpaces = false; } else { temp[(temp.Length - 1)] = '¬'; } } for (int i = 0; i < temp.Length; i++) { if(temp[i] != ' ' && temp[i] != '¬') { bufferstring += temp[i]; } } return (bufferstring); } static char[] shiftChars(char[] Input, int startInt) { for (int i = startInt; i < Input.Length; i++) { if(i != Input.Length - 1) { Input[i] = Input[i + 1]; } else { Input[i] = ' '; } } return (Input); } </syntaxhighlight> A shorter way <syntaxhighlight lang="csharp" line="1" start="1"> static string RemoveSpaces2(string UserInput) { string newString = ""; foreach (char c in UserInput) { if (c != ' ') { newString += c; } } return newString; } </syntaxhighlight> Also don’t forget to add a call to it around line 58 <syntaxhighlight lang="csharp" line="1" start="1"> static void PlayGame(List<int> Targets, List<int> NumbersAllowed, bool TrainingGame, int MaxTarget, int MaxNumber) { ... while (!GameOver) { DisplayState(Targets, NumbersAllowed, Score); Console.Write("Enter an expression: "); UserInput = Console.ReadLine(); // Add remove spaces func here UserInput = RemoveSpaces2(UserInput); Console.WriteLine(); ... </syntaxhighlight> <br> PS<br>__________________________________________________________________<br></br> Alternative shorter solution: <syntaxhighlight lang="csharp" line="1"> static bool CheckIfUserInputValid(string UserInput) { string[] S = UserInput.Split(' '); string UserInputWithoutSpaces = ""; foreach(string s in S) { UserInputWithoutSpaces += s; } return Regex.IsMatch(UserInputWithoutSpaces, @"^([0-9]+[\+\-\*\/])+[0-9]+$"); } </syntaxhighlight>{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}} {{CPTAnswerTab|Python}} Python - JR - Comberton <br></br> ________________________________________________________________ <br></br> To remove all instances of a substring from a string, we can pass the string through a filter() function. The filter function takes 2 inputs - the first is a function, and the second is the iterable to operate on. An iterable is just any object that can return its elements one-at-a-time; it's just a fancy way of saying any object that can be put into a for loop. For example, a range object (as in, for i in range()) is an iterable! It returns each number from its start value to its stop value, one at a time, on each iteration of the for loop. Lists, strings, and dictionaries (including just the keys or values) are good examples of iterables. All elements in the iterable are passed into the function individually - if the function returns false, then that element is removed from the iterable. Else, the element is maintained in the iterable (just as you'd expect a filter in real-life to operate). <syntaxhighlight lang="python" line="1"> filter(lambda x: x != ' ', input("Enter an expression: ") </syntaxhighlight> If we were to expand this out, this code is a more concise way of writing the following: <syntaxhighlight lang="python" line="1"> UserInput = input("Enter an expression: ") UserInputWithSpacesRemoved = "" for char in UserInput: if char != ' ': UserInputWithSpacesRemoved += char UserInput = UserInputWithSpacesRemoved </syntaxhighlight> Both do the same job, but the former is much easier to read, understand, and modify if needed. Plus, having temporary variables like UserInputWithSpacesRemoved should be a warning sign that there's probably an easier way to do the thing you're doing. From here, all that needs to be done is to convert the filter object that's returned back into a string. Nicely, this filter object is an iterable, so this can be done by joining the elements together using "".join() <syntaxhighlight lang="python" line="1"> "".join(filter(lambda x: x != ' ', input("Enter an expression: ")))) </syntaxhighlight> This pattern of using a higher-order function like filter(), map(), or reduce(), then casting to a string using "".join(), is a good one to learn. Here is the resultant modification in context: <syntaxhighlight lang="python" line="1"> def PlayGame(Targets, NumbersAllowed, TrainingGame, MaxTarget, MaxNumber): Score = 0 GameOver = False while not GameOver: DisplayState(Targets, NumbersAllowed, Score) # Just remove the whitespaces here, so that input string collapses to just expression UserInput = "".join(filter(lambda x: x != ' ', input("Enter an expression: "))) # print() if CheckIfUserInputValid(UserInput): UserInputInRPN = ConvertToRPN(UserInput) if CheckNumbersUsedAreAllInNumbersAllowed(NumbersAllowed, UserInputInRPN, MaxNumber): IsTarget, Score = CheckIfUserInputEvaluationIsATarget(Targets, UserInputInRPN, Score) if IsTarget: NumbersAllowed = RemoveNumbersUsed(UserInput, MaxNumber, NumbersAllowed) NumbersAllowed = FillNumbers(NumbersAllowed, TrainingGame, MaxNumber) Score -= 1 if Targets[0] != -1: GameOver = True else: Targets = UpdateTargets(Targets, TrainingGame, MaxTarget) print("Game over!") DisplayScore(Score) </syntaxhighlight>{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}} === '''Implement a hard mode where the same target can't appear twice''' === {{CPTAnswerTab|C#}} C# - Riddlesdown <br></br> ________________________________________________________________ <br></br> <syntaxhighlight lang="csharp" line="1" start="1"> static void UpdateTargets(List<int> Targets, bool TrainingGame, int MaxTarget) { for (int Count = 0; Count < Targets.Count - 1; Count++) { Targets[Count] = Targets[Count + 1]; } Targets.RemoveAt(Targets.Count - 1); if (TrainingGame) { Targets.Add(Targets[Targets.Count - 1]); } else { // CHANGE START int NewTarget = GetTarget(MaxTarget); while (Targets.Contains(NewTarget)) { NewTarget = GetTarget(MaxTarget); } Targets.Add(NewTarget); // CHANGE END } } </syntaxhighlight> Also, at line 355 update CreateTargets: <syntaxhighlight lang="csharp" line="1" start="1"> static List<int> CreateTargets(int SizeOfTargets, int MaxTarget) { List<int> Targets = new List<int>(); for (int Count = 1; Count <= 5; Count++) { Targets.Add(-1); } for (int Count = 1; Count <= SizeOfTargets - 5; Count++) { // CHANGE START int NewTarget = GetTarget(MaxTarget); while (Targets.Contains(NewTarget)) { NewTarget = GetTarget(MaxTarget); } Targets.Add(NewTarget); // CHANGE END } return Targets; } </syntaxhighlight> {{CPTAnswerTabEnd}}{{CPTAnswerTab|Python}}Python - JR - Comberton <br></br> ________________________________________________________________ <br></br> There are lots of ways to do this, but the key idea is to ask the user if they want to play in hard mode, and then update GetTarget to accommodate hard mode. The modification to Main is pretty self explanatory. <syntaxhighlight lang="python" line="1" start="1"> def Main(): NumbersAllowed = [] Targets = [] MaxNumberOfTargets = 20 MaxTarget = 0 MaxNumber = 0 TrainingGame = False Choice = input("Enter y to play the training game, anything else to play a random game: ").lower() HardModeChoice = input("Enter y to play on hard mode: ").lower() HardMode = True if HardModeChoice == 'y' else False print() if Choice == "y": ..... </syntaxhighlight> The GetTarget uses a guard clause at the start to return early if the user hasn't selected hard mode. This makes the module a bit easier to read, as both cases are clearly separated. A good rule of thumb is to deal with the edge cases first, so you can focus on the general case uninterrupted. <syntaxhighlight lang="python" line="1" start="1"> def GetTarget(Targets, MaxTarget, HardMode): if not HardMode: return random.randint(1, MaxTarget) while True: newTarget = random.randint(1, MaxTarget) if newTarget not in Targets: return newTarget </syntaxhighlight> Only other thing that needs to be done here is to feed HardMode into the GetTarget subroutine on both UpdateTargets and CreateTargets - which is just a case of passing it in as a parameter to subroutines until you stop getting error messages.{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}} === '''Once a target is cleared, prevent it from being generated again''' === {{CPTAnswerTab|C#}} C# - Riddlesdown <br></br> ________________________________________________________________ <br></br> <syntaxhighlight lang="csharp" line="1" start="1"> internal class Program { static Random RGen = new Random(); // CHANGE START static List<int> TargetsUsed = new List<int>(); // CHANGE END ... </syntaxhighlight> Next create these new functions at the bottom: <syntaxhighlight lang="csharp" line="1" start="1"> // CHANGE START static bool CheckIfEveryPossibleTargetHasBeenUsed(int MaxNumber) { if (TargetsUsed.Count >= MaxNumber) { return true; } else { return false; } } static bool CheckAllTargetsCleared(List<int> Targets) { bool allCleared = true; foreach (int i in Targets) { if (i != -1) { allCleared = false; } } return allCleared; } // CHANGE END </syntaxhighlight> Update CreateTargets (line 366) and UpdateTargets (line 126) so that they check if the generated number is in the TargetsUsed list we made <syntaxhighlight lang="csharp" line="1" start="1"> static List<int> CreateTargets(int SizeOfTargets, int MaxTarget) { List<int> Targets = new List<int>(); for (int Count = 1; Count <= 5; Count++) { Targets.Add(-1); } for (int Count = 1; Count <= SizeOfTargets - 5; Count++) { // CHANGE START int SelectedTarget = GetTarget(MaxTarget); Targets.Add(SelectedTarget); if (!TargetsUsed.Contains(SelectedTarget)) { TargetsUsed.Add(SelectedTarget); } // CHANGE END } return Targets; } static void UpdateTargets(List<int> Targets, bool TrainingGame, int MaxTarget) { for (int Count = 0; Count < Targets.Count - 1; Count++) { Targets[Count] = Targets[Count + 1]; } Targets.RemoveAt(Targets.Count - 1); if (TrainingGame) { Targets.Add(Targets[Targets.Count - 1]); } else { // CHANGE START if (TargetsUsed.Count == MaxTarget) { Targets.Add(-1); return; } int ChosenTarget = GetTarget(MaxTarget); while (TargetsUsed.Contains(ChosenTarget)) { ChosenTarget = GetTarget(MaxTarget); } Targets.Add(ChosenTarget); TargetsUsed.Add(ChosenTarget); // CHANGE END } } </syntaxhighlight> Finally in the main game loop (line 57) you should add the check to make sure that the user has cleared every possible number <syntaxhighlight lang="csharp" line="1" start="1"> ... while (!GameOver) { DisplayState(Targets, NumbersAllowed, Score); Console.Write("Enter an expression: "); UserInput = Console.ReadLine(); Console.WriteLine(); if (CheckIfUserInputValid(UserInput)) { UserInputInRPN = ConvertToRPN(UserInput); if (CheckNumbersUsedAreAllInNumbersAllowed(NumbersAllowed, UserInputInRPN, MaxNumber)) { if (CheckIfUserInputEvaluationIsATarget(Targets, UserInputInRPN, ref Score)) { RemoveNumbersUsed(UserInput, MaxNumber, NumbersAllowed); NumbersAllowed = FillNumbers(NumbersAllowed, TrainingGame, MaxNumber); } } } Score--; // CHANGE START if (Targets[0] != -1 || (CheckIfEveryPossibleTargetHasBeenUsed(MaxNumber) && CheckAllTargetsCleared(Targets))) { GameOver = true; } else { UpdateTargets(Targets, TrainingGame, MaxTarget); } // CHANGE END } Console.WriteLine("Game over!"); DisplayScore(Score); </syntaxhighlight> {{CPTAnswerTabEnd}} {{CPTAnswerTab|Python}} Python - JR - Comberton <br></br> ________________________________________________________________ <br></br> This one becomes quite difficult if you don't have a good understanding of how the modules work. The solution is relatively simple - you just create a list that stores all the targets that have been used, and then compare new targets generated to that list, to ensure no duplicates are ever added again. The code for initialising the list and ammending the GetTarget subroutine are included below: <syntaxhighlight lang="python" line="1" start="1"> def Main(): NumbersAllowed = [] Targets = [] MaxNumberOfTargets = 20 MaxTarget = 0 MaxNumber = 0 TrainingGame = False Choice = input("Enter y to play the training game, anything else to play a random game: ").lower() print() if Choice == "y": MaxNumber = 1000 MaxTarget = 1000 TrainingGame = True Targets = [-1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 23, 9, 140, 82, 121, 34, 45, 68, 75, 34, 23, 119, 43, 23, 119] else: MaxNumber = 10 MaxTarget = 50 Targets = CreateTargets(MaxNumberOfTargets, MaxTarget) NumbersAllowed = FillNumbers(NumbersAllowed, TrainingGame, MaxNumber) TargetsNotAllowed = [] # Contains targets that have been guessed once, so can't be generated again PlayGame(Targets, NumbersAllowed, TrainingGame, MaxTarget, MaxNumber, TargetsNotAllowed) # input() </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang="python" line="1" start="1"> def GetTarget(MaxTarget, TargetsNotAllowed): num = random.randint(1, MaxTarget) # Try again until valid number found if num in TargetsNotAllowed: return GetTarget(MaxTarget, TargetsNotAllowed) return num </syntaxhighlight> (tbc..) {{CPTAnswerTabEnd}} === '''Make the program object oriented''' === {{CPTAnswer|1=import re import random import math class Game: def __init__(self): self.numbers_allowed = [] self.targets = [] self.max_number_of_targets = 20 self.max_target = 0 self.max_number = 0 self.training_game = False self.score = 0 def main(self): choice = input("Enter y to play the training game, anything else to play a random game: ").lower() print() if choice == "y": self.max_number = 1000 self.max_target = 1000 self.training_game = True self.targets = [-1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 23, 9, 140, 82, 121, 34, 45, 68, 75, 34, 23, 119, 43, 23, 119] else: self.max_number = 10 self.max_target = 50 self.targets = TargetManager.create_targets(self.max_number_of_targets, self.max_target) self.numbers_allowed = NumberManager.fill_numbers([], self.training_game, self.max_number) self.play_game() input() def play_game(self): game_over = False while not game_over: self.display_state() user_input = input("Enter an expression: ") print() if ExpressionValidator.is_valid(user_input): user_input_rpn = ExpressionConverter.to_rpn(user_input) if NumberManager.check_numbers_used(self.numbers_allowed, user_input_rpn, self.max_number): is_target, self.score = TargetManager.check_if_target(self.targets, user_input_rpn, self.score) if is_target: self.numbers_allowed = NumberManager.remove_numbers(user_input, self.max_number, self.numbers_allowed) self.numbers_allowed = NumberManager.fill_numbers(self.numbers_allowed, self.training_game, self.max_number) self.score -= 1 if self.targets[0] != -1: game_over = True else: self.targets = TargetManager.update_targets(self.targets, self.training_game, self.max_target) print("Game over!") print(f"Final Score: {self.score}") def display_state(self): TargetManager.display_targets(self.targets) NumberManager.display_numbers(self.numbers_allowed) print(f"Current score: {self.score}\n") class TargetManager: @staticmethod def create_targets(size_of_targets, max_target): targets = [-1] * 5 for _ in range(size_of_targets - 5): targets.append(TargetManager.get_target(max_target)) return targets @staticmethod def update_targets(targets, training_game, max_target): for i in range(len(targets) - 1): targets[i] = targets[i + 1] targets.pop() if training_game: targets.append(targets[-1]) else: targets.append(TargetManager.get_target(max_target)) return targets @staticmethod def check_if_target(targets, user_input_rpn, score): user_input_eval = ExpressionEvaluator.evaluate_rpn(user_input_rpn) is_target = False if user_input_eval != -1: for i in range(len(targets)): if targets[i] == user_input_eval: score += 2 targets[i] = -1 is_target = True return is_target, score @staticmethod def display_targets(targets): print("{{!}}", end='') for target in targets: print(f"{target if target != -1 else ' '}{{!}}", end='') print("\n") @staticmethod def get_target(max_target): return random.randint(1, max_target) class NumberManager: @staticmethod def fill_numbers(numbers_allowed, training_game, max_number): if training_game: return [2, 3, 2, 8, 512] while len(numbers_allowed) < 5: numbers_allowed.append(NumberManager.get_number(max_number)) return numbers_allowed @staticmethod def check_numbers_used(numbers_allowed, user_input_rpn, max_number): temp = numbers_allowed.copy() for item in user_input_rpn: if ExpressionValidator.is_valid_number(item, max_number): if int(item) in temp: temp.remove(int(item)) else: return False return True @staticmethod def remove_numbers(user_input, max_number, numbers_allowed): user_input_rpn = ExpressionConverter.to_rpn(user_input) for item in user_input_rpn: if ExpressionValidator.is_valid_number(item, max_number): if int(item) in numbers_allowed: numbers_allowed.remove(int(item)) return numbers_allowed @staticmethod def display_numbers(numbers_allowed): print("Numbers available: ", " ".join(map(str, numbers_allowed))) @staticmethod def get_number(max_number): return random.randint(1, max_number) class ExpressionValidator: @staticmethod def is_valid(expression): return re.search(r"^([0-9]+[\+\-\*\/])+[0-9]+$", expression) is not None @staticmethod def is_valid_number(item, max_number): if re.search(r"^[0-9]+$", item): item_as_int = int(item) return 0 < item_as_int <= max_number return False class ExpressionConverter: @staticmethod def to_rpn(expression): precedence = {"+": 2, "-": 2, "*": 4, "/": 4} operators = [] position = 0 operand, position = ExpressionConverter.get_number_from_expression(expression, position) rpn = [str(operand)] operators.append(expression[position - 1]) while position < len(expression): operand, position = ExpressionConverter.get_number_from_expression(expression, position) rpn.append(str(operand)) if position < len(expression): current_operator = expression[position - 1] <nowiki> while operators and precedence[operators[-1]] > precedence[current_operator]:</nowiki> rpn.append(operators.pop()) <nowiki> if operators and precedence[operators[-1]] == precedence[current_operator]:</nowiki> rpn.append(operators.pop()) operators.append(current_operator) else: while operators: rpn.append(operators.pop()) return rpn @staticmethod def get_number_from_expression(expression, position): number = "" while position < len(expression) and re.search(r"[0-9]", expression[position]): number += expression[position] position += 1 position += 1 return int(number), position class ExpressionEvaluator: @staticmethod def evaluate_rpn(user_input_rpn): stack = [] while user_input_rpn: token = user_input_rpn.pop(0) if token not in ["+", "-", "*", "/"]: stack.append(float(token)) else: num2 = stack.pop() num1 = stack.pop() if token == "+": stack.append(num1 + num2) elif token == "-": stack.append(num1 - num2) elif token == "*": stack.append(num1 * num2) elif token == "/": stack.append(num1 / num2) result = stack[0] return math.floor(result) if result.is_integer() else -1 if __name__ == "__main__": game = Game() game.main()}} === '''Allow the user to save and load the game''' === {{CPTAnswerTab|Python}} If the user enters <code>s</code> or <code>l</code> then save or load the state of the game. The saved game file could also store <code>MaxTarget</code> and <code>MaxNumber</code>. The <code>continue</code> statements let the <code>while</code> loop continue. <syntaxhighlight lang ="python" line="1" start="1" highlight="3,4,5,11-16"> def PlayGame(Targets, NumbersAllowed, TrainingGame, MaxTarget, MaxNumber): Score = 0 print("Enter s to save the game") print("Enter l to load the game") print() GameOver = False while not GameOver: DisplayState(Targets, NumbersAllowed, Score) UserInput = input("Enter an expression: ") print() if UserInput == "s": SaveGameToFile(Targets, NumbersAllowed, Score) continue if UserInput == "l": Targets, NumbersAllowed, Score = LoadGameFromFile() continue if CheckIfUserInputValid(UserInput): UserInputInRPN = ConvertToRPN(UserInput) if CheckNumbersUsedAreAllInNumbersAllowed(NumbersAllowed, UserInputInRPN, MaxNumber): IsTarget, Score = CheckIfUserInputEvaluationIsATarget(Targets, UserInputInRPN, Score) if IsTarget: NumbersAllowed = RemoveNumbersUsed(UserInput, MaxNumber, NumbersAllowed) NumbersAllowed = FillNumbers(NumbersAllowed, TrainingGame, MaxNumber) Score -= 1 if Targets[0] != -1: GameOver = True else: Targets = UpdateTargets(Targets, TrainingGame, MaxTarget) print("Game over!") DisplayScore(Score) </syntaxhighlight> Create a <code>SaveGameToFile()</code> function: <ul> <li><code>Targets</code>, <code>NumbersAllowed</code> and <code>Score</code> are written to 3 lines in a text file. <li><code>[https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#map map()]</code> applies the <code>str()</code> function to each item in the <code>Targets</code> list. So each integer is converted to a string. <li><code>[https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.join join()]</code> concatenates the resulting list of strings using a space character as the separator. <li>The special code <code>\n</code> adds a newline character. <li>The same process is used for the <code>NumbersAllowed</code> list of integers. </ul> <syntaxhighlight lang ="python" line="1" start="1" highlight="1-13"> def SaveGameToFile(Targets, NumbersAllowed, Score): try: with open("savegame.txt","w") as f: f.write(" ".join(map(str, Targets))) f.write("\n") f.write(" ".join(map(str, NumbersAllowed))) f.write("\n") f.write(str(Score)) f.write("\n") print("____Game saved____") print() except: print("Failed to save the game") </syntaxhighlight> Create a <code>LoadGameFromFile()</code> function: <ul> <li>The first line is read as a string using <code>readline()</code>. <li>The <code>split()</code> function separates the line into a list of strings, using the default separator which is a space character. <li><code>map()</code> then applies the <code>int()</code> function to each item in the list of strings, producing a list of integers. <li>In Python 3, the <code>list()</code> function is also needed to convert the result from a map object to a list. <li>The function returns <code>Targets</code>, <code>NumbersAllowed</code> and <code>Score</code>. </ul> <syntaxhighlight lang ="python" line="1" start="1" highlight="1-14"> def LoadGameFromFile(): try: with open("savegame.txt","r") as f: Targets = list(map(int, f.readline().split())) NumbersAllowed = list(map(int, f.readline().split())) Score = int(f.readline()) print("____Game loaded____") print() except: print("Failed to load the game") print() return [],[],-1 return Targets, NumbersAllowed, Score </syntaxhighlight> Example "savegame.txt" file, showing Targets, NumbersAllowed and Score: <syntaxhighlight> -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 24 5 19 39 31 1 30 13 8 46 41 32 33 7 4 3 10 2 8 2 0 </syntaxhighlight> Typical game output: <syntaxhighlight> Enter y to play the training game, anything else to play a random game: Enter s to save the game Enter l to load the game | | | | | |17|30|27|18|13|1|1|23|31|3|41|6|41|27|34| Numbers available: 4 1 2 3 7 Current score: 0 Enter an expression: s ____Game saved____ | | | | | |17|30|27|18|13|1|1|23|31|3|41|6|41|27|34| Numbers available: 4 1 2 3 7 Current score: 0 Enter an expression: 4+1+2+3+7 | | | | | |30|27|18|13|1|1|23|31|3|41|6|41|27|34|28| Numbers available: 9 3 4 1 5 Current score: 1 Enter an expression: l ____Game loaded____ | | | | | |17|30|27|18|13|1|1|23|31|3|41|6|41|27|34| Numbers available: 4 1 2 3 7 Current score: 0 Enter an expression: </syntaxhighlight> <i>datb2</i> {{CPTAnswerTabEnd}} {{CPTAnswerTab|Python}}This solution focuses on logging all values that had been printed the previous game, overwriting the score, and then continuing the game as before. A game log can be saved, reloaded and then continued before being saved again without loss of data. Add selection (<code>if</code>) statement at the top of <code>PlayGame()</code> to allow for user to input desired action <syntaxhighlight lang ="python"> Score = 0 GameOver = False if (input("Load last saved game? (y/n): ").lower() == "y"): with open("savegame.txt", "r") as f: lines = [] for line in f: lines.append(line) print(line) Score = re.search(r'\d+', lines[-2]) else: open("savegame.txt", 'w').close() while not GameOver: </syntaxhighlight> Change <code>DisplayScore()</code>, <code>DisplayNumbersAllowed()</code> and <code>DisplayTargets()</code> to allow for the values to be returned instead of being printed. <syntaxhighlight lang ="python"> def DisplayScore(Score): output = str("Current