Wikibooks enwikibooks https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.24 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikibooks Wikibooks talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Cookbook Cookbook talk Transwiki Transwiki talk Wikijunior Wikijunior talk Subject Subject talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 5722 4632598 4222325 2026-04-26T19:00:36Z Nimmzo 999447 /* Blocks */ syntaxhighlight: +line +highlight +copy +comment 4632598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ruby Programming/TopNav|next=Installing Ruby}} Ruby is an [[w:Object-oriented programming|object-oriented]] [[w:Scripting programming language|scripting language]] originally developed by [[w:Yukihiro Matsumoto|Yukihiro Matsumoto]] (also known as Matz). The main website of the Ruby programming language is [http://www.ruby-lang.org/ ruby-lang.org]. Development began in February 1993 and the first alpha version of Ruby was released in December 1994. It was developed as an alternative to scripting languages like [[w:Perl|Perl]] and [[w:Python programming language|Python]].<ref name=oreilly-matz-interview>{{cite web | url=http://www.linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2001/11/29/ruby.html | title=An Interview with the Creator of Ruby | author=Bruce Stewart | date=November 29, 2001 | publisher=O'Reilly | accessdate=2006-09-11 }}</ref> Ruby borrows heavily from Perl and the class library is essentially an object-oriented reorganization of Perl's functionality. Ruby also borrows from [[w:Lisp|Lisp]] and [[w:Smalltalk|Smalltalk]]. While Ruby does not borrow many features from Python, reading the code for Python helped Matz develop Ruby.<ref name=oreilly-matz-interview/> [[w:macOS|MacOS]] comes with Ruby already installed. Most [[w:Linux|Linux]] distributions either come with Ruby preinstalled or allow you to easily install Ruby from the distribution's repository of [[w:free software|free software]]. You can also download and install Ruby on [[w:Microsoft Windows|Windows]]. The more technically adept can download the Ruby source code<ref name=ruby-download>{{cite web | url=http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads/ | title=Download Ruby | accessdate=2006-09-11}}</ref> and compile it for most [[w:operating system|operating systems]], including [[w:Unix|Unix]], [[w:DOS|DOS]], [[w:BeOS|BeOS]], [[w:OS/2|OS/2]], Windows, and Linux.<ref name=ruby-about>{{cite web | url=http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/about/ | title=About Ruby | accessdate=2006-09-11}}</ref> == Features == Ruby combines features from Perl, Smalltalk, [[w:Eiffel (programming language)|Eiffel]], [[w:Ada (programming language)|Ada]], Lisp, and Python.<ref name=ruby-about/> === Object Oriented === Ruby goes to great lengths to be a purely object oriented language. Every value in Ruby is an object, even the most primitive things: strings, numbers and even <tt>true</tt> and <tt>false</tt>. Every object has a ''class'' and every class has one ''superclass''. At the root of the class hierarchy is the class <tt>BasicObject</tt>, from which all other classes, including <tt>Object</tt>, inherit. Every class has a set of ''methods'' which can be called on objects of that class. Methods are always called on an object — there are no “class methods”, as there are in many other languages (though Ruby does a great job at faking them).{{Citation needed|date=March 2015}} Every object has a set of ''instance variables'' which hold the state of the object. Instance variables are created and accessed from within methods called on the object. Instance variables are completely private to an object. No other object can see them, not even other objects of the same class, or the class itself. All communication between Ruby objects happens through methods. === Mixins === In addition to classes, Ruby has ''modules''. A module has methods, just like a class, but it has no instances. Instead, a module can be included, or “mixed in,” to a class, which adds the methods of that module to the class. This is very much like inheritance but far more flexible because a class can include many different modules. By building individual features into separate modules, functionality can be combined in elaborate ways and code easily reused. Mix-ins help keep Ruby code free of complicated and restrictive class hierarchies. === Dynamic === Ruby is a very ''dynamic'' programming language. Ruby programs aren’t compiled, in the way that C or Java programs are. All of the class, module and method definitions in a program are built by the code when it is run. A program can also modify its own definitions while it’s running. Even the most primitive classes of the language like String and Integer can be opened up and extended. Rubyists call this ''monkey patching'' and it’s the kind of thing you can’t get away with in most other languages. Variables in Ruby are dynamically typed, which means that any variable can hold any type of object. When you call a method on an object, Ruby looks up the method by name alone — it doesn't care about the type of the object. This is called ''duck typing'' and it lets you make classes that can pretend to be other classes, just by implementing the same methods. === Singleton Classes === When I said that every Ruby object has a class, I lied. The truth is, every object has ''two'' classes: a “regular” class and a ''singleton class''. An object’s singleton class is a nameless class whose only instance is that object. Every object has its very own singleton class, created automatically along with the object. Singleton classes inherit from their object’s regular class and are initially empty, but you can open them up and add methods to them, which can then be called on the lone object belonging to them. This is Ruby’s secret trick to avoid “class methods” and keep its type system simple and elegant. === Metaprogramming === Ruby is so object oriented that even classes, modules and methods are themselves objects! Every class is an instance of the class <tt>Class</tt> and every module is an instance of the class <tt>Module</tt>. You can call their methods to learn about them or even modify them, while your program is running. That means that you can use Ruby code to generate classes and modules, a technique known as ''metaprogramming''. Used wisely, metaprogramming allows you to capture highly abstract design patterns in code and implement them as easily as calling a method. === Flexibility === In Ruby, everything is malleable. Methods can be added to existing classes without [[w:Subclass (computer science)|subclassing]], operators can be [[w:Operator overloading|overloaded]], and even the behavior of the standard library can be redefined at runtime. === Variables and scope === You do not need to declare variables or variable scope in Ruby. The name of the variable automatically determines its scope. * <tt>x</tt> is a local variable (or something other than a variable). * <tt>'''$'''x</tt> is a global variable. * <tt>'''@'''x</tt> is an instance variable. * <tt>'''@@'''x</tt> is a class variable. === Blocks === Blocks are one of Ruby’s most unique and most loved features. A block is a piece of code that can appear after a call to a method, like this: <syntaxhighlight lang="ruby" line highlight=2 copy> # The block takes two arguments named a and b laundry_list.sort do |a,b| # Returns a new array sorted by each item's color attribute (ascending). a.color <=> b.color # Uses the spaceship operator: -1, 0, or 1 when a.color is <, ==, or > b.color. end </syntaxhighlight> The block is everything between the <tt>do</tt> and the <tt>end</tt>. The code in the block is not evaluated right away, rather it is packaged into an object and passed to the <tt>sort</tt> method as an argument. That object can be called at any time, just like calling a method. The <tt>sort</tt> method calls the block whenever it needs to compare two values in the list. The block gives you a lot of control over how <tt>sort</tt> behaves. A block object, like any other object, can be stored in a variable, passed along to other methods, or even copied. Many programming languages support code objects like this. They’re called ''closures'' and they are a very powerful feature in any language, but they are typically underused because the code to create them tends to look ugly and unnatural. A Ruby block is simply a special, clean syntax for the common case of creating a closure and passing it to a method. This simple feature has inspired Rubyists to use closures extensively, in all sorts of creative new ways. === Advanced features === Ruby contains many advanced features. * [[w:Exception handling|Exceptions]] for error-handling. * A mark-and-sweep [[w:Garbage collection (computer science)|garbage collector]] instead of [[w:Reference counting|reference counting]]. * OS-independent [[w:Thread (computer science)|threading]], which allows you to write multi-threaded applications even on operating systems such as DOS. (this feature will disappear in [[w:YARV | 1.9]], which will use native threads) You can also write extensions to Ruby in [[w:C (programming language)|C]] or embed Ruby in other software. == References == <references/> [[de:Ruby-Programmierung: Einleitung]] [[fr:Programmation Ruby/Introduction]] [[nl:Programmeren in Ruby/Over]] [[pl:Ruby/Czym jest Ruby?]] [[ru:Ruby/Основные свойства Ruby]] [[zh:Ruby_Programming/Overview]] av7g4d3di6lp6xqhslensb6d4uewpfk 0 24143 4632564 4620934 2026-04-26T15:40:21Z Sbb1413 3208344 /* External Components */ 4632564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{How To Assemble A Desktop PC/Contents}} The first step to building a computer is acquiring the parts. This guide will start with a quick explanation of essential parts and elaborate on them further on. These are the parts that a standard PC will use. You might want to make a check list (perhaps using a spreadsheet) of parts to use as you go about your process of research and selection. That way you won’t find yourself sitting down with a pile of brand new hardware only to find that you forgot an essential component. ==The primary parts== ===Key Parts=== *'''[[w:Computer case|Case]]''' - The case houses and protects rest of the parts, and contains additional functions like button, front IO ports, and other features. *'''[[w:Power supply unit (computer)|Power Supply Unit]]'''/'''PSU''' – ''Power Supply Unit'', converts outlet power, which is alternating current (AC), to direct current (DC) which is required by internal components, as well as providing appropriate voltages and currents for these internal components. *'''[[w:Motherboard|Motherboard]]'''/'''mainboard''' – A board that facilitates communications between components and offers ports to connect them together. *'''[[w:Central processing unit|CPU]]''' – ''central processing unit'', the main processor of the computer. The CPU handles general and mathematically complicated tasks. *'''[[w:RAM|RAM]]''' – ''random access memory'', the "short-term memory" of a computer, used by the CPU to store program instructions and data upon which it is currently operating. Data in RAM is lost when the computer is powered off, thus necessitating a ''storage drive''. *'''[[w:Computer storage|Storage]]''' - either '''[[Wikipedia:HDD|HDD]]''' (Hard disk drive - noisy and slower of the two but less expensive) and/or '''[[Wikipedia:SSD|SSD]]''' (solid state drive. Quiet, very fast but not as cheap) – the "long-term memory" of the computer, used for persistent storage – i.e. the things stored on it remain even when the computer is powered down. The operating system, and all your programs and data are stored here, so if you choose SSD then the system will be faster. These days, SSDs have replaced HDDs for almost everything but certain long term, low use storage, the lowest-end laptops and desktops which flash storage is used on, even if you only need to surf the web, HDDs will not be good. Do '''not''' use an HDD to store your OS, HHDs are only useful for long-term, low use storage. OSes can be booted and use storage from inexpensive '''[[Wikipedia:USB Drive|USB Drives]]''', although this is only with extremely lightweight systems. === Optional Components=== Optional components follow: (Components that depend on the function that will be given to the machine) *'''[[w:Video Card|GPU]]'''/'''Graphics Card''' – does processing relating to video output. If you want to build a gaming PC, a good GPU is almost mandatory. Some processors have an integrated GPU built in so you don’t need (but may add) a separate video card. Otherwise, you will need a video card. These plug into a slot on the motherboard and provide ports to connect a monitor to your computer. *'''[[w:Optical Drive|Optical Drive]]''' – device for handling optical disks. May read CDs, DVDs, Blu-Rays or other optical media. Some drives are able to write optical media as well as read it. Nowadays optical drives are only useful if you commonly use optical discs or have a huge collection of them you plan on using, if you have an external optical drive, you won't need it. *'''[[w:Sound card|Sound hardware]]''' - Now integrated into motherboards, higher end sound hardware may be a good option for some users. *'''[[w:Capture card|Capture cards]]''' - Records the signal from an HDMI port inside of it, useful if you use content creation for gaming, or plan on plugging in media device or gaming console to watch on your screen. ===External Components=== On top of the internal components listed above, you will also need these external components: *'''[[w:Keyboard|Keyboard]]''' – for typing on. A good keyboard will increase your comfort, as well as make you a more productive typist. *'''[[w:Mouse|Mouse]]''' – for pointing and clicking. A comfortable mouse can significantly improve your experience. *'''[[w:Monitor|Monitor]]''' – Displays graphics from your computer. They come in many forms, one the most common being [[w:LCD|LCD]] and [[w:OLED|OLED]] displays. ==Planning the Build== Before you go on a shopping spree and start spending lots of money on expensive computer parts, there are some important questions you should answer which will guide your purchases: * What will be the main function of the computer? * What useful parts do you have on hand, from an old computer or otherwise? * How much can you afford to spend on the system? * Some functions benefit from certain components more then others. What components, if any, should you skimp on to afford better components elsewhere? * Do you want to upgrade your computer later, or will you be content with your build? == What operating system am I going to use? == Before you buy components, be sure that they are supported by the operating system you plan to use. Almost all commonly available PC devices have drivers (small programs that allow the operating system to recognize and work with a hardware device) available for current versions of Windows. If you want to run an alternative operating system, you'll have to do some research to make sure your hardware choice will be compatible. Many alternatives have extensive 'Hardware Compatibility Lists' (HCLs) as well as software compatibility. === Main operating systems available === * '''Microsoft Windows''' - [[w:Windows 11|Windows 11 (Home/Pro)]]. * '''Popular Linux Distros''' - [[w:Ubuntu|Ubuntu]], [[w:Linux Mint|Linux Mint]], [[w:OpenSUSE|OpenSUSE]], [[w:Fedora (operating system)|Fedora]], [[w:debian|Debian]], and others * '''Popular BSD Variants''' - [[w:FreeBSD|FreeBSD]], [[w:OpenBSD|OpenBSD]], [[w:NetBSD|NetBSD]], and others * '''ChromeOS Flex, FydeOS and Brunch Framework''': ChromeOS Flex is an OS built by Google that mainly works for just web apps, although it can run Debian apps via a VM. ChromeOS Flex does not support the Play Store or Android apps and does not allow complete control over the system by default. The brunch framework allows you to install real ChromeOS with Play Store support, although APK is not supported, as well as other Chromebook-specific features, but it is less stable than ChromeOS Flex. FydeOS is a ChromiumOS fork that allows you to run APK and Play Store apps, and not be owned by Google, but by another company, although it doesn't mean it's more private. ChromeOS's benefits are security and compatibility with the Google ecosystem. However it's downsides are not being able to run local programs other than web apps and Linux VM apps, which are slower than using real Linux, being incompatible with the Apple ecosystem almost entirely (this will become a problem for iOS users, especially if you use the stock apps or pay for iCloud), privacy concerns, no way of disabling auto-updates, and it's deleting of files and user data without consent due to low storage or security concerns, including Linux VM. On Brunch, the fact that the Play Store VM is always running and cannot be shut down in any way is another downside. * '''Android''' - You can use the latest Android 16 Baklava on your PC if it has an ARM processor. While not ideal for the desktop form factor, they are free and offer compatibility with Android's software library. A variety of Android-based operating systems exist for x86 computers. Bliss OS is the most updated one, running Android 13 Tiramisu as its latest version, although it is unknown if Bliss OS gets frequent security updates, making it non-recommended. Do not use Android-x86, as the latest version for the Android-x86 project is 9 Pie, which was released in 2018. * '''macOS''' - You can install the Intel version of macOS on non-Apple hardware, which is called "Hackintosh". Be warned that this is risky and takes more knowledge than other operating systems. Apple will no longer support macOS on Intel computers from macOS 27 onwards, with the last macOS version for Intel computers being macOS 26 Tahoe. === Windows information and hardware support lists === '''Microsoft Windows''' is a series of operating systems made by the Microsoft corporation. Thanks to its popularity and widespread support Windows is ideal for most personal computing and fits the needs or wants of just about anyone: gamers, video/graphics editors, office workers, or the average user who wants to surf the web and play a bit of solitaire. In general Windows supports most available consumer processors from AMD or Intel, as well as most internal and external devices, including Graphics Cards, Wi-Fi adapters, and specialty hardware. For general consumers, Windows comes in a few flavors: * Windows 11 Home is the basic version of Windows 11 and costs about $140, but purchases from bulk retailers can be as cheap as $50. * Windows 11 Pro is the more advanced version of Windows 11 and costs about $200. This version includes business-oriented features like drive encryption, better virtual machine support and a built-in remote desktop function. * Windows 11 Pro for Workstations provides support for workstation-class hardware such as motherboards with multiple processor sockets and costs $310. * You can install Windows 10 if you would like, however it isn't recommended since it will be discontinued on October 2025 (although there is a paid licence that extends consumer support to 2026) If you are a student you may be able to get a free version of Windows 11 through your school using Azure Dev Teaching (formerly Imagine Premium). Any Windows 7, 8, 8.1 or 10 product key can be used to activate a copy of Windows 11. This essentially gives you a free upgrade from an older version of Windows to the latest. If you already have an older Windows computer, use the NirSoft ProduKey utility found online. Microsoft maintains a list [https://partner.microsoft.com/en-us/dashboard/hardware/search/cpl|list of hardware] compatible with Windows. === Linux information and hardware support lists === As one of the most popular open-source (free) operating systems, '''GNU/Linux''' is a good alternative. Linux is a UNIX-like series of operating systems and comes in many different distributions, called "distros" for short. Popular distros of Linux intended for the desktop include [[w:Ubuntu|Ubuntu]], [[w:Debian|Debian]], [[w:Linux Mint|Linux Mint]], [[w:Fedora Linux|Fedora]], [[w:openSUSE|openSUSE]], [[w:MX Linux|MX Linux]], [[w:Elementary OS|Elementary OS]], [[wikipedia:KDE neon|KDE Neon]], and [[w:Arch Linux|Arch Linux]]. Linux has applications that can match most of the functionality of their proprietary alternatives. It should be noted, however, that many popular programs are not available for Linux, and the only way to run them is with special compatibility layers like [[w:Wine (software)|Wine]], which may or may not work with a specific program, or could only run with significant issues. Unlike Windows, drivers in Linux are usually included in the distro. This means different distributions will support different hardware (generally, more 'bleeding-edge' distributions will support newer hardware – look at Fedora, SUSE, or Arch Linux, compared to the latest stable release of Debian). A search online will normally establish compatibility; otherwise, a good rule of thumb to figure out compatibility is to buy hardware that is 12 to 18 months old, as it most likely has Linux support with most distributions, but won't be too old. Graphics Drivers on Linux are interesting. AMD GPUs typically work fine out of the box thanks to the manufacturer-backed open-source [[w:AMDGPU|AMDGPU driver]] project, where the community open-source [[w:nouveau (software)|nouveau]] project generally works well, but not to the same level as NVIDIA's proprietary drivers, which many distros do not include out of the box due to the licensing used by the driver. Intel Integrated Graphics typically works very well in Linux. === BSDs information and hardware support lists=== '''BSD''', or the '''Berkeley Software Distribution''', is also a UNIX-Like series of operating systems and could be considered the alternative to Linux. BSD is an open-source (free) operating system and has its own descendants, such as [[w:FreeBSD|FreeBSD]] and [[w:OpenBSD|OpenBSD]]. Unlike Linux, BSD tends not to support "new" hardware but can handle a lot of both older and modern components. BSD and Linux share a variety of applications supported on both operating systems. * DesktopBSD, see [http://www.freebsd.org/releases/5.4R/hardware-i386.html FreeBSD 5.4/i386] and [http://www.freebsd.org/releases/5.4R/hardware-amd64.html FreeBSD 5.4/amd64] * [http://wiki.dragonflybsd.org/index.php/Supported_Hardware Dragonfly BSD] * [http://www.freebsd.org/platforms/ FreeBSD] * [http://www.netbsd.org/Hardware/ NetBSD] * [http://www.openbsd.org/plat.html OpenBSD] * PC-BSD, see [http://www.freebsd.org/releases/6.0R/hardware-i386.html FreeBSD 6.0/i386] ===Hackintosh=== [[File:Hackintosh-780x495.jpg|thumb|A Hackintosh]] A [[w:Hackintosh|Hackintosh]] is a computer based on commodity hardware that runs [[w:macOS|macOS]]. This is '''extremely''' risky and could end in utter failure if it is not done properly. macOS is designed with Apple computers in mind, and trying to port it to a PC is risky and difficult. If you still want to attempt the same, read this. # You'll be violating the Apple EULA. # You should be using a comparable Intel CPU, which should've been used by Apple in one of their computers. Although 14th-gen Intel CPUs and 700-series motherboards are available, 10th-gen Intel CPUs and 400-series motherboards are the last components fully supported by macOS. # Newer Macs have moved away from x86 CPUs, and your configuration may not work in the future. Apple will no longer support macOS on Intel computers from macOS 27 onwards, with the last macOS version for Intel computers being macOS 26 Tahoe. # CPU choice and graphics also matter. Look up your CPU/GPU combination to see if it works. # You'll need to (mostly) get modified installers, as the official installers may block installation. # You'll need patience and tinkering with things if something goes wrong. An unsupported motherboard could even be destroyed by macOS. # Some features, such as Apple Intelligence, only work on Apple silicon Macs, so Hackintoshes cannot use these features. {| class="wikitable" |+List of supported GPUs (as of macOS Sequoia) !GPU !Supported? |- |HD 500 (6th gen Intel) or earlier |{{No|Not supported}} |- |HD 600 (7th gen Intel) |{{Yes|Supported}} |- |UHD 600 (8-10th gen Intel) |{{Yes|Supported}} |- |Intel G1-G7 (10th gen Intel) |{{Yes|Supported}} |- |11th gen Intel iGPUs and later |{{No|Not supported}} |- |Any Nvidia GPUs |{{No|Not supported}} |- |AMD Vega iGPUs (Zen 1-3) |{{Yes|Supported with patches}} |- |GCN GPUs (RX 200/300 series) and earlier |{{No|Not supported}} |- |Polaris GPUs (RX 400/500 series) |{{Yes|Supported}} |- |Vega GPUs |{{Yes|Supported}} |- |RDNA 1 GPUs (RX 5000 series) |{{Yes|Supported}} |- |RDNA 2 GPUs (RX 6000 series) |{{Yes|Most GPUs supported}} |- |RDNA 3 GPUs (RX 7000 series) |{{No|Not supported}} |} ===Other operating systems=== These options are not recommended for the average user, but are included for the sake of completeness. ====Haiku==== {{see also|wikipedia:Haiku}} Haiku is an operating system based on BeOS. Its main benefits are its specific focus on personal computing, and its cohesive interface. The main drawback is that its still somewhat "Beta", and can be unstable. Hardware support is iffy, too. If you really want to try Haiku, it's best to use a virtual machine or live USB, instead of installing directly onto your hardware. ====ReactOS==== {{see also|wikipedia:ReactOS}} ReactOS is an open-source reimplementation of Windows. Its main benefits are it being compatible with many Windows applications, and its interface being a clone of Windows 9x and 2000/ME. However, it has been in alpha for the last 20 years, has problems with newer hardware, and not all programs are compatible, especially new ones. == What will be the main function of the computer? == {{Warning| '''Caution to high-end buyers''': Higher-end Intel processors, specifically 13th and 14th generations (Raptor Lake) Intel Core i5, i7 and i9 processors may cause instability under load using the default motherboard settings. This is caused by degradation due to high elevated voltages. Intel released Intel Baseline Profile for these affected processors, which make these processors more stable under load, but loses about 10% performance. Therefore it is '''not recommended''' to buy these processors<ref>https://wccftech.com/only-5-out-of-10-core-i9-13900k-2-out-of-10-core-i9-14900k-cpus-stable-in-auto-profile-intel-board-partners-stability-issues/ - retrieved 2024-05-04</ref><ref>https://www.theverge.com/24216305/intel-13th-14th-gen-raptor-lake-cpu-crash-news-updates-patches-fixes-motherboards - retrieved 2024-10-30</ref> As of August 2024, a BIOS update for these affected processors has rolled out for the affected processors, which addresses the instability, though not guaranteed.<ref>https://www.theverge.com/24216305/intel-13th-14th-gen-raptor-lake-cpu-crash-news-updates-patches-fixes-motherboards#stream-entry-27a4766f-6754-4e46-97f8-626f1ac05933 - retrieved 2024-10-30</ref> Exceptions are 13/14th gen Core i3, which is basically recycled 12th gen Core i3, which hasn't caused instability and therefore are not affected. Arrow Lake (Core 200 series) CPUs are also unaffected. }} If you're going to build a computer from scratch for a specific purpose, you'll want to select each component with your use case in mind. Consider what you want to use the computer for, you may be able to save money by specifying expensive, premium parts only where needed. Any reasonably configured computer built from current components will offer adequate Internet browsing and word-processing capabilities. For an office computer, this is often all that is needed. As long as you provide enough RAM for your chosen operating system (4 GB at least), any processor you can buy new will provide acceptable performance. If the computer is for gaming, a fast processor and the addition of a high-end graphics card and extra RAM will provide a more satisfactory gaming experience. Besides gaming, computers intended for video editing, serious audio work, CAD/CAM, or animation will benefit from beefier components which are specifically designed for that purpose. Here are some general system categories. Your own needs will probably not fit neatly into one of these, but they are a good way to start thinking about what you are going to use your computer for. With each we’ve indicated the components you should emphasize when building the system and we've also included sample builds for each configuration, which you're free to modify it to fit your needs and budget. ===Simple web surfer=== To provide basic functionality to a user who just needs web surfing, a little word processing, and the occasional game of solitaire or Wordle, it’s best not to go overboard. Such a user has no need for a top of the line processor or 3D graphics card. A modestly configured system with an adequate Internet connection (DSL (5 Mbps) or better) will suit this user best and can be assembled quite cheaply. This usage pattern is not going to stress any particular component; you should be looking at a mid- to low-level processor (historically, and currently, at about the $150 price point or less) such as Core i3 or Ryzen 5, enough RAM for the OS and number of browser tabs (4 GB minimum, 8 GB recommended, 16 GB for lots of tabs), and a motherboard with built in Ethernet, video and audio. You can use a mid-level case/power supply combo (these components are often sold as a pair). If you have a little extra money, spend it on a better monitor, mouse/keyboard, and case/power supply in that order. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Typical PC build by budget ! style="background: #ddd;" rowspan=2 | PC level ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | Budget ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | PC case ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | Motherboard ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | CPU ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | CPU cooler ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | RAM ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | Graphics ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | Storage ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | Power supply ! style="background: #eee;" colspan=2 | Power consumption |- ! style="background: #eee;" | Idle ! style="background: #eee;" | Peak |- | style="background: #bbf;" | '''Ultra budget''' | style="background: #ddf;" | ~$250 | style="background: #ddf;" | Basic mini ITX case ($40) | style="background: #ddf;" | H610 DDR4 motherboard ($50) | style="background: #ddf;" | Intel Processor 300 ($80) | style="background: #ddf;" | Intel stock cooler (included) | style="background: #ddf;" | 8 GB DDR4-3200 CL16 (1 x 8 GB) ($20) | style="background: #ddf;" | UHD Graphics 710 (integrated) | style="background: #ddf;" | 240 GB SATA SSD ($20) | style="background: #ddf;" | 500 W Tier D power supply ($40) | style="background: #ddf;" | 8 W | style="background: #ddf;" | 83 W |- | style="background: #bdf;" | '''Extra budget''' | style="background: #def;" | ~$300 | style="background: #def;" | Basic mini ITX case ($40) | style="background: #def;" | A520 DDR4 motherboard ($50) | style="background: #def;" | AMD Ryzen 5 5600GT ($120) | style="background: #def;" | AMD Wraith Stealth (included) | style="background: #def;" | 8 GB DDR4-3200 CL16 (1 x 8 GB) ($20) | style="background: #def;" | AMD Radeon Vega 7 (integrated) | style="background: #def;" | 512 GB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($40) | style="background: #def;" | 500 W Tier D power supply ($40) | style="background: #def;" | 14 W | style="background: #def;" | 139 W |- | style="background: #bff;" | '''Entry-level''' | style="background: #dff;" | ~$400 | style="background: #dff;" | Basic micro ATX case ($60) | style="background: #dff;" | A520 DDR4 motherboard ($50) | style="background: #dff;" | AMD Ryzen 7 5700G ($180) | style="background: #dff;" | AMD Wraith Stealth (included) | style="background: #dff;" | 8 GB DDR4-3200 CL16 (1 x 8 GB) ($20) | style="background: #dff;" | AMD Radeon Vega 8 (integrated) | style="background: #dff;" | 512 GB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($40) | style="background: #dff;" | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70) | style="background: #dff;" | 14 W | style="background: #dff;" | 139 W |- | style="background: #bfd;" | '''Upper entry-level''' | style="background: #dfe;" | ~$500 | style="background: #dfe;" | Premium micro ATX case ($110) | style="background: #dfe;" | A520 DDR4 motherboard ($50) | style="background: #dfe;" | AMD Ryzen 7 5700G ($180) | style="background: #dfe;" | AMD Wraith Stealth (included) | style="background: #dfe;" | 16 GB DDR4-3600 CL18 (2 x 8 GB) ($40) | style="background: #dfe;" | AMD Radeon Vega 8 (integrated) | style="background: #dfe;" | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60) | style="background: #dfe;" | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70) | style="background: #dfe;" | 14 W | style="background: #dfe;" | 138 W |- | style="background: #bfb;" | '''Lower mid-range''' | style="background: #dfd;" | ~$600 | style="background: #dfd;" | Premium micro ATX case ($110) | style="background: #dfd;" | A620 DDR5 motherboard ($80) | style="background: #dfd;" | AMD Ryzen 5 8600G ($180) | style="background: #dfd;" | AMD Wraith Stealth (included) | style="background: #dfd;" | 16 GB DDR5-5200 CL40 (2 x 8 GB) ($60) | style="background: #dfd;" | AMD Radeon 760M (integrated) | style="background: #dfd;" | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60) | style="background: #dfd;" | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100) | style="background: #dfd;" | 14 W | style="background: #dfd;" | 140 W |} ===Office computer=== An office computer can be expected to do word processing, spreadsheet and database work, network access, e-mail and a little light development of spreadsheets, databases, and presentations. It might also be called on to do page layout work, some 2D graphic creation, and/or terminal emulation. None of this stresses any particular component either, but since office workers often run several applications at the same time, and because time is money in this space, a strong mid-level processor is suggested. Typically this would be the processor one or two places from the top of the line. Plenty of RAM will also facilitate multitasking and save time. You will not need much in the way of 3D graphics power so current generation integrated graphics solutions from both AMD and Intel are perfectly adequate for office tasks. You should be aware that they will appropriate a portion of the system RAM for video duties thus reducing the total amount of RAM available for the OS and other programs so play accordingly and increase the total system RAM amount to compensate. Choosing the fastest operating frequency RAM your motherboard and budget can support will positively improve the performance of integrated graphics. If you decide that you need a dedicated graphics card after all, opt for an inexpensive model. A sub $200 (for this and other prices in US dollars see [http://www.xe.com/ucc/ www.xe.com/ucc] or other currency converter of your choice for conversion into your local currency) video card with 4 GB of video RAM or more should be more than sufficient. However, do your research carefully because many inexpensive graphics cards actually have poorer performance than current generation integrated graphic solutions. You should pick a case which looks professional and compliments the look of your office as well as your role in your work. Your case should also be sturdy, to withstand being kicked under a desk or knocked by cleaning staff. You'll also want a no frills but reliable power supply that meets your needs and won't let you down in the middle of a busy workday. Any extra budget after the above should focus on a better monitor, better/more ergonomic mouse/keyboard and more RAM. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Typical PC build by budget ! style="background: #ddd;" rowspan=2 | PC level ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | Budget ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | PC case ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | Motherboard ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | CPU ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | CPU cooler ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | RAM ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | Graphics ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | Storage ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | Power supply ! style="background: #eee;" colspan=2 | Power consumption |- ! style="background: #eee;" | Idle ! style="background: #eee;" | Peak |- | style="background: #bff;" | '''Entry-level''' | style="background: #dff;" | ~$400 | style="background: #dff;" | Basic micro ATX case ($60) | style="background: #dff;" | A520 DDR4 motherboard ($50) | style="background: #dff;" | AMD Ryzen 7 5700G ($180) | style="background: #dff;" | AMD Wraith Stealth (included) | style="background: #dff;" | 8 GB DDR4-3200 CL16 (1 x 8 GB) ($20) | style="background: #dff;" | AMD Radeon Vega 8 (integrated) | style="background: #dff;" | 512 GB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($40) | style="background: #dff;" | 500 W Tier D power supply ($40) | style="background: #dff;" | 14 W | style="background: #dff;" | 144 W |- | style="background: #bfd;" | '''Upper entry-level''' | style="background: #dfe;" | ~$500 | style="background: #dfe;" | Basic micro ATX case ($60) | style="background: #dfe;" | A620 DDR5 motherboard ($70) | style="background: #dfe;" | AMD Ryzen 5 8600G ($200) | style="background: #dfe;" | AMD Wraith Stealth (included) | style="background: #dfe;" | 16 GB DDR5-5600 CL28 (2 x 8 GB) ($60) | style="background: #dfe;" | AMD Radeon 760M (integrated) | style="background: #dfe;" | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60) | style="background: #dfe;" | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70) | style="background: #dfe;" | 15 W | style="background: #dfe;" | 146 W |- | style="background: #bfb;" | '''Lower mid-range''' | style="background: #dfd;" | ~$600 | style="background: #dfd;" | Premium micro ATX case ($110) | style="background: #dfd;" | A620 DDR5 motherboard ($70) | style="background: #dfd;" | AMD Ryzen 5 8600G ($200) | style="background: #dfd;" | AMD Wraith Stealth (included) | style="background: #dfd;" | 16 GB DDR5-6400 CL32 (2 x 8 GB) ($80) | style="background: #dfd;" | AMD Radeon 760M (integrated) | style="background: #dfd;" | 1 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($70) | style="background: #dfd;" | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70) | style="background: #dfd;" | 15 W | style="background: #dfd;" | 146 W |- | style="background: #dfb;" | '''Mid-range''' | style="background: #efd;" | ~$800 | style="background: #efd;" | Premium micro ATX case ($110) | style="background: #efd;" | B650 DDR5 motherboard ($140) | style="background: #efd;" | AMD Ryzen 7 8700G ($300) | style="background: #efd;" | AMD Wraith Stealth (included) | style="background: #efd;" | 32 GB DDR5-7200 CL34 (2 x 16 GB) ($150) | style="background: #efd;" | AMD Radeon 780M (integrated) | style="background: #efd;" | 1 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($70) | style="background: #efd;" | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70) | style="background: #efd;" | 15 W | style="background: #efd;" | 150 W |- | style="background: #ffb;" | '''Upper mid-range''' | style="background: #ffd;" | ~$1000 | style="background: #ffd;" | Premium micro ATX case ($110) | style="background: #ffd;" | B650 DDR5 motherboard ($140) | style="background: #ffd;" | AMD Ryzen 7 8700G ($300) | style="background: #ffd;" | AMD Wraith Stealth (included) | style="background: #ffd;" | 32 GB DDR5-8400 CL40 (2 x 16 GB) ($230) | style="background: #ffd;" | AMD Radeon 780M (integrated) | style="background: #ffd;" | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130) | style="background: #ffd;" | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100) | style="background: #ffd;" | 15 W | style="background: #ffd;" | 150 W |- | style="background: #fdb;" | '''Lower high-end''' | style="background: #fed;" | ~$1200 | style="background: #fed;" | Premium micro ATX case ($110) | style="background: #fed;" | Z790 DDR5 motherboard ($240) | style="background: #fed;" | Intel Core i7-13700K ($330) | style="background: #fed;" | 240mm AIO cooler ($80) | style="background: #fed;" | 32 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (2 x 16 GB) ($110) | style="background: #fed;" | Nvidia GeForce RTX 3050 6 GB ($160) | style="background: #fed;" | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130) | style="background: #fed;" | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100) | style="background: #fed;" | 44 W | style="background: #fed;" | 443 W |- | style="background: #fbb;" | '''High-end''' | style="background: #fdd;" | ~$1500 | style="background: #fdd;" | Premium ATX case ($160) | style="background: #fdd;" | Z790 DDR5 motherboard ($240) | style="background: #fdd;" | Intel Core i7-14700K ($380) | style="background: #fdd;" | 360mm AIO cooler ($160) | style="background: #fdd;" | 32 GB DDR5-7200 CL34 (2 x 16 GB) ($150) | style="background: #fdd;" | Nvidia GeForce RTX 3050 8 GB ($200) | style="background: #fdd;" | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130) | style="background: #fdd;" | 850 W Tier A power supply ($120) | style="background: #fdd;" | 47 W | style="background: #fdd;" | 465 W |} ===Server=== A server these days can be anything from a home unit that shares media files, documents, and printers over a local network, to a machine running a business-critical system for a small business, to a 3U rack mount unit serving up millions of hits a day on the Internet. The thing that most servers have in common is that they are always on and therefore reliability is a key characteristic. Also they serve more than one user while storing and processing important information. For this reason servers are often equipped with redundant systems such as dual power supplies, RAID5/6 arrays of four or more hard disks, special server grade processors that require error-correcting memory, multiple high-speed Ethernet connections, etc. All of this is a little beyond the scope of the current work, but, in general, servers need lots of RAM, fast redundant hard drives, and the most reliable components your budget will allow. The CPU choice should be made in accordance with the use of the server. A simple print/fax server will do fine with a CPU stolen from a museum, whereas a server running a database and a front end for that, will work much better with a top of the line CPU. On the other end of the hardware list, since nobody is usually sitting at them, you can get away with the cheapest possible keyboard, mouse and monitor (in fact many servers run "headless" with no monitor at all). Graphics are also a very low priority on these machines, and a read only CD/DVD-ROM optical drive (used, infrequently, for installing software and updates) will do just fine. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Typical PC build by budget ! style="background: #ddd;" | PC level ! style="background: #eee;" | Budget ! style="background: #eee;" | PC case ! style="background: #eee;" | Motherboard ! style="background: #eee;" | CPU ! style="background: #eee;" | CPU cooler ! style="background: #eee;" | RAM ! style="background: #eee;" | Graphics ! style="background: #eee;" | Storage ! style="background: #eee;" | Power supply |- | style="background: #ffb;" | '''Upper mid-range''' | style="background: #ffd;" | ~$1000 | style="background: #ffd;" | Basic EATX case ($120) | style="background: #ffd;" | Entry-level SP3 DDR4 motherboard ($400) | style="background: #ffd;" | AMD Epyc 7252 ($250) | style="background: #ffd;" | Mid-range cooler ($40) | style="background: #ffd;" | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30) | style="background: #ffd;" | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40) | style="background: #ffd;" | 120 GB SATA SSD + 2 TB HDD (7200 rpm) ($60) | style="background: #ffd;" | 600 W Gold power supply ($140) |- | style="background: #fdb;" | '''Lower high-end''' | style="background: #fed;" | ~$1200 | style="background: #fed;" | Basic EATX case ($120) | style="background: #fed;" | Entry-level SP3 DDR4 motherboard ($400) | style="background: #fed;" | AMD Epyc 7282 ($350) | style="background: #fed;" | Mid-range cooler ($40) | style="background: #fed;" | 32 GB DDR4-3600 (2 x 16 GB) ($60) | style="background: #fed;" | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40) | style="background: #fed;" | 120 GB SATA SSD + 2 TB HDD (7200 rpm) ($60) | style="background: #fed;" | 650 W Gold power supply ($150) |- | style="background: #fbb;" | '''High-end''' | style="background: #fdd;" | ~$1500 | style="background: #fdd;" | Basic EATX case ($120) | style="background: #fdd;" | Entry-level SP3 DDR4 motherboard ($400) | style="background: #fdd;" | AMD Epyc 7302 ($420) | style="background: #fdd;" | Mid-range cooler ($40) | style="background: #fdd;" | 32 GB DDR4-3600 (2 x 16 GB) ($60) | style="background: #fdd;" | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40) | style="background: #fdd;" | 240 GB SATA SSD + 6 TB HDD (7200 rpm) ($150) | style="background: #fdd;" | 750 W Gold power supply ($190) |- | style="background: #fbd;" | '''Upper high-end''' | style="background: #fde;" | ~$2000 | style="background: #fde;" | Basic EATX case ($120) | style="background: #fde;" | Entry-level SP3 DDR4 motherboard ($400) | style="background: #fde;" | AMD Epyc 7313 ($680) | style="background: #fde;" | Mid-range cooler ($40) | style="background: #fde;" | 64 GB DDR4-3600 (2 x 32 GB) ($100) | style="background: #fde;" | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40) | style="background: #fde;" | 240 GB SATA SSD + 3 x 4 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($300) | style="background: #fde;" | 850 W Gold power supply ($230) |- | style="background: #fbf;" | '''Flagship''' | style="background: #fdf;" | ~$2500 | style="background: #fdf;" | Premium EATX case ($220) | style="background: #fdf;" | Entry-level SP5 DDR5 motherboard ($600) | style="background: #fdf;" | AMD Epyc 9124 ($1000) | style="background: #fdf;" | Mid-range cooler ($40) | style="background: #fdf;" | 64 GB DDR5-4800 (2 x 32 GB) ($150) | style="background: #fdf;" | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40) | style="background: #fdf;" | 240 GB SATA SSD + 3 x 4 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($300) | style="background: #fdf;" | 850 W Gold power supply ($230) |- | style="background: #dbf;" | '''True flagship''' | style="background: #edf;" | ~$3000 | style="background: #edf;" | Premium EATX case ($220) | style="background: #edf;" | Mid-range SP5 DDR5 motherboard ($1000) | style="background: #edf;" | AMD Epyc 9124 ($1000) | style="background: #edf;" | Mid-range cooler ($40) | style="background: #edf;" | 64 GB DDR5-5600 (2 x 32 GB) ($190) | style="background: #edf;" | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40) | style="background: #edf;" | 240 GB SATA SSD + 4 x 4 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($400) | style="background: #edf;" | 850 W Gold power supply ($230) |- | style="background: #bbd;" | '''Ultimate flagship''' | style="background: #dde;" | ~$4000 | style="background: #dde;" | Premium EATX case ($220) | style="background: #dde;" | Mid-range SP5 DDR5 motherboard ($1000) | style="background: #dde;" | AMD Epyc 9224 ($1800) | style="background: #dde;" | Premium liquid cooler ($180) | style="background: #dde;" | 128 GB DDR5-5600 (4 x 32 GB) ($380) | style="background: #dde;" | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40) | style="background: #dde;" | 240 GB SATA SSD + 4 x 4 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($400) | style="background: #dde;" | 1000 W Platinum power supply ($350) |- | style="background: #bdd;" | '''Ultimate flagship v2''' | style="background: #dee;" | ~$6000 | style="background: #dee;" | Premium EATX case ($220) | style="background: #dee;" | Mid-range SP5 DDR5 motherboard ($1000) | style="background: #dee;" | AMD Epyc 9354 ($3200) | style="background: #dee;" | Premium liquid cooler ($180) | style="background: #dee;" | 128 GB DDR5-6400 (4 x 32 GB) ($560) | style="background: #dee;" | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40) | style="background: #dee;" | 240 GB SATA SSD + 4 x 8 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($750) | style="background: #dee;" | 1000 W Platinum power supply ($350) |- | style="background: #bdb;" | '''Ultimate flagship v3''' | style="background: #ded;" | ~$10000 | style="background: #ded;" | Premium EATX case ($220) | style="background: #ded;" | High-end SP5 DDR5 motherboard ($2000) | style="background: #ded;" | AMD Epyc 9454 ($5000) | style="background: #ded;" | Premium liquid cooler ($180) | style="background: #ded;" | 256 GB DDR5-6400 (8 x 32 GB) ($1120) | style="background: #ded;" | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40) | style="background: #ded;" | 240 GB SATA SSD + 4 x 8 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($750) | style="background: #ded;" | 1000 W Platinum power supply ($350) |- | style="background: #ddb;" | '''Ultimate flagship v4''' | style="background: #eed;" | ~$20000 | style="background: #eed;" | Premium EATX case ($220) | style="background: #eed;" | High-end SP5 DDR5 motherboard ($2000) | style="background: #eed;" | AMD Epyc 9754 ($11000) | style="background: #eed;" | Premium liquid cooler ($180) | style="background: #eed;" | 512 GB DDR5-6400 (8 x 64 GB) ($2560) | style="background: #eed;" | Nvidia GeForce GT 1030 2 GB GDDR5 ($70) | style="background: #eed;" | 240 GB SATA SSD + 4 x 16 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($1400) | style="background: #eed;" | 1000 W Platinum power supply ($350) |- | style="background: #dbb;" | '''Ultimate flagship v5''' | style="background: #edd;" | ~$35000 | style="background: #edd;" | Premium EATX case ($220) | style="background: #edd;" | Dual socket SP5 DDR5 motherboard ($3000) | style="background: #edd;" | Dual AMD Epyc 9754 CPUs ($22000) | style="background: #edd;" | Premium liquid cooler ($180) | style="background: #edd;" | 768 GB DDR5-6400 (12 x 64 GB) ($3840) | style="background: #edd;" | Nvidia GeForce GT 1030 2 GB GDDR5 ($70) | style="background: #edd;" | 240 GB SATA SSD + 6 x 22 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($2800) | style="background: #edd;" | 1500 W Platinum power supply ($650) |} ===Gaming system=== [[File:Gaming PC-Setup - Astaroth- The Completed System.jpg|right|thumb|A gaming PC setup.]] We’re not talking here about the occasional game of solitaire or a secret late night Zuma obsession. We’re talking about cutting edge 3D gaming – first-person shooters or real-time strategy games with thousands of troops on the screen at the same time, with anisotropic filtering and anti-aliasing and mip-mapped specular reflections and a lot of other confusing terminology describing visual effects that will make anything less than a top-of-the-line system fall down on its knees and beg for mercy. ==== Gaming processors ==== A top of the range processor is not critical to gaming performance (though it does help)<ref>[https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/gaming/serious-gaming.html intel : serious-gaming]</ref>, but you will need at least a mid range one and plenty of RAM, as well as a motherboard to match, since the speed of the motherboard buses can limit high-end components. Please remember that if you plan on running the latest games in 4K, or even higher, on highest settings, or even with three monitors, you will need a high end processor. This will stop the chances of bottlenecking the GPU (Graphic Processing Unit) and not give you the gaming experience you want. The most important part will be the video card (or cards) with cutting edge GPUs. AMD, [[w:NVIDIA|NVIDIA]] and Intel have been competing for "king of the graphics card" honors for years and the competition is so keen that new cards running on new GPUs are released quite frequently. Note that increasing the resolution does not increase the CPU workload, only the GPU workload and VRAM usage will increase. Assume if you are running a game at 1080p High settings at 90fps with 80% CPU usage and 95% GPU usage, then increasing the resolution to 1440p decreases the fps to 60, but the CPU usage decreases to 60%. As a general rule, always buy the fastest GPU you can get with the CPU that will not be bottlenecked. ==== Audio hardware ==== Most motherboards have decent or good audio hardware already built in. For most gamers this is adequate, and saves money that can be spent on other components that impact gameplay experience more. A good sound card or external DAC or sound card can help drive high end headphones and other audiophile equipment. The DSPs (Digital Signal Processors) provided by this hardware can provide a higher end and cleaner audio experience. Currently [[w:Creative Labs|Creative Labs]] and ASUS Xonar are the leading brands, but again do your research (partly by reading on) and get the best audio solution for your needs. ==== Gaming PSUs ==== Finally all of these components are going to require a pretty hefty power supply. Generally a serious gaming rig will require at least a 750 watt supply; consumer units are available up to 2000 watts (2 Kilowatts) as anything higher on a single outlet is likely to trip a home circuit breaker. ==== VRAM usage ==== VRAM (short for video memory) is the memory in a GPU. Unlike system RAM, it cannot be upgraded by end users. The only way to add more VRAM is by buying a new GPU with more VRAM. VRAM is important, because VRAM usage on single-player AAA game releases since early 2023 like ''The Last of Us Part I'', ''Forspoken'' and ''Hogwarts Legacy'' can exceed 8 GB when running Ultra settings even at 1080p. Having too little VRAM can cause stutters when running these games at higher settings. You probably do not want to buy a GPU with less than 8 GB VRAM, like RTX 3050 6 GB and RX 6500 XT 4 GB. As a general rule, for 1080p, get a GPU with at least 8 GB VRAM, preferably 10 GB or more. At least 12 GB is ideal for 1440p gaming, and 16 GB for 4K and 1440p RT. For example, in 2020 an user bought a Nvidia GeForce RTX 3070 for $900 at that time (typical pricing due to GPU cryptocurrency mining crisis in 2020-22, $500 MSRP). It was a great GPU for running era-appropriate games like ''Cyberpunk 2077'' at 1440p. Fast forward to 2023 and the RTX 3070, with only 8GB VRAM, struggles to run ''The Last of Us Part I'' properly at 1440p due to VRAM limitations, requiring to drop resolution or texture detail down to get a playable experience. This also applies to RTX 3060 Ti, 3070 Ti and even 3080 10GB. Here are the recommendations: {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ Recommendations |- !Tier !1080p gaming !1440p gaming !240Hz 1440p gaming !4K gaming |- |VRAM |At least 8 GB used / 10 GB new |At least 12 GB |At least 12 GB |At least 16 GB |- |List of graphics cards | Used graphics cards that costs less than $200 *Nvidia GeForce RTX 2060 Super ''(used)'' ($140) *Nvidia GeForce RTX 2070 ''(used)'' ($150) *Nvidia GeForce RTX 2070 Super ''(used)'' ($170) *Nvidia GeForce RTX 2080 ''(used)'' ($190) *Nvidia GeForce RTX 2080 Super ''(used)'' ($200) *AMD Radeon RX 6700 ''(used)'' ($180) New graphics cards that costs less than $300 *Nvidia GeForce RTX 3060 12 GB ($300) *Intel Arc A770 16 GB ($270) *Intel Arc B570 ($220) | Graphics cards that costs less than $500 and have performance rating over 100 (baseline of RTX 3060 12 GB) *Nvidia GeForce RTX 3060 12 GB ($300) *Nvidia GeForce RTX 3080 12 GB ''(used)'' ($420) *Nvidia GeForce RTX 4060 Ti 16 GB ($460) *AMD Radeon RX 6700 XT ($310) *AMD Radeon RX 6750 XT ($320) *AMD Radeon RX 6800 ''used'' ($350) *AMD Radeon RX 6800 XT ''(used)'' ($390) *AMD Radeon RX 6900 XT ''(used)'' ($480) *AMD Radeon RX 7600 XT ($330) *AMD Radeon RX 7700 XT ($380) *AMD Radeon RX 7800 XT ($480) *Intel Arc A770 16 GB ($270) *Intel Arc B580 ($350) | Graphics cards that costs less than $800 and have performance rating over 160 *Nvidia GeForce RTX 3080 12 GB ''(used)'' ($420) *Nvidia GeForce RTX 3080 Ti ''(used)'' ($520) *Nvidia GeForce RTX 4070 ($600) *Nvidia GeForce RTX 4070 Super ($630) *Nvidia Titan RTX ''(used)'' ($640) *AMD Radeon RX 6800 ''used'' ($350) *AMD Radeon RX 6800 XT ''(used)'' ($390) *AMD Radeon RX 6900 XT ''(used)'' ($480) *AMD Radeon RX 6950 XT ''(used)'' ($520) *AMD Radeon RX 7700 XT ($380) *AMD Radeon RX 7800 XT ($480) *AMD Radeon RX 7900 GRE ($550) *AMD Radeon RX 7900 XT ($680) | Graphics cards that have performance rating over 200 *Nvidia GeForce RTX 3090 ''(used)'' ($850) *Nvidia GeForce RTX 3090 Ti ''(used)'' ($1150) *Nvidia GeForce RTX 4070 Ti Super ($850) *Nvidia GeForce RTX 4080 ($1100) *Nvidia GeForce RTX 4080 Super ($1200) *Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 ($2200) *Nvidia GeForce RTX 5080 ($2000) *Nvidia GeForce RTX 5090 ($4500) *AMD Radeon RX 6900 XT ''(used)'' ($480) *AMD Radeon RX 6950 XT ''(used)'' ($520) *AMD Radeon RX 7900 GRE ($550) *AMD Radeon RX 7900 XT ($680) *AMD Radeon RX 7900 XTX ($950) |} ==== Tying the gaming rig together ==== As you may have noticed, pretty much every component inside the computer needs to be top of the line; the same is true outside the case. You’ll want a big, high refresh rate monitor (at least 27” 120Hz), and a high sensitivity mouse. There are even gaming keyboards with the keys specially arranged, as well as joysticks, throttle controllers, driving wheels, etc. So, given that your budget is not bottomless, how do you prioritize? Well, the processor and video card are the components that will have the most effect on your gaming performance. Next comes the motherboard and RAM. One of the advantages to building your own computer is that you can get the components you can afford now and plan to upgrade them later. A note on cases for gaming rigs – it is not necessary to get a case with a side window that reveals glowing RGB fans and revolving animated heat-sinks. A well-built plain case will do just as well and let you spend more money on the components that matter. But if you have the cash, and that’s your taste, there are lots of flashy add-ons available these days. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Typical PC build by budget ! style="background: #ddd;" | PC level ! style="background: #eee;" | Budget ! style="background: #eee;" | PC case ! style="background: #eee;" | Motherboard ! style="background: #eee;" | CPU ! style="background: #eee;" | CPU cooler ! style="background: #eee;" | RAM ! style="background: #eee;" | Graphics ! style="background: #eee;" | Storage ! style="background: #eee;" | Power supply |- | style="background: #bfd;" | '''Upper entry-level''' | style="background: #dfe;" | ~$500 | style="background: #dfe;" | Basic micro ATX case with RGB ($70) | style="background: #dfe;" | B450 DDR4 motherboard ($60) | style="background: #dfe;" | AMD Ryzen 5 5500 ($90) | style="background: #dfe;" | AMD Wraith Stealth (included) | style="background: #dfe;" | 16 GB DDR4-3200 CL16 (2 x 8 GB) ($30) | style="background: #dfe;" | AMD Radeon RX 580 8 GB ($70) | style="background: #dfe;" | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60) | style="background: #dfe;" | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70) |- | style="background: #bfb;" | '''Lower mid-range''' | style="background: #dfd;" | ~$600 | style="background: #dfd;" | Basic micro ATX case with RGB ($70) | style="background: #dfd;" | B550 DDR4 motherboard ($90) | style="background: #dfd;" | AMD Ryzen 5 5500 ($90) | style="background: #dfd;" | AMD Wraith Stealth (included) | style="background: #dfd;" | 16 GB DDR4-3200 CL16 (2 x 8 GB) ($30) | style="background: #dfd;" | AMD Radeon RX 6600 8 GB ($190) | style="background: #dfd;" | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60) | style="background: #dfd;" | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70) |- | style="background: #dfb;" | '''Mid-range''' | style="background: #efd;" | ~$800 | style="background: #efd;" | Basic micro ATX case with RGB ($70) | style="background: #efd;" | B550 DDR4 motherboard ($90) | style="background: #efd;" | AMD Ryzen 5 5600 ($110) | style="background: #efd;" | AMD Wraith Stealth (included) | style="background: #efd;" | 32GB DDR4-3200 CL16 (2 x 16 GB) ($50) | style="background: #efd;" | AMD Radeon RX 7700 XT 12 GB ($360) | style="background: #efd;" | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60) | style="background: #efd;" | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100) |- | style="background: #ffb;" | '''Upper mid-range''' | style="background: #ffd;" | ~$1000 | style="background: #ffd;" | Basic ATX case with RGB ($90) | style="background: #ffd;" | B650 DDR5 motherboard ($140) | style="background: #ffd;" | AMD Ryzen 5 7600 ($200) | style="background: #ffd;" | AMD Wraith Stealth (included) | style="background: #ffd;" | 32 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (2 x 16 GB) ($90) | style="background: #ffd;" | AMD Radeon RX 7700 XT 12 GB ($360) | style="background: #ffd;" | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60) | style="background: #ffd;" | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100) |- | style="background: #fdb;" | '''Lower high-end''' | style="background: #fed;" | ~$1200 | style="background: #fed;" | Basic ATX case with RGB ($90) | style="background: #fed;" | B650 DDR5 motherboard ($140) | style="background: #fed;" | AMD Ryzen 5 7600 ($200) | style="background: #fed;" | AMD Wraith Stealth (included) | style="background: #fed;" | 32 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (2 x 16 GB) ($90) | style="background: #fed;" | AMD Radeon RX 7800 XT 16 GB ($450) | style="background: #fed;" | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60) | style="background: #fed;" | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100) |- | style="background: #fbb;" | '''High-end''' | style="background: #fdd;" | ~$1500 | style="background: #fdd;" | Premium ATX case with RGB ($180) | style="background: #fdd;" | B650 DDR5 motherboard ($140) | style="background: #fdd;" | AMD Ryzen 5 9600X ($250) | style="background: #fdd;" | Air tower cooler ($40) | style="background: #fdd;" | 32 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (2 x 16 GB) ($90) | style="background: #fdd;" | AMD Radeon RX 7900 GRE 16 GB ($520) | style="background: #fdd;" | 2 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($110) | style="background: #fdd;" | 850 W Tier A power supply ($120) |- | style="background: #fbd;" | '''Upper high-end''' | style="background: #fde;" | ~$2000 | style="background: #fde;" | Premium ATX case with RGB ($180) | style="background: #fde;" | X670E DDR5 motherboard ($250) | style="background: #fde;" | AMD Ryzen 7 7800X3D ($450) | style="background: #fde;" | 240mm AIO cooler ($80) | style="background: #fde;" | 32 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (2 x 16 GB) ($90) | style="background: #fde;" | AMD Radeon RX 7900 XT 20 GB ($650) | style="background: #fde;" | 2 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($110) | style="background: #fde;" | 850 W Tier A power supply ($120) |- | style="background: #fbf;" | '''Flagship''' | style="background: #fdf;" | ~$2500 | style="background: #fdf;" | Premium ATX case with RGB ($180) | style="background: #fdf;" | X670E DDR5 motherboard ($250) | style="background: #fdf;" | AMD Ryzen 7 7800X3D ($450) | style="background: #fdf;" | 240mm AIO cooler ($80) | style="background: #fdf;" | 32 GB DDR5-6400 CL32 (2 x 16 GB) ($110) | style="background: #fdf;" | AMD Radeon RX 7900 XTX 24 GB ($850) | style="background: #fdf;" | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130) | style="background: #fdf;" | 1000 W Tier A power supply ($150) |- | style="background: #dbf;" | '''True flagship''' | style="background: #edf;" | ~$3000 | style="background: #edf;" | Premium ATX case with RGB ($180) | style="background: #edf;" | X670E DDR5 motherboard ($250) | style="background: #edf;" | AMD Ryzen 7 7800X3D ($450) | style="background: #edf;" | 240mm AIO cooler ($80) | style="background: #edf;" | 48 GB DDR5-6200 CL36 (2 x 24 GB) ($160) | style="background: #edf;" | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 24 GB ($1800) | style="background: #edf;" | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130) | style="background: #edf;" | 1000 W Tier A power supply ($150) |- | style="background: #bbd;" | '''Ultimate flagship''' | style="background: #dde;" | ~$4000 | style="background: #dde;" | Premium ATX case with RGB ($180) | style="background: #dde;" | X670E DDR5 motherboard ($250) | style="background: #dde;" | AMD Ryzen 9 7950X3D ($600) | style="background: #dde;" | 360mm AIO cooler ($160) | style="background: #dde;" | 64 GB DDR5-6400 CL32 (2 x 32 GB) ($210) | style="background: #dde;" | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 24 GB ($1800) | style="background: #dde;" | 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($280) | style="background: #dde;" | 1500 W Tier A power supply ($280) |} === Entertainment system/media center === This is a computer designed to sit in the living room with the rest of your A/V gear. The idea is that it will record and serve audio and video files for replay via your existing television and stereo. The current notion is that this computer should be built in a special case that makes it look more like a stereo component, the size of which can present a challenge when it comes to getting all the necessary parts fitted. For this system a mid-range processor will be fine, along with a generous amount of RAM. A gigabit or better Ethernet connection will facilitate sharing large files. You’ll also want a TV tuner card (or two) to get video in and out of the machine. Many of these also provide [[w:digital video recorder|DVR]] (digital video recorder) functionality, often without the monthly subscription fees and [[w:digital rights management|DRM]] (digital rights management) restrictions required by companies like Netflix. A wireless keyboard and mouse provide for couch-based use and a separate monitor may be unnecessary as your TV will fill that role. All components should be as quiet as possible since you'll likely be watching/listening in the same room. For this application it makes sense to trade a little power for passively-cooled (without fans) parts. Following this logic, one may consider fan-less CPUs and mainboards. You may also want an IR receiver to let you use your existing remote control as media buttons. Additionally, this is one of the only reasons you may want to consider an optical disc drive, other than for retrocomputing and retro gaming. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Typical PC build by budget ! style="background: #ddd;" rowspan=2 | PC level ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | Budget ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | PC case ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | Motherboard ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | CPU ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | CPU cooler ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | RAM ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | Graphics / video card ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | Storage ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | Power supply ! style="background: #eee;" colspan=2 | Power consumption |- ! style="background: #eee;" | Idle ! style="background: #eee;" | Peak |- | style="background: #bff;" | '''Entry-level''' | style="background: #dff;" | ~$400 | style="background: #dff;" | Basic mini ITX case ($40) | style="background: #dff;" | H610 DDR4 motherboard ($50) | style="background: #dff;" | Intel Core i5-12400T ($150) | style="background: #dff;" | Intel stock cooler (included) | style="background: #dff;" | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30) | style="background: #dff;" | UHD Graphics 730 (integrated)<br>Entry-level TV tuner card ($50) | style="background: #dff;" | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($50) | style="background: #dff;" | 450 W Plus power supply ($40) | style="background: #dff;" | 14 W | style="background: #dff;" | 141 W |- | style="background: #bfd;" | '''Upper entry-level''' | style="background: #dfe;" | ~$500 | style="background: #dfe;" | Basic mini ITX case ($40) | style="background: #dfe;" | H610 DDR4 motherboard ($50) | style="background: #dfe;" | Intel Core i5-13400T ($200) | style="background: #dfe;" | Intel stock cooler (included) | style="background: #dfe;" | 16 GB DDR4-3600 (2 x 8 GB) ($35) | style="background: #dfe;" | UHD Graphics 730 (integrated)<br>Entry-level TV tuner card ($50) | style="background: #dfe;" | 1 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($80) | style="background: #dfe;" | 500 W Plus power supply ($50) | style="background: #dfe;" | 15 W | style="background: #dfe;" | 150 W |- | style="background: #bfb;" | '''Lower mid-range''' | style="background: #dfd;" | ~$600 | style="background: #dfd;" | Basic mini ITX case ($40) | style="background: #dfd;" | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($90) | style="background: #dfd;" | Intel Core i5-13500T ($250) | style="background: #dfd;" | Intel stock cooler (included) | style="background: #dfd;" | 16 GB DDR4-3600 (2 x 8 GB) ($35) | style="background: #dfd;" | UHD Graphics 770 (integrated)<br>Entry-level TV tuner card ($50) | style="background: #dfd;" | 1 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($80) | style="background: #dfd;" | 500 W Bronze power supply ($70) | style="background: #dfd;" | 16 W | style="background: #dfd;" | 160 W |- | style="background: #dfb;" | '''Mid-range''' | style="background: #efd;" | ~$800 | style="background: #efd;" | Premium mini ITX case ($80) | style="background: #efd;" | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($90) | style="background: #efd;" | Intel Core i5-13500T ($250) | style="background: #efd;" | Intel stock cooler (included) | style="background: #efd;" | 32 GB DDR4-3600 (2 x 16 GB) ($60) | style="background: #efd;" | UHD Graphics 770 (integrated)<br>Mid-range TV tuner card ($100) | style="background: #efd;" | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130) | style="background: #efd;" | 500 W Bronze power supply ($70) | style="background: #efd;" | 17 W | style="background: #efd;" | 165 W |- | style="background: #ffb;" | '''Upper mid-range''' | style="background: #ffd;" | ~$1000 | style="background: #ffd;" | Premium mini ITX case ($80) | style="background: #ffd;" | B760 DDR5 motherboard ($140) | style="background: #ffd;" | Intel Core i7-13700T ($380) | style="background: #ffd;" | Intel stock cooler (included) | style="background: #ffd;" | 32 GB DDR5-4800 (2 x 16 GB) ($80) | style="background: #ffd;" | UHD Graphics 770 (integrated)<br>Mid-range TV tuner card ($100) | style="background: #ffd;" | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130) | style="background: #ffd;" | 500 W Bronze power supply ($70) | style="background: #ffd;" | 18 W | style="background: #ffd;" | 177 W |- | style="background: #fdb;" | '''Lower high-end''' | style="background: #fed;" | ~$1200 | style="background: #fed;" | Premium mini ITX case ($80) | style="background: #fed;" | B760 DDR5 motherboard ($140) | style="background: #fed;" | Intel Core i7-13700T ($380) | style="background: #fed;" | Intel stock cooler (included) | style="background: #fed;" | 32 GB DDR5-5600 (2 x 16 GB) ($100) | style="background: #fed;" | UHD Graphics 770 (integrated)<br>High-end TV tuner card ($180) | style="background: #fed;" | 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($250) | style="background: #fed;" | 500 W Bronze power supply ($70) | style="background: #fed;" | 18 W | style="background: #fed;" | 177 W |- | style="background: #fbb;" | '''High-end''' | style="background: #fdd;" | ~$1500 | style="background: #fdd;" | Premium mini ITX case ($80) | style="background: #fdd;" | B760 DDR5 motherboard ($140) | style="background: #fdd;" | Intel Core i7-13700T ($380) | style="background: #fdd;" | Intel stock cooler (included) | style="background: #fdd;" | 32 GB DDR5-6400 (2 x 16 GB) ($150) | style="background: #fdd;" | UHD Graphics 770 (integrated)<br>Dual high-end TV tuner cards ($360) | style="background: #fdd;" | 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($250) | style="background: #fdd;" | 500 W Bronze power supply ($70) | style="background: #fdd;" | 20 W | style="background: #fdd;" | 197 W |} ===Workstation=== {{Info|Workstation builds are for professionals who will fully leverage the features offered. You don't need a workstation for casual or even professional video editing, music production, CAD, programming, etc. Amateurs, hobbyists, and small businesses can save quite a bit of money by simply running workstation applications on consumer class hardware. In many cases a high end gaming PC will provide equivalent performance at a fraction of the cost of a workstation. For these users, simply adding the peripherals used by specific workstation setups can effectively turn their normal computers into a sort of psuedo-workstation.}} A workstation was originally a single-user computer with more muscle than a PC intended to support a demanding technical application, like CAD or complicated array-based simulations of real world phenomena. Once the domain of cutting edge computer companies, this category has experienced a rebirth as high performance and reliable PCs for professional use. Unlike a gaming PC, reliability becomes much more important - Time is money after all. For any of the following uses, you will want * A solid and reliable power supply * A processor and motherboard platform that supports [[wikipedia:ECC_memory|ECC memory]]. * Lots of ECC memory more reliability. * A 64 bit version of the OS to take full advantage of the extra ram and software features used by many workstation programs. * A GPU that can run desired applications on multiple high resolution displays. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Typical PC build by budget ! style="background: #ddd;" | PC level ! style="background: #eee;" | Budget ! style="background: #eee;" | PC case ! style="background: #eee;" | Motherboard ! style="background: #eee;" | CPU ! style="background: #eee;" | CPU cooler ! style="background: #eee;" | RAM ! style="background: #eee;" | Graphics ! style="background: #eee;" | Storage ! style="background: #eee;" | Power supply |- | style="background: #dfb;" | '''Mid-range''' | style="background: #efd;" | ~$800 | style="background: #efd;" | Basic micro ATX case ($60) | style="background: #efd;" | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100) | style="background: #efd;" | Intel Core i5-12600K ($160) | style="background: #efd;" | Air tower cooler ($40) | style="background: #efd;" | 16 GB DDR4-3600 CL16 (2 x 8 GB) ($40) | style="background: #efd;" | Nvidia RTX A1000 8 GB ($300) | style="background: #efd;" | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60) | style="background: #efd;" | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70) |- | style="background: #ffb;" | '''Upper mid-range''' | style="background: #ffd;" | ~$1000 | style="background: #ffd;" | Basic micro ATX case ($60) | style="background: #ffd;" | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100) | style="background: #ffd;" | Intel Core i5-13600K ($250) | style="background: #ffd;" | Air tower cooler ($40) | style="background: #ffd;" | 16 GB DDR4-3600 CL16 (2 x 8 GB) ($40) | style="background: #ffd;" | Nvidia RTX A2000 6 GB ($400) | style="background: #ffd;" | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60) | style="background: #ffd;" | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70) |- | style="background: #fdb;" | '''Lower high-end''' | style="background: #fed;" | ~$1200 | style="background: #fed;" | Basic micro ATX case ($60) | style="background: #fed;" | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100) | style="background: #fed;" | Intel Core i5-13600K ($250) | style="background: #fed;" | Air tower cooler ($40) | style="background: #fed;" | 32 GB DDR4-3600 CL16 (2 x 16 GB) ($70) | style="background: #fed;" | Nvidia RTX A2000 12 GB ($500) | style="background: #fed;" | 1 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($70) | style="background: #fed;" | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100) |- | style="background: #fbb;" | '''High-end''' | style="background: #fdd;" | ~$1500 | style="background: #fdd;" | Basic micro ATX case ($60) | style="background: #fdd;" | B760 DDR5 motherboard ($140) | style="background: #fdd;" | Intel Core i7-13700K ($330) | style="background: #fdd;" | 240mm AIO cooler ($80) | style="background: #fdd;" | 32 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (2 x 16 GB) ($110) | style="background: #fdd;" | Nvidia RTX 2000 Ada 16 GB ($650) | style="background: #fdd;" | 1 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($70) | style="background: #fdd;" | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100) |- | style="background: #fbd;" | '''Upper high-end''' | style="background: #fde;" | ~$2000 | style="background: #fde;" | Premium ATX case ($160) | style="background: #fde;" | Z790 DDR5 motherboard ($240) | style="background: #fde;" | Intel Core i7-14700K ($380) | style="background: #fde;" | 240mm AIO cooler ($80) | style="background: #fde;" | 32 GB DDR5-6400 CL32 (2 x 16 GB) ($120) | style="background: #fde;" | Nvidia RTX 2000 Ada 16 GB ($650) | style="background: #fde;" | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130) | style="background: #fde;" | 850 W Tier A power supply ($120) |- | style="background: #fbf;" | '''Flagship''' | style="background: #fdf;" | ~$2500 | style="background: #fdf;" | Premium ATX case ($160) | style="background: #fdf;" | Z790 DDR5 motherboard ($240) | style="background: #fdf;" | Intel Core i7-14700K ($380) | style="background: #fdf;" | 240mm AIO cooler ($80) | style="background: #fdf;" | 48 GB DDR5-7200 CL34 (2 x 24 GB) ($200) | style="background: #fdf;" | Nvidia RTX 4000 Ada 20 GB ($1200) | style="background: #fdf;" | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130) | style="background: #fdf;" | 850 W Tier A power supply ($120) |- | style="background: #dbf;" | '''True flagship''' | style="background: #edf;" | ~$3000 | style="background: #edf;" | Premium ATX case ($160) | style="background: #edf;" | Z790 DDR5 motherboard ($240) | style="background: #edf;" | Intel Core i7-14700K ($380) | style="background: #edf;" | 360mm AIO cooler ($160) | style="background: #edf;" | 64 GB DDR5-7200 CL34 (2 x 32 GB) ($250) | style="background: #edf;" | Nvidia RTX 4000 Ada 20 GB ($1200) | style="background: #edf;" | 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($250) | style="background: #edf;" | 1000 W Tier A power supply ($150) |- | style="background: #bbd;" | '''Ultimate flagship''' | style="background: #dde;" | ~$4000 | style="background: #dde;" | Premium ATX case ($160) | style="background: #dde;" | X670E DDR5 motherboard ($250) | style="background: #dde;" | AMD Ryzen 9 7950X ($480) | style="background: #dde;" | 360mm AIO cooler ($160) | style="background: #dde;" | 96 GB DDR5-6400 CL36 (2 x 48 GB) ($350) | style="background: #dde;" | Nvidia RTX 4500 Ada 24 GB ($2200) | style="background: #dde;" | 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($250) | style="background: #dde;" | 1000 W Tier A power supply ($150) |- | style="background: #bdd;" | '''Ultimate flagship v2''' | style="background: #dee;" | ~$6000 | style="background: #dee;" | Premium ATX case ($160) | style="background: #dee;" | TRX50 DDR5 motherboard ($900) | style="background: #dee;" | AMD Ryzen Threadripper 7960X ($1200) | style="background: #dee;" | Workstation-specific cooler ($250) | style="background: #dee;" | 192 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (4 x 48 GB) ($600) | style="background: #dee;" | Nvidia RTX 4500 Ada 24 GB ($2200) | style="background: #dee;" | 2 x 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD RAID0 array ($500) | style="background: #dee;" | 1200 W Tier A power supply ($200) |- | style="background: #bdb;" | '''Ultimate flagship v3''' | style="background: #ded;" | ~$10000 | style="background: #ded;" | Premium ATX case ($160) | style="background: #ded;" | TRX50 DDR5 motherboard ($900) | style="background: #ded;" | AMD Ryzen Threadripper 7970X ($2400) | style="background: #ded;" | Workstation-specific cooler ($250) | style="background: #ded;" | 384 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (8 x 48 GB) ($1200) | style="background: #ded;" | Nvidia RTX 6000 Ada 48 GB ($6500) | style="background: #ded;" | 4 x 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD RAID0 array ($1000) | style="background: #ded;" | 1500 W Tier A power supply ($280) |- | style="background: #ddb;" | '''Ultimate flagship v4''' | style="background: #eed;" | ~$20000 | style="background: #eed;" | Premium ATX case ($160) | style="background: #eed;" | TRX50 DDR5 motherboard ($900) | style="background: #eed;" | AMD Ryzen Threadripper 7980X ($4700) | style="background: #eed;" | Workstation-specific cooler ($250) | style="background: #eed;" | 512 GB DDR5-6400 CL32 (8 x 64 GB) ($2000) | style="background: #eed;" | Dual Nvidia RTX 6000 Ada 48 GB GPUs (96 GB total) ($13000) | style="background: #eed;" | 4 x 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD RAID0 array ($1000) | style="background: #eed;" | 2000 W Tier A power supply ($500) |} ====Video editing==== Big and fast storage drives are key. Solid State Drives in RAID0 as working space with multiple multi Terabyte or larger drives for storage is a good target. A large amount of memory would be beneficial, as would a fast CPU, with many cores/threads, especially if you intend to render effects or wish to quickly transcode video. Most editing and transcoding programs utilize some form of GPU acceleration (primarily OpenCL and/or CUDA), where the graphics processor is used, along with the CPU, to perform many calculations at the same time, greatly reducing processing time, compared to CPU-only processing. ====Music production==== Plenty of disk space and RAM is important, but a music production (recording and mixing) workstation is chiefly distinguished by specialized external components – studio reference monitors instead of normal speakers, mixing consoles, microphones, etc. Even the acoustics of the room your computer is in becomes an important factor. If you want to record external sources, like vocals or instruments, you'll need an audio interface which allows you to plug mics or instruments into your computer. Computers meant to be installed near live recordings often use near or totally silent cooling solutions. Audio interfaces allow anything from a single microphone or instrument on up to pro level systems that have 32 or more simultaneous inputs. These separate inputs will allow you to record each one as a separate track in your DAW. Most use Steinberg's ASIO interface (a software driver that connects your hardware to your DAW software). If you don't wish to invest in anything other than the onboard sound card your computer comes with, consider ASIO4All, a free driver that imitates the ASIO framework for almost any sound card. One piece of advice, if you have extra money, get better microphones - even if you have to trade the Bluesmobile. ====CAD/CAM==== ('''C'''omputer '''A'''ssisted '''D'''esign / '''C'''omputer '''A'''ided '''M'''anufacturing) A CAD/CAM workstation is usually a machine that runs a single, very intense, application. These machines often utilize specialized video hardware, like the [[w:Nvidia Quadro|Nvidia Quadro]] and[[w:Radeon Pro|AMD Radeon Pro]] series of GPUs, which are designed specifically for CAD/CAM rendering. Since these machines are usually devoted to a single, expensive, application it's especially important to pay close attention to the requirements of that application. Spec the hardware to support the software - always a good idea but especially important here. Some examples of this specialized software are [[w:Autodesk 3ds Max|Autodesk 3ds Max]], [[w:Autodesk Maya|Autodesk Maya]], [[w:AutoCAD|AutoCAD]], [[w:Cinema 4D|Cinema 4D]] and [[w:Maxwell Render|Maxwell Render]] amongst [[w:Comparison of computer-aided design editors|many others]]. === Mining rig === A mining rig is a computer designed to mine cryptocurrency with the use of multiple high-end GPUs. Graphics cards are the most important for mining. You should get a case and motherboard that are specifically designed for multiple graphics cards. To supply all of power to the components, you will need a Gold or better power supply capable of supplying lots of power. CPU, RAM and storage are the lowest priorities. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Typical PC build by budget ! style="background: #ddd;" | PC level ! style="background: #eee;" | Budget ! style="background: #eee;" | PC case ! style="background: #eee;" | Motherboard ! style="background: #eee;" | CPU ! style="background: #eee;" | CPU cooler ! style="background: #eee;" | RAM ! style="background: #eee;" | Graphics ! style="background: #eee;" | Storage ! style="background: #eee;" | Power supply |- | style="background: #dfb;" | '''Mid-range''' | style="background: #efd;" | ~$800 | style="background: #efd;" | Basic ATX case ($80) | style="background: #efd;" | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100) | style="background: #efd;" | Intel Celeron G6900 ($50) | style="background: #efd;" | Intel stock cooler (included) | style="background: #efd;" | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30) | style="background: #efd;" | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4060 Ti 8 GB ($400) | style="background: #efd;" | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15) | style="background: #efd;" | 600 W Gold power supply ($140) |- | style="background: #ffb;" | '''Upper mid-range''' | style="background: #ffd;" | ~$1000 | style="background: #ffd;" | Basic ATX case ($80) | style="background: #ffd;" | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100) | style="background: #ffd;" | Intel Celeron G6900 ($50) | style="background: #ffd;" | Intel stock cooler (included) | style="background: #ffd;" | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30) | style="background: #ffd;" | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4070 12 GB ($600) | style="background: #ffd;" | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15) | style="background: #ffd;" | 650 W Gold power supply ($150) |- | style="background: #fdb;" | '''Lower high-end''' | style="background: #fed;" | ~$1200 | style="background: #fed;" | Basic ATX case ($80) | style="background: #fed;" | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100) | style="background: #fed;" | Intel Celeron G6900 ($50) | style="background: #fed;" | Intel stock cooler (included) | style="background: #fed;" | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30) | style="background: #fed;" | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4070 Ti 12 GB ($800) | style="background: #fed;" | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15) | style="background: #fed;" | 750 W Gold power supply ($190) |- | style="background: #fbb;" | '''High-end''' | style="background: #fdd;" | ~$1500 | style="background: #fdd;" | Basic ATX case ($80) | style="background: #fdd;" | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100) | style="background: #fdd;" | Intel Celeron G6900 ($50) | style="background: #fdd;" | Intel stock cooler (included) | style="background: #fdd;" | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30) | style="background: #fdd;" | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4080 16 GB ($1150) | style="background: #fdd;" | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15) | style="background: #fdd;" | 850 W Gold power supply ($230) |- | style="background: #fbd;" | '''Upper high-end''' | style="background: #fde;" | ~$2000 | style="background: #fde;" | Basic ATX case ($80) | style="background: #fde;" | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100) | style="background: #fde;" | Intel Celeron G6900 ($50) | style="background: #fde;" | Intel stock cooler (included) | style="background: #fde;" | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30) | style="background: #fde;" | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 24 GB ($1600) | style="background: #fde;" | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15) | style="background: #fde;" | 1000 W Gold power supply ($280) |- | style="background: #fbf;" | '''Flagship''' | style="background: #fdf;" | ~$2500 | style="background: #fdf;" | Premium ATX case ($160) | style="background: #fdf;" | B760 DDR5 motherboard ($140) | style="background: #fdf;" | Intel Celeron G6900 ($50) | style="background: #fdf;" | Intel stock cooler (included) | style="background: #fdf;" | 16 GB DDR5-4800 (2 x 8 GB) ($55) | style="background: #fdf;" | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 24 GB ($1600) | style="background: #fdf;" | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15) | style="background: #fdf;" | 1200 W Gold power supply ($340) |- | style="background: #dbf;" | '''True flagship''' | style="background: #edf;" | ~$3000 | style="background: #edf;" | Mining case (6 GPUs) ($50) | style="background: #edf;" | Biostar TB360-BTC PRO 2.0 ($60) | style="background: #edf;" | Intel Core i3-8100 ($60) | style="background: #edf;" | Intel stock cooler (included) | style="background: #edf;" | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30) | style="background: #edf;" | 2 x Nvidia GeForce RTX 4080 16 GB (32 GB total) ($2300) | style="background: #edf;" | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15) | style="background: #edf;" | 1200 W Gold power supply ($340) |- | style="background: #bbd;" | '''Ultimate flagship''' | style="background: #dde;" | ~$4000 | style="background: #dde;" | Mining case (6 GPUs) ($50) | style="background: #dde;" | Biostar TB360-BTC PRO 2.0 ($60) | style="background: #dde;" | Intel Core i3-8100 ($60) | style="background: #dde;" | Intel stock cooler (included) | style="background: #dde;" | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30) | style="background: #dde;" | 2 x Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 24 GB (48 GB total) ($3200) | style="background: #dde;" | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15) | style="background: #dde;" | 1500 W Gold power supply ($420) |- | style="background: #bdd;" | '''Ultimate flagship v2''' | style="background: #dee;" | ~$6000 | style="background: #dee;" | Mining case (6 GPUs) ($50) | style="background: #dee;" | Biostar TB360-BTC PRO 2.0 ($60) | style="background: #dee;" | Intel Core i3-8100 ($60) | style="background: #dee;" | Intel stock cooler (included) | style="background: #dee;" | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30) | style="background: #dee;" | 3 x Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 24 GB (72 GB total) ($4800) | style="background: #dee;" | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15) | style="background: #dee;" | 2300 W Platinum power supply ($800) |- | style="background: #bdb;" | '''Ultimate flagship v3''' | style="background: #ded;" | ~$10000 | style="background: #ded;" | Mining case (6 GPUs) ($50) | style="background: #ded;" | Biostar TB360-BTC PRO 2.0 ($60) | style="background: #ded;" | Intel Core i3-8100 ($60) | style="background: #ded;" | Intel stock cooler (included) | style="background: #ded;" | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30) | style="background: #ded;" | 6 x Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 24 GB (144 GB total) ($9600) | style="background: #ded;" | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15) | style="background: #ded;" | Dual 2300 W Platinum power supplies ($1600) |} == Do I plan on overclocking my computer? == [[File:Cooler Master Hyper 212 Plus vs. Intel Stock.jpg|thumb|An aftermarket CPU heatsink side by side with a stock heatsink. Larger heatsinks help keep components cool during overclocking, and larger fans often help either move much more air through a system for the same level of noise, or move the same amount of air for much less noise.]] Overclocking consists of running components at faster internal speeds than they are rated for, gaining a bit of extra performance out of the part. If you are serious about overclocking your computer, you need to do extensive research into the components you select, as some parts respond to overclocking better than others. Overclocking usually voids your warranty and is risky as you can shorten the life of your components or even burn them out completely! You need to take cooling the computer more seriously as overclocking generates additional heat. Anything from a few extra fans to a liquid-cooled system may be necessary depending on the nature of your system. Many parts that are the same model can overclock differently due to manufacturer binning, leading to a "Silicon Lottery" of sorts. For example, consider three different Raptor Lake 13700K CPUs that are installed in identical systems - a good chip can clock up to about 5.7 GHz, an excellent one may be able to hit 6.1 GHz, while a bad one may stop at 5.3 GHz. If you are willing to pay more, some vendors sell pre-binned CPUs which have been previously tested to overclock well. Most AMD processors can be overclocked. For Intel processors, only the K series CPUs (which cost about $20-40 USD more than the normal version) and the Extreme Series generally allow full overclocking. == Do I plan on underclocking my computer? == This can be ideal for always-on entertainment systems. Underclocked parts run cooler, often enabling passive cooling options to be used, which leads to a much quieter system, and you'll also save on power. However, you'll lose performance from the CPU. You may wish to ''undervolt'' the CPU instead; see the [[../Silencing|Silencing]] section to find out how. == Can I use any of the parts from my old computer? == [[File:2017 mid range pc in late 1990s case.jpg|thumb|A 2017 PC built in a case from the 1990's. While this decision sacrifices front IO and modern airflow designs, it does save money on the case. Some communities exist that build "Sleeper PCs", modern high performance computers built to look like under powered or obsolete computers.]] This depends on your situation; if your computer is more than four years old, chances are that most of the parts will be too old, slow or incompatible for your new machine. On the other hand, if you are upgrading from a fairly new machine, you may be able to use many of the parts. All of this assumes the old computer will no longer be used. If you, or someone else, is going to continue using your old computer, it's probably best just to leave it intact. One important point – if you are selling your old computer it's a good idea to erase the hard drive before giving it to its new owner. A simple 'delete' command does not actually erase the data on your hard drive,leaving things like financial documents, passwords, healthcare records, browser history, and personal photos potentially recoverable through easy to use recovery software. To avoid this, programs are available that will effectively 'shred' your data, making it unrecoverable. Driver software that comes with some hard drives may also have programs to do this, that write 0s or 1s (either way, "blankness") to the whole drive. Lower-tech approaches include drilling a few holes in the drive or taking a blowtorch to it. Obviously, either prevents it from being used again (Be planet friendly and try to avoid this). Since monitor technology moves quite slowly, you can probably keep your current monitor and use it on the new computer if it's of sufficient size and clarity for your work. The same can go for keyboards, as well as mice, printers, scanners, and possibly speaker sets. On the inside, you may be able to take out the storage drive, and expansion cards. If your components are especially old, the features integrated into the motherboard may actually be superior to your old components, so testing with and without these your old devices is recommended. Sometimes so much is used from the old computer, that the line between an upgrade and a new computer can become blurred. Reusing a hard drive is an easy way to keep data from your old computer. With most Windows operating systems moving a boot drive from one motherboard to another will entail a series of reboots and installation of new drivers. Back up your data before trying this, and note that Windows will usually ask you to reactivate. Keep the licence key ready. == Where do I find the parts? == [[File:The Apple Department at the Queens, NY Micro Center.jpg|thumb|Computer retailers can be a handy source for parts, and often offer easy returns.]] Once you have decided what you’re going to use your computer for, and have reviewed which parts are available for reuse, you should make a list of what components you will need to buy. A few hours of research can save you years of regret, so make sure that the computer you build will do what you need it to do. Computer terminology can be confusing, so if there are terms you don’t understand, be sure to look them up. Wikipedia is an excellent place to start if, for example, you’re not clear on the difference between, say, DDR4 and DDR5 memory. There are several places to buy parts: * '''Internet retailers''' generally offer the best price for new parts. If a part needs to be returned, you may be stuck for the shipping; check return policies before you purchase. * '''Auction sites''' like eBay and several others offer very good prices for used parts. This is especially useful for parts which do not wear out, like RAM, and unlike HDD/SSDs. Returns can be problematic or impossible. Some auctions may not be legitimate. Always check the shipping cost before you bid. * '''Local PC shops''' - Their prices are often higher, but they may make up for this by providing a lot of expertise. Get opinions from other sources, however, as they may be eager to sell you parts you don't need. * '''Big box stores''' often lack technical expertise and charge higher prices, but can be useful because they usually handle returns quickly. Also good if you need something right away. * '''Trade shows''' that occur from time to time also provide a good place to shop, as the prices are often significantly reduced, and the variety of prefabricated computers built towards specific computing needs tend to be higher. Also, your local town dump may have a special section for computers and monitors that others have got rid of. These can be more or less brand new computers with trivial problems such as a busted power supply or faulty cables. Of course if the dump does have such a section, you should ask permission of those in charge. They're usually glad to let you go through it, but don't leave a mess. Taking advantage of this can yield incredible finds, with a price tag of nothing or very little. === OEM vs Retail === [[File:AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 4750G 6913.jpg|thumb|An OEM CPU: AMD Ryzen 7 Pro 4750G.]] Many hardware manufacturers will sell the same components in both OEM and Retail versions. Retail hardware is intended to be sold to the end-user through retail channels, and will come fully packaged with manuals, accessories, software, etc. OEM stands for "original equipment manufacturer"; items labeled as such are intended to be sold in bulk for use by firms which integrate the components into their own products. However, many online stores will offer OEM hardware at (slightly) cheaper prices than the corresponding retail versions. You will usually receive such an item by itself in an anti-static bag. It may or may not come with a manual or a CD containing drivers. Warranties on OEM parts may often be shorter or nonexistent, and sometimes require you to obtain support through your vendor, rather than the manufacturer. OEM components are also sometimes specified differently than their retail counterparts, parts may be clocked slower, and ports or features may be missing. Some of the support may be less (as in the case of Microsoft). Again, do your research. == What should affect the choice of any part/peripheral? == Many things should be taken into account when deciding what parts to buy. Below are some things to consider. === Compatibility === You’ll want to make sure that all the parts you buy work together without problems. The CPU, the motherboard, and the RAM in particular must be compatible with each other. Check the motherboard manufacturer's web site; most will list compatible RAM and processors. Often quality RAM that is not on the approved list (but is of the proper type) will work anyway, but the manufacturers list of processors should be rigidly adhered to, as even when a processor is supported by the socket on the motherboard, the motherboard firmware may not support it. You’ll also want to make sure that your operating system supports the hardware you choose. Windows is supported by almost everything, though watch out for older components if you're planning on using Windows 11. If you have any interest in running Linux, or another operating system now or in the future, buy parts that are supported by that OS (Operating System). Check online to make sure there is no history of your chosen components causing issues when used together, or with software you plan on running. === Ergonomics === [[File:Delux M618 vertical mouse.jpg|thumb|This ergonomic mouse looks strange, but it is designed to reduce strain on your hands.]] Ergonomics is the science of designing things so that they work with the human body. This is obviously important when choosing peripherals such as a keyboard or mouse but should also be considered when selecting a monitor, and especially when setting up the computer for your use. If your wrist hurts or you’re getting a crick in your neck, look at the physical setup of your computer, check your chair height and posture. An ounce of prevention here can avert troublesome repetitive strain injuries. Learning to type without looking down at the keyboard is very useful for avoiding neck strain. === Operating temperature === [[File:No blue smoke.jpg|thumb|A computer chip that has burnt out. Preventing damage like this is much easier than repairing it.]] Modern components, notably processors, GPUs, RAM, and some elements on the motherboard, are very small and draw a lot of power. A small area doing a lot of work with a lot of power leads to high temperatures. Various factors can cause electronic parts to break down over time and all of these factors are exacerbated by heat. Very high temperatures can burn out chips almost instantly, while running hot can shorten the useful life of a part, so the cooler we can make these parts, the better. If you are not going to overclock your system, stock air cooling, when paired with a good case with adequate fans, should be enough to keep your system cool. If you want a quiet computer then components designed for passive (fan-less) cooling can be paired with very low noise case fans (or a well-vented case). In general, high-end parts will require more attention to cooling. To keep your system at a proper operating temperature, you can monitor vital components with software (which usually comes with your motherboard). If you are seeing high temps, make sure the interior of your case is dust free, and remember that most cooling solutions can not reduce the temperature of your computer parts below room temperature. Of course, unless you happen to have your computer outdoors in a climate such as the Sahara, room temperature will be well within the thermal limits of any component on your computer. Which brings us to overclocking. It's specialty cooling solutions that make overclocking possible, a processor that might run stable at a maximum of 4.4 GHz at {{convert|65|C|F}} could hit speeds as high as 5.6 GHz with specialized cooling systems. A sensible person wanting a 20% overclock could add a special fan/heatsink to his CPU and some extra case fans. An enthusiast seeking a major overclock might go with a water-cooling solution for the CPU and GPU and sometimes other chips. The real fanatics have been known to use liquid nitrogen or total immersion in pure water or oil. You should not try any of the more extreme solutions unless you really know what you're doing. === Price === Today, there are a wide array of hardware components and peripherals tailored to fit every home computing need and budget. With all these options to choose from, it can be a bit overwhelming if you've never bought computer parts before. Shop around and remember to factor in shipping and handling, and taxes. Some places may be priced a bit higher, but offer perks such as free shipping, limited warranties, or 24-hour tech support. Many websites, such as [http://www.cnet.com CNET] and [http://www.zdnet.com ZDNet] offer comprehensive reviews, user ratings, and links to stores, including price comparisons. Since prices for any given part are always falling, it’s tempting to just wait until the part you want goes down in price. Unfortunately the reason prices decline is that better/faster parts are coming out all the time, so the part you want this year that costs $500 may well be $300 next year, but by that time you won’t want it any more, you’ll want the new, better part that still costs $500. At some point you’ve got to get on the bus and ride, even if the prices are still falling. Usually the best bet is to buy just behind the bleeding edge, where, typically, you can get 90% of the performance of the top of the line part for 50% or 60% of the price. That last 10% is very expensive and if you don’t need it, you can save a lot of money with the second-tier part. It's a good idea to think about future upgradeability when selecting some components. While the computer that you're building today may be fine for your current needs you may want to upgrade it later. So look for components that support the newest standards and have room for future expansion, like a motherboard that will allow you to fit more memory than you are planning to use, or a case that has room for extra storage drives. If your current machine is maxed out the only possible upgrade is often a new machine. You may also find that by over-specifying in some areas you can save money on others, e.g. if you don't currently need WiFi but you do need Bluetooth then you might want to purchase a WiFi card anyway as some of the higher end WiFi cards also support Bluetooth. === Performance === If money is no object just buy the most powerful components you can find. If, like most of us, there are limits to what you can/want to spend, then focus on those areas where more powerful parts will pay off for you and scrimp on others. Always look for that sweet spot on the price/performance curve where you get the most bang for your buck. When deciding where to cut back, remember that you have the option to upgrade in the future. Some components are easier to upgrade then others such as RAM, where an upgrade is as simple as popping more into a free slot. Other upgrades, such as replacing the CPU or GPU with a better model are more costly, as the original often serves no purpose following the upgrade (But may be resold online to recoup some of the cost). == Primary components == These are the components that will be the core of your new computer. It is impractical to put together a PC compatible computer without these components and a bare set of peripherals. [[Image:Personal_computer,_exploded_4.svg|right|thumb|350px|Exploded view of a personal computer: <br>1 [[w:Computer display|Monitor]] <br>2 [[w:Personal computer#Motherboard|Motherboard]] <br>3 [[w:Personal computer#Central processing unit|CPU (Microprocessor)]] <br>4 [[w:Advanced Technology Attachment|ATA]] sockets <br>5 [[w:Personal computer#Main memory|Main memory (RAM)]] <br>6 [[w:Expansion card|Expansion cards]] <br>7 [[w:Power supply unit|Power supply unit]] <br>8 [[w:Optical disc|Optical disc drive]] <br>9 [[w:Personal computer#Hard disk drive|Hard disk drive (HDD)]] <br>10 [[w:Computer_keyboard|Keyboard]] <br>11 [[w:Mouse (computing)|Mouse]] ]] === Case === {{Wikipedia| ATX#Power_supply}} The case is one of the most practical straightforward parts of a computer. A case can also be aesthetically pleasing, and help improve your computing experience. ==== Form factor ==== Form factor is the specification that provides the physical measurements for the size of components supported. Your case should support one or more of the following common formfactors. It's a good idea to match the formfactor of a case with a motherboard. =====Large Form Factors===== * [[Wikipedia:EATX|EATX]] or Extended ATX boards are {{convert|12|x|13|in|cm}}. This format is almost exclusive to workstation and high end gaming computers. * [[Wikipedia:ATX|ATX]] is the most common form factor and is the de facto standard. Supports about 7 expansion slots. These formfactors offer the most amount of flexibility in expansion. These spacious cases are often easy to work in, but hard to move around. =====Small Form Factors===== * [[Wikipedia:microATX|microATX]], or µATX, is smaller than standard ATX. Many cases that support ATX also allow micro-ATX. Supports about 4 expansion slots. * [[Wikipedia:Mini-ITX|Mini-ITX]] is even smaller at {{convert|6.75|in|cm}} square. Supports at most one expansion slot. These form-factors let you build relatively small and even portable computers, ideal for taking to LAN parties or for people who frequently move. Slim cases are offered in these form factors. These cases are significantly thinner than regular cases. However, you will be limited to using slim expansion cards as well. You may also need to use laptop components in some areas to save space depending on the case. Particularly small cases can be hard to work in and offer limited expansion. They may have airflow problems, and cable management can be a challenge. You may need to find low profile cooling units, and the case may not support regular sized power supplies. You may also want to get angled cables or adapters if spacing between parts is tight, and you suspect it would make your work easier. ==== Drive Bays ==== Internal storage drives take up space in the case, so make sure you consider how many drives you will need and what size slot they require. Not all cases support every drive size. There are several bay sizes, and each has a typical use. * 5.25" bays typically hold optical drives, fan controllers, or other accessories, and are external facing. * 3.5" external bays are typically used for smaller versions of accessories found in 5.25" bays (But not optical drives). * 3.5" internal bays are used for holding desktop hard disks or an SSD. * 2.5" bays are typically used for holding an SSD or laptop size hard disk. Note that it's possible to buy adapters to fit items that go in small bays (usually hard drives) into large bays. Many cases offer modular drive bays, which can be removed if they are not needed to make space for other components. This can be useful if a drive bay is getting in the way of another component, such as a long graphics card. Some cases designed for minimalist aesthetics or gaming will not use external drive bays to make room for better airflow. If you use a case like this and need an optical drive, you will have to get an external drive. If you are planning on using an M.2 SSD, your motherboard will provide a slot for your storage device. Some cases will have dedicated mounting points for 2.5" storage drives, which can free up space in other areas of the case. ==== Front IO ==== Almost all cases will feature a power on button on the front of the case. Other common IO featured on the front of cases includes audio jacks, USB ports, a reset button, status lights, and other features. It's important to consider where the front IO is on the case you buy, and how it factors into your workspace. For example, if your case will just barely fit under your desk, IO located on the very top of your case could be hard to use. In rare instances when you are not purchasing a new case you need new to get front IO separately from your case, (For example, when using an very old, nonstandard, or DIY case) there are simple kits available that give you a power button and a few IO ports. Alternatively you can manually use a jumper each time you want to turn the computer on, though this is somewhat tedious. ==== Computer Aesthetics ==== Cases are typically made of steel or more rarely aluminum, and usually have accents made out of plastic. More exotic case materials are sometimes used such as wood. Some cases hide their 5.25" bays with a door for a cleaner look. This has a practical benefit of helping reduce drive noise. A quality case will include features that make it easier to manage cables. Besides looking better, by keeping cables out of the way and orderly, maintenance and troubleshooting is made easier. Cases typically mount the power supply in either the top of the case, or the bottom. Some higher end cases will have a separate chamber for the power supply, assisting cable management and giving it a degree separation from the hot components in the rest of the case. Many cases will have windows installed. These provide a view into the system, and can highlight nice looking components. When moving a computer with a windowed case, keep in mind that an acrylic window will easily scratch, and a glass window may shatter. A solid sheet of metal is best when it comes to blocking noise and durability. Many gamers use components with RGB lighting to give their computer flair. Keep in mind that there aren't really unified standards for RGB lighting, so if you want to mix and match between different manufacturers and coordinate the resulting lightshow you'll need to use multiple software products at the same time. RGB LED light strips, or their older counterpart cold cathode lights can be used to provide lighting if your components lack integrated lights. Some cases feature integral noise reducing foam, offering a clean look while providing the benefits of noise reduction. Many people like to [[w:Case modding|mod their cases]]. There are many easy mods that can be done before your computer is built (And all electronics are removed from the case), such as painting the case a different color, or giving it a funky coat of paint through [[w:Water transfer printing|Hydro dipping]] A case stand can be a good tool to use if you plan on placing your computer on the ground, as it creates additional clearance from things such as dirt, dust, and carpets. You may want to use a dust cover for unused ports. This helps you avoid trying to plug in devices into the wrong ports when reaching behind a case, and helps make cleaning easier. Dust covers also exist for external peripherals such as monitors if you plan on storing them away for a while. ===Cooling=== ==== Fans ==== [[File:Fans from computer case - front and back - 2018-05-22.jpg|thumb|Two fans of different sizes.]] Most cases mount one or more case fans, distinct from the fans that may be attached to the power supply, video card and CPU. The purpose of a case mounted fan is to move air through the system and carry excess heat out. This is why some cases may have two or more fans mounted in a push-pull configuration (one fan pulls cool outside air in, the other pushes hot interior air out). The more air these fans can move, the cooler things will generally be. Fans for case cooling currently come in two common sizes, 80&nbsp;mm and 120&nbsp;mm, and computer cases tend to support one size or the other. The larger 120&nbsp;mm fans spin more slowly while moving a given volume of air, and slower fans are usually quieter fans, so the 120&nbsp;mm fans are generally preferred, even though they cost a little more. Good 80&nbsp;mm fans can still be fairly quiet, so while fan size is a factor, it shouldn't be a deal-breaker if the case has other features you like. Make sure the power plug on the chosen case fan is supported by your motherboard; 3- and 4-pin connectors are common. Fans can also be powered directly by the PSU, but in that configuration, the motherboard can't control or report the fan's speed. Variable speed fans with built-in temperature sensing are available. Variable speed fans tend to run quieter than constant speed fans, as they only move as much air as needed to maintain a set temperature within the case or the power supply box. Under typical operating conditions they may be barely audible. Since fans run continuously when the computer is turned on, bearing selection may be important for long life. * The least expensive fans use '''sleeve bearings'''. As the fan ages, the lubricant in the sleeve bearing dries out and eventually the bearing wears, allowing the fan blade to nutate or vibrate, making it very noisy. In severe cases the bearing may seize and the fan will stop turning entirely, possibly jeopardizing the computer when ventilation fails. * The most expensive fans tend to be those that use '''ball bearings''', but they also have very long service lives. It isn't uncommon for a ball bearing fan to run continuously for 7 to 10 years&nbsp;— possibly longer than the useful technological life of the computer within which it is mounted. Ball bearing fans tend to be slightly noisier than sleeve bearing fans. * A fairly recent type of fan bearing is a '''magnetic''' or '''"maglev"''' bearing, which uses a magnetic field to suspend the fan rotor without physical contact. Such fans exhibit practically zero bearing wear and barring a failure in their motor drive components, have essentially an infinite service life. Maglev bearings also tend to be completely silent, and when used in a variable speed fan, can produce practically silent ventilation. The orientation of fans inside your case can have a big impact on cooling, as well as how quickly dust builds up. Some cases will include dust traps to reduce the amount of dust entering a system. Aftermarket dust filters also exist, but can be harder to mount. ==== Water Cooling ==== [[File:Deepcool cooler.png|thumb|An all in one cooler mounted on a CPU.]] A water cooling system will cool parts by running water over a heatsink. a pump moves the water in a closed loop, which goes to a radiator for cooling. Additional parts, such as flow sensors and quick connects, can make maintaining a water cooling setup easier. Since the radiator can be placed anywhere, it can be much bigger then a typical heatsink, allowing for more efficient cooling. Typically water cooling is used for the CPU, but it can also be used for other components, such as graphics cards. Custom water cooling setups can either use hard tubing or soft tubing. Some manufacturers make All in One (AIO) watercooling units, which is basically a water cooling solution that's prebuilt. Compared to air cooling, water cooling adds significant cost, complexity, and risk to a system build. However it can allow for quieter operation, and a well built water cooling setup can look great. ====Minor component cooling==== While shopping for coolers you may see passive, fan, or even water cooling solutions for RAM, chipsets, SSDs and other devices. These devices do not typically produce significant heat, and do not require additional cooling. These devices are mainly aimed at serious overclockers and those who want to improve the aesthetics of these components. However running components cooler to a point can be good for their lifespan, and adding these components typically only hurts your wallet. === Power Supply === {{Wikipedia| Power supply unit (computer)}} [[File:Modular vs non-modular PSU.JPG|thumb|A modular power supply on the left sits next to a non-modular power supply on the right. By allowing you to select only the cables you need, Modular power supplies make cable management much easier.]] ====Power Supply Basics==== The power supply unit (PSU) is a device that converts the electricity from the power grid into a form you can use. The power supply you choose needs to supply enough stable DC power to all the components and even to some of the peripherals. It needs also to be consistent, by complying with accurate standard voltages, i.e. the 12 volt rail needs to supply 12 volts (within normal tolerances of 10% or so) steadily under any foreseeable load, likewise the 3 and 5v rails at their respective voltages. Cheap power supplies tend to fall down in these areas. There are several tech-heavy websites that actually throw a multimeter on the PSU in the course of a review, seek these out and make sure you select a quality PSU. ====PSU Specs==== Power supplies typically use one of two ratings, one being the continuous rating and the other being the peak rating. The continuous rating is how much power can be delivered indefinitely, and the peak rating is how much power can be delivered for a limited period of time. You want to go by the continuous rating to be safe. There are several calculators that try to help you select an adequate PSU for your system, which are linked in the footer. Your power supply should have the right number of connectors for your needs e.g. six-pin PCI power, ATX12VO vs. 24-pin motherboard connectors, etc. If you are planning on running two or more video cards in SLI (NVIDIA) or Crossfire (AMD) mode, make sure your power supply is certified for that use. Most power supplies will have cables long enough for most any case, but some larger cases will make good cable management difficult with power-supplies that have shorter cables. Cheap power supplies often require you to select your mains voltage with a switch. Higher quality power supplies have circuitry that actively adjusts for incoming voltage, and thus do not need to be told what voltage to expect. It's always a good idea to check to make sure a power supply is compatible with the mains power used in your country prior to use. Choose an efficient PSU. Efficient PSUs run cooler and more quietly and thus do not create as much noise which is important if you plan to sleep or think in the same room with it or use it as a media center PC. They also reduce energy usage, which in turn saves money on the electric bill. If your budget allows, consider opting for a modular PSU. These have connectors that can be added or removed, which allows for more versatility and also reduces clutter. The power supply also has an exhaust fan that is responsible for cooling the power supply, as well as providing a hot air exhaust for the entire case. Some power supplies have two fans to promote this effect. It is important to buy a power supply that can accommodate all of the components involved. A bad or inadequate power supply can fail and destroy not only itself, but potentially the rest of the computer, so it's important to get a decent one. Keep in mind that having a higher-rated power supply will not draw much more power than what your computer actually uses, but it may decrease the efficiency of the unit if significantly less power is being drawn then what the power supply is rated for. ====PSU accessories==== A surge protector is a good idea. Not only does this help protect your computer, it also can expand an outlet for more peripherals. Higher end surge protectors often include protection for network cables as well. To supplement a PSU, consider getting an [[w:Uninterruptible Power Supply|Uninterruptible Power Supply]] (UPS). This is a device that provides a few minutes of temporary power to your computer and monitor during a brownout or blackout giving you enough time to safely shut down your computer. UPS units are typically external and look and function like big power strips. Many consumer UPS units have built in surge protectors. If you live in an area with poor power quality or frequent blackouts, a UPS can help save your PSU from significant wear. === CPU (processor) === We discuss choosing a CPU in the next chapter, [[How To Assemble A Desktop PC/Choosing the parts/CPU]]. === Motherboard === [[Image:Asus A8N-VM CSM Rev1.10G 20060626a.jpg|thumb|right|350px|A PC motherboard: IDE connectors and the motherboard power connector (white with large holes) are on the left edge. Between them and the large quadratic CPU socket in the lower middle are the longish RAM sockets. The extension slots are above the CPU socket (two white, one black) and the ports for external devices are on the right edge.]] The motherboard is a very important part of your computer. A good motherboard allows a modest CPU and RAM to run at maximum efficiency whereas a bad motherboard restricts high-end products to run only at modest levels. Higher end motherboards often offer additional features, such as faster built in networking, better built in audio, built in Wi-Fi, a small display that shows diagnostic codes, better power delivery to support overclocking and reliability, RGB LED controllers, built in IO Shield, or other features. The difference between a cheap and a quality motherboard is typically around $100. There are many things one must consider in choosing a motherboard: CPU interface, Chipset, form factor, expansion slot interfaces, and other connectors. ==== CPU interface ==== The CPU interface is the "plug" that your processor goes into. For your processor to physically fit in the motherboard, the interface must be an '''exact match''' to your processor. Intel currently has two mainstream formats, the LGA 1851 for their current (200 series) Core processors (Core Ultra 9 285K or 5 245KF) or the LGA 1700 supporting their older 12th-14th gen processors. AMD currently uses a few sockets: AM5 for their current (7000 to 9000 series) Ryzen CPUs (Ryzen 9 7950X3D or Ryzen 5 9600X), AM4 for older (5000 series and older) Ryzen processors, and TR4 for their thread ripper processors. Check with the motherboard manufacturer to ensure that the slot on the motherboard will support the CPU you want to use. It is important to know whether the motherboard's bus can support the exact CPU you plan on using. If the motherboard, CPU, and heatsink/fan are not compatible and installed correctly, you can destroy the CPU and/or the motherboard in a matter of seconds. Most modern processors come with a stock cooling fan which will work well at stock speeds, stick with this if you have any doubts. ====Chipset==== The Chipset is a piece of hardware integrated into the motherboard and cannot be upgraded later. This often determines what processors are supported by the motherboard, as well as how many lanes and the generation of PCI Express, USB ports, and SATA ports/slots the motherboard supports. USB and SATA ports can be expanded by add on cards, but PCI express lanes are fixed. Cheaper motherboards tend to use cheaper chipsets with reduced features. ====UEFI==== Motherboards come with a piece of software that called UEFI or BIOS in older models. This software is responsible for preparing your computer for use by an operating system, as well as for configuring low level details of your system. Features offered by UEFI or BIOS vary quite a bit between manufactures and product lines. Some UEFI or BIOS can be updated, allowing for security fixes or new features to be added after purchase, and many of these systems will feature some form of redundancy to recover from a failed update (Which otherwise may turn the motherboard into a paperweight). Other motherboards allow BIOS control of overclocking of CPU, RAM and Graphics card which are much more stable and safer for overclocking. Newer BIOS have temperature controls, and functions that shut down the computer if the temperature gets too high. Some motherboards are supported by open source firmware like [[w:coreboot|coreboot]] which can offer a fast and secure booting environment. ==== M.2 and SATA interface ==== SATA (Serial ATA) connections for hard drives and optical drives. SATA data connections are simple - one plug, one cable, one device. SATA power connections follow the same principal. The serial ATA (SATA) interface has a separate motherboard connection for each drive that allow independent access and can increase the speed at which drives work. The cables are also narrow, improving the flow of air inside the case. An M.2 Slot can be found on some motherboards to add an SSD. Unlike a SATA Drive, M.2 drives are small enough to be mounted directly on the motherboard. ==== Expansion slot interfaces ==== [[Image:PCIExpress.jpg|thumb|right|300px|PCI Express slots (from top to bottom: x4, x16, x1 and x16), compared to an old 32-bit PCI slot (bottom)]] Due to the evolution of new graphics cards on the serial PCI-Express Technology, current newer motherboards have the following connections: * '''PCI-Express(Gen 1/2/3/4/5) 16x/8x/4x''' for mainstream graphics cards (PCI Express Gen 1 x16 is 4 times speed of AGP 8x) * '''PCI-Express(Gen 1/2/3/4/5) 1x''' for faster expansion cards (replacing older PCI) {| class=wikitable |+ Comparison of PCIe generations vs AGP 8x (improvement in times) ! {{Diagonal split header|Generation|Size}} ! 1x ! 4x ! 8x ! 16x |- ! 1 | 0.25x | 1x | 2x | 4x |- ! 2 | 0.5x | 2x | 4x | 8x |- ! 3 | 1x | 4x | 8x | 16x |- ! 4 | 2x | 8x | 16x | 32x |- ! 5 | 4x | 16x | 32x | 64x |} ==== USB ==== [[Image:USB_Male_Plug_Type_A.jpg|thumb|right|Male USB "A" connector]] In addition to the USB ports provided on the back panel, most motherboards will have connectors for additional ports, either on the front of the case or in a panel that fits where a PCI card might otherwise be connected. USB ports are used for connecting various peripherals such as printers, external drives, smartphones,cameras and an assortment of less serious devices like fans, and drink warmers. Given the growing popularity of USB devices, the more ports your motherboard supports, the better. USB 3.0 ports are now available on the majority of motherboards and they are even faster than USB 2.0&nbsp;— up to 5&nbsp;Gbps. Although the majority of keyboards, mice and other such devices use USB2, almost all HDDs available now support the USB 3.0 standard as they are much faster under that. USB 3.0 ports are backwards compatible and can be used with USB 1 or 2 devices, although these will not receive the benefit of USB 3.0 speeds. USB 4 devices promise greater speed, and devices supporting it are slowly being released. USB-C ports are now available in nearly all new motherboards, and are even faster and versatile (with many doubling as a video output). Note that, regardless of the motherboard's native support, additional ports of all kinds can be added via a PCI-E expansion card or USB device. === Memory === [[File:16 GiB-DDR4-RAM-Riegel RAM019FIX Small Crop 90 PCNT.png|thumb|A DDR4 SDRAM module]] RAM capacity plays an important role in the computer's operation speed, as it provides the operating system caching space that allows foregoing access to the local disk, typically the main bottleneck of computer speed. The amount of random access memory (RAM) to use has become a fairly simple choice. Unless one is building on a very restricted budget, one just has to choose between installing 8 or 16 gigabytes. 8 gigabytes of RAM is plenty for most modern operating systems, but all of them will run a little faster with 16 gigabytes. While 32-bit operating systems can address 4 gigabytes, they can utilize little more than three gigabytes as system RAM (actually 4 gigabytes minus Video RAM minus overhead for other devices). If one wishes to utilize the full 4 (or more) gigabytes of RAM, one needs to install a 64-bit operating system. It really comes down to a financial decision. Some specialized applications may profit from more than 16 gigabytes of RAM. If one plans on using such, make sure to check that both the operating system and the motherboard will accommodate the amount of RAM one has in mind. One might also choose to get 8 gigabytes of high quality RAM over 16 gigabytes of lesser quality, especially if one plans to overclock, though that is quite rare now. Another thing to consider when choosing the amount of RAM for one's system is the graphics card. Most motherboard-integrated graphics chips and PCI Express graphics cards marketed with the "Turbo Cache" feature will use system memory to store information related to rendering graphics; this system memory is generally not available at all to the operating system. On average, these graphics processors will use between 64 megabytes and 512 megabytes of system memory for rendering purposes. The actual type of RAM one will need depends on the motherboard and chipset one gets. Old motherboards use DDR (Double Data Rate) RAM, DDR2 or DDR3. DDR5 is the current industry standard. Chip sets that use dual-channel memory require one to use two identical&nbsp;— in terms of size and speed&nbsp;— RAM modules. If one is upgrading an existing computer, it is best to check if one's machine requires specific kinds of RAM. Many computer OEMs, such as Gateway and Hewlett-Packard, require custom RAM, and generic RAM available from most computer stores may cause compatibility problems in such systems. Overclocking of RAM is possible, but you will have to keep the same precautions(actually more) for RAM. If your RAM temperatures get too high, they can get damaged. For this purpose, there are dedicated RAM coolers that can be used, but most will not find any need for them. The benefit of overclocking RAM, unlike overclocking your CPU, is limited to a few applications. ==== Labelling of RAM ==== RAM is labelled by its memory size in gigabytes (GB) and clock speed (or bandwidth). For example, # DDR5-4800 16 GB is a 16 GB DDR5 stick running at 4800 MT/s (2400 MHz). # LPDDR5-6000 8 GB is a low-power DDR5 stick running at 6000 MT/s (3000 MHz). Commonly seen in laptops, but also seen in some desktops. DDR RAM has 5 versions: DDR (also DDRI), DDR2 (or DDRII), DDR3, DDR4 and DDR5. DDR, DDR2 and DDR3 are currently obsolete. # DDR5 supports DDR5-4400 and higher. #* DDR5-8400 is highest speed of DDR5 as of 2024. #* DDR5-7000 to DDR5-8200 are higher end models. #* DDR5-6000 to DDR5-6800 are mainstream models. #* DDR5-4400 to DDR5-5600 are budget models. They were mainstream in 2021-22. # DDR4 supports DDR4-2133 to DDR4-5333<ref>https://www.pcgamesn.com/fastest-ddr4-ram</ref> (generally overclocked). #* DDR4-5333 is highest speed of DDR4 as of 2024. #* DDR4-4000 to DDR4-5133 are higher end models. #* DDR4-3000 to DDR4-3866 are mainstream models. #* DDR4-2933 are budget models. Mainstream in 2018-20. #* DDR4-2666 are budget models. Mainstream in 2016-19. #* DDR4-2400 were older mainstream models from 2014-17. #* DDR4-2133 were older mainstream models from 2014-15. # DDR3 supports DDR3-1066 to DDR3-3000 (generally overclocked). # DDR2 supports DDR2-533 to DDR2-1250 (generally overclocked). # DDR supports DDR-266 to DDR-533. === Hard drive and SSD=== [[File:WD Caviar Green WD10EADS-91894.jpg|thumb|right|A hard drive. SATA data and power connectors can be seen on the edge of the drive.]] Things to consider when shopping for a hard drive or SSD: ; Interface : The interface of a drive is how the hard drive communicates with the rest of the computer. The following hard drive interfaces are available: :* '''[[w:Advanced Technology Attachment|Parallel IDE]] drives''' (PATA, also known as ATA or IDE) use cables that can be distinguished by their wide 40-pin connector, colored first-pin wire, and usually gray "ribbon" style cables. This technology is largely obsolete because SATA uses thinner cables, eliminates contention for the IDE bus that can occur when two PATA drives are attached to the same connector, and promises faster drive access. SSD's are generally not available for IDE, as they are too slow for a SSD (one notable exception is Transcand as of November 2014). :* '''[[w:SATA|SATA]] drives''' have the advantages outlined above. If you want Serial ATA, you will either need to purchase a motherboard that supports it (all newer motherboards do), or purchase a PCI card that will allow you to connect your hard drive. Note that some older motherboards will not allow you to install Windows XP to a Serial ATA hard drive. There are 3 types of SATA. SATA 1 provides up to about 150 MB/s, SATA 2 provides about 300MB/s, SATA3 provides up to about 600 MB/s. Most new computers and HDD's come in SATA 3, but older computers may use SATA 2/1. Although they are both backwards and forward comparable, SSD's should be used in SATA 3 since they are too fast for SATA 2 or 1. :* '''[[w:SCSI|SCSI]]''', although more expensive and less user friendly, is usually worthwile on high performance workstations and servers. Few consumer desktop motherboards built today support SCSI, and when building a new computer, the work needed to implement SCSI may be outweighed by the relative simplicity and performance of IDE and SATA. SCSI hard drives typically reach rotational speeds of up to 15,000 RPM, and are more expensive. :* '''[[w:USB|USB]]''' can be used for connecting external drives. An external drive enclosure can convert an internal drive to an external drive. :*PCI-E uses the PCI lanes of your computer. These lanes can be used to connect premium SSD's, and they are much faster than SATA-based SSD's. NVM Express, or NVMe for short is a common standard for PCI-E based storage. M.2 slots are an increasingly common interface for SSDs. ====SSD==== [[File:Samsung MZ-V6P2T0 20170427.jpg|thumb|An M.2 NVMe SSD]] SSD is a hard storage system that use flash memory rather than rotational platters. Because of this, they make virtually no noise, have no latency (delays from spinning up and seeking the position), and generate far lesser heat than a HDD. If you plan to upgrade a computer, it is an excellent idea to replace an HDD with an SSD as the performance of the computer can be boosted by a wide margin. However, there are some important drawbacks. They are significantly more expensive per gigabyte (especially at larger capacities) compared to a hard drive, and typically come in smaller capacities. Furthermore SSD memory cells burn out over time due to wear caused by writing. However, this problem is mitigated by most modern SSD designs and software support that uses the SSD in such a way that all cells wear out at the same time. Whether or not you use an SSD, you should be backing up your data. There are some important precautions to note if you do buy a SSD. #'''Do not defragment the drive!''' SSD, unlike HDD, does not need to get defragmented and will instead cause unnecessary writes and can wear out the drive faster. Windows 7 and above will identify the drive and makes necessary optimizations. Older operating systems may need tweaks to correctly use an SSD #Use SATA 3. Using SATA 2 or below reduces speed. If you can afford it, go for a PCI-E SSD card or NVME M.2 SSD as they are faster interfaces. If your setup uses multiple storage devices, consider using a solid state drive as primary storage device by installing the operating system and [[:v:File_management#Incubate_work_on_flash_storage|incubating work]] on it, and a much larger hard drive as secondary storage. ==== [[w:Cache#Disk_buffer|Cache]] ==== The cache of a storage drive is a faster media than the drive itself and is normally 16MB (low end and laptop drives), 32MB (standard desktop drives), 64MB, 128MB, or 256MB (high end, high capacity desktop drives). Some very high capacity SSD designs will include several gigabytes of dram cache, which is used for performance and some very cheap SSD designs will not have a DRAM cache at all, which can reduce performance. The existence of a cache increases the speeds of retrieving short bursts of information, and also allows pre-fetching of data. Larger cache sizes generally result in faster data access. ==== Form factor ==== :* 3.5 inch drives are usually used in desktops. :* 2.5 inch drives are usually used in laptops and desktops with an adapter. :* M.2 drives are used in laptops and desktops with appropriate motherboards. ==== Capacity ==== The smallest desktop hard disk drives that are widely available hold about 250GB of data, although the largest drives available on the market can contain 24TB (24000GB). Note that the advertised capacity is usually more than the actual size due to the binary differences in calculation. Few people will need disks this large - for most people, somewhere in the range of 500GB-1TB will be sufficient. The amount of space you will need can depend on many factors, such as how many high-end games and programs you want to install, how many media files you wish to store, or how many high-quality videos you want to render. It is usually better to get a hard drive with a capacity larger than you anticipate using, in case you need more in the future. If you run out of space, you can always add an additional hard drive using any free Serial ATA connector, or through an external interface, such as USB. SSD capacities are markedly smaller then hard drive capacities, especially for the cost. SSD capacities range from 128GB on the low end, to several terabytes on the high end. ==== Rotational Speed ==== The speed at which the hard drives platters spin. Most laptop (2.5 inch) drives spin at 5400 RPM, while common desktop drives come in at 7200. There are PATA and SATA drives that spin at 10,000 RPM and some SCSI drives hit 15,000. However drives above 7,200 RPM usually have limited capacity, and a much higher price than comparable 7,200 RPM drives, making such drives advisable only when the fastest possible speeds are required. SSD's do not have moving parts. Do ''not'' use 5400 RPM hard drives or lower as your boot drive. ==== Noise and Heat ==== Modern hard drives are fairly quiet in operation though some people are sensitive to the faint hum and occasional buzz they do make. If your HDD is loud, it could be an early sign of failure, so it’s time to think about replacing it. Hard drives will also throw some heat and adequate air circulation should be provided, usually by case fans. Rubber mount points can help reduce drive vibration. There is software available that will allow you to monitor both the health and temperature of your hard drive(s), it’s a good idea to check from time to time and make sure the temperature does not rise above 50 C. SSD's do not generate noise like an HDD would because they have no moving parts, however they do generate a small amount of heat. This heat can be offset by a small heatsink, which are often included on M.2 SSDs. ==== Warranty ==== Many manufactures offer warranties ranging from 30 days (typically OEM) up to five years. It may be worth spending an extra few dollars to get the drive that carries a longer warranty. Good quality SSD's can provide up to 10 years warranty (like Samsung 850 Pro). == Secondary components == These components are important to your computer, but are not as central as the Core Components. === Video output === [[File:Radeon VII (Vorderseite).jpg|thumb|A video card.]] ====GPU Basics==== A GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) is what allows your computer to display images on a monitor. The majority of home and office computers use an 'onboard' or integrated graphic processor which is included on many processors, but workstations and gaming computers require the power of one or more dedicated graphics cards. Despite the name, modern GPU excel at processing large amounts of many different kinds of information, and are often used in physics simulations, audio processing, and even to run Artificial Intelligence models. Currently, three companies dominate the 3D graphics accelerator market; nVIDIA, AMD and Intel, who build their own chips and license their technologies to other companies to integrate into video cards. These companies make a complete line of GPUs with entries at every price/performance level. ====Do you need a Graphics Card?==== If your tasks are non intensive such as web browsing or office work, or likely to be more dependent on the CPU then the GPU, you may be able to get away with an entry-level GPU, or even an integrated GPU. An integrated GPU uses the system's RAM, and relies heavily on your system's CPU. This will mean slow performance for graphic-intensive software, such as games. As long as your motherboard has slots for it, and your PSU has power for it, you can always add a GPU later should you find the integrated graphics inadequate. If you have a CPU that does not have a graphics processor, as is common on some high end processor lines, then you will need to buy a discrete video card to use a monitor. ====Graphics Card Specifications==== Like a CPU, a GPU will have it's own clock speed and core count, though since GPU cores are simpler, many more can be fit onto a chip with high end GPUs having thousands of processors. Video cards have their own RAM which cannot be upgraded later, and many of the same rules that govern the motherboard RAM field apply here: to a point, the more RAM, and the faster it is, the better the performance will be. Most cards offer at least 8GB of VRAM, though many cards offer more. As a rule of thumb, if you want a high end video card, you need a minimum of 12GB of video memory or preferably 16GB. It is generally better to choose your video card based on your own research, as everyone has slightly different needs. Many video card and chip makers are known to measure their products' performances in ways that you may not find practical. A good video card is often much more than a robust 3D renderer; be sure to examine what you want and need your card to do, such as digital (DVI) output, TV output, multiple-monitor support, built-in TV tuners and video input. Another reason you need to carefully research is that manufacturers will often use confusing model numbers designed to make a card sound better than it is to sell it better. For example, the NVIDIA GeForce RTX series claim to be part of the current line up (as of April 2023, the 4000-series of cards), however, they are inadequate for modern gaming, in many cases, and perform much closer to old, mid-end 2000 series cards than to the RTX 3000/4000 series cards. ====API Support==== Graphics cards provide various APIs to let software developers make programs that work for multiple GPU devices, without needing to make a specific version for each GPU. Games are very likely to require support for graphics APIs; multimedia or 3D graphics software also often uses graphics APIs. Most software that uses a GPU will require one or more APIs to be available and the API to be at a minimum version. There are a few graphics APIs to look out for. * [[w:Vulkan (API)|Vulkan]] - A modern API for Windows and GNU/Linux. * [[w:DirectX|DirectX]] - The Windows-exclusive graphics API. ** [[w:DirectX Raytracing|DirectX Raytracing]] - An extension to DirectX for raytracing. * [[w:OpenGL|OpenGL]] - The old competitor to DirectX that works on Windows and GNU/Linux. If you are using high-end productivity software that can leverage a GPU, you should also look out for GPGPU APIs. Your software will specify which it can use. * [[w:OpenCL|OpenCL]] - A cross-platform API for GPGPU software. * [[w:CUDA|CUDA]] - NVIDIA's exclusive GPGPU API. There are also a few APIs and pieces of Middleware that are generally focused on games. Unlike the above, software that supports these features will typically work fine on unsupported cards, just with reduced features. * [[w:GPUOpen|GPUOpen]] - A collection of open source game dev tools, made by AMD for all systems. ** [[w:TressFX|TressFX]] - Offers simulations of hair, grass, fur, and similar materials. ** FireRays - Cross-platform raytracing. * [[w:Nvidia GameWorks|Nvidia GameWorks]] - NVIDIA's game dev tools for their own cards. ** [[w:Nvidia RTX|Nvidia RTX]] - NVIDIA's real-time ray tracing platform ** [[w:OptiX|OptiX]] - NVIDIA's productivity-focused ray tracing platform ** [[w:PhysX|PhysX]] - NVIDIA's physics library. PhysX can be run on the CPU if an NVIDIA card is not present. ==== Interface ==== The vast majority of graphic cards use the a 16x PCI-Express interface<ref>[https://graphicscardhub.com/gpu-slot-type/ graphicscardhub: gpu-slot-type]</ref>. This will typically provide the best performance and is what most Graphics Cards are designed to be used with. If you need an extremely small case, or would like to easily swap your GPU to other devices that can't accept PCI express cards such as a laptop, it is possible to get an external GPU enclosure that connects to your system through a thunderbolt port. These enclosures are expensive and reduce performance somewhat, but provide unique flexibility. ==== Video Output ==== Graphics cards offer a variety of ports to display pictures. Each port type has versions associated with it. * [[w:HDMI|HDMI]] - A high end proprietary output standard that's common on consumer electronics. * [[w:DisplayPort|Displayport]] - A high end output standard that's common on computers. Some GPU are compatible with variable refreshrate monitors. * [[w:FreeSync|FreeSync]] - AMD and recent NVIDIA cards both support FreeSync. * [[w:Nvidia G-Sync|G-Sync]] - NVIDIA's proprietary adaptive sync solution. Keep in mind that to provide best picture quality your graphics card must be capable of displaying the same resolution as your LCD display's native resolution. === Optical Drives === [[File:Lite-On iHOS104-08 2010-01.jpg|thumb|An internal 5.25" optical drive with a slot loading mechanism. This unit can read Blu-Ray, DVD, and CD media.]] Optical drives offer an inexpensive and easy way to watch movies, listen to music, and make backups of important files. When purchasing a DVD writer, you will want one that is capable of burning both the '+' and '-' standards, and it should also be Dual Layer compatible. This will ensure that you can burn to almost all recordable DVDs currently on the market. Blu-Ray readers and writers are also available for computers, albeit at a greater cost then comparable DVD only drives. Blu-Ray disks store many times the amount that DVDs do. However software support for Blu-Ray movies is much worse then for DVDs, and it may not be worth the hassle and increased cost. Optical drives primarily come in either 5.25" bay, slim, or external form factors. Your computer case will likely determine which form factor drive you choose, with 5.25" being most common, and some cases supporting slim drives. Some cases with minimalist designs or very small form factors may have no appropriate bays at all which would necessitate the use of an external drive. Most drives will use a tray loading mechanism, but some higher end or slim drives will instead use a slot loading mechanism instead. Most applications are now being distributed over the Internet and even operating systems can be installed using a USB flash drive, so you may find that you do not need an optical drive. At the same time, an optical drive can be handy in some situations and are very cheap. You should think about your needs and decide if an optical drive makes sense for your build. ==== Cleaning optical disks ==== Dust can be removed from a CD's surface using compressed air or by very lightly wiping the information side with a very soft cloth (such as an eyeglass cleaning cloth) from the center of the disc in an outward direction. Wiping the information surface of any type of CD in a circular motion around the center, however, has been known to create scratches in the same direction as the information and potentially cause data loss. Fingerprints or stubborn dust can be removed from the information surface by wiping it with a cloth dampened with diluted dish detergent (then rinsing) or alcohol (methylated spirits or isopropyl alcohol) and again wiping from the center outwards, with a very soft cloth (non-linting : polyester, nylon, etc.). It is harmful, however, to use acetone, nail polish remover, kerosene, petrol/gasoline, or any other type of petroleum-based solvent to clean a CD-R; the use of petroleum based solvents will damage the polycarbonate surface and the CD-R will become unreadable. === Sound hardware === [[File:KORG DS-DAC-10 - 1-bit USB-DAC (photozou 208854840).jpg|thumb|An external DAC.]] Most motherboards have built-in sound features. These are often adequate for most users. However, you can purchase a good sound card and speakers at relatively low cost - a few dollars at the low end can make an enormous difference in the range and clarity of sound. Also, these onboard systems tend to use more system resources, so you are better off with a real sound card for gaming. Sound card quality depends on a few factors. The digital-analog converter (DAC) is generally the most important stage for general clarity, but this is hard to measure. Reviews, especially those from audio file sources, are worth consulting for this; but don't go purely by specifications, as many different models with similar specifications can produce completely different results. Cards may offer digital (S/PDIF) output, in which case the DAC process is moved from your sound card either to a dedicated receiver or to one built into your speakers. Sound cards made for gaming or professional music tend to do outstandingly well for their particular purpose. In games, various effects are often times applied to the sound in real-time, and a gaming sound card will be able to do this processing on-board, instead of using your CPU for the task. Professional music cards tend to be built both for maximum sound quality and low latency (transmission delay) input and output, and include more different kinds of inputs than those of consumer cards. External DACs have gained popularity in recent years. These often include headphone amps and improved isolation from the rest of the computer, reducing potential interference such as hissing caused by close proximity to some components. === Modem === In many areas of the world, dedicated internet infrastructure is lacking or non existent. In such areas, those desiring an internet connection need to use a modem. ==== Wireless Modems ==== [[File:TCT Mobile one touch L100V-4224.jpg|thumb|Many wireless modems are small and come in a USB stick form factor.]] Mobile broadband modems are often used to connect computers wireless to cellular networks. Though often intended for travelers, some do use these for desktop computers when conventional connections are absolutely impractical. These are faster than traditional dial up modems, but often cost much more in both their initial price, as well as in ongoing data costs. ==== Dial Up Modems ==== A traditional modem is needed in order to connect to a dial up Internet connection. A modem can also be used for faxing. Modems can attach to the computer in different ways, and can have built-in processing or use the computer's CPU for processing. Modems with built-in processing generally include all modems that connect via a standard serial port, as well as any modems that refer to themselves as "Hardware Modems". Software Modems, or modems that rely on the CPU generally include both Internal and USB modems, or have packaging that mentions drivers or requiring a specific CPU to work. Modems that rely on the CPU are often designed specifically for the current version of Windows only, and will require drivers that are incompatible with future Windows versions, and may be difficult to upgrade. Software Modems are also very difficult to find drivers for non-Windows operating systems. The manufacturer is unlikely to support the hardware with new drivers after it is discontinued, forcing you to buy new hardware. Most such modems have internal or external USB, but this is not always the case. Modems can be attached via USB, a traditional serial port, or an internal card slot. Internal modems and USB modems are more easily auto-detected by the operating system and less likely to have problems with setup. USB and serial port modems often require an extra power supply block. === Network interface card === [[File:Twisted pair based ethernet.svg|thumb|A visual representation of typical network speeds, as well as the cabling required to support those speeds.]] ==== Wired NIC ==== [[File:An Intel 82574L Gigabit Ethernet NIC, PCI Express x1 card.jpg|thumb|A PCI Express 1x network interface card. The bracket at the top can be swapped with the included bracket for use in low profile cases.]] A Network interface card (NIC for short), or Ethernet card, is required in order to connect to a local area network or a cable or DSL modem. These typically come in speeds of 10Mbps, 100Mbps, 1000Mbps (gigabit) or 2.5Gbps; these are designated as 10Mbps, 10/100Mbps, 10/100/1000Mbps or 2.5Gbps products. The 10/100/1000Mbps parts are most common in use today. In many cases, one or two Ethernet adapters will be built into a motherboard. If there are none, you will have to purchase an adapter. These typically cost less then $20 and are inserted into a expansion slot. Most motherboards now feature either a 10/100/1000Mbps or a 2.5Gbps ethernet port and are adequate for most users. Typically networks are only as fast as their slowest component. Speeds can be negatively affected by factors external to your computer such as old or improperly installed network cable, or an outdated router. ==== Wireless NIC ==== A wireless network interface card can be used to add Wi-Fi and Bluetooth support to a computer. These cards are typically installed in a similar way to an Ethernet NIC, but have antennas or antenna mounts instead of an Ethernet jack. External USB versions are also available. Many internal adapters will come with detachable antenna. Antenna come in a variety of form factors, and designs. A big factor in antenna choice is weather or not to get an omnidirectional antenna that does an decent job most of the time and reduces the need for optimal positioning, or a directional antenna that offers stronger signal but can only work well when positioned correctly. == Peripherals == Anything outside the case that connects to your computer is considered a peripheral. The keyboard, mouse and monitor are pretty much the bare minimum you can go with and still be able to interact with your computer. Your choice in peripherals depends on personal preference and what you intend to do with your computer. ===Mouse=== [[File:Logitech-G5-Mouse-Rust.jpg|thumb|Mice can have a variety of perks on top of standard features. This mouse has additional buttons and adjustable weight.]] Most modern mice are based on [[w:Optical mouse|optical designs]], using either an LED or laser to track the surface it's placed on. Mice of medium-to-high quality will track your movement almost flawlessly. Many higher end mice feature different DPI settings for different use cases. Some optical mice are unable to track on some surfaces. In such cases, a mouse pad may be needed. Some mice may offer adjustable weights to help make your experience more comfortable. Most mice are designed to be ambidextrous or are explicitly designed for right handed use. Some manufacturers that make right handed oriented mice will also make a left handed version. Mice come in wireless and wired varieties. Wired mice offer fast and reliable communication, with no batteries to worry about. Wireless mice usually require a battery or sometimes a special mousepad, and use either Bluetooth or a special USB device to communicate with the PC. Wireless mice can be nice to use if your desk setup causes cable snagging. Although three buttons are generally enough for operating a computer in normal circumstances, extra buttons can come in handy, as you can add set actions to each button, and they can come in handy for playing various video games. One thing to note is that with some mice those extra buttons are not actually seen by the computer itself as extra buttons and will not work properly in games. These buttons use software provided by the manufacturer to function. However, it is sometimes possible to configure the software to map the button to act like a certain keyboard key so that it will be possible to use it in games in this manner. If desk space is at a premium, you may want to consider using a trackball mouse. Instead of moving the mouse around to move the cursor, this type of mouse has you use a ball to position the cursor. While not the best for gaming, this style of mouse is perfectly fine for web browsing and productivity. ===Keyboard=== [[File:2018 Bay Area Mechanical Keyboard Meetup (31006275737).jpg|thumb|Keyboards are made in a variety of formfactors and styles.]] ====Keyboard specifications==== Keyboards most commonly come as membrane keyboards, but if you plan on typing for long periods of time a mechanical keyboard may help improve your typing experience. Stores will often have display model keyboards that you can test to find your preferred style. [[w:Rollover (key)|Key rollover]] is the number of keys a keyboard can read simultaneously, and is an important factor for power users and gamers. Most keyboards support at least a few keys being pressed at one time. High end keyboards support N key rollover and can accept an arbitrary number of keys at the same time. Keyboards sometimes come with extra non-standard features, such as multimedia controls, or small displays. ====Keyboard formfactors==== Ergonomic keyboards also exist that can help reduce repetitive strain injuries. Keyboards come in a variety of sizes. Full size keyboards are the most common. Ten keyless keyboards eliminate the number pad for a smaller size. Some smaller keyboards are categorized by the percentage of keys removed compared to a full size keyboard, typically ranging from the mostly normal 75%, to the tiny 40%. Keyboards come in either wired or wireless models. Wired keyboards are very straightforward, and since they do not need to be moved as a mouse does, they are often preferable for desktops. Wireless keyboards do not now display the sort of noticeable delay that they once did, and now also have considerably improved battery life. However, gamers may still want to avoid wireless input devices because the very slight delay may impact gaming activities, though some of the higher end models have less trouble with this. The occasional need to replace or charge batteries is also an inconvenience. ====Keyboard accessories==== Some keyboards allow for swapable keycaps, allowing you to customize the look of your keyboard. If your keyboard supports this, you will want an appropriate keycap removal tool to make the process easier. If your keyboard does not come with a wrist rest, third party rests are commonly available. === Printer and scanner === [[File:Epson workforce 600 open cover.jpg|thumb|Multi function printers such as this one can also scan documents.]] For most purposes, a mid-range inkjet printer will work well for most people. If you plan on printing photos, you will want one that is capable of printing at around 4800dpi. Also, you will want to compare the speed of various printers, which is usually listed in ppm (pages per minute). When choosing a printer, always check how much new cartridges cost, as replacement cartridges can quickly outweigh the actual printer's cost. Be aware of other possible quirks as well. For example, Epson has protection measures that make refilling your own ink cartridges more difficult because an embedded microchip that keeps track of how much ink has been used keeps the printer from seeing the cartridge as full once it has been emptied. For office users that plan to do quite a bit of black and white printing buying a black and white laser printer is now an affordable option, and the savings and speed can quickly add up for home office users printing more than 500 pages a month. Scanners are useful, especially in office settings, they can function with your printer as a photocopier, and with software can also interact with your modem to send Faxes. When purchasing a Scanner, check to see how "accessible" it is (does it have one-touch buttons), and check how good the scanning quality is, before you leave the store if possible. Finally, "Multi-Function Centres" (also called "Printer-Scanner-Copiers") are often a cost-effective solution to purchasing both, as they take up only one port on your computer, and one power point, but remember that they can be a liability, since if one component breaks down, both may need to be replaced. === Display === [[File:ASUS curved monitor 20170603.jpg|thumb|Computer monitors come in a variety of form factors and styles.]] When choosing a display for your computer, you should look at a few factors that determine the quality of the display. Resolution governs how detailed of a picture a display can show. The higher the resolution, the more detail can be shown at once. Keep in mind that higher resolutions are also harder to for your computer to draw, and very high resolution monitors may not be the best choice if your computer's GPU can not adequately drive them at their native resolution. Refresh rate governs how often a new picture is drawn. 60 times a second is common, though some displays will go lower (Resulting in a choppier look) or higher (Resulting in a smoother look). Some monitors will work with video cards to use a variable refresh rate, which can produce a smoother picture, especially during games. Aspect ratio is a way of expressing the horizontal size of the screen to the vertical size of the screen. 16:9 is the most common display ratio today due to it's use in cinema, though 4:3 monitors were once the most popular choice, and are still preferred by many writers and programmers for their use of vertical space. Some displays are much wider than they are tall; these displays are often called ultrawides, often 21:9 or 32:9. {| class="wikitable" |+ Common resolutions by aspect ratio |- ! 4:3 !! 16:10 !! 16:9 !! Other |- | 640×480 || 1280×800 || 1280×720 || 1280×1024 |- | 800×600 || 1440×900 || 1366×768 || 2560×1080 |- | 1024×768 || 1680×1050 || 1600×900 || 3440×1440 |- | 1152×864 || 1920×1200 || 1920×1080 || 2560×2048 |- | 1600×1200 || 2240×1400 || 2560×1440 || 5120×1440 |- | 2048×1536 || 2560×1600 || 3840×2160 || 5120×2160 |- | 3200×2400 || 3840×2400 || 7680×4320 || 7680×2160 |} Some displays handle colors better then others. Some monitors sport higher bit depths, high dynamic range, or techniques for showing deep blacks to improve the color experience. A monitor's color accuracy determines it's ability to show those colors accurately, though this is primarily of concern to those producing visual media as most monitors are fairly accurate. Some content requires [[w:High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection|HDCP]] support to play. This requires support by the monitor, the cable, and the computer itself. The bezel is the space between the end of the display, and the end of the monitor. If you plan on placing multiple monitors next to each-other (Ideally of the same make), a smaller bezel can help reduce the interruption between the two spaces ==== LCD panels ==== Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) have the advantage of being a completely digital setup, when used with the DVI-D or HDMI digital connectors. When running at the screen's native resolution, this can result in the most stable and sharp image available on current monitors. Many LCD panel displays are sold with an analog 15-pin VGA connector or, rarely, with an analog DVI-I connector. Such displays will be a bit fuzzier than their digital counterparts, and are generally not preferred over a similarly-sized CRT. If you want an LCD display, be sure to choose a digital setup if you can; however, manufacturers have chosen to use this feature for price differentiation. A big disadvantage for LCD displays are dead pixels and stuck pixels. These small, failed areas on the monitor can be very annoying, but generally aren't covered under warranty as most LCD panel manufacturers allow for a certain number of dead pixels in their product specification. This can make purchasing LCD displays a financial risk. This can be alleviated somewhat if you are able to look at the display before purchase, or if you shop at a merchant that allows returns for such conditions. Some media files exist that cycle through colors to highlight dead pixels, and it may be worth running such a test prior to your purchase if possible. LCDs are acceptable for fast-paced gaming, but you should be sure that your screen has a fairly fast response time (of 4 ms or lower) if you want to play fast games. Many flat panels sold today meet this requirement, some by a factor of 3. Some gaming focused LCD monitors will offer higher refresh rates then the standard 60, which can aid those playing very fast paced games. When picking an LCD, keep in mind that they are designed to display at one resolution only, so, to reap the benefits of your screen, your graphics card must be capable of displaying at that resolution. That in mind, they can display lower resolutions with a black frame around the outside (which means your entire screen isn't filled), or by stretching the image (which leads to much lower quality). When choosing an LCD, make sure to get one which uses IPS technology, as that one provides for sharper colour reproduction and also has high viewing angles. The older TN (often found in very cheap displays) is only relevant for gamers who need fast response times; otherwise, it has weaker colours and has poor viewing angles and should be ignored. ==== OLED panels ==== Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) displays are a fairly new display type. They have infinite contrast ratio due to each pixel being emitted light without a backlight, allowing for deep blacks. Traditional LCD panels have a backlight, so black isn't really true black. Instead, they emit a faint, dark gray color. But the OLED panels are true black when pixels are switched off. OLED displays also potentially offer lower power consumption, especially when most pixels are switched off. Other advantages are very high refresh times (usually 0.03ms) and rates, as well as vivid colors. Downsides are high cost compared to LCDs, and burn-in issues. For example, a typical 32" 4K 240Hz OLED monitor cost about $1000, but an equivalent VA or IPS model costs about $500-600. ==== Alternative Display types ==== [[File:HTC Vive Pro - 2.jpg|thumb|A VR headset]] Some games, educational software, and telepresence software can optionally use or may require a virtual reality headset. Though pricey, these headsets offer immersion that is hard to beat. Keep in mind that a large open area of a room is required for safely experiencing non sit down experiences, and that a VR headset is intended to be a secondary, not a primary monitor. CRT monitors are now obsolete and only really available on the used market, but a high quality CRT monitor can be a good option in some specific use cases. Namely CRT monitors often allow the user to choose between higher resolution and higher refresh rates. The analog nature of CRT monitors also makes latency near zero - much lower then LCD panels. Downsides to CRT monitors include their large size, power consumption, availability issues, and outdated connectors. Some monitors include touchscreens or support specialized drawing pens, often meant to serve as a secondary display. Monitors supporting pen input in particular are good for those wishing to try digital illustration or digital sculpting, and often boast high color accuracy due to their artist centric design. Digital projectors are increasingly available on the consumer market. While not really good for everyday use, they are nice for home theater computers and other scenarios where a large screen is needed. ==== Monitor positioning ==== The default way of using most monitors it to just sit them on a desk. This works fine for most users, and avoids additional costs. A cheap way to free up desk space or make your monitor stand taller is to get a monitor riser. This is a small table that sits on top of your desk, holding your monitor up and giving you space to stash small items beneath it. Power users may want to invest in a [[w:Flat Display Mounting Interface|VESA Mount]] setup. This mounts the monitor to movable arms or a nearby wall, and frees desk space for other uses. Alternatively, some very small case designs support being mounted on the back of a VESA Mount, letting your computer rest on the back of your monitor. === Speakers === ====Loudspeakers==== [[File:Creative T4 Wireless 2.1 Speakers.jpg|thumb|A 2.1 speaker setup with subwoofer and remote.]] Computer loudspeaker sets come in two general varieties; 2/2.1 sets (over a wide range of quality), and "surround", "theater", or "gaming" sets with four or more speakers, which tend to be somewhat more expensive. A 2-speaker set is adequate for basic stereophonic sound. A 2.1-speaker set adds a sub-woofer to handle low frequencies. Low-end speakers can suffer from low bass response or inadequate amplification, both of which compromise sound quality. Powered speakers with separate sub-woofers usually cost only a little more and can sound much better. At the higher end, one should start to see features like standard audio cables (instead of manufacturer-specific ones), built in DACs, and a separate control box. The surround sets include a sub-woofer, and two or more sets of smaller speakers. These support 5.1 or 7.1 standards that allow sound to be mixed not only left and right, as with standard stereo speakers, but front and back and even behind the listener. Movies and video games make use of this technology to provide a full-immersion experience. Make sure your sound hardware will support 5.1 or 7.1 before buying such a speaker system. If your budget allows, you can avoid the computer speaker market entirely and look into piecing together a set of higher-end parts. If you are buying a speaker system designed for PCs, research the systems beforehand so you can be certain of getting one that promises clarity rather than just raw power. Speaker power is usually measured in RMS Watts. However, some cheap speakers use a different measure, Peak Music Power Output (PMPO), which appears much higher. For home theater PCs, a soundbar can be a good option for a simple setup. ====Headphones==== Headphones can offer good sound much more cheaply than speakers, so if you are on a limited budget, but want maximum quality, they should be considered first. They should also be considered if you live in a apartment or dormitory where noise is a consideration. The advantage of headphones is that the acoustic environment between the audio driver is fully contained and controlled within the earcups and is not dependent on room acoustics. There are even headphones which promise surround-sound, though these can be hit or miss and should be tested prior to purchase. Some headphones may include a basic microphone as well. A headphone stand can help keep your workplace organized if you plan on frequently using one. === Microphones === [[File:Blue Snowflake USB microphone.jpg|thumb|An external microphone can allow you to make high quality audio recordings at home.]] Microphones can be added to allow for voice chat, dictation software, or for just making recordings. If you are using a webcam or a gaming headset, you likely already have a decent microphone. Most low end to midrange office, gamer, and prosumer microphones plug in via USB or 3.5" audio jacks, or connect wirelessly via Bluetooth. For creators who need high end microphones, by using certain external DAC devices, it becomes possible to use professional microphones that use [[w:XLR connector|XLR connectors]], greatly increasing sound quality, at the cost of increased setup complexity, as well as increasing the price of the setup overall. Another factor to consider when purchasing a microphone for a desktop PC is where you want to mount it, and if you have the right acoustics in your room for the level of quality you want. Casual users may be fine simply placing a microphone on their desk, where gamers with loud keyboards may want to mount their microphone on a separate surface. A pop filter is a cheap way to improve quality in some cases. If the acoustics in your room are not good or there is significant background noise which can't be eliminated then no amount of expensive equipment will fix the underlying problems causing bad sound, and you're best off either fixing those problems, or using a cheap microphone. === Webcams === A webcam can be added to a desktop to aid in video conferencing or streaming. Quality of webcams can vary significantly, so it's a good idea to look at examples of footage produced by a particular model before committing to a purchase. Web cams offer a variety of resolutions and frame rates. Some webcams can be used for security features such as Windows Hello in Windows 10. Many webcams have a physical privacy shutter to prevent accidental use, and cheap aftermarket shutters can be added for webcams without one. Many webcams support tripod mounts, which can be used to offer alternative angles for those with multiple cameras, such as streamers. Most webcams have a microphone built in. === Other peripherals === Some peripherals serve more niche uses. Though they are not needed for all users, you may find such devices useful if they compliment your specific needs, work or hobbies. <!--Idea for later: GPS receivers for those living mobile lives in RVs, car computers--> ====Accessibility==== [[File:Plage-braille-Alva.jpg|thumb|A refreshable braile display used underneath a keyboard.]] You may benefit from accessibility tools if you have an impediment, such as foot pedals, large button gadgets, or other devices. [[wikipedia:Refreshable braille display|Refreshable braile displays]] and [[w:Screen reader|screen reader]] software can help users with visual impairments ====Security==== Hardware 2FA keys are a good idea for those who value security. These keys typically plug into a USB port and can be used as an extra layer of security on top of a password. A special webcam that uses structured light or a finger print reader can be used for Windows Hello. <!--Unsure if a hardware wallet for cryptocurrency enthusiasts would belong here.--> If you are using a disk encryption solution like Windows [[w:BitLocker|BitLocker]], it may be worthwhile to get a [[w:Trusted Platform Module|Trusted Platform Module]] made [[w:ROCA vulnerability|after 2018]]. This is a small piece of dedicated hardware that handles security related tasks. This requires that both the module and the motherboard are compatible with each other, both on a hardware level and a software level. A port blocker or case lock may be OK for stopping casual mischief if you have regular guests or roommates, but most commercially available products in this category will not stand up to either a modestly talented tinkerer, or simple brute force. ====Gaming==== Fans of specific game genres may benefit from a flight stick, a stearing wheel, fight pad, arcade deck, or console style controller. There are also more esoteric control devices available, based on EEG readings, gesture recognition, or other unconventional inputs. A video capture card can be used to record or stream the output of a game console or even another PC without impacting framerates. Streaming decks can help save time during livestreams. ====Creating==== [[File:Penciling on Wacom Cintiq 13HD by David Revoy.jpg|thumb|Drawing tablets use special pens to offer more natural input methods for artists.]] Creatives and hobbyists may find workflow benefits from adding specialized peripherals to their workspace such as drawing tablets, MIDI keyboards, mixers, microscopes, 3D Scanners, software defined radios, plotters, laser cutters, or 3D printers. == External links == * [https://outervision.com/power-supply-calculator The outervision power supply calculator] * [https://pcpartpicker.com/ PCPartPicker] can help check for compatibility issues before you buy. * [https://www.logicalincrements.com/ Logical Increments] offers a variety of example builds that are focused on balance at a given price point. * [http://www.silentpcreview.com/article28-page1.html Silent PC Review of PSU units] {{Chapter navigation||Assembly}} [[it:Costruire un computer/Componenti]] rne9i16q2aj2mgeji9iri0g3n7czh5n 4632566 4632564 2026-04-26T15:41:17Z Sbb1413 3208344 /* External Components */ 4632566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{How To Assemble A Desktop PC/Contents}} The first step to building a computer is acquiring the parts. This guide will start with a quick explanation of essential parts and elaborate on them further on. These are the parts that a standard PC will use. You might want to make a check list (perhaps using a spreadsheet) of parts to use as you go about your process of research and selection. That way you won’t find yourself sitting down with a pile of brand new hardware only to find that you forgot an essential component. ==The primary parts== ===Key Parts=== *'''[[w:Computer case|Case]]''' - The case houses and protects rest of the parts, and contains additional functions like button, front IO ports, and other features. *'''[[w:Power supply unit (computer)|Power Supply Unit]]'''/'''PSU''' – ''Power Supply Unit'', converts outlet power, which is alternating current (AC), to direct current (DC) which is required by internal components, as well as providing appropriate voltages and currents for these internal components. *'''[[w:Motherboard|Motherboard]]'''/'''mainboard''' – A board that facilitates communications between components and offers ports to connect them together. *'''[[w:Central processing unit|CPU]]''' – ''central processing unit'', the main processor of the computer. The CPU handles general and mathematically complicated tasks. *'''[[w:RAM|RAM]]''' – ''random access memory'', the "short-term memory" of a computer, used by the CPU to store program instructions and data upon which it is currently operating. Data in RAM is lost when the computer is powered off, thus necessitating a ''storage drive''. *'''[[w:Computer storage|Storage]]''' - either '''[[Wikipedia:HDD|HDD]]''' (Hard disk drive - noisy and slower of the two but less expensive) and/or '''[[Wikipedia:SSD|SSD]]''' (solid state drive. Quiet, very fast but not as cheap) – the "long-term memory" of the computer, used for persistent storage – i.e. the things stored on it remain even when the computer is powered down. The operating system, and all your programs and data are stored here, so if you choose SSD then the system will be faster. These days, SSDs have replaced HDDs for almost everything but certain long term, low use storage, the lowest-end laptops and desktops which flash storage is used on, even if you only need to surf the web, HDDs will not be good. Do '''not''' use an HDD to store your OS, HHDs are only useful for long-term, low use storage. OSes can be booted and use storage from inexpensive '''[[Wikipedia:USB Drive|USB Drives]]''', although this is only with extremely lightweight systems. === Optional Components=== Optional components follow: (Components that depend on the function that will be given to the machine) *'''[[w:Video Card|GPU]]'''/'''Graphics Card''' – does processing relating to video output. If you want to build a gaming PC, a good GPU is almost mandatory. Some processors have an integrated GPU built in so you don’t need (but may add) a separate video card. Otherwise, you will need a video card. These plug into a slot on the motherboard and provide ports to connect a monitor to your computer. *'''[[w:Optical Drive|Optical Drive]]''' – device for handling optical disks. May read CDs, DVDs, Blu-Rays or other optical media. Some drives are able to write optical media as well as read it. Nowadays optical drives are only useful if you commonly use optical discs or have a huge collection of them you plan on using, if you have an external optical drive, you won't need it. *'''[[w:Sound card|Sound hardware]]''' - Now integrated into motherboards, higher end sound hardware may be a good option for some users. *'''[[w:Capture card|Capture cards]]''' - Records the signal from an HDMI port inside of it, useful if you use content creation for gaming, or plan on plugging in media device or gaming console to watch on your screen. ===External Components=== On top of the internal components listed above, you will also need these external components: *'''[[w:Keyboard|Keyboard]]''' – for typing on. A good keyboard will increase your comfort, as well as make you a more productive typist. *'''[[w:Mouse|Mouse]]''' – for pointing and clicking. A comfortable mouse can significantly improve your experience. *'''[[w:Monitor|Monitor]]''' – Displays graphics from your computer. They come in many forms, the most common being [[w:LCD|LCD]] and [[w:OLED|OLED]] displays. ==Planning the Build== Before you go on a shopping spree and start spending lots of money on expensive computer parts, there are some important questions you should answer which will guide your purchases: * What will be the main function of the computer? * What useful parts do you have on hand, from an old computer or otherwise? * How much can you afford to spend on the system? * Some functions benefit from certain components more then others. What components, if any, should you skimp on to afford better components elsewhere? * Do you want to upgrade your computer later, or will you be content with your build? == What operating system am I going to use? == Before you buy components, be sure that they are supported by the operating system you plan to use. Almost all commonly available PC devices have drivers (small programs that allow the operating system to recognize and work with a hardware device) available for current versions of Windows. If you want to run an alternative operating system, you'll have to do some research to make sure your hardware choice will be compatible. Many alternatives have extensive 'Hardware Compatibility Lists' (HCLs) as well as software compatibility. === Main operating systems available === * '''Microsoft Windows''' - [[w:Windows 11|Windows 11 (Home/Pro)]]. * '''Popular Linux Distros''' - [[w:Ubuntu|Ubuntu]], [[w:Linux Mint|Linux Mint]], [[w:OpenSUSE|OpenSUSE]], [[w:Fedora (operating system)|Fedora]], [[w:debian|Debian]], and others * '''Popular BSD Variants''' - [[w:FreeBSD|FreeBSD]], [[w:OpenBSD|OpenBSD]], [[w:NetBSD|NetBSD]], and others * '''ChromeOS Flex, FydeOS and Brunch Framework''': ChromeOS Flex is an OS built by Google that mainly works for just web apps, although it can run Debian apps via a VM. ChromeOS Flex does not support the Play Store or Android apps and does not allow complete control over the system by default. The brunch framework allows you to install real ChromeOS with Play Store support, although APK is not supported, as well as other Chromebook-specific features, but it is less stable than ChromeOS Flex. FydeOS is a ChromiumOS fork that allows you to run APK and Play Store apps, and not be owned by Google, but by another company, although it doesn't mean it's more private. ChromeOS's benefits are security and compatibility with the Google ecosystem. However it's downsides are not being able to run local programs other than web apps and Linux VM apps, which are slower than using real Linux, being incompatible with the Apple ecosystem almost entirely (this will become a problem for iOS users, especially if you use the stock apps or pay for iCloud), privacy concerns, no way of disabling auto-updates, and it's deleting of files and user data without consent due to low storage or security concerns, including Linux VM. On Brunch, the fact that the Play Store VM is always running and cannot be shut down in any way is another downside. * '''Android''' - You can use the latest Android 16 Baklava on your PC if it has an ARM processor. While not ideal for the desktop form factor, they are free and offer compatibility with Android's software library. A variety of Android-based operating systems exist for x86 computers. Bliss OS is the most updated one, running Android 13 Tiramisu as its latest version, although it is unknown if Bliss OS gets frequent security updates, making it non-recommended. Do not use Android-x86, as the latest version for the Android-x86 project is 9 Pie, which was released in 2018. * '''macOS''' - You can install the Intel version of macOS on non-Apple hardware, which is called "Hackintosh". Be warned that this is risky and takes more knowledge than other operating systems. Apple will no longer support macOS on Intel computers from macOS 27 onwards, with the last macOS version for Intel computers being macOS 26 Tahoe. === Windows information and hardware support lists === '''Microsoft Windows''' is a series of operating systems made by the Microsoft corporation. Thanks to its popularity and widespread support Windows is ideal for most personal computing and fits the needs or wants of just about anyone: gamers, video/graphics editors, office workers, or the average user who wants to surf the web and play a bit of solitaire. In general Windows supports most available consumer processors from AMD or Intel, as well as most internal and external devices, including Graphics Cards, Wi-Fi adapters, and specialty hardware. For general consumers, Windows comes in a few flavors: * Windows 11 Home is the basic version of Windows 11 and costs about $140, but purchases from bulk retailers can be as cheap as $50. * Windows 11 Pro is the more advanced version of Windows 11 and costs about $200. This version includes business-oriented features like drive encryption, better virtual machine support and a built-in remote desktop function. * Windows 11 Pro for Workstations provides support for workstation-class hardware such as motherboards with multiple processor sockets and costs $310. * You can install Windows 10 if you would like, however it isn't recommended since it will be discontinued on October 2025 (although there is a paid licence that extends consumer support to 2026) If you are a student you may be able to get a free version of Windows 11 through your school using Azure Dev Teaching (formerly Imagine Premium). Any Windows 7, 8, 8.1 or 10 product key can be used to activate a copy of Windows 11. This essentially gives you a free upgrade from an older version of Windows to the latest. If you already have an older Windows computer, use the NirSoft ProduKey utility found online. Microsoft maintains a list [https://partner.microsoft.com/en-us/dashboard/hardware/search/cpl|list of hardware] compatible with Windows. === Linux information and hardware support lists === As one of the most popular open-source (free) operating systems, '''GNU/Linux''' is a good alternative. Linux is a UNIX-like series of operating systems and comes in many different distributions, called "distros" for short. Popular distros of Linux intended for the desktop include [[w:Ubuntu|Ubuntu]], [[w:Debian|Debian]], [[w:Linux Mint|Linux Mint]], [[w:Fedora Linux|Fedora]], [[w:openSUSE|openSUSE]], [[w:MX Linux|MX Linux]], [[w:Elementary OS|Elementary OS]], [[wikipedia:KDE neon|KDE Neon]], and [[w:Arch Linux|Arch Linux]]. Linux has applications that can match most of the functionality of their proprietary alternatives. It should be noted, however, that many popular programs are not available for Linux, and the only way to run them is with special compatibility layers like [[w:Wine (software)|Wine]], which may or may not work with a specific program, or could only run with significant issues. Unlike Windows, drivers in Linux are usually included in the distro. This means different distributions will support different hardware (generally, more 'bleeding-edge' distributions will support newer hardware – look at Fedora, SUSE, or Arch Linux, compared to the latest stable release of Debian). A search online will normally establish compatibility; otherwise, a good rule of thumb to figure out compatibility is to buy hardware that is 12 to 18 months old, as it most likely has Linux support with most distributions, but won't be too old. Graphics Drivers on Linux are interesting. AMD GPUs typically work fine out of the box thanks to the manufacturer-backed open-source [[w:AMDGPU|AMDGPU driver]] project, where the community open-source [[w:nouveau (software)|nouveau]] project generally works well, but not to the same level as NVIDIA's proprietary drivers, which many distros do not include out of the box due to the licensing used by the driver. Intel Integrated Graphics typically works very well in Linux. === BSDs information and hardware support lists=== '''BSD''', or the '''Berkeley Software Distribution''', is also a UNIX-Like series of operating systems and could be considered the alternative to Linux. BSD is an open-source (free) operating system and has its own descendants, such as [[w:FreeBSD|FreeBSD]] and [[w:OpenBSD|OpenBSD]]. Unlike Linux, BSD tends not to support "new" hardware but can handle a lot of both older and modern components. BSD and Linux share a variety of applications supported on both operating systems. * DesktopBSD, see [http://www.freebsd.org/releases/5.4R/hardware-i386.html FreeBSD 5.4/i386] and [http://www.freebsd.org/releases/5.4R/hardware-amd64.html FreeBSD 5.4/amd64] * [http://wiki.dragonflybsd.org/index.php/Supported_Hardware Dragonfly BSD] * [http://www.freebsd.org/platforms/ FreeBSD] * [http://www.netbsd.org/Hardware/ NetBSD] * [http://www.openbsd.org/plat.html OpenBSD] * PC-BSD, see [http://www.freebsd.org/releases/6.0R/hardware-i386.html FreeBSD 6.0/i386] ===Hackintosh=== [[File:Hackintosh-780x495.jpg|thumb|A Hackintosh]] A [[w:Hackintosh|Hackintosh]] is a computer based on commodity hardware that runs [[w:macOS|macOS]]. This is '''extremely''' risky and could end in utter failure if it is not done properly. macOS is designed with Apple computers in mind, and trying to port it to a PC is risky and difficult. If you still want to attempt the same, read this. # You'll be violating the Apple EULA. # You should be using a comparable Intel CPU, which should've been used by Apple in one of their computers. Although 14th-gen Intel CPUs and 700-series motherboards are available, 10th-gen Intel CPUs and 400-series motherboards are the last components fully supported by macOS. # Newer Macs have moved away from x86 CPUs, and your configuration may not work in the future. Apple will no longer support macOS on Intel computers from macOS 27 onwards, with the last macOS version for Intel computers being macOS 26 Tahoe. # CPU choice and graphics also matter. Look up your CPU/GPU combination to see if it works. # You'll need to (mostly) get modified installers, as the official installers may block installation. # You'll need patience and tinkering with things if something goes wrong. An unsupported motherboard could even be destroyed by macOS. # Some features, such as Apple Intelligence, only work on Apple silicon Macs, so Hackintoshes cannot use these features. {| class="wikitable" |+List of supported GPUs (as of macOS Sequoia) !GPU !Supported? |- |HD 500 (6th gen Intel) or earlier |{{No|Not supported}} |- |HD 600 (7th gen Intel) |{{Yes|Supported}} |- |UHD 600 (8-10th gen Intel) |{{Yes|Supported}} |- |Intel G1-G7 (10th gen Intel) |{{Yes|Supported}} |- |11th gen Intel iGPUs and later |{{No|Not supported}} |- |Any Nvidia GPUs |{{No|Not supported}} |- |AMD Vega iGPUs (Zen 1-3) |{{Yes|Supported with patches}} |- |GCN GPUs (RX 200/300 series) and earlier |{{No|Not supported}} |- |Polaris GPUs (RX 400/500 series) |{{Yes|Supported}} |- |Vega GPUs |{{Yes|Supported}} |- |RDNA 1 GPUs (RX 5000 series) |{{Yes|Supported}} |- |RDNA 2 GPUs (RX 6000 series) |{{Yes|Most GPUs supported}} |- |RDNA 3 GPUs (RX 7000 series) |{{No|Not supported}} |} ===Other operating systems=== These options are not recommended for the average user, but are included for the sake of completeness. ====Haiku==== {{see also|wikipedia:Haiku}} Haiku is an operating system based on BeOS. Its main benefits are its specific focus on personal computing, and its cohesive interface. The main drawback is that its still somewhat "Beta", and can be unstable. Hardware support is iffy, too. If you really want to try Haiku, it's best to use a virtual machine or live USB, instead of installing directly onto your hardware. ====ReactOS==== {{see also|wikipedia:ReactOS}} ReactOS is an open-source reimplementation of Windows. Its main benefits are it being compatible with many Windows applications, and its interface being a clone of Windows 9x and 2000/ME. However, it has been in alpha for the last 20 years, has problems with newer hardware, and not all programs are compatible, especially new ones. == What will be the main function of the computer? == {{Warning| '''Caution to high-end buyers''': Higher-end Intel processors, specifically 13th and 14th generations (Raptor Lake) Intel Core i5, i7 and i9 processors may cause instability under load using the default motherboard settings. This is caused by degradation due to high elevated voltages. Intel released Intel Baseline Profile for these affected processors, which make these processors more stable under load, but loses about 10% performance. Therefore it is '''not recommended''' to buy these processors<ref>https://wccftech.com/only-5-out-of-10-core-i9-13900k-2-out-of-10-core-i9-14900k-cpus-stable-in-auto-profile-intel-board-partners-stability-issues/ - retrieved 2024-05-04</ref><ref>https://www.theverge.com/24216305/intel-13th-14th-gen-raptor-lake-cpu-crash-news-updates-patches-fixes-motherboards - retrieved 2024-10-30</ref> As of August 2024, a BIOS update for these affected processors has rolled out for the affected processors, which addresses the instability, though not guaranteed.<ref>https://www.theverge.com/24216305/intel-13th-14th-gen-raptor-lake-cpu-crash-news-updates-patches-fixes-motherboards#stream-entry-27a4766f-6754-4e46-97f8-626f1ac05933 - retrieved 2024-10-30</ref> Exceptions are 13/14th gen Core i3, which is basically recycled 12th gen Core i3, which hasn't caused instability and therefore are not affected. Arrow Lake (Core 200 series) CPUs are also unaffected. }} If you're going to build a computer from scratch for a specific purpose, you'll want to select each component with your use case in mind. Consider what you want to use the computer for, you may be able to save money by specifying expensive, premium parts only where needed. Any reasonably configured computer built from current components will offer adequate Internet browsing and word-processing capabilities. For an office computer, this is often all that is needed. As long as you provide enough RAM for your chosen operating system (4 GB at least), any processor you can buy new will provide acceptable performance. If the computer is for gaming, a fast processor and the addition of a high-end graphics card and extra RAM will provide a more satisfactory gaming experience. Besides gaming, computers intended for video editing, serious audio work, CAD/CAM, or animation will benefit from beefier components which are specifically designed for that purpose. Here are some general system categories. Your own needs will probably not fit neatly into one of these, but they are a good way to start thinking about what you are going to use your computer for. With each we’ve indicated the components you should emphasize when building the system and we've also included sample builds for each configuration, which you're free to modify it to fit your needs and budget. ===Simple web surfer=== To provide basic functionality to a user who just needs web surfing, a little word processing, and the occasional game of solitaire or Wordle, it’s best not to go overboard. Such a user has no need for a top of the line processor or 3D graphics card. A modestly configured system with an adequate Internet connection (DSL (5 Mbps) or better) will suit this user best and can be assembled quite cheaply. This usage pattern is not going to stress any particular component; you should be looking at a mid- to low-level processor (historically, and currently, at about the $150 price point or less) such as Core i3 or Ryzen 5, enough RAM for the OS and number of browser tabs (4 GB minimum, 8 GB recommended, 16 GB for lots of tabs), and a motherboard with built in Ethernet, video and audio. You can use a mid-level case/power supply combo (these components are often sold as a pair). If you have a little extra money, spend it on a better monitor, mouse/keyboard, and case/power supply in that order. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Typical PC build by budget ! style="background: #ddd;" rowspan=2 | PC level ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | Budget ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | PC case ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | Motherboard ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | CPU ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | CPU cooler ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | RAM ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | Graphics ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | Storage ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | Power supply ! style="background: #eee;" colspan=2 | Power consumption |- ! style="background: #eee;" | Idle ! style="background: #eee;" | Peak |- | style="background: #bbf;" | '''Ultra budget''' | style="background: #ddf;" | ~$250 | style="background: #ddf;" | Basic mini ITX case ($40) | style="background: #ddf;" | H610 DDR4 motherboard ($50) | style="background: #ddf;" | Intel Processor 300 ($80) | style="background: #ddf;" | Intel stock cooler (included) | style="background: #ddf;" | 8 GB DDR4-3200 CL16 (1 x 8 GB) ($20) | style="background: #ddf;" | UHD Graphics 710 (integrated) | style="background: #ddf;" | 240 GB SATA SSD ($20) | style="background: #ddf;" | 500 W Tier D power supply ($40) | style="background: #ddf;" | 8 W | style="background: #ddf;" | 83 W |- | style="background: #bdf;" | '''Extra budget''' | style="background: #def;" | ~$300 | style="background: #def;" | Basic mini ITX case ($40) | style="background: #def;" | A520 DDR4 motherboard ($50) | style="background: #def;" | AMD Ryzen 5 5600GT ($120) | style="background: #def;" | AMD Wraith Stealth (included) | style="background: #def;" | 8 GB DDR4-3200 CL16 (1 x 8 GB) ($20) | style="background: #def;" | AMD Radeon Vega 7 (integrated) | style="background: #def;" | 512 GB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($40) | style="background: #def;" | 500 W Tier D power supply ($40) | style="background: #def;" | 14 W | style="background: #def;" | 139 W |- | style="background: #bff;" | '''Entry-level''' | style="background: #dff;" | ~$400 | style="background: #dff;" | Basic micro ATX case ($60) | style="background: #dff;" | A520 DDR4 motherboard ($50) | style="background: #dff;" | AMD Ryzen 7 5700G ($180) | style="background: #dff;" | AMD Wraith Stealth (included) | style="background: #dff;" | 8 GB DDR4-3200 CL16 (1 x 8 GB) ($20) | style="background: #dff;" | AMD Radeon Vega 8 (integrated) | style="background: #dff;" | 512 GB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($40) | style="background: #dff;" | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70) | style="background: #dff;" | 14 W | style="background: #dff;" | 139 W |- | style="background: #bfd;" | '''Upper entry-level''' | style="background: #dfe;" | ~$500 | style="background: #dfe;" | Premium micro ATX case ($110) | style="background: #dfe;" | A520 DDR4 motherboard ($50) | style="background: #dfe;" | AMD Ryzen 7 5700G ($180) | style="background: #dfe;" | AMD Wraith Stealth (included) | style="background: #dfe;" | 16 GB DDR4-3600 CL18 (2 x 8 GB) ($40) | style="background: #dfe;" | AMD Radeon Vega 8 (integrated) | style="background: #dfe;" | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60) | style="background: #dfe;" | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70) | style="background: #dfe;" | 14 W | style="background: #dfe;" | 138 W |- | style="background: #bfb;" | '''Lower mid-range''' | style="background: #dfd;" | ~$600 | style="background: #dfd;" | Premium micro ATX case ($110) | style="background: #dfd;" | A620 DDR5 motherboard ($80) | style="background: #dfd;" | AMD Ryzen 5 8600G ($180) | style="background: #dfd;" | AMD Wraith Stealth (included) | style="background: #dfd;" | 16 GB DDR5-5200 CL40 (2 x 8 GB) ($60) | style="background: #dfd;" | AMD Radeon 760M (integrated) | style="background: #dfd;" | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60) | style="background: #dfd;" | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100) | style="background: #dfd;" | 14 W | style="background: #dfd;" | 140 W |} ===Office computer=== An office computer can be expected to do word processing, spreadsheet and database work, network access, e-mail and a little light development of spreadsheets, databases, and presentations. It might also be called on to do page layout work, some 2D graphic creation, and/or terminal emulation. None of this stresses any particular component either, but since office workers often run several applications at the same time, and because time is money in this space, a strong mid-level processor is suggested. Typically this would be the processor one or two places from the top of the line. Plenty of RAM will also facilitate multitasking and save time. You will not need much in the way of 3D graphics power so current generation integrated graphics solutions from both AMD and Intel are perfectly adequate for office tasks. You should be aware that they will appropriate a portion of the system RAM for video duties thus reducing the total amount of RAM available for the OS and other programs so play accordingly and increase the total system RAM amount to compensate. Choosing the fastest operating frequency RAM your motherboard and budget can support will positively improve the performance of integrated graphics. If you decide that you need a dedicated graphics card after all, opt for an inexpensive model. A sub $200 (for this and other prices in US dollars see [http://www.xe.com/ucc/ www.xe.com/ucc] or other currency converter of your choice for conversion into your local currency) video card with 4 GB of video RAM or more should be more than sufficient. However, do your research carefully because many inexpensive graphics cards actually have poorer performance than current generation integrated graphic solutions. You should pick a case which looks professional and compliments the look of your office as well as your role in your work. Your case should also be sturdy, to withstand being kicked under a desk or knocked by cleaning staff. You'll also want a no frills but reliable power supply that meets your needs and won't let you down in the middle of a busy workday. Any extra budget after the above should focus on a better monitor, better/more ergonomic mouse/keyboard and more RAM. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Typical PC build by budget ! style="background: #ddd;" rowspan=2 | PC level ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | Budget ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | PC case ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | Motherboard ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | CPU ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | CPU cooler ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | RAM ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | Graphics ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | Storage ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | Power supply ! style="background: #eee;" colspan=2 | Power consumption |- ! style="background: #eee;" | Idle ! style="background: #eee;" | Peak |- | style="background: #bff;" | '''Entry-level''' | style="background: #dff;" | ~$400 | style="background: #dff;" | Basic micro ATX case ($60) | style="background: #dff;" | A520 DDR4 motherboard ($50) | style="background: #dff;" | AMD Ryzen 7 5700G ($180) | style="background: #dff;" | AMD Wraith Stealth (included) | style="background: #dff;" | 8 GB DDR4-3200 CL16 (1 x 8 GB) ($20) | style="background: #dff;" | AMD Radeon Vega 8 (integrated) | style="background: #dff;" | 512 GB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($40) | style="background: #dff;" | 500 W Tier D power supply ($40) | style="background: #dff;" | 14 W | style="background: #dff;" | 144 W |- | style="background: #bfd;" | '''Upper entry-level''' | style="background: #dfe;" | ~$500 | style="background: #dfe;" | Basic micro ATX case ($60) | style="background: #dfe;" | A620 DDR5 motherboard ($70) | style="background: #dfe;" | AMD Ryzen 5 8600G ($200) | style="background: #dfe;" | AMD Wraith Stealth (included) | style="background: #dfe;" | 16 GB DDR5-5600 CL28 (2 x 8 GB) ($60) | style="background: #dfe;" | AMD Radeon 760M (integrated) | style="background: #dfe;" | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60) | style="background: #dfe;" | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70) | style="background: #dfe;" | 15 W | style="background: #dfe;" | 146 W |- | style="background: #bfb;" | '''Lower mid-range''' | style="background: #dfd;" | ~$600 | style="background: #dfd;" | Premium micro ATX case ($110) | style="background: #dfd;" | A620 DDR5 motherboard ($70) | style="background: #dfd;" | AMD Ryzen 5 8600G ($200) | style="background: #dfd;" | AMD Wraith Stealth (included) | style="background: #dfd;" | 16 GB DDR5-6400 CL32 (2 x 8 GB) ($80) | style="background: #dfd;" | AMD Radeon 760M (integrated) | style="background: #dfd;" | 1 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($70) | style="background: #dfd;" | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70) | style="background: #dfd;" | 15 W | style="background: #dfd;" | 146 W |- | style="background: #dfb;" | '''Mid-range''' | style="background: #efd;" | ~$800 | style="background: #efd;" | Premium micro ATX case ($110) | style="background: #efd;" | B650 DDR5 motherboard ($140) | style="background: #efd;" | AMD Ryzen 7 8700G ($300) | style="background: #efd;" | AMD Wraith Stealth (included) | style="background: #efd;" | 32 GB DDR5-7200 CL34 (2 x 16 GB) ($150) | style="background: #efd;" | AMD Radeon 780M (integrated) | style="background: #efd;" | 1 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($70) | style="background: #efd;" | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70) | style="background: #efd;" | 15 W | style="background: #efd;" | 150 W |- | style="background: #ffb;" | '''Upper mid-range''' | style="background: #ffd;" | ~$1000 | style="background: #ffd;" | Premium micro ATX case ($110) | style="background: #ffd;" | B650 DDR5 motherboard ($140) | style="background: #ffd;" | AMD Ryzen 7 8700G ($300) | style="background: #ffd;" | AMD Wraith Stealth (included) | style="background: #ffd;" | 32 GB DDR5-8400 CL40 (2 x 16 GB) ($230) | style="background: #ffd;" | AMD Radeon 780M (integrated) | style="background: #ffd;" | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130) | style="background: #ffd;" | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100) | style="background: #ffd;" | 15 W | style="background: #ffd;" | 150 W |- | style="background: #fdb;" | '''Lower high-end''' | style="background: #fed;" | ~$1200 | style="background: #fed;" | Premium micro ATX case ($110) | style="background: #fed;" | Z790 DDR5 motherboard ($240) | style="background: #fed;" | Intel Core i7-13700K ($330) | style="background: #fed;" | 240mm AIO cooler ($80) | style="background: #fed;" | 32 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (2 x 16 GB) ($110) | style="background: #fed;" | Nvidia GeForce RTX 3050 6 GB ($160) | style="background: #fed;" | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130) | style="background: #fed;" | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100) | style="background: #fed;" | 44 W | style="background: #fed;" | 443 W |- | style="background: #fbb;" | '''High-end''' | style="background: #fdd;" | ~$1500 | style="background: #fdd;" | Premium ATX case ($160) | style="background: #fdd;" | Z790 DDR5 motherboard ($240) | style="background: #fdd;" | Intel Core i7-14700K ($380) | style="background: #fdd;" | 360mm AIO cooler ($160) | style="background: #fdd;" | 32 GB DDR5-7200 CL34 (2 x 16 GB) ($150) | style="background: #fdd;" | Nvidia GeForce RTX 3050 8 GB ($200) | style="background: #fdd;" | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130) | style="background: #fdd;" | 850 W Tier A power supply ($120) | style="background: #fdd;" | 47 W | style="background: #fdd;" | 465 W |} ===Server=== A server these days can be anything from a home unit that shares media files, documents, and printers over a local network, to a machine running a business-critical system for a small business, to a 3U rack mount unit serving up millions of hits a day on the Internet. The thing that most servers have in common is that they are always on and therefore reliability is a key characteristic. Also they serve more than one user while storing and processing important information. For this reason servers are often equipped with redundant systems such as dual power supplies, RAID5/6 arrays of four or more hard disks, special server grade processors that require error-correcting memory, multiple high-speed Ethernet connections, etc. All of this is a little beyond the scope of the current work, but, in general, servers need lots of RAM, fast redundant hard drives, and the most reliable components your budget will allow. The CPU choice should be made in accordance with the use of the server. A simple print/fax server will do fine with a CPU stolen from a museum, whereas a server running a database and a front end for that, will work much better with a top of the line CPU. On the other end of the hardware list, since nobody is usually sitting at them, you can get away with the cheapest possible keyboard, mouse and monitor (in fact many servers run "headless" with no monitor at all). Graphics are also a very low priority on these machines, and a read only CD/DVD-ROM optical drive (used, infrequently, for installing software and updates) will do just fine. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Typical PC build by budget ! style="background: #ddd;" | PC level ! style="background: #eee;" | Budget ! style="background: #eee;" | PC case ! style="background: #eee;" | Motherboard ! style="background: #eee;" | CPU ! style="background: #eee;" | CPU cooler ! style="background: #eee;" | RAM ! style="background: #eee;" | Graphics ! style="background: #eee;" | Storage ! style="background: #eee;" | Power supply |- | style="background: #ffb;" | '''Upper mid-range''' | style="background: #ffd;" | ~$1000 | style="background: #ffd;" | Basic EATX case ($120) | style="background: #ffd;" | Entry-level SP3 DDR4 motherboard ($400) | style="background: #ffd;" | AMD Epyc 7252 ($250) | style="background: #ffd;" | Mid-range cooler ($40) | style="background: #ffd;" | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30) | style="background: #ffd;" | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40) | style="background: #ffd;" | 120 GB SATA SSD + 2 TB HDD (7200 rpm) ($60) | style="background: #ffd;" | 600 W Gold power supply ($140) |- | style="background: #fdb;" | '''Lower high-end''' | style="background: #fed;" | ~$1200 | style="background: #fed;" | Basic EATX case ($120) | style="background: #fed;" | Entry-level SP3 DDR4 motherboard ($400) | style="background: #fed;" | AMD Epyc 7282 ($350) | style="background: #fed;" | Mid-range cooler ($40) | style="background: #fed;" | 32 GB DDR4-3600 (2 x 16 GB) ($60) | style="background: #fed;" | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40) | style="background: #fed;" | 120 GB SATA SSD + 2 TB HDD (7200 rpm) ($60) | style="background: #fed;" | 650 W Gold power supply ($150) |- | style="background: #fbb;" | '''High-end''' | style="background: #fdd;" | ~$1500 | style="background: #fdd;" | Basic EATX case ($120) | style="background: #fdd;" | Entry-level SP3 DDR4 motherboard ($400) | style="background: #fdd;" | AMD Epyc 7302 ($420) | style="background: #fdd;" | Mid-range cooler ($40) | style="background: #fdd;" | 32 GB DDR4-3600 (2 x 16 GB) ($60) | style="background: #fdd;" | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40) | style="background: #fdd;" | 240 GB SATA SSD + 6 TB HDD (7200 rpm) ($150) | style="background: #fdd;" | 750 W Gold power supply ($190) |- | style="background: #fbd;" | '''Upper high-end''' | style="background: #fde;" | ~$2000 | style="background: #fde;" | Basic EATX case ($120) | style="background: #fde;" | Entry-level SP3 DDR4 motherboard ($400) | style="background: #fde;" | AMD Epyc 7313 ($680) | style="background: #fde;" | Mid-range cooler ($40) | style="background: #fde;" | 64 GB DDR4-3600 (2 x 32 GB) ($100) | style="background: #fde;" | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40) | style="background: #fde;" | 240 GB SATA SSD + 3 x 4 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($300) | style="background: #fde;" | 850 W Gold power supply ($230) |- | style="background: #fbf;" | '''Flagship''' | style="background: #fdf;" | ~$2500 | style="background: #fdf;" | Premium EATX case ($220) | style="background: #fdf;" | Entry-level SP5 DDR5 motherboard ($600) | style="background: #fdf;" | AMD Epyc 9124 ($1000) | style="background: #fdf;" | Mid-range cooler ($40) | style="background: #fdf;" | 64 GB DDR5-4800 (2 x 32 GB) ($150) | style="background: #fdf;" | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40) | style="background: #fdf;" | 240 GB SATA SSD + 3 x 4 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($300) | style="background: #fdf;" | 850 W Gold power supply ($230) |- | style="background: #dbf;" | '''True flagship''' | style="background: #edf;" | ~$3000 | style="background: #edf;" | Premium EATX case ($220) | style="background: #edf;" | Mid-range SP5 DDR5 motherboard ($1000) | style="background: #edf;" | AMD Epyc 9124 ($1000) | style="background: #edf;" | Mid-range cooler ($40) | style="background: #edf;" | 64 GB DDR5-5600 (2 x 32 GB) ($190) | style="background: #edf;" | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40) | style="background: #edf;" | 240 GB SATA SSD + 4 x 4 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($400) | style="background: #edf;" | 850 W Gold power supply ($230) |- | style="background: #bbd;" | '''Ultimate flagship''' | style="background: #dde;" | ~$4000 | style="background: #dde;" | Premium EATX case ($220) | style="background: #dde;" | Mid-range SP5 DDR5 motherboard ($1000) | style="background: #dde;" | AMD Epyc 9224 ($1800) | style="background: #dde;" | Premium liquid cooler ($180) | style="background: #dde;" | 128 GB DDR5-5600 (4 x 32 GB) ($380) | style="background: #dde;" | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40) | style="background: #dde;" | 240 GB SATA SSD + 4 x 4 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($400) | style="background: #dde;" | 1000 W Platinum power supply ($350) |- | style="background: #bdd;" | '''Ultimate flagship v2''' | style="background: #dee;" | ~$6000 | style="background: #dee;" | Premium EATX case ($220) | style="background: #dee;" | Mid-range SP5 DDR5 motherboard ($1000) | style="background: #dee;" | AMD Epyc 9354 ($3200) | style="background: #dee;" | Premium liquid cooler ($180) | style="background: #dee;" | 128 GB DDR5-6400 (4 x 32 GB) ($560) | style="background: #dee;" | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40) | style="background: #dee;" | 240 GB SATA SSD + 4 x 8 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($750) | style="background: #dee;" | 1000 W Platinum power supply ($350) |- | style="background: #bdb;" | '''Ultimate flagship v3''' | style="background: #ded;" | ~$10000 | style="background: #ded;" | Premium EATX case ($220) | style="background: #ded;" | High-end SP5 DDR5 motherboard ($2000) | style="background: #ded;" | AMD Epyc 9454 ($5000) | style="background: #ded;" | Premium liquid cooler ($180) | style="background: #ded;" | 256 GB DDR5-6400 (8 x 32 GB) ($1120) | style="background: #ded;" | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40) | style="background: #ded;" | 240 GB SATA SSD + 4 x 8 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($750) | style="background: #ded;" | 1000 W Platinum power supply ($350) |- | style="background: #ddb;" | '''Ultimate flagship v4''' | style="background: #eed;" | ~$20000 | style="background: #eed;" | Premium EATX case ($220) | style="background: #eed;" | High-end SP5 DDR5 motherboard ($2000) | style="background: #eed;" | AMD Epyc 9754 ($11000) | style="background: #eed;" | Premium liquid cooler ($180) | style="background: #eed;" | 512 GB DDR5-6400 (8 x 64 GB) ($2560) | style="background: #eed;" | Nvidia GeForce GT 1030 2 GB GDDR5 ($70) | style="background: #eed;" | 240 GB SATA SSD + 4 x 16 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($1400) | style="background: #eed;" | 1000 W Platinum power supply ($350) |- | style="background: #dbb;" | '''Ultimate flagship v5''' | style="background: #edd;" | ~$35000 | style="background: #edd;" | Premium EATX case ($220) | style="background: #edd;" | Dual socket SP5 DDR5 motherboard ($3000) | style="background: #edd;" | Dual AMD Epyc 9754 CPUs ($22000) | style="background: #edd;" | Premium liquid cooler ($180) | style="background: #edd;" | 768 GB DDR5-6400 (12 x 64 GB) ($3840) | style="background: #edd;" | Nvidia GeForce GT 1030 2 GB GDDR5 ($70) | style="background: #edd;" | 240 GB SATA SSD + 6 x 22 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($2800) | style="background: #edd;" | 1500 W Platinum power supply ($650) |} ===Gaming system=== [[File:Gaming PC-Setup - Astaroth- The Completed System.jpg|right|thumb|A gaming PC setup.]] We’re not talking here about the occasional game of solitaire or a secret late night Zuma obsession. We’re talking about cutting edge 3D gaming – first-person shooters or real-time strategy games with thousands of troops on the screen at the same time, with anisotropic filtering and anti-aliasing and mip-mapped specular reflections and a lot of other confusing terminology describing visual effects that will make anything less than a top-of-the-line system fall down on its knees and beg for mercy. ==== Gaming processors ==== A top of the range processor is not critical to gaming performance (though it does help)<ref>[https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/gaming/serious-gaming.html intel : serious-gaming]</ref>, but you will need at least a mid range one and plenty of RAM, as well as a motherboard to match, since the speed of the motherboard buses can limit high-end components. Please remember that if you plan on running the latest games in 4K, or even higher, on highest settings, or even with three monitors, you will need a high end processor. This will stop the chances of bottlenecking the GPU (Graphic Processing Unit) and not give you the gaming experience you want. The most important part will be the video card (or cards) with cutting edge GPUs. AMD, [[w:NVIDIA|NVIDIA]] and Intel have been competing for "king of the graphics card" honors for years and the competition is so keen that new cards running on new GPUs are released quite frequently. Note that increasing the resolution does not increase the CPU workload, only the GPU workload and VRAM usage will increase. Assume if you are running a game at 1080p High settings at 90fps with 80% CPU usage and 95% GPU usage, then increasing the resolution to 1440p decreases the fps to 60, but the CPU usage decreases to 60%. As a general rule, always buy the fastest GPU you can get with the CPU that will not be bottlenecked. ==== Audio hardware ==== Most motherboards have decent or good audio hardware already built in. For most gamers this is adequate, and saves money that can be spent on other components that impact gameplay experience more. A good sound card or external DAC or sound card can help drive high end headphones and other audiophile equipment. The DSPs (Digital Signal Processors) provided by this hardware can provide a higher end and cleaner audio experience. Currently [[w:Creative Labs|Creative Labs]] and ASUS Xonar are the leading brands, but again do your research (partly by reading on) and get the best audio solution for your needs. ==== Gaming PSUs ==== Finally all of these components are going to require a pretty hefty power supply. Generally a serious gaming rig will require at least a 750 watt supply; consumer units are available up to 2000 watts (2 Kilowatts) as anything higher on a single outlet is likely to trip a home circuit breaker. ==== VRAM usage ==== VRAM (short for video memory) is the memory in a GPU. Unlike system RAM, it cannot be upgraded by end users. The only way to add more VRAM is by buying a new GPU with more VRAM. VRAM is important, because VRAM usage on single-player AAA game releases since early 2023 like ''The Last of Us Part I'', ''Forspoken'' and ''Hogwarts Legacy'' can exceed 8 GB when running Ultra settings even at 1080p. Having too little VRAM can cause stutters when running these games at higher settings. You probably do not want to buy a GPU with less than 8 GB VRAM, like RTX 3050 6 GB and RX 6500 XT 4 GB. As a general rule, for 1080p, get a GPU with at least 8 GB VRAM, preferably 10 GB or more. At least 12 GB is ideal for 1440p gaming, and 16 GB for 4K and 1440p RT. For example, in 2020 an user bought a Nvidia GeForce RTX 3070 for $900 at that time (typical pricing due to GPU cryptocurrency mining crisis in 2020-22, $500 MSRP). It was a great GPU for running era-appropriate games like ''Cyberpunk 2077'' at 1440p. Fast forward to 2023 and the RTX 3070, with only 8GB VRAM, struggles to run ''The Last of Us Part I'' properly at 1440p due to VRAM limitations, requiring to drop resolution or texture detail down to get a playable experience. This also applies to RTX 3060 Ti, 3070 Ti and even 3080 10GB. Here are the recommendations: {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ Recommendations |- !Tier !1080p gaming !1440p gaming !240Hz 1440p gaming !4K gaming |- |VRAM |At least 8 GB used / 10 GB new |At least 12 GB |At least 12 GB |At least 16 GB |- |List of graphics cards | Used graphics cards that costs less than $200 *Nvidia GeForce RTX 2060 Super ''(used)'' ($140) *Nvidia GeForce RTX 2070 ''(used)'' ($150) *Nvidia GeForce RTX 2070 Super ''(used)'' ($170) *Nvidia GeForce RTX 2080 ''(used)'' ($190) *Nvidia GeForce RTX 2080 Super ''(used)'' ($200) *AMD Radeon RX 6700 ''(used)'' ($180) New graphics cards that costs less than $300 *Nvidia GeForce RTX 3060 12 GB ($300) *Intel Arc A770 16 GB ($270) *Intel Arc B570 ($220) | Graphics cards that costs less than $500 and have performance rating over 100 (baseline of RTX 3060 12 GB) *Nvidia GeForce RTX 3060 12 GB ($300) *Nvidia GeForce RTX 3080 12 GB ''(used)'' ($420) *Nvidia GeForce RTX 4060 Ti 16 GB ($460) *AMD Radeon RX 6700 XT ($310) *AMD Radeon RX 6750 XT ($320) *AMD Radeon RX 6800 ''used'' ($350) *AMD Radeon RX 6800 XT ''(used)'' ($390) *AMD Radeon RX 6900 XT ''(used)'' ($480) *AMD Radeon RX 7600 XT ($330) *AMD Radeon RX 7700 XT ($380) *AMD Radeon RX 7800 XT ($480) *Intel Arc A770 16 GB ($270) *Intel Arc B580 ($350) | Graphics cards that costs less than $800 and have performance rating over 160 *Nvidia GeForce RTX 3080 12 GB ''(used)'' ($420) *Nvidia GeForce RTX 3080 Ti ''(used)'' ($520) *Nvidia GeForce RTX 4070 ($600) *Nvidia GeForce RTX 4070 Super ($630) *Nvidia Titan RTX ''(used)'' ($640) *AMD Radeon RX 6800 ''used'' ($350) *AMD Radeon RX 6800 XT ''(used)'' ($390) *AMD Radeon RX 6900 XT ''(used)'' ($480) *AMD Radeon RX 6950 XT ''(used)'' ($520) *AMD Radeon RX 7700 XT ($380) *AMD Radeon RX 7800 XT ($480) *AMD Radeon RX 7900 GRE ($550) *AMD Radeon RX 7900 XT ($680) | Graphics cards that have performance rating over 200 *Nvidia GeForce RTX 3090 ''(used)'' ($850) *Nvidia GeForce RTX 3090 Ti ''(used)'' ($1150) *Nvidia GeForce RTX 4070 Ti Super ($850) *Nvidia GeForce RTX 4080 ($1100) *Nvidia GeForce RTX 4080 Super ($1200) *Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 ($2200) *Nvidia GeForce RTX 5080 ($2000) *Nvidia GeForce RTX 5090 ($4500) *AMD Radeon RX 6900 XT ''(used)'' ($480) *AMD Radeon RX 6950 XT ''(used)'' ($520) *AMD Radeon RX 7900 GRE ($550) *AMD Radeon RX 7900 XT ($680) *AMD Radeon RX 7900 XTX ($950) |} ==== Tying the gaming rig together ==== As you may have noticed, pretty much every component inside the computer needs to be top of the line; the same is true outside the case. You’ll want a big, high refresh rate monitor (at least 27” 120Hz), and a high sensitivity mouse. There are even gaming keyboards with the keys specially arranged, as well as joysticks, throttle controllers, driving wheels, etc. So, given that your budget is not bottomless, how do you prioritize? Well, the processor and video card are the components that will have the most effect on your gaming performance. Next comes the motherboard and RAM. One of the advantages to building your own computer is that you can get the components you can afford now and plan to upgrade them later. A note on cases for gaming rigs – it is not necessary to get a case with a side window that reveals glowing RGB fans and revolving animated heat-sinks. A well-built plain case will do just as well and let you spend more money on the components that matter. But if you have the cash, and that’s your taste, there are lots of flashy add-ons available these days. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Typical PC build by budget ! style="background: #ddd;" | PC level ! style="background: #eee;" | Budget ! style="background: #eee;" | PC case ! style="background: #eee;" | Motherboard ! style="background: #eee;" | CPU ! style="background: #eee;" | CPU cooler ! style="background: #eee;" | RAM ! style="background: #eee;" | Graphics ! style="background: #eee;" | Storage ! style="background: #eee;" | Power supply |- | style="background: #bfd;" | '''Upper entry-level''' | style="background: #dfe;" | ~$500 | style="background: #dfe;" | Basic micro ATX case with RGB ($70) | style="background: #dfe;" | B450 DDR4 motherboard ($60) | style="background: #dfe;" | AMD Ryzen 5 5500 ($90) | style="background: #dfe;" | AMD Wraith Stealth (included) | style="background: #dfe;" | 16 GB DDR4-3200 CL16 (2 x 8 GB) ($30) | style="background: #dfe;" | AMD Radeon RX 580 8 GB ($70) | style="background: #dfe;" | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60) | style="background: #dfe;" | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70) |- | style="background: #bfb;" | '''Lower mid-range''' | style="background: #dfd;" | ~$600 | style="background: #dfd;" | Basic micro ATX case with RGB ($70) | style="background: #dfd;" | B550 DDR4 motherboard ($90) | style="background: #dfd;" | AMD Ryzen 5 5500 ($90) | style="background: #dfd;" | AMD Wraith Stealth (included) | style="background: #dfd;" | 16 GB DDR4-3200 CL16 (2 x 8 GB) ($30) | style="background: #dfd;" | AMD Radeon RX 6600 8 GB ($190) | style="background: #dfd;" | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60) | style="background: #dfd;" | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70) |- | style="background: #dfb;" | '''Mid-range''' | style="background: #efd;" | ~$800 | style="background: #efd;" | Basic micro ATX case with RGB ($70) | style="background: #efd;" | B550 DDR4 motherboard ($90) | style="background: #efd;" | AMD Ryzen 5 5600 ($110) | style="background: #efd;" | AMD Wraith Stealth (included) | style="background: #efd;" | 32GB DDR4-3200 CL16 (2 x 16 GB) ($50) | style="background: #efd;" | AMD Radeon RX 7700 XT 12 GB ($360) | style="background: #efd;" | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60) | style="background: #efd;" | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100) |- | style="background: #ffb;" | '''Upper mid-range''' | style="background: #ffd;" | ~$1000 | style="background: #ffd;" | Basic ATX case with RGB ($90) | style="background: #ffd;" | B650 DDR5 motherboard ($140) | style="background: #ffd;" | AMD Ryzen 5 7600 ($200) | style="background: #ffd;" | AMD Wraith Stealth (included) | style="background: #ffd;" | 32 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (2 x 16 GB) ($90) | style="background: #ffd;" | AMD Radeon RX 7700 XT 12 GB ($360) | style="background: #ffd;" | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60) | style="background: #ffd;" | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100) |- | style="background: #fdb;" | '''Lower high-end''' | style="background: #fed;" | ~$1200 | style="background: #fed;" | Basic ATX case with RGB ($90) | style="background: #fed;" | B650 DDR5 motherboard ($140) | style="background: #fed;" | AMD Ryzen 5 7600 ($200) | style="background: #fed;" | AMD Wraith Stealth (included) | style="background: #fed;" | 32 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (2 x 16 GB) ($90) | style="background: #fed;" | AMD Radeon RX 7800 XT 16 GB ($450) | style="background: #fed;" | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60) | style="background: #fed;" | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100) |- | style="background: #fbb;" | '''High-end''' | style="background: #fdd;" | ~$1500 | style="background: #fdd;" | Premium ATX case with RGB ($180) | style="background: #fdd;" | B650 DDR5 motherboard ($140) | style="background: #fdd;" | AMD Ryzen 5 9600X ($250) | style="background: #fdd;" | Air tower cooler ($40) | style="background: #fdd;" | 32 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (2 x 16 GB) ($90) | style="background: #fdd;" | AMD Radeon RX 7900 GRE 16 GB ($520) | style="background: #fdd;" | 2 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($110) | style="background: #fdd;" | 850 W Tier A power supply ($120) |- | style="background: #fbd;" | '''Upper high-end''' | style="background: #fde;" | ~$2000 | style="background: #fde;" | Premium ATX case with RGB ($180) | style="background: #fde;" | X670E DDR5 motherboard ($250) | style="background: #fde;" | AMD Ryzen 7 7800X3D ($450) | style="background: #fde;" | 240mm AIO cooler ($80) | style="background: #fde;" | 32 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (2 x 16 GB) ($90) | style="background: #fde;" | AMD Radeon RX 7900 XT 20 GB ($650) | style="background: #fde;" | 2 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($110) | style="background: #fde;" | 850 W Tier A power supply ($120) |- | style="background: #fbf;" | '''Flagship''' | style="background: #fdf;" | ~$2500 | style="background: #fdf;" | Premium ATX case with RGB ($180) | style="background: #fdf;" | X670E DDR5 motherboard ($250) | style="background: #fdf;" | AMD Ryzen 7 7800X3D ($450) | style="background: #fdf;" | 240mm AIO cooler ($80) | style="background: #fdf;" | 32 GB DDR5-6400 CL32 (2 x 16 GB) ($110) | style="background: #fdf;" | AMD Radeon RX 7900 XTX 24 GB ($850) | style="background: #fdf;" | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130) | style="background: #fdf;" | 1000 W Tier A power supply ($150) |- | style="background: #dbf;" | '''True flagship''' | style="background: #edf;" | ~$3000 | style="background: #edf;" | Premium ATX case with RGB ($180) | style="background: #edf;" | X670E DDR5 motherboard ($250) | style="background: #edf;" | AMD Ryzen 7 7800X3D ($450) | style="background: #edf;" | 240mm AIO cooler ($80) | style="background: #edf;" | 48 GB DDR5-6200 CL36 (2 x 24 GB) ($160) | style="background: #edf;" | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 24 GB ($1800) | style="background: #edf;" | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130) | style="background: #edf;" | 1000 W Tier A power supply ($150) |- | style="background: #bbd;" | '''Ultimate flagship''' | style="background: #dde;" | ~$4000 | style="background: #dde;" | Premium ATX case with RGB ($180) | style="background: #dde;" | X670E DDR5 motherboard ($250) | style="background: #dde;" | AMD Ryzen 9 7950X3D ($600) | style="background: #dde;" | 360mm AIO cooler ($160) | style="background: #dde;" | 64 GB DDR5-6400 CL32 (2 x 32 GB) ($210) | style="background: #dde;" | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 24 GB ($1800) | style="background: #dde;" | 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($280) | style="background: #dde;" | 1500 W Tier A power supply ($280) |} === Entertainment system/media center === This is a computer designed to sit in the living room with the rest of your A/V gear. The idea is that it will record and serve audio and video files for replay via your existing television and stereo. The current notion is that this computer should be built in a special case that makes it look more like a stereo component, the size of which can present a challenge when it comes to getting all the necessary parts fitted. For this system a mid-range processor will be fine, along with a generous amount of RAM. A gigabit or better Ethernet connection will facilitate sharing large files. You’ll also want a TV tuner card (or two) to get video in and out of the machine. Many of these also provide [[w:digital video recorder|DVR]] (digital video recorder) functionality, often without the monthly subscription fees and [[w:digital rights management|DRM]] (digital rights management) restrictions required by companies like Netflix. A wireless keyboard and mouse provide for couch-based use and a separate monitor may be unnecessary as your TV will fill that role. All components should be as quiet as possible since you'll likely be watching/listening in the same room. For this application it makes sense to trade a little power for passively-cooled (without fans) parts. Following this logic, one may consider fan-less CPUs and mainboards. You may also want an IR receiver to let you use your existing remote control as media buttons. Additionally, this is one of the only reasons you may want to consider an optical disc drive, other than for retrocomputing and retro gaming. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Typical PC build by budget ! style="background: #ddd;" rowspan=2 | PC level ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | Budget ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | PC case ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | Motherboard ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | CPU ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | CPU cooler ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | RAM ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | Graphics / video card ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | Storage ! style="background: #eee;" rowspan=2 | Power supply ! style="background: #eee;" colspan=2 | Power consumption |- ! style="background: #eee;" | Idle ! style="background: #eee;" | Peak |- | style="background: #bff;" | '''Entry-level''' | style="background: #dff;" | ~$400 | style="background: #dff;" | Basic mini ITX case ($40) | style="background: #dff;" | H610 DDR4 motherboard ($50) | style="background: #dff;" | Intel Core i5-12400T ($150) | style="background: #dff;" | Intel stock cooler (included) | style="background: #dff;" | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30) | style="background: #dff;" | UHD Graphics 730 (integrated)<br>Entry-level TV tuner card ($50) | style="background: #dff;" | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($50) | style="background: #dff;" | 450 W Plus power supply ($40) | style="background: #dff;" | 14 W | style="background: #dff;" | 141 W |- | style="background: #bfd;" | '''Upper entry-level''' | style="background: #dfe;" | ~$500 | style="background: #dfe;" | Basic mini ITX case ($40) | style="background: #dfe;" | H610 DDR4 motherboard ($50) | style="background: #dfe;" | Intel Core i5-13400T ($200) | style="background: #dfe;" | Intel stock cooler (included) | style="background: #dfe;" | 16 GB DDR4-3600 (2 x 8 GB) ($35) | style="background: #dfe;" | UHD Graphics 730 (integrated)<br>Entry-level TV tuner card ($50) | style="background: #dfe;" | 1 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($80) | style="background: #dfe;" | 500 W Plus power supply ($50) | style="background: #dfe;" | 15 W | style="background: #dfe;" | 150 W |- | style="background: #bfb;" | '''Lower mid-range''' | style="background: #dfd;" | ~$600 | style="background: #dfd;" | Basic mini ITX case ($40) | style="background: #dfd;" | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($90) | style="background: #dfd;" | Intel Core i5-13500T ($250) | style="background: #dfd;" | Intel stock cooler (included) | style="background: #dfd;" | 16 GB DDR4-3600 (2 x 8 GB) ($35) | style="background: #dfd;" | UHD Graphics 770 (integrated)<br>Entry-level TV tuner card ($50) | style="background: #dfd;" | 1 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($80) | style="background: #dfd;" | 500 W Bronze power supply ($70) | style="background: #dfd;" | 16 W | style="background: #dfd;" | 160 W |- | style="background: #dfb;" | '''Mid-range''' | style="background: #efd;" | ~$800 | style="background: #efd;" | Premium mini ITX case ($80) | style="background: #efd;" | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($90) | style="background: #efd;" | Intel Core i5-13500T ($250) | style="background: #efd;" | Intel stock cooler (included) | style="background: #efd;" | 32 GB DDR4-3600 (2 x 16 GB) ($60) | style="background: #efd;" | UHD Graphics 770 (integrated)<br>Mid-range TV tuner card ($100) | style="background: #efd;" | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130) | style="background: #efd;" | 500 W Bronze power supply ($70) | style="background: #efd;" | 17 W | style="background: #efd;" | 165 W |- | style="background: #ffb;" | '''Upper mid-range''' | style="background: #ffd;" | ~$1000 | style="background: #ffd;" | Premium mini ITX case ($80) | style="background: #ffd;" | B760 DDR5 motherboard ($140) | style="background: #ffd;" | Intel Core i7-13700T ($380) | style="background: #ffd;" | Intel stock cooler (included) | style="background: #ffd;" | 32 GB DDR5-4800 (2 x 16 GB) ($80) | style="background: #ffd;" | UHD Graphics 770 (integrated)<br>Mid-range TV tuner card ($100) | style="background: #ffd;" | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130) | style="background: #ffd;" | 500 W Bronze power supply ($70) | style="background: #ffd;" | 18 W | style="background: #ffd;" | 177 W |- | style="background: #fdb;" | '''Lower high-end''' | style="background: #fed;" | ~$1200 | style="background: #fed;" | Premium mini ITX case ($80) | style="background: #fed;" | B760 DDR5 motherboard ($140) | style="background: #fed;" | Intel Core i7-13700T ($380) | style="background: #fed;" | Intel stock cooler (included) | style="background: #fed;" | 32 GB DDR5-5600 (2 x 16 GB) ($100) | style="background: #fed;" | UHD Graphics 770 (integrated)<br>High-end TV tuner card ($180) | style="background: #fed;" | 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($250) | style="background: #fed;" | 500 W Bronze power supply ($70) | style="background: #fed;" | 18 W | style="background: #fed;" | 177 W |- | style="background: #fbb;" | '''High-end''' | style="background: #fdd;" | ~$1500 | style="background: #fdd;" | Premium mini ITX case ($80) | style="background: #fdd;" | B760 DDR5 motherboard ($140) | style="background: #fdd;" | Intel Core i7-13700T ($380) | style="background: #fdd;" | Intel stock cooler (included) | style="background: #fdd;" | 32 GB DDR5-6400 (2 x 16 GB) ($150) | style="background: #fdd;" | UHD Graphics 770 (integrated)<br>Dual high-end TV tuner cards ($360) | style="background: #fdd;" | 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($250) | style="background: #fdd;" | 500 W Bronze power supply ($70) | style="background: #fdd;" | 20 W | style="background: #fdd;" | 197 W |} ===Workstation=== {{Info|Workstation builds are for professionals who will fully leverage the features offered. You don't need a workstation for casual or even professional video editing, music production, CAD, programming, etc. Amateurs, hobbyists, and small businesses can save quite a bit of money by simply running workstation applications on consumer class hardware. In many cases a high end gaming PC will provide equivalent performance at a fraction of the cost of a workstation. For these users, simply adding the peripherals used by specific workstation setups can effectively turn their normal computers into a sort of psuedo-workstation.}} A workstation was originally a single-user computer with more muscle than a PC intended to support a demanding technical application, like CAD or complicated array-based simulations of real world phenomena. Once the domain of cutting edge computer companies, this category has experienced a rebirth as high performance and reliable PCs for professional use. Unlike a gaming PC, reliability becomes much more important - Time is money after all. For any of the following uses, you will want * A solid and reliable power supply * A processor and motherboard platform that supports [[wikipedia:ECC_memory|ECC memory]]. * Lots of ECC memory more reliability. * A 64 bit version of the OS to take full advantage of the extra ram and software features used by many workstation programs. * A GPU that can run desired applications on multiple high resolution displays. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Typical PC build by budget ! style="background: #ddd;" | PC level ! style="background: #eee;" | Budget ! style="background: #eee;" | PC case ! style="background: #eee;" | Motherboard ! style="background: #eee;" | CPU ! style="background: #eee;" | CPU cooler ! style="background: #eee;" | RAM ! style="background: #eee;" | Graphics ! style="background: #eee;" | Storage ! style="background: #eee;" | Power supply |- | style="background: #dfb;" | '''Mid-range''' | style="background: #efd;" | ~$800 | style="background: #efd;" | Basic micro ATX case ($60) | style="background: #efd;" | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100) | style="background: #efd;" | Intel Core i5-12600K ($160) | style="background: #efd;" | Air tower cooler ($40) | style="background: #efd;" | 16 GB DDR4-3600 CL16 (2 x 8 GB) ($40) | style="background: #efd;" | Nvidia RTX A1000 8 GB ($300) | style="background: #efd;" | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60) | style="background: #efd;" | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70) |- | style="background: #ffb;" | '''Upper mid-range''' | style="background: #ffd;" | ~$1000 | style="background: #ffd;" | Basic micro ATX case ($60) | style="background: #ffd;" | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100) | style="background: #ffd;" | Intel Core i5-13600K ($250) | style="background: #ffd;" | Air tower cooler ($40) | style="background: #ffd;" | 16 GB DDR4-3600 CL16 (2 x 8 GB) ($40) | style="background: #ffd;" | Nvidia RTX A2000 6 GB ($400) | style="background: #ffd;" | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60) | style="background: #ffd;" | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70) |- | style="background: #fdb;" | '''Lower high-end''' | style="background: #fed;" | ~$1200 | style="background: #fed;" | Basic micro ATX case ($60) | style="background: #fed;" | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100) | style="background: #fed;" | Intel Core i5-13600K ($250) | style="background: #fed;" | Air tower cooler ($40) | style="background: #fed;" | 32 GB DDR4-3600 CL16 (2 x 16 GB) ($70) | style="background: #fed;" | Nvidia RTX A2000 12 GB ($500) | style="background: #fed;" | 1 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($70) | style="background: #fed;" | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100) |- | style="background: #fbb;" | '''High-end''' | style="background: #fdd;" | ~$1500 | style="background: #fdd;" | Basic micro ATX case ($60) | style="background: #fdd;" | B760 DDR5 motherboard ($140) | style="background: #fdd;" | Intel Core i7-13700K ($330) | style="background: #fdd;" | 240mm AIO cooler ($80) | style="background: #fdd;" | 32 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (2 x 16 GB) ($110) | style="background: #fdd;" | Nvidia RTX 2000 Ada 16 GB ($650) | style="background: #fdd;" | 1 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($70) | style="background: #fdd;" | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100) |- | style="background: #fbd;" | '''Upper high-end''' | style="background: #fde;" | ~$2000 | style="background: #fde;" | Premium ATX case ($160) | style="background: #fde;" | Z790 DDR5 motherboard ($240) | style="background: #fde;" | Intel Core i7-14700K ($380) | style="background: #fde;" | 240mm AIO cooler ($80) | style="background: #fde;" | 32 GB DDR5-6400 CL32 (2 x 16 GB) ($120) | style="background: #fde;" | Nvidia RTX 2000 Ada 16 GB ($650) | style="background: #fde;" | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130) | style="background: #fde;" | 850 W Tier A power supply ($120) |- | style="background: #fbf;" | '''Flagship''' | style="background: #fdf;" | ~$2500 | style="background: #fdf;" | Premium ATX case ($160) | style="background: #fdf;" | Z790 DDR5 motherboard ($240) | style="background: #fdf;" | Intel Core i7-14700K ($380) | style="background: #fdf;" | 240mm AIO cooler ($80) | style="background: #fdf;" | 48 GB DDR5-7200 CL34 (2 x 24 GB) ($200) | style="background: #fdf;" | Nvidia RTX 4000 Ada 20 GB ($1200) | style="background: #fdf;" | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130) | style="background: #fdf;" | 850 W Tier A power supply ($120) |- | style="background: #dbf;" | '''True flagship''' | style="background: #edf;" | ~$3000 | style="background: #edf;" | Premium ATX case ($160) | style="background: #edf;" | Z790 DDR5 motherboard ($240) | style="background: #edf;" | Intel Core i7-14700K ($380) | style="background: #edf;" | 360mm AIO cooler ($160) | style="background: #edf;" | 64 GB DDR5-7200 CL34 (2 x 32 GB) ($250) | style="background: #edf;" | Nvidia RTX 4000 Ada 20 GB ($1200) | style="background: #edf;" | 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($250) | style="background: #edf;" | 1000 W Tier A power supply ($150) |- | style="background: #bbd;" | '''Ultimate flagship''' | style="background: #dde;" | ~$4000 | style="background: #dde;" | Premium ATX case ($160) | style="background: #dde;" | X670E DDR5 motherboard ($250) | style="background: #dde;" | AMD Ryzen 9 7950X ($480) | style="background: #dde;" | 360mm AIO cooler ($160) | style="background: #dde;" | 96 GB DDR5-6400 CL36 (2 x 48 GB) ($350) | style="background: #dde;" | Nvidia RTX 4500 Ada 24 GB ($2200) | style="background: #dde;" | 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($250) | style="background: #dde;" | 1000 W Tier A power supply ($150) |- | style="background: #bdd;" | '''Ultimate flagship v2''' | style="background: #dee;" | ~$6000 | style="background: #dee;" | Premium ATX case ($160) | style="background: #dee;" | TRX50 DDR5 motherboard ($900) | style="background: #dee;" | AMD Ryzen Threadripper 7960X ($1200) | style="background: #dee;" | Workstation-specific cooler ($250) | style="background: #dee;" | 192 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (4 x 48 GB) ($600) | style="background: #dee;" | Nvidia RTX 4500 Ada 24 GB ($2200) | style="background: #dee;" | 2 x 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD RAID0 array ($500) | style="background: #dee;" | 1200 W Tier A power supply ($200) |- | style="background: #bdb;" | '''Ultimate flagship v3''' | style="background: #ded;" | ~$10000 | style="background: #ded;" | Premium ATX case ($160) | style="background: #ded;" | TRX50 DDR5 motherboard ($900) | style="background: #ded;" | AMD Ryzen Threadripper 7970X ($2400) | style="background: #ded;" | Workstation-specific cooler ($250) | style="background: #ded;" | 384 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (8 x 48 GB) ($1200) | style="background: #ded;" | Nvidia RTX 6000 Ada 48 GB ($6500) | style="background: #ded;" | 4 x 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD RAID0 array ($1000) | style="background: #ded;" | 1500 W Tier A power supply ($280) |- | style="background: #ddb;" | '''Ultimate flagship v4''' | style="background: #eed;" | ~$20000 | style="background: #eed;" | Premium ATX case ($160) | style="background: #eed;" | TRX50 DDR5 motherboard ($900) | style="background: #eed;" | AMD Ryzen Threadripper 7980X ($4700) | style="background: #eed;" | Workstation-specific cooler ($250) | style="background: #eed;" | 512 GB DDR5-6400 CL32 (8 x 64 GB) ($2000) | style="background: #eed;" | Dual Nvidia RTX 6000 Ada 48 GB GPUs (96 GB total) ($13000) | style="background: #eed;" | 4 x 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD RAID0 array ($1000) | style="background: #eed;" | 2000 W Tier A power supply ($500) |} ====Video editing==== Big and fast storage drives are key. Solid State Drives in RAID0 as working space with multiple multi Terabyte or larger drives for storage is a good target. A large amount of memory would be beneficial, as would a fast CPU, with many cores/threads, especially if you intend to render effects or wish to quickly transcode video. Most editing and transcoding programs utilize some form of GPU acceleration (primarily OpenCL and/or CUDA), where the graphics processor is used, along with the CPU, to perform many calculations at the same time, greatly reducing processing time, compared to CPU-only processing. ====Music production==== Plenty of disk space and RAM is important, but a music production (recording and mixing) workstation is chiefly distinguished by specialized external components – studio reference monitors instead of normal speakers, mixing consoles, microphones, etc. Even the acoustics of the room your computer is in becomes an important factor. If you want to record external sources, like vocals or instruments, you'll need an audio interface which allows you to plug mics or instruments into your computer. Computers meant to be installed near live recordings often use near or totally silent cooling solutions. Audio interfaces allow anything from a single microphone or instrument on up to pro level systems that have 32 or more simultaneous inputs. These separate inputs will allow you to record each one as a separate track in your DAW. Most use Steinberg's ASIO interface (a software driver that connects your hardware to your DAW software). If you don't wish to invest in anything other than the onboard sound card your computer comes with, consider ASIO4All, a free driver that imitates the ASIO framework for almost any sound card. One piece of advice, if you have extra money, get better microphones - even if you have to trade the Bluesmobile. ====CAD/CAM==== ('''C'''omputer '''A'''ssisted '''D'''esign / '''C'''omputer '''A'''ided '''M'''anufacturing) A CAD/CAM workstation is usually a machine that runs a single, very intense, application. These machines often utilize specialized video hardware, like the [[w:Nvidia Quadro|Nvidia Quadro]] and[[w:Radeon Pro|AMD Radeon Pro]] series of GPUs, which are designed specifically for CAD/CAM rendering. Since these machines are usually devoted to a single, expensive, application it's especially important to pay close attention to the requirements of that application. Spec the hardware to support the software - always a good idea but especially important here. Some examples of this specialized software are [[w:Autodesk 3ds Max|Autodesk 3ds Max]], [[w:Autodesk Maya|Autodesk Maya]], [[w:AutoCAD|AutoCAD]], [[w:Cinema 4D|Cinema 4D]] and [[w:Maxwell Render|Maxwell Render]] amongst [[w:Comparison of computer-aided design editors|many others]]. === Mining rig === A mining rig is a computer designed to mine cryptocurrency with the use of multiple high-end GPUs. Graphics cards are the most important for mining. You should get a case and motherboard that are specifically designed for multiple graphics cards. To supply all of power to the components, you will need a Gold or better power supply capable of supplying lots of power. CPU, RAM and storage are the lowest priorities. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Typical PC build by budget ! style="background: #ddd;" | PC level ! style="background: #eee;" | Budget ! style="background: #eee;" | PC case ! style="background: #eee;" | Motherboard ! style="background: #eee;" | CPU ! style="background: #eee;" | CPU cooler ! style="background: #eee;" | RAM ! style="background: #eee;" | Graphics ! style="background: #eee;" | Storage ! style="background: #eee;" | Power supply |- | style="background: #dfb;" | '''Mid-range''' | style="background: #efd;" | ~$800 | style="background: #efd;" | Basic ATX case ($80) | style="background: #efd;" | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100) | style="background: #efd;" | Intel Celeron G6900 ($50) | style="background: #efd;" | Intel stock cooler (included) | style="background: #efd;" | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30) | style="background: #efd;" | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4060 Ti 8 GB ($400) | style="background: #efd;" | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15) | style="background: #efd;" | 600 W Gold power supply ($140) |- | style="background: #ffb;" | '''Upper mid-range''' | style="background: #ffd;" | ~$1000 | style="background: #ffd;" | Basic ATX case ($80) | style="background: #ffd;" | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100) | style="background: #ffd;" | Intel Celeron G6900 ($50) | style="background: #ffd;" | Intel stock cooler (included) | style="background: #ffd;" | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30) | style="background: #ffd;" | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4070 12 GB ($600) | style="background: #ffd;" | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15) | style="background: #ffd;" | 650 W Gold power supply ($150) |- | style="background: #fdb;" | '''Lower high-end''' | style="background: #fed;" | ~$1200 | style="background: #fed;" | Basic ATX case ($80) | style="background: #fed;" | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100) | style="background: #fed;" | Intel Celeron G6900 ($50) | style="background: #fed;" | Intel stock cooler (included) | style="background: #fed;" | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30) | style="background: #fed;" | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4070 Ti 12 GB ($800) | style="background: #fed;" | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15) | style="background: #fed;" | 750 W Gold power supply ($190) |- | style="background: #fbb;" | '''High-end''' | style="background: #fdd;" | ~$1500 | style="background: #fdd;" | Basic ATX case ($80) | style="background: #fdd;" | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100) | style="background: #fdd;" | Intel Celeron G6900 ($50) | style="background: #fdd;" | Intel stock cooler (included) | style="background: #fdd;" | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30) | style="background: #fdd;" | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4080 16 GB ($1150) | style="background: #fdd;" | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15) | style="background: #fdd;" | 850 W Gold power supply ($230) |- | style="background: #fbd;" | '''Upper high-end''' | style="background: #fde;" | ~$2000 | style="background: #fde;" | Basic ATX case ($80) | style="background: #fde;" | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100) | style="background: #fde;" | Intel Celeron G6900 ($50) | style="background: #fde;" | Intel stock cooler (included) | style="background: #fde;" | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30) | style="background: #fde;" | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 24 GB ($1600) | style="background: #fde;" | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15) | style="background: #fde;" | 1000 W Gold power supply ($280) |- | style="background: #fbf;" | '''Flagship''' | style="background: #fdf;" | ~$2500 | style="background: #fdf;" | Premium ATX case ($160) | style="background: #fdf;" | B760 DDR5 motherboard ($140) | style="background: #fdf;" | Intel Celeron G6900 ($50) | style="background: #fdf;" | Intel stock cooler (included) | style="background: #fdf;" | 16 GB DDR5-4800 (2 x 8 GB) ($55) | style="background: #fdf;" | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 24 GB ($1600) | style="background: #fdf;" | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15) | style="background: #fdf;" | 1200 W Gold power supply ($340) |- | style="background: #dbf;" | '''True flagship''' | style="background: #edf;" | ~$3000 | style="background: #edf;" | Mining case (6 GPUs) ($50) | style="background: #edf;" | Biostar TB360-BTC PRO 2.0 ($60) | style="background: #edf;" | Intel Core i3-8100 ($60) | style="background: #edf;" | Intel stock cooler (included) | style="background: #edf;" | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30) | style="background: #edf;" | 2 x Nvidia GeForce RTX 4080 16 GB (32 GB total) ($2300) | style="background: #edf;" | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15) | style="background: #edf;" | 1200 W Gold power supply ($340) |- | style="background: #bbd;" | '''Ultimate flagship''' | style="background: #dde;" | ~$4000 | style="background: #dde;" | Mining case (6 GPUs) ($50) | style="background: #dde;" | Biostar TB360-BTC PRO 2.0 ($60) | style="background: #dde;" | Intel Core i3-8100 ($60) | style="background: #dde;" | Intel stock cooler (included) | style="background: #dde;" | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30) | style="background: #dde;" | 2 x Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 24 GB (48 GB total) ($3200) | style="background: #dde;" | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15) | style="background: #dde;" | 1500 W Gold power supply ($420) |- | style="background: #bdd;" | '''Ultimate flagship v2''' | style="background: #dee;" | ~$6000 | style="background: #dee;" | Mining case (6 GPUs) ($50) | style="background: #dee;" | Biostar TB360-BTC PRO 2.0 ($60) | style="background: #dee;" | Intel Core i3-8100 ($60) | style="background: #dee;" | Intel stock cooler (included) | style="background: #dee;" | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30) | style="background: #dee;" | 3 x Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 24 GB (72 GB total) ($4800) | style="background: #dee;" | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15) | style="background: #dee;" | 2300 W Platinum power supply ($800) |- | style="background: #bdb;" | '''Ultimate flagship v3''' | style="background: #ded;" | ~$10000 | style="background: #ded;" | Mining case (6 GPUs) ($50) | style="background: #ded;" | Biostar TB360-BTC PRO 2.0 ($60) | style="background: #ded;" | Intel Core i3-8100 ($60) | style="background: #ded;" | Intel stock cooler (included) | style="background: #ded;" | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30) | style="background: #ded;" | 6 x Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 24 GB (144 GB total) ($9600) | style="background: #ded;" | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15) | style="background: #ded;" | Dual 2300 W Platinum power supplies ($1600) |} == Do I plan on overclocking my computer? == [[File:Cooler Master Hyper 212 Plus vs. Intel Stock.jpg|thumb|An aftermarket CPU heatsink side by side with a stock heatsink. Larger heatsinks help keep components cool during overclocking, and larger fans often help either move much more air through a system for the same level of noise, or move the same amount of air for much less noise.]] Overclocking consists of running components at faster internal speeds than they are rated for, gaining a bit of extra performance out of the part. If you are serious about overclocking your computer, you need to do extensive research into the components you select, as some parts respond to overclocking better than others. Overclocking usually voids your warranty and is risky as you can shorten the life of your components or even burn them out completely! You need to take cooling the computer more seriously as overclocking generates additional heat. Anything from a few extra fans to a liquid-cooled system may be necessary depending on the nature of your system. Many parts that are the same model can overclock differently due to manufacturer binning, leading to a "Silicon Lottery" of sorts. For example, consider three different Raptor Lake 13700K CPUs that are installed in identical systems - a good chip can clock up to about 5.7 GHz, an excellent one may be able to hit 6.1 GHz, while a bad one may stop at 5.3 GHz. If you are willing to pay more, some vendors sell pre-binned CPUs which have been previously tested to overclock well. Most AMD processors can be overclocked. For Intel processors, only the K series CPUs (which cost about $20-40 USD more than the normal version) and the Extreme Series generally allow full overclocking. == Do I plan on underclocking my computer? == This can be ideal for always-on entertainment systems. Underclocked parts run cooler, often enabling passive cooling options to be used, which leads to a much quieter system, and you'll also save on power. However, you'll lose performance from the CPU. You may wish to ''undervolt'' the CPU instead; see the [[../Silencing|Silencing]] section to find out how. == Can I use any of the parts from my old computer? == [[File:2017 mid range pc in late 1990s case.jpg|thumb|A 2017 PC built in a case from the 1990's. While this decision sacrifices front IO and modern airflow designs, it does save money on the case. Some communities exist that build "Sleeper PCs", modern high performance computers built to look like under powered or obsolete computers.]] This depends on your situation; if your computer is more than four years old, chances are that most of the parts will be too old, slow or incompatible for your new machine. On the other hand, if you are upgrading from a fairly new machine, you may be able to use many of the parts. All of this assumes the old computer will no longer be used. If you, or someone else, is going to continue using your old computer, it's probably best just to leave it intact. One important point – if you are selling your old computer it's a good idea to erase the hard drive before giving it to its new owner. A simple 'delete' command does not actually erase the data on your hard drive,leaving things like financial documents, passwords, healthcare records, browser history, and personal photos potentially recoverable through easy to use recovery software. To avoid this, programs are available that will effectively 'shred' your data, making it unrecoverable. Driver software that comes with some hard drives may also have programs to do this, that write 0s or 1s (either way, "blankness") to the whole drive. Lower-tech approaches include drilling a few holes in the drive or taking a blowtorch to it. Obviously, either prevents it from being used again (Be planet friendly and try to avoid this). Since monitor technology moves quite slowly, you can probably keep your current monitor and use it on the new computer if it's of sufficient size and clarity for your work. The same can go for keyboards, as well as mice, printers, scanners, and possibly speaker sets. On the inside, you may be able to take out the storage drive, and expansion cards. If your components are especially old, the features integrated into the motherboard may actually be superior to your old components, so testing with and without these your old devices is recommended. Sometimes so much is used from the old computer, that the line between an upgrade and a new computer can become blurred. Reusing a hard drive is an easy way to keep data from your old computer. With most Windows operating systems moving a boot drive from one motherboard to another will entail a series of reboots and installation of new drivers. Back up your data before trying this, and note that Windows will usually ask you to reactivate. Keep the licence key ready. == Where do I find the parts? == [[File:The Apple Department at the Queens, NY Micro Center.jpg|thumb|Computer retailers can be a handy source for parts, and often offer easy returns.]] Once you have decided what you’re going to use your computer for, and have reviewed which parts are available for reuse, you should make a list of what components you will need to buy. A few hours of research can save you years of regret, so make sure that the computer you build will do what you need it to do. Computer terminology can be confusing, so if there are terms you don’t understand, be sure to look them up. Wikipedia is an excellent place to start if, for example, you’re not clear on the difference between, say, DDR4 and DDR5 memory. There are several places to buy parts: * '''Internet retailers''' generally offer the best price for new parts. If a part needs to be returned, you may be stuck for the shipping; check return policies before you purchase. * '''Auction sites''' like eBay and several others offer very good prices for used parts. This is especially useful for parts which do not wear out, like RAM, and unlike HDD/SSDs. Returns can be problematic or impossible. Some auctions may not be legitimate. Always check the shipping cost before you bid. * '''Local PC shops''' - Their prices are often higher, but they may make up for this by providing a lot of expertise. Get opinions from other sources, however, as they may be eager to sell you parts you don't need. * '''Big box stores''' often lack technical expertise and charge higher prices, but can be useful because they usually handle returns quickly. Also good if you need something right away. * '''Trade shows''' that occur from time to time also provide a good place to shop, as the prices are often significantly reduced, and the variety of prefabricated computers built towards specific computing needs tend to be higher. Also, your local town dump may have a special section for computers and monitors that others have got rid of. These can be more or less brand new computers with trivial problems such as a busted power supply or faulty cables. Of course if the dump does have such a section, you should ask permission of those in charge. They're usually glad to let you go through it, but don't leave a mess. Taking advantage of this can yield incredible finds, with a price tag of nothing or very little. === OEM vs Retail === [[File:AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 4750G 6913.jpg|thumb|An OEM CPU: AMD Ryzen 7 Pro 4750G.]] Many hardware manufacturers will sell the same components in both OEM and Retail versions. Retail hardware is intended to be sold to the end-user through retail channels, and will come fully packaged with manuals, accessories, software, etc. OEM stands for "original equipment manufacturer"; items labeled as such are intended to be sold in bulk for use by firms which integrate the components into their own products. However, many online stores will offer OEM hardware at (slightly) cheaper prices than the corresponding retail versions. You will usually receive such an item by itself in an anti-static bag. It may or may not come with a manual or a CD containing drivers. Warranties on OEM parts may often be shorter or nonexistent, and sometimes require you to obtain support through your vendor, rather than the manufacturer. OEM components are also sometimes specified differently than their retail counterparts, parts may be clocked slower, and ports or features may be missing. Some of the support may be less (as in the case of Microsoft). Again, do your research. == What should affect the choice of any part/peripheral? == Many things should be taken into account when deciding what parts to buy. Below are some things to consider. === Compatibility === You’ll want to make sure that all the parts you buy work together without problems. The CPU, the motherboard, and the RAM in particular must be compatible with each other. Check the motherboard manufacturer's web site; most will list compatible RAM and processors. Often quality RAM that is not on the approved list (but is of the proper type) will work anyway, but the manufacturers list of processors should be rigidly adhered to, as even when a processor is supported by the socket on the motherboard, the motherboard firmware may not support it. You’ll also want to make sure that your operating system supports the hardware you choose. Windows is supported by almost everything, though watch out for older components if you're planning on using Windows 11. If you have any interest in running Linux, or another operating system now or in the future, buy parts that are supported by that OS (Operating System). Check online to make sure there is no history of your chosen components causing issues when used together, or with software you plan on running. === Ergonomics === [[File:Delux M618 vertical mouse.jpg|thumb|This ergonomic mouse looks strange, but it is designed to reduce strain on your hands.]] Ergonomics is the science of designing things so that they work with the human body. This is obviously important when choosing peripherals such as a keyboard or mouse but should also be considered when selecting a monitor, and especially when setting up the computer for your use. If your wrist hurts or you’re getting a crick in your neck, look at the physical setup of your computer, check your chair height and posture. An ounce of prevention here can avert troublesome repetitive strain injuries. Learning to type without looking down at the keyboard is very useful for avoiding neck strain. === Operating temperature === [[File:No blue smoke.jpg|thumb|A computer chip that has burnt out. Preventing damage like this is much easier than repairing it.]] Modern components, notably processors, GPUs, RAM, and some elements on the motherboard, are very small and draw a lot of power. A small area doing a lot of work with a lot of power leads to high temperatures. Various factors can cause electronic parts to break down over time and all of these factors are exacerbated by heat. Very high temperatures can burn out chips almost instantly, while running hot can shorten the useful life of a part, so the cooler we can make these parts, the better. If you are not going to overclock your system, stock air cooling, when paired with a good case with adequate fans, should be enough to keep your system cool. If you want a quiet computer then components designed for passive (fan-less) cooling can be paired with very low noise case fans (or a well-vented case). In general, high-end parts will require more attention to cooling. To keep your system at a proper operating temperature, you can monitor vital components with software (which usually comes with your motherboard). If you are seeing high temps, make sure the interior of your case is dust free, and remember that most cooling solutions can not reduce the temperature of your computer parts below room temperature. Of course, unless you happen to have your computer outdoors in a climate such as the Sahara, room temperature will be well within the thermal limits of any component on your computer. Which brings us to overclocking. It's specialty cooling solutions that make overclocking possible, a processor that might run stable at a maximum of 4.4 GHz at {{convert|65|C|F}} could hit speeds as high as 5.6 GHz with specialized cooling systems. A sensible person wanting a 20% overclock could add a special fan/heatsink to his CPU and some extra case fans. An enthusiast seeking a major overclock might go with a water-cooling solution for the CPU and GPU and sometimes other chips. The real fanatics have been known to use liquid nitrogen or total immersion in pure water or oil. You should not try any of the more extreme solutions unless you really know what you're doing. === Price === Today, there are a wide array of hardware components and peripherals tailored to fit every home computing need and budget. With all these options to choose from, it can be a bit overwhelming if you've never bought computer parts before. Shop around and remember to factor in shipping and handling, and taxes. Some places may be priced a bit higher, but offer perks such as free shipping, limited warranties, or 24-hour tech support. Many websites, such as [http://www.cnet.com CNET] and [http://www.zdnet.com ZDNet] offer comprehensive reviews, user ratings, and links to stores, including price comparisons. Since prices for any given part are always falling, it’s tempting to just wait until the part you want goes down in price. Unfortunately the reason prices decline is that better/faster parts are coming out all the time, so the part you want this year that costs $500 may well be $300 next year, but by that time you won’t want it any more, you’ll want the new, better part that still costs $500. At some point you’ve got to get on the bus and ride, even if the prices are still falling. Usually the best bet is to buy just behind the bleeding edge, where, typically, you can get 90% of the performance of the top of the line part for 50% or 60% of the price. That last 10% is very expensive and if you don’t need it, you can save a lot of money with the second-tier part. It's a good idea to think about future upgradeability when selecting some components. While the computer that you're building today may be fine for your current needs you may want to upgrade it later. So look for components that support the newest standards and have room for future expansion, like a motherboard that will allow you to fit more memory than you are planning to use, or a case that has room for extra storage drives. If your current machine is maxed out the only possible upgrade is often a new machine. You may also find that by over-specifying in some areas you can save money on others, e.g. if you don't currently need WiFi but you do need Bluetooth then you might want to purchase a WiFi card anyway as some of the higher end WiFi cards also support Bluetooth. === Performance === If money is no object just buy the most powerful components you can find. If, like most of us, there are limits to what you can/want to spend, then focus on those areas where more powerful parts will pay off for you and scrimp on others. Always look for that sweet spot on the price/performance curve where you get the most bang for your buck. When deciding where to cut back, remember that you have the option to upgrade in the future. Some components are easier to upgrade then others such as RAM, where an upgrade is as simple as popping more into a free slot. Other upgrades, such as replacing the CPU or GPU with a better model are more costly, as the original often serves no purpose following the upgrade (But may be resold online to recoup some of the cost). == Primary components == These are the components that will be the core of your new computer. It is impractical to put together a PC compatible computer without these components and a bare set of peripherals. [[Image:Personal_computer,_exploded_4.svg|right|thumb|350px|Exploded view of a personal computer: <br>1 [[w:Computer display|Monitor]] <br>2 [[w:Personal computer#Motherboard|Motherboard]] <br>3 [[w:Personal computer#Central processing unit|CPU (Microprocessor)]] <br>4 [[w:Advanced Technology Attachment|ATA]] sockets <br>5 [[w:Personal computer#Main memory|Main memory (RAM)]] <br>6 [[w:Expansion card|Expansion cards]] <br>7 [[w:Power supply unit|Power supply unit]] <br>8 [[w:Optical disc|Optical disc drive]] <br>9 [[w:Personal computer#Hard disk drive|Hard disk drive (HDD)]] <br>10 [[w:Computer_keyboard|Keyboard]] <br>11 [[w:Mouse (computing)|Mouse]] ]] === Case === {{Wikipedia| ATX#Power_supply}} The case is one of the most practical straightforward parts of a computer. A case can also be aesthetically pleasing, and help improve your computing experience. ==== Form factor ==== Form factor is the specification that provides the physical measurements for the size of components supported. Your case should support one or more of the following common formfactors. It's a good idea to match the formfactor of a case with a motherboard. =====Large Form Factors===== * [[Wikipedia:EATX|EATX]] or Extended ATX boards are {{convert|12|x|13|in|cm}}. This format is almost exclusive to workstation and high end gaming computers. * [[Wikipedia:ATX|ATX]] is the most common form factor and is the de facto standard. Supports about 7 expansion slots. These formfactors offer the most amount of flexibility in expansion. These spacious cases are often easy to work in, but hard to move around. =====Small Form Factors===== * [[Wikipedia:microATX|microATX]], or µATX, is smaller than standard ATX. Many cases that support ATX also allow micro-ATX. Supports about 4 expansion slots. * [[Wikipedia:Mini-ITX|Mini-ITX]] is even smaller at {{convert|6.75|in|cm}} square. Supports at most one expansion slot. These form-factors let you build relatively small and even portable computers, ideal for taking to LAN parties or for people who frequently move. Slim cases are offered in these form factors. These cases are significantly thinner than regular cases. However, you will be limited to using slim expansion cards as well. You may also need to use laptop components in some areas to save space depending on the case. Particularly small cases can be hard to work in and offer limited expansion. They may have airflow problems, and cable management can be a challenge. You may need to find low profile cooling units, and the case may not support regular sized power supplies. You may also want to get angled cables or adapters if spacing between parts is tight, and you suspect it would make your work easier. ==== Drive Bays ==== Internal storage drives take up space in the case, so make sure you consider how many drives you will need and what size slot they require. Not all cases support every drive size. There are several bay sizes, and each has a typical use. * 5.25" bays typically hold optical drives, fan controllers, or other accessories, and are external facing. * 3.5" external bays are typically used for smaller versions of accessories found in 5.25" bays (But not optical drives). * 3.5" internal bays are used for holding desktop hard disks or an SSD. * 2.5" bays are typically used for holding an SSD or laptop size hard disk. Note that it's possible to buy adapters to fit items that go in small bays (usually hard drives) into large bays. Many cases offer modular drive bays, which can be removed if they are not needed to make space for other components. This can be useful if a drive bay is getting in the way of another component, such as a long graphics card. Some cases designed for minimalist aesthetics or gaming will not use external drive bays to make room for better airflow. If you use a case like this and need an optical drive, you will have to get an external drive. If you are planning on using an M.2 SSD, your motherboard will provide a slot for your storage device. Some cases will have dedicated mounting points for 2.5" storage drives, which can free up space in other areas of the case. ==== Front IO ==== Almost all cases will feature a power on button on the front of the case. Other common IO featured on the front of cases includes audio jacks, USB ports, a reset button, status lights, and other features. It's important to consider where the front IO is on the case you buy, and how it factors into your workspace. For example, if your case will just barely fit under your desk, IO located on the very top of your case could be hard to use. In rare instances when you are not purchasing a new case you need new to get front IO separately from your case, (For example, when using an very old, nonstandard, or DIY case) there are simple kits available that give you a power button and a few IO ports. Alternatively you can manually use a jumper each time you want to turn the computer on, though this is somewhat tedious. ==== Computer Aesthetics ==== Cases are typically made of steel or more rarely aluminum, and usually have accents made out of plastic. More exotic case materials are sometimes used such as wood. Some cases hide their 5.25" bays with a door for a cleaner look. This has a practical benefit of helping reduce drive noise. A quality case will include features that make it easier to manage cables. Besides looking better, by keeping cables out of the way and orderly, maintenance and troubleshooting is made easier. Cases typically mount the power supply in either the top of the case, or the bottom. Some higher end cases will have a separate chamber for the power supply, assisting cable management and giving it a degree separation from the hot components in the rest of the case. Many cases will have windows installed. These provide a view into the system, and can highlight nice looking components. When moving a computer with a windowed case, keep in mind that an acrylic window will easily scratch, and a glass window may shatter. A solid sheet of metal is best when it comes to blocking noise and durability. Many gamers use components with RGB lighting to give their computer flair. Keep in mind that there aren't really unified standards for RGB lighting, so if you want to mix and match between different manufacturers and coordinate the resulting lightshow you'll need to use multiple software products at the same time. RGB LED light strips, or their older counterpart cold cathode lights can be used to provide lighting if your components lack integrated lights. Some cases feature integral noise reducing foam, offering a clean look while providing the benefits of noise reduction. Many people like to [[w:Case modding|mod their cases]]. There are many easy mods that can be done before your computer is built (And all electronics are removed from the case), such as painting the case a different color, or giving it a funky coat of paint through [[w:Water transfer printing|Hydro dipping]] A case stand can be a good tool to use if you plan on placing your computer on the ground, as it creates additional clearance from things such as dirt, dust, and carpets. You may want to use a dust cover for unused ports. This helps you avoid trying to plug in devices into the wrong ports when reaching behind a case, and helps make cleaning easier. Dust covers also exist for external peripherals such as monitors if you plan on storing them away for a while. ===Cooling=== ==== Fans ==== [[File:Fans from computer case - front and back - 2018-05-22.jpg|thumb|Two fans of different sizes.]] Most cases mount one or more case fans, distinct from the fans that may be attached to the power supply, video card and CPU. The purpose of a case mounted fan is to move air through the system and carry excess heat out. This is why some cases may have two or more fans mounted in a push-pull configuration (one fan pulls cool outside air in, the other pushes hot interior air out). The more air these fans can move, the cooler things will generally be. Fans for case cooling currently come in two common sizes, 80&nbsp;mm and 120&nbsp;mm, and computer cases tend to support one size or the other. The larger 120&nbsp;mm fans spin more slowly while moving a given volume of air, and slower fans are usually quieter fans, so the 120&nbsp;mm fans are generally preferred, even though they cost a little more. Good 80&nbsp;mm fans can still be fairly quiet, so while fan size is a factor, it shouldn't be a deal-breaker if the case has other features you like. Make sure the power plug on the chosen case fan is supported by your motherboard; 3- and 4-pin connectors are common. Fans can also be powered directly by the PSU, but in that configuration, the motherboard can't control or report the fan's speed. Variable speed fans with built-in temperature sensing are available. Variable speed fans tend to run quieter than constant speed fans, as they only move as much air as needed to maintain a set temperature within the case or the power supply box. Under typical operating conditions they may be barely audible. Since fans run continuously when the computer is turned on, bearing selection may be important for long life. * The least expensive fans use '''sleeve bearings'''. As the fan ages, the lubricant in the sleeve bearing dries out and eventually the bearing wears, allowing the fan blade to nutate or vibrate, making it very noisy. In severe cases the bearing may seize and the fan will stop turning entirely, possibly jeopardizing the computer when ventilation fails. * The most expensive fans tend to be those that use '''ball bearings''', but they also have very long service lives. It isn't uncommon for a ball bearing fan to run continuously for 7 to 10 years&nbsp;— possibly longer than the useful technological life of the computer within which it is mounted. Ball bearing fans tend to be slightly noisier than sleeve bearing fans. * A fairly recent type of fan bearing is a '''magnetic''' or '''"maglev"''' bearing, which uses a magnetic field to suspend the fan rotor without physical contact. Such fans exhibit practically zero bearing wear and barring a failure in their motor drive components, have essentially an infinite service life. Maglev bearings also tend to be completely silent, and when used in a variable speed fan, can produce practically silent ventilation. The orientation of fans inside your case can have a big impact on cooling, as well as how quickly dust builds up. Some cases will include dust traps to reduce the amount of dust entering a system. Aftermarket dust filters also exist, but can be harder to mount. ==== Water Cooling ==== [[File:Deepcool cooler.png|thumb|An all in one cooler mounted on a CPU.]] A water cooling system will cool parts by running water over a heatsink. a pump moves the water in a closed loop, which goes to a radiator for cooling. Additional parts, such as flow sensors and quick connects, can make maintaining a water cooling setup easier. Since the radiator can be placed anywhere, it can be much bigger then a typical heatsink, allowing for more efficient cooling. Typically water cooling is used for the CPU, but it can also be used for other components, such as graphics cards. Custom water cooling setups can either use hard tubing or soft tubing. Some manufacturers make All in One (AIO) watercooling units, which is basically a water cooling solution that's prebuilt. Compared to air cooling, water cooling adds significant cost, complexity, and risk to a system build. However it can allow for quieter operation, and a well built water cooling setup can look great. ====Minor component cooling==== While shopping for coolers you may see passive, fan, or even water cooling solutions for RAM, chipsets, SSDs and other devices. These devices do not typically produce significant heat, and do not require additional cooling. These devices are mainly aimed at serious overclockers and those who want to improve the aesthetics of these components. However running components cooler to a point can be good for their lifespan, and adding these components typically only hurts your wallet. === Power Supply === {{Wikipedia| Power supply unit (computer)}} [[File:Modular vs non-modular PSU.JPG|thumb|A modular power supply on the left sits next to a non-modular power supply on the right. By allowing you to select only the cables you need, Modular power supplies make cable management much easier.]] ====Power Supply Basics==== The power supply unit (PSU) is a device that converts the electricity from the power grid into a form you can use. The power supply you choose needs to supply enough stable DC power to all the components and even to some of the peripherals. It needs also to be consistent, by complying with accurate standard voltages, i.e. the 12 volt rail needs to supply 12 volts (within normal tolerances of 10% or so) steadily under any foreseeable load, likewise the 3 and 5v rails at their respective voltages. Cheap power supplies tend to fall down in these areas. There are several tech-heavy websites that actually throw a multimeter on the PSU in the course of a review, seek these out and make sure you select a quality PSU. ====PSU Specs==== Power supplies typically use one of two ratings, one being the continuous rating and the other being the peak rating. The continuous rating is how much power can be delivered indefinitely, and the peak rating is how much power can be delivered for a limited period of time. You want to go by the continuous rating to be safe. There are several calculators that try to help you select an adequate PSU for your system, which are linked in the footer. Your power supply should have the right number of connectors for your needs e.g. six-pin PCI power, ATX12VO vs. 24-pin motherboard connectors, etc. If you are planning on running two or more video cards in SLI (NVIDIA) or Crossfire (AMD) mode, make sure your power supply is certified for that use. Most power supplies will have cables long enough for most any case, but some larger cases will make good cable management difficult with power-supplies that have shorter cables. Cheap power supplies often require you to select your mains voltage with a switch. Higher quality power supplies have circuitry that actively adjusts for incoming voltage, and thus do not need to be told what voltage to expect. It's always a good idea to check to make sure a power supply is compatible with the mains power used in your country prior to use. Choose an efficient PSU. Efficient PSUs run cooler and more quietly and thus do not create as much noise which is important if you plan to sleep or think in the same room with it or use it as a media center PC. They also reduce energy usage, which in turn saves money on the electric bill. If your budget allows, consider opting for a modular PSU. These have connectors that can be added or removed, which allows for more versatility and also reduces clutter. The power supply also has an exhaust fan that is responsible for cooling the power supply, as well as providing a hot air exhaust for the entire case. Some power supplies have two fans to promote this effect. It is important to buy a power supply that can accommodate all of the components involved. A bad or inadequate power supply can fail and destroy not only itself, but potentially the rest of the computer, so it's important to get a decent one. Keep in mind that having a higher-rated power supply will not draw much more power than what your computer actually uses, but it may decrease the efficiency of the unit if significantly less power is being drawn then what the power supply is rated for. ====PSU accessories==== A surge protector is a good idea. Not only does this help protect your computer, it also can expand an outlet for more peripherals. Higher end surge protectors often include protection for network cables as well. To supplement a PSU, consider getting an [[w:Uninterruptible Power Supply|Uninterruptible Power Supply]] (UPS). This is a device that provides a few minutes of temporary power to your computer and monitor during a brownout or blackout giving you enough time to safely shut down your computer. UPS units are typically external and look and function like big power strips. Many consumer UPS units have built in surge protectors. If you live in an area with poor power quality or frequent blackouts, a UPS can help save your PSU from significant wear. === CPU (processor) === We discuss choosing a CPU in the next chapter, [[How To Assemble A Desktop PC/Choosing the parts/CPU]]. === Motherboard === [[Image:Asus A8N-VM CSM Rev1.10G 20060626a.jpg|thumb|right|350px|A PC motherboard: IDE connectors and the motherboard power connector (white with large holes) are on the left edge. Between them and the large quadratic CPU socket in the lower middle are the longish RAM sockets. The extension slots are above the CPU socket (two white, one black) and the ports for external devices are on the right edge.]] The motherboard is a very important part of your computer. A good motherboard allows a modest CPU and RAM to run at maximum efficiency whereas a bad motherboard restricts high-end products to run only at modest levels. Higher end motherboards often offer additional features, such as faster built in networking, better built in audio, built in Wi-Fi, a small display that shows diagnostic codes, better power delivery to support overclocking and reliability, RGB LED controllers, built in IO Shield, or other features. The difference between a cheap and a quality motherboard is typically around $100. There are many things one must consider in choosing a motherboard: CPU interface, Chipset, form factor, expansion slot interfaces, and other connectors. ==== CPU interface ==== The CPU interface is the "plug" that your processor goes into. For your processor to physically fit in the motherboard, the interface must be an '''exact match''' to your processor. Intel currently has two mainstream formats, the LGA 1851 for their current (200 series) Core processors (Core Ultra 9 285K or 5 245KF) or the LGA 1700 supporting their older 12th-14th gen processors. AMD currently uses a few sockets: AM5 for their current (7000 to 9000 series) Ryzen CPUs (Ryzen 9 7950X3D or Ryzen 5 9600X), AM4 for older (5000 series and older) Ryzen processors, and TR4 for their thread ripper processors. Check with the motherboard manufacturer to ensure that the slot on the motherboard will support the CPU you want to use. It is important to know whether the motherboard's bus can support the exact CPU you plan on using. If the motherboard, CPU, and heatsink/fan are not compatible and installed correctly, you can destroy the CPU and/or the motherboard in a matter of seconds. Most modern processors come with a stock cooling fan which will work well at stock speeds, stick with this if you have any doubts. ====Chipset==== The Chipset is a piece of hardware integrated into the motherboard and cannot be upgraded later. This often determines what processors are supported by the motherboard, as well as how many lanes and the generation of PCI Express, USB ports, and SATA ports/slots the motherboard supports. USB and SATA ports can be expanded by add on cards, but PCI express lanes are fixed. Cheaper motherboards tend to use cheaper chipsets with reduced features. ====UEFI==== Motherboards come with a piece of software that called UEFI or BIOS in older models. This software is responsible for preparing your computer for use by an operating system, as well as for configuring low level details of your system. Features offered by UEFI or BIOS vary quite a bit between manufactures and product lines. Some UEFI or BIOS can be updated, allowing for security fixes or new features to be added after purchase, and many of these systems will feature some form of redundancy to recover from a failed update (Which otherwise may turn the motherboard into a paperweight). Other motherboards allow BIOS control of overclocking of CPU, RAM and Graphics card which are much more stable and safer for overclocking. Newer BIOS have temperature controls, and functions that shut down the computer if the temperature gets too high. Some motherboards are supported by open source firmware like [[w:coreboot|coreboot]] which can offer a fast and secure booting environment. ==== M.2 and SATA interface ==== SATA (Serial ATA) connections for hard drives and optical drives. SATA data connections are simple - one plug, one cable, one device. SATA power connections follow the same principal. The serial ATA (SATA) interface has a separate motherboard connection for each drive that allow independent access and can increase the speed at which drives work. The cables are also narrow, improving the flow of air inside the case. An M.2 Slot can be found on some motherboards to add an SSD. Unlike a SATA Drive, M.2 drives are small enough to be mounted directly on the motherboard. ==== Expansion slot interfaces ==== [[Image:PCIExpress.jpg|thumb|right|300px|PCI Express slots (from top to bottom: x4, x16, x1 and x16), compared to an old 32-bit PCI slot (bottom)]] Due to the evolution of new graphics cards on the serial PCI-Express Technology, current newer motherboards have the following connections: * '''PCI-Express(Gen 1/2/3/4/5) 16x/8x/4x''' for mainstream graphics cards (PCI Express Gen 1 x16 is 4 times speed of AGP 8x) * '''PCI-Express(Gen 1/2/3/4/5) 1x''' for faster expansion cards (replacing older PCI) {| class=wikitable |+ Comparison of PCIe generations vs AGP 8x (improvement in times) ! {{Diagonal split header|Generation|Size}} ! 1x ! 4x ! 8x ! 16x |- ! 1 | 0.25x | 1x | 2x | 4x |- ! 2 | 0.5x | 2x | 4x | 8x |- ! 3 | 1x | 4x | 8x | 16x |- ! 4 | 2x | 8x | 16x | 32x |- ! 5 | 4x | 16x | 32x | 64x |} ==== USB ==== [[Image:USB_Male_Plug_Type_A.jpg|thumb|right|Male USB "A" connector]] In addition to the USB ports provided on the back panel, most motherboards will have connectors for additional ports, either on the front of the case or in a panel that fits where a PCI card might otherwise be connected. USB ports are used for connecting various peripherals such as printers, external drives, smartphones,cameras and an assortment of less serious devices like fans, and drink warmers. Given the growing popularity of USB devices, the more ports your motherboard supports, the better. USB 3.0 ports are now available on the majority of motherboards and they are even faster than USB 2.0&nbsp;— up to 5&nbsp;Gbps. Although the majority of keyboards, mice and other such devices use USB2, almost all HDDs available now support the USB 3.0 standard as they are much faster under that. USB 3.0 ports are backwards compatible and can be used with USB 1 or 2 devices, although these will not receive the benefit of USB 3.0 speeds. USB 4 devices promise greater speed, and devices supporting it are slowly being released. USB-C ports are now available in nearly all new motherboards, and are even faster and versatile (with many doubling as a video output). Note that, regardless of the motherboard's native support, additional ports of all kinds can be added via a PCI-E expansion card or USB device. === Memory === [[File:16 GiB-DDR4-RAM-Riegel RAM019FIX Small Crop 90 PCNT.png|thumb|A DDR4 SDRAM module]] RAM capacity plays an important role in the computer's operation speed, as it provides the operating system caching space that allows foregoing access to the local disk, typically the main bottleneck of computer speed. The amount of random access memory (RAM) to use has become a fairly simple choice. Unless one is building on a very restricted budget, one just has to choose between installing 8 or 16 gigabytes. 8 gigabytes of RAM is plenty for most modern operating systems, but all of them will run a little faster with 16 gigabytes. While 32-bit operating systems can address 4 gigabytes, they can utilize little more than three gigabytes as system RAM (actually 4 gigabytes minus Video RAM minus overhead for other devices). If one wishes to utilize the full 4 (or more) gigabytes of RAM, one needs to install a 64-bit operating system. It really comes down to a financial decision. Some specialized applications may profit from more than 16 gigabytes of RAM. If one plans on using such, make sure to check that both the operating system and the motherboard will accommodate the amount of RAM one has in mind. One might also choose to get 8 gigabytes of high quality RAM over 16 gigabytes of lesser quality, especially if one plans to overclock, though that is quite rare now. Another thing to consider when choosing the amount of RAM for one's system is the graphics card. Most motherboard-integrated graphics chips and PCI Express graphics cards marketed with the "Turbo Cache" feature will use system memory to store information related to rendering graphics; this system memory is generally not available at all to the operating system. On average, these graphics processors will use between 64 megabytes and 512 megabytes of system memory for rendering purposes. The actual type of RAM one will need depends on the motherboard and chipset one gets. Old motherboards use DDR (Double Data Rate) RAM, DDR2 or DDR3. DDR5 is the current industry standard. Chip sets that use dual-channel memory require one to use two identical&nbsp;— in terms of size and speed&nbsp;— RAM modules. If one is upgrading an existing computer, it is best to check if one's machine requires specific kinds of RAM. Many computer OEMs, such as Gateway and Hewlett-Packard, require custom RAM, and generic RAM available from most computer stores may cause compatibility problems in such systems. Overclocking of RAM is possible, but you will have to keep the same precautions(actually more) for RAM. If your RAM temperatures get too high, they can get damaged. For this purpose, there are dedicated RAM coolers that can be used, but most will not find any need for them. The benefit of overclocking RAM, unlike overclocking your CPU, is limited to a few applications. ==== Labelling of RAM ==== RAM is labelled by its memory size in gigabytes (GB) and clock speed (or bandwidth). For example, # DDR5-4800 16 GB is a 16 GB DDR5 stick running at 4800 MT/s (2400 MHz). # LPDDR5-6000 8 GB is a low-power DDR5 stick running at 6000 MT/s (3000 MHz). Commonly seen in laptops, but also seen in some desktops. DDR RAM has 5 versions: DDR (also DDRI), DDR2 (or DDRII), DDR3, DDR4 and DDR5. DDR, DDR2 and DDR3 are currently obsolete. # DDR5 supports DDR5-4400 and higher. #* DDR5-8400 is highest speed of DDR5 as of 2024. #* DDR5-7000 to DDR5-8200 are higher end models. #* DDR5-6000 to DDR5-6800 are mainstream models. #* DDR5-4400 to DDR5-5600 are budget models. They were mainstream in 2021-22. # DDR4 supports DDR4-2133 to DDR4-5333<ref>https://www.pcgamesn.com/fastest-ddr4-ram</ref> (generally overclocked). #* DDR4-5333 is highest speed of DDR4 as of 2024. #* DDR4-4000 to DDR4-5133 are higher end models. #* DDR4-3000 to DDR4-3866 are mainstream models. #* DDR4-2933 are budget models. Mainstream in 2018-20. #* DDR4-2666 are budget models. Mainstream in 2016-19. #* DDR4-2400 were older mainstream models from 2014-17. #* DDR4-2133 were older mainstream models from 2014-15. # DDR3 supports DDR3-1066 to DDR3-3000 (generally overclocked). # DDR2 supports DDR2-533 to DDR2-1250 (generally overclocked). # DDR supports DDR-266 to DDR-533. === Hard drive and SSD=== [[File:WD Caviar Green WD10EADS-91894.jpg|thumb|right|A hard drive. SATA data and power connectors can be seen on the edge of the drive.]] Things to consider when shopping for a hard drive or SSD: ; Interface : The interface of a drive is how the hard drive communicates with the rest of the computer. The following hard drive interfaces are available: :* '''[[w:Advanced Technology Attachment|Parallel IDE]] drives''' (PATA, also known as ATA or IDE) use cables that can be distinguished by their wide 40-pin connector, colored first-pin wire, and usually gray "ribbon" style cables. This technology is largely obsolete because SATA uses thinner cables, eliminates contention for the IDE bus that can occur when two PATA drives are attached to the same connector, and promises faster drive access. SSD's are generally not available for IDE, as they are too slow for a SSD (one notable exception is Transcand as of November 2014). :* '''[[w:SATA|SATA]] drives''' have the advantages outlined above. If you want Serial ATA, you will either need to purchase a motherboard that supports it (all newer motherboards do), or purchase a PCI card that will allow you to connect your hard drive. Note that some older motherboards will not allow you to install Windows XP to a Serial ATA hard drive. There are 3 types of SATA. SATA 1 provides up to about 150 MB/s, SATA 2 provides about 300MB/s, SATA3 provides up to about 600 MB/s. Most new computers and HDD's come in SATA 3, but older computers may use SATA 2/1. Although they are both backwards and forward comparable, SSD's should be used in SATA 3 since they are too fast for SATA 2 or 1. :* '''[[w:SCSI|SCSI]]''', although more expensive and less user friendly, is usually worthwile on high performance workstations and servers. Few consumer desktop motherboards built today support SCSI, and when building a new computer, the work needed to implement SCSI may be outweighed by the relative simplicity and performance of IDE and SATA. SCSI hard drives typically reach rotational speeds of up to 15,000 RPM, and are more expensive. :* '''[[w:USB|USB]]''' can be used for connecting external drives. An external drive enclosure can convert an internal drive to an external drive. :*PCI-E uses the PCI lanes of your computer. These lanes can be used to connect premium SSD's, and they are much faster than SATA-based SSD's. NVM Express, or NVMe for short is a common standard for PCI-E based storage. M.2 slots are an increasingly common interface for SSDs. ====SSD==== [[File:Samsung MZ-V6P2T0 20170427.jpg|thumb|An M.2 NVMe SSD]] SSD is a hard storage system that use flash memory rather than rotational platters. Because of this, they make virtually no noise, have no latency (delays from spinning up and seeking the position), and generate far lesser heat than a HDD. If you plan to upgrade a computer, it is an excellent idea to replace an HDD with an SSD as the performance of the computer can be boosted by a wide margin. However, there are some important drawbacks. They are significantly more expensive per gigabyte (especially at larger capacities) compared to a hard drive, and typically come in smaller capacities. Furthermore SSD memory cells burn out over time due to wear caused by writing. However, this problem is mitigated by most modern SSD designs and software support that uses the SSD in such a way that all cells wear out at the same time. Whether or not you use an SSD, you should be backing up your data. There are some important precautions to note if you do buy a SSD. #'''Do not defragment the drive!''' SSD, unlike HDD, does not need to get defragmented and will instead cause unnecessary writes and can wear out the drive faster. Windows 7 and above will identify the drive and makes necessary optimizations. Older operating systems may need tweaks to correctly use an SSD #Use SATA 3. Using SATA 2 or below reduces speed. If you can afford it, go for a PCI-E SSD card or NVME M.2 SSD as they are faster interfaces. If your setup uses multiple storage devices, consider using a solid state drive as primary storage device by installing the operating system and [[:v:File_management#Incubate_work_on_flash_storage|incubating work]] on it, and a much larger hard drive as secondary storage. ==== [[w:Cache#Disk_buffer|Cache]] ==== The cache of a storage drive is a faster media than the drive itself and is normally 16MB (low end and laptop drives), 32MB (standard desktop drives), 64MB, 128MB, or 256MB (high end, high capacity desktop drives). Some very high capacity SSD designs will include several gigabytes of dram cache, which is used for performance and some very cheap SSD designs will not have a DRAM cache at all, which can reduce performance. The existence of a cache increases the speeds of retrieving short bursts of information, and also allows pre-fetching of data. Larger cache sizes generally result in faster data access. ==== Form factor ==== :* 3.5 inch drives are usually used in desktops. :* 2.5 inch drives are usually used in laptops and desktops with an adapter. :* M.2 drives are used in laptops and desktops with appropriate motherboards. ==== Capacity ==== The smallest desktop hard disk drives that are widely available hold about 250GB of data, although the largest drives available on the market can contain 24TB (24000GB). Note that the advertised capacity is usually more than the actual size due to the binary differences in calculation. Few people will need disks this large - for most people, somewhere in the range of 500GB-1TB will be sufficient. The amount of space you will need can depend on many factors, such as how many high-end games and programs you want to install, how many media files you wish to store, or how many high-quality videos you want to render. It is usually better to get a hard drive with a capacity larger than you anticipate using, in case you need more in the future. If you run out of space, you can always add an additional hard drive using any free Serial ATA connector, or through an external interface, such as USB. SSD capacities are markedly smaller then hard drive capacities, especially for the cost. SSD capacities range from 128GB on the low end, to several terabytes on the high end. ==== Rotational Speed ==== The speed at which the hard drives platters spin. Most laptop (2.5 inch) drives spin at 5400 RPM, while common desktop drives come in at 7200. There are PATA and SATA drives that spin at 10,000 RPM and some SCSI drives hit 15,000. However drives above 7,200 RPM usually have limited capacity, and a much higher price than comparable 7,200 RPM drives, making such drives advisable only when the fastest possible speeds are required. SSD's do not have moving parts. Do ''not'' use 5400 RPM hard drives or lower as your boot drive. ==== Noise and Heat ==== Modern hard drives are fairly quiet in operation though some people are sensitive to the faint hum and occasional buzz they do make. If your HDD is loud, it could be an early sign of failure, so it’s time to think about replacing it. Hard drives will also throw some heat and adequate air circulation should be provided, usually by case fans. Rubber mount points can help reduce drive vibration. There is software available that will allow you to monitor both the health and temperature of your hard drive(s), it’s a good idea to check from time to time and make sure the temperature does not rise above 50 C. SSD's do not generate noise like an HDD would because they have no moving parts, however they do generate a small amount of heat. This heat can be offset by a small heatsink, which are often included on M.2 SSDs. ==== Warranty ==== Many manufactures offer warranties ranging from 30 days (typically OEM) up to five years. It may be worth spending an extra few dollars to get the drive that carries a longer warranty. Good quality SSD's can provide up to 10 years warranty (like Samsung 850 Pro). == Secondary components == These components are important to your computer, but are not as central as the Core Components. === Video output === [[File:Radeon VII (Vorderseite).jpg|thumb|A video card.]] ====GPU Basics==== A GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) is what allows your computer to display images on a monitor. The majority of home and office computers use an 'onboard' or integrated graphic processor which is included on many processors, but workstations and gaming computers require the power of one or more dedicated graphics cards. Despite the name, modern GPU excel at processing large amounts of many different kinds of information, and are often used in physics simulations, audio processing, and even to run Artificial Intelligence models. Currently, three companies dominate the 3D graphics accelerator market; nVIDIA, AMD and Intel, who build their own chips and license their technologies to other companies to integrate into video cards. These companies make a complete line of GPUs with entries at every price/performance level. ====Do you need a Graphics Card?==== If your tasks are non intensive such as web browsing or office work, or likely to be more dependent on the CPU then the GPU, you may be able to get away with an entry-level GPU, or even an integrated GPU. An integrated GPU uses the system's RAM, and relies heavily on your system's CPU. This will mean slow performance for graphic-intensive software, such as games. As long as your motherboard has slots for it, and your PSU has power for it, you can always add a GPU later should you find the integrated graphics inadequate. If you have a CPU that does not have a graphics processor, as is common on some high end processor lines, then you will need to buy a discrete video card to use a monitor. ====Graphics Card Specifications==== Like a CPU, a GPU will have it's own clock speed and core count, though since GPU cores are simpler, many more can be fit onto a chip with high end GPUs having thousands of processors. Video cards have their own RAM which cannot be upgraded later, and many of the same rules that govern the motherboard RAM field apply here: to a point, the more RAM, and the faster it is, the better the performance will be. Most cards offer at least 8GB of VRAM, though many cards offer more. As a rule of thumb, if you want a high end video card, you need a minimum of 12GB of video memory or preferably 16GB. It is generally better to choose your video card based on your own research, as everyone has slightly different needs. Many video card and chip makers are known to measure their products' performances in ways that you may not find practical. A good video card is often much more than a robust 3D renderer; be sure to examine what you want and need your card to do, such as digital (DVI) output, TV output, multiple-monitor support, built-in TV tuners and video input. Another reason you need to carefully research is that manufacturers will often use confusing model numbers designed to make a card sound better than it is to sell it better. For example, the NVIDIA GeForce RTX series claim to be part of the current line up (as of April 2023, the 4000-series of cards), however, they are inadequate for modern gaming, in many cases, and perform much closer to old, mid-end 2000 series cards than to the RTX 3000/4000 series cards. ====API Support==== Graphics cards provide various APIs to let software developers make programs that work for multiple GPU devices, without needing to make a specific version for each GPU. Games are very likely to require support for graphics APIs; multimedia or 3D graphics software also often uses graphics APIs. Most software that uses a GPU will require one or more APIs to be available and the API to be at a minimum version. There are a few graphics APIs to look out for. * [[w:Vulkan (API)|Vulkan]] - A modern API for Windows and GNU/Linux. * [[w:DirectX|DirectX]] - The Windows-exclusive graphics API. ** [[w:DirectX Raytracing|DirectX Raytracing]] - An extension to DirectX for raytracing. * [[w:OpenGL|OpenGL]] - The old competitor to DirectX that works on Windows and GNU/Linux. If you are using high-end productivity software that can leverage a GPU, you should also look out for GPGPU APIs. Your software will specify which it can use. * [[w:OpenCL|OpenCL]] - A cross-platform API for GPGPU software. * [[w:CUDA|CUDA]] - NVIDIA's exclusive GPGPU API. There are also a few APIs and pieces of Middleware that are generally focused on games. Unlike the above, software that supports these features will typically work fine on unsupported cards, just with reduced features. * [[w:GPUOpen|GPUOpen]] - A collection of open source game dev tools, made by AMD for all systems. ** [[w:TressFX|TressFX]] - Offers simulations of hair, grass, fur, and similar materials. ** FireRays - Cross-platform raytracing. * [[w:Nvidia GameWorks|Nvidia GameWorks]] - NVIDIA's game dev tools for their own cards. ** [[w:Nvidia RTX|Nvidia RTX]] - NVIDIA's real-time ray tracing platform ** [[w:OptiX|OptiX]] - NVIDIA's productivity-focused ray tracing platform ** [[w:PhysX|PhysX]] - NVIDIA's physics library. PhysX can be run on the CPU if an NVIDIA card is not present. ==== Interface ==== The vast majority of graphic cards use the a 16x PCI-Express interface<ref>[https://graphicscardhub.com/gpu-slot-type/ graphicscardhub: gpu-slot-type]</ref>. This will typically provide the best performance and is what most Graphics Cards are designed to be used with. If you need an extremely small case, or would like to easily swap your GPU to other devices that can't accept PCI express cards such as a laptop, it is possible to get an external GPU enclosure that connects to your system through a thunderbolt port. These enclosures are expensive and reduce performance somewhat, but provide unique flexibility. ==== Video Output ==== Graphics cards offer a variety of ports to display pictures. Each port type has versions associated with it. * [[w:HDMI|HDMI]] - A high end proprietary output standard that's common on consumer electronics. * [[w:DisplayPort|Displayport]] - A high end output standard that's common on computers. Some GPU are compatible with variable refreshrate monitors. * [[w:FreeSync|FreeSync]] - AMD and recent NVIDIA cards both support FreeSync. * [[w:Nvidia G-Sync|G-Sync]] - NVIDIA's proprietary adaptive sync solution. Keep in mind that to provide best picture quality your graphics card must be capable of displaying the same resolution as your LCD display's native resolution. === Optical Drives === [[File:Lite-On iHOS104-08 2010-01.jpg|thumb|An internal 5.25" optical drive with a slot loading mechanism. This unit can read Blu-Ray, DVD, and CD media.]] Optical drives offer an inexpensive and easy way to watch movies, listen to music, and make backups of important files. When purchasing a DVD writer, you will want one that is capable of burning both the '+' and '-' standards, and it should also be Dual Layer compatible. This will ensure that you can burn to almost all recordable DVDs currently on the market. Blu-Ray readers and writers are also available for computers, albeit at a greater cost then comparable DVD only drives. Blu-Ray disks store many times the amount that DVDs do. However software support for Blu-Ray movies is much worse then for DVDs, and it may not be worth the hassle and increased cost. Optical drives primarily come in either 5.25" bay, slim, or external form factors. Your computer case will likely determine which form factor drive you choose, with 5.25" being most common, and some cases supporting slim drives. Some cases with minimalist designs or very small form factors may have no appropriate bays at all which would necessitate the use of an external drive. Most drives will use a tray loading mechanism, but some higher end or slim drives will instead use a slot loading mechanism instead. Most applications are now being distributed over the Internet and even operating systems can be installed using a USB flash drive, so you may find that you do not need an optical drive. At the same time, an optical drive can be handy in some situations and are very cheap. You should think about your needs and decide if an optical drive makes sense for your build. ==== Cleaning optical disks ==== Dust can be removed from a CD's surface using compressed air or by very lightly wiping the information side with a very soft cloth (such as an eyeglass cleaning cloth) from the center of the disc in an outward direction. Wiping the information surface of any type of CD in a circular motion around the center, however, has been known to create scratches in the same direction as the information and potentially cause data loss. Fingerprints or stubborn dust can be removed from the information surface by wiping it with a cloth dampened with diluted dish detergent (then rinsing) or alcohol (methylated spirits or isopropyl alcohol) and again wiping from the center outwards, with a very soft cloth (non-linting : polyester, nylon, etc.). It is harmful, however, to use acetone, nail polish remover, kerosene, petrol/gasoline, or any other type of petroleum-based solvent to clean a CD-R; the use of petroleum based solvents will damage the polycarbonate surface and the CD-R will become unreadable. === Sound hardware === [[File:KORG DS-DAC-10 - 1-bit USB-DAC (photozou 208854840).jpg|thumb|An external DAC.]] Most motherboards have built-in sound features. These are often adequate for most users. However, you can purchase a good sound card and speakers at relatively low cost - a few dollars at the low end can make an enormous difference in the range and clarity of sound. Also, these onboard systems tend to use more system resources, so you are better off with a real sound card for gaming. Sound card quality depends on a few factors. The digital-analog converter (DAC) is generally the most important stage for general clarity, but this is hard to measure. Reviews, especially those from audio file sources, are worth consulting for this; but don't go purely by specifications, as many different models with similar specifications can produce completely different results. Cards may offer digital (S/PDIF) output, in which case the DAC process is moved from your sound card either to a dedicated receiver or to one built into your speakers. Sound cards made for gaming or professional music tend to do outstandingly well for their particular purpose. In games, various effects are often times applied to the sound in real-time, and a gaming sound card will be able to do this processing on-board, instead of using your CPU for the task. Professional music cards tend to be built both for maximum sound quality and low latency (transmission delay) input and output, and include more different kinds of inputs than those of consumer cards. External DACs have gained popularity in recent years. These often include headphone amps and improved isolation from the rest of the computer, reducing potential interference such as hissing caused by close proximity to some components. === Modem === In many areas of the world, dedicated internet infrastructure is lacking or non existent. In such areas, those desiring an internet connection need to use a modem. ==== Wireless Modems ==== [[File:TCT Mobile one touch L100V-4224.jpg|thumb|Many wireless modems are small and come in a USB stick form factor.]] Mobile broadband modems are often used to connect computers wireless to cellular networks. Though often intended for travelers, some do use these for desktop computers when conventional connections are absolutely impractical. These are faster than traditional dial up modems, but often cost much more in both their initial price, as well as in ongoing data costs. ==== Dial Up Modems ==== A traditional modem is needed in order to connect to a dial up Internet connection. A modem can also be used for faxing. Modems can attach to the computer in different ways, and can have built-in processing or use the computer's CPU for processing. Modems with built-in processing generally include all modems that connect via a standard serial port, as well as any modems that refer to themselves as "Hardware Modems". Software Modems, or modems that rely on the CPU generally include both Internal and USB modems, or have packaging that mentions drivers or requiring a specific CPU to work. Modems that rely on the CPU are often designed specifically for the current version of Windows only, and will require drivers that are incompatible with future Windows versions, and may be difficult to upgrade. Software Modems are also very difficult to find drivers for non-Windows operating systems. The manufacturer is unlikely to support the hardware with new drivers after it is discontinued, forcing you to buy new hardware. Most such modems have internal or external USB, but this is not always the case. Modems can be attached via USB, a traditional serial port, or an internal card slot. Internal modems and USB modems are more easily auto-detected by the operating system and less likely to have problems with setup. USB and serial port modems often require an extra power supply block. === Network interface card === [[File:Twisted pair based ethernet.svg|thumb|A visual representation of typical network speeds, as well as the cabling required to support those speeds.]] ==== Wired NIC ==== [[File:An Intel 82574L Gigabit Ethernet NIC, PCI Express x1 card.jpg|thumb|A PCI Express 1x network interface card. The bracket at the top can be swapped with the included bracket for use in low profile cases.]] A Network interface card (NIC for short), or Ethernet card, is required in order to connect to a local area network or a cable or DSL modem. These typically come in speeds of 10Mbps, 100Mbps, 1000Mbps (gigabit) or 2.5Gbps; these are designated as 10Mbps, 10/100Mbps, 10/100/1000Mbps or 2.5Gbps products. The 10/100/1000Mbps parts are most common in use today. In many cases, one or two Ethernet adapters will be built into a motherboard. If there are none, you will have to purchase an adapter. These typically cost less then $20 and are inserted into a expansion slot. Most motherboards now feature either a 10/100/1000Mbps or a 2.5Gbps ethernet port and are adequate for most users. Typically networks are only as fast as their slowest component. Speeds can be negatively affected by factors external to your computer such as old or improperly installed network cable, or an outdated router. ==== Wireless NIC ==== A wireless network interface card can be used to add Wi-Fi and Bluetooth support to a computer. These cards are typically installed in a similar way to an Ethernet NIC, but have antennas or antenna mounts instead of an Ethernet jack. External USB versions are also available. Many internal adapters will come with detachable antenna. Antenna come in a variety of form factors, and designs. A big factor in antenna choice is weather or not to get an omnidirectional antenna that does an decent job most of the time and reduces the need for optimal positioning, or a directional antenna that offers stronger signal but can only work well when positioned correctly. == Peripherals == Anything outside the case that connects to your computer is considered a peripheral. The keyboard, mouse and monitor are pretty much the bare minimum you can go with and still be able to interact with your computer. Your choice in peripherals depends on personal preference and what you intend to do with your computer. ===Mouse=== [[File:Logitech-G5-Mouse-Rust.jpg|thumb|Mice can have a variety of perks on top of standard features. This mouse has additional buttons and adjustable weight.]] Most modern mice are based on [[w:Optical mouse|optical designs]], using either an LED or laser to track the surface it's placed on. Mice of medium-to-high quality will track your movement almost flawlessly. Many higher end mice feature different DPI settings for different use cases. Some optical mice are unable to track on some surfaces. In such cases, a mouse pad may be needed. Some mice may offer adjustable weights to help make your experience more comfortable. Most mice are designed to be ambidextrous or are explicitly designed for right handed use. Some manufacturers that make right handed oriented mice will also make a left handed version. Mice come in wireless and wired varieties. Wired mice offer fast and reliable communication, with no batteries to worry about. Wireless mice usually require a battery or sometimes a special mousepad, and use either Bluetooth or a special USB device to communicate with the PC. Wireless mice can be nice to use if your desk setup causes cable snagging. Although three buttons are generally enough for operating a computer in normal circumstances, extra buttons can come in handy, as you can add set actions to each button, and they can come in handy for playing various video games. One thing to note is that with some mice those extra buttons are not actually seen by the computer itself as extra buttons and will not work properly in games. These buttons use software provided by the manufacturer to function. However, it is sometimes possible to configure the software to map the button to act like a certain keyboard key so that it will be possible to use it in games in this manner. If desk space is at a premium, you may want to consider using a trackball mouse. Instead of moving the mouse around to move the cursor, this type of mouse has you use a ball to position the cursor. While not the best for gaming, this style of mouse is perfectly fine for web browsing and productivity. ===Keyboard=== [[File:2018 Bay Area Mechanical Keyboard Meetup (31006275737).jpg|thumb|Keyboards are made in a variety of formfactors and styles.]] ====Keyboard specifications==== Keyboards most commonly come as membrane keyboards, but if you plan on typing for long periods of time a mechanical keyboard may help improve your typing experience. Stores will often have display model keyboards that you can test to find your preferred style. [[w:Rollover (key)|Key rollover]] is the number of keys a keyboard can read simultaneously, and is an important factor for power users and gamers. Most keyboards support at least a few keys being pressed at one time. High end keyboards support N key rollover and can accept an arbitrary number of keys at the same time. Keyboards sometimes come with extra non-standard features, such as multimedia controls, or small displays. ====Keyboard formfactors==== Ergonomic keyboards also exist that can help reduce repetitive strain injuries. Keyboards come in a variety of sizes. Full size keyboards are the most common. Ten keyless keyboards eliminate the number pad for a smaller size. Some smaller keyboards are categorized by the percentage of keys removed compared to a full size keyboard, typically ranging from the mostly normal 75%, to the tiny 40%. Keyboards come in either wired or wireless models. Wired keyboards are very straightforward, and since they do not need to be moved as a mouse does, they are often preferable for desktops. Wireless keyboards do not now display the sort of noticeable delay that they once did, and now also have considerably improved battery life. However, gamers may still want to avoid wireless input devices because the very slight delay may impact gaming activities, though some of the higher end models have less trouble with this. The occasional need to replace or charge batteries is also an inconvenience. ====Keyboard accessories==== Some keyboards allow for swapable keycaps, allowing you to customize the look of your keyboard. If your keyboard supports this, you will want an appropriate keycap removal tool to make the process easier. If your keyboard does not come with a wrist rest, third party rests are commonly available. === Printer and scanner === [[File:Epson workforce 600 open cover.jpg|thumb|Multi function printers such as this one can also scan documents.]] For most purposes, a mid-range inkjet printer will work well for most people. If you plan on printing photos, you will want one that is capable of printing at around 4800dpi. Also, you will want to compare the speed of various printers, which is usually listed in ppm (pages per minute). When choosing a printer, always check how much new cartridges cost, as replacement cartridges can quickly outweigh the actual printer's cost. Be aware of other possible quirks as well. For example, Epson has protection measures that make refilling your own ink cartridges more difficult because an embedded microchip that keeps track of how much ink has been used keeps the printer from seeing the cartridge as full once it has been emptied. For office users that plan to do quite a bit of black and white printing buying a black and white laser printer is now an affordable option, and the savings and speed can quickly add up for home office users printing more than 500 pages a month. Scanners are useful, especially in office settings, they can function with your printer as a photocopier, and with software can also interact with your modem to send Faxes. When purchasing a Scanner, check to see how "accessible" it is (does it have one-touch buttons), and check how good the scanning quality is, before you leave the store if possible. Finally, "Multi-Function Centres" (also called "Printer-Scanner-Copiers") are often a cost-effective solution to purchasing both, as they take up only one port on your computer, and one power point, but remember that they can be a liability, since if one component breaks down, both may need to be replaced. === Display === [[File:ASUS curved monitor 20170603.jpg|thumb|Computer monitors come in a variety of form factors and styles.]] When choosing a display for your computer, you should look at a few factors that determine the quality of the display. Resolution governs how detailed of a picture a display can show. The higher the resolution, the more detail can be shown at once. Keep in mind that higher resolutions are also harder to for your computer to draw, and very high resolution monitors may not be the best choice if your computer's GPU can not adequately drive them at their native resolution. Refresh rate governs how often a new picture is drawn. 60 times a second is common, though some displays will go lower (Resulting in a choppier look) or higher (Resulting in a smoother look). Some monitors will work with video cards to use a variable refresh rate, which can produce a smoother picture, especially during games. Aspect ratio is a way of expressing the horizontal size of the screen to the vertical size of the screen. 16:9 is the most common display ratio today due to it's use in cinema, though 4:3 monitors were once the most popular choice, and are still preferred by many writers and programmers for their use of vertical space. Some displays are much wider than they are tall; these displays are often called ultrawides, often 21:9 or 32:9. {| class="wikitable" |+ Common resolutions by aspect ratio |- ! 4:3 !! 16:10 !! 16:9 !! Other |- | 640×480 || 1280×800 || 1280×720 || 1280×1024 |- | 800×600 || 1440×900 || 1366×768 || 2560×1080 |- | 1024×768 || 1680×1050 || 1600×900 || 3440×1440 |- | 1152×864 || 1920×1200 || 1920×1080 || 2560×2048 |- | 1600×1200 || 2240×1400 || 2560×1440 || 5120×1440 |- | 2048×1536 || 2560×1600 || 3840×2160 || 5120×2160 |- | 3200×2400 || 3840×2400 || 7680×4320 || 7680×2160 |} Some displays handle colors better then others. Some monitors sport higher bit depths, high dynamic range, or techniques for showing deep blacks to improve the color experience. A monitor's color accuracy determines it's ability to show those colors accurately, though this is primarily of concern to those producing visual media as most monitors are fairly accurate. Some content requires [[w:High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection|HDCP]] support to play. This requires support by the monitor, the cable, and the computer itself. The bezel is the space between the end of the display, and the end of the monitor. If you plan on placing multiple monitors next to each-other (Ideally of the same make), a smaller bezel can help reduce the interruption between the two spaces ==== LCD panels ==== Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) have the advantage of being a completely digital setup, when used with the DVI-D or HDMI digital connectors. When running at the screen's native resolution, this can result in the most stable and sharp image available on current monitors. Many LCD panel displays are sold with an analog 15-pin VGA connector or, rarely, with an analog DVI-I connector. Such displays will be a bit fuzzier than their digital counterparts, and are generally not preferred over a similarly-sized CRT. If you want an LCD display, be sure to choose a digital setup if you can; however, manufacturers have chosen to use this feature for price differentiation. A big disadvantage for LCD displays are dead pixels and stuck pixels. These small, failed areas on the monitor can be very annoying, but generally aren't covered under warranty as most LCD panel manufacturers allow for a certain number of dead pixels in their product specification. This can make purchasing LCD displays a financial risk. This can be alleviated somewhat if you are able to look at the display before purchase, or if you shop at a merchant that allows returns for such conditions. Some media files exist that cycle through colors to highlight dead pixels, and it may be worth running such a test prior to your purchase if possible. LCDs are acceptable for fast-paced gaming, but you should be sure that your screen has a fairly fast response time (of 4 ms or lower) if you want to play fast games. Many flat panels sold today meet this requirement, some by a factor of 3. Some gaming focused LCD monitors will offer higher refresh rates then the standard 60, which can aid those playing very fast paced games. When picking an LCD, keep in mind that they are designed to display at one resolution only, so, to reap the benefits of your screen, your graphics card must be capable of displaying at that resolution. That in mind, they can display lower resolutions with a black frame around the outside (which means your entire screen isn't filled), or by stretching the image (which leads to much lower quality). When choosing an LCD, make sure to get one which uses IPS technology, as that one provides for sharper colour reproduction and also has high viewing angles. The older TN (often found in very cheap displays) is only relevant for gamers who need fast response times; otherwise, it has weaker colours and has poor viewing angles and should be ignored. ==== OLED panels ==== Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) displays are a fairly new display type. They have infinite contrast ratio due to each pixel being emitted light without a backlight, allowing for deep blacks. Traditional LCD panels have a backlight, so black isn't really true black. Instead, they emit a faint, dark gray color. But the OLED panels are true black when pixels are switched off. OLED displays also potentially offer lower power consumption, especially when most pixels are switched off. Other advantages are very high refresh times (usually 0.03ms) and rates, as well as vivid colors. Downsides are high cost compared to LCDs, and burn-in issues. For example, a typical 32" 4K 240Hz OLED monitor cost about $1000, but an equivalent VA or IPS model costs about $500-600. ==== Alternative Display types ==== [[File:HTC Vive Pro - 2.jpg|thumb|A VR headset]] Some games, educational software, and telepresence software can optionally use or may require a virtual reality headset. Though pricey, these headsets offer immersion that is hard to beat. Keep in mind that a large open area of a room is required for safely experiencing non sit down experiences, and that a VR headset is intended to be a secondary, not a primary monitor. CRT monitors are now obsolete and only really available on the used market, but a high quality CRT monitor can be a good option in some specific use cases. Namely CRT monitors often allow the user to choose between higher resolution and higher refresh rates. The analog nature of CRT monitors also makes latency near zero - much lower then LCD panels. Downsides to CRT monitors include their large size, power consumption, availability issues, and outdated connectors. Some monitors include touchscreens or support specialized drawing pens, often meant to serve as a secondary display. Monitors supporting pen input in particular are good for those wishing to try digital illustration or digital sculpting, and often boast high color accuracy due to their artist centric design. Digital projectors are increasingly available on the consumer market. While not really good for everyday use, they are nice for home theater computers and other scenarios where a large screen is needed. ==== Monitor positioning ==== The default way of using most monitors it to just sit them on a desk. This works fine for most users, and avoids additional costs. A cheap way to free up desk space or make your monitor stand taller is to get a monitor riser. This is a small table that sits on top of your desk, holding your monitor up and giving you space to stash small items beneath it. Power users may want to invest in a [[w:Flat Display Mounting Interface|VESA Mount]] setup. This mounts the monitor to movable arms or a nearby wall, and frees desk space for other uses. Alternatively, some very small case designs support being mounted on the back of a VESA Mount, letting your computer rest on the back of your monitor. === Speakers === ====Loudspeakers==== [[File:Creative T4 Wireless 2.1 Speakers.jpg|thumb|A 2.1 speaker setup with subwoofer and remote.]] Computer loudspeaker sets come in two general varieties; 2/2.1 sets (over a wide range of quality), and "surround", "theater", or "gaming" sets with four or more speakers, which tend to be somewhat more expensive. A 2-speaker set is adequate for basic stereophonic sound. A 2.1-speaker set adds a sub-woofer to handle low frequencies. Low-end speakers can suffer from low bass response or inadequate amplification, both of which compromise sound quality. Powered speakers with separate sub-woofers usually cost only a little more and can sound much better. At the higher end, one should start to see features like standard audio cables (instead of manufacturer-specific ones), built in DACs, and a separate control box. The surround sets include a sub-woofer, and two or more sets of smaller speakers. These support 5.1 or 7.1 standards that allow sound to be mixed not only left and right, as with standard stereo speakers, but front and back and even behind the listener. Movies and video games make use of this technology to provide a full-immersion experience. Make sure your sound hardware will support 5.1 or 7.1 before buying such a speaker system. If your budget allows, you can avoid the computer speaker market entirely and look into piecing together a set of higher-end parts. If you are buying a speaker system designed for PCs, research the systems beforehand so you can be certain of getting one that promises clarity rather than just raw power. Speaker power is usually measured in RMS Watts. However, some cheap speakers use a different measure, Peak Music Power Output (PMPO), which appears much higher. For home theater PCs, a soundbar can be a good option for a simple setup. ====Headphones==== Headphones can offer good sound much more cheaply than speakers, so if you are on a limited budget, but want maximum quality, they should be considered first. They should also be considered if you live in a apartment or dormitory where noise is a consideration. The advantage of headphones is that the acoustic environment between the audio driver is fully contained and controlled within the earcups and is not dependent on room acoustics. There are even headphones which promise surround-sound, though these can be hit or miss and should be tested prior to purchase. Some headphones may include a basic microphone as well. A headphone stand can help keep your workplace organized if you plan on frequently using one. === Microphones === [[File:Blue Snowflake USB microphone.jpg|thumb|An external microphone can allow you to make high quality audio recordings at home.]] Microphones can be added to allow for voice chat, dictation software, or for just making recordings. If you are using a webcam or a gaming headset, you likely already have a decent microphone. Most low end to midrange office, gamer, and prosumer microphones plug in via USB or 3.5" audio jacks, or connect wirelessly via Bluetooth. For creators who need high end microphones, by using certain external DAC devices, it becomes possible to use professional microphones that use [[w:XLR connector|XLR connectors]], greatly increasing sound quality, at the cost of increased setup complexity, as well as increasing the price of the setup overall. Another factor to consider when purchasing a microphone for a desktop PC is where you want to mount it, and if you have the right acoustics in your room for the level of quality you want. Casual users may be fine simply placing a microphone on their desk, where gamers with loud keyboards may want to mount their microphone on a separate surface. A pop filter is a cheap way to improve quality in some cases. If the acoustics in your room are not good or there is significant background noise which can't be eliminated then no amount of expensive equipment will fix the underlying problems causing bad sound, and you're best off either fixing those problems, or using a cheap microphone. === Webcams === A webcam can be added to a desktop to aid in video conferencing or streaming. Quality of webcams can vary significantly, so it's a good idea to look at examples of footage produced by a particular model before committing to a purchase. Web cams offer a variety of resolutions and frame rates. Some webcams can be used for security features such as Windows Hello in Windows 10. Many webcams have a physical privacy shutter to prevent accidental use, and cheap aftermarket shutters can be added for webcams without one. Many webcams support tripod mounts, which can be used to offer alternative angles for those with multiple cameras, such as streamers. Most webcams have a microphone built in. === Other peripherals === Some peripherals serve more niche uses. Though they are not needed for all users, you may find such devices useful if they compliment your specific needs, work or hobbies. <!--Idea for later: GPS receivers for those living mobile lives in RVs, car computers--> ====Accessibility==== [[File:Plage-braille-Alva.jpg|thumb|A refreshable braile display used underneath a keyboard.]] You may benefit from accessibility tools if you have an impediment, such as foot pedals, large button gadgets, or other devices. [[wikipedia:Refreshable braille display|Refreshable braile displays]] and [[w:Screen reader|screen reader]] software can help users with visual impairments ====Security==== Hardware 2FA keys are a good idea for those who value security. These keys typically plug into a USB port and can be used as an extra layer of security on top of a password. A special webcam that uses structured light or a finger print reader can be used for Windows Hello. <!--Unsure if a hardware wallet for cryptocurrency enthusiasts would belong here.--> If you are using a disk encryption solution like Windows [[w:BitLocker|BitLocker]], it may be worthwhile to get a [[w:Trusted Platform Module|Trusted Platform Module]] made [[w:ROCA vulnerability|after 2018]]. This is a small piece of dedicated hardware that handles security related tasks. This requires that both the module and the motherboard are compatible with each other, both on a hardware level and a software level. A port blocker or case lock may be OK for stopping casual mischief if you have regular guests or roommates, but most commercially available products in this category will not stand up to either a modestly talented tinkerer, or simple brute force. ====Gaming==== Fans of specific game genres may benefit from a flight stick, a stearing wheel, fight pad, arcade deck, or console style controller. There are also more esoteric control devices available, based on EEG readings, gesture recognition, or other unconventional inputs. A video capture card can be used to record or stream the output of a game console or even another PC without impacting framerates. Streaming decks can help save time during livestreams. ====Creating==== [[File:Penciling on Wacom Cintiq 13HD by David Revoy.jpg|thumb|Drawing tablets use special pens to offer more natural input methods for artists.]] Creatives and hobbyists may find workflow benefits from adding specialized peripherals to their workspace such as drawing tablets, MIDI keyboards, mixers, microscopes, 3D Scanners, software defined radios, plotters, laser cutters, or 3D printers. == External links == * [https://outervision.com/power-supply-calculator The outervision power supply calculator] * [https://pcpartpicker.com/ PCPartPicker] can help check for compatibility issues before you buy. * [https://www.logicalincrements.com/ Logical Increments] offers a variety of example builds that are focused on balance at a given price point. * [http://www.silentpcreview.com/article28-page1.html Silent PC Review of PSU units] {{Chapter navigation||Assembly}} [[it:Costruire un computer/Componenti]] 79si0s77swv8vcubyegngrwoi2onvgj 0 44324 4632625 4482978 2026-04-27T00:29:22Z Macbookair3140 166226 Revert information removal: BusyBox's vi is a slimmed-down port of vi intended for embedded systems with limited resources. 4632625 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{../TOC}} __TOC__</noinclude> == Overview == {{Wikipedia|BusyBox}} BusyBox is a very popular program on many embedded Linux systems. In fact, someone working on an embedded Linux system is very likely to encounter BusyBox. BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single relatively small executable. One of the included utilities is a vi clone. The BusyBox vi clone is limited. Among the limits are: * It does not support all common vi commands. * It supports the '!' command to execute a child process, but does not capture process output * It also lacks the normal vi crash recovery feature. * It always assumes a vt102 type terminal (emulator) * Only very few settings are configurable via <code>:set</code> * <code>.exrc</code> configuration and configuration via environment variables are not supported * Line marks are not correctly adjusted if lines are inserted or deleted before the mark. * Only whole-line undo (uppercase 'U'), no last-change undo (lowercase 'u') is supported. * Searches ignore case by default, but can be case sensitive using <code>:set noignorecase</code> * Command-counts need to prefix a command * command counts for <code>a</code>, <code>c</code>, <code>i</code>, <code>r</code>, <code>y</code> and several other commands are not supported. * A limited set of ex commands are supported. In short, a lot of information in this vi tutorial is not applicable to BusyBox vi. However, BusyBox vi also has some differences (considered by some to be enhancements) over classic vi: * Cursor navigation in insert and command mode * <INSERT> key changes to insert mode * No wrapping of long lines. Long lines are displayed via side-scrolling. === Weblinks === * [http://busybox.net BusyBox home page] * [http://git.busybox.net/busybox/plain/editors/vi.c BusyBox vi source code] <noinclude> {{../TOC}} </noinclude> pv9w6vfnfxy56twpycavw0157y0gh4g 8 50984 4632646 4631786 2026-04-27T02:22:34Z Codename Noreste 3441010 I think the previous edit might have broke the edit tool styling. 