score: " + str(Score)) print(output) print() print() return output def DisplayNumbersAllowed(NumbersAllowed): list_of_numbers = [] for N in NumbersAllowed: list_of_numbers.append((str(N) + " ")) output = str("Numbers available: " + "".join(list_of_numbers)) print(output) print() print() return output def DisplayTargets(Targets): list_of_targets = [] for T in Targets: if T == -1: list_of_targets.append(" ") else: list_of_targets.append(str(T)) list_of_targets.append("|") output = str("|" + "".join(list_of_targets)) print(output) print() print() return output </syntaxhighlight> Print returned values, as well as appending to the save file. <syntaxhighlight lang ="python"> def DisplayState(Targets, NumbersAllowed, Score): DisplayTargets(Targets) DisplayNumbersAllowed(NumbersAllowed) DisplayScore(Score) try: with open("savegame.txt", "a") as f: f.write(DisplayTargets(Targets) + "\n\n" + DisplayNumbersAllowed(NumbersAllowed) + "\n\n" + DisplayScore(Score) + "\n\n") except Exception as e: print(f"There was an exception: {e}") </syntaxhighlight> {{CPTAnswerTabEnd}} === '''Display a hint if the player is stuck''' === {{CPTAnswerTab|Python}} If the user types <code>h</code> during the game, then up to 5 hints will be shown. The <code>continue</code> statement lets the <code>while</code> loop continue, so that the player's score is unchanged. <syntaxhighlight lang="python" line="1" start="1" highlight="4,5,10-12"> def PlayGame(Targets, NumbersAllowed, TrainingGame, MaxTarget, MaxNumber): Score = 0 GameOver = False print("Type h for a hint") print() while not GameOver: DisplayState(Targets, NumbersAllowed, Score) UserInput = input("Enter an expression: ") print() if UserInput == "h": DisplayHints(Targets, NumbersAllowed) continue if CheckIfUserInputValid(UserInput): UserInputInRPN = ConvertToRPN(UserInput) if CheckNumbersUsedAreAllInNumbersAllowed(NumbersAllowed, UserInputInRPN, MaxNumber): IsTarget, Score = CheckIfUserInputEvaluationIsATarget(Targets, UserInputInRPN, Score) if IsTarget: NumbersAllowed = RemoveNumbersUsed(UserInput, MaxNumber, NumbersAllowed) NumbersAllowed = FillNumbers(NumbersAllowed, TrainingGame, MaxNumber) Score -= 1 if Targets[0] != -1: GameOver = True else: Targets = UpdateTargets(Targets, TrainingGame, MaxTarget) print("Game over!") DisplayScore(Score) </syntaxhighlight> Add a new <code>DisplayHints()</code> function which finds several hints by guessing valid inputs. <syntaxhighlight lang="python" line="1" start="1" highlight="1-100"> def DisplayHints(Targets, NumbersAllowed): Loop = 10000 OperationsList = list("+-*/") NumberOfHints = 5 while Loop > 0 and NumberOfHints > 0: Loop -= 1 TempNumbersAllowed = NumbersAllowed random.shuffle(TempNumbersAllowed) Guess = str(TempNumbersAllowed[0]) for i in range(1, random.randint(1,4) + 1): Guess += OperationsList[random.randint(0,3)] Guess += str(TempNumbersAllowed[i]) EvaluatedAnswer = EvaluateRPN(ConvertToRPN(Guess)) if EvaluatedAnswer != -1 and EvaluatedAnswer in Targets: print("Hint: " + Guess + " = " + str(EvaluatedAnswer)) NumberOfHints -= 1 if Loop <= 0 and NumberOfHints == 5: print("Sorry I could not find a solution for you!") print() </syntaxhighlight> (Optional) Update the <code>EvaluateRPN()</code> function to prevent any <code>division by zero</code> errors: <syntaxhighlight lang="python" line="1" start="1" highlight="19,20"> def EvaluateRPN(UserInputInRPN): S = [] while len(UserInputInRPN) > 0: while UserInputInRPN[0] not in ["+", "-", "*", "/"]: S.append(UserInputInRPN[0]) UserInputInRPN.pop(0) Num2 = float(S[-1]) S.pop() Num1 = float(S[-1]) S.pop() Result = 0.0 if UserInputInRPN[0] == "+": Result = Num1 + Num2 elif UserInputInRPN[0] == "-": Result = Num1 - Num2 elif UserInputInRPN[0] == "*": Result = Num1 * Num2 elif UserInputInRPN[0] == "/": if Num2 == 0.0: return -1 Result = Num1 / Num2 UserInputInRPN.pop(0) S.append(str(Result)) if float(S[0]) - math.floor(float(S[0])) == 0.0: return math.floor(float(S[0])) else: return -1 </syntaxhighlight> Example output: <syntaxhighlight> Enter y to play the training game, anything else to play a random game: y Type h for a hint | | | | | |23|9|140|82|121|34|45|68|75|34|23|119|43|23|119| Numbers available: 2 3 2 8 512 Current score: 0 Enter an expression: h Hint: 3-2+8 = 9 Hint: 3*2+512/8-2 = 68 Hint: 512/2/8+2 = 34 Hint: 3*8-2/2 = 23 Hint: 8+2/2 = 9 </syntaxhighlight> <i>datb2</i> {{CPTAnswerTabEnd}} === If a player uses very large numbers, i.e. numbers that lie beyond the defined MaxNumber that aren't allowed in NumbersAllowed, the program does not recognise this and will still reward a hit target. Make changes to penalise the player for doing so. === {{CPTAnswerTab|Python}} <syntaxhighlight lang ="python" line="1" start="1" highlight="11-12"> def CheckNumbersUsedAreAllInNumbersAllowed(NumbersAllowed, UserInputInRPN, MaxNumber): Temp = [] for Item in NumbersAllowed: Temp.append(Item) for Item in UserInputInRPN: if CheckValidNumber(Item, MaxNumber): if int(Item) in Temp: Temp.remove(int(Item)) else: return False else: return False return True </syntaxhighlight> {{CPTAnswerTabEnd}} === Support negative numbers, exponentiation (^), modulus (%), and brackets/parenthesis === {{CPTAnswerTab|Python}} <syntaxhighlight lang ="python" line="1" start="1"> def ConvertToRPN(UserInput): output = [] operatorsStack = [] digits = '' allowedOperators = {'+' : [2, True], '-': [2, True], '*': [3, True], '/': [3, True], '%': [3, True], '^': [4, False]} for char in UserInput: if re.search("^[0-9]$", char) is not None: # if is digit digits += char continue if digits == '' and char == '-': # negative numbers digits += '#' continue if digits != '': output.append(str(int(digits))) digits = '' operator = allowedOperators.get(char) if operator is not None: if len(operatorsStack) == 0: operatorsStack.append(char) continue topOperator = operatorsStack[-1] while topOperator != '(' and (allowedOperators[topOperator][0] > operator[0] or (allowedOperators[topOperator][0] == operator[0] and operator[1])): output.append(topOperator) del operatorsStack[-1] topOperator = operatorsStack[-1] operatorsStack.append(char) continue if char == '(': operatorsStack.append(char) continue if char == ')': topOperator = operatorsStack[-1] while topOperator != '(': if len(operatorsStack) == 0: return None output.append(topOperator) del operatorsStack[-1] topOperator = operatorsStack[-1] del operatorsStack[-1] continue return None if digits != '': output.append(digits) while len(operatorsStack) != 0: topOperator = operatorsStack[-1] if topOperator == '(': return None output.append(topOperator) del operatorsStack[-1] return output </syntaxhighlight> This is an implementation of the shunting yard algorithm, which could also be extended to support functions (but I think it's unlikely that will be a task). It's unlikely that any single question will ask to support this many features, but remembering this roughly might help if can't figure out how to implement something more specific. <syntaxhighlight lang ="python" line="1" start="1" highlight="4,8,10,19-24"> def EvaluateRPN(UserInputInRPN): S = [] while len(UserInputInRPN) > 0: while UserInputInRPN[0] not in ["+", "-", "*", "/", '^', '%']: char = UserInputInRPN[0] S.append(char) UserInputInRPN.pop(0) Num2 = float(S[-1].replace('#', '-')) S.pop() Num1 = float(S[-1].replace('#', '-')) S.pop() Result = 0.0 if UserInputInRPN[0] == "+": Result = Num1 + Num2 elif UserInputInRPN[0] == "-": Result = Num1 - Num2 elif UserInputInRPN[0] == "*": Result = Num1 * Num2 elif UserInputInRPN[0] == "/": Result = Num1 / Num2 elif UserInputInRPN[0] == "^": Result = Num1 ** Num2 elif UserInputInRPN[0] == "%": Result = Num1 % Num2 # ... </syntaxhighlight> This solution also changes the regular expression required for `CheckIfUserInputValid` significantly. I chose to disable this validation, since the regular expression would be more involved.{{CPTAnswerTabEnd}} === Fix the bug where two digit numbers in random games can be entered as sums of numbers that don't occur in the allowed numbers list. Ie the target is 48, you can enter 48-0 and it is accepted. === {{CPTAnswerTab|C#}} Modify the <code>CheckNumbersUsedAreAllInNumbersAllowed</code> method so that it returns false for invalid inputs: <syntaxhighlight lang="csharp" line="1" start="1"> static bool CheckNumbersUsedAreAllInNumbersAllowed(List<int> NumbersAllowed, List<string> UserInputInRPN, int MaxNumber) { List<int> Temp = new List<int>(); foreach (int Item in NumbersAllowed) { Temp.Add(Item); } foreach (string Item in UserInputInRPN) { Console.WriteLine(Item); if (CheckValidNumber(Item, MaxNumber, NumbersAllowed)) { if (Temp.Contains(Convert.ToInt32(Item))) { Temp.Remove(Convert.ToInt32(Item)); } else { return false; } return true; } } return false; } </syntaxhighlight> {{CPTAnswerTabEnd}} === Implement a feature where every round, a random target (and all its occurrences) is shielded, and cannot be targeted for the duration of the round. If targeted, the player loses a point as usual. The target(s) should be displayed surrounded with brackets like this: |(n)| === {{CPTAnswerTab|Python}} Modify <code>PlayGame</code> to call <code>ShieldTarget</code> at the start of each round. <syntaxhighlight lang ="python" line="1" start="1" highlight="5"> def PlayGame(Targets, NumbersAllowed, TrainingGame, MaxTarget, MaxNumber): Score = 0 GameOver = False while not GameOver: ShieldTarget(Targets) DisplayState(Targets, NumbersAllowed, Score) UserInput = input("Enter an expression: ") print() if CheckIfUserInputValid(UserInput): UserInputInRPN = ConvertToRPN(UserInput) if CheckNumbersUsedAreAllInNumbersAllowed(NumbersAllowed, UserInputInRPN, MaxNumber): IsTarget, Score = CheckIfUserInputEvaluationIsATarget(Targets, UserInputInRPN, Score) if IsTarget: NumbersAllowed = RemoveNumbersUsed(UserInput, MaxNumber, NumbersAllowed) NumbersAllowed = FillNumbers(NumbersAllowed, TrainingGame, MaxNumber) Score -= 1 if Targets[0] != -1: GameOver = True else: Targets = UpdateTargets(Targets, TrainingGame, MaxTarget) print("Game over!") DisplayScore(Score) </syntaxhighlight> Create a <code>SheildTarget</code> function. Before creating new shielded target(s), unshield existing target(s). Loop through <code>Targets</code> list to check for existing shielded target(s), identify shielded target(s) as they will have type <code>str</code>, convert shielded target back to a normal target by using <code>.strip()</code> to remove preceding and trailing brackets and type cast back to an <code>int</code>. Setup new shielded targets: loop until a random non-empty target is found, shield all occurrences of the chosen target by converting it to a string and concatenating with brackets e.g. 3 becomes "(3)" marking it as "shielded". <syntaxhighlight lang ="python" line="1" start="1"> def ShieldTarget(Targets): for i in range(len(Targets)): if type(Targets[i]) == str: Targets[i] = int(Targets[i].strip("()")) FoundRandomTarget = False while not FoundRandomTarget: RandomTarget = Targets[random.randint(0, len(Targets)-1)] if RandomTarget != -1: FoundRandomTarget = True for i in range(len(Targets)): if Targets[i] == RandomTarget: Targets[i] = "(" + str(RandomTarget) + ")" </syntaxhighlight> ''evokekw'' Sample output: <syntaxhighlight> | | | | | |(23)|9|140|82|121|34|45|68|75|34|(23)|119|43|(23)|119| Numbers available: 2 3 2 8 512 Current score: 0 Enter an expression: 8+3-2 | | | | |23| |140|82|121|34|45|68|75|34|23|(119)|43|23|(119)|(119)| Numbers available: 2 3 2 8 512 Current score: 1 Enter an expression: 2+2 | | | |23| |140|82|121|(34)|45|68|75|(34)|23|119|43|23|119|119|119| Numbers available: 2 3 2 8 512 Current score: 0 Enter an expression: 512/8/2+2 | | |23| |140|82|121|34|45|68|75|34|23|(119)|43|23|(119)|(119)|(119)|(119)| Numbers available: 2 3 2 8 512 Current score: -1 Enter an expression: </syntaxhighlight> {{CPTAnswerTabEnd}} === '''Do not advance the target list forward for invalid entries, instead inform the user the entry was invalid and prompt them for a new one''' === {{CPTAnswerTab|Python}}Modify the <code>PlayGame</code> function, removing