4632646 css text/css /* CSS placed here will be applied to all skins */ .mobile-only { display: none; } .PrettyTextBox { background-color: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #27292d); color: inherit; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: 0.2em; } /* Add arrows to toggle-blocks for collapsible elements */ .mw-collapsible-arrowtoggle.mw-collapsible-toggle-expanded { padding-left: 20px !important; background-image: url('//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/MediaWiki_Vector_skin_action_arrow.png'); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: center left; } .mw-collapsible-arrowtoggle.mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed { padding-left: 20px !important; background-image: url('//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/MediaWiki_Vector_skin_right_arrow.png'); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: center left; } body #siteSub { display: none; } /* Fix the background color on the sitenotice */ table#mw-dismissable-notice { background-color: transparent; } /* Selectively hide headers in WikiProject banners */ .wpb .wpb-header { display: none; } .wpbs-inner .wpb .wpb-header { display: table-row; } /* for other browsers */ .wpbs-inner .wpb-outside { display: none; } /* hide things that should only display outside shells */ .nowraplinks a, .nowraplinks .selflink { white-space: nowrap; } /* Hack to remove comment box for FlaggedRevs, since we seem unable to remove it from configuration. */ #mw-fr-commentbox { display:none; } label[for="mw-fr-commentbox"]{display: none;} /* Keep menus in toolbox from growing too long */ .wikiEditor-ui-toolbar .group .menu .options { height:300px; overflow: auto; } /* Show only when printing */ @media screen, projection, handheld { .printonly { display: none !important; } } /* Disable the automatic text-size adjust of WebKit on iPhones etc. It scales some text, and not the other. 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The objective is to maneuver one's pieces so as to put the opposing king in "checkmate". This book will cover the basic pieces of chess, before going on to some more advanced topics. © Copyright 2003–2006 contributing authors, all rights reserved. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Document License, version 1.2. A copy of this is included in the section entitled GNU Free Document License. = Contents = <span class="noprint">If you save this file to your computer, you can click on a link below to go to the chapter.</span> * [[#Playing The Game|Playing The Game]] * [[#Notating The Game|Notating The Game]] * [[#Tactics|Tactics]] * [[#Tactics Exercises|Tactics Exercises]] * [[#Strategy|Strategy]] * [[#Basic Openings|Basic Openings]] * [[#Sample chess game|Sample chess game]] * [[#The Endgame|The Endgame]] * [[#Variants|Variants]] * [[#Tournaments|Tournaments]] * [[#Optional homework|Optional homework]] * [[#GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] =Playing The Game = {{:Chess/Playing The Game}} =Notating The Game = {{:Chess/Notating The Game}} =Tactics= {{:Chess/Tactics}} =Tactics= {{:Chess/Tactics Exercises}} =Strategy= {{:Chess/Strategy}} =Basic Openings= {{:Chess/Basic Openings}} =Sample chess game= {{:Chess/Sample chess game}} =The Endgame= {{:Chess/The Endgame}} =Variants= {{:Chess/Variants}} =Tournaments= {{:Chess/Tournaments}} =Optional homework= These optional homework problems will test your ability to apply chess concepts. Try them and learn! =Homework 1= {{:Chess/Optional homework/1}} =Homework 2= {{:Chess/Optional homework/2}} =Homework 3= {{:Chess/Optional homework/3}} =Homework 4= {{:Chess/Optional homework/4}} =Solutions= {{:Chess/Optional homework/Solutions}} = GNU Free Documentation License = {{:GNU Free Documentation License}} </div> <!-- for justify and font colour --> 9t3okfgfpsyu1rwluawalsjxdr36csn 4632567 4632565 2026-04-26T15:43:38Z Codename Noreste 3441010 Dark mode support. 4632567 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ {{Print version notice|Chess|Chess/Print_version}} <div style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify; font-weight: normal; font-size:11pt;" > Chess is an ancient Indian game of strategy, played by two individuals on an 8x8 grid. The objective is to maneuver one's pieces so as to put the opposing king in "checkmate". This book will cover the basic pieces of chess, before going on to some more advanced topics. © Copyright 2003–2006 contributing authors, all rights reserved. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Document License, version 1.2. A copy of this is included in the section entitled GNU Free Document License. = Contents = <span class="noprint">If you save this file to your computer, you can click on a link below to go to the chapter.</span> * [[#Playing The Game|Playing The Game]] * [[#Notating The Game|Notating The Game]] * [[#Tactics|Tactics]] * [[#Tactics Exercises|Tactics Exercises]] * [[#Strategy|Strategy]] * [[#Basic Openings|Basic Openings]] * [[#Sample chess game|Sample chess game]] * [[#The Endgame|The Endgame]] * [[#Variants|Variants]] * [[#Tournaments|Tournaments]] * [[#Optional homework|Optional homework]] * [[#GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] =Playing The Game = {{:Chess/Playing The Game}} =Notating The Game = {{:Chess/Notating The Game}} =Tactics= {{:Chess/Tactics}} =Tactics= {{:Chess/Tactics Exercises}} =Strategy= {{:Chess/Strategy}} =Basic Openings= {{:Chess/Basic Openings}} =Sample chess game= {{:Chess/Sample chess game}} =The Endgame= {{:Chess/The Endgame}} =Variants= {{:Chess/Variants}} =Tournaments= {{:Chess/Tournaments}} =Optional homework= These optional homework problems will test your ability to apply chess concepts. Try them and learn! =Homework 1= {{:Chess/Optional homework/1}} =Homework 2= {{:Chess/Optional homework/2}} =Homework 3= {{:Chess/Optional homework/3}} =Homework 4= {{:Chess/Optional homework/4}} =Solutions= {{:Chess/Optional homework/Solutions}} = GNU Free Documentation License = {{:GNU Free Documentation License}} </div> <!-- for justify and font colour --> f7jhggi6i94ojb42no0kv88ix6ozm0w 0 65750 4632656 3249975 2026-04-27T04:16:04Z ~2026-25470-76 3579460 /* The geometry theory */ spelling error 4632656 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Acoustics fundamentals of room acoustics.JPG|center]] == Introduction == Three theories are used to understand room acoustics : # The modal theory # The geometric theory # The theory of Sabine == The modal theory == This theory comes from the homogeneous Helmoltz equation <math>\nabla ^2 \hat \Phi + k^2 \hat \Phi = 0</math>. Considering a simple geometry of a parallelepiped (L1,L2,L3), the solution of this problem is with separated variables : <center><math>P(x,y,z)=X(x)Y(y)Z(z)</math></center> Hence each function X, Y and Z has this form : <center><math>X(x) = Ae^{ - ikx} + Be^{ikx}</math></center> With the boundary condition <math>\frac{{\partial P}} {{\partial x}} = 0 </math>, for <math>x=0</math> and <math>x=L1</math> (idem in the other directions), the expression of pressure is : <center> <math>P\left( {x,y,z} \right) = C\cos \left( {\frac{{m\pi x}} {{L1}}} \right)\cos \left( {\frac{{n\pi y}} {{L2}}} \right)\cos \left( {\frac{{p\pi z}} {{L3}}} \right) </math> </center> <center><math>k^2 = \left( {\frac{{m\pi }}{{L1}}} \right)^2 + \left( {\frac{{n\pi }}{{L2}}} \right)^2 + \left( {\frac{{p\pi }}{{L3}}} \right)^2</math></center> where <math>m</math>,<math>n</math>,<math>p</math> are whole numbers It is a three-dimensional stationary wave. Acoustic modes appear with their modal frequencies and their modal forms. With a non-homogeneous problem, a problem with an acoustic source <math>Q</math> in <math>r_0</math>, the final pressure in <math>r</math> is the sum of the contribution of all the modes described above. The modal density <math>\frac{{dN}}{{df}}</math> is the number of modal frequencies contained in a range of 1&nbsp;Hz. It depends on the frequency <math>f</math>, the volume of the room <math>V</math> and the speed of sound <math>c_0</math> : <center><math>\frac{{dN}}{{df}} \simeq \frac{{4\pi V}}{{c_0^3 }}f^2</math></center> The modal density depends on the square frequency, so it increase rapidly with the frequency. At a certain level of frequency, the modes are not distinguished and the modal theory is no longer relevant. == The geometry theory == For rooms of high volume or with a complex geometry, the theory of acoustical geometry is critical and can be applied. The waves are modelised with rays carrying acoustical energy. This energy decreases with the reflection of the rays on the walls of the room. The reason of this phenomenon is the absorption of the walls. The problem is this theory needs a very high power of calculation and that is why the theory of Sabine is often chosen because it is easier. == The theory of Sabine == === Description of the theory === This theory uses the hypothesis of the diffuse field, the acoustical field is homogeneous and isotropic. In order to obtain this field, the room has to be sufficiently reverberant and the frequencies have to be high enough to avoid the effects of predominating modes. The variation of the acoustical energy E in the room can be written as : <center><math>\frac{{dE}}{{dt}} = W_s - W_{abs}</math></center> Where <math>W_s</math> and <math>W_{abs}</math> are respectively the power generated by the acoustical source and the power absorbed by the walls. The power absorbed is related to the voluminal energy in the room e : <center><math>W_{abs} = \frac{{ec_0 }}{4}a</math></center> Where a is the equivalent absorption area defined by the sum of the product of the absorption coefficient and the area of each material in the room : <center><math>a = \sum\limits_i {\alpha _i S_i }</math></center> The final equation is : <math>V\frac{{de}}{{dt}} = W_s - \frac{{ec_0 }}{4}a</math> The level of stationary energy is : <math>e_{sat} = 4\frac{{W_{abs} }}{{ac_0 }}</math> === Reverberation time === With this theory described, the reverberation time can be defined. It is the time for the level of energy to decrease of 60&nbsp;dB. It depends on the volume of the room V and the equivalent absorption area a : <center><math>T_{60} = \frac{{0.16V}}{a} </math> Sabine formula </center> This reverberation time is the fundamental parameter in room acoustics and depends trough the equivalent absorption area and the absorption coefficients on the frequency. It is used for several measurement : * Measurement of an absorption coefficient of a material * Measurement of the power of a source * Measurement of the transmission of a wall {{Chapter navigation|Fundamentals of Acoustics|Fundamentals of Psychoacoustics|Acoustics (book)}} dvf40wx14xi0snftjozjwcozigbpwhe 110 102493 4632621 4470164 2026-04-26T23:21:49Z ~2026-25672-55 3579423 cow 4632621 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''C''' is for '''Cow'''</div> [[File:Cow female black white.jpg|center|500x500px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} <br/> {{listen | filename = C is for cat.ogg | title = C is for cat }} [[az:Vikiuşaq:Əlifba/C]] [[fr:Wikijunior:Alphabet/C]] p3uisjuizmux2v6c1z7wpj8a8pi8oeu 4632626 4632621 2026-04-27T00:31:46Z ~2026-25563-57 3579377 4632626 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''C''' is for '''C'''at</div> [[File:Black hills cat-tochichi.jpg|center|500x500px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} <br/> {{listen | filename = C is for cat.ogg | title = C is for cat }} [[az:Vikiuşaq:Əlifba/C]] [[fr:Wikijunior:Alphabet/C]] n0fmc1vh5kcm1ni7n3pfjjuapia4xql 4632627 4632626 2026-04-27T00:32:08Z ~2026-25563-57 3579377 4632627 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''C''' is for '''C'''at</div> [[File:Black hills cat-tochichi.jpg|center|500px]] {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} <br/> {{listen | filename = C is for cat.ogg | title = C is for cat }} [[az:Vikiuşaq:Əlifba/C]] [[fr:Wikijunior:Alphabet/C]] pwndjiybzyi0b1tlryxh5xjqctx2g44 4 140081 4632560 4632526 2026-04-26T14:38:55Z Codename Noreste 3441010 /* Everythingis99 reported by MathXplore */ reply: {{done}}. (-) ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 4632560 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{shortcut|WB:AN|WB:AA}} {{TOC left}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} {{ombox|type=content|text='''To request a rename or usurpation''', go to the global request page at Meta [[meta:SRUC|here]].<br />''Please do not post those requests here!''}} {{Clear}} Welcome to the '''Administrative Assistance reading room'''. You can request assistance from [[WB:ADMIN|administrators]] for handling a variety of problems here and alert them about problems which may require special actions not normally used during regular content editing. Please be patient as administrators are often quite busy with either their own projects or trying to perform general maintenance and cleanup. 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[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:05, 13 April 2026 (UTC) == Prodoo1 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Prodoo1}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Prodoo1/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:58, 13 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:05, 13 April 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-22960-74 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|~2026-22960-74}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-22960-74/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:45, 14 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done|Blocked}} for three months, and page protected for one month. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:37, 14 April 2026 (UTC) == Heathhenry44 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Heathhenry44}} Spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/311614]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Heathhenry44/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:14, 17 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:04, 17 April 2026 (UTC) == Jhon12345154321 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jhon12345154321}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/311699]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jhon12345154321/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:23, 22 April 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:21, 23 April 2026 (UTC) == Amuckgoads reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Amuckgoads}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Amuckgoads/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:25, 22 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. The account has been blocked indefinitely, and the talk page has been salted under autoconfirmed protection indefinitely. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:50, 22 April 2026 (UTC) == Adetoro muiz4 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Adetoro muiz4}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Adetoro muiz4/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. 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[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:46, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Toni Tagiam reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Toni Tagiam}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Toni Tagiam/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:00, 24 April 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Globally blocked}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:37, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Kianpatterson53 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kianpatterson53}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kianpatterson53/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:06, 25 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}} by WikiBayer (GS); it's an LTA. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:41, 25 April 2026 (UTC) == Everythingis99 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Everythingis99}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Everythingis99/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:19, 25 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:38, 26 April 2026 (UTC) == Mirko Privitera reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Mirko Privitera}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/Mirko Privitera/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:57, 26 April 2026 (UTC) 9a9yquaedyenyha649za5es9qh80zf6 10 153273 4632638 4632541 2026-04-27T01:57:14Z WinterbergAsten 3579247 4632638 wikitext text/x-wiki <br clear="all" /> <div style="display:grid;border: 1px #ddd solid;padding:5px;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);filter:drop-shadow(0.2em 0.2em 0.1em #ccc);"><!--Outer box--> <div style="background-color:darkslategrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; padding-right: 0.5em;margin-bottom:0.2em;"><!--Box header--> <div style="float: left; text-align: left; margin-left: 0.5em; font-size: 88%;font-variant:small-caps;font-weight:normal;">[[Template:Chess Opening Theory/Footer|v]] · [[Template talk:Chess Opening Theory/Footer|t]] · <span class="plainlinks">[https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Chess_Opening_Theory/Footer&action=edit e]</span></div><!--Edit buttons--> Chess Opening Theory<!--Title--></div> {{Buckets |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4|1. e4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5|e5]] <br>Open games |{{Buckets |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3|2. Nf3]] |{{Buckets |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6|2...Nc6]] |{{Buckets |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5|3. Bb5]] <br>Spanish |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...Nf6|Berlin]] → {{hlist|class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...Nf6/4. d3|Anti-Berlin]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...Nf6/4. O-O/4...Bc5|Beverwijk]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...Nf6/4. O-O/4...Nxe4/5. d4/5...Nd6|L'Hermet]] → [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...Nf6/4. O-O/4...Nxe4/5. d4/5...Nd6/6. Bxc6/6...dxc6/7. dxe5/7...Nf5/8. Qxd8/8...Kxd8|Berlin Wall]] }} }}{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6|Morphy]] → {{hlist |class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Bxc6|Exchange]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Ba4/4...Nf6/5. O-O/5...Be7|Closed]] → {{hlist|class=inline|[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Ba4/4...Nf6/5. O-O/5...Be7/6. Re1/6...b5/7. Bb3/7...O-O/8. c3/8...d5|Marshall]]|[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Ba4/4...Nf6/5. O-O/5...Be7/6. Re1/6...b5/7. Bb3/7...d6/8. c3/8...O-O/9. h3/9...Na5|Chigorin]]|[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Ba4/4...Nf6/5. O-O/5...Be7/6. Re1/6...b5/7. Bb3/7...d6/8. c3/8...O-O/9. h3/9...Bb7|Flohr]]}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Ba4/4...Nf6/5. O-O/5...Nxe4|Open]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Ba4/4...Nf6/5. O-O/5...b5/6. Bb3/6...Bb7|Arkhangelsk]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Ba4/4...Nf6/5. d3|Anderssen]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Ba4/4...Nf6/5. d4|Mackenzie]] }} }}{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...Nd4|Bird]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...Bc5|Classical]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...Nge7|Cozio]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...d6|Old Steinitz]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...f5|Schliemann]] }} <!-- end Spanish --> |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4|3. Bc4]] <br>Italian |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Bc5|Giuoco Piano]] → {{hlist |class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Bc5/4. b4|Evans gambit]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Bc5/4. d3|Giuoco pianissimo]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Bc5/4. d4|Rosentreter]] | <small>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Bc5/4. Bxf7|Jerome]] {{Chess/eval|??}}</small> }} }}{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6|Two knights defence]] → {{hlist |class=inline |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d4|Open]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5|Knight attack]] → {{hlist| class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7|Fried liver]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5|Polerio]] }} }} }} <small>{{hlist|[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...h6|Anti-fried liver]] {{chess/eval|?!}}| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nd4|Blackburne shilling]] {{chess/eval|?}} }}</small> <!-- end Italian --> | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3|3. Nc3]] <br>Three knights |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...Nf6|Four knights]] {{hlist |class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...Nf6/4. g3|Glek]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...Nf6/4. Bc4|Italian]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...Nf6/4. d4|Scotch]] → [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...Nf6/4. d4/4...exd4/5. Nd5|Belgrade]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...Nf6/4. Bb5|Spanish]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...Nf6/4. Nd5|Naroditsky]] {{chess/eval|!?}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...Nf6/4. Nxe5|Halloween]] {{chess/eval|?!}} }} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...g6|Steinitz]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...Bb4/4. Nd5/4...Nf6|Schlechter]] }}<!-- end 3-4 N --> |''Other'' |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. c3|Ponziani]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4|Scotch game]] | <small>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. g3|Konstantinopolsky]] {{Chess/eval|!?}}</small>}} }} <!-- end 2. Nf3 Nc6 other bucket --> | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6|2...Nf6]] <br>Russian |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Nxe5/3...d6/4. Nf3/4...Nxe4/5. d4|Classical]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Nxe5/3...Nxe4/4. Qe2/4...Qe7|Kholmov]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. d4|Modern]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Bc4/3...Nxe4/4. Nc3|Boden-Kieseritzky]] {{chess/eval|!?}} | <small>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Nxe5/3...Nc6|Stafford]] {{chess/eval|?}}</small> | <small>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Nxe5/3...Nxe4/4. Qe2/4...Nf6|Damiano trap]] {{chess/eval|??}}</small> }}<!-- end Russian --> |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...d6|2...d6]] <br>Philidor |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...exd4|Exchange]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...f5|Philidor countergambit]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...Nf6|Nimzowitsch]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...Nd7|Hanham]] }}<!-- end Philidor --> |''Other'' |<small>{{hlist|class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Bc5|Busch-Gass gambit]] {{Chess/eval|?}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...d5|Elephant gambit]] {{Chess/eval|?}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Qf6|Greco defence]] {{Chess/eval|?!}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...f5|Latvian gambit]] {{Chess/eval|?}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...f6|Damiano defence]] {{Chess/eval|??}} }}</small><!-- end 2. Nf3 other --> }}<!-- end 2. Nf3 bucket --> |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4|2. f4]] <br>King's gambit |{{Buckets |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4|2...exf4]] <br>Accepted |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3|King's knight]] → {{hlist |class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3/3...g5/4. h4/4...g4/5. Ne5|Kieseritzky]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3/3...Nf6|Schallop]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3/3...d5|Modern]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3/3...d6|Fischer]] | <small>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3/3...g5/4. Bc4/4...g4/5. Bxf7|Lolli]] {{chess/eval|?}}</small> | <small>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3/3...g5/4. Bc4/4...g4/5. O-O|Muzio]] {{Chess/eval|?}}</small> }} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Bc4|Bishop's]] → {{hlist |class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Bc4/3...Nf6|Cozio]] }} }}<!-- end KGA --> |''Other'' <br>Declined |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...Bc5|Classical]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...Nc6|Queen's knight]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...d5|Falkbeer]] }}<!-- end KGD --> }}<!-- end king's gambit --> |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nc3|2. Nc3]] <br>Vienna |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nc3/2...Nf6|Falkbeer]] → {{hlist |class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nc3/2...Nf6/2. g3|Mieses]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nc3/2...Nf6/3. Bc4|Stanley]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nc3/2...Nf6/3. Bc4/3...Nxe4|Frankenstein-Dracula]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nc3/2...Nf6/3. f4|Vienna gambit]] }} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nc3/2...Nc6|Max Lange]] }}<!-- end Vienna --> |''Other'' |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4|Bishop's opening]] → {{hlist |class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4/2...Nf6|Berlin]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4/2...Bc5|Boi]] }} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. d4|Centre game]] → {{hlist |class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. d4/2...exd4/3. c3|Danish]] }} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. d3|Leonardis]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bb5|Portuguese]] {{chess/eval|?!}} | <small>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Ke2|Bongcloud]] {{chess/eval|?}}</small> }}<!-- end other --> }}<!-- end open games bucket --> |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4|1. e4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5|c5]] <br>Sicilian |{{Buckets |[[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3|2. Nf3]] |{{Buckets |[[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...Nc6|2...Nc6]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4|3. d4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4/3...cxd4|cxd4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...Nc6/3._d4/3...cxd4/4._Nxd4|4. Nxd4]] |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...Nc6/3._d4/3...cxd4/4._Nxd4/4...g6|Accelerated dragon]] → {{hlist|class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...g6/5. c4|Maróczy bind]]}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...Nc6/3._d4/3...cxd4/4._Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...d6|Classical]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Qb6|Godiva]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...e5/5. Nb5/5...d6|Kalashnikov]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...Nc6/3._d4/3...cxd4/4._Nxd4/4...Nf6/5._Nc3/5...e5|Sveshnikov]] }} |[[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...Nc6|2...Nc6]] ''other'' | {{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5|Rossolimo]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. c3|Delayed Alapin]] }}<!-- end Nc6 sicilians --> |[[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...d6|2...d6]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...d6/3._d4|3. d4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...d6/3._d4/3...cxd4|cxd4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...d6/3._d4/3...cxd4/4._Nxd4|4. Nxd4]] |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...d6/3._d4/3...cxd4/4._Nxd4/4...Nf6/5._Nc3/5...g6|Dragon]] → {{hlist|class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...g6/6. f4|Levenfish attack]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...g6/6. Be3/6...Bg7/7. f3| Yugoslav attack]] }} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...g6/6. Be3/6...Bg7/7. f3/7...a3|Dragondorf]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...Bd7|Kupreichik]] |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...a6|Najdorf]] → {{hlist|class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...a6/6. Bg5|6. Bg5]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...a6/6. Be3|English attack]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...a6/6. Be2|Opocensky]]}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...d6/3._d4/3...cxd4/4._Nxd4/4...Nf6/5._Nc3/5...e6|Scheveningen]] }} |[[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...d6|2...d6]] ''other'' |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. Bb5|Moscow]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Qxd4|Chekhover]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. c3|Delayed Alapin]] }}<!-- end d6 sicilians --> |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6|2...e6]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4|3. d4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4|cxd4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4|4. Nxd4]] |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6|French, Normal]] {{hlist|class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nc6/5. Nc3/5...Nf6/6. Ndb5/6...Bb4/7. Nd6+|American attack]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nc6/5. Nc3/5...Nf6|Four knights]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...Bb4|Pin]] }} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...a6|Kan]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Qb6|Kveinis]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Bc5|Paulsen-Basman]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nc6|Taimanov]] → {{hlist |class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nc6/5. Nc3/5...Qc7|Bastrikov]] → <small>{{hlist |class=inline |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nc6/5. Nc3/5...Qc7/6. Be3|English attack]]}}</small> | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nc6/5. Nb5|Szén]] → <small>{{hlist |class=inline |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nc6/5. Nb5/5...d6/6. c4/6...Nf6/7. N1c3/7...a6/8. Na3/8...d5|Garry Gambit]]}}</small> }} }} |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6|2...e6]] ''other'' |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. c4|Kramnik]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. c3|Delayed Alapin]] }}<!-- end e6 sicilians --> |''Others'' |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...g6|Hyper-accelerated dragon]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...b6|Katalymov]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6|Nimzowitsch]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...a6|O'Kelly]] }}<!-- end open sicilians --> }} |''Anti-Sicilians'' |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. c3|Alapin]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Bc4|Bowdler]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nc3|Closed Sicilian]] → {{hlist|class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nc3/2...d6/3. d4|Carlsen]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nc3/2...Nc6/3. f4|Grand Prix]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nc3/2...Nc6/3. g3|Fianchetto]] }} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. f4|McDonnell]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. a3|Mengarini]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. d4|Smith-Morra]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. b3|Snyder]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. c4|Staunton-Cochrane]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. b4|Wing gambit]] }}<!-- end antisicilians sicilians --> }}<!-- end sicilian bucket --> |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4|1. e4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e6|e6]] <br>French |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e6/2. d4/2...d5/3. e5|Advance]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e6/2. d4/2...d5/3. Nc3/3...Nf6|Classical]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e6/2. d4/2...d5/3. exd5|Exchange]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e6/2. d4/2...d5/3. Nd2|Tarrasch]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e6/2. d4/2...d5/3. Nc3/3...dxe4|Rubinstein]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e6/2. d4/2...d5/3. Nc3/3...Bb4|Winawer]] }}<!-- end french --> |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4|1. e4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6|c6]] <br>Caro-Kann |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. c4|Accelerated Panov]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. e5|Advance]] → {{hlist|class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. e5/3...Bf5/4. Nf3|Short]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. e5/3...Bf5/4. Nc3|van der Wiel]] }} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. exd5|Exchange]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. Nc3/2...d5/3. Nf3|Two knights]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. f3|Fantasy]] | <small>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. Bc4|Hillbilly]] {{Chess/eval|?!}}</small> }}<!-- end caro-kann --> |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4|1. e4]] ''other'' |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...Nf6|Alekhine]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d6/2. d4/2...Nf6/3. Nc3/3...c6|Czech]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...g6|Modern]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...Nc6|Nimzowitsch]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...b6|Owen's]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d6|Pirc]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5|Scandinavian]] {{hlist|class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. exd5/2...Qxd5|Mieses-Kotroc]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. exd5/2...Nf6|Modern]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. exd5/2...c6|Blackburne-Kloosterbooer gambit]] {{Chess/eval|!?}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. Nf3|Tennison gambit]] {{Chess/eval|?!}}}} }}<small>{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...f6|Barnes]] {{Chess/eval|?}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...g5|Borg]] {{Chess/eval|?}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...a5|Corn stalk]] {{Chess/eval|??}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...f5|Duras]] {{Chess/eval|??}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...b5|1...b5]] {{Chess/eval|??}} }}</small><!-- end 1. e4 other --> |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4|1. d4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5|d5]] <br>Closed games |{{Buckets |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4|2. c4]] <br>Queen's gambit |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4/2...e5|Albin countergambit]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4/2...c5|Austrian]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4/2...Nc6|Chigorin]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4/2...Nf6|Marshall]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4/2...dxc4|Queen's gambit accepted]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4/2...e6|Queen's gambit declined]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4/2...c6|Slav]] → {{hlist|class=inline |[[Chess Opening Theory/1._d4/1...d5/2._c4/2...c6/3._Nc3/3...Nf6/4._Nf3/4...e6|Semi-Slav]] }} }} |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. Nc3|2. Nc3]] |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. Nc3/2...Nf6/3. Bg5|Richter-Versov]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. Nc3/2...c5|Irish gambit]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. Nc3/2...Nf6/3. Bf4|Jobava London]] }} |2. other |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. Bf4|Accelerated London]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. e3|Colle]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. Bg5|Levitsky]] {{chess/eval|!?}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. Qd3|Amazon]] {{chess/eval|?!}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. e4|Blackmar-Diemer]] {{Chess/eval|?}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. f4|Mason]] {{Chess/eval|?}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. g4|Zurich]] {{Chess/eval|??}} }} }} <!-- end closed games bucket --> |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4|1. d4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6|Nf6]] <br>Indian |{{Buckets |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4|2. c4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...e6|e6]] |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...e6/3. Nf3/3...Bb4|Bogo-Indian]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...e6/3. g3|Catalan]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...e6/3. Nc3/3...Bb4|Nimzo-Indian]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...e6/3. Nf3/3...b6|Queen's Indian]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...e6/3. Bg5|Seirawan]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...e6/3. g4|Devin gambit]] {{chess/eval|!?}} }} |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4|2. c4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...g6|g6]] |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...g6|King's Indian]] → {{hlist |class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...g6/3. Nc3/3...Bg7/4. e4/4...d6/5. Nf3|Classical]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...g6/3. Nc3/3...Bg7/4. e4/4...d6/5. f4|Four pawns attack]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...g6/3. Nc3/3...Bg7/4. e4/4...d6/5. f3|Sämisch]] }} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...g6/3. Nc3/3...d5|Grünfeld]] }} |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4|2. c4]] ''other'' |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...b6|Accelerated queen's Indian]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...c5|Modern Benoni]] → {{hlist |class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...c5/3. d5/3...b5|Benko]] }} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...e5|Budapest]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...Nc6|Mexican]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...d6|Old Indian]] }} |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. Nf3|2. Nf3]] |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. Nf3/2...c5|Spielmann Indian]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. Bg5|Torre]] }} |2. ''other:'' |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. Bg5|Trompowsky]] → {{hlist| class=inline| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. Bg5/2...Ne4/3. Bh4|Edge]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. Bg5/2...Ne4/3. h4|Raptor]]}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. Bf4|London system (Indian)]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. f3|Paleface]] {{Chess/eval|?!}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. g4|Bronstein gambit]] {{Chess/eval|!?}} | <small>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. e4|Omega]] {{Chess/eval|?}}</small> }} }} <!-- end indian bucket --> |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4|1. d4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...f5|f5]]<br>Dutch |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...f5/2. Bg5|Hopton]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...f5/2. h3|Korchnoi]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...f5/2. g3/2...g6|Leningrad]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...f5/2. e4|Staunton]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...f5/2. c4|Stonewall]] → {{hlist |class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...f5/2. c4/2...g6/3. Nc3/3...Nh6|Bladel]] }} }} |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4|1. d4]] ''...other:'' |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...b6|English defence]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Na6|Australian defence]] {{chess/eval|?!}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...e5|Englund gambit]] {{chess/eval|?}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...e6|Horwitz]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...c5|Old Benoni]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...b5|Polish]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d6/2. c4/2...e5|Rat]] }} |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. Nf3|1. Nf3]]<br>Zukertort |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. Nf3/1...d5/2. c4|Réti]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. Nf3/1...d5/2. g3|King's Indian defence (d5)]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. Nf3/1...Nf6/2. g3|King's Indian defence (Nf6)]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. Nf3/1...f5/2. e4|Lisitsin gambit]] {{Chess/eval|!?}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. Nf3/1...Nf6/2. e4|Lemberger gambit]] {{Chess/eval|?}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. Nf3/1...e5|Ross gambit]] {{Chess/eval|?}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. Nf3/1...g5|Herrstrom gambit]] {{Chess/eval|?}} }} |Flank |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. f4|Bird's (1. f4)]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. c4|English (1. c4)]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. g4|Grob (1. g4)]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. g3|King's fianchetto (1.g3)]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. b3|Larsen (1. b3)]] }} |Unorthodox |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. a3|a3]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. Na3|Na3]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. a4|a4]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. b4|b4]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. c3|c3]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. Nc3|Nc3]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d3|d3]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e3|e3]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. f3|f3]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. h3|h3]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. Nh3|Nh3]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. h4|h4]] }} }} </div> <noinclude>[[{{BOOKCATEGORY|Chess}}/Templates|ChessOpenings]]</noinclude><includeonly>{{BookCat}}</includeonly> 9qjtevajldgg92d70k0177aoa63p3hw 4 155682 4632576 4632182 2026-04-26T16:11:28Z Kingofnuthin 3566511 /* Introduce speedy deletion criteria? */ Reply 4632576 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:RFC|WB:PROPOSALS}} {{TOC left<!--|limit=2-->}} Welcome to the '''Proposals reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about suggestions for improving Wikibooks. {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(120d) |counter = 1 |key = 1f2adc5eee951900b65c7b981b786191 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} {{clear}} <!--Take threads to archive below this line--> <!--Add new threads to bottom of page--> == Consultation to replace the outdated MassBlock gadget == Fellow administrators, I plan to replace the current MassBlock gadget with [[w:it:MediaWiki:Gadget-Massblock.js|this version imported from the Italian Wikipedia]]. Currently on this project, MassBlock only blocks IP addresses, which are no longer visible to the public and it's not ideal. Thoughts? '''[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:27, 29 October 2025 (UTC) :In principle, I have no problem with this, but I'm not as familiar with the technical aspects or potential limitations—I'd need other people to weigh in. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:07, 2 November 2025 (UTC) :: I've tested this, and there are some additional options to blank and/or protect user/user talk pages, but we should probably not use them unless absolutely necessary. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:28, 7 November 2025 (UTC) : {{doing|Doing per lack of objection...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:00, 2 January 2026 (UTC) : Apologies for the recent technical difficulties, the script wasn't working because some dependencies were not added... – it's fixed. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:28, 2 January 2026 (UTC) == Replace block-related system messages with {{t|blocked text}}? == Recently, protected page-related system messages were replaced with {{t|protected page text}} or {{t|protected interface}}, modelled off of Wikipedia’s templates. Even before these templates were used to replace those MediaWiki messages, we still had system messages modelled after Wikipedia’s templates: {{t|no article text}}. I also wanted to have a go at encouraging reuse of code, and this would be a revamp of block-related system messages. We would also only have to write the code once, not multiple times—once for each system message (keep in mind, some of the system messages below have not yet been edited). The system messages that would have to be replaced are: *[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext]] *[[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext]] *[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-ip]] *[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-range]] *[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial]] *[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-composite]] *[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-xff]] *[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-user]] *[[MediaWiki:Globalblocking-blockedtext-range]] *[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser]] If you have any ideas for tweaks to {{t|Blocked text}}, your input would be much appreciated. Thanks, [[User:2600 etc|2600 etc]] ([[User talk:2600 etc|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2600 etc|contribs]]) 23:49, 17 November 2025 (UTC) : This seems reasonable. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:49, 31 December 2025 (UTC) == [[Using Wikibooks]] == I've noticed [[Using Wikibooks]], and I'm a little concerned that it might be confusing to have a separate book instead of official pages in the Help: and Wikibooks: namespaces. To my mind, having a separate book introduces the following issues: * Confusion of the book with official project policy * Outdated information or other discrepancies if the official pages are updated and the book is not The book does have a good amount of useful information, so I think it would make the most sense to merge it into official pages in the Wikibooks: and Help: namespaces. Thoughts? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:14, 26 November 2025 (UTC) : How can we tell which pages (from that book) should either be in the Wikibooks or Help namespaces? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:44, 26 November 2025 (UTC) ::I think it's not necessarily a one-to-one. Rather, we'll need to find the best home(s) for the information on each page—it's something I'm happy to take point on! Is that what you were asking? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:57, 26 November 2025 (UTC) ::: Probably. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:38, 27 November 2025 (UTC) ::::I'll wait to see if anyone else has any comments about this; if there are no objections, I'll plan to migrate things as described. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 20:45, 2 December 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] and @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: I do object to this change, for two reasons. :::::# [[Using Wikibooks]] is a featured book. By moving it to another namespace, it will no longer be a book, and thus no longer a featured book. Do we intend to delist it? :::::# Using Wikibooks is a book. It is written in the same style as other books in our project's mainspace. It's self-consistent and organized by page. I fear that dividing and conquering it among the Help and Project namespaces is likely to make its content harder to find. :::::[[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 01:15, 5 December 2025 (UTC) : I changed my vote, I don't think we should migrate that book to pages in other namespaces. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:46, 5 December 2025 (UTC) :That is an "official" book, which I think is OK to have in this case. I think some of the help pages actually recommend reading this book. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 07:41, 1 January 2026 (UTC) == Suggested improvements to the Main Page == After discussing with Izno off-wiki, I have some suggestions to improve the interface of this project's [[Main Page]] (e.g. to be portal-like) using some steps below: * Set both [[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title]] and [[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title-loggedin]] to blank (no content). * Add the following code to [[MediaWiki:Vector.css]] and [[MediaWiki:Vector-2022.css]]: <syntaxhighlight lang="css"> .page-Main_Page #deleteconfirm, .page-Main_Page #t-cite, .page-Main_Page #footer-info-lastmod, .action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub, .action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub2 { display: none !important; } </syntaxhighlight> * Similarly, add the following code to [[MediaWiki:Monobook.css]]: <syntaxhighlight lang="css"> .page-Main_Page #deleteconfirm, .page-Main_Page #t-cite, .page-Main_Page #lastmod, .action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub { display: none !important; } </syntaxhighlight> * And last, add the following code to [[MediaWiki:Timeless.css]]: <syntaxhighlight lang="css"> .page-Main_Page #deleteconfirm, .page-Main_Page #t-cite, .page-Main_Page #footer-info-lastmod, .action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub { display: none !important; } </syntaxhighlight> Let me know if you have comments, questions, or concerns. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:04, 2 December 2025 (UTC) :Is there a "demo" version previewing what effects these changes will have? [[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 15:05, 4 December 2025 (UTC) :: This will basically remove the Main Page title and the gray line below it (but above the page tabs) in most appearance skins. You might want to see [[:wikt:User talk:This, that and the other#mediawiki:mainpage-title|this user talk page thread]] on English Wiktionary for context. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:35, 4 December 2025 (UTC) : {{doing|Doing per lack of objection...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:28, 31 December 2025 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:53, 31 December 2025 (UTC) == Retiring [[Template:Deleted page]] == {{tlx|Deleted page}} is a template that was used back in the day before salting (page creation protection) existed. Back then, if an admin wanted to prevent a page from being recreated, they would delete it and then recreate it with just that template, before fully protecting it. This method is completely unnecessary now that we can directly create-protect pages, and no new page has been added to [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] in nearly eight years. Furthermore, I would like to propose that all the pages that currently have {{tlx|Naming policy notice}} be deleted and added to the ''title blacklist''. In the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], the error message should be set to an interface message that transcludes {{tlx|Naming policy notice}}. Since this is an editor-facing template, only would-be editors should be able to see it. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:55, 31 December 2025 (UTC) : Do you think we should delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} via RfD, but keep {{tlx|Naming policy notice}}? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:04, 31 December 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: Yes. {{tlx|Deleted page}} should be deleted, and {{tlx|Naming policy notice}} should be fully protected and transcluded in a MediaWiki namespace message. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:16, 31 December 2025 (UTC) :::Considering there were no objections to this proposal here, {{Doing|I am doing this...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:44, 30 March 2026 (UTC) ::::{{done|All done}}, but the discussion about {{tlx|Deleted page}} is awaiting to be closed (since I initiated it). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:37, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]], I filed a request at [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Template:Deleted page]] to discuss whether to delete this template (and the categories used). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:38, 29 January 2026 (UTC) == Some proposals involving a separate permission request page and notification of ongoing RFAs == I would like to propose the following below: === Proposal 1 === <s>We split off [[Wikibooks:Requests for adminship]] as a separate page for requesting adminship, bureaucrat, checkuser and suppressor (oversight) permissions. All other permissions, except the former mentioned permissions, would still be requested at [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] (this is also the case for requesting interface administrator permissions, for admins).</s> === Proposal 2 === Given the low activity on this project, I propose that we must notify the community about ongoing RFAs, which could be either [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]] or adding a notification at [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General]]. A general rule is that the notification must be written in a neutral fashion. === In conclusion... === Feel free to comment, ask, or anything else. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:31, 1 January 2026 (UTC) :1. I don't see [[WB:RFP]] being clogged to justify creating a fork just for advanced permissions. :2. That is already something we do occasionally on a case-by-case basis. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 07:40, 1 January 2026 (UTC) :My thoughts below: :# I agree with @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] and don't really see a need for splitting off [[Wikibooks:Requests for adminship]] as a separate page, since there are generally not so many requests. :# I do think it could potentially be useful to notify the community about requests for adminship using [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]—it's not something I've seen us do before. @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] are you proposing specifically that we codify it in policy? :—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:59, 1 January 2026 (UTC) ::After considering, I've crossed out proposal 1, and regarding proposal 2, I would still think it should be in a guideline, not a policy. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:22, 1 January 2026 (UTC) :Proposal 2 seems reasonable to me. It could help people find requests if they are not watching RFP. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:01, 2 January 2026 (UTC) :I've been thinking about proposal 2, and it seems like it would be a good idea to create a template for this purpose that we could just pop into [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]. What about creating [[Template:RFA notice]], which could take as parameters the requestor and the path to the discussion? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:35, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::I agree. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:12, 27 January 2026 (UTC) == Implement Visual Editor in more namespaces == {{closed|The Phabricator task has been resolved, and VE is enabled on the proposed namespaces as of today. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:06, 27 January 2026 (UTC)}} See the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Technical Assistance#Visual Editor Implementation|original discussion]] for reference. ===Proposal=== Currently, the visual editor is implemented on the following namespaces: * Main * User * Help * Category * Cookbook * Wikijunior I am proposing that we implement the visual editor on the following namespaces: * Wikibooks * Transwiki ===Reasoning=== I use the source editor and the visual editor for different purposes. One of my primary uses of the visual editor is for text-heavy pages, where I use it for writing content and proofreading/copyediting. In contrast, I use the source editor for more complex and technical edits. I find it very difficult to parse text in the source editor, especially when there are many templates, tables, links, etc, and it is a pretty significant accessibility issue for me—I imagine that it could be so for other users as well. The Wikibooks and Transwiki namespaces are both namespaces that contain text- and content-heavy pages (e.g. policies, guidelines, essays), and I know I would benefit from the visual editor here—for example, I am currently working on the [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence/Unstable|unstable branch of a policy]], and it is proving to be kind of a pain to do without having the visual editor as an adjunct tool. The main challenge I see is that the Wikibooks namespace contains some talk pages (i.e. the reading room), and the visual editor is not intended for talk pages. However, there is [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370158 precedent] for implementing the visual editor in namespaces that contain talk pages as long as it is understood that the visual editor is not intended for these talk pages. Overall, it looks technically feasible. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:40, 11 January 2026 (UTC) === Discussion === Kicking off the discussion here! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:37, 24 January 2026 (UTC) :Pinging people who were part of the original discussion thread: @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]. :Also pinging some other active administrators: @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] @[[User:Xania|Xania]] @[[User:JackPotte|JackPotte]] @[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]]. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::No objections. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:30, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::I'm fine as well. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 17:04, 24 January 2026 (UTC) :::Ditto. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 22:49, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::All good on my end. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:09, 25 January 2026 (UTC) :Phab ticket has been created at {{phab|T415595}}! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:49, 26 January 2026 (UTC) {{end closed}} == Redefining the inactivity policy for administrators and bots == Hi. I would like to propose that we redefine the inactivity policy for administrators (superseding the current procedure), and to create a local inactivity policy for bots. * For administrators that have made zero edits '''''and''''' zero logged actions for over a year, they will be listed under the removal section of [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] (and notified on their user talk pages), where they are given a specific timeframe to respond so that they can retain their access, unless they specify otherwise. If they do not respond after that timeframe, a request will be forwarded to the removal section of [[:m:SRP]]. Should the timeframe last at least one week, two weeks, or one month? * For bots, the process is slightly different. Bots that are inactive (made no edits/logged actions) for over two years will be listed under the removal section of RfP (in the same manner as inactive administrators), but their operators must be notified first, and a week is given for the operators to respond. After the timeframe passes and an operator does not respond to the inactive bot removal request (for example), a request will be forwarded to the removal section of [[:m:SRB]]. Bot users that do not have the bot user group might be exempt, unless the discussion proposes otherwise. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:34, 18 January 2026 (UTC) :Sounds fine to me. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 06:58, 21 January 2026 (UTC) ::Agreed here. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 00:36, 25 January 2026 (UTC) :I have no problem with this. Regarding the timeframe for administrators, one months seems reasonable. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:29, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::I think one month might be excessive IMO, but one week might not be enough for a timeframe, especially given the lack of discussion activity. Let’s compromise by choosing two weeks instead, if that's okay. ::Also, the reason I made this is because the inactivity policy on [[Wikibooks:Administrators]] seems vague. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:15, 24 January 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], what timeframe would be feasible, two weeks, or one month? I'll be ready to implement this today. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:20, 30 January 2026 (UTC) ::::Two weeks should probably be fine unless anyone else has thoughts! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:55, 31 January 2026 (UTC) :::::[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], I am reconsidering the current timeframe. I think we should revise by lowering the timeframe to one week for administrator inactivity removal, similar to how we currently do this for bots. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:17, 10 February 2026 (UTC) ::::::I think we should check to see what other people think here —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:49, 10 February 2026 (UTC) :I'm afraid I don't fully understand the procedure you're proposing for administrators. When someone is listed to be removed on RFP, is there a vote? Or is the poster just waiting for the inactive admin to reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:31, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::In my new proposal, there will be no votes for removal, but inactive admins will be notified and given a timeframe to respond if they wish to retain their rights, unless they specify otherwise. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:42, 24 January 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Implemented}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:51, 31 January 2026 (UTC) ::Should I reduce the timeframe from two weeks down to one week? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:55, 22 February 2026 (UTC) == Create a "file" that is an Example Book structured to be copied/used to quickly start a new book? == I am new to Wikibooks, if this already exists let me know.... If there was a Wikibook "file" that contained all the templates and "parts" that are used to create a properly structured book, it might be easier and quicker to create and contribute books here. This would have to include text that would explain the purpose of each of the sections and templates and offer advice for making changes that customize the example. One might copy it to their sandbox, follow the directions and make the updates that create the framework for their book. Then the work would be to fill in the text. I suppose the downside is that books would be categorized and shelved that are in progress. Abandoned books would need to be deleted or some template might need to be developed that might indicate that the book is incomplete. This would be removed when the book is ready for prime-time. {{unsigned|Rchaswms01|01:32, 3 February 2026}} == Allow all users (registered and unregistered) to view edit filters and their logs? == Hello, everyone. I would like to propose allowing all users to view not just edit filters and [[Special:AbuseLog|their log]], but also detailed edit filter log entries. In addition to that, I am also proposing that we set <code>$wgAbuseFilterNotifications</code> to <code>true</code> by removing <code>$wgAbuseFilterNotifications = false;</code>. {{collapse top|This proposal aims to reverse a part of [[phab:T26304]] for the AbuseFilter extension:}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> We would like to enable the AbuseFilter extension (see below) with custom permissions. Please *add*: $wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-view'] = false; $wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log'] = false; $wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-view'] = true; $wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log'] = true; </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> I'm sorry for yet another reply, but the user rights for the abuse filter need to be tweaked to match the request. abusefilter-view should be for autoconfirmed/confirmed only and not for all users. abusefilter-log should be for autoconfirmed/confirmed only and not for all users. The logic behind this was to prevent casual vandals from gaming the system. Thank you for your efforts. </syntaxhighlight> {{collapse bottom}} {{collapse top|Current configuration}} <syntaxhighlight lang="php"> case 'enwikibooks': $wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-view'] = false; $wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log'] = false; $wgAbuseFilterNotifications = false; $wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-view'] = true; $wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log'] = true; $wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log-detail'] = true; // T383332 $wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['abusefilter-revert'] = true; // T411828 $wgAbuseFilterActions['block'] = true; // T273864 break; </syntaxhighlight> {{collapse bottom}} {{collapse top|Proposed configuration}} <syntaxhighlight lang="php"> case 'enwikibooks': $wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log-detail'] = true; $wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['abusefilter-revert'] = true; // T411828 $wgAbuseFilterActions['block'] = true; // T273864 break; </syntaxhighlight> {{collapse bottom}} Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:55, 2 April 2026 (UTC) :See also: {{section link|Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals/2025/January#Reforming the edit filter}}. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:50, 2 April 2026 (UTC) == Introduce speedy deletion criteria? == I would like to propose that we introduce speedy deletion criteria to Wikibooks, such as {{tq|G1: [reason]}}. I suggest that we adapt from the English Wikipedia's CSD criteria ([[:w:Wikipedia:Speedy deletion]]) but utilize our existing deletion reasons, and even include '''G''' for general, '''R''' for redirects, and so on. Speedy deletion reasons are already included in the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy|deletion policy]], but should this proposal pass, the new speedy deletion criteria can be split out to a separate policy page, if needed (e.g. [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]]). Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:39, 7 April 2026 (UTC) :On the whole, that seems like it could be useful to expand out our CSD in a more detailed way. Why don't you go ahead and create [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]] as a draft, write out your initial proposal, and then we can workshop it together? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:33, 10 April 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: How can this proposal avoid accusations of [[m:Instruction creep|instruction creep]]? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:21, 14 April 2026 (UTC) :: How does instruction creep have anything to do with this? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:31, 14 April 2026 (UTC) ::: Well, in that case, we might keep the descriptions simple, not overly detailed. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:30, 17 April 2026 (UTC) ::::In that case, we may need to introduce that motion. – [[User:RestoreAccess111|RestoreAccess111]] <sup style="font-family:Arimo, Arial;">[[User talk:RestoreAccess111|Talk!]]</sup> <sup style="font-family:Times New Roman, Tinos;">[[Special:Contributions/RestoreAccess111|Watch!]]</sup> 04:38, 17 April 2026 (UTC) :We already have speedy deletion though so I don't understand this proposal. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 15:56, 24 April 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] I created a very early draft in [[User:Kingofnuthin/sandbox|my sandbox]] by merging content from [[w:Wikipedia:Speedy deletion]] and [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy]]. I added most of the criteria from English Wikipedia's page but I left some that can't be in Wikibooks (such as notability criteria). As I said, the draft is currently very undetailed and only provides simple explanations for criteria except for a few of them. You can add this draft to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]] to clarify the details of the proposal. I am also open to any feedback regarding the draft. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 16:11, 26 April 2026 (UTC) 3cx6z96vg67v9blwd3de6px6rs3dowo 4632586 4632576 2026-04-26T18:15:13Z Codename Noreste 3441010 /* Introduce speedy deletion criteria? */ reply to Kingofnuthin ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 4632586 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:RFC|WB:PROPOSALS}} {{TOC left<!--|limit=2-->}} Welcome to the '''Proposals reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about suggestions for improving Wikibooks. {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(120d) |counter = 1 |key = 1f2adc5eee951900b65c7b981b786191 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} {{clear}} <!--Take threads to archive below this line--> <!--Add new threads to bottom of page--> == Consultation to replace the outdated MassBlock gadget == Fellow administrators, I plan to replace the current MassBlock gadget with [[w:it:MediaWiki:Gadget-Massblock.js|this version imported from the Italian Wikipedia]]. Currently on this project, MassBlock only blocks IP addresses, which are no longer visible to the public and it's not ideal. Thoughts? '''[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:27, 29 October 2025 (UTC) :In principle, I have no problem with this, but I'm not as familiar with the technical aspects or potential limitations—I'd need other people to weigh in. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:07, 2 November 2025 (UTC) :: I've tested this, and there are some additional options to blank and/or protect user/user talk pages, but we should probably not use them unless absolutely necessary. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:28, 7 November 2025 (UTC) : {{doing|Doing per lack of objection...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:00, 2 January 2026 (UTC) : Apologies for the recent technical difficulties, the script wasn't working because some dependencies were not added... – it's fixed. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:28, 2 January 2026 (UTC) == Replace block-related system messages with {{t|blocked text}}? == Recently, protected page-related system messages were replaced with {{t|protected page text}} or {{t|protected interface}}, modelled off of Wikipedia’s templates. Even before these templates were used to replace those MediaWiki messages, we still had system messages modelled after Wikipedia’s templates: {{t|no article text}}. I also wanted to have a go at encouraging reuse of code, and this would be a revamp of block-related system messages. We would also only have to write the code once, not multiple times—once for each system message (keep in mind, some of the system messages below have not yet been edited). The system messages that would have to be replaced are: *[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext]] *[[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext]] *[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-ip]] *[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-range]] *[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial]] *[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-composite]] *[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-xff]] *[[MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-user]] *[[MediaWiki:Globalblocking-blockedtext-range]] *[[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser]] If you have any ideas for tweaks to {{t|Blocked text}}, your input would be much appreciated. Thanks, [[User:2600 etc|2600 etc]] ([[User talk:2600 etc|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2600 etc|contribs]]) 23:49, 17 November 2025 (UTC) : This seems reasonable. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:49, 31 December 2025 (UTC) == [[Using Wikibooks]] == I've noticed [[Using Wikibooks]], and I'm a little concerned that it might be confusing to have a separate book instead of official pages in the Help: and Wikibooks: namespaces. To my mind, having a separate book introduces the following issues: * Confusion of the book with official project policy * Outdated information or other discrepancies if the official pages are updated and the book is not The book does have a good amount of useful information, so I think it would make the most sense to merge it into official pages in the Wikibooks: and Help: namespaces. Thoughts? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:14, 26 November 2025 (UTC) : How can we tell which pages (from that book) should either be in the Wikibooks or Help namespaces? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:44, 26 November 2025 (UTC) ::I think it's not necessarily a one-to-one. Rather, we'll need to find the best home(s) for the information on each page—it's something I'm happy to take point on! Is that what you were asking? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:57, 26 November 2025 (UTC) ::: Probably. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:38, 27 November 2025 (UTC) ::::I'll wait to see if anyone else has any comments about this; if there are no objections, I'll plan to migrate things as described. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 20:45, 2 December 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] and @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: I do object to this change, for two reasons. :::::# [[Using Wikibooks]] is a featured book. By moving it to another namespace, it will no longer be a book, and thus no longer a featured book. Do we intend to delist it? :::::# Using Wikibooks is a book. It is written in the same style as other books in our project's mainspace. It's self-consistent and organized by page. I fear that dividing and conquering it among the Help and Project namespaces is likely to make its content harder to find. :::::[[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 01:15, 5 December 2025 (UTC) : I changed my vote, I don't think we should migrate that book to pages in other namespaces. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:46, 5 December 2025 (UTC) :That is an "official" book, which I think is OK to have in this case. I think some of the help pages actually recommend reading this book. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 07:41, 1 January 2026 (UTC) == Suggested improvements to the Main Page == After discussing with Izno off-wiki, I have some suggestions to improve the interface of this project's [[Main Page]] (e.g. to be portal-like) using some steps below: * Set both [[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title]] and [[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title-loggedin]] to blank (no content). * Add the following code to [[MediaWiki:Vector.css]] and [[MediaWiki:Vector-2022.css]]: <syntaxhighlight lang="css"> .page-Main_Page #deleteconfirm, .page-Main_Page #t-cite, .page-Main_Page #footer-info-lastmod, .action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub, .action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub2 { display: none !important; } </syntaxhighlight> * Similarly, add the following code to [[MediaWiki:Monobook.css]]: <syntaxhighlight lang="css"> .page-Main_Page #deleteconfirm, .page-Main_Page #t-cite, .page-Main_Page #lastmod, .action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub { display: none !important; } </syntaxhighlight> * And last, add the following code to [[MediaWiki:Timeless.css]]: <syntaxhighlight lang="css"> .page-Main_Page #deleteconfirm, .page-Main_Page #t-cite, .page-Main_Page #footer-info-lastmod, .action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub { display: none !important; } </syntaxhighlight> Let me know if you have comments, questions, or concerns. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:04, 2 December 2025 (UTC) :Is there a "demo" version previewing what effects these changes will have? [[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 15:05, 4 December 2025 (UTC) :: This will basically remove the Main Page title and the gray line below it (but above the page tabs) in most appearance skins. You might want to see [[:wikt:User talk:This, that and the other#mediawiki:mainpage-title|this user talk page thread]] on English Wiktionary for context. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:35, 4 December 2025 (UTC) : {{doing|Doing per lack of objection...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:28, 31 December 2025 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:53, 31 December 2025 (UTC) == Retiring [[Template:Deleted page]] == {{tlx|Deleted page}} is a template that was used back in the day before salting (page creation protection) existed. Back then, if an admin wanted to prevent a page from being recreated, they would delete it and then recreate it with just that template, before fully protecting it. This method is completely unnecessary now that we can directly create-protect pages, and no new page has been added to [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] in nearly eight years. Furthermore, I would like to propose that all the pages that currently have {{tlx|Naming policy notice}} be deleted and added to the ''title blacklist''. In the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], the error message should be set to an interface message that transcludes {{tlx|Naming policy notice}}. Since this is an editor-facing template, only would-be editors should be able to see it. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:55, 31 December 2025 (UTC) : Do you think we should delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} via RfD, but keep {{tlx|Naming policy notice}}? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:04, 31 December 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: Yes. {{tlx|Deleted page}} should be deleted, and {{tlx|Naming policy notice}} should be fully protected and transcluded in a MediaWiki namespace message. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:16, 31 December 2025 (UTC) :::Considering there were no objections to this proposal here, {{Doing|I am doing this...}} [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:44, 30 March 2026 (UTC) ::::{{done|All done}}, but the discussion about {{tlx|Deleted page}} is awaiting to be closed (since I initiated it). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:37, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]], I filed a request at [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Template:Deleted page]] to discuss whether to delete this template (and the categories used). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:38, 29 January 2026 (UTC) == Some proposals involving a separate permission request page and notification of ongoing RFAs == I would like to propose the following below: === Proposal 1 === <s>We split off [[Wikibooks:Requests for adminship]] as a separate page for requesting adminship, bureaucrat, checkuser and suppressor (oversight) permissions. All other permissions, except the former mentioned permissions, would still be requested at [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] (this is also the case for requesting interface administrator permissions, for admins).</s> === Proposal 2 === Given the low activity on this project, I propose that we must notify the community about ongoing RFAs, which could be either [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]] or adding a notification at [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General]]. A general rule is that the notification must be written in a neutral fashion. === In conclusion... === Feel free to comment, ask, or anything else. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:31, 1 January 2026 (UTC) :1. I don't see [[WB:RFP]] being clogged to justify creating a fork just for advanced permissions. :2. That is already something we do occasionally on a case-by-case basis. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 07:40, 1 January 2026 (UTC) :My thoughts below: :# I agree with @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] and don't really see a need for splitting off [[Wikibooks:Requests for adminship]] as a separate page, since there are generally not so many requests. :# I do think it could potentially be useful to notify the community about requests for adminship using [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]—it's not something I've seen us do before. @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] are you proposing specifically that we codify it in policy? :—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:59, 1 January 2026 (UTC) ::After considering, I've crossed out proposal 1, and regarding proposal 2, I would still think it should be in a guideline, not a policy. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:22, 1 January 2026 (UTC) :Proposal 2 seems reasonable to me. It could help people find requests if they are not watching RFP. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:01, 2 January 2026 (UTC) :I've been thinking about proposal 2, and it seems like it would be a good idea to create a template for this purpose that we could just pop into [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice]]. What about creating [[Template:RFA notice]], which could take as parameters the requestor and the path to the discussion? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:35, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::I agree. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:12, 27 January 2026 (UTC) == Implement Visual Editor in more namespaces == {{closed|The Phabricator task has been resolved, and VE is enabled on the proposed namespaces as of today. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:06, 27 January 2026 (UTC)}} See the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Technical Assistance#Visual Editor Implementation|original discussion]] for reference. ===Proposal=== Currently, the visual editor is implemented on the following namespaces: * Main * User * Help * Category * Cookbook * Wikijunior I am proposing that we implement the visual editor on the following namespaces: * Wikibooks * Transwiki ===Reasoning=== I use the source editor and the visual editor for different purposes. One of my primary uses of the visual editor is for text-heavy pages, where I use it for writing content and proofreading/copyediting. In contrast, I use the source editor for more complex and technical edits. I find it very difficult to parse text in the source editor, especially when there are many templates, tables, links, etc, and it is a pretty significant accessibility issue for me—I imagine that it could be so for other users as well. The Wikibooks and Transwiki namespaces are both namespaces that contain text- and content-heavy pages (e.g. policies, guidelines, essays), and I know I would benefit from the visual editor here—for example, I am currently working on the [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence/Unstable|unstable branch of a policy]], and it is proving to be kind of a pain to do without having the visual editor as an adjunct tool. The main challenge I see is that the Wikibooks namespace contains some talk pages (i.e. the reading room), and the visual editor is not intended for talk pages. However, there is [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370158 precedent] for implementing the visual editor in namespaces that contain talk pages as long as it is understood that the visual editor is not intended for these talk pages. Overall, it looks technically feasible. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:40, 11 January 2026 (UTC) === Discussion === Kicking off the discussion here! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:37, 24 January 2026 (UTC) :Pinging people who were part of the original discussion thread: @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]. :Also pinging some other active administrators: @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] @[[User:Xania|Xania]] @[[User:JackPotte|JackPotte]] @[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]]. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::No objections. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:30, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::I'm fine as well. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 17:04, 24 January 2026 (UTC) :::Ditto. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 22:49, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::All good on my end. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 17:09, 25 January 2026 (UTC) :Phab ticket has been created at {{phab|T415595}}! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:49, 26 January 2026 (UTC) {{end closed}} == Redefining the inactivity policy for administrators and bots == Hi. I would like to propose that we redefine the inactivity policy for administrators (superseding the current procedure), and to create a local inactivity policy for bots. * For administrators that have made zero edits '''''and''''' zero logged actions for over a year, they will be listed under the removal section of [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] (and notified on their user talk pages), where they are given a specific timeframe to respond so that they can retain their access, unless they specify otherwise. If they do not respond after that timeframe, a request will be forwarded to the removal section of [[:m:SRP]]. Should the timeframe last at least one week, two weeks, or one month? * For bots, the process is slightly different. Bots that are inactive (made no edits/logged actions) for over two years will be listed under the removal section of RfP (in the same manner as inactive administrators), but their operators must be notified first, and a week is given for the operators to respond. After the timeframe passes and an operator does not respond to the inactive bot removal request (for example), a request will be forwarded to the removal section of [[:m:SRB]]. Bot users that do not have the bot user group might be exempt, unless the discussion proposes otherwise. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:34, 18 January 2026 (UTC) :Sounds fine to me. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 06:58, 21 January 2026 (UTC) ::Agreed here. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 00:36, 25 January 2026 (UTC) :I have no problem with this. Regarding the timeframe for administrators, one months seems reasonable. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:29, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::I think one month might be excessive IMO, but one week might not be enough for a timeframe, especially given the lack of discussion activity. Let’s compromise by choosing two weeks instead, if that's okay. ::Also, the reason I made this is because the inactivity policy on [[Wikibooks:Administrators]] seems vague. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:15, 24 January 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], what timeframe would be feasible, two weeks, or one month? I'll be ready to implement this today. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:20, 30 January 2026 (UTC) ::::Two weeks should probably be fine unless anyone else has thoughts! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:55, 31 January 2026 (UTC) :::::[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], I am reconsidering the current timeframe. I think we should revise by lowering the timeframe to one week for administrator inactivity removal, similar to how we currently do this for bots. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:17, 10 February 2026 (UTC) ::::::I think we should check to see what other people think here —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:49, 10 February 2026 (UTC) :I'm afraid I don't fully understand the procedure you're proposing for administrators. When someone is listed to be removed on RFP, is there a vote? Or is the poster just waiting for the inactive admin to reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:31, 24 January 2026 (UTC) ::In my new proposal, there will be no votes for removal, but inactive admins will be notified and given a timeframe to respond if they wish to retain their rights, unless they specify otherwise. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:42, 24 January 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Implemented}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:51, 31 January 2026 (UTC) ::Should I reduce the timeframe from two weeks down to one week? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:55, 22 February 2026 (UTC) == Create a "file" that is an Example Book structured to be copied/used to quickly start a new book? == I am new to Wikibooks, if this already exists let me know.... If there was a Wikibook "file" that contained all the templates and "parts" that are used to create a properly structured book, it might be easier and quicker to create and contribute books here. This would have to include text that would explain the purpose of each of the sections and templates and offer advice for making changes that customize the example. One might copy it to their sandbox, follow the directions and make the updates that create the framework for their book. Then the work would be to fill in the text. I suppose the downside is that books would be categorized and shelved that are in progress. Abandoned books would need to be deleted or some template might need to be developed that might indicate that the book is incomplete. This would be removed when the book is ready for prime-time. {{unsigned|Rchaswms01|01:32, 3 February 2026}} == Allow all users (registered and unregistered) to view edit filters and their logs? == Hello, everyone. I would like to propose allowing all users to view not just edit filters and [[Special:AbuseLog|their log]], but also detailed edit filter log entries. In addition to that, I am also proposing that we set <code>$wgAbuseFilterNotifications</code> to <code>true</code> by removing <code>$wgAbuseFilterNotifications = false;</code>. {{collapse top|This proposal aims to reverse a part of [[phab:T26304]] for the AbuseFilter extension:}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> We would like to enable the AbuseFilter extension (see below) with custom permissions. Please *add*: $wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-view'] = false; $wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log'] = false; $wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-view'] = true; $wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log'] = true; </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> I'm sorry for yet another reply, but the user rights for the abuse filter need to be tweaked to match the request. abusefilter-view should be for autoconfirmed/confirmed only and not for all users. abusefilter-log should be for autoconfirmed/confirmed only and not for all users. The logic behind this was to prevent casual vandals from gaming the system. Thank you for your efforts. </syntaxhighlight> {{collapse bottom}} {{collapse top|Current configuration}} <syntaxhighlight lang="php"> case 'enwikibooks': $wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-view'] = false; $wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log'] = false; $wgAbuseFilterNotifications = false; $wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-view'] = true; $wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log'] = true; $wgGroupPermissions['autoconfirmed']['abusefilter-log-detail'] = true; // T383332 $wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['abusefilter-revert'] = true; // T411828 $wgAbuseFilterActions['block'] = true; // T273864 break; </syntaxhighlight> {{collapse bottom}} {{collapse top|Proposed configuration}} <syntaxhighlight lang="php"> case 'enwikibooks': $wgGroupPermissions['*']['abusefilter-log-detail'] = true; $wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['abusefilter-revert'] = true; // T411828 $wgAbuseFilterActions['block'] = true; // T273864 break; </syntaxhighlight> {{collapse bottom}} Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:55, 2 April 2026 (UTC) :See also: {{section link|Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals/2025/January#Reforming the edit filter}}. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:50, 2 April 2026 (UTC) == Introduce speedy deletion criteria? == I would like to propose that we introduce speedy deletion criteria to Wikibooks, such as {{tq|G1: [reason]}}. I suggest that we adapt from the English Wikipedia's CSD criteria ([[:w:Wikipedia:Speedy deletion]]) but utilize our existing deletion reasons, and even include '''G''' for general, '''R''' for redirects, and so on. Speedy deletion reasons are already included in the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy|deletion policy]], but should this proposal pass, the new speedy deletion criteria can be split out to a separate policy page, if needed (e.g. [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]]). Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:39, 7 April 2026 (UTC) :On the whole, that seems like it could be useful to expand out our CSD in a more detailed way. Why don't you go ahead and create [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]] as a draft, write out your initial proposal, and then we can workshop it together? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:33, 10 April 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: How can this proposal avoid accusations of [[m:Instruction creep|instruction creep]]? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:21, 14 April 2026 (UTC) :: How does instruction creep have anything to do with this? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:31, 14 April 2026 (UTC) ::: Well, in that case, we might keep the descriptions simple, not overly detailed. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:30, 17 April 2026 (UTC) ::::In that case, we may need to introduce that motion. – [[User:RestoreAccess111|RestoreAccess111]] <sup style="font-family:Arimo, Arial;">[[User talk:RestoreAccess111|Talk!]]</sup> <sup style="font-family:Times New Roman, Tinos;">[[Special:Contributions/RestoreAccess111|Watch!]]</sup> 04:38, 17 April 2026 (UTC) :We already have speedy deletion though so I don't understand this proposal. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 15:56, 24 April 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] I created a very early draft in [[User:Kingofnuthin/sandbox|my sandbox]] by merging content from [[w:Wikipedia:Speedy deletion]] and [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy]]. I added most of the criteria from English Wikipedia's page but I left some that can't be in Wikibooks (such as notability criteria). As I said, the draft is currently very undetailed and only provides simple explanations for criteria except for a few of them. You can add this draft to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]] to clarify the details of the proposal. I am also open to any feedback regarding the draft. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 16:11, 26 April 2026 (UTC) :: I moved your draft to [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:15, 26 April 2026 (UTC) lnyxd01gutgyq81g87tedqkago8ito7 0 169407 4632637 4378097 2026-04-27T01:43:29Z Bsammon 3089354 linkify "scribunto" 4632637 wikitext text/x-wiki Templates provide a means to repeat the same text on several pages. More advanced templates make use of parameters, and even of control structures as found in programming languages. That said, basic templates are quite easy to create, requiring no knowledge of programming. Templates have their own "Template:" namespace. To create a template called "header", edit the page "Template:header" and place the text to be repeated into that template. To use the template in a page, type "<nowiki>{{header}}</nowiki>". What marks the use of the template are the "{" and "}" characters, also known as curly brackets. To replace the name of the template with its contents directly in the source wikitext before the text is saved, use "<nowiki>{{subst:header}}</nowiki>". ==Parameters== Templates can have unnamed and named parameters. The unnamed parameters are automatically numbered. To use an unnamed parameter inside a template, refer to it using <nowiki>{{{1}}}</nowiki>, <nowiki>{{{2}}}</nowiki>, and the like. Notice the ''three'' curly brackets. To use a named parameter inside a template, refer to it using the same curly brackets and the name, instead of a number, like <nowiki>{{{parameter_name}}}</nowiki>. To pass a parameter to a template when you use it in a mainspace page: <pre> {{header|apple}} {{header|parameter=apple}} </pre> To pass equality sign (=) in the value of an unnamed parameter, you need a workaround: use, for the parameter number one, <nowiki >{{template|1=text=with=equality=sign}}.</nowiki> ==Documentation== Templates that are to be used by many users are worth documenting. One option is to document them on their talk pages. Another is to document them in their main text, and surround the documentation with <nowiki><noinclude></nowiki> tag. A plus side of the second option is that users who want to learn how the template works can see its syntax on the same view as the template if they are experimenting with its code. ==Control structures== Control structures such as ''if'' and ''switch'' are available, if the [[mw:Extension:ParserFunctions|ParserFunctions]] extension of MediaWiki is installed. {| class="wikitable" |+ Overview of control structures ! Keyword ! Syntax ! Note |- | #SWITCH | <pre style="border: none;"> {{#switch: <comparison value> | <value1> = <result1> | <value2> = <result2> | ... | <valuen> = <resultn> | <default result> }} </pre> | |- | #IF | <pre style="border: none;"> {{ #if: <condition string> | <code if true> }} {{ #if: <condition string> | <code if true> | <code if false> }} </pre> | The condition string is considered true if it is non-empty and not consisting only of whitespace. |- | #IFEQ | <pre style="border: none;"> {{ #ifeq: <text 1> | <text 2> | <code if equal> }} {{ #ifeq: <text 1> | <text 2> | <code if equal> | <code if not equal> }} </pre> | |- | #IFEXISTS | <pre style="border: none;"> {{ #ifexist: <page name> | <wikitext if page exists> | <wikitext if page does not exist> }} </pre> |} Further reading: * [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions Help:Extension:ParserFunctions], mediawiki.org ==Transcluding any page== Above, you have learned how to use a template, that is, to let MediaWiki replace the name of the template surrounded by curly brackets with the contents of the template. In similar fashion, you can ''transclude'' any page, not just a template, by writing the following: <pre> {{:Pagename}} </pre> This works for pages in the mainspace. To include any page in any namespace, use: <pre> {{Namespace:Pagename}} </pre> The use of a template is in fact a special case of this use, just that, as you do not specify any namespace, the Template namespace is used as the default one. This does not work with some namespaces, such as the Special and Category namespaces. ==Substitution== The method of using templates described in the preceding sections leads to an ''inclusion'' of templates, meaning that the source text of the page contains the name of the template surrounded by curly bracket, not its content. There is however another use of templates, in which the content of the template is written directly into the wiki page before the page is saved. This use is called ''substitution'' and is achieved as follows: <pre> {{subst:Template}} </pre> In a more advanced use, it may be required that control structures such as #if that are present in the substituted template are substituted too, which would seem to be achieved using <nowiki>{{subst:#if ...}}</nowiki>. However, this would lead to a substitution at the time of saving the template, which is undesirable. A solution: <nowiki>{{<includeonly></includeonly>subst:#if ...}}</nowiki>. ==String operations== String operations such as obtaining a substring or performing a replacement on a string are not part of the standard template functions. However, on a wiki that has [[MW:Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension installed, which enables scripting via Lua, one can create a module for string functions, and templates that make these functions accessible for other templates. This was done in the English Wikipedia: * [[:W:Module:String]] * [[:W:Template:Replace]] Example use: * <nowiki>{{replace|cat on the mat|cat|bat}}</nowiki> --> "bat on the mat" <noinclude> ==Bibliography== * [[Meta:Help:Template]] * [[Meta:Help:Substitution]] * [[Meta:Help:ParserFunctions]] </noinclude> {{BookCat}} 2xbw8511higzox1bd5v1ex2ign5i4wa 0 238420 4632569 4632366 2026-04-26T15:48:14Z Codename Noreste 3441010 /* Health and Medicine */ Format. 4632569 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ [[Image:UVa Rotunda.jpg|thumb|196px|right|The Rotunda at The University of Virginia]] ''Lentis: The Social Interface of Technology'' is a guidebook to the realm where technological phenomena and social phenomena intersect. If we think of technology and society as circular domains that overlap, the common domain they share is a [[w:Lens (geometry)|lens]] in shape. Hence the short title of the book, ''Lentis,'' which is Latin for "of [or about] the lens." If the title (with its association with [[w:Lens|lenses]]) also suggests means of viewing, of examining, of magnifying, and of discovering, so much the better. The lens-shaped realm is called the "social interface of technology." The chief authors of ''Lentis'' are students at the University of Virginia's School of Engineering and Applied Science. The authors are engineers representing diverse fields of engineering. As a wikibook, ''Lentis'' will accept contributions from authors and editors all over the world, but the student authors will take particular responsibility to produce a complete, well documented, well written and useful book. This is a student project. Until December 20, 2024, would-be contributors who are not students in the class are asked to consider editing sparingly, but are invited to comment freely on discussion pages, where their suggestions and advice will be welcomed and appreciated. No one's right to edit is in question. ''Lentis'' is intended to serve a general purpose and a specific purpose. The general purpose is to present to interested readers worldwide illuminating cases with practical lessons for those who navigate the dangerous channels of the social interface of technology. The book begins with the premise that success in technological and social endeavors often depends upon the skillful negotiation of sociotechnical factors, where technological techniques alone, or social techniques alone, are insufficient. A second premise is that case studies offer generalizable lessons that can guide people who work where technology and society overlap. They are, in effect, "true fables" that offer "morals" of practical value in diverse endeavors. More specifically, ''Lentis'' is a book written by and for engineers. Here the premise is that engineers by definition are problem solvers whose instruments may include social as well as technological tools, whose work ultimately serves non-engineers, and who must therefore inevitably venture into the social interface of technology, where these non-engineers dwell. Too often, engineers have had to leave this territory to managers, policymakers, clients and others who lack the technical expertise for success in this zone. If engineers can develop the social expertise they need at the social interface of technology, they can lead there. If "those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it," then those who recover the past can best lead us out of it. In the history of technology countless technological innovations succeeded until they met the social interface, where social phenomena interact with technological phenomena in surprising ways. This book will be a success if it helps engineers anticipate these effects. Most of the chapters in ''Lentis'' are examinations of cases. The authors will attempt to derive practical lessons from these cases; the most valuable lessons will be generalizable. If a lesson is generalizable, it is applicable in cases and situations that may be far removed in time, space or engineering field. A case from American transportation engineering in the 1990s, for example, may have lessons useful to biomedical engineers in 2024. The authors have endeavored to find such lessons in the cases they investigated. Because social theories are also useful navigational aids in the social interface of technology, some chapters examine such theories. The authors have sought not only to explain these theories, but to show how they can be of practical value. == Table of Contents == === '''Preliminaries''' === * [[/Chapters: Active and Candidates/]] === '''Lentis: The Social Interface of Technology''' === ==== Food and Energy ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[Lentis/Public Health, Sugary Drinks, and the US Beverage Lobby|Public Health, Sugary Drinks, and the US Beverage Lobby]] * [[/Biofuels Vs. Food in Developing Countries/]] * [[/Politics of Biofuels/]] * [[/Opposition to GMOs in Europe/]] * [[/Patenting of GM Seeds/]] * [[/Corn, Beef and Feedlots/]] * [[/Dakota Access Pipeline/]] * [[/High-Fructose Corn Syrup/]] * [[/The Organic Foods Movement/]] * [[/Local Food as a Case of Disintermediation/]] * [[/Local Food as a Social Movement/]] * [[/Marketing of Natural Foods/]] * [[/Corn Ethanol in the United States/]] * [[/Popular Perceptions of Nuclear Power/]] * [[/Nuclear Meltdown: Is Nuclear Energy Socially Viable Following the 2011 Japanese Earthquake?/]] * [[/Fracking/]] * [[/Wind Energy/]] * [[/Rare Earth Metals/]] * [[/Carbon Offsets/]] * [[/Clean Coal/]] * [[/Food Waste in the United States/]] * [[/Genetically Modified Food Controversy in the United States/]] *[[/Solar Energy Policy in Germany/]] *[[/Peak Oil/]] *[[/U.S. Arctic Oil Mining/]] *[[/How Energy Companies Rebrand Themselves/]] * [[/Gluten-Free: Nutritional Principle or Social Value/]] *[[/Vegan and Vegetarian Diets: Nutritional and Social Values/]] *[[/Energy from Trash/]] *[[/Life Off the Grid/]] * [[/Soylent/]] * [[/Expansion of Solar Farms in the Rural United States/]] * [[/Urban Farming/]] * [[/Oil Palm Plantations/]] * [[/Golden Rice/]] * [[/Miracle Rice/]] *[[/The Cavendish Banana, Monoculture, and Blight/]] *[[/Atlantic Coast Pipeline/]] * [[/Cooking with Wood Fuel/]] * [[Lentis/Solar Panel Recycling in the United States|Solar Panel Recycling in the United States]] * [[Lentis/Line 3 Pipeline Controversy|Line 3 Pipeline Controversy]] * [[/Data Centers and Energy/]] * [[/Conflicts of Interest in US Nutrition Research/]] </div> ==== Environmental Values and Climate Change ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[Lentis/8 House|8 House]] * [[Lentis/Plastic Bags|Plastic Bags]] * [[Lentis/Water Bottles|Water Bottles]] * [[Lentis/Competition for Water in California|Competition for Water in California]] * [[Lentis/Green Roofing|Green Roofing]] * [[Lentis/Hypoxic Zones|Hypoxic Zones]] * [[Lentis/Unnatural Selection: Explaining Strange Pet Breeds|Unnatural Selection: Explaining Strange Pet Breeds]] * [[Lentis/Masdar City|Masdar City]] * [[Lentis/World Trade as an Invasive Species Vector|World Trade as an Invasive Species Vector]] * [[Lentis/Noise pollution|Noise pollution]] * [[Lentis/Ecovillages|Ecovillages]] * [[Lentis/Climate Change Denial|Climate Change Denial]] * [[Lentis/Lawn Care in America: Intensive Agriculture, No Harvest|Lawn Care in America: Intensive Agriculture, No Harvest]] * [[Lentis/Marine Waste|Marine Waste]] * [[Lentis/Gold, Mercury, and Madre de Dios, Peru|Gold, Mercury, and Madre de Dios, Peru]] * [[Lentis/The Amazon Basin Fires of 2019|The Amazon Basin Fires of 2019]] * [[Lentis/Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles|Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles]] * [[Lentis/BedZED|BedZED]] * [[Lentis/Small Island Countries and Sea Level Rise|Small Island Countries and Sea Level Rise]] * [[Lentis/Light pollution|Light pollution]] * [[Lentis/The 2020 Western Wildfire Season in the U.S.|The 2020 Western Wildfire Season in the U.S.]] * [[Lentis/les Zadistes|les Zadistes]] *[[/Flight Shaming/]] *[[/Ecological Implications of Commercial Marine Fishing/]] *[[/Zero-Plastic Retailing/]] *[[/The PFAS Controversy/]] </div> ==== Health and Medicine ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[AI & Medical Imaging]] * [[Antimicrobial Agents in Consumer Products]] * [[Mental Health as a Pharmacological Growth Market]] * [[/Nicotine Addictions/]] * [[/Thinking Small: Appropriate Technology for Developing Countries/]] * [[/Water Supply, Sanitation, and Public Health in Haiti/]] * [[/Fluoridation/]] * [[/Medicine and Disgust/]] * [[/Popular Hygiene: Perceptions and Practices/]] * [[/Bedside Manner in the High-Tech Hospital/]] * [[/Technology and Quality of Life for the Terminally Ill/]] * [[/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy/]] * [[/Chatbots as Therapists/]] * [[/Placebos/]] * [[/Baby Formula/]] * [[/Sick Building Syndrome/]] * [[/Football and Concussions/]] * [[/The Dietary and Bodybuilding Supplement Industry in the United States /|The Dietary and Bodybuilding Supplement Industry in the United States]] * [[/Obesity and Diets in Economic Classes in the United States/]] * [[/Steroids and Baseball/]] * [[/Nanotechnology and Health/]] * [[/Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder)/]] * [[/Malaria and Mosquito Nets/]] * [[/International Air Travel as a Disease Vector/]] * [[/Social Resistance to Vaccination: Thiomersal and Autism/]] * [[/Religious Opposition to Vaccination/]] * [[/Physician-Assisted Suicide/]] * [[/Power Balance, Magnetic Bracelets and Other Strange Cures/]] * [[/The D.A.R.E. Program/]] * [[/Social Obstacles to Public Health in Developing Countries/]] * [[/Athletes, Superstition, and Performance/]] * [[/Gattaca Revisited/]] * [[/Artificial Wombs/]] * [[/The Weight Loss Industry in the United States/]] * [[/Direct-to-Consumer Personal Genomics/]] * [[/Vaping/]] * [[/Neuroprosthetics/]] * [[/Detoxing as a Social Phenomenon/]] * [[/Antibiotics in India/]] * [[/Public Health: Fear Appeals vs Self-Efficacy and Social Norms Campaigns/]] * [[/Public Health Responds to Physical Inactivity/]] * [[/Mobility and Access for the Disabled/]] * [[/Power Lines and Public Health/]] * [[/The HPV Vaccine/]] * [[/Medication Overload/]] * [[/The 2020 Pandemic Response in Italy/]] * [[/Healthcare in U.S. Prisons/]] * [[/Antimaskers in the U.S. during the 2020 Pandemic/]] * [[/Pain Scales/]] * [[/Augmented Reality in Medicine/]] * [[/COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution/]] * [[/Chloramination of Drinking Water/]] * [[/Manual Water Collection in Developing Countries/]] * [[/The U.S. Pandemic Response: Influenza, 1918-1919/]] * [[/Robotic Pets for Psychosocial Therapeutics/]] * [[/Caffeine Addiction/]] * [[/The Cultural Politics of Obesity Drugs in the US/]] * [[/Pharma’s influence in FDA/]] </div> ==== Mobility and Land Use ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[/Cascadia Earthquake Preparation/]] * [[/Bicyclists in Cities/]] * [[/Drivers’ and Bicyclists’ Perceptions of Each Other/]] * [[/American Automobility and the Car Counter-Culture/]] * [[/Congestion Pricing/]] * [[/Urban Sprawl/]] * [[/Planned Communities/]] * [[/Slugging/]] * [[/Bicycling in the Netherlands/]] * [[/Tata Nano and Mobility in India/]] * [[/How Cars Became Dining Rooms: Drive-Thrus, Cupholders and American Culture/]] * [[/Autonomous Vehicles/]] * [[/The Disappearing American Streetcar/]] * [[/Pedestrians and Walkability in Cities and Suburbs/]] * [[/Real-time Ridesharing/]] * [[/Hitchhiking in the Digital Age /]] * [[/Arcology/]] * [[/Lowriding/]] * [[/California High Speed Rail/]] * [[/Self-Driving Cars/]] * [[/The Future of U.S. Civil Aviation in 1945/]] * [[/Road Rage/]] * [[/The Ogallala Aquifer/]] * [[/Rail in America/]] * [[/The Belt and Road Initiative/]] * [[/Car Dependency in the U.S./]] * [[/Guerrilla Urbanism/]] *[[/The Transformation of Times Square/]] *[[/David Engwicht and Street Reclaiming/]] *[[/Vision Zero/]] *[[/Shared Space and Woonerven/]] *[[/Eyjafjallajökull 2010/]] *[[Lentis/Driving Speed Enforcement|Driving Speed Enforcement]] *[[/E-bikes and Personal Mobility/]] *[[Lentis/Zoning Laws in the United States|Zoning Laws in the United States]] *[[Lentis/Carpooling|Carpooling]] *[[The Politics of Electric Vehicle Subsidies]] *[[Lentis/Freeway Removal Movements in US Cities|Freeway Removal Movements in US Cities]] *[[/New Urbanism/]] </div> ==== Computers and the Internet ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[/AI: More Human Than You Think/]] * [[/Antipiracy/]] * [[/Amazon and the Ecommerce Evolution/]] * [[/Compulsive Connectivity/]] * [[/Screen-Free Child Rearing/]] * [[/Crowdsourcing Higher Education/]] * [[/Cryptocurrency/]] * [[/"Data is the new oil"/]] * [[/Deepfakes/]] * [[/Fake Users/]] * [[/Hacker Culture/]] * [[/Human Flesh Search Engine/]] * [[/Social Engineering/]] * [[/Internet Memes/]] * [[/Internet Subcultures/]] * [[/The Open-Source Movement/]] * [[/Electronic Voting/]] * [[/Online Consumer Reviews/]] * [[/Online Dating Scams/]] * [[/Online Shopping/]] * [[/Online Reputation Management/]] * [[/Online Recruitment by Extremist Groups/]] * [[/Peer-to-Peer Media Sharing/]] * [[/Program and High Frequency Trading/]] * [[/Social Networks/]] * [[/Social Media and the Arab Spring/]] * [[/Social Norms in Virtual Worlds/]] * [[/Software Journalism: When Programs Write the News/]] * [[/Street View/]] * [[/Second Life/]] * [[/User-Generated Content in the Internet Age/]] * [[/password1234: Internet Security and Password Culture/]] * [[/Reddit: Anonymity and Social Norms/]] * [[/Wikipedia/]] * [[/Cyber-Attacks on Cyber-Physical Systems/]] * [[/Cyberterrorism and Cyberwarfare/]] * [[/Mass Collaboration/]] * [[/Net Neutrality/]] * [[/Mass Control of a Single Gamer/]] * [[/Harmonious Society: Internet Censorship in China/]] * [[/Web Induced Risk Taking/]] * [[/Where It Goes: Electronic Waste and Salvage/]] * [[/Working Conditions at Apple Hardware Factories in China/]] * [[/Facebook Cheating/]] * [[/Intellectual Property in the Internet Age/]] * [[/The Social Psychology of YouTube/]] * [[/Learning from a Distance/]] * [[/Communication Technology and Interpersonal Relationships/]] * [[/Identity Theft/]] * [[/Higher Education Online/]] * [[/The Culture of Instagram/]] * [[/New Media and the United States Presidential Election of 2008/]] * [[/Targeted Advertising/]] * [[/Viral Marketing/]] * [[/Web Tracking/]] * [[/Internet Anonymity/]] * [[/The Culture of Snapchat/]] * [[/Snopes, PolitiFact, and Other Fact-Checking Websites/]] * [[/Twitter and other social networks in the Iranian protests of 2009/]] * [[/The Internet Strategy of White Supremacists/]] * [[/Google Translate|Google Translate]] * [[/The Deep Web/]] * [[/Social Media Mining/]] * [[/Internet Witch Hunts/]] * [[/News Echo Chambers/]] * [[/Featuritis/]] * [[/Content Moderation/]] * [[/Virtual Reality/]] * * [[/Social Media Shaming Campaigns/]] * [[Lentis/The Geopolitics of TikTok|The Geopolitics of TikTok]] * [[/AI Music, Creativity, and Intellectual Property/]] </div> ==== Portable Electronics ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[Lentis/Smartphones and Cognitive Offloading|Smartphones and Cognitive Offloading]] * [[Cell Phones and Cancer in Britain]] * [[/Driving while Texting/]] * [[/GPS and Driving/]] * [[/Sociology of Texting/]] * [[/The Text Effect/]] * [[/Norms of Handheld Device Use/]] * [[/Happy Slapping/]] * [[/The Walkman Effect/]] * [[/Electronically Enabled Test Cheating/]] * [[/Cell Phones versus Face-to-Face Interaction/]] * [[/Children and Cell Phones/]] * [[/Amazon, E-readers and the Future of the Publishing Industry/]] * [[/Social Aspects of Cell Phone Cameras/]] * [[/Airline Passengers and Portable Electronics/]] * [[/Pokémon Go/]] * [[/Phone Cinematography/]] * [[/Cell Phones in Developing Countries/]] * [[/Wearable Activity Trackers/]] * [[/Handheld Electronics in South Korean Society/]] * [[/The Looking Glass/]] </div> ==== Entertainment and Media ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[/Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games/]] * [[/Gambling/]] * [[/Game Addictions/]] * [[/The Psychology and Technology of Game Immersion/]] * [[/The Proliferation of Music Production Capability/]] * [[/Grand Theft Auto: Violent Video Games and Controversy/]] * [[/Doom: Violent Video Games and Controversy/]] * [[/Implementation of Technology in Sports: Historical Successes and Failures, and Modern Discussion/]] * [[/Portrayal of Women in Video Games/]] * [[/Children,Video Games and Obesity/]] * [[/Electronic Sports (eSports)/]] * [[/Electronic Music Popular/]] * [[/From Cronkite to Stewart: TV News during and after Network Hegemony/]] * [[/The Impact of Fans on Technological Innovation in the NFL/]] * [[/Gold Farming/]] * [[/Jackass: Media Driven Risk Propagation/]] * [[/Anti-TV Social Movements/]] * [[/Media Format Wars/]] * [[/Microtransactions in Videogames/]] * [[/Moe Anthropomorphism/]] * [[/Hello Kitty: Identity Crisis, Kawaii Culture, and More/]] * [[/Technology and Conventional Norms of Personal Beauty/]] * [[/Dance Dance Revolution/]] * [[/Super Smash Bros./]] * [[/Twitch/]] * [[/Instant Replay in International Soccer/]] * [[/Among Us: Social Behavior in a Virtual World/]] * [[Lentis/TikTok|TikTok]] </div> ==== Security, Official Violence, Freedom, Privacy ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[/JEDI Cloud/]] * [[/Digital Rights Management/]] * [[/Military Industrial Complex/]] * [[/Tasers and Stun Guns/]] * [[/Probation Technology/]] * [[/International Drug Trafficking and Law Enforcement/]] * [[/Air Travel Security/]] * [[/The United States - Mexico Border/]] * [[/Recording Police Activity/]] * [[/Video Surveillance/]] * [[/Shopkeepers and Shoplifters: Technology and the Changing Balance of Power/]] * [[/Cell Phones in Prison/]] * [[/Cell Phone Jamming in the United States/]] * [[/Freedom of Information: WikiLeaks/]] * [[/Playing Games at Work: Employees versus Employers, Surveillance and Stealth/]] * [[/Cyberslacking/]] * [[/Mashups and Remixes: Between Creativity and Theft/]] * [[/Video Surveillance in Great Britain/]] * [[/Technology and Incarceration in the United States/]] * [[/Additive Manufacturing/]] * [[/Law Enforcement Access to Encrypted Data/]] * [[/Amateurs with Drones/]] * [[/Body Cameras/]] * [[/Human Terrain System: Military Meets Cultural Mindfulness/]] * [[/Law Enforcement and Social Media/]] * [[/Cyber-attack Attribution/]] * [[/China’s Social Credit System/]] * [[/Technology in the 2019 Hong Kong Protests/]] * [[/8chan/]] * [[/Lockheed Martin F-35/]] *[[/Capital Punishment in the United States/]] * [[/The Yellow Vests Movement/]] * [[Lentis/The 2018 U.S. Prison Strike|The 2018 U.S. Prison Strike]] * [[Lentis/Office Productivity in the Changing Workplace|Office Productivity in the Changing Workplace]] * [[Lentis/The Geopolitics of Asymmetric War: The Case of Ukraine|The Geopolitics of Asymmetric War: The Case of Ukraine]] </div> ==== Systemic Racism in the U.S. ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[/Gentrification/]] * [[/Predictive Policing/]] *[[The Prison-Industrial Complex]] *[[/The War on Drugs/]] *[[Lentis/Algorithmic Bias|Algorithmic Bias]] *[[Lentis/The School to Prison Pipeline|The School to Prison Pipeline]] *[[Lentis/TheHBCURenaissance|The HBCU Renaissance]] </div> ==== Technology and Gender ==== * [[Lentis/Algorithmic_bias_by_gender|Algorithmic Bias by Gender]] ==== History of Technology ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[The Decline of Public Transport in the U.S., 1945-1975]] * [[/The Pill, the Vatican, and American Catholics/]] * [[/Education and the Space Race in the United States/]] * [[/Technology, Organized Crime, and Law Enforcement in the early 20th-Century United States/]] * [[/Disease Prevention in the First World War/]] * [[/Atomic Age Optimism: 1930s - 1960s/]] * [[/Abortion in America as a Sociotechnical Controversy/]] * [[/Phreaking/]] * [[/Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, and the Development of Environmental Values, 1950-1970/]] *[[/The Legacy of the Donora Smog of 1946/]] *[[/COINTELPRO: The FBI, Civil Rights, and Domestic Surveillance/]] </div> ==== Sociotechnical Theories and Movements ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[Lentis/Protection Motivation Theory|Protection Motivation Theory]] * [[/The Singularity/]] * [[/Conversion to the Metric Standard in the United States/]] * [[/Disintermediation/]] * [[/Jevons Paradox/]] * [[/Path Dependence/]] * [[/Neoluddism and Technophilia/]] * [[/Emergent Behavior/]] * [[/Free Range Kids/|Free Range Kids: Children's Independent Mobility]] * [[/User Trust/]] * [[/The Panopticon/]] * [[/Planned Obsolescence/]] * [[/Fake News/]] *[[/Iron Triangles in the U.S. Federal Government/]] *[[/Risk Compensation/]] </div> {{BookCat}} {{Shelves|general engineering|Class projects}} {{alphabetical|L}} {{status|100%}} jbf6kav4vttleajtl9a0htnvckz5pqp 0 248874 4632693 4620534 2026-04-27T09:45:50Z Д.Ильин 688474 4632693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nav}}Proteins were first described by the Dutch chemist Gerhardus Johannes Mulder and named by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jakob Berzelius in 1838. Early nutritional scientists such as the German Carl von Voit believed that protein was the most important nutrient for maintaining the structure of the body, because it was generally believed that "flesh makes flesh." The amino acids in a polypeptide chain are linked by peptide bonds. Once linked in the protein chain, an individual amino acid is called a residue, and the linked series of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms are known as the main chain or protein backbone. The peptide bond has two resonance forms that contribute some double-bond character and inhibit rotation around its axis, so that the alpha carbons are roughly coplanar. The other two dihedral angles in the peptide bond determine the local shape assumed by the protein backbone. The end of the protein with a free carboxyl group is known as the C-terminus or carboxy terminus, whereas the end with a free amino group is known as the N-terminus or amino terminus. The words protein, polypeptide, and peptide are a little ambiguous and can overlap in meaning. Protein is generally used to refer to the complete biological molecule in a stable conformation, whereas peptide is generally reserved for a short amino acid oligomers often lacking a stable three-dimensional structure. However, the boundary between the two is not well defined and usually lies near 20–30 residues. Polypeptide can refer to any single linear chain of amino acids, usually regardless of length, but often implies an absence of a defined Arginineconformation.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protein&oldid=425576197</ref> [[Image:Cytochrome C Oxidase 1OCC in Membrane 2.png|thumb|500px|The crystal structure of bovine cytochrome ''c'' oxidase in a phospholipid bilayer. The intermembrane space lies to top of the image. PDB [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=1OCC 1OCC] ]] ==Amino acids== [[Image:amino-CORN.svg|thumb|right|250px|CO-R-N rule]] There are '''22 standard''' amino acids, but only''' 21 are found in eukaryotes'''. Of the 22, 20 are directly encoded by the universal genetic code. Humans can synthesize 11 of these 20 from each other or from other molecules of intermediary metabolism. The other 9 must be consumed in the diet, and so are called essential amino acids; those are ''histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.'' The remaining two, '''selenocysteine''' and '''pyrrolysine''', are incorporated into proteins by unique synthetic mechanisms. Each α-amino acid consists of a backbone part that is present in all the amino acid types, and a side chain that is unique to each type of residue. An exception from this rule is proline, where the hydrogen atom is replaced by a bond to the side chain. Because the carbon atom is bound to four different groups it is chiral, however only one of the isomers occur in biological proteins. Glycine however, is not chiral since its side chain is a hydrogen atom. A simple mnemonic for correct L-form is "CORN": when the Cα atom is viewed with the H in front, the residues read '''"CO-R-N"''' in a clockwise direction.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proteinogenic_amino_acid&oldid=420804587</ref> '''Isomerism''' The standard '''α-amino acids''', all but glycine can exist in either of two optical isomers, called''' L or D amino acids''', which are mirror images of each other . While L-amino acids represent all of the amino acids found in proteins during translation in the ribosome, D-amino acids are found in some proteins produced by enzyme posttranslational modifications after translation and translocation to the endoplasmic reticulum, as in exotic sea-dwelling organisms such as cone snails. They are also abundant components of the peptidoglycan cell walls of bacteria, and '''D-serine may act as a neurotransmitter in the brain'''. The L and D convention for amino acid configuration refers not to the optical activity of the amino acid itself, but rather to the optical activity of the isomer of glyceraldehyde from which that amino acid can theoretically be synthesized (D-glyceraldehyde is dextrorotary; L-glyceraldehyde is levorotary). Alternatively, the (S) and (R) designators are used to indicate the absolute stereochemistry. Almost all of the amino acids in proteins are (S) at the α carbon, with cysteine being (R) and glycine non-chiral.Cysteine is unusual since it has a sulfur atom at the second position in its side-chain, which has a larger atomic mass than the groups attached to the first carbon which is attached to the α-carbon in the other standard amino acids, thus the (R) instead of (S).<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amino_acid&oldid=425389108</ref> '''Zwitterions''' The amine and carboxylic acid functional groups found in amino acids allow it to have amphiprotic properties. At a certain pH, known as the '''isoelectric point''', an amino acid has no overall charge since the number of protonated ammonia groups (positive charges) and deprotonated carboxylate groups (negative charges) are equal. The amino acids all have different '''isoelectric points'''. The ions produced at the isoelectric point have both positive and negative charges and are known as a zwitterion, which comes from the German word Zwitter meaning "hermaphrodite" or "hybrid". Amino acids can exist as '''zwitterions in solids and in polar solutions such as water''', but '''not in the gas''' phase. Zwitterions have minimal solubility at their isolectric point and an amino acid can be isolated by precipitating it from water by adjusting the pH to its particular isoelectric point.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amino_acid&oldid=425389108</ref> The 20 naturally occurring amino acids have different physical and chemical properties, including their electrostatic charge, pKa, hydrophobicity, size and specific functional groups. These properties play a major role in molding protein structure. The salient features of amino acids are described below in the table. {| class="wikitable" |- align="center" ! Amino Acid ! colspan="2" | Abbrev. ! Remarks |- ! Alanine[[Image:L-alanine-3D-balls.png|thumb|170px]] | A | Ala | Very abundant, very versatile. More stiff than glycine, but small enough to pose only small steric limits for the protein conformation. It behaves fairly neutrally, and can be located in both hydrophilic regions on the protein outside and the hydrophobic areas inside. |- ! Asparagine or aspartic acid | B | Asx | A placeholder when either amino acid may occupy a position. |- ! Cysteine[[Image:L-cysteine-3D-balls2.png|thumb|170px]] | C | Cys | The sulfur atom bonds readily to heavy metal ions. Under oxidizing conditions, two cysteines can join together in a disulfide bond to form the amino acid cystine. When cystines are part of a protein, insulin for example, the tertiary structure is stabilized, which makes the protein more resistant to denaturation; therefore, disulfide bonds are common in proteins that have to function in harsh environments including digestive enzymes (e.g., pepsin and chymotrypsin) and structural proteins (e.g., keratin). Disulfides are also found in peptides too small to hold a stable shape on their own (e.g. insulin). |- ! Aspartic acid[[Image:L-aspartic-acid-3D-balls.png|thumb|170px]] | D | Asp | Behaves similarly to glutamic acid. Carries a hydrophilic acidic group with strong negative charge. Usually is located on the outer surface of the protein, making it water-soluble. Binds to positively-charged molecules and ions, often used in enzymes to fix the metal ion. When located inside of the protein, aspartate and glutamate are usually paired with arginine and lysine. |- ! Glutamic acid[[Image:L-glutamic-acid-3D-sticks2.png|thumb|170px]] | E | Glu | Behaves similar to aspartic acid. Has longer, slightly more flexible side chain. |- ! Phenylalanine[[ Image: L-phenylalanine-3D-balls.png|thumb|170px]] | F | Phe | Essential for humans. Phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan contain large rigid aromatic group on the side-chain. These are the biggest amino acids. Like isoleucine, leucine and valine, these are hydrophobic and tend to orient towards the interior of the folded protein molecule. Phenylalanine can be converted into Tyrosine. |- ! Glycine[[Image:Glycine-3D-balls.png|thumb|170px]] | G | Gly | Because of the two hydrogen atoms at the α carbon, glycine is not optically active. It is the smallest amino acid, rotates easily, adds flexibility to the protein chain. It is able to fit into the tightest spaces, e.g., the triple helix of collagen. As too much flexibility is usually not desired, as a structural component it is less common than alanine. |- ! Histidine[[Image:L-histidine-zwitterion-from-xtal-1993-3D-balls-B.png|thumb|170px]] | H | His | In even slightly acidic conditions protonation of the nitrogen occurs, changing the properties of histidine and the polypeptide as a whole. It is used by many proteins as a regulatory mechanism, changing the conformation and behavior of the polypeptide in acidic regions such as the late endosome or lysosome, enforcing conformation change in enzymes. However only a few histidines are needed for this, so it is comparatively scarce. |- ! Isoleucine[[Image:L-isoleucine-3D-balls.png|thumb|170px]] | I | Ile | Essential for humans. Isoleucine, leucine and valine have large aliphatic hydrophobic side chains. Their molecules are rigid, and their mutual hydrophobic interactions are important for the correct folding of proteins, as these chains tend to be located inside of the protein molecule. |- ! Leucine or isoleucine | J | Xle | A placeholder when either amino acid may occupy a position |- ! Lysine[[Image:L-lysine-zwitterion-from-hydrochloride-dihydrate-xtal-3D-balls.png|thumb|170px]] | K | Lys | Essential for humans. Behaves similarly to arginine. Contains a long flexible side-chain with a positively-charged end. The flexibility of the chain makes lysine and arginine suitable for binding to molecules with many negative charges on their surfaces. E.g., [[deoxyribonucleic acid|DNA]]-binding proteins have their active regions rich with arginine and lysine. The strong charge makes these two amino acids prone to be located on the outer hydrophilic surfaces of the proteins; when they are found inside, they are usually paired with a corresponding negatively-charged amino acid, e.g., aspartate or glutamate. |- ! Leucine[[Image:L-leucine-3D-balls.png|thumb|170px]] | L | Leu | Essential for humans. Behaves similar to isoleucine and valine. See isoleucine. |- ! Methionine[[Image: L-methionine-B-3D-balls.png|thumb|170px]] | M | Met | Essential for humans. Always the first amino acid to be incorporated into a protein; sometimes removed after translation. Like cysteine, contains sulfur, but with a methyl group instead of hydrogen. This methyl group can be activated, and is used in many reactions where a new carbon atom is being added to another molecule. |- ! Asparagine[[Image: L-asparagine-3D-balls.png|thumb|170px]] | N | Asn | Similar to aspartic acid. Asn contains an [[amide]] group where Asp has a [[carboxyl]]. |- ! Pyrrolysine | O | Pyl | Similar to lysine, with a pyrroline ring attached. |- ! Proline[[Image: L-proline-3D-balls.png|thumb|170px]] | P | Pro | Contains an unusual ring to the N-end amine group, which forces the CO-NH amide sequence into a fixed conformation. Can disrupt protein folding structures like [[alpha helix|α helix]] or [[beta sheet|β sheet]], forcing the desired kink in the protein chain. Common in [[collagen]], where it often undergoes a posttranslational modification to hydroxyproline. |- ! Glutamine[[Image:L-glutamine-3D-sticks.png|thumb|170px]] | Q | Gln | Similar to glutamic acid. Gln contains an [[amide]] group where Glu has a carboxyl. Used in proteins and as a storage for ammonia. The most abundant Amino Acid in the body. |- ! Arginine[[ Image: L-arginine-3D-hztl.png|thumb|170px]] | R | Arg | Functionally similar to lysine. |- ! Serine[[Image:L-serine-3D-balls.png|thumb|170px]] | S | Ser | Serine and threonine have a short group ended with a [[hydroxyl]] group. Its hydrogen is easy to remove, so serine and threonine often act as hydrogen donors in enzymes. Both are very hydrophilic, therefore the outer regions of soluble proteins tend to be rich with them. |- ! Threonine[[Image: L-Threonine-3D-balls.png|thumb|170px]] | T | Thr | Essential for humans. Behaves similarly to serine. |- ! Selenocysteine | U | Sec | [[Selenium|Selenated]] form of cysteine, which replaces [[sulfur]]. |- ! Valine[[Image:L-valine-3D-balls.png|thumb|170px]] | V | Val | Essential for humans. Behaves similarly to isoleucine and leucine. See isoleucine. |- ! Tryptophan[[Image: L-tryptophan-3D-balls.png|thumb|170px]] | W | Trp | Essential for humans. Behaves similarly to phenylalanine and tyrosine (see phenylalanine). Precursor of [[serotonin]]. Naturally [[fluorescent]]. |- ! Unknown | X | Xaa | Placeholder when the amino acid is unknown or unimportant. |- ! Tyrosine[[Image: L-tyrosine-3D-sticks.png|thumb|170px]] | Y | Tyr | Behaves similarly to phenylalanine (precursor to Tyrosine) and tryptophan (see phenylalanine). Precursor of [[melanin]], [[epinephrine]], and [[thyroid hormone]]s. Naturally [[fluorescent]], although fluorescence is usually quenched by energy transfer to tryptophans. |- ! Glutamic acid or glutamine | Z | Glx | A placeholder when either amino acid may occupy a position. |} <gallery> image:L-alanine-skeletal.png|[[Alanine|<small>L</small>-Alanine]]<br>(Ala&nbsp;/&nbsp;A) image:L-arginine-skeletal-(tall).png|[[Arginine|<small>L</small>-Arginine]]<br>(Arg&nbsp;/&nbsp;R) image:L-asparagine-skeletal.png|[[Asparagine|<small>L</small>-Asparagine]]<br>(Asn&nbsp;/&nbsp;N) image:L-aspartic-acid-skeletal.png|[[Aspartic acid|<small>L</small>-Aspartic acid]]<br>(Asp&nbsp;/&nbsp;D) image:L-cysteine-skeletal.png|[[Cysteine|<small>L</small>-Cysteine]]<br>(Cys&nbsp;/&nbsp;C) image:Kwas glutaminowy.svg|[[Glutamic acid|<small>L</small>-Glutamic acid]]<br>(Glu&nbsp;/&nbsp;E) image:L-glutamine-skeletal.png|[[Glutamine|<small>L</small>-Glutamine]]<br>(Gln&nbsp;/&nbsp;Q) image:Glycine-skeletal.png|Glycine<br>(Gly&nbsp;/&nbsp;G) image:L-histidine-skeletal.png|[[Histidine|<small>L</small>-Histidine]]<br>(His&nbsp;/&nbsp;H) image:L-isoleucine-skeletal.svg|[[Isoleucine|<small>L</small>-Isoleucine]]<br>(Ile&nbsp;/&nbsp;I) image:L-leucine-skeletal.svg|[[Leucine|<small>L</small>-Leucine]]<br>(Leu&nbsp;/&nbsp;L) image:L-lysine-skeletal.svg|[[Lysine|<small>L</small>-Lysine]]<br>(Lys&nbsp;/&nbsp;K) image:L-methionine-skeletal.png|[[Methionine|<small>L</small>-Methionine]]<br>(Met&nbsp;/&nbsp;M) image:L-phenylalanine-skeletal.png|[[Phenylalanine|<small>L</small>-Phenylalanine]]<br>(Phe&nbsp;/&nbsp;F) image:Amminoacido prolina formula.svg|[[Proline|<small>L</small>-Proline]]<br>(Pro&nbsp;/&nbsp;P) image:L-serine-skeletal.svg|[[Serine|<small>L</small>-Serine]]<br>(Ser&nbsp;/&nbsp;S) image:L-threonine-skeletal.png|[[Threonine|<small>L</small>-Threonine]]<br>(Thr&nbsp;/&nbsp;T) image:L-tryptophan-skeletal.png|[[Tryptophan|<small>L</small>-Tryptophan]]<br>(Trp&nbsp;/&nbsp;W) image:L-tyrosine-skeletal.png|[[Tyrosine|<small>L</small>-Tyrosine]]<br>(Tyr&nbsp;/&nbsp;Y) image:L-valine-skeletal.png|[[Valine|<small>L</small>-Valine]]<br>(Val&nbsp;/&nbsp;V) image:L-selenocysteine-2D-skeletal.png|[[Selenocysteine|<small>L</small>-Selenocysteine]]<br>(Sec&nbsp;/&nbsp;U) image:Pyrrolysine.svg|[[Pyrrolysine|<small>L</small>-Pyrrolysine]]<br>(Pyl&nbsp;/&nbsp;O) </gallery> ===Classification of aminoacids=== The 20 amino acids encoded directly by the genetic code can be divided into several groups based on their properties. Important factors are charge, hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity, size and functional groups.Amino acids are usually classified by the properties of their side chain into four groups. The side chain can make an amino acid a weak acid or a weak base, and a hydrophile if the side chain is polar or a hydrophobe if it is nonpolar. [[Image:a-amino-acid.png|thumb|150px|An α-amino acid. The C_αH atom is omitted in the diagram.]] Protein amino acids are combined into a single [[polypeptide chain]] in a [[condensation reaction]]. This reaction is [[catalysis|catalysed]] by the [[ribosome]] in a process known as [[peptide biosynthesis|translation]]. {| class="wikitable" ! Essential ! Nonessential |- | [[Isoleucine]] | [[Alanine]] |- | [[Leucine]] | Asparagine |- | [[Lysine]] | [[Aspartic Acid]] |- | [[Methionine]] | [[Cysteine]]* |- | [[Phenylalanine]] | [[Glutamic Acid]] |- | [[Threonine]] | [[Glutamine]]* |- | [[Tryptophan]] | Glycine* |- | [[Valine]] | [[Proline]]* |- | | [[Selenocysteine]]* |- | | [[Serine]]* |- | | [[Tyrosine]]* |- | | Arginine* |- | | [[Histidine]]* |- | | [[Ornithine]]* |- | | [[Taurine]]* |} '''Polar and non polar amino acids and their single and three letter code''' {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Amino Acid ! Three Letter code ! Single Letter code ! Side chain polarity ! Side chain charge (pH 7.4) ! Hydropathy index ! [[Absorbance]] λ_max(nm) ! ε at λ_max (x10⁻³ M⁻¹ cm⁻¹) |- align="center" | [[Alanine]] | Ala | A | nonpolar | neutral | 1.8 | | |- align="center" | Arginine | Arg | R | polar | positive | −4.5 | | |- align="center" | Asparagine | Asn | N | polar | neutral | −3.5 | | |- align="center" | [[Aspartic acid]] | Asp | D | polar | negative | −3.5 | | |- align="center" | [[Cysteine]] | Cys | C | nonpolar | neutral | 2.5 | 250 | 0.3 |- align="center" | [[Glutamic acid]] | Glu | E | polar | negative | −3.5 | | |- align="center" | [[Glutamine]] | Gln | Q | polar | neutral | −3.5 | | |- align="center" | Glycine | Gly | G | nonpolar | neutral | −0.4 | | |- align="center" | [[Histidine]] | His | H | polar | positive(10%) neutral(90%) | −3.2 | 211 | 5.9 |- align="center" | [[Isoleucine]] | Ile | I | nonpolar | neutral | 4.5 | | |- align="center" | [[Leucine]] | Leu | L | nonpolar | neutral | 3.8 | | |- align="center" | [[Lysine]] | Lys | K | polar | positive | −3.9 | | |- align="center" | [[Methionine]] | Met | M | nonpolar | neutral | 1.9 | | |- align="center" | [[Phenylalanine]] | Phe | F | nonpolar | neutral | 2.8 | 257, 206, 188 | 0.2, 9.3, 60.0 |- align="center" | [[Proline]] | Pro | P | nonpolar | neutral | −1.6 | | |- align="center" | [[Serine]] | Ser | S | polar | neutral | −0.8 | | |- align="center" | [[Threonine]] | Thr | T | polar | neutral | −0.7 | | |- align="center" | [[Tryptophan]] | Trp | W | nonpolar | neutral | −0.9 | 280, 219 | 5.6, 47.0 |- align="center" | [[Tyrosine]] | Tyr | Y | polar | neutral | −1.3 | 274, 222, 193 | 1.4, 8.0, 48.0 |- align="center" | [[Valine]] | Val | V | nonpolar | neutral | 4.2 | | |} Additionally, there are two additional amino acids which are incorporated by overriding stop codons: {| class="wikitable" ! 21st and 22nd amino acids ! 3-Letter ! 1-Letter |- align="center" | [[Selenocysteine]] | Sec | U |- align="center" | [[Pyrrolysine]] | Pyl | O |} In addition to the specific amino acid codes, placeholders are used in cases where [[Protein sequencing|chemical]] or [[X-ray crystallography|crystallographic]] analysis of a peptide or protein can not conclusively determine the identity of a residue. {| class="wikitable" ! Ambiguous Amino Acids ! 3-Letter ! 1-Letter |- align="center" | Asparagine or aspartic acid | Asx | B |- align="center" | Glutamine or glutamic acid | Glx | Z |- align="center" | Leucine or Isoleucine | Xle | J |- align="center" | Unspecified or unknown amino acid | Xaa | X |} '''Unk''' is sometimes used instead of '''Xaa''', but is less standard. Additionally, many non-standard amino acids have a specific code. For example, several peptide drugs, such as [[Bortezomib]] or [[MG132]] are [[peptide synthesis|artificially synthesized]] and retain their [[protecting group]]s, which have specific codes. Bortezomib is [[pyrazinoic acid|Pyz]]-Phe-boroLeu and MG132 is [[Carboxybenzyl|Z]]-Leu-Leu-Leu-al. Additionally, To aid in the analysis of protein structure, [[Photo-reactive amino acid analog|photocrosslinking amino acid analogues]] are available. These include photoleucine ('''pLeu''') and photomethionine ('''pMet''').<ref>Photo-leucine and photo-methionine allow identification of protein-protein interactions in living cells.Nature Methods:4,261–7,2005</ref> ==Peptide bond== [[Image:Peptidformationball.svg|thumbnail|right|400px|The condensation of two amino acids to form a [[peptide bond]]|alt=Two amino acids are shown next to each other. One loses a hydrogen and oxygen from its carboxyl group (COOH) and the other loses a hydrogen from its amino group (NH2). This reaction produces a molecule of water (H2O) and two amino acids joined by a peptide bond (-CO-NH-). The two joined amino acids are called a dipeptide.]] A peptide bond (amide bond) is a covalent chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, thereby releasing a molecule of water (H2O). This is a dehydration synthesis reaction (also known as a condensation reaction), and usually occurs between amino acids. The resulting C(O)NH bond is called a peptide bond, and the resulting molecule is an amide. The four-atom functional group -C(=O)NH- is called a peptide link. Polypeptides and proteins are chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds, as is the backbone of PNA. A peptide bond can be broken by amide hydrolysis (the adding of water). The peptide bonds in proteins are metastable, meaning that in the presence of water they will break spontaneously, releasing 2-4 kcal/mol of free energy, but this process is extremely slow. In living organisms, the process is facilitated by enzymes. Living organisms also employ enzymes to form peptide bonds; this process requires free energy. The wavelength of absorbance for a peptide bond is 190-230&nbsp;nm. The peptide bond tend to be planar due to the delocalization of the electrons from the double bond. The rigid peptide dihedral angle, ω (the bond between C1 and N) is always close to 180 degrees. The dihedral angles phi φ (the bond between N and Cα) and psi ψ (the bond between Cα and C1) can have a certain range of possible values. These angles are the internal degrees of freedom of a protein, they control the protein's conformation. They are restrained by geometry to allowed ranges typical for particular secondary structure elements, and represented in a Ramachandran plot. A few important bond lengths are given in the table below.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peptide_bond&oldid=417601014</ref> <div align="left"> {| border="2" style="border-collapse: collapse;" |- | Peptide bond | Average length | Single bond | Average length | Hydrogen bond | Average (±30) |- | C<span style="font-family:'Symbol'">a -</span> C | 153 pm | C - C | 154 pm | O-H --- O-H | 280 pm |- | C - N | 133 pm | C - N | 148 pm | N-H --- O=C | 290 pm |- | N - C<span style="font-family:'Symbol'">a</span> | 146 pm | C - O | 143 pm | O-H --- O=C | 280 pm |} </div> ===β-peptides === In α amino acids (molecule at left), both the [[carboxylic acid]] group (red) and the [[amino]] group (blue) are bonded to the same carbon center, termed the α carbon (<math>\mathrm{C}^{\alpha}</math>) because it is one atom away from the carboxylate group. In β amino acids, the amino group is bonded to the β carbon (<math>\mathrm{C}^{\beta}</math>), which is found in most of the 20 standard amino acids. Only Glycine lacks a β carbon, which means that β-glycine is not possible. The chemical synthesis of β amino acids can be challenging, especially given the diversity of [[functional group]]s bonded to the β carbon and the necessity of maintaining [[Chirality (chemistry)|chirality]]. In the [[alanine]] molecule shown, the β carbon is achiral; however, most larger amino acids have a chiral <math>\mathrm{C}^{\beta}</math> atom. A number of synthesis mechanisms have been introduced to efficiently form β amino acids and their derivatives<ref>{{cite journal |author=Basler B, Schuster O, Bach T |title=Conformationally constrained β-amino acid derivatives by intramolecular [2 + 2]-photocycloaddition of a tetronic acid amide and subsequent lactone ring opening |journal=J. Org. Chem. |volume=70 |issue=24 |pages=9798–808 |year=2005 |month=November |pmid=16292808 |doi=10.1021/jo0515226}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Murray JK, Farooqi B, Sadowsky JD, ''et al.'' |title=Efficient synthesis of a β-peptide combinatorial library with microwave irradiation |journal=J. Am. Chem. Soc. |volume=127 |issue=38 |pages=13271–80 |year=2005 |month=September |pmid=16173757 |doi=10.1021/ja052733v }}</ref> notably those based on the [[Arndt-Eistert synthesis]]. Two main types of β-peptides exist: those with the organic residue (R) next to the amine are called β³-peptides and those with position next to the carbonyl group are called β²-peptides.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Seebach D, Matthews JL |title=β-Peptides: a surprise at every turn |journal=[[Chem. Commun.]] |volume= |issue=21 |pages=2015–22 |year=1997 |doi=10.1039/a704933a }}</ref> ==Enzymes== Enzymes are generally globular proteins and range from just 62 amino acid residues in size, for the monomer of 4-oxalocrotonate tautomerase, to over 2,500 residues in the animal fatty acid synthase. A small number of RNA-based biological catalysts exist, with the most common being the ribosome; these are referred to as either RNA-enzymes or ribozymes. The activities of enzymes are determined by their three-dimensional structure. However, although structure does determine function, predicting a novel enzyme's activity just from its structure is a very difficult problem that has not yet been solved. Most enzymes are much larger than the substrates they act on, and only a small portion of the enzyme (around 3–4 amino acids) is directly involved in catalysis. The region that contains these catalytic residues, binds the substrate, and then carries out the reaction is known as the active site. Enzymes can also contain sites that bind cofactors, which are needed for catalysis. Some enzymes also have binding sites for small molecules, which are often direct or indirect products or substrates of the reaction catalyzed. This binding can serve to increase or decrease the enzyme's activity, providing a means for feedback regulation. Like all proteins, enzymes are long, linear chains of amino acids that fold to produce a three-dimensional product. Each unique amino acid sequence produces a specific structure, which has unique properties. Individual protein chains may sometimes group together to form a protein complex. Most enzymes can be denatured—that is, unfolded and inactivated—by heating or chemical denaturants, which disrupt the three-dimensional structure of the protein. Depending on the enzyme, denaturation may be reversible or irreversible. Structures of enzymes in complex with substrates or substrate analogs during a reaction may be obtained using Time resolved crystallography methods.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enzyme&oldid=424282616</ref> ===Classification of enzymes=== An enzyme's name is often derived from its substrate or the chemical reaction it catalyzes, with the word ending in -ase. Examples are lactase, alcohol dehydrogenase and DNA polymerase. This may result in different enzymes, called isozymes, with the same function having the same basic name. Isoenzymes have a different amino acid sequence and might be distinguished by their optimal pH, kinetic properties or immunologically. Isoenzyme and isozyme are homologous proteins. Furthermore, the normal physiological reaction an enzyme catalyzes may not be the same as under artificial conditions. This can result in the same enzyme being identified with two different names. E.g. Glucose isomerase, used industrially to convert glucose into the sweetener fructose, is a xylose isomerase in vivo. The '''International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology''' have developed a nomenclature for enzymes, the EC numbers. The '''Enzyme Commission number (EC number)''' is a numerical classification scheme for enzymes, based on the chemical reactions they catalyze. As a system of enzyme nomenclature, every EC number is associated with a recommended name for the respective enzyme. Each enzyme is described by a sequence of four numbers preceded by "EC". The first number broadly classifies the enzyme based on its mechanism. Strictly speaking, EC numbers do not specify enzymes, but enzyme-catalyzed reactions. If different enzymes (for instance from different organisms) catalyze the same reaction, then they receive the same EC number. By contrast, UniProt identifiers uniquely specify a protein by its amino acid sequence.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enzyme&oldid=424282616</ref> EC 1 Oxidoreductases: catalyze oxidation/reduction reactions EC 2 Transferases: transfer a functional group (e.g. a methyl or phosphate group) EC 3 Hydrolases: catalyze the hydrolysis of various bonds EC 4 Lyases: cleave various bonds by means other than hydrolysis and oxidation EC 5 Isomerases: catalyze isomerization changes within a single molecule EC 6 Ligases: join two molecules with covalent bonds. {| class="wikitable" |+ Top-level EC numbers<ref>{{cite web | last = Moss | first = G.P. | title = Recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee | publisher = International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology on the Nomenclature and Classification of Enzymes by the Reactions they Catalyse | url = http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/ | accessdate = 2006-03-14}}</ref> |- ! Group ! Reaction catalyzed ! Typical reaction ! Enzyme example(s) with trivial name |- ! |[[List of EC numbers (EC 1)|EC 1]]<br />''[[Oxidoreductase]]s'' | To catalyze oxidation/reduction reactions; transfer of H and O atoms or electrons from one substance to another | AH + B → A + BH (<small>'''reduced'''</small>)<br /> A + O → AO (<small>'''oxidized'''</small>) | [[Dehydrogenase]], [[oxidase]] |- ! [[List of EC numbers (EC 2)|EC 2]]<br />''[[Transferase]]s'' | Transfer of a [[functional group]] from one substance to another. The group may be methyl-, acyl-, amino- or phosphate group | AB + C → A + BC | [[Transaminase]], [[kinase]] |- ! [[List of EC numbers (EC 3)|EC 3]]<br />''Hydrolases'' | Formation of two products from a substrate by hydrolysis | AB + H₂O → AOH + BH | [[Lipase]], [[amylase]], [[peptidase]] |- ! [[List of EC numbers (EC 4)|EC 4]]<br />''[[Lyase]]s'' | Non-hydrolytic addition or removal of groups from substrates. C-C, C-N, C-O or C-S bonds may be cleaved | RCOCOOH → RCOH + CO₂ or [x-A-B-Y] → [A=B + X-Y] | [[Decarboxylase]] |- ! [[List of EC numbers (EC 5)|EC 5]]<br />''[[Isomerase]]s'' | Intramolecule rearrangement, i.e. isomerization changes within a single molecule | AB → BA</td> | [[Isomerase]], [[mutase]] |- ! [[List of EC numbers (EC 6)|EC 6]]<br />''[[Ligase]]s'' | Join together two molecules by synthesis of new C-O, C-S, C-N or C-C [[covalent bond|bonds]] with simultaneous breakdown of [[Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]] | X + Y+ ATP → XY + ADP + Pi | [[Synthetase]] |} ===Oxidoreductase=== In molecular biology and biochemistry, an oxidoreductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from one molecule (the reductant, also called the hydrogen or electron donor) to another (the oxidant, also called the hydrogen or electron acceptor). This group of enzymes usually utilizes NADP or NAD as cofactors. In general, polypeptides are unbranched polymers, so their primary structure can often be specified by the sequence of amino acids along their backbone. However, proteins can become cross-linked, most commonly by disulfide bonds, and the primary structure also requires specifying the cross-linking atoms, e.g., specifying the cysteines involved in the protein's disulfide bonds. Other crosslinks include desmosine... The chiral centers of a polypeptide chain can undergo racemization. In particular, the L-amino acids normally found in proteins can spontaneously isomerize at the Cα atom to form D-amino acids, which cannot be cleaved by most proteases.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enzyme&oldid=424282616</ref> ==Structure of protein== [[Image:Ramaplot.png|thumb|250px|A Ramachandran plot generated from the protein [[PCNA]], a human [[DNA clamp]] protein that is composed of both [[beta sheet]]s and [[alpha helix|alpha helices]] ([[Protein Data Bank|PDB]] ID 1AXC). Points that lie on the axes indicate [[N-terminus|N-]] and [[C-terminus|C-terminal]] residues for each subunit. The green regions show possible angle formations that include [[glycine]], while the blue areas are for formations that don't include glycine.]] ===Primary structure of protein=== [[Image:Ramachandran plot general 100K.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ramachandran diagram (φ,ψ plot), with data points for α-helical residues forming a dense diagonal cluster below and left of center, around the global energy minimum for backbone conformation.<ref>{{ cite journal | author = Lovell SC et al. | title = Structure validation by Cα geometry: φ,ψ and Cβ deviation | journal = Proteins | volume = 50 | pages = 437–450 | doi = 10.1002/prot.10286 | pmid = 12557186 | year = 2003 | issue = 3}}</ref>]] The proposal that proteins were linear chains of α-amino acids was made nearly simultaneously by two scientists at the same conference in 1902, the 74th meeting of the Society of German Scientists and Physicians, held in Karlsbad. '''Franz Hofmeister made''' the proposal in the morning, based on his observations of the biuret reaction in proteins. Hofmeister was followed a few hours later by '''Emil Fischer''', who had amassed a wealth of chemical details supporting the peptide-bond model. For completeness, the proposal that proteins contained amide linkages was made as early as 1882 by the French chemist '''E. Grimaux'''.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protein_primary_structure&oldid=415921787</ref> Despite these data and later evidence that proteolytically digested proteins yielded only oligopeptides, the idea that proteins were linear, unbranched polymers of amino acids was not accepted immediately. Some well-respected scientists such as William Astbury doubted that covalent bonds were strong enough to hold such long molecules together; they feared that thermal agitations would shake such long molecules asunder. Hermann Staudinger faced similar prejudices in the 1920s when he argued that rubber was composed of macromolecules. Thus, several alternative hypotheses arose. The '''colloidal protein hypothesis''' stated that proteins were colloidal assemblies of smaller molecules. This hypothesis was disproved in the 1920s by ultracentrifugation measurements by Theodor Svedberg that showed that proteins had a well-defined, reproducible molecular weight and by electrophoretic measurements by Arne Tiselius that indicated that proteins were single molecules. A second hypothesis, the '''cyclol hypothesis''' advanced by Dorothy Wrinch, proposed that the linear polypeptide underwent a chemical cyclol rearrangement C=O + HN C(OH)-N that crosslinked its backbone amide groups, forming a two-dimensional fabric. Other primary structures of proteins were proposed by various researchers, such as the diketopiperazine model of Emil Abderhalden and the pyrrol/piperidine model of Troensegaard in 1942. Although never given much credence, these alternative models were finally disproved when Frederick Sanger successfully sequenced insulin and by the crystallographic determination of myoglobin and hemoglobin by Max Perutz and John Kendrew. The primary structure of peptides and proteins refers to the linear sequence of its amino acid structural units. The term "primary structure" was first coined by Linderstrøm-Lang in 1951. By convention, the primary structure of a protein is reported starting from the amino-terminal (N) end to the carboxyl-terminal (C) end. The post-translational modifications of protein such as disulfide formation, phosphorylations and glycosylations are usually also considered a part of the primary structure, and cannot be read from the gene. ===Secondary structure of protein=== [[Image:1GZX Haemoglobin.png|thumb|right|200px|The [[Hemoglobin]] molecule has four heme-binding subunits, each largely made of alpha helices.]] Secondary structure refers to highly regular local sub-structures. Two main types of secondary structure, the [[alpha helix]] and the [[beta strand]], were suggested in 1951 by '''Linus Pauling'''' and coworkers.<ref name="Pauling1951">{{Cite journal|author=Pauling L, Corey RB, Branson HR |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |year=1951 |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=205–211 |title=The structure of proteins; two hydrogen-bonded helical configurations of the polypeptide chain |pmid=14816373 |doi=10.1073/pnas.37.4.205 |pmc=1063337}}</ref> These secondary structures are defined by patterns of hydrogen bonds between the main-chain peptide groups. They have a regular geometry, being constrained to specific values of the dihedral angles ψ and φ on the Ramachandran plot. Both the alpha helix and the beta-sheet represent a way of saturating all the hydrogen bond donors and acceptors in the peptide backbone. Some parts of the protein are ordered but do not form any regular structures. They should not be confused with random coil, an unfolded polypeptide chain lacking any fixed three-dimensional structure. Several sequential secondary structures may form a "[[supersecondary structure|supersecondary unit]]".<ref name="ChiangYS2007">{{Cite journal|author=Chiang YS, Gelfand TI, Kister AE, Gelfand IM |title=New classification of supersecondary structures of sandwich-like proteins uncovers strict patterns of strand assemblage. |journal=Proteins. |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=915–921 |year=2007 |pmid=17557333 |doi=10.1002/prot.21473}}</ref> [[Image:beta-meander1.png|right|200px|thumb|<div align="center">'''Beta-meander motif'''<br/>Portion of outer surface Protein A of [[Borrelia burgdorferi]] complexed with a murine monoclonal antibody.<br/></div>]] Amino acids vary in their ability to form the various secondary structure elements. Proline and glycine are sometimes known as "helix breakers" because they disrupt the regularity of the α helical backbone conformation; however, both have unusual conformational abilities and are commonly found in turns. Amino acids that prefer to adopt helical conformations in proteins include methionine, alanine, leucine, glutamate and lysine ("MALEK" in amino-acid 1-letter codes); by contrast, the large aromatic residues (tryptophan, tyrosine and phenylalanine) and Cβ-branched amino acids (isoleucine, valine, and threonine) prefer to adopt β-strand conformations. However, these preferences are not strong enough to produce a reliable method of predicting secondary structure from sequence alone.Secondary structure in proteins consists of local inter-residue interactions mediated by hydrogen bonds, or not. The most common secondary structures are alpha helices and beta sheets. Other helices, such as the 310 helix and π helix, are calculated to have energetically favorable hydrogen-bonding patterns but are rarely if ever observed in natural proteins except at the ends of α helices due to unfavorable backbone packing in the center of the helix. {{quotation|A '''Ramachandran plot''' (also known as a ''Ramachandran map or a Ramachandran diagram'' or a [φ,ψ] plot), developed by Gopalasamudram Narayana Ramachandran and Viswanathan Sasisekharan is a way to visualize dihedral angles ψ against φ of amino acid residues in protein structure.<ref>RAMACHANDRAN GN, RAMAKRISHNAN C, SASISEKHARAN V (July 1963). "Stereochemistry of polypeptide chain configurations". J. Mol. Biol. 7: 95–9</ref> It shows the possible conformations of ψ and φ angles for a polypeptide. Mathematically, the Ramachandran plot is the visualization of a function <math>f: \left[-\pi,\pi\right) \times \left[-\pi,\pi\right) \rightarrow \mathbb{R_{{}+{}}}</math>. The domain of this function is the torus. Hence, the conventional Ramachandran plot is a projection of the torus on the plane, resulting in a distorted view and the presence of discontinuities. One would expect that larger side chains would result in more restrictions and consequently a smaller allowable region in the Ramachandran plot. In practice this does not appear to be the case; only the methylene group at the α position has an influence. Glycine has a hydrogen atom, with a smaller van der Waals radius, instead of a methyl group at the α position. Hence it is least restricted and this is apparent in the Ramachandran plot for glycine for which the allowable area is considerably larger. In contrast, the Ramachandran plot for proline shows only a very limited number of possible combinations of ψ and φ. The Ramachandran plot was calculated just before the first protein structures at atomic resolution were determined. Forty years later there were tens of thousands of high-resolution protein structures determined by X-ray crystallography and deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). From one thousand different protein chains, Ramachandran plots of over 200 000 amino acids were plotted, showing some significant differences, especially for glycine (Hovmöller et al. 2002). The upper left region was found to be split into two; one to the left containing amino acids in beta sheets and one to the right containing the amino acids in random coil of this conformation. One can also plot the dihedral angles in polysaccharides and other polymers in this fashion. For the first two protein side-chain dihedral angles a similar plot is the Janin Plot.}} '''α helix''' The amino acids in an α helix are arranged in a right-handed helical structure where each amino acid residue corresponds to a 100° turn in the helix (i.e., the helix has 3.6 residues per turn), and a translation of 1.5 Å (0.15&nbsp;nm) along the helical axis. (Short pieces of left-handed helix sometimes occur with a large content of achiral glycine amino acids, but are unfavorable for the other normal, biological L-amino acids.) The pitch of the alpha-helix (the vertical distance between one consecutive turn of the helix) is 5.4 Å (0.54&nbsp;nm) which is the product of 1.5 and 3.6. What is most important is that the N-H group of an amino acid forms a hydrogen bond with the C=O group of the amino acid four residues earlier; this repeated hydrogen bonding is the most prominent characteristic of an α-helix. Official international nomenclature specifies two ways of defining α-helices, rule 6.2 in terms of repeating φ,ψ torsion angles and rule 6.3 in terms of the combined pattern of pitch and hydrogen bonding. Different amino-acid sequences have different propensities for forming α-helical structure. Methionine, alanine, leucine, uncharged glutamate, and lysine ("MALEK" in the amino-acid 1-letter codes) all have especially high helix-forming propensities, whereas proline and glycine have poor helix-forming propensities. Proline either breaks or kinks a helix, both because it cannot donate an amide hydrogen bond (having no amide hydrogen), and also because its sidechain interferes sterically with the backbone of the preceding turn - inside a helix, this forces a bend of about 30° in the helix axis.[9] However, proline is often seen as the first residue of a helix, presumably due to its structural rigidity. At the other extreme, glycine also tends to disrupt helices because its high conformational flexibility makes it entropically expensive to adopt the relatively constrained α-helical structure.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alpha_helix&oldid=423162580</ref> [[Image:Beta hairpin.png|thumb|right|130px|Representation of a [[beta hairpin]]]] [[Image:Anthrax toxin protein key motif.svg|right|thumb|200px|Greek-key motif in protein structure.]] '''β sheet''' The first β sheet structure was proposed by William Astbury in the 1930s. He proposed the idea of hydrogen bonding between the peptide bonds of parallel or antiparallel extended β strands. However, Astbury did not have the necessary data on the bond geometry of the amino acids in order to build accurate models, especially since he did not then know that the peptide bond was planar. A refined version was proposed by Linus Pauling and Robert Corey in 1951. The β sheet (also β-pleated sheet) is the second form of regular secondary structure in proteins, only somewhat less common than alpha helix. Beta sheets consist of beta strands connected laterally by at least two or three backbone hydrogen bonds, forming a generally twisted, pleated sheet. A beta strand (also β strand) is a stretch of polypeptide chain typically 3 to 10 amino acids long with backbone in an almost fully extended conformation. A very simple [[structural motif]] involving β sheets is the [[beta hairpin|β hairpin]], in which two antiparallel strands are linked by a short loop of two to five residues, of which one is frequently a Glycine or a [[proline]], both of which can assume the unusual dihedral-angle conformations required for a tight [[turn (biochemistry)|turn]]. However, individual strands can also be linked in more elaborate ways with long loops that may contain [[alpha helix|alpha helices]] or even entire protein domains. ''Greek key motif'' The Greek key motif consists of four adjacent antiparallel strands and their linking loops. It consists of three antiparallel strands connected by hairpins, while the fourth is adjacent to the first and linked to the third by a longer loop. This type of structure forms easily during the protein folding process.<ref>[http://swissmodel.expasy.org/course/text/chapter4.htm Tertiary Protein Structure and Folds: section 4.3.2.1]. From [http://swissmodel.expasy.org/course/ Principles of Protein Structure, Comparative Protein Modelling, and Visualisation]</ref><ref name="pmid8506258">{{cite journal | author = Hutchinson EG, Thornton JM | title = The Greek key motif: extraction, classification and analysis | journal = Protein Eng. | volume = 6 | issue = 3 | pages = 233–45 | date = April 1993 | pmid = 8506258 | doi = 10.1093/protein/6.3.233 | url = | issn = }}</ref> It was named after a pattern common to Greek ornamental artwork (see [[meander (art)]]). ''The β-&alpha;-β motif'' Due to the chirality of their component amino acids, all strands exhibit a "right-handed" twist evident in most higher-order β sheet structures. In particular, the linking loop between two parallel strands almost always has a right-handed crossover chirality, which is strongly favored by the inherent twist of the sheet. This linking loop frequently contains a helical region, in which case it is called a [[beta-alpha-beta|β-α-β]] motif. A closely related motif called a β-α-β-α motif forms the basic component of the most commonly observed protein [[tertiary structure]], the [[TIM barrel]]. ''β-meander motif'' A simple [[structural motif|supersecondary]] protein topology composed of 2 or more consecutive antiparallel β-strands linked together by [[beta hairpin|hairpin]] loops.<ref>[http://scop.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/scop/data/scop.b.c.bbf.html SCOP: Fold: WW domain-like<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.cryst.bbk.ac.uk/PPS2/course/section9/sss/super2.html PPS '96 - Super Secondary Structure<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> This motif is common in β-sheets and can be found in several structural architectures including [[beta barrel|β-barrels]] and [[beta propeller|β-propellers]]. [[Image:5CPAgood.png|right|thumb|200px|<div align="center">'''Psi-loop motif'''<br/>Portion of [[Carboxypeptidase A]].<br/></div>]] ''Psi-loop motif'' The psi-loop, Ψ-loop, motif consists of two antiparallel strands with one strand in between that is connected to both by hydrogen bonds.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hutchinson |first=E. |authorlink= |coauthors=Thornton, J. |year=1996 |month= |title=PROMOTIF—A program to identify and analyze structural motifs in proteins |journal=Protein Science |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=212–220 |pmid=8745398 |url= |accessdate= |quote= |pmc=2143354 |doi=10.1002/pro.5560050204 }}</ref> There are four possible strand topologies for single Ψ-loops as cited by Hutchinson ''et al.'' (1990). This motif is rare as the process resulting in its formation seems unlikely to occur during protein folding. The Ψ-loop was first identified in the [[aspartic acid protease|aspartic protease]] family.<ref name="pmid2281084">{{cite journal | author = Hutchinson EG, Thornton JM | title = HERA--a program to draw schematic diagrams of protein secondary structures | journal = Proteins | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | pages = 203–12 | year = 1990 | pmid = 2281084 | doi = 10.1002/prot.340080303 | url = | issn = }}</ref> '''Coiled coils''' The possibility of coiled coils for α-keratin was proposed by Francis Crick in 1952 as well as mathematical methods for determining their structure. Remarkably, this was soon after the structure of the alpha helix was suggested in 1951 by Linus Pauling and coworkers. Coiled coils usually contain a repeated pattern, ''hxxhcxc'', of hydrophobic (h) and charged (c) amino-acid residues, referred to as a heptad repeat. The positions in the heptad repeat are usually labeled abcdefg, where a and d are the hydrophobic positions, often being occupied by isoleucine, leucine or valine. Folding a sequence with this repeating pattern into an alpha-helical secondary structure causes the hydrophobic residues to be presented as a 'stripe' that coils gently around the helix in left-handed fashion, forming an amphipathic structure. The most favorable way for two such helices to arrange themselves in the water-filled environment of the cytoplasm is to wrap the hydrophobic strands against each other sandwiched between the hydrophilic amino acids. It is thus the burial of hydrophobic surfaces, that provides the thermodynamic driving force for the oligomerization. The packing in a coiled-coil interface is exceptionally tight, with almost complete van der Waals contact between the side chains of the a and d residues. This tight packing was originally predicted by '''Francis Crick in 1952''' and is referred to as Knobs into holes packing. The α-helices may be parallel or anti-parallel, and usually adopt a left-handed super-coil. Although disfavored, a few right-handed coiled coils have also been observed in nature and in designed proteins.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coiled_coil&oldid=427735447</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ Structural features of the three major forms of protein helices<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biomed.curtin.edu.au/biochem/tutorials/prottute/helices.htm |title=Interactive Protein Structure Tutorial |author=Steven Bottomley |authorlink=http://www.biomed.curtin.edu.au/profile.php?person_id=264 |year=2004 |accessdate=January 9, 2011 }}</ref> !Geometry attribute !&alpha;-helix !3₁₀ helix !&pi;-helix |- |Residues per turn ||align="right"| 3.6 ||align="right"| 3.0 ||align="right"| 4.4 |- |Translation per residue ||align="right"| 1.5Å||align="right"| 2.0Å ||align="right"| 1.1Å |- |Radius of helix ||align="right"| 2.3Å||align="right"| 1.9Å ||align="right"| 2.8Å |- |Pitch ||align="right"| 5.4Å ||align="right"| 6.0Å <!-- 3.0 r/t * 2.0Å trans --> ||align="right"|4.8Å <!-- 4.4 r/t * 1.1Å trans --> |} [[Image:ProteinStructures.png|thumb|The four levels of protein structure, from top to bottom: primary structure, secondary structure (β-sheet left, right α-helix), tertiary and quaternary structure.]] ===Tertiary structure of protein=== Tertiary structure is considered to be largely determined by the protein's primary structure - the sequence of amino acids of which it is composed. Efforts to predict tertiary structure from the primary structure are known generally as protein structure prediction. However, the environment in which a protein is synthesized and allowed to fold are significant determinants of its final shape and are usually not directly taken into account by current prediction methods. In globular proteins, tertiary interactions are frequently stabilized by the sequestration of hydrophobic amino acid residues in the protein core, from which water is excluded, and by the consequent enrichment of charged or hydrophilic residues on the protein's water-exposed surface. In secreted proteins that do not spend time in the cytoplasm, disulfide bonds between cysteine residues help to maintain the protein's tertiary structure. A variety of common and stable tertiary structures appear in a large number of proteins that are unrelated in both function and evolution - for example, many proteins are shaped like a TIM barrel, named for the enzyme triosephosphateisomerase. Another common structure is a highly stable dimeric coiled coil structure composed of 2-7 alpha helices. The majority of protein structures known to date have been solved with the experimental technique of X-ray crystallography, which typically provides data of high resolution but provides no time-dependent information on the protein's conformational flexibility. A second common way of solving protein structures uses NMR, which provides somewhat lower-resolution data in general and is limited to relatively small proteins, but can provide time-dependent information about the motion of a protein in solution. Dual polarisation interferometry is a time resolved analytical method for determining the overall conformation and conformational changes in surface captured proteins providing complementary information to these high resolution methods. More is known about the tertiary structural features of soluble globular proteins than about membrane proteins because the latter class is extremely difficult to study using these methods.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protein_tertiary_structure&oldid=422486540</ref> ===Quaternary structure of proteins=== Several proteins are actually assemblies of more than '''one polypeptide chain''', which in the context of the larger assemblage are known as protein subunits. In addition to the tertiary structure of the subunits, multiple-subunit proteins possess a quaternary structure, which is the arrangement into which the subunits assemble. Enzymes composed of subunits with diverse functions are sometimes called holoenzymes, in which some parts may be known as regulatory subunits and the functional core is known as the catalytic subunit. Examples of proteins with quaternary structure include hemoglobin, DNA polymerase, and ion channels. Other assemblies referred to instead as multiprotein complexes also possess quaternary structure. Examples include '''nucleosomes and microtubules'''. Changes in quaternary structure can occur through conformational changes within individual subunits or through reorientation of the subunits relative to each other. It is through such changes, which underlie cooperativity and allostery in "multimeric" enzymes, that many proteins undergo regulation and perform their physiological function. The above definition follows a classical approach to biochemistry, established at times when the distinction between a protein and a functional, proteinaceous unit was difficult to elucidate. More recently, people refer to protein-protein interaction when discussing quaternary structure of proteins and consider all assemblies of proteins as protein complexes.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_quaternary_structure</ref> ==Protein structure determination== [[File:Myoglobin.png|thumb|left|[[Ribbon diagram]] of the structure of [[myoglobin]], showing colored [[alpha helix|alpha helices]]. Such [[protein]]s are long, linear [[molecule]]s with thousands of atoms; yet the relative position of each atom has been determined with sub-atomic resolution by X-ray crystallography. Since it is difficult to visualize all the atoms at once, the ribbon shows the rough path of the protein [[polymer]] from its N-terminus (blue) to its C-terminus (red).]] Around 90% of the protein structures available in the Protein Data Bank have been determined by X-ray crystallography. This method allows one to measure the 3D density distribution of electrons in the protein (in the crystallized state) and thereby infer the 3D coordinates of all the atoms to be determined to a certain resolution. Roughly 9% of the known protein structures have been obtained by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance techniques. The secondary structure composition can be determined via circular dichroism or dual polarisation interferometry. Cryo-electron microscopy has recently become a means of determining protein structures to high resolution (less than 5 angstroms or 0.5 nanometer) and is anticipated to increase in power as a tool for high resolution work in the next decade. This technique is still a valuable resource for researchers working with very large protein complexes such as virus coat proteins and amyloid fibers. ===X-ray crystallography=== X-ray crystallography of biological molecules took off with [[Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin]], who solved the structures of [[cholesterol]] (1937), [[vitamin B12]] (1945) and [[penicillin]] (1954), for which she was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] in 1964. In 1969, she succeeded in solving the structure of [[insulin]], on which she worked for over thirty years.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Crowfoot Hodgkin D|authorlink=Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin|year = 1935|title=X-ray Single Crystal Photographs of Insulin|journal=Nature|volume=135|page=591|doi=10.1038/135591a0}}</ref> X-ray crystallography is a method of determining the arrangement of atoms within a crystal, in which a beam of X-rays strikes a crystal and diffracts into many specific directions. Crystal structures of proteins (which are irregular and hundreds of times larger than cholesterol) began to be solved in the late 1950s, beginning with the structure of [[sperm whale]] [[myoglobin]] by [[Max Perutz]] and [[John Kendrew|Sir John Cowdery Kendrew]], for which they were awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] in 1962.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/181662a0|volume=181|issue=4610|page=662|author=Kendrew J. C. ''et al.''|authorlink=John Kendrew|title=A Three-Dimensional Model of the Myoglobin Molecule Obtained by X-Ray Analysis|journal=Nature|date = 1958-03-08|pmid=13517261}}</ref> Since that success, over 61840 X-ray crystal structures of proteins, nucleic acids and other biological molecules have been determined.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/statistics/holdings.do|title=Table of entries in the PDB, arranged by experimental method}}</ref> For comparison, the nearest competing method in terms of structures analyzed is [[Protein nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy|nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy]], which has resolved 8759 chemical structures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pdbbeta.rcsb.org/pdb/static.do?p=general_information/pdb_statistics/index.html|title=PDB Statistics|publisher=RCSB Protein Data Bank|accessdate = 2010-02-09}}</ref> Moreover, crystallography can solve structures of arbitrarily large molecules, whereas solution-state NMR is restricted to relatively small ones (less than 70 k[[atomic mass unit|Da]]). X-ray crystallography is now used routinely by scientists to determine how a pharmaceutical drug interacts with its protein target and what changes might improve it.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Scapin G|title=Structural biology and drug discovery|journal=Curr. Pharm. Des.|volume=12|page=2087|year=2006|pmid=16796557|doi=10.2174/138161206777585201|issue=17}}</ref> However, intrinsic membrane proteins remain challenging to crystallize because they require detergents or other means to solubilize them in isolation, and such detergents often interfere with crystallization. Such membrane proteins are a large component of the genome and include many proteins of great physiological importance, such as [[ion channel]]s and [[receptor (biochemistry)|receptor]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Lundstrom K|title=Structural genomics for membrane proteins|journal=Cell. Mol. Life Sci.|volume=63|page=2597|year=2006|pmid=17013556|doi=10.1007/s00018-006-6252-y|issue=22}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Lundstrom K|title=Structural genomics on membrane proteins: mini review|journal=Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screen.|volume=7|page=431|year=2004|pmid=15320710|issue=5}}</ref> ===Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy or NMR=== Protein nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (usually abbreviated protein NMR) is a field of structural biology in which NMR spectroscopy is used to obtain information about the structure and dynamics of proteins. The field was pioneered by Richard R. Ernst and Kurt Wüthrich[1], among others. Protein NMR techniques are continually being used and improved in both academia and the biotech industry. Structure determination by NMR spectroscopy usually consists of several following phases, each using a separate set of highly specialized techniques. The sample is prepared, resonances are assigned, restraints are generated and a structure is calculated and validated ==How to sequence a protein?== Protein sequencing is a technique to determine the amino acid sequence of a protein, as well as which conformation the protein adopts and the extent to which it is complexed with any non-peptide molecules. Discovering the structures and functions of proteins in living organisms is an important tool for understanding cellular processes, and allows drugs that target specific metabolic pathways to be invented more easily. The two major direct methods of protein sequencing are '''mass spectrometry''' and the '''Edman degradation reaction'''. It is also possible to generate an amino acid sequence from the DNA or mRNA sequence encoding the protein, if this is known. However, there are a number of other reactions which can be used to gain more limited information about protein sequences and can be used as preliminaries to the aforementioned methods of sequencing or to overcome specific inadequacies within them.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protein_sequencing&oldid=413170994</ref> ===Edman degradation=== [[Image:EdmanDegradation.png|600px|right|Edman Degradation with generic amino acid peptide chain.]] The Edman degradation is a very important reaction for protein sequencing, because it allows the ordered amino acid composition of a protein to be discovered. Automated Edman sequencers are now in widespread use, and are able to sequence peptides up to approximately 50 amino acids long. A reaction scheme for sequencing a protein by the Edman degradation follows - some of the steps are elaborated on subsequently. Break any disulfide bridges in the protein with an oxidising agent like '''performic acid''' or reducing agent like '''2-mercaptoethanol'''. A protecting group such as iodoacetic acid may be necessary to prevent the bonds from re-forming. Separate and purify the individual chains of the protein complex, if there are more than one. Determine the amino acid composition of each chain. Determine the terminal amino acids of each chain. Break each chain into fragments under 50 amino acids long. Separate and purify the fragments. Determine the sequence of each fragment. Repeat with a different pattern of cleavage. Construct the sequence of the overall protein. Digestion into peptide fragments Peptides longer than about 50-70 amino acids long cannot be sequenced reliably by the Edman degradation. Because of this, long protein chains need to be broken up into small fragments which can then be sequenced individually. Digestion is done either by endopeptidases such as trypsin or pepsin or by chemical reagents such as cyanogen bromide. Different enzymes give different cleavage patterns, and the overlap between fragments can be used to construct an overall sequence. [[isothiocyanate|Phenylisothiocyanate]] is reacted with an uncharged terminal amino group, under mildly alkaline conditions, to form a cyclical ''phenylthiocarbamoyl'' derivative. Then, under [[acidic]] conditions, this derivative of the terminal amino acid is cleaved as a thiazolinone derivative. The thiazolinone amino acid is then selectively extracted into an organic solvent and treated with acid to form the more stable phenylthiohydantoin (PTH)- amino acid derivative that can be identified by using [[chromatography]] or [[electrophoresis]]. This procedure can then be repeated again to identify the next amino acid. A major drawback to this technique is that the peptides being sequenced in this manner cannot have more than 50 to 60 residues (and in practice, under 30). The peptide length is limited due to the cyclical derivitization not always going to completion. The derivitization problem can be resolved by cleaving large peptides into smaller peptides before proceeding with the reaction. It is able to accurately [[sequence]] up to 30 [[amino acids]] with modern machines capable of over 99% efficiency per [[amino acid]]. An advantage of the Edman degradation is that it only uses 10 - 100 [[pico]]moles of [[peptide]] for the sequencing process. Edman degradation reaction is automated to speed up the process.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Niall HD |title=Automated Edman degradation: the protein sequenator |journal=Meth. Enzymol. |volume=27 |issue= |pages=942–1010 |year=1973 |pmid=4773306 |doi= 10.1016/S0076-6879(73)27039-8|url=}}</ref><ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protein_sequencing&oldid=413170994</ref> ===N-terminal amino acid analysis=== Determining which amino acid forms the N-terminus of a peptide chain is useful for two reasons: to aid the ordering of individual peptide fragments' sequences into a whole chain, and because the first round of Edman degradation is often contaminated by impurities and therefore does not give an accurate determination of the N-terminal amino acid. A generalised method for N-terminal amino acid analysis follows: React the peptide with a reagent which will selectively label the terminal amino acid. Hydrolyse the protein. Determine the amino acid by chromatography and comparison with standards. There are many different reagents which can be used to label terminal amino acids. They all react with amine groups and will therefore also bind to amine groups in the side chains of amino acids such as lysine - for this reason it is necessary to be careful in interpreting chromatograms to ensure that the right spot is chosen. Two of the more common reagents are Sanger's reagent (1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene) and dansyl derivatives such as dansyl chloride. Phenylisothiocyanate, the reagent for the Edman degradation, can also be used. The same questions apply here as in the determination of amino acid composition, with the exception that no stain is needed, as the reagents produce coloured derivatives and only qualitative analysis is required, so the amino acid does not have to be eluted from the chromatography column, just compared with a standard. Another consideration to take into account is that, since any amine groups will have reacted with the labelling reagent, ion exchange chromatography cannot be used, and thin layer chromatography or high pressure liquid chromatography should be used instead.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protein_sequencing&oldid=413170994</ref> ===C-terminal amino acid analysis=== The number of methods available for C-terminal amino acid analysis is much smaller than the number of available methods of N-terminal analysis. The most common method is to add carboxypeptidases to a solution of the protein, take samples at regular intervals, and determine the terminal amino acid by analysing a plot of amino acid concentrations against time ===Mass spectrometry=== Present day researchers are using Mass spectrometry an important tool for the characterization of proteins. '''Protein mass spectrometry refers to the application of mass spectrometry to the study of proteins'''. The two primary methods for ionization of whole proteins are electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). In keeping with the performance and mass range of available mass spectrometers, two approaches are used for characterizing proteins. In the first, intact proteins are ionized by either of the two techniques described above, and then introduced to a mass analyzer. This approach is referred to as "top-down" strategy of protein analysis. In the second, proteins are enzymatically digested into smaller peptides using a protease such as trypsin. Subsequently these peptides are introduced into the mass spectrometer and identified by peptide mass fingerprinting or tandem mass spectrometry. Hence, this latter approach (also called "bottom-up" proteomics) uses identification at the peptide level to infer the existence of proteins. Whole protein mass analysis is primarily conducted using either time-of-flight (TOF) MS, or '''Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance''' (FT-ICR). These two types of instrument are preferable here because of their wide mass range, and in the case of FT-ICR, its high mass accuracy. Mass analysis of proteolytic peptides is a much more popular method of protein characterization, as cheaper instrument designs can be used for characterization. Additionally, sample preparation is easier once whole proteins have been digested into smaller peptide fragments. The most widely used instrument for peptide mass analysis are the MALDI time-of-flight instruments as they permit the acquisition of peptide mass fingerprints (PMFs) at high pace (1 PMF can be analyzed in approx. 10 sec). Multiple stage quadrupole-time-of-flight and the quadrupole ion trap also find use in this application. ==Types of protein== ===Conjugated protein=== A conjugated protein is a protein that functions in interaction with other chemical groups attached by covalent bonds or by weak interactions. Many proteins contain only amino acids and no other chemical groups, and they are called simple proteins. However, other kind of proteins yield, on hydrolysis, some other chemical component in addition to amino acids and they are called conjugated proteins. The nonamino part of a conjugated protein is usually called its prosthetic group. Most prosthetic groups are formed from vitamins. Conjugated proteins are classified on the basis of the chemical nature of their prosthetic groups. Some examples of conjugated proteins are ====Lipoproteins==== A lipoprotein is a biochemical assembly that contains both '''proteins''' and '''lipids''' water-bound to the proteins. Many enzymes, transporters, structural proteins, antigens, adhesins and toxins are lipoproteins. Examples include the high density (HDL) and low density (LDL) lipoproteins which enable fats to be carried in the blood stream, the transmembrane proteins of the mitochondrion and the chloroplast, and bacterial lipoproteins. ====Glycoproteins==== Glycoproteins are proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to polypeptide side-chains. The carbohydrate is attached to the protein in a cotranslational or posttranslational modification. This process is known as glycosylation. In proteins that have segments extending extracellularly, the extracellular segments are often glycosylated. Glycoproteins are often important integral membrane proteins, where they play a role in cell-cell interactions. Glycoproteins also occur in the cytosol, but their functions and the pathways producing these modifications in this compartment are less well-understood.'''Glycoproteins are generally the largest and most abundant group of conjugated proteins'''. They range from glycoproteins in cell surface membranes that constitute the glycocalyx, to important antibodies produced by leukocytes. ====phosphoproteins==== Phosphoproteins are proteins which are chemically bonded to a substance containing phosphoric acid (see phosphorylation for more). The category of organic molecules that includes Fc receptors, Ulks, Calcineurins, K chips, and urocortins. ====Metalloprotein==== A protein that contains a metal ion ass cofactor known as Metalloprotein. Metalloproteins have many different functions in cells, such as enzymes, transport and storage proteins, and signal transduction proteins. Indeed, about one quarter to one third of all proteins require metals to carry out their functions. The metal ion is usually coordinated by nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atoms belonging to amino acids in the polypeptide chain and/or a macrocyclic ligand incorporated into the protein. The presence of the metal ion allows metalloenzymes to perform functions such as redox reactions that cannot easily be performed by the limited set of functional groups found in amino acids. [[Image:Zinc finger rendered.png|thumb|400px|right|Computer-generated 3-D representation of the zinc finger motif of proteins, consisting of an [[alpha helix|&alpha; helix]] and an antiparallel [[Beta sheet|&beta; sheet]]. The [[zinc]] ion (green) is coordinated by two [[histidine]] residues and two [[cysteine]] residues.]] {| class="wikitable" |- !Metal Ion!!Examples of enzymes containing this ion |- ||Magnesium || [[Glucose 6-phosphatase]]<br/>[[Hexokinase]]<br>[[DNA polymerase]] |- ||Vanadium||[[vanabins]] |- ||Manganese|| [[Arginase]] |- ||Iron|| [[Catalase]]<BR>Hydrogenase<br>[[IRE-BP]]<br>[[Aconitase]] |- ||Nickel<ref>{{cite book|title=Nickel and Its Surprising Impact in Nature|editor=Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel and Roland K.O. Sigel|publisher=Wiley|date=2008|series=Metal Ions in Life Sciences|volume=2|isbn=978-0-470-01671-8}}</ref> || Urease<br>Hydrogenase |- ||Copper || [[Cytochrome oxidase]]<br>[[Laccase]] |- ||Zinc || [[Alcohol dehydrogenase]]<br>[[Carboxypeptidase]]<br>[[Aminopeptidase]]<br>[[Beta amyloid]] |- ||Molybdenum || [[Nitrate reductase]] |- ||Selenium || [[Glutathione peroxidase]] |- ||various||[[Metallothionein]]<br>[[Phosphatase]] |} ====hemoproteins==== A hemeprotein (or hemoprotein or haemoprotein), or heme protein, is a metalloprotein containing a heme prosthetic group, either covalently or noncovalently bound to the protein itself. The iron in the heme is capable of undergoing oxidation and reduction (usually to +2 and +3, though stabilized Fe+4 and even Fe+5 species are well known in the peroxidases). Hemoproteins probably evolved from a primordial strategy allowing to incorporate the iron (Fe) atom contained within the protoporphyrin IX ring of heme into proteins. This strategy has been maintained throughout evolution as it makes hemoproteins responsive to molecules that can bind divalent iron (Fe). These molecules included, but are probably not restricted to, gaseous molecules, such as oxygen (O2) nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Once bound to the prosthetic heme groups of hemoproteins these gaseous molecules can modulate the activity/function of those hemoproteins in a way that is said to afford signal transduction. Therefore, when produced in biologic systems (cells), these gaseous molecules are referred to as gasotransmitters.'''Haemoglobin contains the prosthetic group containing iron''', which is the haem. It is with in the haem group that carries the oxygen molecule through the binding of the oxygen molecule to the iron ion (Fe2+) found in the haem group.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemeprotein&oldid=410476687</ref> '''Hemoglobin''' Hemoglobin (also spelled haemoglobin and abbreviated Hb or Hgb) is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of all vertebrates[1] (except the fish family Channichthyidae ) and the tissues of some invertebrates. Hemoglobin in the blood is what transports oxygen from the lungs or gills to the rest of the body (i.e. the tissues) where it releases the oxygen for cell use, and collects carbon dioxide to bring it back to the lungs. In mammals the protein makes up about 97% of the red blood cells' dry content, and around 35% of the total content (including water)[citation needed]. Hemoglobin has an oxygen binding capacity of 1.34 ml O2 per gram of hemoglobin, which increases the total blood oxygen capacity seventyfold. Hemoglobin is involved in the transport of other gases: it carries some of the body's respiratory carbon dioxide (about 10% of the total) as carbaminohemoglobin, in which CO2 is bound to the globin protein. The molecule also carries the important regulatory molecule nitric oxide bound to a globin protein thiol group, releasing it at the same time as oxygen. Hemoglobin is also found outside red blood cells and their progenitor lines. Other cells that contain hemoglobin include the A9 dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, macrophages, alveolar cells, and mesangial cells in the kidney. In these tissues, hemoglobin has a non-oxygen-carrying function as an antioxidant and a regulator of iron metabolism. Hemoglobin and hemoglobin-like molecules are also found in many invertebrates, fungi, and plants. In these organisms, hemoglobins may carry oxygen, or they may act to transport and regulate other things such as carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide and sulfide. A variant of the molecule, called leghemoglobin, is used to scavenge oxygen, to keep it from poisoning anaerobic systems, such as nitrogen-fixing nodules of leguminous plants. phytochromes, '''Cytochromes''' [[Image:Cytochrome c.png|thumb|250px|Cytochrome ''c'' with heme ''c''.]] Cytochromes are, in general, membrane-bound hemoproteins that contain heme groups and carry out electron transport. They are found either as monomeric proteins (e.g., cytochrome c) or as subunits of bigger enzymatic complexes that catalyze redox reactions. They are found in the mitochondrial inner membrane and endoplasmic reticulum of eukaryotes, in the chloroplasts of plants, in photosynthetic microorganisms, and in bacteria. {| class="wikitable" | '''Cytochromes ''' || '''Combination''' |- | ''a'' and ''a₃'' || [[Cytochrome c oxidase]] ("Complex IV") with electrons delivered to complex by soluble [[cytochrome c]] (hence the name) |- | ''b'' and [[Cytochrome C1|''c₁'']] || [[Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase]] ("Complex III") |- | ''b₆'' and [[Cytochrome f|''f'']] || [[Plastoquinol—plastocyanin reductase]] |} [[Image:Rhodopsin 3D.jpeg|thumb|250px|3-dimensional structure of bovine rhodopsin. The seven transmembrane domains are shown in varying colors. The [[chromophore]] is shown in red.]] {| class="wikitable" | '''Type''' || '''prosthetic group''' |- | [[Cytochrome a]] || [[heme a]] |- | [[Cytochrome b]] || [[heme b]] |- | [[Cytochrome d]] || tetrapyrrolic [[chelate]] of [[iron]] |} ====Opsins==== Opsins are a group of light-sensitive 35-55 kDa membrane-bound G protein-coupled receptors of the retinylidene protein family found in photoreceptor cells of the retina. Five classical groups of opsins are involved in vision, mediating the conversion of a photon of light into an electrochemical signal, the first step in the visual transduction cascade. Another opsin found in the mammalian retina, melanopsin, is involved in circadian rhythms and pupillary reflex but not in image-forming. ====Flavoproteins==== Flavoproteins are proteins that contain a nucleic acid derivative of riboflavin: the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) or flavin mononucleotide (FMN). Flavoproteins are involved in a wide array of biological processes, including, but by no means limited to, bioluminescence, removal of radicals contributing to oxidative stress, photosynthesis, DNA repair, and apoptosis. The spectroscopic properties of the flavin cofactor make it a natural reporter for changes occurring within the active site; this makes flavoproteins one of the most-studied enzyme families. ===Simple proteins=== The proteins which upon hydrolysis yield only amino acids are known as simple proteins. ====Albumin==== Albumin (Latin: albus, white) refers generally to any protein that is water soluble, which is moderately soluble in concentrated salt solutions, and experiences heat denaturation. They are commonly found in blood plasma, and are unique to other plasma proteins in that they are not glycosylated. Substances containing albumin, such as egg white, are called albuminoids. ====Globulin==== Globulin is one of the three types of serum proteins, the others being albumin and fibrinogen. Some globulins are produced in the liver, while others are made by the immune system. The term globulin encompasses a heterogeneous group of proteins with typical high molecular weight, and both solubility and electrophoretic migration rates lower than for albumin. ====Histones==== In biology, histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei, which package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. They are the chief protein components of chromatin, acting as spools around which DNA winds, and play a role in gene regulation. ===Derived protein=== ====Peptones==== Peptones are derived from animal milk or meat digested by proteolytic digestion. In addition to containing small peptides, the resulting spray-dried material includes fats, metals, salts, vitamins and many other biological compounds. Peptone is used in nutrient media for growing bacteria and fungi ====Proteases==== Proteases occur naturally in all organisms. These enzymes are involved in a multitude of physiological reactions from simple digestion of food proteins to highly-regulated cascades (e.g., the blood-clotting cascade, the complement system, apoptosis pathways, and the invertebrate prophenoloxidase-activating cascade). Proteases can either break specific peptide bonds (limited proteolysis), depending on the amino acid sequence of a protein, or break down a complete peptide to amino acids (unlimited proteolysis). The activity can be a destructive change, abolishing a protein's function or digesting it to its principal components; it can be an activation of a function, or it can be a signal in a signaling pathway. ==Protein Data Bank or PDB== Like fuel and flame, two forces converged to initiate the Protein Data Bank (PDB): 1) a small but growing data base of sets of protein structures determined by X-ray diffraction and 2) the newly available (1968) molecular graphics display, the BRookhaven Raster Display (BRAD), to inspect these structures in 3-D. In 1969, with the sponsorship of Dr. Walter Hamilton at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, Dr. Edgar Meyer (Texas A&M University) began to write software to store atomic coordinate files in a common format to make them available for geometric and graphical evaluation. By 1971 program SEARCH was executed remotely to extract and examine structural data and thereby was instrumental in initiating networking, thus marking the functional beginning of the PDB. Upon Hamilton's death in 1973, Dr. Tom Koeztle took over direction of the PDB for the subsequent 20 years. In January 1994, [[Dr. Joel Sussman]] of Israel's [[Weizmann Institute of Science]] was appointed head of the PDB. In October 1998,<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=10592235 |pmc=102472 | first = H. M. | last = Berman | coauthors = et al. | year = 2000 | month = January | title = The Protein Data Bank | journal = Nucleic Acids Res. | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | pages = 235–242 | doi = 10.1093/nar/28.1.235 | url = http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/28/1/235 }}</ref> the PDB was transferred to the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics (RCSB); the transfer was completed in June 1999. The new director was [[Dr. Helen M. Berman]] of [[Rutgers University]] (one of the member institutions of the RCSB).<ref>{{cite web |title=RCSB PDB Newsletter Archive |publisher=RCSB Protein Data Bank |url=http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/static.do?p=general_information/news_publications/newsletters/newsletter.html}}</ref> In 2003, with the formation of the wwPDB, the PDB became an international organization. The founding members are [http://www.pdbe.org/ PDBe (Europe)], RCSB(USA), and [http://www.pdbj.org/ PDBj (Japan)]. The [http://www.bmrb.wisc.edu BMRB] joined in 2006. Each of the four members of [[Worldwide Protein Data Bank|wwPDB]] can act as deposition, data processing and distribution centers for PDB data. The data processing refers to the fact that wwPDB staff review and annotates each submitted entry. The data are then automatically checked for plausibility (the source code for this validation software has been made available to the public at no charge). The Protein Data Bank (PDB)<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=30357364 |pmc=6324056 | first = Consortium | last = wwPDB | year = 2019 | month = January | title = Protein Data Bank: the single global archive for 3D macromolecular structure data | journal = Nucleic Acids Res. | volume = 47 | issue = D1 | pages = 520-528 | doi = 10.1093/nar/gky949 | url = https://academic.oup.com/nar/article/47/D1/D520/5144142 }}</ref> is a repository for the 3-D structural data of large biological molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids. (See also crystallographic database). The data, typically obtained by X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy and submitted by biologists and biochemists from around the world, are freely accessible on the Internet via the websites of its member organisations (PDBe, PDBj, and RCSB). The PDB is overseen by an organization called the Worldwide Protein Data Bank, wwPDB. ==Insulin== [[Image:InsulinMonomer.jpg|250px|thumb|'''The structure of insulin.''' The left side is a space-filling model of the insulin monomer, believed to be biologically active. Carbon is green, hydrogen white, oxygen red, and nitrogen blue. On the right side is a ribbon diagram of the insulin hexamer, believed to be the stored form. A monomer unit is highlighted with the A chain in blue and the B chain in cyan. Yellow denotes disulfide bonds, and magenta spheres are zinc ions.]] [[Image:InsulinHexamer.jpg‎|right|thumb|250px|Insulin hexamers highlighting the threefold symmetry, the zinc ions (center) binding with histidine.]] Within vertebrates, the amino acid sequence of insulin is extremely well preserved. Bovine insulin differs from human in only three amino acid residues, and porcine insulin in one. Even insulin from some species of fish is similar enough to human to be clinically effective in humans. Insulin in some invertebrates is quite similar in sequence to human insulin, and has similar physiological effects. The strong homology seen in the insulin sequence of diverse species suggests that it has been conserved across much of animal evolutionary history. The C-peptide of proinsulin , however, differs much more amongst species; it is also a hormone, but a secondary one. Insulin is produced and stored in the body as a hexamer (a unit of six insulin molecules), while the active form is the monomer. The hexamer is an inactive form with long-term stability, which serves as a way to keep the highly reactive insulin protected, yet readily available. The hexamer-monomer conversion is one of the central aspects of insulin formulations for injection. The hexamer is far more stable than the monomer, which is desirable for practical reasons, however the monomer is a much faster reacting drug because diffusion rate is inversely related to particle size. A fast reacting drug means that insulin injections do not have to precede mealtimes by hours, which in turn gives diabetics more flexibility in their daily schedule. Insulin can aggregate and form fibrillar interdigitated beta-sheets. This can cause injection amyloidosis, and prevents the storage of insulin for long periods.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insulin&oldid=425481933</ref> In 1869 Paul Langerhans, a medical student in Berlin, was studying the structure of the pancreas under a microscope when he identified some previously un-noticed tissue clumps scattered throughout the bulk of the pancreas. The function of the "little heaps of cells," later known as the Islets of Langerhans, was unknown, but Edouard Laguesse later suggested that they might produce secretions that play a regulatory role in digestion. Paul Langerhans' son, Archibald, also helped to understand this regulatory role. The term insulin origins from insula, the Latin word for islet/island. In 1889, the Polish-German physician Oscar Minkowski in collaboration with Joseph von Mering removed the pancreas from a healthy dog to test its assumed role in digestion. Several days after the dog's pancreas was removed, Minkowski's animal keeper noticed a swarm of flies feeding on the dog's urine. On testing the urine they found that there was sugar in the dog's urine, establishing for the first time a relationship between the pancreas and diabetes. In 1901, another major step was taken by Eugene Opie, when he clearly established the link between the Islets of Langerhans and diabetes: Diabetes mellitus … is caused by destruction of the islets of Langerhans and occurs only when these bodies are in part or wholly destroyed. Before his work, the link between the pancreas and diabetes was clear, but not the specific role of the islets. The Nobel Prize committee in 1923 credited the practical extraction of insulin to a team at the University of Toronto and awarded the Nobel Prize to two men; Fredericus Bantam and J.J.R. Macleon. They were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1923 for the discovery of insulin. Bantam, insulted that Best was not mentioned, shared his prize with Best, and Macleon immediately shared his with James Collip. The patent for insulin was sold to the University of Toronto for one half-dollar. The primary structure of insulin was determined by British molecular biologist Frederick Sanger. It was the first protein to have its sequence be determined. He was awarded the 1958 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work. In 1969, after decades of work, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin determined the spatial conformation of the molecule, the so-called tertiary structure, by means of X-ray diffraction studies. She had been awarded a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964 for the development of crystallography. Rosalyn Sussman Yalow received the 1977 Nobel Prize in Medicine for the development of the radioimmunoassay for insulin.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insulin&oldid=425481933</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|2}} {{BookCat}} hg3mi1bjbfobod1kgm9plkfp5h1skfg 0 250235 4632694 4627655 2026-04-27T09:46:00Z Д.Ильин 688474 4632694 wikitext text/x-wiki Amino acids are molecules containing an amine group(NH₂), a carboxylic acid group(R-C=O-OH) and a side-chain( usually denoted as R) that varies between different amino acids. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. They are particularly important in biochemistry, where the term usually refers to alpha-amino acids.Proteins are biochemical compounds consisting of one or more polypeptides typically folded into a globular or fibrous form in a biologically functional way. A polypeptide is a single linear polymer chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acids in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded in the genetic code. In general, the genetic code specifies 20 standard amino acids; however, in certain organisms the genetic code can include selenocysteine—and in certain archaea—pyrrolysine. Shortly after or even during synthesis, the residues in a protein are often chemically modified by post-translational modification, which alters the physical and chemical properties, folding, stability, activity, and ultimately, the function of the proteins. Sometimes proteins have non-peptide groups attached, which can be called prosthetic groups or cofactors. Proteins can also work together to achieve a particular function, and they often associate to form stable complexes. One of the most distinguishing features of polypeptides is their ability to fold into a globular state, or "structure". The extent to which proteins fold into a defined structure varies widely. Some proteins fold into a highly rigid structure with small fluctuations and are therefore considered to be single structure. Other proteins undergo large rearrangements from one conformation to another. This conformational change is often associated with a signaling event. Thus, the structure of a protein serves as a medium through which to regulate either the function of a protein or activity of an enzyme. Not all proteins requiring a folding process in order to function, as some function in an unfolded state<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protein&oldid=422392976</ref>. Like other biological macromolecules such as polysaccharides and nucleic acids, proteins are essential parts of organisms and participate in virtually every process within cells. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism. Proteins also have structural or mechanical functions, such as actin and myosin in muscle and the proteins in the cytoskeleton, which form a system of scaffolding that maintains cell shape. Other proteins are important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, and the cell cycle. Proteins are also necessary in animals' diets, since animals cannot synthesize all the amino acids they need and must obtain essential amino acids from food. Through the process of digestion, animals break down ingested protein into free amino acids that are then used in metabolism. Proteins were first described by the Dutch chemist Gerhardus Johannes Mulder and named by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jakob Berzelius in 1838. Early nutritional scientists such as the German Carl von Voit believed that protein was the most important nutrient for maintaining the structure of the body, because it was generally believed that "flesh makes flesh." The central role of proteins as enzymes in living organisms was however not fully appreciated until 1926, when James B. Sumner showed that the enzyme urease was in fact a protein.The first protein to be sequenced was insulin, by Frederick Sanger, who won the Nobel Prize for this achievement in 1958. The first protein structures to be solved were hemoglobin and myoglobin, by Max Perutz and Sir John Cowdery Kendrew, respectively, in 1958. The three-dimensional structures of both proteins were first determined by X-ray diffraction analysis; Perutz and Kendrew shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for these discoveries. Proteins may be purified from other cellular components using a variety of techniques such as ultracentrifugation, precipitation, electrophoresis, and chromatography; the advent of genetic engineering has made possible a number of methods to facilitate purification. Methods commonly used to study protein structure and function include immunohistochemistry, site-directed mutagenesis, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. Distributed computing is a relatively new tool researchers are using to examine the infamously complex interactions that govern protein folding; the statistical analysis techniques employed to calculate a protein's probable tertiary structure from its amino acid sequence (primary structure) are well-suited for the distributed computing environment, which has made this otherwise prohibitively expensive and time consuming problem significantly more manageable<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protein&oldid=422392976</ref>. [[Image:Hemoglobin t-r state ani.gif|frame|right|A schematic visual model of oxygen-binding process, showing all four monomers and hemes, and protein chains only as diagramatic coils, to facilitate visualization into the molecule. Oxygen is not shown in this model, but, for each of the iron atoms, it binds to the iron (red sphere) in the flat heme For example, in the upper left of the four hemes shown, oxygen binds at the left of the iron atom shown in the upper left of diagram. This causes the iron atom to move backward into the heme which holds it (the iron moves upward as it binds oxygen, in this illustration), tugging the histidine residue (modeled as a red pentagon on the right of the iron) closer, as it does. This, in turn, pulls on the protein chain holding the histidine.]] ==Amino acids== [[Image:amino-CORN.svg|thumb|right|200px|CO-R-N rule]] Protein is a essential agent of biological function.There are''' 22 standard''' amino acids, but only''' 21 are found in eukaryotes'''. Of the 22, 20 are directly encoded by the universal genetic code. Humans can synthesize 11 of these 20 from each other or from other molecules of intermediary metabolism. The other 9 must be consumed in the diet, and so are called essential amino acids; those are ''histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.'' The remaining two, '''selenocysteine''' and '''pyrrolysine''', are incorporated into proteins by unique synthetic mechanisms. Each α-amino acid consists of a backbone part that is present in all the amino acid types, and a side chain that is unique to each type of residue. An exception from this rule is proline, where the hydrogen atom is replaced by a bond to the side chain. Because the carbon atom is bound to four different groups it is chiral, however only one of the isomers occur in biological proteins. Glycine however, is not chiral since its side chain is a hydrogen atom. A simple mnemonic for correct L-form is "CORN": when the Cα atom is viewed with the H in front, the residues read '''"CO-R-N"''' in a clockwise direction. '''Isomerism''' The standard '''α-amino acids''', all but glycine can exist in either of two optical isomers, called''' L or D amino acids''', which are mirror images of each other . While L-amino acids represent all of the amino acids found in proteins during translation in the ribosome, D-amino acids are found in some proteins produced by enzyme posttranslational modifications after translation and translocation to the endoplasmic reticulum, as in exotic sea-dwelling organisms such as cone snails. They are also abundant components of the peptidoglycan cell walls of bacteria, and '''D-serine may act as a neurotransmitter in the brain'''. The L and D convention for amino acid configuration refers not to the optical activity of the amino acid itself, but rather to the optical activity of the isomer of glyceraldehyde from which that amino acid can theoretically be synthesized (D-glyceraldehyde is dextrorotary; L-glyceraldehyde is levorotary). Alternatively, the (S) and (R) designators are used to indicate the absolute stereochemistry. Almost all of the amino acids in proteins are (S) at the α carbon, with cysteine being (R) and glycine non-chiral.Cysteine is unusual since it has a sulfur atom at the second position in its side-chain, which has a larger atomic mass than the groups attached to the first carbon which is attached to the α-carbon in the other standard amino acids, thus the (R) instead of (S)<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amino_acid&oldid=425052968</ref>. '''Zwitterions''' The amine and carboxylic acid functional groups found in amino acids allow it to have amphiprotic properties. At a certain pH, known as the '''isoelectric point''', an amino acid has no overall charge since the number of protonated ammonia groups (positive charges) and deprotonated carboxylate groups (negative charges) are equal. The amino acids all have different '''isoelectric points'''. The ions produced at the isoelectric point have both positive and negative charges and are known as a zwitterion, which comes from the German word Zwitter meaning "hermaphrodite" or "hybrid". Amino acids can exist as '''zwitterions in solids and in polar solutions such as water''', but '''not in the gas''' phase. Zwitterions have minimal solubility at their isolectric point and an amino acid can be isolated by precipitating it from water by adjusting the pH to its particular isoelectric point<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amino_acid&oldid=425052968</ref>. The 20 naturally occurring amino acids have different physical and chemical properties, including their electrostatic charge, pKa, hydrophobicity, size and specific functional groups. These properties play a major role in molding protein structure. The salient features of amino acids are described below in the table. {| class="wikitable" |- align="center" ! Amino Acid ! colspan="2" | Abbrev. ! Remarks |- ! Alanine | A | Ala | Very abundant, very versatile. More stiff than glycine, but small enough to pose only small steric limits for the protein conformation. It behaves fairly neutrally, and can be located in both hydrophilic regions on the protein outside and the hydrophobic areas inside. |- ! Asparagine or aspartic acid | B | Asx | A placeholder when either amino acid may occupy a position. |- ! Cysteine | C | Cys | The sulfur atom bonds readily to heavy metal ions. Under oxidizing conditions, two cysteines can join together in a disulfide bond to form the amino acid cystine. When cystines are part of a protein, insulin for example, the tertiary structure is stabilized, which makes the protein more resistant to denaturation; therefore, disulfide bonds are common in proteins that have to function in harsh environments including digestive enzymes (e.g., pepsin and chymotrypsin) and structural proteins (e.g., keratin). Disulfides are also found in peptides too small to hold a stable shape on their own (eg. insulin). |- ! Aspartic acid | D | Asp | Behaves similarly to glutamic acid. Carries a hydrophilic acidic group with strong negative charge. Usually is located on the outer surface of the protein, making it water-soluble. Binds to positively-charged molecules and ions, often used in enzymes to fix the metal ion. When located inside of the protein, aspartate and glutamate are usually paired with arginine and lysine. |- ! Glutamic acid | E | Glu | Behaves similar to aspartic acid. Has longer, slightly more flexible side chain. |- ! Phenylalanine | F | Phe | Essential for humans. Phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan contain large rigid aromatic group on the side-chain. These are the biggest amino acids. Like isoleucine, leucine and valine, these are hydrophobic and tend to orient towards the interior of the folded protein molecule. Phenylalanine can be converted into Tyrosine. |- ! Glycine | G | Gly | Because of the two hydrogen atoms at the α carbon, glycine is not optically active. It is the smallest amino acid, rotates easily, adds flexibility to the protein chain. It is able to fit into the tightest spaces, e.g., the triple helix of collagen. As too much flexibility is usually not desired, as a structural component it is less common than alanine. |- ! Histidine | H | His | In even slightly acidic conditions protonation of the nitrogen occurs, changing the properties of histidine and the polypeptide as a whole. It is used by many proteins as a regulatory mechanism, changing the conformation and behavior of the polypeptide in acidic regions such as the late endosome or lysosome, enforcing conformation change in enzymes. However only a few histidines are needed for this, so it is comparatively scarce. |- ! Isoleucine | I | Ile | Essential for humans. Isoleucine, leucine and valine have large aliphatic hydrophobic side chains. Their molecules are rigid, and their mutual hydrophobic interactions are important for the correct folding of proteins, as these chains tend to be located inside of the protein molecule. |- ! Leucine or isoleucine | J | Xle | A placeholder when either amino acid may occupy a position |- ! Lysine | K | Lys | Essential for humans. Behaves similarly to arginine. Contains a long flexible side-chain with a positively-charged end. The flexibility of the chain makes lysine and arginine suitable for binding to molecules with many negative charges on their surfaces. E.g., DNA-binding proteins have their active regions rich with arginine and lysine. The strong charge makes these two amino acids prone to be located on the outer hydrophilic surfaces of the proteins; when they are found inside, they are usually paired with a corresponding negatively-charged amino acid, e.g., aspartate or glutamate. |- ! Leucine | L | Leu | Essential for humans. Behaves similar to isoleucine and valine. See isoleucine. |- ! Methionine | M | Met | Essential for humans. Always the first amino acid to be incorporated into a protein; sometimes removed after translation. Like cysteine, contains sulfur, but with a methyl group instead of hydrogen. This methyl group can be activated, and is used in many reactions where a new carbon atom is being added to another molecule. |- ! Asparagine | N | Asn | Similar to aspartic acid. Asn contains an amide group where Asp has a carboxyl. |- ! Pyrrolysine | O | Pyl | Similar to lysine, with a pyrroline ring attached. |- ! Proline | P | Pro | Contains an unusual ring to the N-end amine group, which forces the CO-NH amide sequence into a fixed conformation. Can disrupt protein folding structures like α helix or β sheet, forcing the desired kink in the protein chain. Common in collagen, where it often undergoes a posttranslational modification to hydroxyproline. |- ! Glutamine | Q | Gln | Similar to glutamic acid. Gln contains an amide group where Glu has a carboxyl. Used in proteins and as a storage for ammonia. The most abundant Amino Acid in the body. |- ! Arginine | R | Arg | Functionally similar to lysine. |- ! Serine | S | Ser | Serine and threonine have a short group ended with a hydroxyl group. Its hydrogen is easy to remove, so serine and threonine often act as hydrogen donors in enzymes. Both are very hydrophilic, therefore the outer regions of soluble proteins tend to be rich with them. |- ! Threonine | T | Thr | Essential for humans. Behaves similarly to serine. |- ! Selenocysteine | U | Sec | Selenated form of cysteine, which replaces sulfur. |- ! Valine | V | Val | Essential for humans. Behaves similarly to isoleucine and leucine. See isoleucine. |- ! Tryptophan | W | Trp | Essential for humans. Behaves similarly to phenylalanine and tyrosine (see phenylalanine). Precursor of serotonin. Naturally fluorescent. |- ! Unknown | X | Xaa | Placeholder when the amino acid is unknown or unimportant. |- ! Tyrosine | Y | Tyr | Behaves similarly to phenylalanine (precursor to Tyrosine) and tryptophan (see phenylalanine). Precursor of melanin, epinephrine, and thyroid hormones. Naturally fluorescent, although fluorescence is usually quenched by energy transfer to tryptophans. |- ! Glutamic acid or glutamine | Z | Glx | A placeholder when either amino acid may occupy a position. |} <gallery> image:L-alanine-skeletal.png|<small>L</small>-Alanine<br>(Ala&nbsp;/&nbsp;A) image:L-arginine-skeletal-(tall).png|<small>L</small>-Arginine<br>(Arg&nbsp;/&nbsp;R) image:L-asparagine-skeletal.png|<small>L</small>-Asparagine<br>(Asn&nbsp;/&nbsp;N) image:L-aspartic-acid-skeletal.png|<small>L</small>-Aspartic acid<br>(Asp&nbsp;/&nbsp;D) image:L-cysteine-skeletal.png|<small>L</small>-Cysteine<br>(Cys&nbsp;/&nbsp;C) image:Kwas glutaminowy.svg|<small>L</small>-Glutamic acid<br>(Glu&nbsp;/&nbsp;E) image:L-glutamine-skeletal.png|<small>L</small>-Glutamine<br>(Gln&nbsp;/&nbsp;Q) image:Glycine-skeletal.png|Glycine<br>(Gly&nbsp;/&nbsp;G) image:L-histidine-skeletal.png|<small>L</small>-Histidine<br>(His&nbsp;/&nbsp;H) image:L-isoleucine-skeletal.svg|<small>L</small>-Isoleucine<br>(Ile&nbsp;/&nbsp;I) image:L-leucine-skeletal.svg|<small>L</small>-Leucine<br>(Leu&nbsp;/&nbsp;L) image:L-lysine-skeletal.svg|<small>L</small>-Lysine<br>(Lys&nbsp;/&nbsp;K) image:L-methionine-skeletal.png|<small>L</small>-Methionine<br>(Met&nbsp;/&nbsp;M) image:L-phenylalanine-skeletal.png|<small>L</small>-Phenylalanine<br>(Phe&nbsp;/&nbsp;F) image:Amminoacido prolina formula.svg|<small>L</small>-Proline<br>(Pro&nbsp;/&nbsp;P) image:L-serine-skeletal.svg|<small>L</small>-Serine<br>(Ser&nbsp;/&nbsp;S) image:L-threonine-skeletal.png|<small>L</small>-Threonine<br>(Thr&nbsp;/&nbsp;T) image:L-tryptophan-skeletal.png|<small>L</small>-Tryptophan<br>(Trp&nbsp;/&nbsp;W) image:L-tyrosine-skeletal.png|<small>L</small>-Tyrosine<br>(Tyr&nbsp;/&nbsp;Y) image:L-valine-skeletal.png|<small>L</small>-Valine<br>(Val&nbsp;/&nbsp;V) image:L-selenocysteine-2D-skeletal.png|<small>L</small>-Selenocysteine<br>(Sec&nbsp;/&nbsp;U) image:Pyrrolysine.svg|<small>L</small>-Pyrrolysine<br>(Pyl&nbsp;/&nbsp;O) </gallery> [[Image:Molecular structures of the 21 proteinogenic amino acids.svg|thumb|upright=2.0|right|alt=Table of Amino Acids.|The 21 amino acids found in eukaryotes, grouped according to their side-chains' pKas and charge at physiological pH 7.4]] ===Classification of aminoacids=== The 20 amino acids encoded directly by the genetic code can be divided into several groups based on their properties. Important factors are charge, hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity, size and functional groups.Amino acids are usually classified by the properties of their side chain into four groups. The side chain can make an amino acid a weak acid or a weak base, and a hydrophile if the side chain is polar or a hydrophobe if it is nonpolar. [[Image:a-amino-acid.png|thumb|150px|An α-amino acid. The C_αH atom is omitted in the diagram.]] Protein amino acids are combined into a single polypeptide chain in a condensation reaction. This reaction is catalysed by the ribosome in a process known as translation. {| class="wikitable" ! Essential ! Nonessential |- | Isoleucine | Alanine |- | Leucine | Asparagine |- | Lysine | Aspartic Acid |- | Methionine | Cysteine* |- | Phenylalanine | Glutamic Acid |- | Threonine | Glutamine* |- | Tryptophan | Glycine* |- | Valine | Proline* |- | | Selenocysteine* |- | | Serine* |- | | Tyrosine* |- | | Arginine* |- | | Histidine* |- | | Ornithine* |- | | Taurine* |} '''Polar and non polar amino acids and their single and three letter code''' {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Amino Acid ! Three Letter code ! Single Letter code ! Side chain polarity ! Side chain charge (pH 7.4) ! Hydropathy index ! Absorbance λ_max(nm) ! ε at λ_max (x10⁻³ M⁻¹ cm⁻¹) |- align="center" | Alanine | Ala | A | nonpolar | neutral | 1.8 | | |- align="center" | Arginine | Arg | R | polar | positive | −4.5 | | |- align="center" | Asparagine | Asn | N | polar | neutral | −3.5 | | |- align="center" | Aspartic acid | Asp | D | polar | negative | −3.5 | | |- align="center" | Cysteine | Cys | C | nonpolar | neutral | 2.5 | 250 | 0.3 |- align="center" | Glutamic acid | Glu | E | polar | negative | −3.5 | | |- align="center" | Glutamine | Gln | Q | polar | neutral | −3.5 | | |- align="center" | Glycine | Gly | G | nonpolar | neutral | −0.4 | | |- align="center" | Histidine | His | H | polar | positive(10%) neutral(90%) | −3.2 | 211 | 5.9 |- align="center" | Isoleucine | Ile | I | nonpolar | neutral | 4.5 | | |- align="center" | Leucine | Leu | L | nonpolar | neutral | 3.8 | | |- align="center" | Lysine | Lys | K | polar | positive | −3.9 | | |- align="center" | Methionine | Met | M | nonpolar | neutral | 1.9 | | |- align="center" | Phenylalanine | Phe | F | nonpolar | neutral | 2.8 | 257, 206, 188 | 0.2, 9.3, 60.0 |- align="center" | Proline | Pro | P | nonpolar | neutral | −1.6 | | |- align="center" | Serine | Ser | S | polar | neutral | −0.8 | | |- align="center" | Threonine | Thr | T | polar | neutral | −0.7 | | |- align="center" | Tryptophan | Trp | W | nonpolar | neutral | −0.9 | 280, 219 | 5.6, 47.0 |- align="center" | Tyrosine | Tyr | Y | polar | neutral | −1.3 | 274, 222, 193 | 1.4, 8.0, 48.0 |- align="center" | Valine | Val | V | nonpolar | neutral | 4.2 | | |} Additionally, there are two additional amino acids which are incorporated by overriding stop codons: {| class="wikitable" ! 21st and 22nd amino acids ! 3-Letter ! 1-Letter |- align="center" | Selenocysteine | Sec | U |- align="center" | Pyrrolysine | Pyl | O |} In addition to the specific amino acid codes, placeholders are used in cases where chemical or crystallographic analysis of a peptide or protein can not conclusively determine the identity of a residue. {| class="wikitable" ! Ambiguous Amino Acids ! 3-Letter ! 1-Letter |- align="center" | Asparagine or aspartic acid | Asx | B |- align="center" | Glutamine or glutamic acid | Glx | Z |- align="center" | Leucine or Isoleucine | Xle | J |- align="center" | Unspecified or unknown amino acid | Xaa | X |} '''Unk''' is sometimes used instead of '''Xaa''', but is less standard. Additionally, many non-standard amino acids have a specific code. For example, several peptide drugs, such as Bortezomib or MG132 are artificially synthesized and retain their protecting groups, which have specific codes. Bortezomib is Pyz-Phe-boroLeu and MG132 is Z-Leu-Leu-Leu-al. Additionally, To aid in the analysis of protein structure, photocrosslinking amino acid analogues are available. These include photoleucine ('''pLeu''') and photomethionine ('''pMet''').<ref> Photo-leucine and photo-methionine allow identification of protein-protein interactions in living cells.Nature Methods:4,261–7,2005</ref> ==Structure of protein== [[Image:Ramaplot.png|thumb|250px|A Ramachandran plot generated from the protein PCNA, a human DNA clamp protein that is composed of both beta sheets and alpha helices (PDB ID 1AXC). Points that lie on the axes indicate N- and C-terminal residues for each subunit. The green regions show possible angle formations that include glycine, while the blue areas are for formations that don't include glycine.]] ===Primary structure of protein=== [[Image:Ramachandran plot general 100K.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ramachandran diagram (φ,ψ plot), with data points for α-helical residues forming a dense diagonal cluster below and left of center, around the global energy minimum for backbone conformation.<ref>{{ cite journal | author = Lovell SC et al. | title = Structure validation by Cα geometry: φ,ψ and Cβ deviation | journal = Proteins | volume = 50 | pages = 437–450 | doi = 10.1002/prot.10286 | pmid = 12557186 | year = 2003 | issue = 3}}</ref>]] The proposal that proteins were linear chains of α-amino acids was made nearly simultaneously by two scientists at the same conference in 1902, the 74th meeting of the Society of German Scientists and Physicians, held in Karlsbad. '''Franz Hofmeister made''' the proposal in the morning, based on his observations of the biuret reaction in proteins. Hofmeister was followed a few hours later by '''Emil Fischer''', who had amassed a wealth of chemical details supporting the peptide-bond model. For completeness, the proposal that proteins contained amide linkages was made as early as 1882 by the French chemist '''E. Grimaux'''. Despite these data and later evidence that proteolytically digested proteins yielded only oligopeptides, the idea that proteins were linear, unbranched polymers of amino acids was not accepted immediately. Some well-respected scientists such as William Astbury doubted that covalent bonds were strong enough to hold such long molecules together; they feared that thermal agitations would shake such long molecules asunder. Hermann Staudinger faced similar prejudices in the 1920s when he argued that rubber was composed of macromolecules. Thus, several alternative hypotheses arose. The '''colloidal protein hypothesis''' stated that proteins were colloidal assemblies of smaller molecules. This hypothesis was disproved in the 1920s by ultracentrifugation measurements by Theodor Svedberg that showed that proteins had a well-defined, reproducible molecular weight and by electrophoretic measurements by Arne Tiselius that indicated that proteins were single molecules<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protein_primary_structure&oldid=415921787</ref>. A second hypothesis, the '''cyclol hypothesis''' advanced by Dorothy Wrinch, proposed that the linear polypeptide underwent a chemical cyclol rearrangement C=O + HN C(OH)-N that crosslinked its backbone amide groups, forming a two-dimensional fabric. Other primary structures of proteins were proposed by various researchers, such as the diketopiperazine model of Emil Abderhalden and the pyrrol/piperidine model of Troensegaard in 1942. Although never given much credence, these alternative models were finally disproved when Frederick Sanger successfully sequenced insulin and by the crystallographic determination of myoglobin and hemoglobin by Max Perutz and John Kendrew. The primary structure of peptides and proteins refers to the linear sequence of its amino acid structural units. The term "primary structure" was first coined by Linderstrøm-Lang in 1951. By convention, the primary structure of a protein is reported starting from the amino-terminal (N) end to the carboxyl-terminal (C) end. The post-translational modifications of protein such as disulfide formation, phosphorylations and glycosylations are usually also considered a part of the primary structure, and cannot be read from the gene<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protein_primary_structure&oldid=415921787</ref>. {{quotation|A '''Ramachandran plot''' (also known as a ''Ramachandran map or a Ramachandran diagram'' or a [φ,ψ] plot), developed by Gopalasamudram Narayana Ramachandran and Viswanathan Sasisekharan is a way to visualize dihedral angles ψ against φ of amino acid residues in protein structure. <ref> RAMACHANDRAN GN, RAMAKRISHNAN C, SASISEKHARAN V (July 1963). "Stereochemistry of polypeptide chain configurations". J. Mol. Biol. 7: 95–9</ref>. It shows the possible conformations of ψ and φ angles for a polypeptide. Mathematically, the Ramachandran plot is the visualization of a function <math>f: \left[-\pi,\pi\right) \times \left[-\pi,\pi\right) \rightarrow \mathbb{R_{{}+{}}}</math>. The domain of this function is the torus. Hence, the conventional Ramachandran plot is a projection of the torus on the plane, resulting in a distorted view and the presence of discontinuities. One would expect that larger side chains would result in more restrictions and consequently a smaller allowable region in the Ramachandran plot. In practice this does not appear to be the case; only the methylene group at the α position has an influence. Glycine has a hydrogen atom, with a smaller van der Waals radius, instead of a methyl group at the α position. Hence it is least restricted and this is apparent in the Ramachandran plot for glycine for which the allowable area is considerably larger. In contrast, the Ramachandran plot for proline shows only a very limited number of possible combinations of ψ and φ. The Ramachandran plot was calculated just before the first protein structures at atomic resolution were determined. Forty years later there were tens of thousands of high-resolution protein structures determined by X-ray crystallography and deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). From one thousand different protein chains, Ramachandran plots of over 200 000 amino acids were plotted, showing some significant differences, especially for glycine (Hovmöller et al. 2002). The upper left region was found to be split into two; one to the left containing amino acids in beta sheets and one to the right containing the amino acids in random coil of this conformation. One can also plot the dihedral angles in polysaccharides and other polymers in this fashion. For the first two protein side-chain dihedral angles a similar plot is the Janin Plot.}} ===Secondary structure of protein=== [[Image:1GZX Haemoglobin.png|thumb|right|200px|The Hemoglobin molecule has four heme-binding subunits, each largely made of alpha helices.]] Secondary structure refers to highly regular local sub-structures. Two main types of secondary structure, the alpha helix and the beta strand, were suggested in 1951 by '''Linus Pauling'''' and coworkers.<ref name="Pauling1951">{{Cite journal|author=Pauling L, Corey RB, Branson HR |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |year=1951 |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=205–211 |title=The structure of proteins; two hydrogen-bonded helical configurations of the polypeptide chain |pmid=14816373 |doi=10.1073/pnas.37.4.205 |pmc=1063337}}</ref>. These secondary structures are defined by patterns of hydrogen bonds between the main-chain peptide groups. They have a regular geometry, being constrained to specific values of the dihedral angles ψ and φ on the Ramachandran plot. Both the alpha helix and the beta-sheet represent a way of saturating all the hydrogen bond donors and acceptors in the peptide backbone. Some parts of the protein are ordered but do not form any regular structures. They should not be confused with random coil, an unfolded polypeptide chain lacking any fixed three-dimensional structure. Several sequential secondary structures may form a "supersecondary unit".<ref name="ChiangYS2007">{{Cite journal|author=Chiang YS, Gelfand TI, Kister AE, Gelfand IM |title=New classification of supersecondary structures of sandwich-like proteins uncovers strict patterns of strand assemblage. |journal=Proteins. |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=915–921 |year=2007 |pmid=17557333 |doi=10.1002/prot.21473}}</ref> [[Image:beta-meander1.png|right|200px|thumb|<div align="center">'''Beta-meander motif'''<br/>Portion of outer surface Protein A of Borrelia burgdorferi complexed with a murine monoclonal antibody.<br/></div>]] Amino acids vary in their ability to form the various secondary structure elements. Proline and glycine are sometimes known as "helix breakers" because they disrupt the regularity of the α helical backbone conformation; however, both have unusual conformational abilities and are commonly found in turns. Amino acids that prefer to adopt helical conformations in proteins include methionine, alanine, leucine, glutamate and lysine ("MALEK" in amino-acid 1-letter codes); by contrast, the large aromatic residues (tryptophan, tyrosine and phenylalanine) and Cβ-branched amino acids (isoleucine, valine, and threonine) prefer to adopt β-strand conformations. However, these preferences are not strong enough to produce a reliable method of predicting secondary structure from sequence alone.Secondary structure in proteins consists of local inter-residue interactions mediated by hydrogen bonds, or not. The most common secondary structures are alpha helices and beta sheets. Other helices, such as the 310 helix and π helix, are calculated to have energetically favorable hydrogen-bonding patterns but are rarely if ever observed in natural proteins except at the ends of α helices due to unfavorable backbone packing in the center of the helix<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protein_secondary_structure&oldid=406816422</ref>. '''α helix''' The amino acids in an α helix are arranged in a right-handed helical structure where each amino acid residue corresponds to a 100° turn in the helix (i.e., the helix has 3.6 residues per turn), and a translation of 1.5 Å (0.15 nm) along the helical axis. (Short pieces of left-handed helix sometimes occur with a large content of achiral glycine amino acids, but are unfavorable for the other normal, biological L-amino acids.) The pitch of the alpha-helix (the vertical distance between one consecutive turn of the helix) is 5.4 Å (0.54 nm) which is the product of 1.5 and 3.6. What is most important is that the N-H group of an amino acid forms a hydrogen bond with the C=O group of the amino acid four residues earlier; this repeated hydrogen bonding is the most prominent characteristic of an α-helix. Official international nomenclature specifies two ways of defining α-helices, rule 6.2 in terms of repeating φ,ψ torsion angles and rule 6.3 in terms of the combined pattern of pitch and hydrogen bonding. Different amino-acid sequences have different propensities for forming α-helical structure. Methionine, alanine, leucine, uncharged glutamate, and lysine ("MALEK" in the amino-acid 1-letter codes) all have especially high helix-forming propensities, whereas proline and glycine have poor helix-forming propensities. Proline either breaks or kinks a helix, both because it cannot donate an amide hydrogen bond (having no amide hydrogen), and also because its sidechain interferes sterically with the backbone of the preceding turn - inside a helix, this forces a bend of about 30° in the helix axis. However, proline is often seen as the first residue of a helix, presumably due to its structural rigidity. At the other extreme, glycine also tends to disrupt helices because its high conformational flexibility makes it entropically expensive to adopt the relatively constrained α-helical structure<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alpha_helix&oldid=423162580</ref>. [[Image:Beta hairpin.png|thumb|right|130px|Representation of a beta hairpin]] [[Image:Anthrax toxin protein key motif.svg|right|thumb|200px|Greek-key motif in protein structure.]] '''β sheet''' The first β sheet structure was proposed by William Astbury in the 1930s. He proposed the idea of hydrogen bonding between the peptide bonds of parallel or antiparallel extended β strands. However, Astbury did not have the necessary data on the bond geometry of the amino acids in order to build accurate models, especially since he did not then know that the peptide bond was planar. A refined version was proposed by Linus Pauling and Robert Corey in 1951. The β sheet (also β-pleated sheet) is the second form of regular secondary structure in proteins, only somewhat less common than alpha helix. Beta sheets consist of beta strands connected laterally by at least two or three backbone hydrogen bonds, forming a generally twisted, pleated sheet. A beta strand (also β strand) is a stretch of polypeptide chain typically 3 to 10 amino acids long with backbone in an almost fully extended conformation. A very simple structural motif involving β sheets is the β hairpin, in which two antiparallel strands are linked by a short loop of two to five residues, of which one is frequently a glycine or a proline, both of which can assume the unusual dihedral-angle conformations required for a tight turn. However, individual strands can also be linked in more elaborate ways with long loops that may contain alpha helices or even entire protein domains<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beta_sheet&oldid=425195965</ref>. ''Greek key motif'' The Greek key motif consists of four adjacent antiparallel strands and their linking loops. It consists of three antiparallel strands connected by hairpins, while the fourth is adjacent to the first and linked to the third by a longer loop. This type of structure forms easily during the protein folding process.<ref>[http://swissmodel.expasy.org/course/text/chapter4.htm Tertiary Protein Structure and Folds: section 4.3.2.1]. From [http://swissmodel.expasy.org/course/ Principles of Protein Structure, Comparative Protein Modelling, and Visualisation]</ref><ref name="pmid8506258">{{cite journal | author = Hutchinson EG, Thornton JM | title = The Greek key motif: extraction, classification and analysis | journal = Protein Eng. | volume = 6 | issue = 3 | pages = 233–45 | date = April 1993 | pmid = 8506258 | doi = 10.1093/protein/6.3.233 | url = | issn = }}</ref> It was named after a pattern common to Greek ornamental artwork (see meander (art))<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beta_sheet&oldid=425195965</ref>. ''The β-&alpha;-β motif'' Due to the chirality of their component amino acids, all strands exhibit a "right-handed" twist evident in most higher-order β sheet structures. In particular, the linking loop between two parallel strands almost always has a right-handed crossover chirality, which is strongly favored by the inherent twist of the sheet. This linking loop frequently contains a helical region, in which case it is called a β-α-β motif. A closely related motif called a β-α-β-α motif forms the basic component of the most commonly observed protein tertiary structure, the TIM barrel<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beta_sheet&oldid=425195965</ref>. ''β-meander motif'' A simple supersecondary protein topology composed of 2 or more consecutive antiparallel β-strands linked together by hairpin loops.<ref>[http://scop.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/scop/data/scop.b.c.bbf.html SCOP: Fold: WW domain-like<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.cryst.bbk.ac.uk/PPS2/course/section9/sss/super2.html PPS '96 - Super Secondary Structure<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> This motif is common in β-sheets and can be found in several structural architectures including β-barrels and β-propellers<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beta_sheet&oldid=425195965</ref>. [[Image:5CPAgood.png|right|thumb|200px|<div align="center">'''Psi-loop motif'''<br/>Portion of Carboxypeptidase A.<br/></div>]] ''Psi-loop motif'' The psi-loop, Ψ-loop, motif consists of two antiparallel strands with one strand in between that is connected to both by hydrogen bonds.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hutchinson |first=E. |authorlink= |coauthors=Thornton, J. |year=1996 |month= |title=PROMOTIF—A program to identify and analyze structural motifs in proteins |journal=Protein Science |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=212–220 |pmid=8745398 |url= |accessdate= |quote= |pmc=2143354 |doi=10.1002/pro.5560050204 }}</ref> There are four possible strand topologies for single Ψ-loops as cited by Hutchinson ''et al.'' (1990). This motif is rare as the process resulting in its formation seems unlikely to occur during protein folding. The Ψ-loop was first identified in the aspartic protease family.<ref name="pmid2281084">{{cite journal | author = Hutchinson EG, Thornton JM | title = HERA--a program to draw schematic diagrams of protein secondary structures | journal = Proteins | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | pages = 203–12 | year = 1990 | pmid = 2281084 | doi = 10.1002/prot.340080303 | url = | issn = }}</ref> '''Coiled coils''' The possibility of coiled coils for α-keratin was proposed by Francis Crick in 1952 as well as mathematical methods for determining their structure. Remarkably, this was soon after the structure of the alpha helix was suggested in 1951 by Linus Pauling and coworkers. Coiled coils usually contain a repeated pattern, ''hxxhcxc'', of hydrophobic (h) and charged (c) amino-acid residues, referred to as a heptad repeat. The positions in the heptad repeat are usually labeled abcdefg, where a and d are the hydrophobic positions, often being occupied by isoleucine, leucine or valine. Folding a sequence with this repeating pattern into an alpha-helical secondary structure causes the hydrophobic residues to be presented as a 'stripe' that coils gently around the helix in left-handed fashion, forming an amphipathic structure. The most favorable way for two such helices to arrange themselves in the water-filled environment of the cytoplasm is to wrap the hydrophobic strands against each other sandwiched between the hydrophilic amino acids. It is thus the burial of hydrophobic surfaces, that provides the thermodynamic driving force for the oligomerization. The packing in a coiled-coil interface is exceptionally tight, with almost complete van der Waals contact between the side chains of the a and d residues. This tight packing was originally predicted by '''Francis Crick in 1952''' and is referred to as Knobs into holes packing. The α-helices may be parallel or anti-parallel, and usually adopt a left-handed super-coil. Although disfavored, a few right-handed coiled coils have also been observed in nature and in designed proteins<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coiled_coil&oldid=420935661</ref>. {| class="wikitable" |+ Structural features of the three major forms of protein helices<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biomed.curtin.edu.au/biochem/tutorials/prottute/helices.htm |title=Interactive Protein Structure Tutorial |author=Steven Bottomley |authorlink=http://www.biomed.curtin.edu.au/profile.php?person_id=264 |year=2004 |accessdate=January 9, 2011 }}</ref> !Geometry attribute !&alpha;-helix !3₁₀ helix !&pi;-helix |- |Residues per turn ||align="right"| 3.6 ||align="right"| 3.0 ||align="right"| 4.4 |- |Translation per residue ||align="right"| 1.5Å||align="right"| 2.0Å ||align="right"| 1.1Å |- |Radius of helix ||align="right"| 2.3Å||align="right"| 1.9Å ||align="right"| 2.8Å |- |Pitch ||align="right"| 5.4Å ||align="right"| 6.0Å <!-- 3.0 r/t * 2.0Å trans --> ||align="right"|4.8Å <!-- 4.4 r/t * 1.1Å trans --> |} [[Image:ProteinStructures.png|thumb|The four levels of protein structure, from top to bottom: primary structure, secondary structure (β-sheet left, right α-helix), tertiary and quartary structure.]] ===Tertiary structure of protein=== Tertiary structure is considered to be largely determined by the protein's primary structure - the sequence of amino acids of which it is composed. Efforts to predict tertiary structure from the primary structure are known generally as protein structure prediction. However, the environment in which a protein is synthesized and allowed to fold are significant determinants of its final shape and are usually not directly taken into account by current prediction methods. In globular proteins, tertiary interactions are frequently stabilized by the sequestration of hydrophobic amino acid residues in the protein core, from which water is excluded, and by the consequent enrichment of charged or hydrophilic residues on the protein's water-exposed surface. In secreted proteins that do not spend time in the cytoplasm, disulfide bonds between cysteine residues help to maintain the protein's tertiary structure. A variety of common and stable tertiary structures appear in a large number of proteins that are unrelated in both function and evolution - for example, many proteins are shaped like a TIM barrel, named for the enzyme triosephosphateisomerase. Another common structure is a highly stable dimeric coiled coil structure composed of 2-7 alpha helices. The majority of protein structures known to date have been solved with the experimental technique of X-ray crystallography, which typically provides data of high resolution but provides no time-dependent information on the protein's conformational flexibility. A second common way of solving protein structures uses NMR, which provides somewhat lower-resolution data in general and is limited to relatively small proteins, but can provide time-dependent information about the motion of a protein in solution. Dual polarisation interferometry is a time resolved analytical method for determining the overall conformation and conformational changes in surface captured proteins providing complementary information to these high resolution methods. More is known about the tertiary structural features of soluble globular proteins than about membrane proteins because the latter class is extremely difficult to study using these methodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protein_tertiary_structure&oldid=422486540. ===Quartary structure of proteins=== Several proteins are actually assemblies of more than '''one polypeptide chain''', which in the context of the larger assemblage are known as protein subunits. In addition to the tertiary structure of the subunits, multiple-subunit proteins possess a quartary structure, which is the arrangement into which the subunits assemble. Enzymes composed of subunits with diverse functions are sometimes called holoenzymes, in which some parts may be known as regulatory subunits and the functional core is known as the catalytic subunit. Examples of proteins with quartary structure include hemoglobin, DNA polymerase, and ion channels. Other assemblies referred to instead as multiprotein complexes also possess quaternary structure. Examples include '''nucleosomes and microtubules'''. Changes in quartary structure can occur through conformational changes within individual subunits or through reorientation of the subunits relative to each other. It is through such changes, which underlie cooperativity and allostery in "multimeric" enzymes, that many proteins undergo regulation and perform their physiological function. The above definition follows a classical approach to biochemistry, established at times when the distinction between a protein and a functional, proteinaceous unit was difficult to elucidate. More recently, people refer to protein-protein interaction when discussing quartary structure of proteins and consider all assemblies of proteins as protein complexes. ==Types of protein== ===Conjugated protein=== A conjugated protein is a protein that functions in interaction with other chemical groups attached by covalent bonds or by weak interactions. Many proteins contain only amino acids and no other chemical groups, and they are called simple proteins. However, other kind of proteins yield, on hydrolysis, some other chemical component in addition to amino acids and they are called conjugated proteins. The nonamino part of a conjugated protein is usually called its prosthetic group. Most prosthetic groups are formed from vitamins. Conjugated proteins are classified on the basis of the chemical nature of their prosthetic groups. Some examples of conjugated proteins are ====Lipoproteins==== A lipoprotein is a biochemical assembly that contains both '''proteins''' and '''lipids''' water-bound to the proteins. Many enzymes, transporters, structural proteins, antigens, adhesins and toxins are lipoproteins. Examples include the high density (HDL) and low density (LDL) lipoproteins which enable fats to be carried in the blood stream, the transmembrane proteins of the mitochondrion and the chloroplast, and bacterial lipoproteins. ====Glycoproteins==== Glycoproteins are proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to polypeptide side-chains. The carbohydrate is attached to the protein in a cotranslational or posttranslational modification. This process is known as glycosylation. In proteins that have segments extending extracellularly, the extracellular segments are often glycosylated. Glycoproteins are often important integral membrane proteins, where they play a role in cell-cell interactions. Glycoproteins also occur in the cytosol, but their functions and the pathways producing these modifications in this compartment are less well-understood.'''Glycoproteins are generally the largest and most abundant group of conjugated proteins'''. They range from glycoproteins in cell surface membranes that constitute the glycocalyx, to important antibodies produced by leukocytes. ====phosphoproteins==== Phosphoproteins are proteins which are chemically bonded to a substance containing phosphoric acid (see phosphorylation for more). The category of organic molecules that includes Fc receptors, Ulks, Calcineurins, K chips, and urocortins. ====Metalloprotein==== A protein that contains a metal ion cofactor known as Metalloprotein. Metalloproteins have many different functions in cells, such as enzymes, transport and storage proteins, and signal transduction proteins. Indeed, about one quarter to one third of all proteins require metals to carry out their functions. The metal ion is usually coordinated by nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atoms belonging to amino acids in the polypeptide chain and/or a macrocyclic ligand incorporated into the protein. The presence of the metal ion allows metalloenzymes to perform functions such as redox reactions that cannot easily be performed by the limited set of functional groups found in amino acids. [[Image:Zinc finger rendered.png|thumb|400px|right|Computer-generated 3-D representation of the zinc finger motif of proteins, consisting of an &alpha; helix and an antiparallel &beta; sheet. The zinc ion (green) is coordinated by two histidine residues and two cysteine residues.]] {| class="wikitable" |- !Metal Ion!!Examples of enzymes containing this ion |- ||Magnesium || Glucose 6-phosphatase<br/>Hexokinase<br>DNA polymerase |- ||Vanadium||vanabins |- ||Manganese|| Arginase |- ||Iron|| Catalase<BR>Hydrogenase<br>IRE-BP<br>Aconitase |- ||Nickel<ref>{{cite book|title=Nickel and Its Surprising Impact in Nature|editor=Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel and Roland K.O. Sigel|publisher=Wiley|date=2008|series=Metal Ions in Life Sciences|volume=2|isbn=978-0-470-01671-8}}</ref> || Urease<br>Hydrogenase |- ||Copper || Cytochrome oxidase<br>Laccase |- ||Zinc || Alcohol dehydrogenase<br>Carboxypeptidase<br>Aminopeptidase<br>Beta amyloid |- ||Molybdenum || Nitrate reductase |- ||Selenium || Glutathione peroxidase |- ||various||Metallothionein<br>Phosphatase |} ====hemoproteins==== A hemeprotein (or hemoprotein or haemoprotein), or heme protein, is a metalloprotein containing a heme prosthetic group, either covalently or noncovalently bound to the protein itself. The iron in the heme is capable of undergoing oxidation and reduction (usually to +2 and +3, though stabilized Fe+4 and even Fe+5 species are well known in the peroxidases). Hemoproteins probably evolved from a primordial strategy allowing to incorporate the iron (Fe) atom contained within the protoporphyrin IX ring of heme into proteins. This strategy has been maintained throughout evolution as it makes hemoproteins responsive to molecules that can bind divalent iron (Fe). These molecules included, but are probably not restricted to, gaseous molecules, such as oxygen (O2) nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Once bound to the prosthetic heme groups of hemoproteins these gaseous molecules can modulate the activity/function of those hemoproteins in a way that is said to afford signal transduction. Therefore, when produced in biologic systems (cells), these gaseous molecules are referred to as gasotransmitters.'''Haemoglobin contains the prosthetic group containing iron''', which is the haem. It is with in the haem group that carries the oxygen molecule through the binding of the oxygen molecule to the iron ion (Fe2+) found in the haem group<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemeprotein&oldid=410476687</ref>. '''Hemoglobin''' Hemoglobin (also spelled haemoglobin and abbreviated Hb or Hgb) is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of all vertebrates (except the fish family Channichthyidae ) and the tissues of some invertebrates. Hemoglobin in the blood is what transports oxygen from the lungs or gills to the rest of the body (i.e. the tissues) where it releases the oxygen for cell use, and collects carbon dioxide to bring it back to the lungs. In mammals the protein makes up about 97% of the red blood cells' dry content, and around 35% of the total content (including water). Hemoglobin has an oxygen binding capacity of 1.34 ml O2 per gram of hemoglobin, which increases the total blood oxygen capacity seventyfold. Hemoglobin is involved in the transport of other gases: it carries some of the body's respiratory carbon dioxide (about 10% of the total) as carbaminohemoglobin, in which CO2 is bound to the globin protein. The molecule also carries the important regulatory molecule nitric oxide bound to a globin protein thiol group, releasing it at the same time as oxygen. Hemoglobin is also found outside red blood cells and their progenitor lines. Other cells that contain hemoglobin include the A9 dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, macrophages, alveolar cells, and mesangial cells in the kidney. In these tissues, hemoglobin has a non-oxygen-carrying function as an antioxidant and a regulator of iron metabolism. Hemoglobin and hemoglobin-like molecules are also found in many invertebrates, fungi, and plants. In these organisms, hemoglobins may carry oxygen, or they may act to transport and regulate other things such as carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide and sulfide. A variant of the molecule, called leghemoglobin, is used to scavenge oxygen, to keep it from poisoning anaerobic systems, such as nitrogen-fixing nodules of leguminous plants<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemoglobin&oldid=424939141</ref>. phytochromes, '''Cytochromes''' [[Image:Cytochrome c.png|thumb|250px|Cytochrome ''c'' with heme ''c''.]] Cytochromes are, in general, membrane-bound hemoproteins that contain heme groups and carry out electron transport. They are found either as monomeric proteins (e.g., cytochrome c) or as subunits of bigger enzymatic complexes that catalyze redox reactions. They are found in the mitochondrial inner membrane and endoplasmic reticulum of eukaryotes, in the chloroplasts of plants, in photosynthetic microorganisms, and in bacteria. {| class="wikitable" | '''Cytochromes ''' || '''Combination''' |- | ''a'' and ''a₃'' || Cytochrome c oxidase ("Complex IV") with electrons delivered to complex by soluble cytochrome c (hence the name) |- | ''b'' and ''c₁'' || Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase ("Complex III") |- | ''b₆'' and ''f'' || Plastoquinol—plastocyanin reductase |} [[Image:Rhodopsin 3D.jpeg|thumb|250px|3-dimensional structure of bovine rhodopsin. The seven transmembrane domains are shown in varying colors. The chromophore is shown in red.]] {| class="wikitable" | '''Type''' || '''prosthetic group''' |- | Cytochrome a || heme a |- | Cytochrome b || heme b |- | Cytochrome d || tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron |} ====Opsins==== Opsins are a group of light-sensitive 35-55 kDa membrane-bound G protein-coupled receptors of the retinylidene protein family found in photoreceptor cells of the retina. Five classical groups of opsins are involved in vision, mediating the conversion of a photon of light into an electrochemical signal, the first step in the visual transduction cascade. Another opsin found in the mammalian retina, melanopsin, is involved in circadian rhythms and pupillary reflex but not in image-forming. ====Flavoproteins==== Flavoproteins are proteins that contain a nucleic acid derivative of riboflavin: the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) or flavin mononucleotide (FMN). Flavoproteins are involved in a wide array of biological processes, including, but by no means limited to, bioluminescence, removal of radicals contributing to oxidative stress, photosynthesis, DNA repair, and apoptosis. The spectroscopic properties of the flavin cofactor make it a natural reporter for changes occurring within the active site; this makes flavoproteins one of the most-studied enzyme families. ===Simple proteins=== The proteins which upon hydrolysis yield only amino acids are known as simple proteins. ====Albumin==== Albumin (Latin: albus, white) refers generally to any protein that is water soluble, which is moderately soluble in concentrated salt solutions, and experiences heat denaturation. They are commonly found in blood plasma, and are unique to other plasma proteins in that they are not glycosylated. Substances containing albumin, such as egg white, are called albuminoids. ====Globulin==== Globulin is one of the three types of serum proteins, the others being albumin and fibrinogen. Some globulins are produced in the liver, while others are made by the immune system. The term globulin encompasses a heterogeneous group of proteins with typical high molecular weight, and both solubility and electrophoretic migration rates lower than for albumin. ====Histones==== In biology, histones are highly alkaline proteins found in all eukaryotic cell nuclei and some archaea, which package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. They are the chief protein components of chromatin, acting as spools around which DNA winds, and play a role in gene regulation. ===Derived protein=== ====Peptones==== Peptones are derived from animal milk or meat digested by proteolytic digestion. In addition to containing small peptides, the resulting spray-dried material includes fats, metals, salts, vitamins and many other biological compounds. Peptone is used in nutrient media for growing bacteria and fungi ====Proteases==== Proteases occur naturally in all organisms. These enzymes are involved in a multitude of physiological reactions from simple digestion of food proteins to highly-regulated cascades (e.g., the blood-clotting cascade, the complement system, apoptosis pathways, and the invertebrate prophenoloxidase-activating cascade). Proteases can either break specific peptide bonds (limited proteolysis), depending on the amino acid sequence of a protein, or break down a complete peptide to amino acids (unlimited proteolysis). The activity can be a destructive change, abolishing a protein's function or digesting it to its principal components; it can be an activation of a function, or it can be a signal in a signaling pathway. ==Functions of protein== ===Protein as an Enzyme=== The best-known role of proteins in the cell is as enzymes, which catalyze chemical reactions. Enzymes are usually highly specific and accelerate only one or a few chemical reactions. Enzymes carry out most of the reactions involved in metabolism, as well as manipulating DNA in processes such as DNA replication, DNA repair, and transcription. Some enzymes act on other proteins to add or remove chemical groups in a process known as post-translational modification. About 4,000 reactions are known to be catalyzed by enzymes. The rate acceleration conferred by enzymatic catalysis is often enormous—as much as 1017-fold increase in rate over the uncatalyzed reaction in the case of orotate decarboxylase (78 million years without the enzyme, 18 milliseconds with the enzyme). The molecules bound and acted upon by enzymes are called substrates. Although enzymes can consist of hundreds of amino acids, it is usually only a small fraction of the residues that come in contact with the substrate, and an even smaller fraction—three to four residues on average—that are directly involved in catalysis. The region of the enzyme that binds the substrate and contains the catalytic residues is known as the active site<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protein&oldid=422392976</ref>. ===Protein as cell signalling molecule=== Many proteins are involved in the process of cell signaling and signal transduction. Some proteins, such as insulin, are extracellular proteins that transmit a signal from the cell in which they were synthesized to other cells in distant tissues. Others are membrane proteins that act as receptors whose main function is to bind a signaling molecule and induce a biochemical response in the cell. Many receptors have a binding site exposed on the cell surface and an effector domain within the cell, which may have enzymatic activity or may undergo a conformational change detected by other proteins within the cell. Antibodies are protein components of adaptive immune system whose main function is to bind antigens, or foreign substances in the body, and target them for destruction. Antibodies can be secreted into the extracellular environment or anchored in the membranes of specialized B cells known as plasma cells. Whereas enzymes are limited in their binding affinity for their substrates by the necessity of conducting their reaction, antibodies have no such constraints. An antibody's binding affinity to its target is extraordinarily high. Many ligand transport proteins bind particular small biomolecules and transport them to other locations in the body of a multicellular organism. These proteins must have a high binding affinity when their ligand is present in high concentrations, but must also release the ligand when it is present at low concentrations in the target tissues. The canonical example of a ligand-binding protein is haemoglobin, which transports oxygen from the lungs to other organs and tissues in all vertebrates and has close homologs in every biological kingdom. Lectins are sugar-binding proteins which are highly specific for their sugar moieties. Lectins typically play a role in biological recognition phenomena involving cells and proteins. Receptors and hormones are highly specific binding proteins. Transmembrane proteins can also serve as ligand transport proteins that alter the permeability of the cell membrane to small molecules and ions. The membrane alone has a hydrophobic core through which polar or charged molecules cannot diffuse. Membrane proteins contain internal channels that allow such molecules to enter and exit the cell. Many ion channel proteins are specialized to select for only a particular ion; for example, potassium and sodium channels often discriminate for only one of the two ions<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protein&oldid=422392976</ref>. ===Other functions=== Structural proteins confer stiffness and rigidity to otherwise-fluid biological components. Most structural proteins are fibrous proteins; for example, actin and tubulin are globular and soluble as monomers, but polymerize to form long, stiff fibers that comprise the cytoskeleton, which allows the cell to maintain its shape and size. Collagen and elastin are critical components of connective tissue such as cartilage, and keratin is found in hard or filamentous structures such as hair, nails, feathers, hooves, and some animal shells. Other proteins that serve structural functions are motor proteins such as myosin, kinesin, and dynein, which are capable of generating mechanical forces. These proteins are crucial for cellular motility of single celled organisms and the sperm of many multicellular organisms which reproduce sexually. They also generate the forces exerted by contracting muscles<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protein&oldid=422392976</ref>. ==Protein structure determination== [[File:Myoglobin.png|thumb|left|Ribbon diagram of the structure of myoglobin, showing colored alpha helices. Such proteins are long, linear molecules with thousands of atoms; yet the relative position of each atom has been determined with sub-atomic resolution by X-ray crystallography. Since it is difficult to visualize all the atoms at once, the ribbon shows the rough path of the protein polymer from its N-terminus (blue) to its C-terminus (red).]] Around 90% of the protein structures available in the Protein Data Bank have been determined by X-ray crystallography. This method allows one to measure the 3D density distribution of electrons in the protein (in the crystallized state) and thereby infer the 3D coordinates of all the atoms to be determined to a certain resolution. Roughly 9% of the known protein structures have been obtained by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance techniques. The secondary structure composition can be determined via circular dichroism or dual polarisation interferometry. Cryo-electron microscopy has recently become a means of determining protein structures to high resolution (less than 5 angstroms or 0.5 nanometer) and is anticipated to increase in power as a tool for high resolution work in the next decade. This technique is still a valuable resource for researchers working with very large protein complexes such as virus coat proteins and amyloid fibers. ===X-ray crystallography=== X-ray crystallography of biological molecules took off with Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, who solved the structures of cholesterol (1937), vitamin B12 (1945) and penicillin (1954), for which she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964. In 1969, she succeeded in solving the structure of insulin, on which she worked for over thirty years.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Crowfoot Hodgkin D|authorlink=Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin|year = 1935|title=X-ray Single Crystal Photographs of Insulin|journal=Nature|volume=135|page=591|doi=10.1038/135591a0}}</ref> X-ray crystallography is a method of determining the arrangement of atoms within a crystal, in which a beam of X-rays strikes a crystal and diffracts into many specific directions. Crystal structures of proteins (which are irregular and hundreds of times larger than cholesterol) began to be solved in the late 1950s, beginning with the structure of sperm whale myoglobin by Max Perutz and Sir John Cowdery Kendrew, for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1962.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/181662a0|volume=181|issue=4610|page=662|author=Kendrew J. C. ''et al.''|authorlink=John Kendrew|title=A Three-Dimensional Model of the Myoglobin Molecule Obtained by X-Ray Analysis|journal=Nature|date = 1958-03-08|pmid=13517261}}</ref> Since that success, over 61840 X-ray crystal structures of proteins, nucleic acids and other biological molecules have been determined.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/statistics/holdings.do|title=Table of entries in the PDB, arranged by experimental method}}</ref> For comparison, the nearest competing method in terms of structures analyzed is nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, which has resolved 8759 chemical structures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pdbbeta.rcsb.org/pdb/static.do?p=general_information/pdb_statistics/index.html|title=PDB Statistics|publisher=RCSB Protein Data Bank|accessdate = 2010-02-09}}</ref> Moreover, crystallography can solve structures of arbitrarily large molecules, whereas solution-state NMR is restricted to relatively small ones (less than 70 kDa). X-ray crystallography is now used routinely by scientists to determine how a pharmaceutical drug interacts with its protein target and what changes might improve it.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Scapin G|title=Structural biology and drug discovery|journal=Curr. Pharm. Des.|volume=12|page=2087|year=2006|pmid=16796557|doi=10.2174/138161206777585201|issue=17}}</ref> However, intrinsic membrane proteins remain challenging to crystallize because they require detergents or other means to solubilize them in isolation, and such detergents often interfere with crystallization. Such membrane proteins are a large component of the genome and include many proteins of great physiological importance, such as ion channels and receptors.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Lundstrom K|title=Structural genomics for membrane proteins|journal=Cell. Mol. Life Sci.|volume=63|page=2597|year=2006|pmid=17013556|doi=10.1007/s00018-006-6252-y|issue=22}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Lundstrom K|title=Structural genomics on membrane proteins: mini review|journal=Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screen.|volume=7|page=431|year=2004|pmid=15320710|issue=5}}</ref> ===Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy or NMR=== Protein nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (usually abbreviated protein NMR) is a field of structural biology in which NMR spectroscopy is used to obtain information about the structure and dynamics of proteins. The field was pioneered by Richard R. Ernst and Kurt Wüthrich[1], among others. Protein NMR techniques are continually being used and improved in both academia and the biotech industry. Structure determination by NMR spectroscopy usually consists of several following phases, each using a separate set of highly specialized techniques. The sample is prepared, resonances are assigned, restraints are generated and a structure is calculated and validated ==Hemoglobin and its structure== The oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin was discovered by Hünefeld in 1840. In 1851, Otto Funke published a series of articles in which he described growing hemoglobin crystals by successively diluting red blood cells with a solvent such as pure water, alcohol or ether, followed by slow evaporation of the solvent from the resulting protein solution. Hemoglobin's reversible oxygenation was described a few years later by Felix Hoppe-Seyler. In 1959 Max Perutz determined the molecular structure of hemoglobin by X-ray crystallography. This work resulted in his sharing with John Kendrew the 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The role of hemoglobin in the blood was elucidated by physiologist Claude Bernard. The name hemoglobin is derived from the words heme and globin, reflecting the fact that each subunit of hemoglobin is a globular protein with an embedded heme (or haem) group. Each heme group contains one iron atom, that can bind one oxygen molecule through ion-induced dipole forces. The most common type of hemoglobin in mammals contains four such subunits. Hemoglobin (also spelled haemoglobin and abbreviated Hb or Hgb) is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of all vertebrates[1] (except the fish family Channichthyidae ) and the tissues of some invertebrates. Hemoglobin in the blood is what transports oxygen from the lungs or gills to the rest of the body (i.e. the tissues) where it releases the oxygen for cell use, and collects carbon dioxide to bring it back to the lungs. In mammals the protein makes up about 97% of the red blood cells' dry content, and around 35% of the total content (including water). Hemoglobin has an oxygen binding capacity of 1.34 ml O2 per gram of hemoglobin, which increases the total blood oxygen capacity seventyfold compared to dissolved oxygen in blood. The mammalian hemoglobin molecule can bind (carry) up to four oxygen molecules<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemoglobin&oldid=424939141</ref>. Hemoglobin consists mostly of protein (the "globin" chains), and these proteins, in turn, are composed of sequences of amino acids. These sequences are linear, in the manner of letters in a written sentence or beads on a string. In all proteins, it is the variation in the type of amino acids in the protein sequence of amino acids, which determine the protein's chemical properties and function. This is true of hemoglobin, where the sequence of amino acids may affect crucial functions such as the protein's affinity for oxygen. There is more than one hemoglobin gene. The amino acid sequences of the globin proteins in hemoglobins usually differ between species, although the differences grow with the evolutionary distance between species. For example, the most common hemoglobin sequences in humans and chimpanzees are nearly identical, differing by only one amino acid in both the alpha and the beta globin protein chains. These differences grow larger between less closely related species. Even within a species, different variants of hemoglobin always exist, although one sequence is usually a "most common" one in each species. Mutations in the genes for the hemoglobin protein in a species result in hemoglobin variants. Many of these mutant forms of hemoglobin cause no disease. Some of these mutant forms of hemoglobin, however, cause a group of hereditary diseases termed the hemoglobinopathies. The best known hemoglobinopathy is sickle-cell disease, which was the first human disease whose mechanism was understood at the molecular level. A (mostly) separate set of diseases called thalassemias involves underproduction of normal and sometimes abnormal hemoglobins, through problems and mutations in globin gene regulation. All these diseases produce anemia<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemoglobin&oldid=424939141</ref>. Hemoglobin variants are a part of the normal embryonic and fetal development, but may also be pathologic mutant forms of hemoglobin in a population, caused by variations in genetics. Some well-known hemoglobin variants such as sickle-cell anemia are responsible for diseases, and are considered hemoglobinopathies. Other variants cause no detectable pathology, and are thus considered non-pathological variants<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemoglobin&oldid=424939141</ref>. ''In the embryo:'' Gower 1 (ζ2ε2) Gower 2 (α2ε2) (PDB 1A9W) Hemoglobin Portland (ζ2γ2) ''In the fetus:'' Hemoglobin F (α2γ2) (PDB 1FDH) ''In adults:'' Hemoglobin A (α2β2) (PDB 1BZ0) - The most common with a normal amount over 95% Hemoglobin A2 (α2δ2) - δ chain synthesis begins late in the third trimester and in adults, it has a normal range of 1.5-3.5% Hemoglobin F (α2γ2) - In adults Hemoglobin F is restricted to a limited population of red cells called F-cells. However, the level of Hb F can be elevated in persons with sickle-cell disease and beta-thalassemia. ''Variant forms that cause disease:'' Hemoglobin H (β4) - A variant form of hemoglobin, formed by a tetramer of β chains, which may be present in variants of α thalassemia. Hemoglobin Barts (γ4) - A variant form of hemoglobin, formed by a tetramer of γ chains, which may be present in variants of α thalassemia. Hemoglobin S (α2βS2) - A variant form of hemoglobin found in people with sickle cell disease. There is a variation in the β-chain gene, causing a change in the properties of hemoglobin, which results in sickling of red blood cells. Hemoglobin C (α2βC2) - Another variant due to a variation in the β-chain gene. This variant causes a mild chronic hemolytic anemia. Hemoglobin E (α2βE2) - Another variant due to a variation in the β-chain gene. This variant causes a mild chronic hemolytic anemia. Hemoglobin AS - A heterozygous form causing Sickle cell trait with one adult gene and one sickle cell disease gene Hemoglobin SC disease - Another heterozygous form with one sickle gene and another encoding Hemoglobin C. Variations in hemoglobin amino acid sequences, as with other proteins, may be adaptive. For example, recent studies have suggested genetic variants in deer mice that help explain how deer mice that live in the mountains are able to survive in the thin air that accompanies high altitudes. A researcher from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln found mutations in four different genes that can account for differences between deer mice that live in lowland prairies versus the mountains. After examining wild mice captured from both highlands and lowlands, it was found that: the genes of the two breeds are “virtually identical–except for those that govern the oxygen-carrying capacity of their hemoglobin”. “The genetic difference enables highland mice to make more efficient use of their oxygen”, since less is available at higher altitudes, such as those in the mountains. Mammoth hemoglobin featured mutations that allowed for oxygen delivery at lower temperatures, thus enabling mammoths to migrate to higher latitudes during the Pleistocene. {{quotation|[[Image:Autorecessive.svg|left|thumb|200px|Sickle-cell disease is inherited in the autosomal recessive pattern.]] [[Image:Sickle cell distribution.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Distribution of the sickle-cell trait shown in pink and purple]] [[Image:Malaria distribution.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Historical distribution of malaria (no longer endemic in Europe) shown in green]] [[Image:Paludisme - Frequence statistique.png|thumb|left|150px|Modern distribution of malaria]]'''Sickle-cell disease (SCD) or sickle-cell anaemia (or anemia; SCA) or drepanocytosis'''is an autosomal recessive genetic blood disorder, with overdominance, characterized by red blood cells that assume an abnormal, rigid, sickle shape. Sickling decreases the cells' flexibility and results in a risk of various complications. The sickling occurs because of a mutation in the haemoglobin gene. Life expectancy is shortened, with studies reporting an average life expectancy of 42 in males and 48 in females.Sickle-cell anaemia is caused by a point mutation in the β-globin chain of haemoglobin, causing the hydrophilic amino acid glutamic acid to be replaced with the hydrophobic amino acid valine at the sixth position. The β-globin gene is found on the short arm of chromosome 11. The association of two wild-type α-globin subunits with two mutant β-globin subunits forms haemoglobin S (HbS). Under low-oxygen conditions (being at high altitude, for example), the absence of a polar amino acid at position six of the β-globin chain promotes the non-covalent polymerisation (aggregation) of haemoglobin, which distorts red blood cells into a sickle shape and decreases their elasticity. The loss of red blood cell elasticity is central to the pathophysiology of sickle-cell disease. Normal red blood cells are quite elastic, which allows the cells to deform to pass through capillaries. In sickle-cell disease, low-oxygen tension promotes red blood cell sickling and repeated episodes of sickling damage the cell membrane and decrease the cell's elasticity. These cells fail to return to normal shape when normal oxygen tension is restored. As a consequence, these rigid blood cells are unable to deform as they pass through narrow capillaries, leading to vessel occlusion and ischaemia. The actual anaemia of the illness is caused by haemolysis, the destruction of the red cells inside the spleen, because of their misshape. Although the bone marrow attempts to compensate by creating new red cells, it does not match the rate of destruction. Healthy red blood cells typically live 90–120 days, but sickle cells only survive 10–20 days. Normally, humans have Haemoglobin A, which consists of two alpha and two beta chains, Haemoglobin A2, which consists of two alpha and two delta chains and Haemoglobin F, consisting of two alpha and two gamma chains in their bodies. Of these, Haemoglobin A makes up around 96-97% of the normal haemoglobin in humans. Sickle-cell gene mutation probably arose spontaneously in different geographic areas, as suggested by restriction endonuclease analysis. These variants are known as Cameroon, Senegal, Benin, Bantu and Saudi-Asian. Their clinical importance springs from the fact that some of them are associated with higher HbF levels, e.g., Senegal and Saudi-Asian variants, and tend to have milder disease.<ref name="pmid7505527">{{cite journal |author=Green NS, Fabry ME, Kaptue-Noche L, Nagel RL |title=Senegal haplotype is associated with higher HbF than Benin and Cameroon haplotypes in African children with sickle cell anemia |journal=Am. J. Hematol. |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=145–6 |year=1993 |pmid=7505527 | doi = 10.1002/ajh.2830440214 |month=Oct |issn=0361-8609}}</ref> In people heterozygous for HgbS (carriers of sickling haemoglobin), the polymerisation problems are minor, because the normal allele is able to produce over 50% of the haemoglobin. In people homozygous for HgbS, the presence of long-chain polymers of HbS distort the shape of the red blood cell from a smooth doughnut-like shape to ragged and full of spikes, making it fragile and susceptible to breaking within capillaries. Carriers have symptoms only if they are deprived of oxygen (for example, while climbing a mountain) or while severely dehydrated. Under normal circumstances, these painful crises occur about 0.8 times per year per patient. The sickle-cell disease occurs when the seventh amino acid (if the initial methionine is counted), glutamic acid, is replaced by valine to change its structure and function. The gene defect is a known mutation of a single nucleotide ( single-nucleotide polymorphism - SNP) (A to T) of the β-globin gene, which results in glutamic acid being substituted by valine at position 6. Haemoglobin S with this mutation are referred to as HbS, as opposed to the normal adult HbA. The genetic disorder is due to the mutation of a single nucleotide, from a GAG to GTG codon mutation, becoming a GUG codon by transcription. This is normally a benign mutation, causing ''no'' apparent effects on the secondary, tertiary, or quaternary structure of haemoglobin in conditions of normal oxygen concentration. What it does allow for, under conditions of low oxygen concentration, is the polymerization of the HbS itself. The deoxy form of haemoglobin exposes a hydrophobic patch on the protein between the E and F helices. The hydrophobic residues of the valine at position 6 of the beta chain in haemoglobin are able to associate with the hydrophobic patch, causing haemoglobin S molecules to aggregate and form fibrous precipitates. The allele responsible for sickle-cell anaemia is autosomal recessive and can be found on the short arm of chromosome 11. A person that receives the defective gene from both father and mother develops the disease; a person that receives one defective and one healthy allele remains healthy, but can pass on the disease and is known as a carrier. If two parents who are carriers have a child, there is a 1-in-4 chance of their child developing the disease and a 1-in-2 chance of their child's being just a carrier. Since the gene is incompletely recessive, carriers can produce a few sickled red blood cells, not enough to cause symptoms, but enough to give resistance to malaria. Because of this, heterozygotes have a higher |fitness than either of the homozygotes. This is known as heterozygote advantage. Due to the adaptive advantage of the heterozygote, the disease is still prevalent, especially among people with recent ancestry in malaria-stricken areas, such as Africa, the Mediterranean, India and the Middle East.<ref name="pmid16001361">{{cite journal |author=Kwiatkowski DP |title=How malaria has affected the human genome and what human genetics can teach us about malaria |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=171–92 |year=2005 |pmid=16001361 |doi=10.1086/432519 |month=Aug |issn=0002-9297 |pmc=1224522}} {{PMC|1224522}}</ref> Malaria was historically endemic to southern Europe, but it was declared eradicated in the mid-20th century, with the exception of rare sporadic cases.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ponçon N, Toty C, L'Ambert G, ''et al.'' |title=Biology and dynamics of potential malaria vectors in Southern France |journal=Malar. J. |volume=6 |issue= |pages=18 |year=2007 |pmid=17313664 |pmc=1808464 |doi=10.1186/1475-2875-6-18}}</ref> The malaria parasite has a complex life cycle and spends part of it in red blood cells. In a carrier, the presence of the malaria parasite causes the red blood cells with defective haemoglobin to rupture prematurely, making the plasmodium unable to reproduce. Further, the polymerization of Hb affects the ability of the parasite to digest Hb in the first place. Therefore, in areas where malaria is a problem, people's chances of survival actually increase if they carry sickle-cell trait (selection for the heterozygote). In the USA, where there is no endemic malaria, the prevalence of sickle-cell anaemia among blacks is lower (about 0.25%) than in West Africa (about 4.0%) and is falling. Without endemic malaria from Africa, the sickle cell mutation is purely disadvantageous and will tend to be selected out of the affected population. Another factor limiting the spread of sickle-cell genes in North America is the absence of cultural proclivities to polygamy.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lesi FE, Bassey EE |title=Family study in sickle cell disease in Nigeria |journal=J Biosoc Sci |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=307–13 |year=1972 |month=July |pmid=5041262 |doi=10.1017/S0021932000008622}}</ref> '''Inheritance''' Sickle-cell conditions are inherited from parents in much the same way as blood type, hair colour and texture, eye colour, and other physical traits. The types of haemoglobin a person makes in the red blood cells depend on what haemoglobin genes are inherited from his parents. If one parent has sickle-cell anaemia (SS) and the other has sickle-cell trait (AS), there is a 50% chance of a child's having sickle-cell disease (SS) and a 50% chance of a child's having sickle-cell trait (AS). When both parents have sickle-cell trait (AS),a child has a 25% chance (1 of 4) of sickle-cell disease (SS), as shown in the diagram above.}} [[Image:Heme b.svg|thumb|Heme b group]] Hemoglobin has a quaternary structure characteristic of many multi-subunit globular proteins. Most of the amino acids in hemoglobin form alpha helices, connected by short non-helical segments. Hydrogen bonds stabilize the helical sections inside this protein, causing attractions within the molecule, folding each polypeptide chain into a specific shape. Hemoglobin's quaternary structure comes from its four subunits in roughly a tetrahedral arrangement. In most vertebrates, the hemoglobin molecule is an assembly of four globular protein subunits. Each subunit is composed of a protein chain tightly associated with a non-protein heme group. Each protein chain arranges into a set of alpha-helix structural segments connected together in a globin fold arrangement, so called because this arrangement is the same folding motif used in other heme/globin proteins such as myoglobin. This folding pattern contains a pocket that strongly binds the heme group. A heme group consists of an iron (Fe) ion (charged atom) held in a heterocyclic ring, known as a porphyrin. This porphyrin ring consists of four pyrrole molecules cyclically linked together (by methene bridges) with the iron ion bound in the center. The iron ion, which is the site of oxygen binding, coordinates with the four nitrogens in the center of the ring, which all lie in one plane. The iron is bound strongly (covalently) to the globular protein via the imidazole ring of the F8 histidine residue (also known as the proximal histidine) below the porphyrin ring. A sixth position can reversibly bind oxygen by a coordinate covalent bond,[24] completing the octahedral group of six ligands. Oxygen binds in an "end-on bent" geometry where one oxygen atom binds Fe and the other protrudes at an angle. When oxygen is not bound, a very weakly bonded water molecule fills the site, forming a distorted octahedron. Even though carbon dioxide is carried by hemoglobin, it does not compete with oxygen for the iron-binding positions, but is actually bound to the protein chains of the structure. The iron ion may be either in the Fe2+ or in the Fe3+ state, but ferrihemoglobin (methemoglobin) (Fe3+) cannot bind oxygen. In binding, oxygen temporarily and reversibly oxidizes (Fe2+) to (Fe3+) while oxygen temporally turns into superoxide, thus iron must exist in the +2 oxidation state to bind oxygen. If superoxide ion associated to Fe3+ is protonated the hemoglobin iron will remain oxidized and incapable to bind oxygen. In such cases, the enzyme methemoglobin reductase will be able to eventually reactivate methemoglobin by reducing the iron center. In adult humans, the most common hemoglobin type is a tetramer (which contains 4 subunit proteins) called hemoglobin A, consisting of two α and two β subunits non-covalently bound, each made of 141 and 146 amino acid residues, respectively. This is denoted as α2β2. The subunits are structurally similar and about the same size. Each subunit has a molecular weight of about 17,000 daltons, for a total molecular weight of the tetramer of about 68,000 daltons (64,458 g/mol).[26] Thus, 1 g/dL = 0.01551 mmol/L. Hemoglobin A is the most intensively studied of the hemoglobin molecules. In human infants, the hemoglobin molecule is made up of 2 α chains and 2 gamma chains. The gamma chains are gradually replaced by β chains as the infant grows. The four polypeptide chains are bound to each other by salt bridges, hydrogen bonds, and the hydrophobic effect. There are two kinds of contacts between the α and β chains: α1β1 and α1β2. Oxygen Saturation In general, hemoglobin can be saturated with oxygen molecules (oxyhemoglobin), or desaturated with oxygen molecules (deoxyhemoglobin). Oxyhemoglobin Oxyhemoglobin is formed during physiological respiration when oxygen binds to the heme component of the protein hemoglobin in red blood cells. This process occurs in the pulmonary capillaries adjacent to the alveoli of the lungs. The oxygen then travels through the blood stream to be dropped off at cells where it is utilized in aerobic glycolysis and in the production of ATP by the process of oxidative phosphorylation. It does not, however, help to counteract a decrease in blood pH. Ventilation, or breathing, may reverse this condition by removal of carbon dioxide, thus causing a shift up in pH. Hemoglobin exists in two forms, a taut form (T) and a relaxed form (R). Various factors such as low pH, high CO2 and high 2,3 BPG at the level of the tissues favor the taut form, which has low oxygen affinity and releases oxygen in the tissues. The opposite of these aforementioned factors at the level of the lung capillaries favors the relaxed form which can better bind oxygen<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemoglobin&oldid=424939141</ref>. Deoxyhemoglobin Deoxyhemoglobin is the form of hemoglobin without the bound oxygen. The absorption spectra of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin differ. The oxyhemoglobin has significantly lower absorption of the 660 nm wavelength than deoxyhemoglobin, while at 940 nm its absorption is slightly higher. This difference is used for measurement of the amount of oxygen in patient's blood by an instrument called pulse oximeter. This difference also accounts for the presentation of cyanosis, the blue to purplish color that tissues develop during hypoxiaOxyhemoglobin is formed during physiological respiration when oxygen binds to the heme component of the protein hemoglobin in red blood cells. This process occurs in the pulmonary capillaries adjacent to the alveoli of the lungs. The oxygen then travels through the blood stream to be dropped off at cells where it is utilized in aerobic glycolysis and in the production of ATP by the process of oxidative phosphorylation. It does not, however, help to counteract a decrease in blood pH. Ventilation, or breathing, may<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemoglobin&oldid=424939141</ref>. ==Refrences== {{reflist|2}} {{bookcat}} '''Bold text''' j2kh6g1goh7zyylbr8pz4pqikrkzh9c 0 376488 4632568 4632436 2026-04-26T15:44:24Z Codename Noreste 3441010 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-25314-69|~2026-25314-69]] ([[User talk:~2026-25314-69|talk]]) to last version by Xania 4382348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{printable}} {{printable}} jawzjaqr3vgri4ghd1yu8yra3ez550t 0 394829 4632631 4416392 2026-04-27T01:02:07Z ~2026-25570-71 3579440 4632631 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> {{CPTPageNavigationP2| | Prev = Internal hardware components of a computer | Next = The processor and its components}} {{DISPLAYTITLE:Machine Level Architecture: The stored program concept}} </noinclude> When we talk about the '''stored program concept,''' we need to think with regard to the internal layout and architecture of a computer. hola jijiji Early computers such as the IBM had no form of internal storage - all instructions and data were held on punch cards, which could be fed into the IBM to process data. In the 1960s, when the IBM was used, calculations were performed to get astronauts into orbit, and back, with the processing power of a modern-day toaster! Nowadays, computers typically use '''Von-Neumann Architecture''', which reflects the idea of the stored program concept. [[File:Von Neumann Architecture.svg|thumb|The Von Neumann Architecture uses the stored program concept where ''instructions and data are loaded from main memory into the processor to be executed''.]] The Von-Neumann Architecture, and stored-program concept, works where machine code instructions and data are stored, and loaded from memory into the processor to be executed in sequential order. Von-Neumann Architecture is used for general purpose machines, where instructions and data are held in the same memory location - this is our '''main memory''', or RAM. On the other hand, Harvard Architecture follows the stored-program concept, however it takes into account the use of the memory unit. With both instructions and data being held in the same address, the processor is unable to work at optimum speed as the two are competing over the same data bus. In addition, one data bus may have an insufficient '''bus width''' for program instructions i.e. increased traffic due to program instructions having a greater word length. Harvard Architecture is often used for specialist embedded computer systems, where optimum speed is the priority of the system. {{Dbox|stored program concept|a program must be in main memory in order for it to be executed. The instructions are fetched, decoded and executed (by the CPU) one at a time.}} Building on the Von Neumann architecture we get the idea of how the stored program concept works. If you have ever loaded a game on a console you might notice that: # you need to insert a disc # the disc spins # the game says loading # the game plays This is the stored program concept in motion! Let's take apart what is happening: # You insert an optical disk (secondary storage) with the code on. # The code is loaded into the main memory. # The processor fetches, decodes and executes instructions from main memory to play the game. [[File:CPT-System-Architecture-Stored-Program.svg|400px|center]] {{ExerciseRobox|title=Exercise: Characteristics of a processor}} {{CPTQuestion|How many different addresses can a 8 line address bus address?}} {{CPTAnswer|<math>2^8 = 256</math>}} {{CPTQuestion|How does the address bus width affect main memory?}} {{CPTAnswer|If you have a small address bus then you will be limited in the number of addresses you can talk to and therefore how much main memory you can directly address.}} {{CPTQuestion|How wide would the address bus have to be to talk to 1024 addresses?}} {{CPTAnswer|1=10 lines wide since <math style="vertical-align:-25\%;">2^{10} = 1024</math>}} {{CPTQuestion|What is wrong with using a 9 bit address bus but having 700 memory locations in main memory?}} {{CPTAnswer|1=We can only address <math style="vertical-align:-25\%;">2^9 = 512</math> different locations. It wouldn't be able to talk to address locations <math style="vertical-align:-25\%;">513-700</math>.}} {{CPTQuestion|Define the stored program concept:}} {{CPTAnswer|1=A program must be (resident) in main memory in order for it to be executed. The instructions are '''fetched''' from main memory, then '''decoded and executed''' in the CPU.}} {{Robox/Close}} {{BookCat}} === Harvard Architecture === The Harvard architecture is a computer architecture which uses physically separate memory locations for instructions and data. This is done through the use of embedded '''Digital Signal Processing''' (DSP) systems. The two memories may have different characteristics. In '''embedded systems''', instructions may be stored in read-only memory whereas data may be held in read-write memory. '''Embedded systems''' include many specialised computers built in that operate in real-time, such as traffic lights. To summarise, the '''Von Neumann architecture''' uses a shared memory and bus for both data and instructions whereas the '''Harvard architecture''' has physically separate memories for instructions and data. e7fmf8w7vms62wdji1aynll2gh4e2c7 4632632 4632631 2026-04-27T01:14:51Z Codename Noreste 3441010 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-25570-71|~2026-25570-71]] ([[User talk:~2026-25570-71|talk]]) to last version by Livi548 4416392 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> {{CPTPageNavigationP2| | Prev = Internal hardware components of a computer | Next = The processor and its components}} {{DISPLAYTITLE:Machine Level Architecture: The stored program concept}} </noinclude> When we talk about the '''stored program concept,''' we need to think with regard to the internal layout and architecture of a computer. Early computers such as the IBM had no form of internal storage - all instructions and data were held on punch cards, which could be fed into the IBM to process data. In the 1960s, when the IBM was used, calculations were performed to get astronauts into orbit, and back, with the processing power of a modern-day toaster! Nowadays, computers typically use '''Von-Neumann Architecture''', which reflects the idea of the stored program concept. [[File:Von Neumann Architecture.svg|thumb|The Von Neumann Architecture uses the stored program concept where ''instructions and data are loaded from main memory into the processor to be executed''.]] The Von-Neumann Architecture, and stored-program concept, works where machine code instructions and data are stored, and loaded from memory into the processor to be executed in sequential order. Von-Neumann Architecture is used for general purpose machines, where instructions and data are held in the same memory location - this is our '''main memory''', or RAM. On the other hand, Harvard Architecture follows the stored-program concept, however it takes into account the use of the memory unit. With both instructions and data being held in the same address, the processor is unable to work at optimum speed as the two are competing over the same data bus. In addition, one data bus may have an insufficient '''bus width''' for program instructions i.e. increased traffic due to program instructions having a greater word length. Harvard Architecture is often used for specialist embedded computer systems, where optimum speed is the priority of the system. {{Dbox|stored program concept|a program must be in main memory in order for it to be executed. The instructions are fetched, decoded and executed (by the CPU) one at a time.}} Building on the Von Neumann architecture we get the idea of how the stored program concept works. If you have ever loaded a game on a console you might notice that: # you need to insert a disc # the disc spins # the game says loading # the game plays This is the stored program concept in motion! Let's take apart what is happening: # You insert an optical disk (secondary storage) with the code on. # The code is loaded into the main memory. # The processor fetches, decodes and executes instructions from main memory to play the game. [[File:CPT-System-Architecture-Stored-Program.svg|400px|center]] {{ExerciseRobox|title=Exercise: Characteristics of a processor}} {{CPTQuestion|How many different addresses can a 8 line address bus address?}} {{CPTAnswer|<math>2^8 = 256</math>}} {{CPTQuestion|How does the address bus width affect main memory?}} {{CPTAnswer|If you have a small address bus then you will be limited in the number of addresses you can talk to and therefore how much main memory you can directly address.}} {{CPTQuestion|How wide would the address bus have to be to talk to 1024 addresses?}} {{CPTAnswer|1=10 lines wide since <math style="vertical-align:-25\%;">2^{10} = 1024</math>}} {{CPTQuestion|What is wrong with using a 9 bit address bus but having 700 memory locations in main memory?}} {{CPTAnswer|1=We can only address <math style="vertical-align:-25\%;">2^9 = 512</math> different locations. It wouldn't be able to talk to address locations <math style="vertical-align:-25\%;">513-700</math>.}} {{CPTQuestion|Define the stored program concept:}} {{CPTAnswer|1=A program must be (resident) in main memory in order for it to be executed. The instructions are '''fetched''' from main memory, then '''decoded and executed''' in the CPU.}} {{Robox/Close}} {{BookCat}} === Harvard Architecture === The Harvard architecture is a computer architecture which uses physically separate memory locations for instructions and data. This is done through the use of embedded '''Digital Signal Processing''' (DSP) systems. The two memories may have different characteristics. In '''embedded systems''', instructions may be stored in read-only memory whereas data may be held in read-write memory. '''Embedded systems''' include many specialised computers built in that operate in real-time, such as traffic lights. To summarise, the '''Von Neumann architecture''' uses a shared memory and bus for both data and instructions whereas the '''Harvard architecture''' has physically separate memories for instructions and data. 3nbplu6ylxha0def0dk5x9laq2il7d1 0 396198 4632556 4632307 2026-04-26T12:55:32Z ~2026-15639-73 3567562 4632556 wikitext text/x-wiki This page will be talking about number units that are greater or equal to one. ==Countable numbers== Zero: 0 One: 1 Two: 2 Three: 3 Four: 4 Five: 5 Six: 6 Seven: 7 Eight: 8 Nine: 9 Ten: 10 Hundred: 100 Thousand: 1,000 =="Uncountable" numbers== Million: 1,000,000 Billion: 1,000,000,000 Trillion: 1,000,000,000,000 Quadrillion: 1,000,000,000,000,000 Quintillion: 10^18 Sextillion: 10^21 Septillion: 10^24 Octillion: 10^27 Nonillion: 10^30 Decillion: 10^33 Undecillion: 10^36 Duodecillion: 10^39 Tredecillion: 10^42 Quattuordecillion: 10^45 Quindecillion: 10^48 Lcillion: 10^50 Sexdecillion: 10^51 Septendecillion: 10^54 Octodecillion: 10^57 Novemdecillion: 10^60 Vigintillion: 10^63 Unvigintillion: 10^66 Duovigintillion: 10^69 Trevigintillion: 10^72 Quattuorvigintillion: 10^75 Quinvigintillion: 10^78 Sexvigintillion: 10^81 Septenvigintillion: 10^84 Octovigintillion: 10^87 Novemvigintillion: 10^90 Trigintillion: 10^93 Googol: 10^100 Gargoogol: 10^200 Centillion: 10^303 Faxul: 200! Googolchime: 10^1,000 Millillion: 10^3,003 Googoltoll: 10^10,000 Marioplex: 10^12,431 Myrillion: 10^30,003 =="Unwritable" numbers== Maximusmillion: 10^1,000,000 Micrillion: 10^3,000,003 Maximusbillion: 10^1,000,000,000 Trialogue: 10^10,000,000,000 Googolplex: 10^10^100 Googolbang: (10^100)! Kilofaxul: (200!)! Killillion: 10^10^3,000 ==Class 4 numbers== Megillion: 10^10^3,000,003 Tetralogue: 10^10^10,000,000,000 Dakillion: 10^10^10^30 Ikillion: 10^10^10^60 Trakillion: 10^10^10^90 Googolplexian: 10^10^10^100 Tekillion: 10^10^10^120 Pekillion: 10^10^10^150 Exakillion: 10^10^10^180 Zakillion: 10^10^10^210 Yokillion: 10^10^10^240 Nekillion: 10^10^10^270 Hotillion: 10^10^10^300 Fzgoogolplex: (10^10^100)^(10^10^100) Megafaxul: ((200!)!)! Kalillion: 10^10^10^3,000 ==Class 5 numbers== Pentalogue: 10^10^10^10,000,000,000 Googoltriplex: 10^10^10^10^100 Hepillion: 10^10^10^10^3,000 Hexalogue: 10^^6 Googolquadriplex: 10^10^10^10^10^100 Gigafaxul: (((200!)!)!)! Hapaxillion: E3,000#5 Heptalogue: 10^^7 Googolquintiplex: 10^10^10^10^10^10^100 Redillion: E3,000#6 Octalogue: 10^^8 Googolsextiplex: E100#7 Fortchillion: E3,000#7 Ennalogue: 10^^9 Googolseptiplex: E100#8 Txillion: E3,000#8 Decker: 10^^10 Googoloctiplex: E100#9 Bodyillion: E3,000#9 Googolnoniplex: E100#10 Cacicillion: E3,000#10 Googoldeciplex: E100#11 Tintrillion: E3,000#11 Giggol: 10^^100 Mega: approx 10^^258 Giggolplex: 10^^10^^100 Giggolduplex: 10^^10^^10^^100 Catillion: 10^(10^9#10^9) Gaggol: 10^^^100 Folksman number: 2^^^2^901 Grahal: 3^^^^3 Geegol: 10^^^^100 Graham Grahal: 3(Grahal amount of ^s)3 Graham’s number: g64 Forcal: g1000000 Force Forcal: g(g1000000) Big Boowa: {3,3,3/2} BIGG: 200? Rayo’s Number: basically infinity Infinity: infinity ==More== Go to [[/Googology/]] for more. {{BookCat}} afpggt52f6ij5ytikd8qt0yru3urc8t 0 396213 4632563 4629949 2026-04-26T15:13:50Z Codename Noreste 3441010 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-15639-73|~2026-15639-73]] ([[User talk:~2026-15639-73|talk]]) to last version by Svartava 3778088 wikitext text/x-wiki Googology is the studies of extremely large numbers. Those numbers can have different notations and can be way bigger than: 10^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^10. That meant it equals 10^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^10{8 of that}^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^10. ==Contents== 1.Number list 1.1 0-10^-1 1.2 10^0-10^49 1.3 10^50-10^99 1.4 10^100-10^999 {{BookCat}} 01qe2vacj1kx05x4s6da64ihrcw8gk0 4 396216 4632562 4632155 2026-04-26T15:07:48Z Codename Noreste 3441010 /* LeventBulut */ reply ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 4632562 wikitext text/x-wiki __NONEWSECTIONLINK__ __NOINDEX__ {{Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives/Header}} {{shortcut|WB:EFFP}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(75d) |counter = 4 |maxarchivesize = 150K |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 3 }} == WestenM86 == ;Username : [[:b:User:WestenM86|WestenM86]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:WestenM86|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/WestenM86|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/WestenM86|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:WestenM86}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:WestenM86}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=WestenM86}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/Washington Metro]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Infrastructure+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future+Casebook%2FWashington+Metro}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Infrastructure+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future+Casebook%2FWashington+Metro&wpSearchUser=WestenM86}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : We are students who are just trying to figure out this system and make our start for this project made by our professor. We are allowed to do this by George Mason University. ;Date and time : 18:20, 20 February 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|done|4620689}} I have added the text for you and moved the page to [[User:WestenM86/Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/Washington Metro]], but please do not try to remove {{tl|delete}} templates. – [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 12:42, 26 February 2026 (UTC) == VarastadDB == ;Username : [[:b:User:VarastadDB|VarastadDB]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:VarastadDB|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/VarastadDB|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/VarastadDB|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:VarastadDB}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:VarastadDB}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=VarastadDB}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[User:VarastadDerBedrosian]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=User%3AVarastadDerBedrosian}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=User%3AVarastadDerBedrosian&wpSearchUser=VarastadDB}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : I am a new editor attempting to establish a biographical record for Varastad DerBedrosian, a computer scientist and founder of SecureUp Corp and GadgetWide Solutions. The initial "out of scope" flag likely triggered due to placeholder data from the account's setup phase. I am currently transitioning the content to a neutral, encyclopedic tone (WP:NPOV) and adding third-party citations to technical archives to verify the subject's historical impact on the cybersecurity and mobile utility sectors. I request the removal of the deletion tag to allow for these improvements in the Draft space. ;Date and time : 08:12, 28 February 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|notdone}} – [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:28, 11 March 2026 (UTC) == Jon Peli Oleaga == ;Username : [[:b:User:Jon Peli Oleaga|Jon Peli Oleaga]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Jon Peli Oleaga|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Jon Peli Oleaga|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Jon Peli Oleaga|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Jon Peli Oleaga}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Jon Peli Oleaga}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Jon+Peli+Oleaga}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[FORTRAN program for calculating representative parameters and operating conditions of AC overhead transmission lines]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=FORTRAN+program+for+calculating+representative+parameters+and+operating+conditions+of+AC+overhead+transmission+lines}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=FORTRAN+program+for+calculating+representative+parameters+and+operating+conditions+of+AC+overhead+transmission+lines&wpSearchUser=Jon+Peli+Oleaga}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : I want to insert the code of the program and the input and output data of some examples; to show how data is entered and the coincidence of the results with what was said in the book of the Electric Power Researh Institute published 1n 1975 "Transmission Line Reference Book 345 kv and Above". I have generated all that information; directly or using the program.--[[User:Jon Peli Oleaga|Jon Peli Oleaga]] ([[User talk:Jon Peli Oleaga|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jon Peli Oleaga|contribs]]) 11:54, 11 March 2026 (UTC) ;Date and time : 11:54, 11 March 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Kingofnuthin == ;Username : [[:b:User:Kingofnuthin|Kingofnuthin]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Kingofnuthin|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Kingofnuthin|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Kingofnuthin|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Kingofnuthin}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Kingofnuthin}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Kingofnuthin}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[America's voice]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=America%27s+voice}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=America%27s+voice&wpSearchUser=Kingofnuthin}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : Needs removal of other deletion templates as i did a second CSD for previously deleted page. ;Date and time : 16:56, 25 March 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|fixed}} I changed a line of the filter so that certain user groups with <code>autoreview</code> are exempt. – [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:18, 27 March 2026 (UTC) == Dom32628 == ;Username : [[:b:User:Dom32628|Dom32628]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Dom32628|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Dom32628|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Dom32628|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Dom32628}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Dom32628}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Dom32628}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Chess_Opening_Theory/1._c4/1...g5]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Chess_Opening_Theory%2F1._c4%2F1...g5}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Chess_Opening_Theory%2F1._c4%2F1...g5&wpSearchUser=Dom32628}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : Added a link to Lichess.org in References. Lichess is free, open source and well regarded by the wiki community, showing the English Opening: Zilbermints Gambit. If there is a preferred referencing style to not reference lichess here, even if it is free & open source, let me know :) ;Date and time : 23:46, 27 March 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == ~2026-21344-85 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2026-21344-85|~2026-21344-85]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2026-21344-85|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2026-21344-85|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2026-21344-85|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2026-21344-85}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2026-21344-85}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2026-21344-85}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[I am looking to link the youtube videos corresponding to each episode]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=I+am+looking+to+link+the+youtube+videos+corresponding+to+each+episode}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=I+am+looking+to+link+the+youtube+videos+corresponding+to+each+episode&wpSearchUser=%7E2026-21344-85}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : ;Date and time : 04:47, 12 April 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == ~2026-21344-85 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2026-21344-85|~2026-21344-85]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2026-21344-85|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2026-21344-85|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2026-21344-85|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2026-21344-85}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2026-21344-85}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2026-21344-85}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[SJMFTVF/sandbox (keep as sandbox, is for Screen Junkies Movie Fights & TV Fights)]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=SJMFTVF%2Fsandbox+%28keep+as+sandbox%2C+is+for+Screen+Junkies+Movie+Fights+%26+TV+Fights%29}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=SJMFTVF%2Fsandbox+%28keep+as+sandbox%2C+is+for+Screen+Junkies+Movie+Fights+%26+TV+Fights%29&wpSearchUser=%7E2026-21344-85}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : Looking to update info for about 80 episodes, including links to the associated youtube videos. This has been done for previous episode summaries. Also, I have no way to prove this, but I am the creator of the page. I don't have access to the email associated with the SJMFTVF account anymore. ;Date and time : 06:56, 12 April 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == ~2026-22598-75 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2026-22598-75|~2026-22598-75]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2026-22598-75|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2026-22598-75|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2026-22598-75|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2026-22598-75}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2026-22598-75}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2026-22598-75}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[History Books/Who Was Alexander the Great/Introduction]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=History+Books%2FWho+Was+Alexander+the+Great%2FIntroduction}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=History+Books%2FWho+Was+Alexander+the+Great%2FIntroduction&wpSearchUser=%7E2026-22598-75}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : The page was tagged for speedy deletion due to being a subpage of a nonexistent book, but I have since created the parent books. However, it won’t let me remove the tag, now that the problem has been addressed. Leave the rest of this page intact. --> ;Date and time : 17:39, 12 April 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|done}} – [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:15, 12 April 2026 (UTC) == Idavidmiller == ;Username : [[:b:User:Idavidmiller|Idavidmiller]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Idavidmiller|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Idavidmiller|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Idavidmiller|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Idavidmiller}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Idavidmiller}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Idavidmiller}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Maxima/Installation]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Maxima%2FInstallation}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Maxima%2FInstallation&wpSearchUser=Idavidmiller}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : Revising this page as it is way too complex for the intended audience. The external links prevent copying extensive sections from project installation instruction pages. ;Date and time : 15:10, 20 April 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : <span class="template-ping">@[[:User:Idavidmiller|Idavidmiller]]:</span> I temporarily granted you confirmed user access so that the filter should not prevent you. It's in effect until Thursday, 10:14 AM CDT/15:14 UTC. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:16, 21 April 2026 (UTC) == Usp4pg == ;Username : [[:b:User:Usp4pg|Usp4pg]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Usp4pg|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Usp4pg|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Usp4pg|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Usp4pg}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Usp4pg}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Usp4pg}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Lentis/AI: More Human Than You Think]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Lentis%2FAI%3A+More+Human+Than+You+Think}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Lentis%2FAI%3A+More+Human+Than+You+Think&wpSearchUser=Usp4pg}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : It is saying the edits I am making are unconstructive even though I added actual content to prevent it from falsely deleting the page. It will not allow me to publish changes. This is for a class project, and I am just starting to get the skeleton done. ;Date and time : 14:56, 21 April 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|done}} <span class="template-ping">@[[:User:Usp4pg|Usp4pg]]:</span> I removed the tag as it was not a test page. – [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:12, 21 April 2026 (UTC) == LeventBulut == ;Username : [[:b:User:LeventBulut|LeventBulut]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:LeventBulut|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/LeventBulut|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/LeventBulut|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:LeventBulut}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:LeventBulut}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=LeventBulut}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Objective+Projection%3A+Why+the+Brain+Never+Forgets+Some+Stories}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Objective+Projection%3A+Why+the+Brain+Never+Forgets+Some+Stories&wpSearchUser=LeventBulut}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : I am the author of the Objective Projection methodology. I was trying to add a legitimate educational book to Wikibooks under CC BY-SA 4.0. The filter blocked my edits twice — once for external links, once for content volume. All content is my own original work written specifically for Wikibooks. The Turkish version of the same book is already live on tr.wikibooks.org Open license declaration at leventbulut.com/acik-lisans-bildirimi-wikibooks/ ;Date and time : 06:35, 25 April 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : [[User:LeventBulut|LeventBulut]], the filters were working as intended, but I can adjust them. However, I've temporarily given you confirmed user access until 2026-04-29. Please note that this will exclude you from some commonly-hit filters, but not all of them to be exact. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:07, 26 April 2026 (UTC) e351ueitwh1bdoenlxve6lf80ht2tw2 0 404588 4632696 4585677 2026-04-27T10:36:17Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/4585677|4585677]] by [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]]) 4632696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{incomplete}} * Periodicals ** [[b:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Amateur Radio|Amateur Radio]] - A brief start ** [[b:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World|Australasian Radio World]] - Transcribed contents pages of all available issues ** [[b:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Commonwealth Gazette|Commonwealth Gazette]] - Index of Annual Lists of Permanent Officers - A brief start made ** [[b:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Electronics Australia|Electronics Australia]] - Coming real soon now! ** [[b:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Queensland Radio News|Queensland Radio News]] - Coming real soon now! ** [[b:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Radio and Hobbies|Radio and Hobbies in Australia]] - Coming real soon now! ** [[b:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Radio in ANZ|Radio in Australia & New Zealand]] - A brief start made ** [[b:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Radio Trade Annual of Australia|Radio Trade Annual of Australia]] - A brief start made ** [[b:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Sea Land and Air|Sea Land and Air]] - Coming real soon now! ** [[b:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly|Wireless Weekly]] - A brief start made * Books ** [[b:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australian Radio History|Australian Radio History]] - All text entered. Images and references real soon now! ** [[b:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/On Air|On Air]] - History of National Stations of Queensland to 1988 by Doug Sanderson, complete {{BookCat}} g9ehfjx0pqy53tu8phyq4kc5le5ew6y 0 405998 4632551 4632550 2026-04-26T12:03:47Z ~2026-25426-27 3579289 Expand Broadcaster transcription 4632551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{incomplete}} {{TOC right|limit=3}} ==6ML Perth - Transcriptions and notes== ===1890s=== ====1899==== <blockquote>'''A high-class concert''' was given last evening at the Egan-street Wesley Church as a preliminary source of revenue in connection with the Rainbow Festival to take place shortly in Kalgoorlie. There was a fairly large attendance. A choice programme was presented, the contributors being all more or less well known here for their abilities as performers of music. The vocal section included numbers by Miss Teresa Maher, Miss Alice Maher, Miss Ida Browning, and Miss Alice Coulter. Miss Maher's renderings of "The Toilers" and "The Fire-side," also of "Pierrot," which was one of her encore numbers, were in that talented young lady's best style, and were accordingly much enjoyed. Miss Mather's items "Ben Bolt" and "The Gift" secured for the popular young contralto very hearty receptions, while the songs " Asthore," by Miss Coulter and "Life's Lullaby" by Miss Browning secured for the vocalists deserved applause. Mr Leslie Harris contributed one of the gems of the evening, a violin solo "Mazurka" (Wieniawski), to which Mr H. N. Clare played the pianoforte accompaniment. It was a performance of a highly meritorious character and inspired a strong wish that Mr Harris' playing may be frequently heard in Kalgoorlie in the future. The applause that greeted the number was very hearty, and continued till the violinist reappeared and supplemented his original performance. Mr Walter Ruse, whose fine voice was in good order, sang "The Yeoman's Wedding" and "Alia Stella Confidante," having the advantage of a violin obligato played by Mr Harris for the latter number. Encore recalls were his fate too. Mr J. Todd gave "The Bedouin Love Song" in good style, and Mr Fred Eddy helped to make up the bill by conscientious renderings of "Conquered" and "Anchored." The concert was opened with a clever pianoforte duet by Misses E. James and L. Tonkin. The pianoforte accompaniments were given by Miss Tippet, and Messrs H. N. Clare and '''Mandeville Musgrove''' and were throughout of a high order of merit. Mr Musgrove also introduced the second half of the programme with a much appreciated pianoforte selection.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article88329394 |title=ITEMS OF NEWS. |newspaper=[[Kalgoorlie Miner]] |volume=4, |issue=1165 |location=Western Australia |date=1 September 1899 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE ENLISTED.''' The undermentioned are the names of those already enlisted as members of the Western Australian Mounted Infantry for service in South Africa. The names are subject to alteration, as they will not be finally approved until shortly before the departure of the unit from the colony:— . . . 47. '''Mandeville Musgrove''', 27 years (Eng.), railway employe, served three years in 20th Hussars.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83058721 |title=THE ENLISTED. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XVII, |issue=7,627 |location=Western Australia |date=29 December 1899 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ===1900s=== ====1900==== ====1901==== ====1902==== ====1903==== ====1904==== ====1905==== <blockquote>'''MARRIAGES.''' MUSGROVE-MATTHEWS.— On September 27, at St. Paul's, South Fremantle, by the Rev. A. L. Marshall, '''Mandeville''', son of John Musgrove Musgrove, of Hadleigh, Suffolk, England, to Marjory, daughter of the late William Matthews, of Adelaide, S.A. S.A. papers please copy.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article25525433 |title=Family Notices |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXI, |issue=6,103 |location=Western Australia |date=7 October 1905 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1906==== ====1907==== ====1908==== ====1909==== <blockquote>'''CHARITY CONCERT.''' A decided novelty was billed for Victoria Park last night, when the auxetophone, a mamoth gramophone, was at work, the accompaniments to the songs being played on the Themodist pianola. The effect was marred by the heavy wind blowing, but sufficient was shown to display the merit of the powerful song reproducer and with the accompaniments was most lifelike. '''Mr. M. D'O. Musgrove''' played the accompaniments. At intervals the band gave some choice selections, and the concert apart from weather conditions was most enjoyable, and should result in a fine addition to the funds of the league.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article202928531 |title=CHARITY CONCERT. |newspaper=[[The Evening Star]] |volume=12, |issue=3390 |location=Western Australia |date=22 March 1909 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ===1910s=== ====1910==== ====1911==== ====1912==== ====1913==== <blockquote>'''ENTERTAINMENTS. . . PIANOLA RECITAL.''' Nicholson's held one of their popular invitation recitals in their well-appointed and artistic piano salon on Saturday night, in the presence of a large and markedly appreciative audience. The programme consisted of selections on the pianola — the piano was a Bechstein Boudoir Grand — and vocal items by Mr. Harold Devenish and Miss Madge Scott. '''Mr. M. D'O. Musgrove''', the firm's manager, presided at the pianola and also played the accompaniments on the same instrument. Many of the audience afterwards took the opportunity to personally thank Mr. Musgrove, as representing the firm, for the enjoyable evening which had been provided. The management are arranging for a gramophone recital on July 5, and another pianolo recital on July 19. The programme on Saturday night was as follows:— Prologue Pagliacci (Leoncavallo), the pianola; Callirhoe Air de Ballet, No. 4 (Charminade), the pianola; songs (a), "Molly's Eyes" (Hawley), (b) "To Anthea" (Hatton), Mr. Harold Devenish; variations on a German Air (Chopin), the pianola; ballad, "Thine Eyes so Blue and Tender" (Lassen), Miss Madge Scott; Sonata, op. 27, No. 2 (Moonlight) (Beethoven), the pianola; song, "Sands o' Dee" (Clay), Mr. Devenish; Liebeswalzer, op. 57, No. 5 (Moszkowski), the pianola; song, "Gleaner's Slumber Song" (Walthew), Miss Scott; Rhapsodie Hongroise No. 12 (Liszt), the pianola.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article26877741 |title=ENTERTAINMENTS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXIX, |issue=3,492 |location=Western Australia |date=23 June 1913 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1914==== ====1915==== ====1916==== <blockquote>'''POSTAL AND MILITARY APPOINTMENTS.''' MELBOURNE, Saturday. The following notices appear in the "Commonwealth Gazette":— . . . Reserve Forces: Members of rifle clubs to be lieutenants temporarily (for duration of war), Sinclair James McGibbon, Harry George Jeffreson, Hugh Oldham, Walter Richardson, '''Mandeville Doyly Musgrove'''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58020274 |title=POSTAL AND MILITARY APPOINTMENTS |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=987 |location=Western Australia |date=3 December 1916 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=2 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1917==== ====1918==== ====1919==== ===1920s=== ====1920==== ====1921==== ====1922==== ====1923==== =====1923 01===== =====1923 02===== =====1923 03===== =====1923 04===== =====1923 05===== =====1923 06===== =====1923 07===== =====1923 08===== =====1923 09===== =====1923 10===== =====1923 11===== <blockquote>'''NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED.''' The following new companies were registered at the Supreme Court during the past week:— The Metropolitan Agency, Limited; registered office, Harper's Buildings, Howard-street, Perth; capital, £1000 in £1 shares. '''Musgrove's, Limited'''; registered office, 92 William-street, Perth; capital, £25,000, in £1 shares. Ventura Motors, Limited; registered office, 873a Hay-street, Perth; capital, £30,000 in £1 shares. Commonwealth Company: Australian National Products, Limited (incorporated in N.S.W.); registered office, Perpetual Trustee Buildings, St. George's-terrace, Perth; John Morrison, attorney.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58076690 |title=NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1349 |location=Western Australia |date=18 November 1923 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=14 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Changes in Musical Circles.—''' At the invitation of the directors, the shareholders and members of the staff of Nicholson's, Ltd., met at the firm's warehouse in Barrack-street, Thursday afternoon, to say goodbye to Messrs. '''M. D. Musgrove''', A. T. Gray, R. D. Scott, and F. C. Kingston, who are leaving the company's service in order to start business on their own account. Mr. Stodart in presenting to the gentlemen mentioned cheques and other mementos on behalf of the firm, in appreciation of its goodwill and kindly feel-ings towards them, expressed regret at having lost their services, but commended their enterprise in having decided to embark on a business of their own. He felt sure that the training which they had received in the house of Nicholson's would stand them in good stead, and that they would carry with them the traditions of the firm, to serve as a guiding star in their new venture. Mr. Stodart assured them that he would do all in his power to assist them, and he welcomed the friendly rivalry which would result from the establishment of the new enterprise. Messrs. Musgrove, Gray, Scott, and Kingston suitably responded, and were subsequently the recipients of handsome presents from the members of the staff.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78321844 |title=The Daily News. PERTH, WESTERN AUSTRALIA. SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 34, 1923. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLII, |issue=15,163 |location=Western Australia |date=24 November 1923 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=8 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''GENERAL NEWS. . . .''' There was a large gathering of shareholders and employees at Nicholson's music warehouse on Thursday afternoon, the occasion being a valedictory to Messrs. '''M. D. Musgrove''', A. T. Gray, R. D. Scott, and F. C. Kingston, who are retiring from the firm's employment to commence a business of their own. Mr. Stodart, on behalf of the directors, presented the retiring employees with cheques and suitable mementos, which, he said, were intended to be a slight expression of the firm's appreciation of their long and faithful services and an earnest of the directors' goodwill and kindly feelings towards them. He hoped that they would carry the traditions of the house with them to their new enterprise and prophesied that the friendly rivalry which would hereafter exist be-tween them — and which he welcomed — would stimulate all to put forward their best efforts to advance, and improve their respective businesses. Messrs. Musgrove, Gray, Scott and Kingston expressed their thanks and were subsequently presented with handsome souvenirs by the members of the staff.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31201378 |title=GENERAL NEWS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,709 |location=Western Australia |date=24 November 1923 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 12===== <blockquote>'''MIRRORGRAMS. Sparks, Snaps and Silhouettes. (BY OUR OWN RADIOLOGIST.)''' . . . Mr. M. D'O. Musgrove, who used to entertain summer strollers in Claremont with the latest "hits" per medium of front lawn broadcasting concerts, is striking out on his own in the musical world under the dubbing of Musgrove's Ltd. Many associate the new concern with Nicholson's but there is definitely no connection between the old and the new, each being a separate and independent enterprise.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article77759898 |title=MIRROR GRAMS. |newspaper=[[Mirror]] |issue=122 |location=Western Australia |date=8 December 1923 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''MUSGROVE'S LTD. THE HOUSE FOR PIANOS.''' "There is no truer truth obtainable By man than comes of music." Thus the poet's words — thus all poets in varying harmonies of phrase. What music is to the home and social circle the individual person feels within the range of his or her experience; but what it is to the community, perhaps, is fully grasped only by those whose part it is to satisfy the urgent need of the people to be moved by concord of sweet sounds. How great this want is none is better able to appreciate than the members of the firm of Musgrove's Ltd. For more than twenty years they have been associated in studying this need, in assessing the high quality of the musical taste of the public, and in combining their experience and professional qualifications to the satisfaction of it. The names of the members of the firm, consisting of Mr. M. D'O. Musgrove, managing director, Mr. A. T. Gray, Mr. F. C. Kingston, and Mr. R. D. Scott, are household words in musical circles. In order to give their experience wider scope and to introduce to the Western public a greater range of instruments of the highest class, they have combined to launch the firm of Musgrove's Ltd., which they are determined shall, from its inception, be recognised as the House of Quality in the local musical world. Under Mr. Musgrove, as managing director, the various departments are co-ordinated, but each is in charge of an expert. Mr. Gray is responsible for pianos and player pianos, and he has signalised the birth of the firm by securing the exclusive agency for instruments of such quality as the Cable, Schiedmayer, Orpheus, and Allison pianos, each of them possessing individual features that will make varying appeals to different people, but all uniting in the possession of the qualities of strength and beauty of construction and exceptional tone values, qualities whose appeal is universal. Besides these pianos, for which the firm has the exclusive agency, other well-known makes will be stocked. The phonograph and the musical instruments departments are under the direction of Messrs. F. C. Kingston and Mr. R. D. Scott, respectively, which fact guarantees the high standard that will be maintained in each. The firm, after very careful consideration of many makes of talking machines, decided to accept the exclusive agency for the Brunswick phonograph and records. This instrument is well described as "all phonographs in one," possessing, as it does, the best characteristics of other makes, whilst being distinguished by three features entirely its own, namely, the Brunswick Altona reproducer, which plays all records at their best — a turn of the hand adapts it to any make of record. The Brunswick all-wood oval tone amplifier, a valuable aid to perfect tone reproduction; the Brunswick record-filing system with convenient arrangement of drawers for filing records. These exclusive attributes of the Brunswick lift it into a class by itself. To music lovers all instruments under the skilled and sympathetic touch of the artist give delight. But there is one which, if the product of first class constructors, makes an irresistible appeal to the senses. This is the violin. It is, therefore, not matter for surprise that Mr. R. D. Scott is resolved that whilst only various instruments of the highest grade shall be stocked in his department, special attention will be devoted to violins to secure that the demands for quality of the music loving public, and the insistence upon perfection in these instruments by convents, schools and the profession, shall be satisfied to the full. The extreme care which the firm has given to the selection of the instruments that are stocked is manifest also in the design and decoration of the House for Pianos at 92 William-street, opposite Queen's Hall. To the perfect enjoyment of music every sense must be in harmony. Recognising this, the decoration of the show rooms was entrusted to the artistic supervision of Mr. W. A. Ramage, with results that Musgrove's Ltd. confidently leave to the discriminating judgment of the wide circle of friends that the members of the firm have made among the public of the Stale over many years. The ground floor is devoted to pianos, and every facility is provided among artistic surroundings to test and appreciate the superior stocks of these instruments. On the first floor are housed the phonograph and musical instruments departments, and here, too, a meticulous artistry and careful attention to the comfort and convenience of customers are evident, whilst audition rooms of the most modem design ensure that the Brunswick records of songs and instrumental and dance music by artistes in the highest ranks of the profession shall be heard under the most perfect conditions. The reputation of the firm's personnel is so long and firmly established among music lovers in the State that the names of Messrs. Musgrove, Gray, Kingston, and Scott have only to be mentioned to guarantee that the claim of Musgrove's Ltd. that theirs is and will continue to be the House of Quality in all that pertains to music in the musical world of the State will be fulfilled in every respect. The best musical instruments in their particular classes may be purchased for cash or on terms at prices which are an assurance that the public will get the advantage of the wide experience of members of the firm in selection and purchase.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article82562419 |title=MUSGROVE'S LTD. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLII, |issue=15,182 |location=Western Australia |date=17 December 1923 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=1 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''"Music Hath Charms!" Musgrove's Ltd. Sets Out to Prove It.''' Right down through the centuries, through all the records of history and tradition, music has held its place in the lives and hearts of men. Its soothing influence, its inspiration, its power of bringing out the very best that is in man, has long been recognised, till it seems a world without music would be a very dull place indeed. The pages of mythology chronicle the story of Orpheus, whose lute "drew stocks and stones and trees," and though nowadays the said late Mr. Orpheus would cut about as much ice as the irrepressible snake charmer, music still reigns undisputed Queen of our feelings and emotions. '''UNACCUSTOMED SOUNDS.''' The members of "The Call" staff are not at any time impressionable people, but for the last few days we've been loth to click out a noisy typewriter and thus drown the unaccustomed sounds of music floating through our windows. The source was not difficult to discover, for Musgrove's Ltd., have just opened their new premises in William-street. Human nature craves for the soothing touch of music, and from twenty years experience of this need Messrs. Musgrove, Gray, Kingston and Scott, who are fostering the new firm, are well fitted to sate that thirst. All of the quartette, well known from their association with the Western musical world, have combined in their new premises to provide for music-lovers not only instruments of the highest class, but also to give clients the benefit of their experience and musical taste. Mr. A. T. Gray, who has individual charge of the pianoforte section, has secured the exclusive agencies of the Cable, Allison, Orpheus, and Schiedmayer pianos, instruments that reach the apex of beauty and tonal excellence in their class. Other well known makes are, of course, also stocked. The Brunswick phonograph is to be the arc light of Mr. F. C. Kingston's department. This magnificent instrument possesses three distinctive features — the Altona reproducer, an all-wood tone amplifier and a record-filing system. Added to its other superb qualities this trio of innovations proves the judgment of the firm in securing the exclusive agency of such a high class make. '''GLORIES OF HARMONY.''' While the piano thrills as a master breathes life into the keys, and a phonograph makes possible the universal "broadcasting" of the world's orchestras and vocalists, they are both surpassed in pure beauty of tone and glorious melody by the throbbing responsive notes of a violin as a skilled performer portrays his very soul through the artistry of the bow and strings. The violin department has been entrusted to Mr. R. D. Scott, whose pride in his section bans all inferior makes. He is determined that schools, music teachers and professional performers will be well attended to at Musgrove's. As an appropriate setting to their fine range of musical ware Musgrove's Ltd., have had their premises artistically decorated, attention being given to the acoustic properties of the audition rooms and the securing of the right musical atmosphere. Musgrove's claim that theirs is the House of Quality, and with four such names to back it up their claim does not seem the least exaggerated. Perthites are keen music-lovers, and they will find that their wants will be always attended to at Musgrove's, Ltd., 92 William-street, opposite Queen's Hall.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210900665 |title="Music Hath Charms!" |newspaper=[[Call]] |issue=495 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE CHARM OF MUSIC. The Place for Pianos.''' "He that hath no music in himself, nor is not moved by the concord of sweet sounds, is fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoils . . . let not such men be trusted." So said wise old Shakespeare, with a truth that will always live. Probably it is music, and not love, that makes the world go round "the music of the spheres," as Shakespeare said elsewhere. It is quite certain that music influences people very greatly, and a musical instrument in the house will mean many happy evenings. For that musical instrument be sure to try Musgroves Ltd., of 92 William-street, opposite Queen's Hall, which is controlled by men so well known in musical circles as Messrs. M. D'O. Musgrove, A. T. Gray, F. C. Kingston, and R. D. Scott. This firm has a fine show of pianos and Player pianos, and besides many well-known makes, have the exclusive agency for such excellent instruments as the Cable, Schiedmayer, Orpheus, and Allison pianos. Most interesting in the well-fitted phonograph and musical instrument department is the Brunswick phonograph, for which Musgroves are sole agents. This instrument has the Altone reproducer, which gives perfect tone reproduction and an excellent record filing system. Violins of the highest quality are also stacked. Audition rooms, artistically and comfortably furnished, which allow customers to listen to any record or musical instrument with the greatest possible pleasure, are installed. The firm's building is well worthy of a visit.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58070575 |title=THE CHARM OF MUSIC |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1354 |location=Western Australia |date=23 December 1923 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=14 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''A NEW STAR. In the Firmament of Music and Melody. The Advent of Musgrove's Ltd.''' Perth bids fair to become well-known as the city of music. Taking it by and large, its music houses are by a long way the most attractively set out of its great variety of supply stores. That it has so many of them in a prosperous condition is a compliment to the intellectual status of its citizens. There is always some saving grace about the music lover, even if he be a lover of ragtime stuff. So into this firmament of harmoniously arranged semi-quavers, quavers, and crotchets, has lately swum a new star. It has taken up its position at 92 William-street, and the name over doorway is "Musgroves, Ltd. The House for Pianos." The members of this new musical firm, Mr. D'O. Musgrove, managing director, Mr. A. T. Gray, Mr. F. C. Kingston, and Mr. R. D. Scott, have been known to the various musical public of Perth for a number of years. For there are various musical publics. The piano public will have none of the gramaphone public, and the classical ivory tickler looks with scorn upon the one who works the pedals of the mechanical player-piano. And there are others. Each has its own love, and Musgrove is out to cater for all sections. Quality and efficiency is to be the motto of the new firm, and the large range of high-class pianos and players is under the direct supervision of the expert, Mr. Gray, long recognised as one of the foremost piano men in the State. The exclusive agency for such favored instruments as Allison Schiedmayer, Cable, and Orpheus instruments should direct the public eye to a large extent in the direction of the new establishment. Mr. F. C. Kingston has charge of the phonograph section, which includes the exclusive agency for Brunswick machines, a talking instrument which is making an excellent impression among those who like their music in cabinet form. It is said to be "all phonographs in one," containing as it does all the best features of other machines as well as some exclusive features of its own. The musical instruments department as distinct from ivory keys, and mica diaphrams is directed by Mr. R. D. Scott, and the violin is to be given high place in the new emporium. Mr. R. D. Scott knows a good violin, and he knows a good violin is liked by all music lovers. Therefore none but instruments of the highest quality in the various grades will be found within the doors of Musgroves, Ltd. A great deal of trouble has been gone to to make the interior decorations of the premises acceptable to the aesthetic minds of music buyers, and it must be said that Mr. W. A. Ramage in this respect has been most successful. The comfort of customers has been well catered for, and with all the advantages the new musical palace is is bringing to bear, its name as the "House of Quality" should soon be on every tongue.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210487350 |title=A NEW STAR |newspaper=[[Truth]] |volume= , |issue=1061 |location=Western Australia |date=29 December 1923 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1924==== =====1924 01===== <blockquote>'''Wireless Week by Week. Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics. Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge. RADIOGRAMS. By LONG WAVE.''' . . . Some months ago it was rumored that '''Messrs. Nicholson's, Ltd.''', were going to broadcast, but from information to hand it was thought that, owing to the large iron tank on the top of the warehouse of D. and W. Murray, Ltd., absorbing most of the radiation, the project would have to be abandoned.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071416 |title=Wireless Week by Week Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics[?] Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1358 |location=Western Australia |date=20 January 1924 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 02===== =====1924 03===== =====1924 04===== =====1924 05===== =====1924 06===== <blockquote>'''Port Paragraphs CAUSTIC COMMENTS — ON AFFAIRS AT FREMANTLE.''' . . . The Fremantle Bowling Club tendered a complimentary social to Mr. J. A. Gustafson (singes champion of Australia), and the club rooms were well filled with an enthusiastic gathering of members and visitors. A meritorious musical programme, arranged by Mr. Digby Beard, was thoroughly enjoyed, and Mr. M. D. O'Musgrove at the piano added greatly to the excellence of the numbers rendered. Felicitous speeches, admirable in their brevity and wit, combined with a dainty repast, completed a festival which will long be remembered.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58053646 |title=Port Paragraphs |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1379 |location=Western Australia |date=15 June 1924 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=13 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''CITY IMPROVEMENTS.''' The majority of the people engaged in occupation in one portion of the city know very little in regard to what is taking place in other parts and have no idea of the extent of money that is being expended in building and improvements in Perth at the present time. During the week I had a chat with the Town Clerk (Mr. Bold), and the Acting City Building Surveyor (Mr. A. E. Horner), and on reference to the records found that the following buildings and works have just been completed, are nearing completion, or are in course of construction:— W.A. Trustee and Agency Co., £39,000; Winterbottom's Ltd., £36,000; Swan Brewery, £29,000; Aliance Insurance Co., £20,000; Y.A.L., £17,000; Queen's Hall, £18,000; Hyem, Hester (Hay and George streets), £18,000; W.A. T.C., £16,000; Diocesan Flats (Mount-street), £15,000; Shaftesbury Theatre, £10,000; H. V. McKay, £9,600; Falk and Co., £7,000; Druids' Hall. £6.700; Broadhurst and Co., £6,500; Malcolm-street flats, £5,850; Michelides (Roe-street), £5,700; Michelides (Beaufort-street), £4,700; City of Perth Electric Light Department, £5,200; Beaufort Arms Hotel, £5,000; Y.M.C.A., £3,000; '''Musgroves, Ltd.''', £3,000; Karrakatta Tea Rooms, £3,000; and Mr. M. B. Thomas's Hay-street shops, £4,500. This gives a total of £287,350, but to this must be added at least £50,000 for other city im-provements apart from dwellings, and these also add considerably to this amount. The figures given are also merely, the bare estimates submitted to the corporation officials with the plans for building, and it is well known how these expenditures are exceeded as the work progresses. Take again the £29,000 stated as the expenditure of the Swan Brewing Company, it is well known that when the whole of this work is completed, and the new plant has been installed, the company will have to pay something between £150,000 and £160,000. Then the West Australian Trotting Association is spending approximately £70,000 on their new grounds within the city boundaries, and £60,000 has been voted by the City Council for making the roads of the terraces. With these additions it will therefore be seen that the works in progress, and the few just completed, involve an expenditure of approximately £550,000. Nearly the whole of this work is being undertaken by private enterprise, and it indicates very forcibly the great faith that the commercial section of the community has in the future prosperity of the State. At the same time it provides a useful object lesson of the productive wealth of the country, when a population of' approximately 350,000 can produce the means to expend over half a million sterling in city improvement. It is interesting also to note that during the past five years the value of buildings erected has been as follows:— 1919, £210,635; 1920, £399.519; 1921, £334,309; 1922, £514,061; 1923, £659,265. As there is six months of the year to run it would appear that a record will be established this year, but with the works in progress, and what has been accomplished in the previous five years, it represents a total of £2,668,789; a wonderful achievement for such a small community.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31238063 |title=CITY IMPROVEMENTS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XL, |issue=6,887 |location=Western Australia |date=23 June 1924 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 07===== =====1924 08===== =====1924 09===== =====1924 10===== <blockquote>'''LYRIC HOUSE. Music's Local Shrine — Enterprise of Musgrove's Limited.''' It was Ruskin who, with his profound sense of symmetry in the Arts, said: "A well-disposed group of notes in music will make you sometimes weep and sometimes laugh. You can express the depth of all affections by those dispositions of sound; you can give courage to the soldier, language to the lover, consolation to the mourner, more joy to the joyful, more humility to the devout." It was appropriate that his reference should have been inspired by his main topic, which was the Influence of Imagination in Architecture. The two arts are complementary. Music, to find its (Photo Caption) This Magnificent Building of four-stories is now in the course of reconstruction and will be opened at an early date as a Modern Music Warehouse by Musgrove's Limited. (End Photo Caption) highest expression, not only must have the essentials of the composer's works; the craftsman's skill in a wide range of instruments; a delicate sense of moods, and a deft capacity to express their thousand variations, which are the attributes of the artist; it must have a setting in which harmony of line and color make a fitting environment for the art. It was with a full realisation of this fundamental truth that Musgrove's Ltd., when the amazing expansion of their business in a short period of months forced them to seek more extensive premises than those occupied at 92 William-street, sought a new and permanent home. Years of experience in the musical world fully advised the members of the firm of what was needed. A central position was requisite — one which would be convenient to music lovers of city and of the country. A building large enough to supply even the extraordinary demands for space made by the wonderful growth that attended the firm's enterprise was an essential. It must, too, be easily adaptable to the peculiar needs upon which Musgroves Ltd.— establishing from the first the highest standards as suitable only to the art and profession to which they ministered — insisted. It must, in short, be capable of transformation into a home of music, a "Lyric House" in which the muse that moves most vibrantly the emotions should be installed in surroundings meet to her dignity, and illimitable power. In the building, previously occupied by Messrs. P. Falk and Co., in Murray-street, overlooking Forrest-place, and adjacent to the G.P.O. and the railway station, Musgrove's Ltd. found a suitable location. In the skill of architects and decorators, enthusiastically responsive to the ideals animating the firm, they secured the ready assistance which is transforming the original structure into "Lyric House," a magnificent home of music on whose four floors will be gathered the best that the world has to offer in musical instruments and works; where local musical art will have a rendezvous; and the profession an academy which will be an inspiration to and a source of culture. Several considerations moved Musgrove's Ltd. to their new enterprise. The first and most pressing was a purely utilitarian one. The extraordinary growth of business demanded more commodious premises than those in which as a distinctive musical firm the principals commenced operations so short a time since as December last year. Eighteen hundred square feet of floor space housed the initial undertaking — twenty-three thousand square feet will be included on the four floors of "Lyric House." It is unnecessary to point the moral of the expanded figures; they speak for themselves. They are an expression of public confidence in Musgrove's Ltd., and of faith in the professional skill and business methods of the principals, a faith built up on more than 20 years' association with the music-loving people of Western Australia. They are more — they are a testimony to the confidence of Musgrove's Ltd. in the art to which they minister and in the local public's appreciation of that art. For though "Lyric House" will be a music emporium in which musical compositions, including every kind from the classical to the popular, will be available, and instruments of every description on show and on sale, it will also be, as said, an Academy of Music in which visiting artists and local devotees may entertain and be entertained, may instruct and be instructed, amid conditions most favorable to the cultivation of the spirit of music. The ground floor, as it was in the original building, has been lowered six feet to the plane of the street. Two magnificent windows disclose a parquetry inlaid flooring on which the finest products of the musical instrument makers of the world will be presented to the public gaze. Entering from the street, the ground floor space will be devoted, amid a chaste color scheme of black and white, to the smaller instruments. Towards the centre depth — the frontage is 36 feet and depth 160 feet — steps lead to a raised section which will hold the music department. Along one side a gallery in black and glass overhangs the department, and contains the respective sections of educational, band, orchestral, popular and jazz music; at the other side five sound-proof rooms give ample accommodation for "trying over" the pieces that attract the attention of patrons. These sound-proof rooms — they are found on several floors — are a special feature of the remodelled building. They are unique in Perth. Especially on the top floor are they remarkable. Jumping for a moment the intermediate floor that these rooms may be described, the visitor will meet on the top floor a design for the accommodation of music teachers and the profession generally without a peer in the State, and unexcelled in any part of Australia. The front portion of the floor, overlooking the street, occupying nearly 40 by 40 feet, will be a reception room in which visiting artists may be entertained or professional conversaziones be held. Fifteen sound-proof rooms will occupy the long rear portion of the floor, a passage way leading between, as they are distributed on each side. The walls of these rooms are of plastered coke brieze; a composition wholly impervious to sound. The doors are double-lined and baize-covered. Windows to each afford pleasant natural lighting in the daytime. Of various sizes, to meet the different needs, every room is commodious. They will be available to the teaching profession — its vocal, instrumental and elocutionary exponents — on hourly, daily, weekly or leasing terms, and undoubtedly will constitute a centre in which the sublimest of arts may be cultivated free from any distraction that would hinder its development. To return to the "top" section of the first floor and the music department. Here will be contained, too, the section for player rolls, and one of the "try-over" rooms on this level will be specially set aside for trying rolls — not instruments. The larger instruments — pianos and players — will be housed in four showrooms on the ample front portions of the first floor. The different makes, of which Musgrove's Ltd have a large variety, will have their special section — Australian, British, Continental and American. The finest products of British manufacture — Mar- (Photo Caption Start) M. GEORGES BADER, French Trade Commissioner in Australia, who has returned to Sydney after a visit to France with the object of fostering trade relations between the two countries. (Photo Caption End) shall and Rose, London, makers to the late King Edward VII.; John Brinsmead and Sons, piano makers since 1837; Allison Limited, whose instrument is fittingly described as the "Great English Piano" — will be numbered among them. Among American pianos and players it is only necessary to mention the product of Cable Company, whose pianos and Solo-Inner players have established an unique reputation, and the pianos and players of R. S. Howard Co. Such names is Schiedmayer, Neumeyer, and Scheel guarantee the extraordinary quality of the Continental pianos handled by Musgrove's Ltd. On this first floor, too, is another novel addition to the aid of musical art which the firm resolved from the beginning sedulously to cultivate. It is a concert room, large enough to seat comfortably some 300 persons well-lighted and artistically decorated. A platform at the rear right wall will accommodate instrumentalists and vocalists in the many recitals which will be a feature of "Lyric House." The basement — only technically may it be so termed, as it is but three feet below the street level — will be the home of phonographs and records. No other instrument will find habitation there. The "Brunswick," which attained immediate popularity on its introduction to the local public by Musgrove's a few months since; "His Master's Voice" and the "Rexonola" will be featured on this floor in a variety of design, but uniformity of their respective qualities, suitable to the needs of every circumstance. Four audition rooms, sound-proof, on this floor will enable records and instruments to be conveniently and in comfort tried over by patrons. Much more could be said; but space forbids. Music is to have an artistic home in Perth. Comfort and taste are the distinguishing features of "Lyric House." The eye will be attracted by soft, and delicate furnishings and decorations; the ear will be enthralled by the most magnificent instrumental productions of the world's foremost manufacturers. The staff is expert in every department. The music department will be under the direction of one of Perth's most prominent teachers in the person of Mrs. Sutherland Groom, L.A.B.T.C., Mus. Aust., who will be assisted by a fully-qualified staff. Variously situated at the rear of the building are the workshops where repairs of every kind will be effected by skilled craftsmen; and despatch rooms to supply country order demands and city requirements. The convenience and comfort of the public and staff have been in every way considered. For the latter a luncheon room, tastefully decorated, has been provided. The whole establishment, whose stupendous growth within a few months to the premier position in our musical world, is a testimony to the critical recognition of the public, will be supervised from offices overlooking the ground floor window display, by the gentlemen — Messrs. M. D. O. Musgrove, R. D. Scott, A. T. Gray and F. C. Kingston — whose inauguration of the firm created anticipations among music-lovers which have not been disappointed. In "Lyric House," which will be opened about the middle of the month, music has a shrine in the State.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58060302 |title=LYRIC HOUSE |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1395 |location=Western Australia |date=5 October 1924 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''SOCIAL.''' . . . A pleasurable couple of hours were spent at the Repertory Club last Friday afternoon. The cosy reception room was fragrant with the scent of sweet peas and roses, which were well arranged in every available nook. The occasion was an "at home" in honour of Mr. and Mrs. Alberto Zelman, the well-known Melbourne violinist and soprano; who gave two concerts in Perth during the past week. There is a delightful Bohemian air about these Repertory Club gatherings. Probably much of the success of such functions is due to the energetic secretary, for not only is she a most efficient officer, but a personality brimming over with enthusiasm and activity. Mrs. Dunckley possesses that invaluable asset, the gift of being able to create an atmosphere — and a very attractive atmosphere at that. A short musical programme added to the pleasure of the afternoon, Mrs. Thompson, Mr. Newman and Mr. Morgan contributing vocal items. Mrs. Eugene Levinson played in her usual finished style a pianoforte solo and Mrs. McCrostie recited. Mr. and Mrs. Moran were much appreciated in a charming duet, in which their voices harmonised perfectly. Miss Ottawa accompanied some of the singers. The same evening Mr. and Mrs. Alberto Zelman were the guests of Mr. and Mrs. '''Musgrove''' in the new and charmingly appointed rooms recently opened by Musgrove's, Ltd., in Murray-street, Perth. Mr. and Mrs. Musgrove received their many guests at the entrance. They then proceeded upstairs to the attractively arranged salon, the long, quaintly narrow room being cosily arranged with lounges, easy chairs and settees. Brief speeches of welcome were voiced by Mr. Musgrove, and Mr. H. B. Jackson, to which Mr. Zelman replied in a happy way. Some local musical talent of very high standard lent an additional note of pleasure and interest. Each item contributed was by a member of Musgrove's firm. Miss Hillhouse delighted everyone with her two piano solos rendered most charmingly on a beautiful instrument. Mr. Iffla and Mr. Samuels were heard in pleasure-giving songs. Light refreshments were handed round before the guests dispersed, having enjoyed a couple of interesting and enjoyable hours.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37638322 |title=SOCIAL. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=2,022 |location=Western Australia |date=30 October 1924 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=36 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 11===== <blockquote>'''MUSGROVES LIMITED. PERTH'S NEW MUSIC WAREHOUSE. UP-TO-DATE APPOINTMENTS.''' Dignity, splendor, without ostentation, and, above all, easeful comfort, are the dominant notes in the interior furnishing of the four-storied building secured as a warehouse for Musgrove's Ltd. This edifice was recently the warehouse of P. Falk and Co., and upon being taken over, carpenters and decorators were set to work to convert it into a music warehouse, on lines which have proved successful in other parts of Australia, America, and the Continent. The growth of Musgrove's Ltd. has been little short of wonderful. The company was formed twelve months ago by four men whose aggregate experience in the music trade of Australia exceeds 80 years. A start was made with a small shop in William-street, where player-pianos, musical instruments and phonographs were sold. After a few months it was found that the volume of business done necessitated much larger and more commodious premises. A search rewarded them, for they were able to secure one of the best sites in the city, adjacent to the railway station and new G.P.O., on which a four-storied building, with a depth of 168 feet and a frontage of 36 feet on each floor, stands. Two plate-glass windows of moderate dimensions make an imposing facade to the building, the parquetry floors of which are brilliantly lighted from above. At the entrance to the shop is a large hall, arranged for the Musical Instrument Department, and lined with glass show cases containing instruments of many kinds. A sound proof demonstration room for the convenience of intending purchasers is tucked away in a corner and away from distractions. The stairs, balustrades and woodwork are of massive type and black in color, a contrast being secured with white panelled walls and pillars. Stairs leading from the hall to the front of the building point the way to the managerial and general offices. A few steps down from the main hall is the Phonograph Department, where is to be found a magnificent collection of period, upright, and table model phonographs from the well-known Brunswick factory. Brunswick models are prominently displayed, together with large stocks of 'His Master's Voice' and Rexonola. Four sound-proof try-over rooms run along one wall, being partitioned with diamond lead-lighting, the result being very effective. Facing these rooms, the stocks of records are kept on shelves, the pressure of a button releasing the protecting panelling. At the end of this department are the spacious showrooms, set apart for the display of the wide range of ma-chines. From the hallway, again, stairs lead to The Music Floor. This is a new department inaugurated with the opening of the building, and is under the direction of one of Perth's prominent music teachers, assisted by a staff of assistants with musical qualifications. Comprehensive stocks of music — educational, classical, standard, popular and jazz — are here for the selection of the public. Above the music counter runs a gallery the entire length of the department, with a return at the end, where bulk stocks of music are kept and country mail orders are dealt with. Upon entering The Piano Department a fine display of grand pianos meets the eye in a long vista, upright pianos and organs being arranged around the wall. British manufacturers are represented by Marshall and Rose, Brinsmead, and Allison, American by Cable and Co. and R. S. Howard and Co., and Continental by Schiedmeyer, Scheel, and Neumeyer. In this showroom luxuriously upholstered and cushioned chairs are provided for the comfort of patrons. Six special showrooms are arranged around this department, each appealingly furnished. The lighting is by the semi-direct principle, with an ornate dome of leadlights. The first floor reached with the aid of the lift discloses a further piano showroom and Concert Hall, under construction, and which it is hoped will be completed at an early date. The top floor has been converted into a home for music teachers of Perth. Fifteen sound-proof Teaching Studios are provided with walls of coke-brieze be-low the plaster. Double baize doors are fitted. Already a long line of brass plates on the doors shows they are in occupation. Facing the street on this floor is a reception room of 40 square feet, for the use of teachers as well as visiting artists. The staff has not been forgotten in the wealth of arrangements, for luncheon and rest rooms are provided. At the back of the premises are to be found the workshop, polishing, tuning and repairing rooms. Without doubt, this magnificent warehouse brings Perth into line with the many splendid music houses of the Eastern States and is a tribute to the ability and foresight of Messrs. M. D'O. Musgrove, A. T. Gray, R. D. Scott and F. C. Kingston, who form the backbone of the company.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84308432 |title=MUSGROVES LIMITED. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,456 |location=Western Australia |date=4 November 1924 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=7 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''REAL ESTATE. ALTERATIONS IN MURRAY STREET.''' Still another of the buildings in central Murray-street, which was originally used as a warehouse, has been reconstructed internally. For many years, and until quite recently, the premises at 233 Murray-street were occupied by Messrs. Falk and Co., but a reconstruction has turned the place into one of the latest of improvements in music salons for Musgroves, Ltd. Originally the ground floor was about 6 ft. above the street level, but, in order to make the building suitable for a shop, portion of the main front, consisting of part of the basement and ground floor was removed, and the remainder carried on steel joists. Again, portion of the ground floor extending back 44ft. had to be lowered, in order to bring it in line with the street level, and now the approaching stairs to the basement and the elevated portion of the ground floor has given the opportunity of displaying goods in the double showroom which can be viewed from the entrance. The second floor is divided into rooms of sound-proof construction, which are to be used by music teachers. This, together with the first floor, which is to be used for additional showrooms and recital hall, are approached by either a lift or stairway, and entrance can be gained through the shop or by a separate entrance from the main frontage in Murray-street. The main structural alterations to the buildings, and certain of the internal fittings, were carried out by A. James and Co., whilst the remaining rooms, etc., were executed by Messrs. Thomas and Harrison. The whole of the work was done under the direction of the architect, Mr. E. Le R. Henderson, and were to the order of the new tenants, Messrs. Musgroves, Ltd.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31266815 |title=REAL ESTATE |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XL, |issue=7,024 |location=Western Australia |date=29 November 1924 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 12===== <blockquote>'''Musgrove's Ltd. First Anniversary in New Home Phenomenal Success of Local Company.''' There probably never has been in Perth a quicker rise to popularity and a more meteoric progression than that of the House of Musgrove, called Lyric House, in Murray-street, Perth. It is a tribute to the earnestness of Perth's music loving public and its capacity for musical description that this is so, for it is the continually increasing stream of public support which has enabled Musgrove's to make the strides it has. Musgrove's is an entirely Westralian concern, and it really began many years ago inside the four walls of that well known and respected musical firm Nicholson's. For all the members of Musgrove's learned their business and gained their wide experience in those precincts, and adding to that wealth of knowledge a full measure of modern thought initiative and enterprise, they came out to give to the public the combined benefit of the mixture. The firm was formed by four of the best known men in the music trade in W.A., namely, Messrs. D. O. Musgrove, A. T. Gray, R. D. Scott, and F. C. Kingston, and they commenced the business of selling pianos, gramophones, musical instruments and music on a floor space of about 1,800 square feet in William-street, just 12 months ago. The new music shop soon became well known, and business expansion speedily demanded more space. The warehouse of P. Falk and Co. in Murray-street, was acquired on long lease, and so altered and improved is its interior that Musgrove's may be said to occupy a palatial home to-day. The company occupies all four floors of the building, totalling 23,000 square feet. The magnitude of the business they are now handling may be judged from the number of big agencies they hold, numbering among them in the British piano section, Sir Herbert Marshall and Sons, John Brinsmead and Sons, Allison Pianos Ltd., and other firms whose agencies they hold and whose products have made British pianos famous throughout the civilised world. American agencies are represented by The Cable Co., makers of the famous Solo Inner-Player-Piano, and R. S. Howard Co. Musgrove's Continental agencies include Schiedmayer and Sohne, Carl Scheel and Neumeyer pianos. Sole representation of Brunswick phonographs and records, the company is in a position to offer the public the world's greatest phonograph value. The educational advantages of these instruments have already been amply and capably demonstrated by Mrs. Rose Atkinson, who will always be prepared to act in an advisory capacity to schools, colleges, etc. The same high standard of quality distinguishes all small musical instruments, with the result that "Lyric House" can proudly rank as the foremost music warehouse in Western Australia. The warehouse itself is fitted out on the most modern lines, a handsome entrance hall being the first section the customer enters. From this hall, in which small musical instruments may be purchased, the basement which has been raised to the level of almost a ground floor, can be completely overlooked, and the whole showroom of gramophones and other instruments are in view. This floor is but four steps below the floor of the entrance hall, and on it are four record "try-over" rooms, and two handsome audition rooms for the trying of the famous Brunswick instruments. All the rooms are sound proof, but the enterprising spirit of Musgrove's has gone further in the installation of four of the latest record trying machines, by means of which customers may sit in the open and hear their records without interfering with the other machines right alongside them. This ingenious contrivance is called the 'Audak,' and is well worth a trip to Musgrove's to inspect and study. Above this floor is the general music and piano floor replete with system, comfort and convenience. It is only a temporary home for the pianos, however, for as soon as arrangements can be completed the floor above will take care of the big instruments. There are five sound-proof rooms for the trying of pianos, and every assistance is re-dered intending purchasers in their choice. On the top floor are the teachers' rooms, each sound proof and well lighted, and Musgrove's hold that they are more than probably the finest suite of teaching rooms in the Commonwealth. On this floor there is also a hall which may be used for lectures or recitals. The interior of the building is done in black and white throughout, and the effect given is one of "quality" and soundness. Musgrove's have made a phenomenal step forward in twelve short months, and as it is true that youth will be served, this company is an ex-ample of the service of youth, in putting before the public an up to date, modern and efficiently equipped building where it should always be a pleasure and a delight to shop.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article208123871 |title=Musgrove’s Ltd. |newspaper=[[Truth]] |volume= , |issue=1111 |location=Western Australia |date=13 December 1924 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''BIRTHDAY RECITAL.''' To celebrate the first anniversary of the establishment of the firm, Musgrove's, Ltd. gave a birthday recital at their music rooms, Murray-street, yesterday afternoon. An interesting programme of vocal and instrumental items was rendered, and was received with appreciation by the audience. Mrs. Rose Atkinson sang "Twickenham Ferry" brightly, and Mr. Bryn Samuel gave a vigorous rendering of Aylward's "Song of the Bow," the accompaniment being played on the Cable solo inner player, which was skilfully manipulated, and proved to be a fairly satisfactory substitute for the human accompanist. The sweet tone of the Brunswick phonograph was revealed in a reproduction of Schubert's "Ave Maria" as a violin solo by Jascha Heifetz. The cabaret orchestra, under the direction of Mr. Irwin Lawrence, gave a number of crisp selections. Raffs "Tarantella" was given as a piano duet by Misses D. Woods and J. Musgrove, and Miss Anetta Hillhouse played on the piano Rachmaninoff's "Prelude in C Sharp Minor." The Hawaiian Melody Makers gave selections on the steel guitar and ukulele, and a "Concert Waltz" by Frime revealed the effective use to which the Cable solo inner player can be put in rendering piano solos.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31270171 |title=BIRTHDAY RECITAL. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XL, |issue=7,040 |location=Western Australia |date=18 December 1924 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''MUSGROVE'S LTD.''' Musgrove's Limited ("Lyric House") are out to see that the citizens are supplied with the musical instruments that will afford them the maximum amount of enjoyment at the minimum of cost. From its inception this enterprising firm has met with a gratifying response from music lovers, and it now comes along with a special Christmas offer. The reduced prices hold good only to the end of the year, so buyers are advised to get in early. Their pianos are presently offering at from 85 guineas, and their players from 160 guineas. Every instrument is fully guaranteed for 25 years. Musgrove's are now showing a new shipment of mandolines of the best Italian make. Prices range from thirty shillings, with complete outfits from £2 10s. Ideal Christmas gifts are the small size mandolines for children. These are priced at twenty-five shillings, and are easy to learn and easy to play. These lines are also supplied to the trade. This Christmas offer is so exceptional that an immediate inspection is earnestly advised. Those who are on the lookout for a splendid instrument for themselves or as Christmas gifts for their friends should note that this offer will be withdrawn at the end of the year. It looks as if "Lyric House" will experience a busy time during the next fortnight.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58259508 |title=MUSGROVE'S LTD. |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1406 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1924 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1925==== =====1925 01===== =====1925 02===== =====1925 03===== <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING DEMONSTRATION.''' Much interest is being taken in the broadcasting demonstration concert to be given in Queen's Hall this evening. The stage is being fitted up as a replica of the studio at 6WF, and the concert will be conducted exactly in the manner of a studio concert. This will give wireless enthusiasts an opportunity of seeing the working of a studio. A programme of outstanding interest has been arranged by the musical director, Mr. A. J. Leckie, Mus. Bac. It includes numbers by the popular Wendowie Quartette, songs by Miss Veronica Mans-field and Mr. Rhys Francis, instrumental items by Mr. Hugh McMahon, and the Two Dunstalls, a talk by Dr. J. S. Battye, and the first performance of a short one-act play, "Lucifer and an Angel," by Miss Doris Gilham and Mr. Herbert Millard. Seats may be reserved at '''Musgrove's'''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84259273 |title=BROADCASTING DEMONSTRATION. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=15,581 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1925 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=3 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1925 04===== =====1925 05===== <blockquote>'''BROADCAST PROGRAMMES.''' The following wireless programmes will be broadcast from 6WF (the Westralian Farmers, Ltd.). during the week ending Friday, May 22. Programmes are subject to any alteration owing to unforeseen circumstances:— . . . WEDNESDAY, MAY 20. 3.30-4.30: Afternoon to be announced. Popular Night.— 8.0: Musical items from Messrs. '''Musgrove's Concert Hall''', as follows: — Piano. French Suite, No. 16. (Bach), Miss Veronica Kenniwell: song. "Bluebells from the Clearings" (Walker); recitation, selected. Miss Bessie Durlacher; piano, "Arabesque in E." (Debussy). Miss Veronica Kenniwell; song, 'A Widow Bird Sat Mourning' (Lidgey), Miss Essie Pickering; musical items from the studio. 9.0: By the kind permission of Mr. William Russell we broadcast the second act of 'Peg of My Heart.' at His Majesty's Theatre. Leading part played by Miss Nellie Bramley.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31858186 |title=BROADCAST PROGRAMMES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLI, |issue=7,165 |location=Western Australia |date=16 May 1925 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1925 06===== <blockquote>'''STUDIO JOTTINGS. (By Harold B. Wells.)''' The broadcasting station 6WF commences its second year of programmes this week. Those who have watched the development of the station must feel an inward joy that during each month of last year the programmes were bettered either by variety or quality. . . . "Everybody's Night" is on Friday, when items from the Luxor Theatre will be given and followed by a talk by Mr. A. E. Stevens (Technical Adviser to the W.A. Division of the Wireless Institute) on matters concerning wireless. On Saturday night next a concert organised by '''Messrs. Musgrove, Ltd.''', will be relayed from their concert hall, and at 8 p.m. the "Dance Night" will commence, when 6WF's jazz orchestra will play the latest numbers from London.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84053142 |title=STUDIO JOTTINGS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=15,638 |location=Western Australia |date=8 June 1925 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=6 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''STUDIO JOTTINGS. (By W. R. WELLS.)''' There will be some new faces — and to listeners-in new voices — at 6WF this week. . . . On Wednesday afternoon the transmission will be for listeners who miss the Saturday night jazz. In the evening '''Mr. D'O. Musgrove''' will hold a recital of the solo inner player and phonograph. This is the outcome of many requests for "more player, please." Thursday evening is devoted to "music, melody and song." Miss Zoe Lenegan will sing items by Coleridge-Taylor, Mendelssohn, and Brahms, while Mr. Theo. Meugens, who recently scored a most gratifying compliment from the adjudicator at the recent Eisteddfod, will contribute some tenor numbers. Bonheur, Wallace and Wagner will be drawn upon later by Mr. Basham, who is to give some 'cello solos. "Recital Night" is on Friday. The session, however, will begin with a radio talk by the energetic president of the Subiaco Radio Society, Mr. W. R. Phipps, who as an amateur transmitter is frequently heard on the air with his call sign 6WP. When Mr. Phipps has finished speaking of aerials and other things, a switch over will be made to '''Musgrove's concert hall''', where the recital arranged by Mrs. E. C. Campbell is being given. Mrs. Campbell is being assisted by Miss Ruby Davis (contralto), Mr. Charles Iffla (baritone), and Miss Veronica Kenniwell (pianiste). It is interesting to note that these recitals are to be given for six weeks, and listeners-in generally, as well as students of music, will find much in them of value and entertainment. Upon the conclusion of the recital Mr. Sheard will give some items from the studio.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84055500 |title=STUDIO JOTTINGS. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=15,644 |location=Western Australia |date=15 June 1925 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=6 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''MERELY ATOMS.''' . . . Rumor has it that consideration is at present being given to a proposal for the establishment within the State of a "B" class broadcasting station.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84058657 |title=MERELY ATOMS. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=15,650 |location=Western Australia |date=22 June 1925 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=6 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1925 07===== =====1925 08===== =====1925 09===== =====1925 10===== <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK. . . RADIOGRAMS. By AERIAL.''' . . . The relayed transmissions from Messrs. '''Musgrove's Lyric Hall''' point the way to better programmes. They certainly are very enjoyable.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58228464 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1449 |location=Western Australia |date=18 October 1925 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=9 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1925 11===== =====1925 12===== B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK. . . RADIOGRAMS. By AERIAL.''' . . . We have heard rumors of a B Class station locally. Whilst W.A. is only allowed one A Class station, a small-powered newcomer would be welcome. If the proposed station eventuates it will bring W.A. in line with the other States, all of whom have one or more B Class stations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58231862 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1457 |location=Western Australia |date=13 December 1925 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=7 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1926==== =====1926 01===== =====1926 02===== =====1926 03===== =====1926 04===== =====1926 05===== =====1926 06===== <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK. . . RADIOGRAMS. By AERIAL.''' . . . On Wednesday last a delightful lunch-hour concert was broadcast from Messrs. '''Musgrove's Lyric House'''. Vocal items by Miss Lyle Hocking and Mr. S. Morrell were particularly enjoyable. The Lyric House orchestra also helped to complete one of the most pleasant programmes we have heard.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58243740 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1484 |location=Western Australia |date=20 June 1926 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=7 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1926 07===== =====1926 08===== =====1926 09===== =====1926 10===== =====1926 11===== =====1926 12===== ====1927==== =====1927 01===== =====1927 02===== B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''MORE BROADCASTING. Applied for In W.A. WILL START IN 6 WEEKS. If Approval Granted.''' If an application, which was lodged yesterday, is granted by the Commonwealth authorities, a second broadcasting station should be established in Perth within the next month to six weeks. This was the information given today by Mr. W. Faraday, of the Westate Engineering Company, who stated that a request had been submitted that his company be permitted to operate a '''"B" class station'''. For those who are unaware of the difference between an "A" and "B" class station it may be mentioned that 6WF, which is allowed to use 5 kilowatt of power, and have its programmes controlled to a certain extent by the authorities, derives the major portion of its revenue from the licence fees of listeners, for of the 27s 6d paid to the Commonwealth approximately 22s 6d of it is paid over to the broadcasting station. With The "B" Class Station, however, the power is usually limited and the revenue is derived solely from advertising in its many forms. Mr. Faraday stated this morning that it was recognised that advertising would have to provide the bulk of the revenue of the station. Many promises had been given and if approval for the erection of the station were obtained, he was hopeful of being able to run a programme from 7.30 a.m. until 11 p.m., with intervals, of course, during the day. So far as the standard of the programmes were concerned, he hoped to make them popular with plenty of modern music, but would not dwell unduly on the educational side of the subject. While '''Politically He Had No Bias''', the station would no doubt receive revenue from this source, in the form of advertising. While a definite wave-length had been applied for he was not in a position to divulge what it was, for the question of wave-lengths primarily came under the Geneva Convention. He was hopeful, however, that if approval for the erection of the station were granted that the use of a temporary wave-length would be consented to. It was suggested that Mr. Faraday was taking '''An Unexpected Action''' in view of the fact that a Royal Commission is shortly to investigate the whole question of wireless, including broadcasting stations and revenue, but the director of the Westate Engineering Co. said that if they were to wait until the Commission had looked into things, nothing would be done, he thought, until late next year. He was, therefore, prepared to take a risk.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83068707 |title=MORE BROADCASTING |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=16,166 |location=Western Australia |date=18 February 1927 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=5 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS. By AERIAL.''' Local wireless circles are freely commenting upon the advent of a '''"B" class station for Perth'''. This, it is understood, will be commencing broadcasting within the next few weeks. The wave length used will be in the 200-300 metre band, but particulars as to the power, etc, to be employed, are not yet available.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58324352 |title=RADIOGRAMS BY AFRIAL |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1520 |location=Western Australia |date=27 February 1927 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1927 03===== B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS. By AERIAL.''' . . . No further details are yet available as to the proposed '''"B" class station for Perth''', but we understand a power of 2½ kilowatts will be used at the inception of the station, with a wave-length of 275 metres.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58325063 |title=Wireless Week by Week |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1522 |location=Western Australia |date=13 March 1927 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=19 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1927 04===== =====1927 05===== =====1927 06===== =====1927 07===== =====1927 08===== =====1927 09===== =====1927 10===== =====1927 11===== =====1927 12===== B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''Wireless Week by Week. . . RADIOGRAMS. By AERIAL.''' . . . '''Amateur Activities.''' It has hardly been possible to chronicle anything of amateur interest for some months now, as activities in this direction have only been marked by a few spasmodic transmissions. With the coming of summer a greater tranquility was anticipated, but this has not been so, and at present quite a number of local amateurs have passed through the flux stage of rebuilding and are now actively engaged in interstate and international communication. Foremost of these is 6AG (the acknowledged sponsor of broadcasting in W.A.), his present-day short-wave phone, unostentatiously carried out, being a revelation, and to listen to him conversing in everyday generalities to a fellow amateur in New Zealand and a minute later pass the time of the day with another professional worker in Java surely stresses the milestones that have been passed with shortwave telephony within a few years. The ease that he converses in speech with stations thousands of miles away puts to shame all other forms of rapid communication. In Morse work quite a number of local amateurs are creating interest, and 6MU of Cottesloe has a nightly wongi with a brace or so of Yanks, and one occasion, with the aid of the Q list (international abbreviations), enabled him to have a connected yarn with a German amateur. 6WP is interested in phone, and distant reports stress his success in this sphere; 6SR, with a 4000 volt transformer and electrolytic rectifier, pines for an equal voltaged D.C. generator, when the snap of a switch gives unfailing voltage and rectifiers boil no more; 6VP will shortly be under the new call sign of 6PK; a 201A wilts under 500 volts; Raytheon rectified A.C. reports will be appreciated. An old timer in 6BO recently wiped the dust off his 1200-volt generator and rescued the 120-watter from the juniors who were playing with "daddy's valve"; he promises phone (semi-broadcasting) on 200 metres, expressing the opinion that the 40-metre band has lost its lure. While not in the amateur category, we learn that a '''proposed B class station''' will be commencing at an early date, it being located at Mt. Lawley.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article60303106 |title=Wireless Week by Week |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=15[?]9 |location=Western Australia |date=11 December 1927 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=34 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1928==== =====1928 01===== =====1928 02===== B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''Proposed B Class Stations.''' If rumor is fact, W.A. is soon to have a surplus of B class stations within the near future, as we have heard from interested parties that plans are almost finished, whilst in others everything is ready. Nevertheless, we notice with some misgiving that there is a notable absence of erection of the greatest necessity, the aerial system, or at least a number of them, to correspond with the proposals vouchsafed for by jade rumor. We learn authoritatively, that at least one private concern is nearing finality with their proposal. Progress up to the present has been retarded owing to the Wireless Commission's recommendations being considered, and we are informed this B class service will be in operation some time during June. A wave length of 270 metres is proposed, and the initial power will be 1½ to 2 kilowatts.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58346814 |title=Wireless Week by Week |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1569 |location=Western Australia |date=19 February 1928 |accessdate=16 March 2019 |page=33 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1928 03===== Mandeville D'Oyly Musgrove <blockquote>'''PEN PORTRAITS. Music, Fishing, Shooting.''' A somewhat varied and adventurous career has been the life of Mr. Mandeville D'Oyley Musgrove, the managing director of Musgroves, Ltd., Perth. He was born in the northern county of Cumberland, England, in 1872, and went to schools in London, Glasgow, France, Germany and Holland. The study of analytical chemistry at St. Thomas' Hospital, London, occupied (Start Photo Caption) MR. MANDEVILLE D'OYLEY MUSGROVE (End Photo Caption) the first years of his life on leaving college, and later this was succeeded by a turn in the British cavalry as bandsman with the 20th Hussars. In 1893 Mr. Musgrove, at the age of 21, set sail for Australia and landed in Victoria a few weeks later. For some time he was teaching music at Horsham, but in 1895 was attracted to the gold fields of Western Australia like so many other people. Here he only spent a few months before leaving on a return visit to England and Norway. Twelve months later he was again in this State and joined the Railway Department. His connection with this branch of State service was severed twelve months later when he went to the Boer War with the 2nd Western Australian contingent (1900.) After the cessation of hostilities he came back to Perth, but it was not long before he left for Melbourne in connection with the opening of the Commonwealth Parliament. Following his trip East he returned to his position in the W.A.G.R. Department and took part in the construction of the Kalgoorlie water scheme. At the beginning of 1902 he joined the firm of Nicholson's, Ltd., with which he remained for 21 years and nine months. In December, 1923, in conjunction with others, he founded the business of Musgrove's, Ltd. Apart from his interest in the musical education of the rising generation, Mr. Musgrove is a keen worker for local charities, which he and his firm are continually assisting. His hobbies are music, fishing and shooting, and he continued to take an interest in military affairs for many years after the African campaign. During the Great War he took an active part in the Cottesloe-Claremont Rifle Club, obtaining the rank of lieutenant in the reserve forces.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79220109 |title=PEN PORTRAITS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=16,495 |location=Western Australia |date=12 March 1928 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=4 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1928 04===== =====1928 05===== B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''CONTROL OF WIRELESS. Federal Attitude. MINISTER QUESTIONED.''' CANBERRA, Friday. A good deal of suspicion on both sides of the House of Representatives was shown at question time yesterday over the reported intention of the big broadcasting stations of the Commonwealth to enter a merger, but the Postmaster-General (Mr. Gibson) assured members that the Government had no intention of allowing a powerful monopoly to take control of broadcasting. The first question came from Mr. Thompson (C.P., N.S.W.), who asked if there was likely to be a monopoly. To him Mr. Gibson said that the Government intended to retain control of broadcasting. It had already refused to hand over moneys due to one company, which had failed to supply the type of programme demanded by the department, and was prepared to do so again. He told Mr. Mann (Independent, W.A.), that the P.M.G.'s. Department was holding up the '''granting of "B" class station licences in Western Australia''' until the return of the Director of Postal Services (Mr. H. P. Brown) from Europe, after which there would be a reallocation of wave lengths. He followed this by informing Mr. Fenton (Labor, Vic.) that the Government approved of the coming co-ordination and desired it. He denied having heard that pressure had been brought on the South Australian stations to force them to allow themselves to be swallowed up by 3LO.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79491155 |title=CONTROL OF WIRELESS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=16,540 |location=Western Australia |date=4 May 1928 |accessdate=16 March 2019 |page=5 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''RIGHTS OF W.A. Relayed Programme Question.''' What is in the wireless "wind"? Just at the moment matters in connection with broadcasting in Australia appear to be in the melting pot. Stations are effecting amalgamations; there are rumors of sales and monopolies, of relay stations, '''of "B" class stations''', and what not? Meanwhile Mr. H. P. Brown, Australia's representative at the Washington Conference, is still in London preparatory to returning to Australia, when no doubt many of his recommendations, as a result of his worldwide study, will be put into effect. Recently, however, there has occurred at irregular intervals, but with regular persistence, reference to the possibility of using shortwaves for the purpose of supplying an all-Australia programme. At first those concerned with radio in the Commonwealth regarded it as one of those suggestions which one knew to be nice in theory but impracticable of being carried out, but it has been pushed up before public notice on so many occasions recently that one is constrained to believe that there is "a nigger in the woodpile" somewhere.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79490896 |title=RIGHTS OF W.A. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=16,559 |location=Western Australia |date=28 May 1928 |accessdate=16 March 2019 |page=2 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1928 06===== B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''"B" STATION LICENCE. Another Applied For.''' People interested in wireless have heard a lot about the new stations, which are going to relieve the tedium in this State of listening to one station's programme, night after night, but nothing seems to have come of it. Application for a "B" class station was made some months ago by Mr. Faraday, of North Perth, but nothing further has been heard of this, although it has been reported that much of the material required is lying in bond in the Customs shed. If the delay is with the department in granting a formal licence then it is about time that that department — it is controlled from Melbourne — woke up and did something. If on the other hand Mr. Faraday has decided to go no further with the project the public would be interested to know. Hopes were raised that something would be done for wireless in this State when it was reported that 3LO had secured the control of the local "A" class station, but even this negotiation appears to have fallen through. It is learned that an application for a second "B" class station has recently been lodged for operation in this State, and it will be interesting to see what fate it meets with; whether the ardour of the promoters will wane should they be kept waiting in suspense concerning their licence, or whether the scheme comes to fruition. It is understood that principal interest in the proposal comes from South Australia and it will be interesting, to know whether Mr. A. L. Brown, late manager of 5CL, Adelaide, who arrived by the transcontinental train today, has any interest in the concern.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79493004 |title="B" STATION LICENCE |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=16,565 |location=Western Australia |date=4 June 1928 |accessdate=16 March 2019 |page=3 (FINAL SPORTING EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''RADIO PLEASURES. "B" Station for W.A. BROADCASTING PICTURES.''' Within a few minutes of the finish of the Melbourne Cup it should be possible, within a few months, for owners of wireless sets in Australia, and especially South Australia, to receive by radio a picture of the horses as they pass the post. Mr. A. L. Brown, late manager of Broadcasting Station 5CL Adelaide, and now in Perth as representative of the Australian Television Company and the National Musical Federation, explained today that the companies he represented had progressed a long way towards the making available for public benefit and pleasure radio photographs. He wished to make it clear at the outset that there was a distinct difference between radio photographs and television. BROADCASTING PICTURES In the case of television, experiments aimed at broadcasting a moving picture, so that the actions of the players in a theatrical production or a horse race could be portrayed for the benefit of "lookers-in," but with radio photographs a "still" photograph was broadcast. In the case of moving pictures, it is a well-known fact that the passing of 16 pictures a second is required to give the optical illusion of movement, and some difficulty has been experienced in making a televisor which can transmit and re-ceive photographs at such a pace. With the ordinary photograph, it is claimed to be much more easy, and produces much better results. Mr. Brown said that workshops had been erected in Adelaide, and it was expected to have the manufacture of the apparatus in hand before very long. The contrivance was quite a simple affair, being fitted into a small cabinet, about the size of the ordinary crystal set. APPARATUS TO COST £5 It would cost in the vicinity of £5. and would be worked in conjunction with any good receiving set of four valves or over. The satisfactory range of the apparatus should be up to about 500 miles from the transmitter. The ability to transmit a fixed picture would give a great fillip to photography, for items of pictorial interest during the day could be broadcast from time to time. Asked in which State the innovation would first be introduced. Mr. Brown said that arrangements had been made to start in South Australia, although he anticipated it would spread to the other States as soon as it had been thoroughly proved to the people in that State. The Television Company had been formed in October last, and development work was proceeding satisfactorily. '''NEW BROADCASTING STATION.''' Mr. Brown said that his visit to Western Australia was primarily to establish a "B" class station for the broadcasting of entertainment. Because the revenue derived from listeners' licences went in the main to the "A" class stations, it was necessary to secure support from local business people in the nature of advertising matter to be broadcast. Quite a number of firms, Mr. Brown said, had expressed their willingness to support the venture in this way, and upon his return to Melbourne in a few days' time definite arrangements would be made to proceed with the building of the station. He did not desire to indicate exactly where the. station would be erected, but said it would be in the metropolitan area, and certainly this side of the Darling Ranges. The wave length of the station was a matter for determination by the Commonwealth authorities, but it was proposed to have a power of 1000 watts. Invited to say when Western Australian listeners would first hear the station "on the air," Mr. Brown said that a lot depended on the Commonwealth Government, but if there were no difficulties in the way the first programme would be transmitted before the winter: had passed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79487950 |title=RADIO PLEASURES |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=16,569 |location=Western Australia |date=8 June 1928 |accessdate=16 March 2019 |page=1 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1928 07===== B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. THIS STATE'S POSITION. Deputation to Mr. Bruce.''' Introduced by Mr. E. A. Mann, M.H.R., a deputation from the Wireless Development Association of Western Australia waited on the Prime Minister (Mr. Bruce) at the Esplanade Hotel yesterday afternoon. It was complained that broadcasting in this State at present was stagnant, and in a "frightful condition." Messrs. H. A. F. Bader, H. Truman, and R. Wilkes were the spokesmen. The deputation's case was put forcibly by Mr. R. Wilkes. He said that the Postmaster General's Department appeared to be absolutely unable to realise the actual position regarding wireless in Western Australia. From the deputation's point of view the position today was "absolutely frightful." More broadcasting licences had been cancelled than were in existence at present, and the very small market in the State was flooded with secondhand sets, or parts from sets pulled to pieces for resale. At one time there were 117 dealers in the State — now there were only 14. Small companies had lost everything they had possessed. Scarcely anyone in the Eastern States appeared to realise the desperate nature of the position locally. If the position in Victoria were one-quarter as bad as it was in Western Australia there would be such an outcry there that the Government would be compelled to move faster than it had up to the present. The Government made a huge blunder when it created a monopoly in broadcasting in Western Australia. Two or three favoured companies in the East had made big profits, while the local company had shouldered a huge loss. The local proprietors went into the matter as a commercial proposition, and had they made any profits they would have pocketed them and made no complaint. As it was their gain in other directions had been so great that their loss was a book loss only. Apart from the lack of talent for programmes, the local officials had shown a singular lack of enterprise and foresight. The Postmaster General (Mr. Gibson) appeared to have displayed a total disregard of the interest of traders and listeners, who were paying the piper. The Prime Minister: I am afraid we cannot get on with this deputation if you are going to put it that way. '''"Prepared to carry the Baby."''' Mr. Wilkes expressed his regret. He continued that it was singular that the applications for new "A" class licences for Western Australia had all been from Eastern States' companies, who had shown their willingness to "carry the West Australian baby" and offset their losses in West Australian revenue out of their profits in the Eastern States. Mr. Gibson's refusal had prevented the rich Eastern States companies from carrying the burden, and Western Australia from getting the benefit of additional stations. The Government now had before it applications from a company to start "A" class stations in every State of the Commonwealth. This it was desired, should be granted, subject to the condition that the first station be erected locally. That was necessary because every other State was already well catered for. The requests were:— (1) That additional "A" class licences be granted and that it be a condition that additional stations be erected in Western Australia before elsewhere. (2) Relay stations be provided in country districts at the earliest possible moment. (3) That '''"B" class licences at present held up be granted immediately.''' (4) That qualified amateurs be encouraged for the time being, to broadcast alternative programmes. '''Prime Minister's Reply.''' The Prime Minister replied that in regard to the granting of further "A" class stations in Western Australia, according to the revenue at present received locally it was perfectly obvious that it was not sufficient to provide decent programmes. That had been the whole trouble in Western Australia. To grant further licences would mean that the revenue would have to be apportioned between two three or four stations, which could only have the effect of making the position very much worse. The alternative suggestion that if an Eastern State's application was granted it would have to build in this State first was amazing. The only way to deal with the question was the provision of better programmes to encourage the people to buy listening-in sets. The best possible entertainers were required and they should be given an income that would enable them to provide the best programme. With regard to rebroadcasting one speaker had taken a very gloomy view of the possibilities by saying it could only be attained by sending over telephone wires. If that theory was accepted it must be realised that the post office would have to provide additional wires, as the trunk lines were already overloaded. In view of the present position and progress of wireless he was not going to let the Commonwealth in for the provision of special wires for rebroadcasting, costing many thousands of pounds, more especially in view of improvements possibly being brought about in the meantime, making the work all for nothing. Concerning "B" class licences it might be necessary to alter the whole of the operations of these stations and it was not proposed at present to grant any further licences. In New South Wales there were all sorts of wave lengths causing confusion. The whole question of wireless was being considered by the Government.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32123653 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=8,129 |location=Western Australia |date=6 July 1928 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=18 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1928 08===== =====1928 09===== <blockquote>'''Pertinent Paragraphs.''' Returned the other day from a trip abroad Mr. M. D'Oyly Musgrove, the head of the big Murray-street musical firm, whose name is blazoned at the top end of Forrest Place. A brilliant pianist himself Mr. Musgrove has for years taken an enthusiastic interest in musical affairs and in those with talent. And though he would not admit it for the world his ability as an artistic critic would rarely be questioned. Though his vocation is a musical one Mr. Musgrove is a great man for the out-of-doors. Healthy, outdoor sport has in him a great supporter, and particularly is this so in the case of swimming. At a number of our carnivals he has held the watch and his quiet, likeable personality has spurred on more talkative but less efficient sporting enthusiasts to do some thing really worth while. Motoring is another of Mr. Musgrove's fresh air relaxations and he drives his fine car well.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article76416303 |title=Pertinent Paragraphs |newspaper=[[Mirror]] |volume=7, |issue=362 |location=Western Australia |date=8 September 1928 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1928 10===== <blockquote>'''(Royal Show 1928). MUSGROVE'S, LTD.''' Broadcasting music with the strength of a full band, a Brunswick panatrope in front of the stall of Musgrove's, Ltd., more than spoke for itself. Using a new method of reproducing music from ordinary phonograph records, the panatrope is described as "the ultimate in musical reproduction." The principle employed is the audio-amplification used in wireless, and the panatrope does, in fact, amplify wireless, when used in place of, or in addition to, the usual audio stages. With a moving coil cone speaker, the instrument operated entirely from a light socket, and both records and wireless broadcasting are clearly audible at a distance of several hundred yards. For in-door use the panatrope can be modified in volume. Some attractive portable phonographs, including the Decca and the Vocalion makes, were on view in the stall, and also a Eufonola player piano. Since its introduction to Perth the latter has become one of the most popular models of its type. It is stated that more and more people are turning to the player piano, for it has become recognised as an instrument of great musical possibilities. The Eufonola is of the "modest price" class, but this classification is in no way a reflection upon its intrinsic merit, but rather an illustration of the advantages of high production. Popular airs and classic studies were played yesterday, and the ease of operation and high standard of execution of the instrument made a favourable impression on all listeners.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32229421 |title=MUSGROVER'S, LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=8,212 |location=Western Australia |date=11 October 1928 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=13 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1928 11===== =====1928 12===== ====1929==== =====1929 01===== =====1929 02===== =====1929 03===== =====1929 04===== =====1929 05===== =====1929 06===== <blockquote>'''CARS. Registrations.''' . . . 23325, Mandeville D'O. Musgrove, 11 Chester-road, Claremont, Falcon Knight.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32289109 |title=CARS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLV, |issue=8,424 |location=Western Australia |date=20 June 1929 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1929 07===== =====1929 08===== <blockquote>'''OVER THE ETHER. Wireless News, Tips and Comments. BROADCAST BREVITIES. OBSERVER. . . . (Subiaco Radio Society Radio Exhibition). . . MUSGROVE'S, LTD.''' The Stromberg Carlson set shown by this firm, and moderately priced, is a complete electric set with a distinctly aristocratic appearance. The efficiency of the set is of a very high order, and it is specially made to suit the local voltage and frequency. This set has already been in great demand locally, and inquiries showed they are selling like the proverbial hot cakes. It is a set ideally suited for the broadcast listener. The Brunswick electric panatrope exemplified the beauty of modern gramophone reproduction with magnetic pick ups and valve amplifiers. An attractive exhibit was the combined radio (Stromberg Carlson) and electric gramophone, either unit being available at the turn of a switch. This unit was one of the most admired at the exhibition.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58418653 |title=OVER THE ETHER Wireless News, Tips and Comments BROADCAST BREVITIES |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1648 |location=Western Australia |date=25 August 1929 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=8 (Third Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1929 09===== B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''WIRELESS EXHIBITION. New Era in Broadcasting. THE OFFICIAL OPENING.''' The prospects of the Australian Broadcasting Company opening a '''"B" class broadcasting station''' in this State at an early date were envisaged in the speech of Sir Benjamin Fuller last night, when the broadcasting station 6WF was officially opened under the new arrangement. Actually the Australian Broadcasting Company, of which Sir Benjamin is director, took over the entertainment side of the station as from Sunday, but last night a gala night was presented, and the speeches and a number of operatic items were given from the Wireless Institute's annual exhibition, held at Temple Court Cabaret. The exhibition was opened by Mr. S. H. Witt, chief radio engineer for the Commonwealth Government, at the invitation of the president of the Wireless Institute, and he described in brief the wonderful advances which have been made in the science since the early research of Maxwell and Hertz, and also alluded to the wonderful growth of the Wireless Institute as revealed by the annual exhibitions, which had originally been held in a room, but now demanded Perth's largest floor space. Sir Benjamin Fuller, in inviting the Deputy Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. S. R. Roberts) to proclaim the new station 6WF open, said the Australian Broadcasting Co. realised its responstbilities, and was fully aware of the demands of the public for a very improved service in every department. It was the company's intentions to use only the very best artists that are obtainable locally, in conjunction with those imported from overseas. With only one station this variety of entertainment was somewhat limited, but it was to hoped that in a short period an announcement of great importance would be made which would make it possible for them to follow on similar lines to those adopted in the other capitals. Mr. S. R. Roberts proclaimed the new era in broadcasting. He said the change in the wave length of 6WF should have the most beneficial effects, not the least of which would be that listeners would now be able to purchase a variety of receiving sets, which in the average should be more efficient and less costly than sets hitherto procurable for use under the old conditions. The traders have a heavy responsibility to the listeners from the standpoint of ensuring that sets offered for sale are possessed of characteristics needed to provide satisfactory reception at the lowest possible cost. Following the speeches, the Celebrity Quartette, comprising Lilian Gibson, Rene Maxwell, Alfred Cunningham, and Charles Nieis, contributed concerted and individual items, which were loudly applauded by the attendance of approximately 200 people.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79214244 |title=WIRELESS EXHIBITION |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVIII, |issue=16,953 |location=Western Australia |date=3 September 1929 |accessdate=16 March 2019 |page=6 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''OVER THE ETHER. Wireless News, Tips and Comments. BROADCAST BREVITIES. By OBSERVER. . . (exhibition) . . . MUSGROVE'S LTD.''' A comprehensive display that attracted considerable attention was made by Musgrove's, the Stromberg Carlson "Treasure Chests" receiving due praise as befitted this quality receiver. The three-valve electric, with single dial control, pick up facilities and extreme selectivity coupled with its moderate price has made it a popular line. A six valve Treasure Chest was always the centre of a group of admirers. This set is capable of enormous amplification and will pick up the East with an indoor aerial, likewise perfect local reception is obtainable, minus any aerial. The Strombergs are finished in old gold metal cases, and employ full wave rectification with R.C.A. valves. Illuminated dial controls add to the appearance of a handsomely finished escutcheon plate. Two and three valve battery models of the Airzone metal-screened sets showed them to be quality receivers at a moderate price and within reach of the slenderest purse. A new type of Magnavox is available, equipped with the luxide diaphragm, also a D.C. excited range which takes only 24 milliamperes field current. The Airzone portable was featured and gave excellent results in operation. Amongst the new lines to Lyric House is the induction type disc motor for gramophones, also a full range of Raytheon A.C. valves.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58384924 |title=OVER THE ETHER Wireless News, Tips and Comments |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1650 |location=Western Australia |date=8 September 1929 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=32 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. WIRELESS WRINKLES. (By VK6FG.)''' The whole of the transmitting plant at broadcasting station 6WF from the microphone to the aerial has been over-hauled by the engineers working under the direction of Mr. S. H. Witt, chief radio engineer of the Commonwealth Government, and Mr. J. G. Kilpatrick, superintending engineer. . . . '''NEED FOR A SECOND STATION.''' One need which the writer has consistently advocated is that of a second station in Western Australia. With the reduction of the wave lengths of 6WF this need becomes all the more imperative. For those living in the country the position is not quite so bad, for being out of the immediate "shock area" of the local station, they are able to tune in the Eastern States without difficulty. Locally, however, only those sets which are truly selective will be able to tune in 5CL, 3LO, 2FC, and 2BL while 6WF is running on full power. This means, in effect, then, that a proportion of the sets at present in use in the metropolitan area will be tied down to listening to the local station. No matter how good one station's programme may be, there is always a need for diversification, and that is the reason for the need of a second station. A "B" class station is wanted, and wanted badly, so that the listener who does not want to listen to, say, an account of a boxing contest may tune in to some bright music or other attraction. There are many interests willing and anxious in this State to conduct a station of this kind, and it is up to the department to hurry up the matter of allocations. If reports be true, there are several hundred applications for stations awaiting decision.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79216190 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVIII, |issue=16,958 |location=Western Australia |date=9 September 1929 |accessdate=16 March 2019 |page=8 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Radio Wrinkles. AMATEUR NOTES. (By VK6FG)''' There are persistent '''rumors that a "B" class station is to be erected''' in Perth at an early date. In this case the company named is a new entrant into the field of those previously discussed by those who claim to have some knowledge of what is taking place below the surface of things. Private advices inform me that between 250 and 300 applications have been made throughout Australia for "B" class stations, but that the matter was being held up temporarily, while "A" class station matters were straightened out. It is hardly to be regarded as feasible that the authorities would grant all licences applied for, so some difficulty may be experienced in sorting out those who will not. Doubtless of this 300 odd, several applications have been made from Western Australia. In other States "B" class stations are controlled by companies interested in musical instruments, newspapers, and religion, and it is not expecting too much to anticipate that applications from similar organisations in this State will be made. From the point of view of diversified programmes, a "B" class station would be a great acquisition to the State, for there are many people who would prefer to listen to a lecture or good music while a boxing contest is in progress, and vice versa. It is only to be hoped that the authorities will see to it that the successful applicant agrees to maintain a high standard of programme entertainment. How far an early decision may be affected by the political crisis in Federal affairs will remain to be seen.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79214066 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVIII, |issue=16,964 |location=Western Australia |date=16 September 1929 |accessdate=16 March 2019 |page=2 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. What's Wrong with Radio. DISAPPOINTMENT OF 6WF. (By VK6FG.)''' Most people in Western Australia were prepared to give the local broadcasting station a chance to change over from 1250 to 435 metres in wavelengths and to make due allowance for the sudden transfer of interests generally. Different people had different ideas of just how long such a change over should take, and how long it would be before the station was running normally. Everyone wished the station well and were prepared to accord it goodwill. Those who thought the changeover would take a few days and those who thought the business might take a couple of weeks have both been disappointed. It is just three weeks since 6WF was reduced in wavelength, after some preliminary tests. The position today is anything but satisfactory. Listeners have got tired of heaving excuse after excuse for the failure of the station to put out a decent transmission. On the mechanical side of the business this is what listeners complain of: (1) Lack of volume (between 257 and 250 miles from the station). (2) Background of hum. (3) Distortion of music and muffled speech. (4) Bad fading. There does not appear to be very much left to say, which may be good about the station and letters from listeners both in town and country indicate that they are quickly getting "fed-up" with affairs as they are. A number are threatening to cancel their licences and the fact that traders in the city have disposed of at least £1500 worth of new material since the end of August rather indicates that if the present regrettable position continues, there will be many more complaints. Those listeners living well out in the wheatbelt confess that the local station is not worth listening to and now turn to the Eastern States stations for their entertainment. Some have raised the question of whether 6WF is merely running to give the Eastern States listeners a chance of listening in for two hours after their local stations close down. No matter how good a programme may be put on, poor or bad transmission can spoil it entirely. QUALITY OF PROGRAMMES And that brings us to the question of programmes. Analysing the position impartially, what is the difference between the programmes now and those of the old era. There is one big improvement and that is in the presentation of the programmes. This fact is acknowledged gladly. There certainly is more sparkle and zip in the manner in which the programme is run, but what of the items? We have had members of an operatice quartette on and off for the past three weeks, a lecturer who has now exhausted his repertoire of broadcasting stories and generally, the old and familiar artists we knew from the open-ing of the station almost. Where are the wonderful programmes we have been promised? The highly paid artists, the frequent changes and that variation which is the spice of broadcasting? Instead, Mr. Stuart Doyle, managing director of the Australian Broadcasting Company, told the Federal Arbitration Court the other day that at the present time the company is losing between £10,000 and £15,000 a year and even went so far as to submit confidential statements regarding the company's financial position to the Court. Of course, the company is still to take over some of the other broadcasting stations, and payable ones at that, so that the financial position of the company should be bettered, a little later on but in this State the company would doubt-less make an excuse which reasonable folk would be likely to admit. What is the use of presenting a high-class programme to have it mangled out of recognition by poor transmission? All the same, the fact remains that stripped of its better presentation, the programmes are not very materially different from those of the old era, and gramophone music figures just as much if not more so, than before. The extra sessions accommodate some sections of the community, particularly the traders, but it is the quality of the even-ing programmes which count among listeners in this State. '''NEW STATION WANTED.''' Obviously the first thing necessary is to have a transmission worth while. Everybody is heartily sick of the present bungling and monotonously regular apology. Even at this late stage it would perhaps be better to scrap the present gear and establish a new transmitting plant altogether and in doing so consideration would need to be given to a new location. There are several places which recommend themselves, but somewhere along the top of the Darling Ranges, where the city electricity supply is avail-able, commends itself best. Such a station would serve both city and country, although some measure of fading may still be experienced. It would leave the way clear for a "B" class station or two in the city and would not interfere with relay stations along the eastern goldfields railway line and along the Great Southern. Unless many new listeners in the city, and particularly in the country are to become hopelessly disgusted with broadcasting, and many old licences cancelled. It will be necessary for the authorities to act with hitherto unprecedented celerity, Will they do it? Time will tell.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79215347 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVIII, |issue=16,970 |location=Western Australia |date=23 September 1929 |accessdate=16 March 2019 |page=2 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1929 10===== B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''WIRELESS NEWS. BROADCASTING. Notes from Station 6WF. (By "Radio.")''' The staff of the local station has been very busy of late, as they have put over the air descriptions of the main Centenary celebrations, giving frequent reports of the East-West air race, dealt with the Royal Show, and many other important items, as well as handled many complaints regarding the transmissions. These have improved as far as the metropolitan area is concerned, but country listeners, to put it mildly, are far from being satisfied. The strangest feature of the transmissions is that they are highly regarded in the Eastern States, where 6WF is undoubtedly the "star" station and is listened to by hundreds between 11 p.m. and 1 a.m. each night. Locally the '''need for one or two "B" class stations''' is urgently felt, as there is no alternative station available, now the Eastern State stations are beyond the reach of most of us, when an item is on the air which does not appeal. Music is the most sought after thing, and if there was a "B" class station or so broadcasting records and player piano items to listen to when wrestling descriptions, talks, church services, etc., which appeal to only sections of the community were being broadcast by 6WF, a longfelt want would be filled.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32320498 |title=WIRELESS NEWS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLV, |issue=8,519 |location=Western Australia |date=9 October 1929 |accessdate=16 March 2019 |page=17 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1929 11===== =====1929 12===== B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Radio Wrinkles. "B" CLASS STATIONS. (By VK6FG.)''' So many rumors have from time to time during the last year been prevalent concerning "B" class stations in this State, that one is almost loth to mention the subject. A fresh rumor has developed in wireless circles, with what appears to be some foundation of fact, and if this prove correct Perth should have its first "B" class station at no far distant date. It is not possible at the moment to divulge who will be the controllers of the proposed station, but it should occasion no surprise when it is announced. All who have taken an interest in broadcasting in this State have realised the necessity of alternative programmes and the writer has on more than one occasion dwelt upon the necessity for this station. The present "A" class station could be the best in the world and still not suit everybody. Western Australia might well have two or three "B" class stations and still not be over-supplied from the listeners' point of view, although, of course, three stations would prove a problem in respect of finance. It is to be sincerely hoped that the present proposal will prove that the Commonwealth Government has at last devoted attention to the poor man's amusement and taken definite action in the matter.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83123050 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVIII, |issue=17,030 |location=Western Australia |date=2 December 1929 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=2 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Musgroves' Dividend.''' Musgroves Ltd., one of Perth's largest music warehouses, has declared a dividend of 6d. per share for the quarter ended December 5. The payment of quarterly dividends is something that is greatly appreciated by shareholders. Most people like to see some return for their money at less intervals than six or 12 months, and when they know, as in this case, that they have to wait only for three months they can make their dispositions accordingly and with greater convenience to themselves. On the present price of the shares this rate of dividend is equal to approximately ten per cent. The directors are not tied down to this amount, for if business brightened sufficiently they would as lief make the dividend 9d. as 6d. It was rumored a few weeks ago that no dividend would be paid this quarter, but those who know something of the business of the company, and the excellent manner in which it is being conducted, placed no credence in, the suggestion.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210493068 |title=COMMONWEALTH USURY |newspaper=[[Truth]] |volume= , |issue=1369 |location=Western Australia |date=8 December 1929 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''NEW BROADCAST STATION. Granted to Musgroves Ltd. WILL OPERATE IN MARCH.''' Advice was received today that permission has been given Musgroves Ltd., the well-known musical dealers, to erect and operate a "B" class broadcasting station from their premises in Murray-street. Mr. F. C. Kingston stated this afternoon that the firm would endeavor to put on a really good programme at all times. Having a musical warehouse they had every facility for doing so, and on their staff were many fine vocal and instrumental artists, so that there should be no shortage of entertaining items. Quotations and specifications are being received for an up-to-date plant, which will be crystal controlled. The power has not yet been decided, but will be between 250 and 500 watts. The station will be located in their present premises, using the existing recital room as a studio. This has been used for broadcasting for the last two years and gave excellent results. The instruments will be placed in an adjoining room which has been used by a music teacher for some time. The new station does not expect to get on the air until about March. The hours of service have not yet been decided, but the new station will be on the air at times when 6WF is off thus providing an almost continuous programme throughout the day. The new station will co-operate with 6WF in the matter of programmes, so that when lectures are on at one station musical items, etc., may be given from the other. Mr. F. C. Kingston, a director of Mus-groves Ltd., will control the station.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83126077 |title=NEW BROADCAST STATION |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVIII, |issue=17,038 |location=Western Australia |date=11 December 1929 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=4 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW WIRELESS STATION. Musgrove's "B" Class Licence.''' Mr. F.C. Kingston, a director of Musgroves Ltd., announced yesterday that the company's application for a licence to operate a "B" class wireless station had been granted and that the new station would be on the air about March next. The wave length would be in the vicinity of 300 metres, the power was expected to be 500 watts and the studio would be located on the top floor of Musgrove's Building, Murray-street. The programmes would be arranged so that listeners would be catered for when 6WF was off the air during the day and would provide an alternate station to tune in to each night. "In view of the uncertainty of the position," said Mr. Kingston yesterday, "we had not committed ourselves as to plant but we will immediately arrange for the erection of our plant which is to be on the most modern lines. The transmission will be crystal-controlled. This new station is just what is needed to increase the growing interest in radio in this State, where the licences are approaching the 5,000 mark for the first time, and while it will mean a great deal of work for us it should be a great benefit to listeners and the trade. One of the chief advantages of the new station will be the provision of alternate broadcasts and will give listeners for the first time a variety of stations in their own State. We hope to serve all listeners from, Geraldton to Albany and Perth to Kalgoorlie." As the owners of the new station are music warehousemen they will have unlimited opportunities of broadcasting all the latest gramophone records and player-piano rolls, which are used so successfully by Melbourne amateur stations like 3EF and 3BY. In addition there are vocalists and instrumentalists on the staff of the company and their house orchestra, which was disbanded some time ago, will be brought together again. The station will be on the air when 6WF is off, probably between 11 and 12.30 in the morning, 2.30 and 3.30 in the early afternoon, 5 and 6 in the early evening and 7.45 and 10 each night. The station will be on the air on Sundays, and the evening session on that day will probably be from 7 to 9. Thus there will be no conflict with Mr. Howell's musicale which is, perhaps, the most popular session from 6WF and which begins at approximately 8.45 p.m. Mr. Kingston will be the manager of the new station which so far is unnamed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32337396 |title=NEW WIRELESS STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLV, |issue=8,574 |location=Western Australia |date=12 December 1929 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=22 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Radio Wrinkles. "B" CLASS STATION.''' Radio circles were pleased when information was given in this paper at the beginning of last week that a "B" class station was to be erected in Perth at an early date. For some time it has been urged that an alternative programme to that put on the air by 6WF would make a great difference with listeners, and so it should. Those who don't like jazz or classical music may be enabled to listen in to some other entertainment when a second station is on the air. I had the pleasure of an interesting talk with Mr. Musgrove and Mr. Kingston a few days ago concerning the station which Musgroves Ltd. are to erect. Both representatives of the firm are anxious to make the station a good one, and one which would have wide public appeal. It is expected that tenders and full details will be received immediately after the resumption of business in the New Year, and with an early decision after the various schemes have been investigated, it is hoped to have the station on the air towards the end of March, and certainly before the Easter holidays in April. Those who propose going into the country, to Rottnest or any of the various holiday resorts therefore should not forget to provide for a wireless set. No callsign has yet been applied for but it has been suggested, and both Mr. Musgrove and Mr. Kingston approve, that '''6ML''' would be most fitting. It does not conflict with any amateur callsign here, represents the initial letters of the firm and the two consonants are sufficiently clear to avoid misunderstanding over the air. The engineer in charge is to be Mr. Harry Simmonds, who was better known to the amateur world a few years ago as 6KX. A competent young radio engineer he should prove a success in his present position. No decision has yet been made regarding an announcer, but as there is much preliminary work to be done before the station goes on the air this appointment may not be made for some time. A "B" class station as is well known does not derive its revenue from licences, but has to secure revenue from advertising over the air and other avenues. Therefore, some organisation in this direction will be necessary before the less important details are given attention. No announcement has yet been made respecting wavelength, but the chances are it will be in the region of 300 metres. Most of the custom built sets have a range of from 250 to 600 metres and naturally it will be desired to keep the station safely inside this range. A wavelength of some where about 300 metres would avoid, too, the nearest harmonic from 6WF. It is pleasing to learn that even at this early stage there is a spirit of co-operation between the existing station and the new "B" class organisation. By co-ordination between the two stations much may be done to give the programmes which will not clash and which will provide good alternative items. The new station has not definitely fixed on the hours which it will be on the air, but the tentative programme will be: 11 a.m. to 12.30 p.m.; 2.30 to 3.30 p.m.; 5 to 6.30 p.m.; 7.30 to 10.30 p.m., and Sundays from 7 to 9 p.m. With an unlimited choice of gramophone records and pianola rolls and with many talented musicians on their staff, Musgroves should be in an ideal position so far as musical programmes are concerned, but will need to organise some of the other features of the programme, which, however, should not be difficult. The new station will have the goodwill of the whole of the wireless community, which since the alteration of wavelength of 6WF has been finding difficulty in bringing in some of the Eastern States stations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83121400 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVIII, |issue=17,042 |location=Western Australia |date=16 December 1929 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=2 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Wireless News. BROADCASTING. Two Stations in March. (By "Radio.")''' The news that permission to operate a "B" class station has been granted by the Chief Wireless Inspector (Mr. J. D. Malone) to Musgrove's, Ltd., the well known Perth music company, has been hailed with enthusiasm by every wireless listener in the State, as when the new station comes on the air in March next, we shall have a choice of two local stations, which is something we have been waiting and hoping for for years. Financial difficulties consequent on the small revenue received from licences here, compared with other States will preclude Western Australia from being given relay stations until the more advanced wireless states are satisfied, so that our only hope for variety is from enterprising firms who are prepared to run B class stations. This is the first station of its kind here, and it is possible that another may follow. The new station will be situated in Musgrove's Buildings, Murray-street and will be under the management of Mr. F. C. Kingston, one of the directors of the company, who is already busily engaged in preparing for the erection of the station and the hundred and one details which are necessary. The company will have at its disposal all the latest music and methods of reproducing it, and we shall hear piano rolls for the first time. Listeners to the amateur stations 3BY and 3EF, Victoria, heard many fine programmes consisting of gramophone records and rolls broadcast alternately. The new station will have a crystal controlled transmission, and it will be in pleasing contrast to the transmission of 6WF, which, though better than it was, will never be perfect until new apparatus is provided and the transmitter re-erected in a suitable place out of the city. The future of radio is now very bright, and shortly there will be 5,000 licences in existence in this State. It is not too much to say that in the middle of next winter — the most popular time for wireless — that there will be at least a 50 per cent, increase in the above figures.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32338792 |title=Wireless News. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLV, |issue=8,579 |location=Western Australia |date=18 December 1929 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Over the Ether. Wireless News, Tips and Comments. By OBSERVER. . . . W.A.'S FIRST "B" STATION.''' News hailed with delight by all Western Australian listeners, is the announcement of the granting of a B class license to Messr. Musgrove's, Ltd., the well-known music warehouse-men, of Murray-street, who, it is anticipated, will have the station ready for service early next March. In congratulating Messrs. Musgrove's on their signal honor of being allotted the first B license in W.A., we know that we voice the sentiments of all who are connected with wireless, that their public spirited action will achieve the full measure of success that it rightly deserves. May their wireless venture be a highly prosperous and successful one, which will add further dignity to broadcasting in this State. It is opportune to mention that Messrs. Musgrove's have for some years past been regular contributors to the programmes from 6WF, the Brunswick Panatrope hour and various other musicales being conducted by the firm. They have always shown the highest appreciation of the musical art and coupled with a choice of items, this could not help but please all tastes. These are indeed happy auguries for listeners. When '''6ML''' is at their service for a full programme transmission, the yearnings of other days, when many listeners often wished for a lengthy extension of the Panatrope sessions, and many other items which added zest to a jaded programme will be realised. In conformity with modern practice and we think, the first instance in Australia with broadcast stations, the new station will be crystal controlled, which, apart from its ability of maintaining a constant wave length, confers other technical and practical advantages. The wave length has not yet been decided upon, though the choice of a suitable one for local conditions would seem to lie in the neighborhood of 300 metres, so as to be reasonably clear of interference from 6WF's powerful transmitter. The significance of two local stations is quite obvious to listeners. Hitherto, Western Australia has been the only State where a solo station only existed, and this, apart from the lack of alternative transmission, made the task of the programme compilers an unenviable one. The spirit of tolerance is an excellent virtue, for which we Westerners are justly renowned, and the present record license position and continuity of increase shows that the advent of the A.B.C. in our midst has been more than appreciated. This success we feel sure, is due in no small way, to the excellent management and uncommon ability of Mr. Basil Kirke in handling 6WF's destiny. With '''6ML''', and 6WF in operation, we anticipate a threefold increase in the license position. After all, black and white figure statistics are the only true, measure of broadcasts success.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58371185 |title=Over the Ether |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1666 |location=Western Australia |date=29 December 1929 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=27 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ===1930s=== ====1930==== =====1930 01===== <blockquote>'''AMATEUR BROADCASTING. NOTICE TO OPERATORS. WITHDRAWAL OF WAVE LENGTHS. Restrictions From March 1.''' According to a circular issued by the Postal department to operators of amateur wireless transmitting stations, broadcasting from these stations will shortly be placed beyond the reach of most listeners. At present the amateur stations providing broadcasting programmes operate in the wave length band from 200 to 250 metres. These wave lengths are the longest which amateurs are permitted to use, and they are the only amateur wave lengths to which ordinary types of broadcast receivers will tune. The Postal department has issued a notice that this band is to be withdrawn from amateurs so that two "B" class broadcasting stations, one in Newcastle and one in Perth, may use it. It was arranged that the change should be made from today, but as neither of the "B" class stations is yet ready to begin transmissions amateurs will be permitted to continue to use the wave lengths until March 1. Experimenters in Victoria complain that the withdrawal of the wave lengths is unfair. At present there are nearly a dozen amateur stations in Melbourne providing first-class programmes, which are received by thousands of listeners every Sunday night, and are welcomed as an addition to the services of the principal stations. Victorian listeners will receive little benefit from the '''new "B" class stations''', which will be too far away to provide satisfactory services for Victoria. In addition, Victorian listeners will lose the amateur programmes. Experimenters contend that even if it be desired to allot wave lengths within the present experimental band to "B" class broadcasting stations, amateur stations should be permitted to continue to use the band when the "B" class stations are not transmitting.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4059942 |title=AMATEUR BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)]] |issue=26,017 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=1 January 1930 |accessdate=16 March 2019 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''APPROPRIATE PROGRAMMES.''' Mr. Basil Kirke, station director of 6WF and his staff deserve the praise which was bestowed by listeners as a result of the pleasing programmes which were broadcast during the week. Also sharing in this in no small way, were the efforts of Bert Howell and his Ambassadorians, who on many occasions provided delightful orchestral items, which really proves the worthwhileness of a wireless set. It is pleasing to note the increasing use which is being made of portables, and is a factor which is yet too little appreciated by listeners, who do not fully recognise the charm and entertainment value which can accrue to open air outings and picnics when a portable is an inconspicuous, but, by no means inanimate object. On the score of programmes it was pleasant, to say the least, to listen to a choice selection of records. Especially was this noted on Christmas Day, when first class entertainment was provided. The A.B.C. enters the New Year with pleasing prospects for the future, especially in this State, where real interest in radio is being rekindled, as distinct from the attraction of broadcasting as only a novelty. Further addition will come to listeners by the inauguration of '''Messrs. Musgrove's B class station''' at the beginning of March.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58371448 |title=OVER THE ETHER |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1667 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1930 |accessdate=16 March 2019 |page=27 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Coxon launches a lengthy criticism of 6WF under PMGD control <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING FROM 6WF. Criticism of New System.''' Mr. W. E. Coxon writes:— "Sufficient time has elapsed since September last, when the Australian Broadcasting Company and the Postmaster-General's Department assumed the control of broadcasting in Western Australia, to arrive at some conclusion as to the advantage, or otherwise of some of the changes that have been made. From a broadcasting standpoint, Western Australia, of all States, is the most unfavourably situated. Its large area and small population — much of it lying in the tropics with consequent poor receiving conditions — and the long distances from the broadcasting stations in the Eastern States make conditions differ greatly from that of the other States. It is unfortunate that, when regulations governing wireless are made, Western Australia must accept them whether they are adaptable to this State or not, and, as far as wireless is concerned, very little, if any, consideration has been given this State in the past. It is certain that a much greater number of licences would now be in existence if the particular needs of Western Australia had been investigated during the first years of broadcasting. "It does not matter how excellent one single programme is, it will not create the interest that a variety of programmes will even if of lesser merit. For years the several applications for 'B' class licences from this State have received no encouragement from the Postmaster-General's Department, and, because of conditions that existed in the East, the holding up of all 'B' class licences had to apply to Western Australia, and yet this State was without a 'B' class station. This is evidence of ignorance of the wireless position in Western Australia. The approval of an application by '''Musgrove's, Limited''', will certainly stimulate interest in radio in Western Australia, but it seems more than a coincidence that, following a change of Government, the licence should be granted . A reply to an application by that firm a few months ago practically amounted to a refusal to grant any 'B' class licences. The enterprise of a company in entering the field of broadcasting in Western Australia is, indeed, to be commended, and its efforts deserve every success. Let us hope also that any future applications from Western Australia for 'B' class licences will receive encouragement rather than what has been in the past — discouragement. "The change of wavelength of 6WF as made by the Postmaster-General's Department has proved a lamentable failure. The State's geographical position is such that a longwave broadcasting station is a necessity. It makes no difference to that position even if the Timbuctoo Broadcasting Company provided the programmes, and this fact seems to have been lost sight of by those that inaugurated the 'new era.' The most reliable stations in Europe from a service point of view are those that are broadcasting on a long wavelength, and the conditions make it even more necessary here. Remedy with Department. "Where a service is maintained by a licence fee it should be the aim of the authorities to provide that service. In Western Australia at present it is not being done. The remedy lies within the power of the Postmaster-General's Department only. . .