an if clause in favour of a loop. Additionally, remove the line <code>score -= 1</code> and as a consequence partially fix a score bug in the program due to this line not being contained in an else clause. <syntaxhighlight lang="python" line="1" start="1"> def PlayGame(Targets, NumbersAllowed, TrainingGame, MaxTarget, MaxNumber): Score = 0 GameOver = False while not GameOver: DisplayState(Targets, NumbersAllowed, Score) UserInput = input("Enter an expression: ") print() while not CheckIfUserInputValid(UserInput): print("That expression was invalid. ") UserInput = input("Enter an expression: ") print() UserInputInRPN = ConvertToRPN(UserInput) if CheckNumbersUsedAreAllInNumbersAllowed(NumbersAllowed, UserInputInRPN, MaxNumber): IsTarget, Score = CheckIfUserInputEvaluationIsATarget(Targets, UserInputInRPN, Score) if IsTarget: NumbersAllowed = RemoveNumbersUsed(UserInput, MaxNumber, NumbersAllowed) NumbersAllowed = FillNumbers(NumbersAllowed, TrainingGame, MaxNumber) if Targets[0] != -1: GameOver = True else: Targets = UpdateTargets(Targets, TrainingGame, MaxTarget) print("Game over!") DisplayScore(Score) </syntaxhighlight> {{CPTAnswerTabEnd}} === '''Implement a menu where the user can start a new game or quit their current game''' === TBA === '''Ensure the program ends when the game is over''' === TBA === '''Give the user a single-use ability to generate a new set of allowable numbers''' === TBA === '''Allow the user to input and work with negative numbers''' === TBA === '''Increase the score with a bonus equal to the quantity of allowable numbers used in a qualifying expression''' === TBA === '''Implement a multiplicative score bonus for each priority (first number in the target list) number completed sequentially''' === TBA === '''If the user creates a qualifying expression which uses all the allowable numbers, grant the user a special reward ability (one use until unlocked again) to allow the user to enter any numbe'''r of choice and this value will be removed from the target list === TBA === '''When a target is cleared, put a £ symbol in its position in the target list. When the £ symbol reaches the end of the tracker, increase the score by 1''' === TBA === '''Implement a victory condition which allows the player to win the game by achieving a certain score. Allow the user to pick difficulty, e.g. easy (10), normal (20), hard (40)''' === TBA === '''Shotgun. If an expression exactly evaluates to a target, the score is increased by 3 and remove the target as normal. If an evaluation is within 1 of the target, the score is increased by 1 and remove those targets too''' === TBA === '''Every time the user inputs an expression, shuffle the current position of all targets (cannot push a number closer to the end though)''' === TBA === '''Speed Demon. Implement a mode where the target list moves a number of places equal to the current player score. Instead of ending the game when a target gets to the end of the tracker, subtract 1 from their score. If their score ever goes negative, the player loses''' === TBA === '''Allow the user to save the current state of the game using a text file and implement the ability to load up a game when they begin the program''' === TBA === '''Multiple of X. The program should randomly generate a number each turn, e.g. 3 and if the user creates an expression which removes a target which is a multiple of that number, give them a bonus of their score equal to the multiple (in this case, 3 extra score)''' === TBA === '''Validate a user's entry to confirm their choice before accepting an expression''' === TBA === '''Prime time punch. If the completed target was a prime number, destroy the targets on either side of the prime number (count them as scored)''' === TBA === '''Do not use reverse polish notation''' === TBA === '''Allow the user to specify the highest number within the five <code>NumbersAllowed</code>''' === TBA 4bhqtjis2zkzsd300wwt7xn880myfhi 0 472445 4498364 4493144 2025-06-02T17:12:24Z LodestarChariot2 3138880 /* Works Cited */ 4498364 wikitext text/x-wiki <div align="center"><strong>Caroline Winter, with Alyssa Arbuckle, Tanja Niemann, Lynne Siemens, Brittany Amell, and Ray Siemens</strong><ref>This introduction revises and updates materials originally published in the Open Scholarship Press publications ''Collection'' (Winter ''et al.'' 2023) and ''Curated Volume'' (Winter ''et al.'' 2024) on Policy cited below.</ref></div> As momentum behind the Open Scholarship movement has increased over the past several years, policy has emerged as a key issue. In particular, questions about open scholarship policy include: How and to what extent does policy advance open scholarship? What effect does policy have on individuals and their work? How does policy affect open scholarly practices? This volume reflects the first years, 2017–2020, of the [https://ospolicyobservatory.uvic.ca/ Open Scholarship Policy Observatory] (OSPO). It is a hub for information and resources related to all aspects of open scholarship and includes a collection of policy documents as well as policy analysis. From its inception in 2017, the OSPO has been coordinated by the [https://c-ski.ca/ Canadian Social Knowledge Institute] (C-SKI), based in the [https://etcl.uvic.ca/ Electronic Textual Cultures Lab] (ETCL) at the University of Victoria, as an initiative of the [https://inke.ca/about/ Implementing New Knowledge Environments] (INKE) Partnership’s [https://inke.ca/activity-clusters/#policy Policy Cluster], 2020–present, co-facilitated by Tanja Niemann (Érudit) and Lynne Siemens (UVic). It follows and reflects policy developments related to open scholarship in Canada and beyond, analyzing policy changes and their relevance to researchers, information professionals, librarians, faculty, and policymakers. The OSPO was created in recognition of the development of numerous and increasing numbers of open access policies and mandates, as well as confusion about the various routes to open access and which approach works best (Milligan et al. 2019). The OSPO tracks changes in national and international policy and reflects those findings back to the community, with the aim of building understanding of and community around open scholarship policy in Canada and beyond. For instance, more and more national governments, funding organizations, and institutions are developing policies related to open access to research data and publications, which intersect and sometimes conflict in complicated ways. Other forms and types of policies that make up the wider research ecosystem also affect open scholarship policy, such as publishers’ policies about rights retention, international digital infrastructure standards, and institutions’ review, tenure, and promotion guidelines. Given the role policy plays in influencing how researchers work and whether and how they share that work, an understanding of the policy landscape—both its foundations and its emerging trends—is key to advancing open scholarship. The OSPO is aligned with work in the Open Scholarship Press publications on Policy. One is the ''[[Open Scholarship Press Collections: Policy|Open Scholarship Press Collection: Policy]]'' (Winter et al. 2023), which surveys current literature about open scholarship policy, offering a snapshot of the field of policy analysis and criticism. It does so with the goal of mapping the contours of this field and identifying the major critical pathways, recognizing that, as a snapshot, it cannot capture the entirety of the field in detail. The other is the ''[[Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes: Policy]]'' (Winter et al. 2024) which draws together a selection of key resources for further engagement. Most are foundational policies and principles, but examples of theoretical overviews, research studies, and critical analysis are also included to provide a broad snapshot of the open scholarship policy landscape. Both volumes are accompanied by analytical overviews, reflective of the area and its important directions. ==Open Scholarship, and its Focal Points== Open scholarship is an umbrella term that refers both to open scholarly practices, such as open peer review, and their outcomes, such as open access publications. Although open scholarship is sometimes referred to as “open science,” it is not discipline specific, comprising all disciplines and a variety of interrelated practices and principles. What began more than 20 years ago as small-scale and local has evolved into a global movement, but one that advances unevenly and, in many ways, uneasily (Tennant et al. 2019). Because open scholarship encompasses so many things, it is difficult to define. George Veletsianos (2016) describes it as “the wide and broad dissemination of scholarship by a variety of interconnected means (e.g., technology, licensing) aiming to broaden knowledge and reduce barriers to access to knowledge and information” (16; see also Veletsianos and Kimmons 2012). In “Foundations for Open Scholarship Strategy Development,” Jonathan Tennant et al. (2019) defines it as “the process, communication, and re-use of research as practised in any scholarly research discipline, and its inclusion and role within wider society” (sec. 3). This definition reflects the complexity of the phenomenon itself: as Tennant et al. (2019) point out, there is no one definition, framework, policy, or declaration that captures the movement as a whole: it is a complex of people, organizations, ideas, values, practices, and outcomes. They usefully describe open scholarship as a “boundary object,” which Samuel Moore (2017) defines as “a concept that has a specific understanding in a local community of practice but is rigid enough to maintain its definition across communities too” (para. 5). Understanding it as a boundary object allows for flexible definitions and conceptions of what constitutes open scholarship while maintaining enough of a common understanding to make the term meaningful. As outlined in “Foundations for Open Scholarship Strategy Development,” a foundational policy strategy document drafted by an international team of open scholarship practitioners and stakeholders, scholarship is founded upon the ideal of “advancing our collective knowledge to the benefit of all humankind,” but this ideal is under tension from the complex and often competing values and structures within which scholarship is performed, such as competition for jobs and publication opportunities (Tennant et al. 2019, sec. 1). Open scholarship seeks to “realign modern research practices with this ideal” so that openness becomes the norm (sec. 1). Although the movement is diverse, its proponents share the belief that “increased adoption of Open Scholarship practices (and more generally, simply open practices) is generally a ''good thing”'' (sec. 4). Open scholarship can be understood as comprising two main categories, which we might also think about as axes: “knowledge and practices and principles and values” (Tennant et al. 2019, sec. 4.1.3). Along the “knowledge and practices” axis sit the components of open scholarship, such as open access and open data; along the “principles and values” axis are ideas such as “participation, equality, transparency, cognitive justice, collaboration, sharing, equity, and inclusivity.” In addition to categorical structure, Tennant et al. (2019) draw on five schools of thought that Benedikt Fecher and Sascha Friesike (2013) proposed as a way of understanding open science: <blockquote> the ''infrastructure school'' (which is concerned with the technological architecture), the ''public school'' (which is concerned with the accessibility of knowledge creation), the ''measurement school'' (which is concerned with alternative impact measurement), the ''democratic school'' (which is concerned with access to knowledge) and the ''pragmatic school'' (which is concerned with collaborative research). (Abstract) </blockquote> As might be expected of such a complex movement, there are tensions within it, many having to do with geographical and disciplinary differences as well as the varying needs and priorities of its stakeholder groups, which include researchers and institutions as well as funding bodies, publishers and other industry groups, and policymakers (Tennant et al. 2019). Some of the strongest tensions are related to licenses and licensing practices, the various models of—and routes to—open access, the responsibility for and control of infrastructure, and the “role of policy mandates in driving openness” (sec. 4.2.3). That said, Tennant et al. (2019) identify policy as one of the movement’s strengths, noting that “it remains important that the imperative and agenda for Open Scholarship remains recognised at the highest political levels” (sec. 6). However, problems arise when top-down policies, such as those dictated by international and national funding bodies, are not accompanied by resources (e.g., appropriate infrastructure) to ensure their successful implementation. Bottom-up policies, such as those developed by institutional libraries or even individuals, tend to be opt-in and not enforced or enforceable (Tennant et al. 2019). Open scholarship is facilitated and made possible by digital technologies, but openness is not inherently digital, and those digital technologies are not necessarily open. Noting that digital technologies have enabled scholarly journals to have a broader reach through open access, for instance, John Maxwell (2015) argues that scholarly communication as a whole needs to move away from models based on the paradigm of print production and embrace a “[w]eb-based publishing model” (4). Moving toward this “network paradigm” (4) allows us to reconsider not only the forms of scholarly publication—reimagining, for instance, what an article or a monograph looks like—but also what it means to publish. The print paradigm is founded on the idea of making something public by printing it; now that the challenge is no longer how to make works public but how to make them relevant and findable, publication under a network paradigm refers to “not the production of books but the production of a public for whom those books have meaning” (Stadler 2010). In order to create this public, scholarship—scholarly practices and their outcomes—must be social (Maxwell 2015). The term ''policy'' is already broad, and it is applied here broadly as well to encompass not only formal international, national, and institutional policy statements but also formal and informal policies about the issues and topics that constitute open scholarship (e.g., open access, open data) and adjacent issues (e.g., copyright; review, tenure, and promotion). Policy alone is not enough to effect change, however: as MacCallum et al. (2020) note, “OA policy is a tool that must be partnered with additional resources in order to increase impact,” such as training of librarians and scholarly communications practitioners (9). Moreover, a cultural shift is necessary in order for open scholarship to become the default scholarly mode; this will involve dispelling persistent myths about the nature of open access and open scholarship, such as the myth that open access journals are not peer-reviewed and are largely predatory. It will also involve shifting how we value scholarship from a model of exclusivity, in which publishing in the most exclusive, subscription-based journals confers the most scholarly value, to one of open inclusivity, what Kathleen Fitzpatrick (2019) calls “generous thinking” (see also MacCallum et al. 2020). In outlining the scope of the field, the authors of this scan recognize that policy plays a role in many areas of the scholarly ecosystem and is not always named or understood ''as'' policy. ==Emergent Themes, Scope== While policy is part of a complex of interrelated fields, disciplines, and stakeholder groups, the focus of our work is on the role of policy in the scholarly communication ecosystem. One significant theme in this work is the vital role played by libraries, librarians, scholarly communications practitioners, and the field of library and information science (LIS) more generally in the open scholarship movement. As noted in ''Advancing Open: Views from Scholarly Communications Practitioners'' (MacCallum 2020), a report by the Canadian Association of Research Libraries (CARL-ABRC), openness is a fundamental value of library and information science, and information professionals have been and continue to be instrumental in advancing open access and open scholarship, both by supporting it locally, such as through institutional repositories, and by supporting large-scale infrastructure initiatives. The advocacy work performed by librarians and information professionals, such as negotiations with publishers, has also driven open scholarship forward. Another important theme is that, although the scholarly communications ecosystem is global in scale, it is heterogeneous, with significant variations among local environments. This means, among other things, that solutions that work well in one context do not necessarily work in another. MacCallum et al. (2020), for instance, note that although Canada is aligned in principle with Plan S, a European open access initiative, its engagement with open scholarship is newer, and it has not yet developed the infrastructure—financial, technical, or cultural—necessary for implementing such a sweeping transformation. A third, related theme that emerges is that there are significant tensions within the movement. These include, for example, whether a top-down or bottom-up approach to open scholarship is best, whether revolutionary or evolutionary change has the greatest chance of success, and what role commercial publishing should play in the transformed ecosystem, if any. Another theme that emerges is that open scholarship is inherently social and collaborative. MacCallum et al. (2020) point out, for example, that the only way to successfully advance open scholarship in Canada is to work collaboratively and transparently with all stakeholders, including researchers, scholarly communications practitioners, information professionals, and national organizations such as funding bodies and scholarly associations.  Lastly, the responsibilities that come with digital data and repositories—both of which are often seen as core aspects of open scholarship—is another thread woven throughout the collection. For instance, the FAIR principles (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) surface—although Lin et al. (2020) argue that preserving data over the long term requires repositories that are trustworthy, and that trustworthiness must also be demonstrated. To demonstrate trustworthiness, Lin et al. (2020) propose the TRUST Principles, which stand for Transparency, Responsibility, User focus, Sustainability, and Technology (see also [https://ospolicyobservatory.uvic.ca/the-trust-principles-for-digital-repositories/ Winter 2020b]). Data Stewardship is also a core part of these concerns—and an integral part of the [https://science.gc.ca/site/science/en/interagency-research-funding/policies-and-guidelines/research-data-management/tri-agency-research-data-management-policy Tri-Agency Research Data Management Policy] (discussed by [https://ospolicyobservatory.uvic.ca/tri-agency-research-data-management-policy/ Winter, 2020a]), which draws on the FAIR principles and OCAP (Ownership, Control, Access, and Possession) model for Indigenous data governance. The research data management (RDM)Policy, which was introduced in 2021, has three core requirements: 1) That institutions eligible to administer Tri-Agency funds create an institutional RDM strategy by March 1 2023; 2) That grant proposals submitted to the agencies reflect best practices for research data management and, in the case of certain funding opportunities, that data management plans are submitted to the granting agencies; 3) That grant recipients deposit all digital research data into a digital repository, along with any metadata and code that directly supports research conclusions in any publications or pre-prints that arise from agency-supported research (Government of Canada, 2021). These themes emerge in the OSPO’s observations across the period 2017–2020, and into those carried on to this day—elaborated on more fully in Winter et al.’s 2023 collection surveying current literature about open scholarship policy, across its sections considering Foundational Policies and Policy Frameworks, Open Scholarship and the Open Scholarship Movement (through Open Access, Open Data, Open Education, Open Knowledge, and Open Source), Scholarly Communication (its Landscape, Libraries and Open Scholarly Communication, Publication Models and Subscription Practices, and Open Monographs), Infrastructure (including Digital Research Infrastructure, Funding Models and Infrastructures, Bibliometrics, Intellectual Property and Copyright, Identity Management, Linked Open Data, and Research Data Management), Collaboration and Community Engagement (via Knowledge Mobilization and Translation, Community Engagement, Public Scholarship, and Crowdsourcing and Citizen Science) and, lastly, Policy Development, Implementation, and Analysis (across Open Scholarship Practices, Institutional Policy and its Implementation, National and International Policy and its Implementation, and Social Justice). In addition to OSPO observations being the foundation for this analytical work, it serves and the grounding for the ''Curated Volumes'' (Winter et al. 2024) reflecting essential reading in these areas, and its [[Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes: Policy/Introduction|detailed analytical overview]] (Winter 2024). Observations presented in this volume are authored by Sarah Milligan, Kim Silk, Alyssa Arbuckle, and Caroline Winter. Tanja Niemann and Lynne Siemens have provided policy area expertise and leadership, with Alyssa Arbuckle and Ray Siemens serving as overseeing editors, as well as initiating research design from across the INKE partnership. Reviewers of work published here include Janneke Adema, Clare Appavoo, Jonathan Bengtson, Lisa Goddard, Gary Hall, Janet Halliwell, Rachel Hendery, Matt Huculak, Inba Kehoe, Les Kneebone, John Maxwell, Kate Shuttleworth, and Claire Warwick, among others. Tim Sobie has led the technical development and production. French translation of this introduction and these OSPO observations has been led by Olga Ziminova. ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==Works Cited== *Fecher, Benedikt, and Sascha Friesike. 2013. “Open Science: One Term, Five Schools of Thought.” In ''Opening Science: The Evolving Guide on How the Internet Is Changing Research, Collaboration and Scholarly Publishing'', edited by Sönke Bartling and Sascha Friesike, 17–47. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00026-8_2 *Government of Canada, Innovation. 2021. ''Tri-Agency Research Data Management Policy''. Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada. https://science.gc.ca/site/science/en/interagency-research-funding/policies-and-guidelines/research-data-management/tri-agency-research-data-management-policy *Fitzpatrick, Kathleen. 2019. ''Generous Thinking: A Radical Approach to Saving the University''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. *MacCallum, Lindsey, Ann Barrett, Leah Vanderjagt, Amy Buckland, and Canadian Association of Research Libraries Open Repositories Working Group’s Task Group on Community Building and Engagement. 2020. “Advancing Open: Views from Scholarly Communications Practitioners.” https://www.carl-abrc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/ORWG_report3_Advancing_open_EN.pdf *Maxwell, John W. 2015. “Beyond Open Access to Open Publication and Open Scholarship.” ''Scholarly and Research Communication'' 6 (3). https://doi.org/10.22230/src.2015v6n3a202 *Milligan, Sarah, Kimberly Silk, Alyssa Arbuckle, and Ray Siemens. 2019. “The Initial Impact of the Open Scholarship Policy Observatory.” ''KULA: Knowledge Creation, Dissemination, and Preservation Studies'' 3 (February): 16. https://doi.org/10.5334/kula.43 *Moore, Samuel A. 2017. “A Genealogy of Open Access: Negotiations between Openness and Access to Research.” ''Revue Française Des Sciences de l’information et de La Communication'' 11 (1). https://doi.org/10.4000/rfsic.3220 *Stadler, Matthew. 2010. ''What is publication?'' Keynote presentation at Richard Hugo House writer’s conference "Finding Your Audience in the 21st Century," Seattle, Washington, USA., September 11. https://vimeo.com/14888791. Quoted in Maxwell, John. 2015. “Beyond Open Access to Open Publication and Open Scholarship.” ''Scholarly and Research Communication'' 6 (3). *Tennant, Jonathan, Jennifer Elizabeth Beamer, Jeroen Bosman, Björn Brembs, Neo Christopher Chung, Gail Clement, Tom Crick, et al. 2019. “Foundations for Open Scholarship Strategy Development.” ''Open Scholarship Press''. https://openscholarshippress.pubpub.org/pub/camlwswq/release/1. *Veletsianos, George. 2016. ''Social Media in Academia: Networked Scholars''. New York and London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315742298 *Veletsianos, George, and Royce Kimmons. 2012. “Assumptions and Challenges of Open Scholarship.” ''The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning'' 13 (4): 166–89. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v13i4.1313 *Winter, Caroline. 2020a. “Tri-Agency Research Data Management Policy.” ''Open Scholarship Policy Observatory''. https://doi.org/10.25547/HKY0-FP69. *Winter, Caroline. 2020b. “The TRUST Principles for Digital Repositories.” ''Open Scholarship Policy Observatory''. https://doi.org/10.25547/B0WM-TK54. *Winter, Caroline. 2024. “Introduction—Open Scholarship Policy in Focus.” In ''Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes: Policy''. [[Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes: Policy/Introduction|https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Open_Scholarship_Press_Curated_Volumes:_Policy/Introduction]]. *Winter, Caroline, Alyssa Arbuckle, Jesse Thomas Kern, Vitor Yano, Anna Honcharova, Tyler Fontenot, Graham Jensen, Alan Colín-Arce, Ray Siemens, Tanja Niemann, Lynne Simens, and the INKE and ETCL Research Groups, editors. 2023. ''Open Scholarship Press Collections: Policy'', Open Scholarship Press. https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Open_Scholarship_Press_Collections:_Policy *Winter, Caroline, Alyssa Arbuckle, Jesse Thomas Kern, Vitor Yano, Anna Honcharova, Tyler Fontenot, Graham Jensen, Alan Colín-Arce, Ray Siemens, Tanja Niemann, Lynne Simens, and the INKE and ETCL Research Groups, editors. 2024. ''Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes: Policy'', Open Scholarship Press. https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Open_Scholarship_Press_Collections:_Policy {{BookCat}} 29jx7k61mcjmwxxifwxr9v4k9fp6xcw 0 474312 4498361 4497696 2025-06-02T17:03:26Z Rchaswms01 3499245 Added dignity page 4498361 wikitext text/x-wiki = '''Everything You Wanted to Know About Social Services Work in Nursing Homes (but were afraid to ask!)''' = [edit | edit source] = Table of Contents = == Frontspiece == * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Frontspiece/Foreword ]] Comments on goals of the book * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Frontspiece/Prologue ]] Structure of book and background of authors * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Frontspiece/Instructions for Authors ]] Instructions for contributors == Chapter 1 Introduction to Social Services == * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Introduction to Social Services/Overview of the Career]] Overview of Social Services as a Career * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Introduction to Social Services/Prerequisites]] Good things to have to get and do the job * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Introduction to Social Services/Areas of Competency]] Competencies required for the job * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Introduction to Social Services/Rewards of the Job]] Why do this job? * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Introduction to Social Services/Possible Pitfalls]] What to avoid (title) * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Introduction to Social Services/Typical Job Description]] Typical job description annotated * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Introduction to Social Services/Applicable Social Work Principles]] What you learned in School that might help * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Introduction to Social Services/Applicable Social Work Skills]] What skills you have developed that might help you including: Empathy Communication Organization Critical Thinking Active Listening Self-care Cultural Patience Professional Advocacy Rapport == Chapter 2 Flow of Care == * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Flow of Care/Pre-Admission]] What SS does prior to admission * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Flow of Care/Admission]] What SS does as part of the admission process * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Flow of Care/Intake ]]SS documentation at admission * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Flow of Care/Verifying Benefits and Finances]] SS part of helping res get benefits * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Flow of Care/Initial Care Plans]] Care plan at admission based on medical record or MD orders * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Flow of Care/Behaviors and Behavior Plans]] If there are bx issues * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Flow of Care/Adjustment and Transitions]] What res may need in coming to SNF * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Flow of Care/Roommates and Room Moves]] How moves work or should work * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Flow of Care/Changes in Condition]] What if a res gets worse, needs more or less care * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Flow of Care/Hospitalization]] What SS does to help a res get to hospital * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Flow of Care/Changes in Benefits]] SS awareness of any change of benefits d/t hospitalization, lottery win, etc. * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Flow of Care/Hospice]] SS awareness of coordination for hospice care * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Flow of Care/Discharges and Transfers]] How to discharge or transfer res safely and successfully = Chapter 3: Surveys and Complaints = * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/State Surveys/What and Why of State Surveys]] Awareness of goals of survey * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/State Surveys/Highest Practicable Level of Well-being]] Goal of CMS for res * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/State Surveys/Survey Readiness]] Being prepared for the day the surveyors arrive * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/State Surveys/Social Services' Tags]] Which Tags will be SS responsibility * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/State Surveys/Plans of Correction (POC)]] How to respond to survey tags * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/State Surveys/Documenting POC Compliance]] How to stay out of trouble = Chapter 4: Principles of Care = * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Principles of Care/Dignity]] Offer ress dignity and respect * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Principles of Care/Highest Level of Independence]] Help ress maintain capabilities * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Principles of Care/Control Over Care]] Help re;s exercise their rights over medical choices Proxies, Medical POAs, Guardians or conservators * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Principles of Care/Physical and Pharmacological Constraints]] Ress are to be free of these in the SNF; if these are needed send to psychiatric facility * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Principles of Care/Equitable Access to Care and Privileges]] MCD, private and MCR ress should have access to appropriate services and care regardless of their insurance status * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Principles of Care/Advocacy for Residents]] SWs are required to advocate for res who may need this * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Principles of Care/Confidentiality]] HIPAA requires that PHI be kept undisclosed unless there is written permission from res for disclosure * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Principles of Care/On-Going Support]] SS must provide support if it is needed on an on-ongoing basis * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Principles of Care/Managing Grief, Loss and Depression]] These may require special help and are a typical part of a res life * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Principles of Care/Differences between Dementia, Delirium, Depression]] SS may have to distinguish these for care plans, proper assessment and consultation at PsychPharm meetings = Chapter 5: Emergencies and Crises = * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Emergencies and Crises/Behavioral Issues and Changes]] D/t drugs, psychosis, delusions or poor emotional control, bx issues will need to be planned for and managed; SS is the nexus of this care * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Emergencies and Crises/Mental Health Crisis]] Like behav crises, episodes that leave res in mental crisis must be dealt with (30 day bed hold, Medicare uplevel) * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Emergencies and Crises/Addiction and Substance Abuse]] This is a difficult topic requiring coordination with nursing, admin and SS * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Emergencies and Crises/Family Crises]] Res family is often a source of conflict and bx issues for their res and others * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Emergencies and Crises/Death]] Death of a res has an impact on other res and the community; SS will play a part in helping res through this; details for disposing of dec'd belongings * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Emergencies and Crises/Elopement]] When a res disappears or leaves without notice, there are steps to take to cover SNF's responsibility; SS is an important part of the search and rescue team = Chapter 6: Contexts of Care = * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Context of Care/Business of Nursing Homes]] Knowing how the SNF runs its business will help SS make choices for the department and resources for res * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Context of Care/Resident Family Issues]] Issues with res family that do not rise to the level of crises can still cause issues and can be dealt with or managed * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Context of Care/Safe Discharges]] Res who leave the facility for non-financial reasons have a right to expect a d/c to a safe and appropriate level of care = Chapter 7 Psychopharmacology = * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Psychopharmacology/Classes of Psychopharm Medications]] Drugs come in various categories not always used for the s/s that they might appear to be designed for * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Psychopharmacology/Gradual Dose Reductions]] these are req'd by CMS and are complicated; SS may have to be aware or record changes in bx * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Psychopharmacology/Black Box Warnings]] Some Rxs are "off label" and need special monitoring by the team; nurses are key here * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Psychopharmacology/Side Effects]] Every drug has side-effects; good to know the major ones * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Psychopharmacology/Polypharmacy and Drug Interactions]] Drugs can interact with each other in good and bad ways; as eyes and ears for the PCP, it is good to know some * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Psychopharmacology/Overmedication]] This is easy to spot and nurses might be first to see it; be sure to know the signs * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Psychopharmacology/Abuse]] Cheeking meds and saving them is a tactic for abuse, selling or for a suicide plan; nurses will be the first line; but know what to look for = Chapter 8 Pathologies with Psychiatric Signs and Symptoms = * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Medical Psychiatric Pathologies/UTI]] This can cause delirium/hallucinations in older people * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Medical Psychiatric Pathologies/Delirium]] Caused by fevers, meds and other conditions it requires medical assessment but may appear like psychosis * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Medical Psychiatric Pathologies/Parkinson's Disease]] causes visual hallucinations in some res * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Medical Psychiatric Pathologies/Hepatic Encephalopathy]] liver condition that impacts brain function acting like delirium and / or dementia * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Medical Psychiatric Pathologies/Brain Tumors and TBIs]] depending on location of damage can affect emotions, thoughts, hallucinations, cause seizures and other issues * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Medical Psychiatric Pathologies/Dementia with Behaviors and/or Psychosis]] dementia can cause behavioral or psychotic episodes as part of the cognitive decline and brain damage that occurs * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Medical Psychiatric Pathologies/Huntington's Disease]] this disease affect physically strength and coordination but can also impact mental capacities causing hallucinations and delusions as well as distress == Chapter 9 Career Paths == * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Career Paths/License]] This job qualifies as supervisable work toward an LCSW. It also provides valuable experience for the Nursing Home Administrator license. * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Career Paths/Social Services Director]] First step up from Social Services staff member or Associate. * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Career Paths/Nursing Home Administrator]] * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Career Paths/Community Mental Health]] * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Career Paths/Medical Social Worker]] == Appendix: Resources and References == ===PsychPharm Aids=== * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Appendix/Beer's List]] List of recommended maximum doses of psychoactive meds for demented res (guideline) NIH Version of article: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3571677/ USC copy of pocket version: https://gwep.usc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/AGS-2023-BEERS-Pocket-PRINTABLE.pdf ===Certificate Programs=== * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Appendix/Foundational Competencies in Older Adult Mental Health]] This course is highly recommended as an overview of geriatric issues. It is on-line and offers CE or free non-CE participation. Non-CE participation still obtains the certificate. Colorado licensing does not require CEs. See Rush Medical School for more information or search for the above title in your favorite search engine. * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Appendix/Non-Violent_Crisis_Intervention]] This course helps with intervening with behaviors that could lead to violence. __INDEX__ {{BookCat}} b3finbrfdra2nkpf5el422gajz18lr4 4498362 4498361 2025-06-02T17:06:22Z Rchaswms01 3499245 Added TIC 4498362 wikitext text/x-wiki = '''Everything You Wanted to Know About Social Services Work in Nursing Homes (but were afraid to ask!)''' = [edit | edit source] = Table of Contents = == Frontspiece == * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Frontspiece/Foreword ]] Comments on goals of the book * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Frontspiece/Prologue ]] Structure of book and background of authors * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Frontspiece/Instructions for Authors ]] Instructions for contributors == Chapter 1 Introduction to Social Services == * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Introduction to Social Services/Overview of the Career]] Overview of Social Services as a Career * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Introduction to Social Services/Prerequisites]] Good things to have to get and do the job * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Introduction to Social Services/Areas of Competency]] Competencies required for the job * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Introduction to Social Services/Rewards of the Job]] Why do this job? * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Introduction to Social Services/Possible Pitfalls]] What to avoid (title) * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Introduction to Social Services/Typical Job Description]] Typical job description annotated * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Introduction to Social Services/Applicable Social Work Principles]] What you learned in School that might help * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Introduction to Social Services/Applicable Social Work Skills]] What skills you have developed that might help you including: Empathy Communication Organization Critical Thinking Active Listening Self-care Cultural Patience Professional Advocacy Rapport == Chapter 2 Flow of Care == * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Flow of Care/Pre-Admission]] What SS does prior to admission * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Flow of Care/Admission]] What SS does as part of the admission process * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Flow of Care/Intake ]]SS documentation at admission * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Flow of Care/Verifying Benefits and Finances]] SS part of helping res get benefits * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Flow of Care/Initial Care Plans]] Care plan at admission based on medical record or MD orders * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Flow of Care/Behaviors and Behavior Plans]] If there are bx issues * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Flow of Care/Adjustment and Transitions]] What res may need in coming to SNF * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Flow of Care/Roommates and Room Moves]] How moves work or should work * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Flow of Care/Changes in Condition]] What if a res gets worse, needs more or less care * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Flow of Care/Hospitalization]] What SS does to help a res get to hospital * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Flow of Care/Changes in Benefits]] SS awareness of any change of benefits d/t hospitalization, lottery win, etc. * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Flow of Care/Hospice]] SS awareness of coordination for hospice care * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Flow of Care/Discharges and Transfers]] How to discharge or transfer res safely and successfully = Chapter 3: Surveys and Complaints = * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/State Surveys/What and Why of State Surveys]] Awareness of goals of survey * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/State Surveys/Highest Practicable Level of Well-being]] Goal of CMS for res * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/State Surveys/Survey Readiness]] Being prepared for the day the surveyors arrive * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/State Surveys/Social Services' Tags]] Which Tags will be SS responsibility * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/State Surveys/Plans of Correction (POC)]] How to respond to survey tags * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/State Surveys/Documenting POC Compliance]] How to stay out of trouble = Chapter 4: Principles of Care = * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Principles of Care/Dignity]] Offer ress dignity and respect * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Principles of Care/Highest Level of Independence]] Help ress maintain capabilities * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Principles of Care/Trauma Informed Care]] Offer care that helps ress avoid trauma triggers; reduce unwanted bxs and res safety * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Principles of Care/Control Over Care]] Help re;s exercise their rights over medical choices Proxies, Medical POAs, Guardians or conservators * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Principles of Care/Physical and Pharmacological Constraints]] Ress are to be free of these in the SNF; if these are needed send to psychiatric facility * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Principles of Care/Equitable Access to Care and Privileges]] MCD, private and MCR ress should have access to appropriate services and care regardless of their insurance status * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Principles of Care/Advocacy for Residents]] SWs are required to advocate for res who may need this * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Principles of Care/Confidentiality]] HIPAA requires that PHI be kept undisclosed unless there is written permission from res for disclosure * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Principles of Care/On-Going Support]] SS must provide support if it is needed on an on-ongoing basis * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Principles of Care/Managing Grief, Loss and Depression]] These may require special help and are a typical part of a res life * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Principles of Care/Differences between Dementia, Delirium, Depression]] SS may have to distinguish these for care plans, proper assessment and consultation at PsychPharm meetings = Chapter 5: Emergencies and Crises = * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Emergencies and Crises/Behavioral Issues and Changes]] D/t drugs, psychosis, delusions or poor emotional control, bx issues will need to be planned for and managed; SS is the nexus of this care * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Emergencies and Crises/Mental Health Crisis]] Like behav crises, episodes that leave res in mental crisis must be dealt with (30 day bed hold, Medicare uplevel) * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Emergencies and Crises/Addiction and Substance Abuse]] This is a difficult topic requiring coordination with nursing, admin and SS * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Emergencies and Crises/Family Crises]] Res family is often a source of conflict and bx issues for their res and others * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Emergencies and Crises/Death]] Death of a res has an impact on other res and the community; SS will play a part in helping res through this; details for disposing of dec'd belongings * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Emergencies and Crises/Elopement]] When a res disappears or leaves without notice, there are steps to take to cover SNF's responsibility; SS is an important part of the search and rescue team = Chapter 6: Contexts of Care = * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Context of Care/Business of Nursing Homes]] Knowing how the SNF runs its business will help SS make choices for the department and resources for res * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Context of Care/Resident Family Issues]] Issues with res family that do not rise to the level of crises can still cause issues and can be dealt with or managed * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Context of Care/Safe Discharges]] Res who leave the facility for non-financial reasons have a right to expect a d/c to a safe and appropriate level of care = Chapter 7 Psychopharmacology = * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Psychopharmacology/Classes of Psychopharm Medications]] Drugs come in various categories not always used for the s/s that they might appear to be designed for * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Psychopharmacology/Gradual Dose Reductions]] these are req'd by CMS and are complicated; SS may have to be aware or record changes in bx * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Psychopharmacology/Black Box Warnings]] Some Rxs are "off label" and need special monitoring by the team; nurses are key here * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Psychopharmacology/Side Effects]] Every drug has side-effects; good to know the major ones * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Psychopharmacology/Polypharmacy and Drug Interactions]] Drugs can interact with each other in good and bad ways; as eyes and ears for the PCP, it is good to know some * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Psychopharmacology/Overmedication]] This is easy to spot and nurses might be first to see it; be sure to know the signs * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Psychopharmacology/Abuse]] Cheeking meds and saving them is a tactic for abuse, selling or for a suicide plan; nurses will be the first line; but know what to look for = Chapter 8 Pathologies with Psychiatric Signs and Symptoms = * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Medical Psychiatric Pathologies/UTI]] This can cause delirium/hallucinations in older people * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Medical Psychiatric Pathologies/Delirium]] Caused by fevers, meds and other conditions it requires medical assessment but may appear like psychosis * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Medical Psychiatric Pathologies/Parkinson's Disease]] causes visual hallucinations in some res * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Medical Psychiatric Pathologies/Hepatic Encephalopathy]] liver condition that impacts brain function acting like delirium and / or dementia * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Medical Psychiatric Pathologies/Brain Tumors and TBIs]] depending on location of damage can affect emotions, thoughts, hallucinations, cause seizures and other issues * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Medical Psychiatric Pathologies/Dementia with Behaviors and/or Psychosis]] dementia can cause behavioral or psychotic episodes as part of the cognitive decline and brain damage that occurs * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Medical Psychiatric Pathologies/Huntington's Disease]] this disease affect physically strength and coordination but can also impact mental capacities causing hallucinations and delusions as well as distress == Chapter 9 Career Paths == * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Career Paths/License]] This job qualifies as supervisable work toward an LCSW. It also provides valuable experience for the Nursing Home Administrator license. * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Career Paths/Social Services Director]] First step up from Social Services staff member or Associate. * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Career Paths/Nursing Home Administrator]] * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Career Paths/Community Mental Health]] * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Career Paths/Medical Social Worker]] == Appendix: Resources and References == ===PsychPharm Aids=== * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Appendix/Beer's List]] List of recommended maximum doses of psychoactive meds for demented res (guideline) NIH Version of article: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3571677/ USC copy of pocket version: https://gwep.usc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/AGS-2023-BEERS-Pocket-PRINTABLE.pdf ===Certificate Programs=== * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Appendix/Foundational Competencies in Older Adult Mental Health]] This course is highly recommended as an overview of geriatric issues. It is on-line and offers CE or free non-CE participation. Non-CE participation still obtains the certificate. Colorado licensing does not require CEs. See Rush Medical School for more information or search for the above title in your favorite search engine. * [[Nursing Home Social Services Reference/Appendix/Non-Violent_Crisis_Intervention]] This course helps with intervening with behaviors that could lead to violence. __INDEX__ {{BookCat}} 1xj7c0lwrhtt5dfnhkugscp6pooavng 4 474688 4498399 4497639 2025-06-03T08:10:14Z ArchiverBot 1227662 Bot: Archiving 1 thread from [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General]] 4498399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk archive}} == Notice of change to [[MediaWiki:Common.js]] == I have added a snippet to [[MediaWiki:Common.js]] that allows users to load a script or stylesheet in the MediaWiki namespace by appending the <code>withJS</code> or <code>withCSS</code> parameter to a URL. See [[User:JJPMaster/sandbox]] for an example. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 10:33, 2 April 2025 (UTC) == Wikidata and Sister Projects: an online event == Hello everyone, I’m writing to announce an upcoming event called [[wikidata:Event:Wikidata_and_Sister_Projects|'''Wikidata and Sister Projects''']] that will be a mini online conference to highlight the different ways Wikidata can be connected and integrated with the other WM projects. We are currently looking for session ideas and speakers for our program and wanted to reach out in case there were any editors here that might have a cool idea for a session proposal. Sessions can be found on the [[wikidata:Event_talk:Wikidata_and_Sister_Projects|'''event discussion page''']]. As previously mentioned, we would like to showcase the relationship between Wikibooks and Wikidata, such as the storing of metadata and sitelinking between books and their respective Wikidata items. Do you have an idea for a session? We'd love to hear about it! The event is scheduled between '''May 29 - June 1st, 2025'''. If you have any questions about the event, would like more information or have a session idea to propose, please feel free to get in touch by replying to this post or writing on the event page or on my [[species:User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk page]]. Thanks for reading, - [[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|contribs]]) 07:45, 1 April 2025 (UTC) == Final proposed modifications to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter now posted == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The proposed modifications to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines]] and the U4C Charter [[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Proposed_Changes|are now on Meta-wiki for community notice]] in advance of the voting period. This final draft was developed from the previous two rounds of community review. Community members will be able to vote on these modifications starting on 17 April 2025. The vote will close on 1 May 2025, and results will be announced no later than 12 May 2025. The U4C election period, starting with a call for candidates, will open immediately following the announcement of the review results. More information will be posted on [[m:Special:MyLanguage//Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election|the wiki page for the election]] soon. Please be advised that this process will require more messages to be sent here over the next two months. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 02:04, 4 April 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28469465 --> by4id730e5votzhg28u9xkjxt4qvg1j 2 475038 4498356 2025-06-02T15:16:16Z Ladiesnerd007b 3501398 Created page with "I am a cool dude,more info is in the **name**" 4498356 wikitext text/x-wiki I am a cool dude,more info is in the **name** n7sxwz9rgnlunr8izonmqbwzgqbsub9 0 475039 4498357 2025-06-02T15:16:19Z JCrue 2226064 created page 4498357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= |Szén variation |eco=[[Chess/ECOB|B45]] |parent=[[../|Taimanov]] }} == 5. Nb5 · Szén variation == With '''5. Nb5''' White moves to exploit Black's dark square weaknesses. When Black played 2...e6, they left a hole on the d6 square. White has two attackers on d6 and Black only one defender, the bishop, so '''5...a6?''' allows 6. Nd6+ Bxd6 7. Qxd6 ∓. Black gets the bishop pair and their Queen is all up in White's business. The only way for White to add a defender to d6 is '''5...d6{{Chess/not|only}}''', allowing the black queen to see d6. White can then follow with 6. c4 or 6. Bf4. 6. Bf4 acts to provoke 6...e5, weaken the d5 square and leading the game into a Kalashnikov-style Sicilian, with Black's pawns on e5 and d6. The bishop then falls back to e3. 6. c4 is more common: White sets up the Maroczy bind structure to control d4 and taking over space. White will have to spend some tempo retreating their knight to somewhere safer, before or after it is kicked by a6. White chooses either knights on a3 and c3, or c3 and d2. ==Theory table== {{ChessMid}} ==References== {{reflist}} === See also === {{Wikipedia|Sicilian Defence}} *{{Cite book |title=The Sicilian Taimanov |last=Pavlidis |first=Antonios |publisher=Quality Chess UK |year=2019 |isbn=978 1 78483-058 8 |location=Glasgow}} {{BCO2}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} j70t9eobb1wjpm7jy02yahasvk07qzk 4498360 4498357 2025-06-02T16:30:44Z JCrue 2226064 /* 5. Nb5 · Szén variation */ 5...Nf6 4498360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= |Szén variation |eco=[[Chess/ECOB|B45]] |parent=[[../|Taimanov]] }} == 5. Nb5 · Szén variation == With '''5. Nb5''' White moves to exploit Black's dark square weaknesses. When Black played 2...e6, they left a hole on the d6 square. White has two attackers on d6 and Black only one defender, the bishop, so '''5...a6?''' allows 6. Nd6+ Bxd6 7. Qxd6 ∓. Black gets the bishop pair and their Queen is all up in White's business. The only way for White to add a defender to d6 is '''5...d6{{Chess/not|only}}''', allowing the black queen to see d6. White can then follow with 6. c4 or 6. Bf4. 6. Bf4 acts to provoke 6...e5, weaken the d5 square and leading the game into a Kalashnikov-style Sicilian, with Black's pawns on e5 and d6. The bishop then falls back to e3. 6. c4 is more common: White sets up the Maroczy bind structure to control d4 and taking over space. White will have to spend some tempo retreating their knight to somewhere safer, before or after it is kicked by a6. White chooses either knights on a3 and c3, or c3 and d2. '''5...Nf6''' is an alternative: Black postpones White playing Nd6 by threatening their e4 pawn. After 6. Nc3 to defend it, Black can then choose to play 7...d6 after all, or 7...Bb4, pinning the knight, instead, then 7. a3 Bxc3+ 8. Nxc3 d5. ==Theory table== {{ChessMid}} ==References== {{reflist}} === See also === {{Wikipedia|Sicilian Defence}} *{{Cite book |title=The Sicilian Taimanov |last=Pavlidis |first=Antonios |publisher=Quality Chess UK |year=2019 |isbn=978 1 78483-058 8 |location=Glasgow}} {{BCO2}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} oczbaswmu37au6g24ndxcq8ovuh3u63 2 475040 4498358 2025-06-02T16:06:18Z Wayezz 3503512 Created page with "Im a boy living in Bangladesh and I am very moral." 4498358 wikitext text/x-wiki Im a boy living in Bangladesh and I am very moral. lem5iopghi9jar0tb405samsxph8vtz