<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31060181 |title=BROADCASTING FROM 6WF. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,603 |location=Western Australia |date=16 January 1930 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES. . . . New Broadcasting Station.''' Musgroves, Ltd., who intend to erect a new B. Class broadcasting station at their premises in Murray-street, have received a letter from the Director-General of Posts and Telegraphs advising that they have been allotted '''6ML''' as call sign and a wave length of 297 metres. Tenders for the erection and installation of the plant have already closed and it is expected that by next week the successful contractors will be known. The company hope to have the station in operation by the end of next March.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31060447 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,604 |location=Western Australia |date=17 January 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=20 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Radio Wrinkles. WONDERS OF TODAY. (By VK6FG). . . . NEW "B" CLASS STATION.''' Tenders, which have been considered for some weeks, may be finalised within the next three or four days, as a result of which Perth's new "B" class station '''6ML''' will be erected. One of the first steps which Musgrove's Ltd. took in respect of the es-tablishment of a station was to acquire the property on which their business now stands. The erection of masts to carry the aerial is a complicated job, and certainly one which it is not desired to repeat. '''6ML''' has been granted permission to use up to 300 watts in the aerial, which although of small power compared with 6WF should be ample for a radius of 250 miles. While results may show that it has even better carrying power. The wavelength allocation of 297 metres (approximately 1000 kilocycles) should be suitable too, for it should avoid harmonics from 6WF and be sufficiently well separated to avoid trouble. "B" class stations do not receive any financial help from the Commonwealth, so the station will be thrown upon its own resources in this regard. Doubtless the 4000-odd listeners will be added to with the appearance of a new station, and with the present financial outlook the station cannot expect to show profits. They should, however, earn the goodwill of the listeners by providing an alternative programme.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83820936 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,071 |location=Western Australia |date=20 January 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=6 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING STATION. Tenders for 6ML. SUCCESS OF ADELAIDE FIRM.''' The National Musical Federation Ltd., of Adelaide, the owners of Broadcasting Station 5KA of that city, are the successful tenderers for the construction of a "B" class station for Musgrove's Ltd. of Perth. In making the announcement this morning, Mr. M. Musgrove said that the tender provided for the new station to be handed over on or before March 19, and from advices which he had received the tenderers were making every effort to be ready before that date. The station, which will be known as '''6ML''', will operate on a wave length of 297 metres, with an output in the aerial of 300 watts. The transmitter will comprise a crystal oscillator, an intermediate amplifier, a power amplifier, a modulating unit, together with filament supply and high tension supply, with smoothing devices. The aerial masts, which will be of steel, are being erected by Musgrove's themselves, and will rise 60ft. above the roof of their building in Murray-street. This work will be put in hand almost immediately, and it is expected that by the middle of February the transmitting units will be shipped from Adelaide. '''STATION PERSONNEL.''' The engineer-operator of the station will be Mr. Harry Simmonds, well known among amateur radio operators here, and the announcer will be Mr. Archie Graham, who is at present associated with 6WF. Mr. Graham has appeared as an entertainer at 4QG (Brisbane), 2BL (Sydney), 3LO (Melbourne), and 5CL (Adelaide), in addition to the Perth station, and was for a time announcer for 5CL. The hours the new station will be on the air have been tentatively fixed, and are: Week-days, 11 a.m. to 12.30 p.m., 2.30 to 3.30 p.m., 5 to 6.30 p.m., 7.30 to 10.30 p.m.; Sundays. 7 to 9 p.m. Mr. Musgrove said today that the initial programmes would be drawn up after consultation by him with the programme director, but they were determined to secure the best artists offering. A system of sponsored programmes would be introduced on a similar plan to that adopted in America, where firms bought so much of a station's time on the air and submitted entertainment interspersed with advertising.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83821999 |title=BROADCASTING STATION |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,073 |location=Western Australia |date=22 January 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=1 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW WIRELESS STATION. 6ML to Open in March.''' A new wireless broadcasting station, '''6ML''', to be operated by Musgroves, Ltd., of Murray street, Perth, will be opened before March 19. Mr. M. Musgrove announced yesterday that his company had accepted the tender of the National Musical Federation, Ltd., of Adelaide, the owners of station 5KA, for the construction of the company's "B" class station, which would be situated in Lyric House, Murray-street. The tender provided for the completion of the station by March 19, but it is understood that the successful tenderers intended to endeavour to have the station ready before that date. The new station will operate on a wave length of 297 metres and will be able to be received by all sets which cover the normal broadcasting band. The power will be only 300 watts, but as the transmitter will be of the latest type, the range of the station will probably extend beyond Albany, Kalgoorlie and Geraldton, which it is intended to serve. The aerial system will be on the roof of Musgrove's buildings and the masts will be 60 feet high. Arrangements for the construction and erection of these parts are now being made. Mr. C. F. Kingston, one of the directors of the company, will be in charge of the station and Mr. A. Graham will be the announcer. Mr. Graham is well known to local listeners, being the "Archie" of "Archie and Watty", radio entertainers. Mr. H. Simmonds, a local amateur radio operator, will be the engineer-operator of the station. The hours that the station will be on the air have been provisionally fixed as follow:— Weekdays, 11 a.m. to 12.30 p.m., 2.30 to. 3.30 p.m., 5 to 6.30 p.m. and 7.30 to 10.30 p.m.; Sun-days, 7 to 9 p.m. The station will thus fill in the gaps between 6WF's day sessions and provide the long-awaited choice of programmes at night, when the majority of radio enthusiasts are listening. Mr. Musgrove said yesterday that the company would not spare, expense in placing programmes of the highest standard before the public. As in the Eastern States and other parts of the world, a system of sponsored sessions would be introduced under which advertisers would buy so much of a station's time on the air and supply entertainment interspersed with advertisements. While the latest music would be broadcast by means of gramophones and player-pianos, the company intended to include in its programmes the best artists available as well as concert parties and a special orchestra.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31061805 |title=NEW WIRELESS STATION |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,609 |location=Western Australia |date=23 January 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Radio Wrinkles. BETTER BROADCASTS. (By VK6FG). . . . "B" CLASS STATION.''' Finality has at last been reached in the matter of the construction of '''6ML''', the State's first "B" class station. The contract went to the National Musical Federation Ltd., of Adelaide, better known to wireless folk as 5KA, for the federation maintains a "B" class station in our sister city. The company promised to have the station on the air in eight weeks, with an output of 300 watts and with a piezo-electric crystal maintaining the frequency. The two masts necessary are not included in the contract, and these will be erected by the owners of the station, Musgroves, Ltd., themselves. They will each be 60ft. tall and be built of steel. The type of aerial to be employed is being left very largely to the tenderers. Those with the modern broadcast receivers will be able to bring in the new station, which is on 297 metres, without any difficulty, as the majority of these sets cover a scale of from 200 to 600 metres.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83817276 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,077 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=2 (FINAL SPORTING EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 02===== <blockquote>'''Over the Ether. Wireless News, Tips and Comments. BROADCAST BREVITIES. BY KILOCYCLE.''' (Photo Caption) MR. F. C. KINGSTON. Manager to Messrs. Musgrove's broadcasting station, '''6ML'''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58374110 |title=Over the Ether |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1671 |location=Western Australia |date=2 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=1 (Fourth Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. LISTENERS' COMPLAINTS. Need for Government Action. (By "Radio.")''' Heralded by an intense publicity campaign, which attracted the attention of many persons hitherto unconcerned with wireless, what was termed the new era in radio was ushered into Western Australia on September 1 last when the Australian Broadcasting Company took over the presentation and provision of programmes from 6WF, Perth, and the Commonwealth Government through the Postmaster-General's Department assumed control of the actual transmissions which, from that date, were on a wave length of 435 metres instead of the dual transmissions on 1,250 metres and 104.5 metres. Much was expected from the change but the only gain, as far as listeners are concerned, has been an improvement in programmes at the expense of the disadvantages to be mentioned later. From a general point of view it is satisfactory to be able to record, as on December 31 last, the highest number of licences, 4,727, ever known in this State. Apart from those two factors, everything seems to be wrong and, after several months, the early murmurings of complaint have now swollen into a torrent of criticisms by dissatisfied listeners, both city and country, who have something unpleasant to say about everything but the programmes. The most disquieting feature of the present state of wireless in Western Australia is the unsatisfactory service being rendered to country listeners, to whom wireless is an incomparable boon. City dwellers could be deprived of wireless without grave consequences but to country listeners the inability to receive news, market and weather reports and other information of similar importance, to say nothing of entertainment items, is a serious matter. The broadcasting service is one maintained by a licence fee, and having paid his fee the country listener is entitled to receive the service. At present, in many districts, country enthusiasts are unable to hear the station at all on the new wave length and, when they can log the station, poor daylight reception, fading, distortion and the broadly tuned and poor quality transmission are in sharp contrast to their previous results on the old wave lengths when they did get a reliable service. This is reflected in the 350 odd cancellations during the four months from September 1 to December 31, and in the demand for a return to the old wave lengths. In the city, listeners join hands with their country confreres in condemning the poor quality of the transmissions which are not better by the obviously inefficient way in which the control apparatus is operated. To these complaints, metropolitan listeners have a grievance of their own — 6WF, being situated in the city and on a wave length in the middle of those used by the Eastern States stations they are prevented from logging those stations. Distance lends enchantment to the ear as well as the view and many listeners, who found insufficient variety in the programmes of one station, were kept satisfied by their ability to tune into programmes in other parts of Australia. Unless the station be moved out of Perth and its blanketing effect thus obviated, many city listeners would prefer to see the station return to its old wave lengths. Generally speaking, the trouble lies in the change of wave length and the poor transmissions, which are reproduced by apparatus that is obsolete and which should never have been used for the new wave length. '''Many Wireless Enthusiasts.''' There is a great deal of interest in wireless in this State and, if this is properly exploited, it is reasonable to assume that the licence figures could eventually be increased to the vicinity of 20,000. To, do this would, of course, mean a main station, within 50 miles of Perth and relay stations in important country centres as well as several "B" class stations. To expect this, within many years, is to be unduly optimistic, as there are the demands of other and more populous states to be satisfied and so far as wireless has been concerned there is an unfortunate tendency on the part of the Commonwealth Government to regard this State as "only Western Australia and anything will do." The increase in licences, from 3,888 in September to 4,727 in December indicates the interest in radio and justifies the demand that the Government take some action to alleviate the present state of affairs. The question of the wave length is an open one, many desiring a reversion to the dual transmissions, while, on the other hand, a large body of opinion favours the retention of the new wave length providing the station is rebuilt, moved out of the city, increased in power from five kilowatts to ten, and constructed in such a way that it will provide a reasonably sharply tuned single carrier and modulated according to the latest methods. An important advantage of the existing wavelength is that it enables the use of the latest receiving sets. A new station would be costly, and unless strong pressure is brought on the Government, Western Australia will probably be neglected as before. There is no doubt the listening public, who pay their fees, are entitled to service, and the Government, should not spare expense in providing this. Pending the consideration of rebuilding the station, the authorities might consider a proposal which would give immediate relief. The transmission should be continued on the 435 mefres wave length but on half a kilowatt power, as was used in August last, when the first tests were made on this wave length. Those tests were of excellent quality compared with the quality when the full power of five kilowatts was used, and were reported to have covered nearly as wide a range. With the smaller power the modulation was better and the multiplicity of waves avoided. At the same time to enable the country listeners to hear the programmes at least after dark, the authorities should again operate on the 104.5 wave length, as well as from 6 p.m. onwards. This wave length gave satisfactory reception to country districts, and something must be done for the country people, for whom the half loaf of night reception on 104.5 metres would be better than the state of no bread existing for too many today. As it is, the department can thank the short wave stations, which are received here very well, and the combination radio-gramophones, which provide relief from some of the worst: transmissions, for holding the interest to many other listeners who would add their quota to the daily letters of com-plaints. Next winter, when nearly every-body attempts to tune in to stations in the East, there will be many more complaints of interference from 6WF. '''Programmes Satisfactory.''' As far as the programmes are concerned, it is generally conceded that there has been an improvement. There is room for further improvement, but it is obvious that with the poor quality of the transmissions, and, in parts of the country, the inability of listeners to receive the broadcasts at all, it would be a waste of money for the company to put on any better programmes than they are because the management and the artists never know how their efforts will be transmitted to listeners. For instance, on Sunday, January 26, there was a glaring example of what occurs after the company has done its part of the contract. During Mr. Howell's broadcast from the Ambassadors Theatre, which was probably the most popular, and, certainly the most expensive item of the week, there were no fewer than 17 distinct interruptions to the transmission of the programme, and on four occasions the concert had to be stopped while items were given from the studio during repairs or adjustments to the transmitting apparatus. One can imagine the feelings of Mr. Howell, who gives much care to his programmes, on hearing from friends how the concert sounded from a loud speaker. The views of the Australian Broadcasting Company's manager can safely be imagined. Amid all the dissatisfaction with existing affairs, there looms one hope for the future. That is the early commencement of our '''first "B" class station''', '''6ML''', to be operated by Musgroves, Ltd. This station will provide variety for listeners, and being on modern lines its transmissions should be in such contrast to those of 6WF that the Government, in shame, will have to effect an improvement or be held open to the scorn of those who will point out that '''6ML''', run by private enterprise, and receiving no share of listeners' fees, can offer to the public better quality broadcasts than 6WF with the resources of a national Government behind it.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31064366 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,619 |location=Western Australia |date=4 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''OVER THE ETHER. Wireless News, Tips and Comments. BROADCAST BREVITIES. BY KILOCYCLE.''' (Photo Caption) MR. H. T. SIMMONS. The well-known Perth experimenter, who has been appointed chief engineer to Messrs. Musgrove's new broadcasting station, '''6ML'''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58374404 |title=OVER THE ETHER Wireless Ne ws, Tips and Comments |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1672 |location=Western Australia |date=9 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=1 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Radio Wrinkles.''' (By VK6FG.) '''6WF'S TRANSMISSIONS''' What is the future of broadcasting in Western Australia? One almost fears to look ahead. '''6ML''' with its crystal controlled wave, will be on the air soon, and it will be interesting to hear what sort of a transmission it puts out. It should be good. But what if 6WF with its several harmonics interferes with '''6ML'''? Then it will be impossible to listen to either station. It may be looking at the hurdle before we come to it, but this is sometimes necessary. The transmissions from 6WF recently are sufficient to cause comment by their irregularity. At one session, or during part of a session, they are fair to good; not as good as many of the stations in the Eastern States, but providing little to growl about. Then almost in the twinkling of an eye everything seems to go wrong. What was loud-speaker strength had died away to the merest whisper in the city, speech is not understandable, and the listener switches off in disgust, it is not possible to say just where the trouble is, but it should not take a board of competent engineers devoting their attentions exclusively to the station more than a week to locate the bother, even if they had to monitor each section individually and collectively. It is no good, however, letting matters drift on as they have been doing since the writer first called attention to the state of the station some months ago.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83815389 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,089 |location=Western Australia |date=10 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=7 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''MUSGROVE'S BROADCASTING. Arrangement of Programmes.''' Mr. R. Brearley, formerly musical director of 3AR, Sydney (sic,Melbourne), has been appointed advertising manager and programme director for Musgrove's broadcasting station '''6ML''', which, it is hoped to open on March 24. Mr. Brearley said today that the station's broadcasting times would be:— 11 a.m. to noon, 12.30 p.m. to 2 p.m., 3 p.m. to 4 p.m., 5.45 p.m. to 7.30 p.m., and 8 p.m. to 10 p.m. As far as possible these times had been arranged to prevent both '''6ML''' and 6WF from being on the air at the same time. The station would feature dancing music one night a week and classical music an-other night. On other nights the programme would be general.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83816672 |title=MUSGROVE'S BROADCASTING |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,090 |location=Western Australia |date=11 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=6 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Wireless News. BROADCASTING.''' . . . (By "Radio.") In a little over a month listeners in Western Australia will have the choice of two local stations for the first time, and those located within five miles of the transmitter of 6WF are going to find trouble unless their sets are most selective. On Saturday night an official of the Wireless Institute, speaking over 6WF, warned those with unselective sets that they would be receiving both 6WF and '''6ML''' at the same time; and it is common knowledge that many of the existing sets used by city listeners can receive 6WF on any part of the condenser dials. There is always a shock area near, the transmitting plant of a powerful station, and it is unfortunate that a very large proportion of wireless enthusiasts in this State are so situated in regard to 6WF. This is another argument for the removal of the station out of Perth. Last weekend, using my own two-valve modified Reinartz set and an all-electric three of local design kindly lent for testing, I could receive the local station on any part of the condensers with my usual 40 foot aerial. On reducing the aerial to a few feet of wire I found the electric set most selective, and there would be no trouble in logging both the stations on that. The same applied to the two-valve set. Unfortunately, the reduction in the length of the aerial often makes interstate reception impossible, and it is very likely that in the coming winter only those with big sets and special selective circuits will have the pleasure of logging the other Australian stations. Reports will be welcomed, after '''6ML''' comes on the air, from city listeners who can receive both the local stations without trouble and from those who have no difficulty in logging the stations in the Eastern States as well. In each case full details of the set and aerial systems should be given, as well as times and dates the stations were logged, and the quality of reception. Correspondents should note that the two local stations would not be properly separated if there is the slightest background of '''6ML''' when listening to 6WF, or vice versa. . . . '''Programme Director for 6ML.''' Mr. Ronald Brearley, formerly musical director of 3AR, Melbourne, and a member of the Ambassadors orchestra, has been engaged as programme director for the "B" class station, '''6ML'''. During his engagement with 3AR, Mr. Brearley introduced a special hour of gramophone recordings and arranged his programmes in such a way that this hour became one of the most popular in Melbourne. It is the new programme director's intention to arrange his programmes here so that they will include a balanced selection of items which will cater as far as possible for the tastes of everybody. He and his 'cello will probably be heard in solo numbers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32397970 |title=Wireless News. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,626 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''New Broadcasting Station.''' Work has been commenced on the new broadcasting station, '''6ML''', to be operated by Musgrove's, Ltd., Murray-street. Alterations are being made in the top floor of Musgrove's Buildings to house the transmitting plant which is on the Manunda (due at Fremantle to-day). The aerial masts are due to arrive at Fremantle by the following interstate steamer and are to be erected by March 8. It is expected that the first tests of the new station, which will operate on 297 metres, will be made about March 15. According to advice received by Musgrove's, Ltd., from the National Musical Federation, Ltd., Adelaide, who has the contract for the erection of the transmitter, that company's engineer (Mr. Ashwin) is due to arrive in Perth, today.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32398193 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,626 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=16 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''WIRELESS EXPANSION. Perth's New Station. ENGINEER ARRIVES.''' With the arrival this morning of the engineer, Mr. Edward Ashwin, plans for the establishment of '''6ML''', the new broadcasting station to be operated by Musgroves Ltd. will be rapidly advanced. Mr. Ashwin, who hopes that all will be in readiness to commence operations about a fortnight hence, is engineer of 5KA Adelaide, and was previously associated with the station now known as 5CL Melbourne and 7ZL, Tasmania. 5KA is conducted by the National Musical Federation Ltd., which has the contract for the erection of the transmitting plant required for '''6ML'''. '''STATION DESCRIBED.''' Referring to the new local station, Mr. Ashwin said that it would have a transmitter power of approximately 500 watts and a wave length of 297 metres. It was built along the lines of the latest practice of modern wireless transmission. One of the features was that it would be crystal controlled, which meant that the station could not move its wave length without another crystal being installed, and that listeners-in would always find the crystal control station in exactly the same place on their tuning dials. This form of control had been widely used in different parts of the world for about two years past. Most of the American stations were operated on it, but the only other of which he had a knowledge in Australia, outside those operated by amateurs, was that of 3DB, Melbourne. The transmission of '''6ML''' would consist principally of two units, one being a complete 50 watt crystal control transmitter and the other unit a 50 watt linear amplifier. The latter fed the aerial and it was on this unit also that the power reading was taken. The whole of the plant required for the new station is aboard the Karoola, which is due at Fremantle this evening. (Photo Caption) Mr. E. Ashwin.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83819469 |title=WIRELESS EXPANSION |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,097 |location=Western Australia |date=19 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=2 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''Wireless Station 6ML.''' Satisfactory progress is being made with the building of the new wireless station, '''6ML'''. The alterations to the top floor of Musgrove's buildings, where the transmitter will be housed, have been completed and the ceilings and roof are being opened for the installing of the masts which, with the transmitting plant, will arrive by today's interstate steamer. The station will be on the air daily between 11 a.m. and noon, 12.30 p.m. and 2 p.m., 3 p.m. and 4 p.m., 5.45 p.m. and 7.30 p.m., and 8 p.m. and 10 p.m. and between 7 p.m. and 9 p.m. on Sundays.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32395500 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,632 |location=Western Australia |date=19 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW PERTH STATION. Arrival of Engineer.''' In the opinion of the engineer, Mr. Edwin Ashwin, the new Perth broadcasting station '''6ML''' should be functioning in a fortnight. The cost of the plant and installation will total about £1,500. Mr. Ashwin arrived in Perth by the Great Western express yesterday morning from Adelaide. Mr. Ashwin has been associated with wireless for years. Originally he was at Station 5AB, which later became 5CL. Subsequently he worked on 7ZL, Hobart, (Photo Caption) MR. E. ASHWIN. and is now engineer for 5KA, Adelaide, which is run by the National Musical Federation. The plant which he will install in Perth reached Fremantle last night on the steamer Karoola. Discussing the plant yesterday, Mr. Ashwin said that the transmitter power was about 500 watts and the wave length 297 metres. The apparatus was built on the lines of the latest Melbourne transmitters. A feature was the crystal control. This meant that the station could not move its wavelength without installing another crystal. With such constancy in the broadcasting medium, listeners could rely on picking up the station at exactly the same place on their tuning dials. This system had been in general use in America for the last two years, but was not in vogue in Australia. Apart from amateurs, only station 3DB, Melbourne employed it, as far as he was aware. The transmitter consisted of two units, one being a complete 500-watt crystal-controlled transmitter; and the other a 500-watt linear amplifier which fed the aerial. It was from the last-named unit that the power rating was taken.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32387971 |title=NEW PERTH STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,633 |location=Western Australia |date=20 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=18 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''SPECIAL ADVERTISEMENTS.''' THE "STROMBERG-CARLSON." THE ROLLS ROYCE OF RADIO. Prepare NOW for the era of alternative programmes, soon for the first time, to be available to Perth. Get a SELECTIVE set, a set that will enable you to tune in either 6WF or '''6ML''', whichever you prefer, without interference from the other station. The "Stromberg-Carlson" is super-selective; is high-powered, and may be had in either "All-Electric" form, needing no batteries, or a Battery-operated set; and either form may be had as either 6-valve or 3-valve model. THE ALL-ELECTRIC "6" .. .. £47 THE BATTERY "6" .. .. .. £42/10/ THE ALL-ELECTRIC "3" .. £30 THE BATTERY "3" .. .. £15/10/ SPEAKERS (the only "extra") from 37/6 MAGNAVOX DYNAMIC SPEAKERS, IN CABINETS, from £8 (D.C.) and £11 (A.C.). Detailed Price Lists Free on Application. RING B1917 FOR A DEMONSTRATION AT HOME. NO OBLIGATION. MUSGROVE'S LIMITED, "The House of Distinction," LYRIC HOUSE, MURRAY-ST., PERTH. NEW ARCADE, FREMANTLE.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32389470 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,637 |location=Western Australia |date=25 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW WIRELESS STATION. Progress at 6ML.''' Rapid progress has been made by Mr. E. Ashwin, of the National Musical Federation of Adelaide, with the installation of the transmitting plant for Perth's new wireless station, '''6ML''', to be operated by Musgroves Ltd. on a wave length of 297 metres (10,010 bilocycles [sic]). The plant arrived by the Karoola on Wednesday last and was delivered at Musgrove's Buildings on Friday. In the intervening days Mr. Ashwin has made so much progress that he will be able to test the transmitter as soon as the aerial masts are erected, which will be some time during the week. The aerial system will be in the form of a three-wire flat topped L-shaped aerial and a six wire counterpoise. The aerial masts will be 65ft. high and including the buildings, will be about 130ft. above the ground. The 50-watt crystal controlled transmitter has been erected and the assembling of the 500-watt linear amplifier will be completed by tomorrow. Tests will be first made with a power of 50 watts and then with the full power of 500 watts. Asked to give an estimate of the distance over which '''6ML''' will be received, Mr. Ashwin said he was unable to give any specified distance as he was not yet sufficiently familiar with local conditions. A similar station in Adelaide, 5KA, which, however, used only 300 watts was regularly heard up to 300 miles but 3DB (Melbourne), which used 500 watts was heard over much greater distances. In fact 3DB was received better in Adelaide than the two Melbourne "A" class stations, 3LO and 3AR, which used ten times the power of 3DB. Occasional reception of a station took place at much longer distances and, at times, a Bruce Rock listener had reported that he was able to log 5KA (Adelaide). The new station should be regularly heard by anyone within 300 to 400 miles of Perth. The programme director (Mr. R. Brearley) is preparing a special programme for the opening night, the date for which has not yet been decided upon but which will be either March 19 or 26. The new station will be on the air each day from 11 a.m. till noon; from 12.30.p.m. to 2 p.m.; from 3 p.m. to 4 p.m.; from 5.45 p.m. to 7.30 p.m. and from 8 p.m. to 10 p.m. On Sunday evenings a programme will be broadcast between 7 p.m. and 9 p.m.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32389296 |title=NEW WIRELESS STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,637 |location=Western Australia |date=25 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=15 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Wireless News. BROADCASTING. Notes and Comments. (By "Radio.")''' . . . The opening transmissions from '''6ML''' are to be made with due ceremony and a special night will be arranged to celebrate this welcome event in local radio. Particulars are not yet available but the management are determined to give the listening public something to make the date stand out in their memories.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32397944 |title=Wireless News. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,638 |location=Western Australia |date=26 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW WIRELESS STATION. Programme Arrangements at 6ML.''' The programme director of the new Perth wireless station '''6ML''' (Mr. R. Brearley) is busily engaged preparing items for his first week's broadcasting which will begin either on March 19 or 26. On the opening night a special programme will be arranged and will probably extend beyond the usual closing hour of 10 p.m. In arranging his programmes, Mr. Brearley is co-operating as far as possible with 6WF so that there will be no overlapping. Mr. Brearley said yesterday that every Wednesday night at the new station would be devoted to dance music and, instead of an indiscriminate choice of records, a series of numbers by one band would be broadcast interspersed with light vocal numbers. By using one band there would be no variations of tempo and rhythm and it would be difficult for listeners to distinguish whether a record or an actual performance was being broadcast. On Thursday nights the programme would consist of classical numbers and on other nights an attempt would be made to give a programme that would appeal to the average taste. There would be no talks or lectures from the station. "It is the intention of the management," said Mr. Brearley, "to keep the standard of the broadcasting as high as possible and with that aim in view no artist will be allowed to speak or sing from the station without first submitting to a voice test. All records to be used will be tried over before being broadcast and as far as possible each session will be arranged to form a complete concert or recital. For the first time in Perth player piano music will be broadcast and the player piano will also be used to accompany 'cello and vocal items. Arrangements have been made with West Australian Airways, Ltd., to broadcast incidents noted by pilots on their flights. The proprietors of the station, Musgrove's, Ltd., Murray-street, Perth, will be glad to receive reports from listeners as to the volume and quality of the transmission, listeners stating their distance from the station and the type of set used. Comments on the programmes will also be welcomed, and every endeavour will be made to comply with requests for particular items. The first tests from the station will probably be made on Monday next.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32399019 |title=NEW WIRELESS STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,640 |location=Western Australia |date=28 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 03===== <blockquote>'''NEW WIRELESS STATION. Test Transmissions From 6ML.''' The masts to carry the aerial system of the new Perth wireless station, '''6ML''', will be erected today, and as soon as the aerial and counterpoise are fitted everything will be ready for the final adjustments of the transmitting plant for the opening of the station on either March 19 or 26. Using 50 watts power on a makeshift aerial slung from the control room to a neighbouring building, tests were carried out by the engineers of the station yesterday, and there will be further tests with the same aerial between 3 p.m. and 5 p.m. and 7 p.m. and 9 p.m. to-day. These trial transmissions are being made by the engineers purely for their own purposes, and are no indication of the quality or volume of the final transmissions from the station, as they will be on the full power of 500 watts on the permanent aerial system. The tests yesterday were clearly received in the metropolitan area as far as Fremantle, from where reproduction by loud speaker was reported.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32401036 |title=NEW WIRELESS STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,643 |location=Western Australia |date=4 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Operating Wave-Traps.''' With station '''6ML''' coming on the air, selectivity of programmes — with the majority of home made sets — will only be obtainable with the aid of a wavetrap. To get satisfactory results from one of these, extreme caution must be exercised in order that there are no snags in its application to the set in use. Among the types of wavetraps which can be made and fitted at home, one of the most effective is the series autocoupled type, and provided it is well made and properly fitted should prove most reliable. It will practically always cut out a powerful local station easily, and does not reduce the strength of the other station being received. Moreover, it does not affect the general operation of the receiver to any noticeable degree, and it merely requires setting once and for all to eliminate the local station. A very convenient form of this wavetrap was described in detail in these columns about two months ago. In use the trap is connected in series in the aerial lead, as follows: Join the aerial lead to the A1 or A2 terminal, on the wave trap, and connect A to the aerial terminal on your set. The aerial lead should be tried on both the A1 and A2 terminals to see which gives the best results. A point which should be borne in mind by those amateurs who wish to fit the trap inside the cabinet is that of position. The trap must be kept well away from the tuning coils, otherwise it should be kept outside. For example, it can often be screwed to the outside of the cabinet, but see that it is not too near the coils inside. The minimum distance for real safety is about 8 inches in most cases. A good and safe scheme is to put the trap in series with the aerial lead at the point where the aerial enters the house, for example, on the window ledge. The important point, then, is just to keep the trap well away from any of the coils in the receiver, and with that made clear, let us see about the adjustment. This, also, is decidedly important. Before you connect the trap in circuit, switch on your set and tune in the desired station. Now detune until the volume of this station goes down to about half. Next, connect the trap in the manner already described, and start with the trap condenser somewhere about its minimum capacity, that is to say, with the little knob fully unscrewed. Now proceed to screw down the knob with the aid of a screwdriver, keeping your hand well away from the trap coil. After a little while you should find a point where the volume of the local station suddenly goes down almost to nothing and comes up again to full strength as you pass beyond this point. Try and locate this point as accurately as you can, and you will probably find that when you have found it exactly the local station will disappear. If it does, proceed to return the tuning of the set towards the exact setting for the local station until it begins to come in again. Then return to the trap and have another shot at the adjustment, seeking to find the exact point which makes the local station disappear as completely as possible, so that it is only heard when exactly tuned in and then only at much reduced strength. When the local station is required it is a simple matter to disconnect the trap from the set; or, if you find this troublesome, yon can easily fit a little shorting switch of the plain on-off type, with one side connected to the aerial terminal on your set, and the other side to the aerial lead. The switch can be placed on the wave-trap itself, which would simplify its connections. When you have the switch in the "on" position, you have the aerial brought straight through to your set with the wavetrap cut out. With the switch in the "off" position, the wavetrap is in operation. There is nothing very complicated about this wavetrap. It is just a matter of building it with good quality components and using it in the proper manner. Even under the worst conditions it should so cut down the volume of the unwanted station that you will only hear it when it is exactly tuned in.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31065022 |title=Operating Wave-Traps. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,644 |location=Western Australia |date=5 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Wireless News. BROADCASTING. Notes and Comments. (By "Radio.")''' That the recent severe criticisms of the quality of the transmissions from 6WF were not based on rumours only is shown by the fact that during January there were 134 new licences taken out and 102 cancellations, giving a net gain for the month of only 32. This is very disappointing but will possibly have the effect of stirring the authorities in Melbourne to action. There were at January 31 last 4,759 licensed listeners in the State, and the 5,000 mark has still to be reached. It is hoped that the opening of the new station, '''6ML''', will have the immediate effect of increasing the number of listeners. There will be no talks of any kind during the night programmes from '''6ML'''. This rule was laid down by the programme director (Mr. R. Brearley), who aims at making these sessions purely of an entertaining nature. Station 6WF continues to include talks in its programmes after 8 p.m., and many listeners think that the programme arranger should, as far as talks are concerned, follow the lead of '''6ML''' and rigorously exclude them from the night programmes. '''Co-ordination Between Stations.''' It is pleasing to note that as far as possible the managements of the two stations intend to arrange the respective programmes to avoid overlapping. Thus as Monday and Friday are popular nights at 6WF, it was decided that Wednesday night would be the popular night at '''6ML'''. Between 7 and 9 p.m. on Sunday there is a church service from 6WF, and '''6ML''' will provide during those hours a musical programme for those who do not listen to church services. The advantage of having two stations is obvious, as listeners can tune from one to the other and from both programmes select items to their liking. As well, the combined services will mean that there is something being broadcast daily from 10 a.m. to 11 p.m. from one station or the other. A disadvantage of the two stations will be that persons with inselective sets will, in the city area, receive both programmes at once. Owners of such sets should, if possible, make their sets selective now by shortening their aerials, altering their coils, or by other methods, instead of waiting until '''6ML''' is on the air. . .<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31064900 |title=Wireless News. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,644 |location=Western Australia |date=5 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''PREPARING PERTH'S NEW WIRELESS STATION.''' (Photo Caption) Yesterday workmen on the top of Musgrove's, Ltd., were busily erecting scaffolding preparatory to raising '''6ML's''' wireless mast into position today.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31064987 |title=PREPARING PERTH'S NEW WIRELESS STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,644 |location=Western Australia |date=5 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=20 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Broadcasting Stations.''' Many listeners have inquired as to the difference between "A" class and "B" class wireless broadcasting stations. An "A" class station, such as 6WF, is a public utility. It is permitted to employ any power allotted to it by the Commonwealth Government and must not sell its time on the air for advertising purposes. "B" class stations depend on the sale of advertising for their revenue and are limited to 500 watts power. They do not receive any proportion of listeners' licence fees while the "A" class, stations are kept going by their share of this revenue. There are eight "A" class stations in Australia — 3LO and 3AR (Victoria), 2FC and 2BL (New South Wales), 4QG (Queensland), 5CL (South Australia), 7ZL (Tasmania) and 6WF (Western Australia) — all of which use 5,000 watts, except 7ZL, which is operated on 3,000 watts. The "B" class stations are 13 in number, as follow:— 2GB, 2BE, 2UW, 2UE, 2KY, 2HD and 2MK (New South Wales); 3UZ and 3DB (Victoria); 4GR (Queensland); 5KA, 5DN (South Australia) and '''6ML''' (Western Aus-tralia).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31065471 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,645 |location=Western Australia |date=6 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=16 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Over the Ether. WIRELESS NEWS, TIPS AND COMMENTS. BROADCAST BREVITIES. BY KILOCYCLE. EARLY OPENING OF 6ML. Perth's New "B" Station.''' So rapid has progress been made with the installation of the plant for Messrs. Musgroves "B" class station, located at their musical warehouse, Murray-street, that it is anticipated it will be in operation earlier than originally proposed. The installation engineer (Mr. E. Ashwin) in conversation with a representative of this paper, pointed out that '''6ML''' embodies the latest advances made in broadcast station design, incorporating crystal control, separator stage, and linear (Photo Caption) 500 watt linear amplifiers at '''6ML''' amplification on the amplifier stage. These technical terms imply that everything possible is done, in the interests of perfect transmission,and in a view of the plant confirms the opinion that Western Australia has, through the enterprise of Musgroves, acquired a fine broadcast station. The wavelength to be used is 297 meters, and initial tests have shown there will not be the slightest trace of interference from 6WF in the metropolitan area. As regards the range of the new station this can only be confirmed under operating conditions, but as a conservative estimate, a radius of 300 miles should be spanned. Another point in favor of good medium distance reception is the choice of the wavelength, a similar wave used in the Eastern States, showing a remarkable tendency for long distance work. A technical description of the plant will no doubt prove of interest. The actual operating room, comfortably houses three panels comprising the rectifiers, oscillator and modulator, and the amplifier. Each valve is supplied with a separate high-tension tapping, (Photo Caption) Crystal central oscillator, intermediate amplifier and modulated amplifier. rectified A.C. being used for the oscillator and modulator, and a D.C. generator for the amplifier. Each circuit is neutralised and screening of the oscillator stage and controls is a further refinement. The initial wavelength of 297 metres is generated and controlled by a quartz crystal, which definitely maintains this wavelength. The output from the oscillator is of the order of only 3 watts, which is passed on to the separator stage with a subsequent output of 7 watts. The modulators then come into play, and the output is increased to 60 watts. The wavelength is now a modulated wave in conformity with the impressed voice variations spoken into the microphone, and to obtain further power the modulated output is now amplified by the 500-watt amplifier, consisting of two 250 valves in parallel. From this point the circuit is coupled to the aerial, and the wave is radiated. It is a matter of some difficulty to imagine that this small piece of quartz crystal is directly controlling the whole output, and during its operation it is in a state of mechanical vibration at a rate of little over a million periods a second, though the movement cannot be seen so imperceptibly small is it. The studio control conforms to latest practices, and special attention has been given to all acoustic effects of the studio to eliminate echo and reverbration. The programme sessions have been arranged, so that they will dovetail with the existing sessions from 6WF, and listeners will have a transmission all day, and the choice of either programme during the evening. The hours are 11 a.m. to noon, 12.30 p.m. to 2 p.m., 3 p.m. to 4 p.m., 5.45 p.m. to 7.30 p.m. and 8 p.m. to 10 p.m. Sunday evening session 7 to 9. In order that some idea of the effective day and night range of the station may be gauged, listeners are requested to forward reports to Messrs. Musgroves, Murray-street, Perth. For convenience in tuning, those listeners who receive 3DB, 255 metres will find '''6ML''' a little above this tuning point. 2KY, Sydney on 280 metres is also a guide point, though possibly only country listeners receive this latter station. '''6ML TESTS.''' Using an improvised aerial, suspended within the building, and an arrangement as inefficient as one could wish for, the 60-watt oscillator of '''6ML''' has been proving its efficiency in some initial tests conducted by the engineering staff, by having its transmissions heard at speaker strength as far as Fremantle, and local reports state excellent reproduction has been obtained. With the 500-watt amplifier and the proper outdoor aerial, in operation the tests presage excellent transmission from our new station. The opening night scheduled for Wednesday, 19th inst., is to be a gala performance, and a first-class programme under the directorship of Ronald Brearley has been arranged.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58376994 |title=Over the Ether |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1676 |location=Western Australia |date=9 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=1 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Radio Wrinkles. 6WF IN THE COUNTRY. (By VK6FG.)''' It was my fortune last week to take a trip into the East Murchison, approximately 70 miles from Perth, and at least 500 as the crow flies or the radio wave travels. Throughout the trip I made inquiries as to how transmissions were coming through, and upon the state of radio generally. Outside of the city there is a more genuine appreciation of wireless as a means of entertainment than there is within it. It is I suppose because of our many other interests, which conflict and frequently put wireless into the background. Not so in the country. There it is frequently, the only daily touch with the city and all that it means to out-backers. Generally speaking, within a range 200 miles of Perth there were frequent complaints about 6WF — they hadn't had a chance of hearing '''6ML'''. Fading was bad and with it frequently came distortion until many had despaired of receiving a worthwhile programme. The further away from the city, the better became the reports. One set owner who is situated about 100 miles north-east of Meekatharra and who uses a four-valve set said that he had no fault whatever to find with 6WF as it now is. The programme at night comes through much better than ever before, although day light reception is not good. His only complaint is that even at that distance from Perth he frequently is unable to separate 6WF from 2FC, Sydney. As it was midday, when we passed through, no opportunity presented itself for testing out his assertion. All the Eastern States are received here at good strength and much enjoyment is received from them. One thing which to a wireless enthusiast was immediately noticeable was the ineffective aerial systems which a majority of stations use. Only once or twice was a really good aerial encountered; the remainder were usually about 35 feet above the ground, with one insulator at each end and the lead-in flapping about in the breeze, and no doubt helping to cause a trouble which has been incorrectly set down as fading. These people were wholeheartedly wireless enthusiasts, and despite the fact that replacement of dry batteries was frequent, they were keen to maintain daily contact with the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83496569 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,113 |location=Western Australia |date=10 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=7 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW WIRELESS STATION. Official Opening on March 19.''' The manager of wireless station '''6ML''' (Mr. F. C. Kingston) announced yesterday that the station would be on the air as from Wednesday, March 19. The first transmissions would be those of the official opening ceremony beginning at 8 p.m. and the programme would be extended until 10.30 on that occasion instead of the usual closing hour of 10 p.m. The new station will operate on a wave length of 297 metres and will use a power of 500 watts. It should be clearly heard within 300 miles of Perth. A special programme of varied musical numbers has been arranged for the opening night and the artists to broadcast will include Contessa Philippini, Misses R. Hawse, G. Cuncliffe and G. Musgrove, Messrs. H. Dean, G. A. McDonald, F. L. Robertson and R. Brearley. The announcer, Mr. Archie Graham, who will in future be known as "Archie, of Musgrove's," will provide humorous items. There will be no reproduced music on this programme, but when gramophone records are being broadcast, a machine with a double turntable will be used and this will greatly limit the delay between items. On Wednesday night, March 26. the first dance session will be given and will be on lines entirely new to local listeners. The masts to carry the aerial have been erected and standing 65 feet above Musgrove's Buildings, in Murray-street, form a new city landmark. The L-shaped three-wire aerial was raised into position yesterday and the counterpoise will be fitted today. The engineer (Mr. E. Ashwin) said yesterday that tests on the permanent aerial with 50 watts power would be made on Thursday evening and reports from listeners would be welcomed. The final tests on the full power of 500 watts would be made at the end of the week.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31066524 |title=NEW WIRELESS STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,649. |location=Western Australia |date=11 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Over the Ether. Wireless News, Tips and Comments. BROADCAST BREVITIES. BY KILOCYCLE. WAVE TRAPS AND THEIR USES.''' From next week wireless conditions in the metropolitan area will be considerably altered with the advent of active operation by '''6ML'''. In this connection some anxiety is felt by many that their sets will be incapable of tuning out one transmission in favor of the other. With the average valve set that has any pretence of selectivity, even that given by the judicious use of reaction, little or no interference should result. Nevertheless, when a set suffers from flat tuning, due to high resistance coils and tuned circuits, coupled with the disadvantages of using a long aerial, it is possible jamming may result, and in order that the position may be satisfactorily understood, the theory of interference and the use of wave traps will be more or less fully discussed and also the more prominent methods of alleviating the trouble. Referring to Fig. 3, which is drawn to represent three phases of the incoming wavelength and known as the resonance curve, the base line represents wavelength, and the vertical the intensity of signal strength. Points marked '''6ML''' and 6WF have been so marked for purposes of the discussion, it being understood these points have been placed in an exaggerated form to fully stress the basis of the article. It is desired to tune in '''6ML''', and it is found 6WF is still audible. Reference to the continuous curve, which represents the resonance curve of the set, shows that whilst its maximum signal response is for '''6ML''', it is also wide enough (or technically called "flat") to embrace the wavelength position of 6WF at fair strength, consequently both transmissions are heard. This condition can be caused, and often is the case, by an overlong aerial, and as before mentioned by high resistance circuits which tend to flatten out the curve. The broken curve A shows an alteration, inasmuch that while a lower maximum strength is still obtained for '''6ML''', a position of inaudibility exists for 6WF. This corresponds to an all round reduction of signal strength, with a corresponding sharpness of tuning which is brought about by a reduction of aerial length. This is the simplest expedient of all, being done by the wise use of the pliers, and needing no further alterations to the set. It is recommended where distance reception is not the lure and purely local broad-casts are desired. In some cases the length of the aerial can he reduced to 30ft. with beneficial results to selectivity and little noticeable reduction of volume. The broken curve B represents another set of altered conditions, and shows the extreme selectivity and maximum sensitivity obtained by an extremely well made receiver where very low losses only exist in the tuned circuits. This is the most desirable circumstance of the lot, but conversely is the hardest to obtain, calling for at least one or more stages of sharply tuned high frequency coupling circuits and specially wound inductive coils. Therefore I leave this type in the care of the experimenter. This leaves us so far with the reduction of aerial length to gain our ends, and as is often the case, there is no wish to tamper with the aerial as the enchantment for DX reception is still uppermost. Reference is now made to the continuous curve again, and the point of 6WF specially noted, when it can be asked why should it not be possible to tune out this point of higher wavelength and obvious lower volume by a tuned circuit preceding the set itself? If so make up a circuit as Fig. 2 this becomes a tuned oscillatory circuit, and whatever position of wavelength it is tuned for, it offers to this wavelength an infinite resistance and makes the incoming oscillation flow around and around this circuit, which in effect means it does not allow it to pass through. Therefore if this circuit is tuned to 6WF's wave and connected between the aerial lead in and the set, Fig. 3, we constitute a series wave trap, and with all its apparent simplicity one of the most efficient, the components being a 35 turn coil and a .0005 variable condenser, the predominating capacity tending to improve the efficiency of the unit. Whilst it is manifestly advantageous to have a wave trap of this type, it is only natural to expect it to bring certain disadvantages, the main one of these being that the wipe out effect is by no means sharp, and in the case of receiving a distant station on a wavelength closely approximating to that of the interfering station, both stations will be cut out. But for local use only it will be found most efficient. Refinements in wave trap design have been made from time to time in order to gain the utmost efficiency, and for those who desire a rejector unit, which possesses all merits and no demerits, allowing for distant reception without local interference, attention is drawn to the Brookman's rejector which is the design of an English technical journal. In the main points this unit is a series wave trap as already discussed with the important exception that two small variable condensers are used and the aerial is connected to their mid point. The circuit is depicted at Fig. 4. The coil being a 40 turn and the variables forms densers of .001 mfd., a switch S is shown to short circuit the rejector if required. The theoretical application of this type is a little more involved than the simple series wave trap, but as a broad outline one condenser acts as a capacity coupling to the set, and the two condensers in series as the wave trap tuning control. Variation of C1 and C2 are interdependant, and actual operation will show the best position. A method similar in technical results to that of shortening the aerial, is to insert a .0003 variable in series with the lead-in and returning for each station, this type will often act as well as reducing the physical dimensions of the aerial, and moreover is a much easier operation, while this article treats the use of wave traps in general, there are a multitude of methods (acceptor circuits) that could only be discussed at length, and again no rejector or waveup can be efficient if an appreciable pick-up effect is obtained by the coils and stray couplings inside the set.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58377791 |title=Over the Ether Wireless News, Tips and Comments |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1677 |location=Western Australia |date=16 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=1 (Third Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''MUSGROVE'S LTD.''' Musgrove's Ltd. have decided to suspend payment of the usual interim dividend of 6d. per share until the results of the year's trading have been ascertained and placed before shareholders at the next annual meeting. This decision has been reached, I learn, through the heavy commitments necessary to meet the liability of purchasing Lyric House, in Murray-street, and erecting a B class broadcasting station. While negotiations were proceeding for the purchase of Lyric House, the company, in order to make its position secure, purchased the freehold of Brown's Buildings, which has now been placed on the market. "Although present business conditions generally are not as promising as one would wish," states a circular issued to shareholders by the managing director, "they (the directors) look with every confidence to the future prosperity of the company."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58377477 |title=MONEY- MINING- STOCKS- SHARES- REAL ESTATE |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1677 |location=Western Australia |date=16 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=1 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Tone triumphant Stromberg-Carlson.''' Radio Station '''6ML''' Calling! — On Wednesday next, March 19, Musgrove's Broadcasting Service Station, '''6ML''', will be officially opened. From the many congratulatory messages received from listeners during the preliminary tests, we believe that the quality of both transmission and programme will leave little to be desired. And, for the first time in the history of Western Australia, listeners will have the choice of TWO local programmes from which to select the items they like best. But — it is necessary that the Radio Receiver should be of good quality and modem design. Above all, SELECTIVE. Such a receiver is the Stromberg-Carlson. If a receiver is not SELECTIVE, and the tuning is "broad," interference between the two programmes must result. Get a modem receiver. The cost is not great. The return, in many, many hours of pleasure during the years to come, will be out of all proportion to the expense entailed. And, not only does the Stromberg-Carlson enable you to select items from BOTH local programmes, but the TONE is natural and full; in striking contrast with that of less modern sets. Get the MOST from the programmes provided by '''6ML''' and 6WF — use a MODERN set — a Stromberg-Carlson. PRICES AS LOW AS £15/10/. Speakers (the only "extra") from 37/6. MUSGROVE'S Limited Lyric House — Murray-street.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58377430 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1677 |location=Western Australia |date=16 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=1 (Fourth Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''MODERN MARRIAGES. Are They too Spectacular? By RENEE.''' Dance lovers and hostesses will welcome the news that the first dance night at the new broadcasting station, '''6ML''', will be held on March 26. These dance nights have proved very popular with the Eastern States hostesses, the problem of supplying dance music for their guests being solved by turning on the radio. Should these special nights prove popular in Perth they will become a regular part of '''6ML''' programmes.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58377589 |title=MODERN MARRIAGES |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1677 |location=Western Australia |date=16 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=1 (Third Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Radio Wrinkles. OPENING OF 6ML. (By VK6FG.)''' Wednesday evening will see the official opening of Musgrove's new "B" class broadcasting station to be known as '''6ML'''. The station itself is established on the top floor of Lyric House in Murray-street above Musgrove's music emporium, and is well situated from the point of view of performing artists, although from other aspects, it is close to 6WF and is alongside of tramlines and power lines. However with a well-made studio there should be no need to fear interference from this cause. The station has been testing on and off for some time now, and the majority of reports indicate that the transmissions should be good. The creation of this station will soon ferret out the unselective sets, for with the broadly tuned apparatus, it may be difficult and well-nigh impossible to separate the two stations, particularly if the sets are within close range of the stations. This will mean that those with unselective sets will require to make them selective. To do this without reconstructing the whole set, may be accomplished with a wavetrap, a piece of apparatus inexpensive in itself although as an addition to the set it will not add beauty to the outfit. To the set owner who is inexperienced in wireless ways, I would say, keep your coupling coils as loosely coupled as possible consistent with results. This will help an unselective set as much as possible, but if it is then found that there is interference, consider whether it would be better to reconstruct the set, or to add a wavetrap. Some sets which are fairly up-to-date in design and performance will be satisfactory with a wavetrap, but there are others, so obsolete that the cost of a wavetrap might well be saved and put towards the cost of a new set. When '''6ML''' comes on the air on Wednesday evening, some time will be taken up with speeches when quite figuratively speaking, the bottle of wine will be smashed over the oscillator. Following this — about 8.30 p.m.— the musical programme will commence and continue for two hours. Among those to appear will be Contessa Filippini, Rita Hawse, Jean Musgrove, Musgrove's Piano trio. Horace Dean, G. A. M'Donald, Frank L. Robertson, Ronald Brearley and "Archie," with Miss Gladys Cunliffe at the piano. All wireless enthusiasts wish '''6ML''' the best of luck in their new venture, the engineer an absence of trouble, and the performers a host of radio friends.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83500197 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,119 |location=Western Australia |date=17 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=6 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''SPECIAL ADVERTISEMENTS.''' THE "NEW EUFONOLA" PLAYER PIANO. UNAPPROACHABLE VALUE AT 190 GUINEAS. No other player piano, sold at the price of this instrument, can equal it in value and in musical performance. In appearance it is more than equal to many players costing far more, whilst its ease of operation, and the facility with which perfect expression can be obtained establishes its claim to be called "the player with the human touch." We want you to call in and try this instrument for yourself. No obligation is incurred, but should you decide to buy, we will quote exceptionally generous terms, and, if you have a used piano, will make a fair and just allowance for it. COMPLETE PIANO CATALOGUE, FREE TO ANY ADDRESS. TOMORROW — LISTEN TO '''6ML'''. Our new Radio Station opens to-morrow — get your new set NOW, and enjoy the programme. Radio, Department, First Floor with all that's best in Radio, including Stromberg-Carlson, Brunswick and Philips Receivers, available on easy terms. MUSGROVE'S LIMITED. "The House of Distinction." LYRIC HOUSE, MURRAY-STREET, PERTH. NEW ARCADE, FREMANTLE<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31067925 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,655 |location=Western Australia |date=18 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW BROADCAST STATION. 6ML Services Begin To-morrow.''' Tomorrow evening at 8 o'clock the first transmissions from '''6ML''', Perth's new wireless station, owned and operated by Musgrove's Ltd. on a wave length of 297 will be made. There will be a brief opening ceremony at which Dr. J. S. Battye, who has been connected with wireless broadcasting in this State since its inception, will be the chief speaker. The next two hours will be devoted to a varied musical programme during which there will be no interruptions for talks or news services. There will be 36 items in that period of between three and four minutes' duration each and the programme will conclude at 10.30 p.m. with a special good night number. During the last few days the station has been on the air testing on full power and everything is in readiness for the opening night. Listeners over a wide area should have no difficulty in receiving the station as reports have already been received, regarding transmissions on half power only, from as far as Carnarvon, Meekatharra and Albany, while a listener at Moonee Ponds, Victoria, telegraphed that he had logged the station at good strength. The quality of the transmissions has been favourably commented on by all those who have written, to the owners and, owing to its crystal controlled transmitter, the station is always received at the same dial reading on the receiving apparatus. The advent of '''6ML''' should greatly increase the number of listeners, and when the figures for this month are re-leased it is almost certain that for the first time there will be 5,000 listeners in Western Australia. Contessa Philippini will sing on the opening night, "Estrellita," "The Little Damosel" and "The Kerry Dance," and Miss Rita Hawse will include in her items "Love's Old Sweet Song" and "Smilin' Thro'." Mr. Frank L. Robertson will feature the Prologue from "Pagliacci" and "King Charles" and Mr. Horace Dean (violinist) will play "Aubade" among his numbers. Cello solos by Mr. Ronald Brearley will include Handel's "Largo," "On Wings of Song" (Mendelssohn) and Kreisler's "Leiblesleid." Flute solos by Mr. G. A. McDonald and numbers by Musgrove's Piano Trio will complete the musical side of the programme, while the announcer (Mr. Archie Graham) will provide diversion in "What is not on the air to-morrow." The regular broadcasting hours of '''6ML''' will be between 11 a.m. and noon. 12.45 p.m. and 2 p.m., 3 p.m. and 4 p.m., 5.45 p.m. and 7.30 p.m. and 8 p.m. and 10 p.m. on week days and 7 p.m. and 9 p.m. on Sundays. On alternative Sunday afternoons from 3 p.m. to 4 p.m. a short address and choral singing will be broadcast by the International Bible Students' Association.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31067884 |title=NEW BROADCAST STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,655 |location=Western Australia |date=18 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''6ML ON THE AIR. Official Opening Tonight.''' Perth's new wireless station '''6ML''', which is owned and will be operated by Musgrove's Ltd., will be on the air for the first time officially tonight, when the opening ceremony will be performed. A "B" class station, '''6ML''' will operate on a wave length of 297 metres. For the first time in history two broadcasting stations will be operating locally. Mr. F. C Kingston, a manager, at the company, will act as manager of '''6ML'''; Mr. R. Brearley will arrange programmes; Mr. H. Simmons is engineer, and Mr. A. Graham is announcer. Mr. Kingston will be in charge of ceremonies for the first half-hour tonight, and will call upon listeners to tune in. So that they may do so to the best advantage, a record will be played. Mr. D. O. (sic) Musgrove will announce the company's policy, and will introduce Dr. J. S. Battye, who will declare the station officially open. Mr. Kingston will address listeners on matters of interest associated with the new station, and will introduce the staff. The whole of these proceedings will not occupy more than half an hour, and at 8.30 a commencement will be made with a varied musical programme lasting two hours, and introducing talented artists yet to be heard on the air.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83497714 |title=6ML ON THE AIR |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,121 |location=Western Australia |date=19 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=1 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Wireless News. NEW BROADCAST STATION. 6ML Begins Services To-Night.''' Tonight, for the first time, wireless enthusiasts in Western Australia will be able to listen to either of two local stations. This welcome chance is brought about by the opening this evening of '''6ML''', a "B" class station owned and operated by Musgrove's, Ltd., on a wave length of 297 metres. For six years wireless progress here has been retarded by the fact that there was only one local station, and a big increase in licences is expected to follow the opening of the new station. Mr. C. F. Kingston, a director of the company, will act as manager; Mr. R. Brearley is the programme arranger; Mr. H. Simmons, the engineer; and Mr. A. Graham, announcer. There will be a brief ceremony tonight at 8 o'clock, when Mr. D'O. Musgrove will introduce Dr. J. S. Battye, who will formally open the station. Then there will be an uninterrupted programme of two hours, to which many artists, new to radio but well-known on the concert platform, will contribute. The programme, for tonight will be:— 8. p.m.: Official opening ceremony. 8.30: Waltz, Musgrove's Piano Trio. 8.34: "Summer Night," Rita Hawse (mezzo-soprano), 'cello obbligato by Ronald Brearley. 8.38: Russian Folk Songs, Horace Dean (violin). 8.42: Prologue from the opera "Pagliacci," Frank L. Robert-son (baritone). 8.45: Largo, Ronald Brear-ley ('cello). 8.48: Elegia from Trio in D Minor, Musgrove's Piano Trio. 8.51: "Love's Old Sweet Song," Rita Hawse, 'cello obbligato by Ronald Brearley. 8.54: Air from Concerto, Horace Dean. 8.57: "Uncle Rome" and "When Childher Plays," Frank L. Robertson. 9.0: "Lullaby," Ronald Brearley. 9.4: "Song Without Words," Musgrove's Piano Trio. 9.8: "I'm a' Longin' fo' You," Rita Hawse, 'cello obbligato by Ronald Brearley. 9.11: "Capriccio", G. A. McDonald (flute). 9.14: What's Not on the Air Tomorrow, Archie of Musgrove's. 9.19: "Aubade," Horace Dean. 9.22: "Can't Yo' Heah Me Calling Caroline?" Musgrove's Piano Trio. 9.25: Offertoire Op. 12, G. A. Donald. 9.28: "Smilin' Through," Rita Hawse, 'cello obbligato by Ronald Brearley. 9.31: "Brahm's Waltz," Horace Dean. 9.34: "Estrellita," Con-tessa Filippini. 9.38: "On Wings of Song," Ronald Brearley. 9.41: "My Wild Irish Rose," Musgrove's Piano Trio. 9.45: "Il Colloquio Ma-zurka," G. A. McDonald. 9.48: "The Island Spell," Miss Gladys Cunliffe (piano). 9.51: "Leibesleid," Ronald Brearley. 9.54: What's Not on the Air Tomorrow, Archie of Musgrove's. 9.59: "The Little Damosel," Contessa Filippini. 10.1: Aria, G. A. McDonald. 10.5: "Simon the Cellarer," Frank L. Robertson. 10.9: Nocturne, Musgrove's Piano Trio. 10.30: "The Kerry Dance," Contessa Filippini. 10.17: Marche, Gladys Cun-liffe. 10.20: "Just a Cottage Small," Contessa Filippini. 10.24: Finale from Trio Op. 29, Mus-grove's Piano Trio. 10.27: "King Charles," Frank L. Robertson. The regular broadcasting hours of '''6ML''' will be between 11 a.m. and noon, 12.45 p.m. and 2 p.m., 3 p.m. and 4 p.m., 5.45 p.m. and 7.30 p.m., and 8 p.m. and 10 p.m. on week days and 7 p.m. and 9 p.m. on Sundays. On alternative Sunday afternoons from 3 p.m: to 4 p.m. a short address and choral singing will be broadcast by the International Bible Students' Association.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31068339 |title=Wireless News. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,656 |location=Western Australia |date=19 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW BROADCAST STATION. Official Opening of 6ML.''' For the first time in the history of radio in Western Australia, listeners had the choice of two broadcasting stations last night when '''6ML''', owned and operated by Musgrove's, Ltd., of Lyric House, Perth, came on the air. The station was formally opened by Dr. J. S. Battye and Messrs. Musgrove and F. C. Kingston, directors of the company, also spoke. After the opening speeches a programme of varied musical numbers was given and the announcements of the items were made in an intimate manner, new to local listeners. There was a large number of guests at the studio to witness the proceedings, including:— The Deputy Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. S. R. Roberts), the Superintending Engineer (Mr. J. G. Kilpatrick), the Radio Inspector (Mr. G. A. Scott), Mr. C. J. Shannon, representing the directors of the Australian Broadcasting. Co., Ltd., the manager of station 6WF (Mr. Basil Kirke), Professor A. D. Ross and the president of the local division of the Wireless Institute of Australia (Mr. Frank H. Goldsmith). In introducing Dr. Battye, Mr. Musgrove said it was the aim of his company to present programmes of a high musical quality. He was very pleased to receive from Mr. Kirke, on behalf of his directors, a floral tribute in the form of a horseshoe with their best wishes for the opening night of the new station. "Broadcasting is playing a part in modern life in the dissemination of music and learning, said Dr. Battye, "equal to that played by the spread of printing in the 15th century." He added that radio was a big force in the life of the community and was especially welcome to those who lived in the backblocks. It gave them lectures on educational and general interest subjects, vocal and instrumental music by local artists and the reproduction of gramophone records of the best artists in the world. The value of the new station, which gave listeners alternative programmes, could not be overestimated and it should lead to a marked increase of interest in radio in this State. After the ceremony the guests were entertained at supper by the owners of the station and they listened to the programme which was reproduced on an all-electric receiver. A long toast list was honoured.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31068384 |title=NEW BROADCAST STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,657 |location=Western Australia |date=20 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW BROADCAST STATION. 6ML Service Opened.''' Last night, for the first time, wireless enthusiasts in Western Australia were able to listen to either of two local stations. This welcome change is brought about by the opening last evening of '''6ML''', a "B" class station owned and operated by Musgrove's, Ltd., on a wave length of 297 metres. For six years wireless progress here has been retarded by the fact that there was only one local station, and a big increase in licences is expected to follow the opening of the new station. Mr. C. F. Kingston, a director of the company, will act as manager; Mr. R. Brearley is the programme arranger; Mr. H. Simmons, the engineer; and Mr. A. Graham, announcer. There was a brief ceremony last night at 8 o'clock, when Mr. D'O. Musgrove introduced Dr. J. S. Battye, who formally opened the station. The regular broadcasting hours of '''6ML''' will be between 11 a.m. and noon, 12.45 p.m. and 2 p.m., 3 p.m. and 4 p.m., 5.45 p.m. and 7.30 p.m., and 8 p.m. and 10 p.m. on week days and 7 p.m. and 9 p.m. on Sundays. On alternate Sunday afternoons from 3 p.m. to 4 p.m. a short address and choral singing will be broadcast by the International Bible Students' Association.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article38510794 |title=NEW BROADCAST STATION. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XLV, |issue=2,301 |location=Western Australia |date=20 March 1930 |accessdate=21 March 2019 |page=55 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''WIRELESS PROGRAMMES. . . . 6ML PERTH, 297 METRES.''' 11 a.m. to noon: Reproduced music (gramophone records and player piano rolls). 12.45 p.m. to 2.30: Reproduced music. 3 to 4: Reproduced music. 5.45 to 7.30: Reproduced music and at 7 p.m. a brief summary of news from the air prepared by the pilots of West Australian Airways Ltd. 8 p.m.: Overture, "The Merry Wives of Windsor", Cleveland Symphony Orchestra. 8.4: "Harlequin", Norman Trenaman (baritone). 8.7: "La Cinquantaine", Ronald Brearley ('cello). 8.11: "Tell Me Gypsy", Marjorie Payne (contralto). 8.14: "Dance Macabre", Cleveland Symphony Orchestra. 8.18: "Drake Goes West", Norman Trenaman. 8.22: "Herbertiana", A. and P. Gypsies Orchestra. 8.26: "Lullaby", Ronald Brearley. 8.29: "My Ships", Marjorie Payne. 8.33: "White Acacia", A. and P. Gypsies Orchestra. 8.37: "This Locket That I Wear", Gladys Moncrieff and Frank Titterton. 8.41: "I Used to Love her in the Moonlight," The Captivators. 8.45: "Dervish Vigil," Norman Trenaman. 8.48: "E.B. March", The Band of H.M. Coldstream Guards. 8.52: "Traumeri", Ronald Brearley. 8.55: "East and West March", The Band of H.M. Coldstream Guards. 8.59: "Shine Bright Moon," Gladys Moncrieff. 9.4: "I'm Marching Home to You," The Captivators. 9.8: "The Blind Ploughman", Norman Trenaman. 9.12: "Lady of the Morning", Copley Plaza Orchestra. 9.16: "Ma Little Banjo", Marjorie Payne. 9.19: "I Never Guessed", Copley Plaza Orchestra. 9.23: "Pipes of Pan are Calling", Marjorie Payne. 9.27: "A Garden in the Rain", Rubinoff's Orchestra. 9.31: "Liebestraum", Ronald Brearley. 9.34: "Blue Hawaii Waltz", Rubin-off's Orchestra. 9.38: Vocal Duet from "The Blue Mazurka", Gladys Moncrieff and Frank Titterton. 9 42: "Why Can't You?" Bernie's Orchestra. 9.46: "I Am Alone", Gladys Moncrieff. 9.50: "Used to You", Bernies Orchestra. 9.54: "Cuckoo Waltz", Municipal Band. 9.57: "Radio Impressions", Johnson's Orchestra. 10.0: "The Goodnight Song."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31068359 |title=6ML PERTH, 297 METRES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,657 |location=Western Australia |date=20 March 1930 |accessdate=21 March 2019 |page=16 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW BROADCAST STATION. Opening of 6ML.''' "In the olden days books consisted of manuscripts prepared and read by monks. Music was almost the prerogative of the churches, and the public had no place in reading or music. The advent of printing brought about a change, greater ever than Caxton and Gutenberg ever expected. Broadcasting is doing in this 20th century what the advent of the printed book did in the 15th century." So spoke Dr. J. S. Battye when officially declaring broadcasting station '''6ML''' open. This "B" class station was erected by Musgroves Ltd., of Lyric House, Perth, and operates with an output of half a kilowatt on 297 metres. The plant was installed under contract by National Musical Federation of Adelaide the owners of station 5KA the installing engineer being Mr. Edwin Ashwin. Introducing Dr. Battye, Mr. D'O. Musgrove traced the growth of the firm from 1923 and of its early interest in radio, and the long desire of the company to have a station of their own. "We have aimed at a high standard of music, and we shall endeavor to maintain it as long as we are on the air," he said. "We hope to contribute in no uncertain extent to the entertainment of the public who are fortunate possessors of wireless sets." He thanked Mr. Basil Kirke, of 6WF, on behalf of the Australian Broadcasting Company, for the floral horseshoe presented, and which was placed at the foot of the main microphone throughout the evening. Dr. Battye said that every endeavor to extend the use of wireless throughout this and the other States must have a definite benefit to the community at large. They had been taught at school that there were seven wonders of the ancient world, but during the last fifty or sixty years the development of the physical sciences, particularly electricity, had produced more wonders than the ancient world ever dreamed of. Such wonders had been absorbed into the life of the community and were now regarded as necessary. Of these, broadcasting stations had brought pleasure and education to the people, particularly to those people who by their situation were denied the advantages those living in the city enjoyed. At the conclusion of the official opening the guests of the evening were entertained to supper. Among those present were the Deputy Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Colonel. S. R. Roberts), Dr. J. S. Battye, superintending engineer (Mr. J. G. Kilpatrick), Collector of Customs (Mr. H. St. G. Bird), radio inspector (Mr. G. A. Scott), Mr. C. J. Shannon (representing directorate of the A.B.C.), Mr. Basil Kirke station manager 6WF), and Professor A. D. Ross. Many toasts were honored during the supper, the speakers generally stressing the point that, with two stations on the air the alternate programmes offered should prove an inducement to more people to become interested in radio. During the evening Mr. Musgrove, on behalf of the company, presented Mr. Ashwin with a gold tiepin as a memento of his visit, and also with a wallet of notes as an expression of satisfaction with the work of Mr. Ashwin and of felicity between the two parties.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83496469 |title=NEW BROADCAST STATION |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,122 |location=Western Australia |date=20 March 1930 |accessdate=21 March 2019 |page=9 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''West Australians and Broadcasting.''' At the opening of the new broadcasting station '''6ML''' on Wednesday evening, Professor A. D. Ross, who is chairman of the University's Music Board, announced that of the three music scholars of the University of Western Australia who had completed their three years' course of training at the Conservatorium of Music of the University of Melbourne, two were the official pianists and accompanists of the National Broadcasting service in Victoria. Miss Mabel Nelson, the first scholar to complete the course, had been appointed last year to station 3AR in Melbourne, and this year Mrs. Mulvany (Miss Edith Parnell) had received the corresponding appointment at 3LO. That, said Professor Ross, was evidence that in Western Australia we had musical talent equal to any in the Commonwealth, and that in broadcasting as in other professions, the young people of our State were gaining positions of distinction.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31068751 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,658 |location=Western Australia |date=21 March 1930 |accessdate=21 March 2019 |page=18 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Detailed Figures.''' For the first time since broadcasting came into vogue in Australia, the net increase in listeners' licences in Western Australia during February was greater than in any other State. The increase was 98. Queensland had a net gain of 34, and Tasmania 16, while the other States showed a substantial decrease, as follows:— Victoria, 1,969; New South Wales, 55; South Australia, 197. In September last, when the Australian Broadcasting Company took over control of station 6WF, Perth, there were 3,888 licences held in the State. It is believed that there will be about 5,000 by the end of this month. Considering also the advent of the new station '''6ML''', the future of broadcasting in this State is believed to be bright.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31069025 |title=Detailed Figures. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,659 |location=Western Australia |date=22 March 1930 |accessdate=21 March 2019 |page=16 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. MUSGROVE'S B STATION. Official Opening of 6ML.''' The march of wireless progress in W.A. was quickened on Wednesday evening last with the official opening of Western Australia's first B class station which is owned and operated by Musgrove's, Ltd., Lyric House, Murray-street. Through the initiative of this enterprising firm, a modern crystal controlled station, operating on 297 metres and using 500 watts, has been installed. The opening session proved that the transmission was all that could be desired. An ample and clear volume with a fine programme, which sparkled throughout provided a feast of entertainment for listeners. A galaxy of talented artists, including Rita Hawse, Contessa Fillppini, lean? Musgrove, Horace Dean, G. A. McDonald, Frank Robertson and Ronald Brearley compounded a programme which throughout was of artistic and musical merit, and a delightful evening's entertainment came to a close with reechoing expressions of pleasure and gratification for the sponsors of our alternative broadcast programme. The announcer's task was carried out by Mr Archie Graham in a manner that earned him every commendation. The usual brief intervals between items were thronged with quips of a humorous nature and a commentary which flagged not for a moment. The utility of broadcasting in the entertainment and educational spheres cannot be questioned, and though the initial programmes from '''6ML''' were of high standard, subsequent sessions set a new angle from which to view the pleasures that will accrue to listeners with our two stations. Previous to the opening a graceful tribute was paid to '''6ML''' by Mr. Basil Kirke and the directors of the A.B.C. by the presentation of a floral horseshoe, which it is hoped will follow its legendary tradition and be an augury for a very successful future for '''6ML'''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58378588 |title=BROADCASTING |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1678 |location=Western Australia |date=23 March 1930 |accessdate=21 March 2019 |page=1 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''6ML Calling!''' OUR OWN BROADCASTING STATION, '''6ML''', Was Opened on March 19 by Dr. J. S. Battye, and will be on the air Daily from 11 a.m. to 10 p.m. SUNDAY EVENINGS, 7 TO 9 o'CLOCK. ALTERNATE SUNDAY AFTERNOONS, 3 to 4 O'CLOCK. If you have a Radio Receiver, be sure to tune in '''6ML''' on 297 Metres. If you have no Receiver you are missing some Wonderful Musical Entertainments, and we advise you to write us immediately for particulars of Stromberg Carlson The World's Best Radio Receivers. Price from £18 upwards. Complete with Speaker. Easy Terms Arranged. Musgrove's Ltd. LYRIC HOUSE, MURRAY-STREET, PERTH.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58378142 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1678 |location=Western Australia |date=23 March 1930 |accessdate=21 March 2019 |page=1 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''SPECIAL ADVERTISEMENTS.''' They said: "We Want REAL Music!" There are still any number of people who will not have wireless within their doors. This is not just a fad on their part; it is a conviction. At some time or another they have heard something that did not sound like good music. It has come to them from a dark corner in the house of a friend. They have been told "this is a concert relayed from the Theatre Such-and-Such." "So THIS is Wireless," THEY HAVE SAID — NOT REALISING THAT IT WAS A CASE OF BAD, RECEPTION. And because of this, they would have none of it. And they will not be content with reception that is less than realism. We, at Station '''6ML''' are presenting programmes and marketing receivers to satisfy the ear of these critical listeners. Call in — let us convince you. MUSGROVE'S LIMITED. LYRIC HOUSE, MURRAY-STREET, PERTH. NEW ARCADE, FREMANTLE.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31069613 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,661 |location=Western Australia |date=25 March 1930 |accessdate=21 March 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''SPECIAL ADVERTISEMENTS.''' "INVENTION'S SUPREME CONTRIBUTION TO MUSIC." THE DUO-ART REPRODUCING PIANO. The superb instrument which is not only a magnificent pianoforte and a player-piano without equal — but is also a REPRODUCING Piano — rendering an exact facsimile of the pianist who recorded the roll — and practically EVERY great pianist records EXCLUSIVELY for the Duo-Art. Let us post you a brochure, fully describing this unique instrument. Prices range from 275 guineas and liberal terms can be arranged. HEAR IT OVER '''6ML'''. One of the features of the transmissions over '''6ML''' is the broadcasting of the actual playing of Paderewski and other of the most famous pianists — through the medium of the DUO-ART. Listen in for it. MUSGROVE'S LIMITED, "THE HOUSE OF DISTINCTION," LYRIC HOUSE, MURRAY-ST., PERTH; NEW ARCADE, FREMANTLE.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31070379 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,664 |location=Western Australia |date=28 March 1930 |accessdate=21 March 2019 |page=18 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''COUNTRY RECEPTION OF 6ML.''' A South-Western reader in communicating details of his results with the above station, states that reception on a four-valve set gives audible reproduction at 100 yards away from the loud speaker. Quality and reproduction are excellent, with only a little fading. I shall be pleased to receive from readers further reports on the reception of '''6ML'''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58378742 |title=Over the Ether |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1679 |location=Western Australia |date=30 March 1930 |accessdate=21 March 2019 |page=32 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 04===== <blockquote>'''AMAZING VALUE IN AN UPRIGHT CABINET RADIO.''' THE APEX 7-VALVE ALL ELECTRIC — £47/10/ COMPLETE WITH BUILT-IN MOVING COIL SPEAKER. Housed in an attractive upright cabinet of polished mahogany, it is a genuine Neutrodyne employing 7 valves and one rectifier, specially constructed for local voltage. You simply plug into the ordinary electric light socket, turn a control, and there you are — EASTERN STATES AND LOCAL STATIONS are brought in with perfect clarity and in tones that have depth and are perfectly natural. High notes, low notes — all come in clearly in their proper relation. There are no extras to buy. It is complete with valves and speaker. RING B6131 AND WE WILL DELIVER A SET ON TRIAL WITHOUT OBLIGATION. LISTEN IN TO '''NICHOLSONS RADIO HOUR FROM 6WF''' (1 TO 2 P.M., MON-DAY TO FRIDAY.) NICHOLSONS LIMITED, THE — BEST — IN — RADIO. '''PIANOFORTE SOLOS BY GREAT ARTISTS OVER THE AIR FROM 6ML.''' One of the most popular features of the transmissions from Musgrove's Broadcasting Station, '''6ML''', are the pianoforte solos by the greatest pianists of the world — Paderewski, Hofmann, Bauer, Cortot, Friedman, Grainger, and many others, reproduced by that unique instrument, the "Duo-Art" Reproducing Piano. No other piano can do what the "Duo-Art" does. For no other kind of piano do the great artists of the Concert Stage record. This wonderful piano reproduces every shade of expression, exactly as the recording artist played. And not only this, for in addition, the "Duo-Art" is unequalled as a "self-expression" Player, and is a particularly fine pianoforte — a "Steck" — for hand playing. Listen in to '''6ML''' — or call at Lyric House. You can obtain a "Duo-Art" for your own home, on attractive terms. Call in — to-day. MUSGROVE'S LIMITED, "The House of Distinction." LYRIC HOUSE, MURRAY-ST., PERTH; FREMANTLE AND BUNBURY.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31071265 |title=No title |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,668 |location=Western Australia |date=2 April 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''SPECIAL TESTS FROM 6ML.''' Perth's new wireless station, '''6ML''', is again broadcasting on full power, repairs having been effected to a part of the transmitter, which had developed faults. A series of special tests will be carried out on Saturday night, after the conclusion of the usual programme, at 10 o'clock, to enable listeners to compare the relative quality and volume when the transmitter is to be operated on 50, 150, 250 or 500 watts. The management will be pleased to receive reports from listeners on these tests.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31071286 |title=SPECIAL TESTS FROM 6ML. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,668 |location=Western Australia |date=2 April 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=17 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. Receiving the Local Stations.''' Since station '''6ML''' came on the air, officially, numerous letters have been received seeking information regarding the size coils to use for this station, the majority of which refer to their use with crystal sets. As the questions appear to be from novices I am more or less in the dark as to the replies which should be given. When an amateur submits a question in the following terms, "I have a crystal set, what size coils do I require for '''6ML''', he apparently credits me with supernatural powers. There are many types of crystal sets, some of which employ a variable condenser; others have two of these handy units; while others are operated without any tuning condensers at all. Then there are those sets which give reception with the aid of one honeycomb coil, others have two coils, and there are many of the ubiquitous slider and former type of sets still doing service. Generally speaking, with crystal sets, the operator cannot hope to obtain both sele-tivity and volume — one or the other must be sacrificed, and it is generally the former. Only a very selective crystal set will enable the operator to "tune up and down the dial," so those amateurs who are working ordinary types of crystal sets cannot hope to achieve any real success until such time as they become possessed of either a very selective crystal set or a valve set. Reception of either of the local broadcasting stations is possible on a crystal set by the simple process of changing the coils — usually a coil with 25 turns lower than required for 6WF will give you '''6ML''' — but good quality tuning condensers, together with a respectable aerial system, are essential to achieve this. If crystal set operators, when submitting queries, give full details of the components and their values as used in their sets, it will enable me to answer their questions properly. Valve set owners, being, no doubt, more advanced in the science, are as a rule particularly careful to supply all details of their sets when submitting questions, so, in order to avoid any unnecessary delay. I must again remind my cat-whisker friends to assist me in this direction, so that I may then be better able to assist them.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31071224 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,668 |location=Western Australia |date=2 April 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''BANJO SOLOS over the air from STATION 6ML.''' Listen to the music over the air from Musgrove's Broadcasting Station, '''6ML'''. Instrumental solo's, by experts — and not the least popular are the banjo selections. A sweet sounding instrument, the banjo. And remarkably easy to learn. We can positively guarantee to put you on the high road to success with this instrument in a space of a few weeks — just depending on how much time you can spare for practice. If you live out of town, our correspondence courses and instruction books will enable you to learn at home quickly, easily and WELL. New patent Banjos and Banjolins are priced from £7/10/. "Supremus" models of the Whirle Dance Banjos are priced at from £6/10/. Fully descriptive lists of these and other models, free. Terms arranged on any model. The New Windsor Patent Banjos and Banjolins Double the Volume of Tone. Beautiful instruments, these, in the richest of rosewood, or the finest figured walnut, pearl inlaid or polished ebony finger boards. All fittings heavily pleated, rich volume producing resonators permanently built on, 5-string and 4-string, G. Banjos, and Tenor Banjos, Banjolins that make of this a REAL musical instrument. No finer, more complete range of models available anywhere. Why not drop us a line, or call in for full particulars of these instruments, and our easy system of payments, together with our details of instruction courses for making you a proficient player? No obligation is incurred. A postcard will do. MUSGROVE'S LIMITED. LYRIC HOUSE, MURRAY-STREET, PERTH; and at FREMANTLE and BUNBURY<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58379706 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1680 |location=Western Australia |date=6 April 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''UNLICENCED WIRELESS SET.''' A heavy penalty was asked in the Perth Police Court yesterday, when Norman Cohen pleaded guilty to a charge of having maintained an unlicensed wireless set in Menzies Flats. It was stated that a six valve wireless and gramophone, with an indoor aerial and tuned in to '''6ML''', was found in his rooms on March 31. Defendant explained to the inspector who found the instrument that he had only had the set a few days. The inspector, however, understood that defendant had maintained a set continuously for about six weeks. Cohen said that he had only been in Menzies Flats about three weeks, and during that time had had several sets left with him for trial for periods of 24 hours. When he bought the set referred to he took out a licence as soon as possible. He was fined £5, with. £2/3/6 costs. Mr. A. B. Kidson, Acting P.M., occupied the Bench.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31073299 |title=UNLICENCED WIRELESS SET. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,675 |location=Western Australia |date=10 April 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''RADIO ROUND THE WORLD.''' PERTH has a "B" class station, which began broadcasting on March 19 on a wavelength of 297 metres, with a trans­mitting power of about 500 watts, and an estimated range of 350 miles. Capital is sup­plied by Musgrove's Limited - hence 6ML -­ a Perth music house; Ronald Brearley, formerly of 3AR, Melbourne, is director of programmes and publicity; and Archie Gra­ham - not our old friend Harry Graham of 6WF - is the station's first announcer. The National Musical Federation of Adelaide erected the transmitting plant, which is said to embody many of the latest features of transmitter design, including crystal control. <ref>{{cite magazine | author = | title =Radio Round The World | url =http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-668969114 | magazine =[[w:Wireless Weekly|Wireless Weekly (Australia)]] | location =Sydney | publisher = | date =11 April 1930 | nopp =no | volume =15 | issue =16 | pages =4 | access-date=12 May 2019 | separator =, }}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Broadcasting Talkie Films.''' Station '''6ML''' has completed an exclusive contract with the management of the Capitol Theatre for the broadcasting of any talkie films which may be screened at this theatre in the future. The first talkie to be broadcast will be "Rio Rita," which is now being screened. Reports regarding the strength and clarity of reception of these features would be greatly appreciated by the manager of station '''6ML'''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31074276 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,679 |location=Western Australia |date=15 April 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=16 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1931 - Frequency Change <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. Interfering Stations.''' Two complaints, which are identical with regard to the questions raised, have been received during the week in connection with the reception of the programmes from station '''6ML''' being "cut out" by interfering stations. It appears that a foreign station working on 293 metres manages to "chop in" during the hours of transmission of the local station, and, until about 8 p.m., reception of the programmes from '''6ML''' are unobtainable. The mushiness and background noises from the foreigner who apparently closes down at 8 p.m., Perth time, spoils the listening-in period of one of my correspondents so much that he has been prompted to suggest that one or the other is encroaching on a wavelength which is not alloted to him. It will, no doubt, be of interest to my correspondents as well as to many other readers, to know that in the allocation of wave-lengths for the various stations, such stations are permitted to broadcast on a wave-band of five degrees on either side, that is, five degrees below and five degrees above the known wave-length of the station. For instance, station '''6ML''', working on 297 metres, is permitted to broadcast on from 292 to 302 metres, and the same method applies to all other broadcasting stations. This does not imply that the wave-length for transmissions can fluctuate, between the 10 deg. throughout the transmission. The variation is allowed owing to the fact that it is almost an impossibility to retain an exact wave-length to the millimetre day in and day out. Several factors have been taken into consideration in allocating the wave-lengths, among them being that of the intended power employed for the aerial output, and climatic conditions. As far as possible there are no two stations operating on the same power and wave-length. The climatic conditions also are an important factor. These conditions, which vary daily, are, for all practical purposes, beyond the engineer, with the result that he is permitted to work on a margin of five degrees each side of his allotted wavelength to rectify any possible errors. The fact that two stations working on wave-lengths (official) separated by only six degrees do happen to overlap occasionally does not infer that one of the two is not working on his correct wave-length more particularly when they are separated by thousands of miles.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31074763 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,680 |location=Western Australia |date=16 April 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''RADIO ROUND THE WORLD.''' PERTH'S new "B" station, 6ML, opened at 8 o'clock on March 19 with the introduction of the managing director, Mr. D'O. Musgrove, who then read a kind message from the directors of the A.B.C., to which was attached a "beautiful floral horseshoe for luck." Dr. J. S. Battye, B.A., LL.B., declared the station officially open. Among those (text missing from original) <ref>{{cite magazine | author = | title =RADIO ROUND THE WORLD | url =http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-671646437 | magazine =[[w:Wireless Weekly|Wireless Weekly (Australia)]] | location =Sydney | publisher = | date =18 April 1930 | nopp =no | volume =15 | issue =17 | pages =4 | access-date=12 May 2019 | separator =, }}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''6ML.''' Sunday, April 20. 3.0 to 4.0: Choral items by "The Watch Tower Choral Singers"; address by Mr. A. McGillivray of New York. 7.0 to 9.0: Selection of Brunswick, Columbia and H.M.V. records. Monday, April 21. 12.30 p.m. to 2 p.m.: Reproduced music and Steck Duo Art. 5.45 p.m. to 7 p.m.: Reproduced music and Steck Duo Art. 7 p.m.: Share market news by Messrs. Saw and Grimwood, St. George's-terrace, Perth. 7.3 p.m.: Re-produced music and Steck Duo Art. 8.0: An evening of the latest records released by Messrs. Musgrove's Ltd., Perth. Tuesday, April 22. Sessions, 11 a.m. to 12. 12.30 p.m. to 2 p.m. 3 p.m. to 4 p.m. 5.45 p.m. to 7.30 p.m.: Reproduced music and Steck Duo Art. 8 p.m.: This night is to be devoted to testing the ability of listeners to tell '''6ML''' which is reproduced music and which is the actual artist or artists performing. Each item will be announced by number only. This contest should create interest, and '''6ML''' will be pleased if listeners will forward answers addressed to the programme director. The all-talking and singing picture "Rio Rita" broadcast from The Capitol Theatre by permission of the Capitol Theatre managing director, Stanley N. Wright.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58380597 |title=6ML. |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1682 |location=Western Australia |date=20 April 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=31 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Reserve Power for "6ML."''' In order to ensure that an efficient supply of power will always be available for broadcasting the programmes, station '''6ML''' has completed the installation of a rectifying unit to supply the last panel of their plant with power. This will be an alternate source of supply to the generator, and will ensure at all times an efficient standby in case any unforeseen trouble develops in the other unit. Amateurs' reports still pour in regarding the strength of reception from '''6ML''', last week's mail containing letters from satisfied operators from such points as Roebourne, Rawlinna and Peak Hill.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31075965 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,685 |location=Western Australia |date=23 April 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''A NOVEL BROADCAST.''' '''6ML''' is to be congratulated on its success in broadcasting to listeners a particularly fine relay of the talking picture "Rio Rita" now starring at the Capitol Theatre. While this alliance of talkies and broadcasting is by no means new, its utility being recognised as soon as the phonofilm became a practical proposition, it is the first occasion in which we believe a new system of tapping the talkies was used, and which completely did away with theatre noise and other incidentals of the audiences, acclamation thus enabling the broadcast to be invested with a clarity that was really astounding, and convince listeners of the excellence of this picture. It is usual, or has been the case in past occasions, to pick up the talkie programme through a microphone placed adjacent to the sound reproducing apparatus, but the staff at '''6ML''' adopted the novel idea of intercepting the programme at the monitor control of the theatre, thereby obviating all extraneous noise. The ease with which the dialogue could be followed, likewise the excellent sound portrayal of the song numbers only whetted one's keenness to view the picture as a complete production.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58381237 |title=Over the Ether |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1683 |location=Western Australia |date=27 April 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=30 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 05===== <blockquote>'''STROMBERG-CARLSON RADIO. THE ALL-ELECTRIC SCREEN GRID FOUR.''' The All-Electric Screen Grid Four is specially designed to give perfect reception and particularly good selectivity in local broadcast stations, with the most satisfactory long-distance receptions. It utilises: 1 type 224 Screen Grid — 2 type 227 — 1 type 245 Power, and 1 type 280 Rectifier Valves. INTERSTATE RECEPTION GUARANTEED. PRICE, £37/10/. LIBERAL TERMS ARRANGED. STROMBERG-CARLSON — RADIO'S FINEST EXPRESSION. MUSGROVE'S LIMITED, OWNERS AND OPERATORS OF STATION '''6ML'''. MURRAY-STREET PERTH, and at FREMANTLE and BUNBURY.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31080768 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,703 |location=Western Australia |date=15 May 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. . . . 6ML TONIGHT.''' 8. "Around the World by Radio," a novelty night from '''6ML''', arranged by 6KK (sic, 6KX); we leave Western Australia, proceeding across the Indian Ocean listening to station '''6ML'''; 10. close down.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83510185 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,182 |location=Western Australia |date=31 May 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=10 (FINAL SPORTING EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 06===== <blockquote>'''"6ML Here."''' Mr. F. C. Kingston, manager of Musgroves "B" Class Broadcasting Station. It is the introduction of this second station on the air in the West that has helped to popularise radio locally.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210496854 |title=OF CIVILISATION RUNNING OUT? |newspaper=[[Truth]] |volume= , |issue=1392 |location=Western Australia |date=1 June 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. ADDITIONAL B CLASS STATIONS.''' CANBERRA, Thursday. The Postmaster-General (Mr. Lyons) today announced that B class wireless broadcasting licences had recently been granted to the following: 2AY, Albury; 2MO, Gunnedah; 2XN, Lismore; 3KZ, Melbourne; 3TR, Trafalgar; 3BA, Ballarat; 4BC, Brisbane; 4MK, Mackay; 5AD, Adelaide; '''6ML''', Perth; 7HO, Hobart.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article16669395 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=28,848 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=20 June 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''EXCEPTIONALLY FINE SERVICE.''' The staffs of both 6WF and '''6ML'''are deserving of every eulogy for the manner in which the stations were kept on the air beyond the usual sessions, for the purpose of broadcasting results of the first test match. Listeners are apt at times to be non-committal on any special efforts to give them an improved service, but the many eulogistic remarks that have been expressed by listeners in appreciation of the special services from both 6WF and '''6ML''', shows that at least these were highly appreciated, especially so in the country districts, where the broadcast information was the first source of gaining details of the latest scores.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58392860 |title=OVER THE ETHER |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1691 |location=Western Australia |date=22 June 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=7 (THE MOTORING SECTION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 07===== <blockquote>'''New Broadcasting Station For S.A. This Week. 5AD, WITH 1,000 WATTS, ON 229 METRES TO OPEN ON SATURDAY.''' The Register To Supply One Hour's Programme Weekly. In the absence of the Premier (Mr. Hill) in Canberra, the Attorney-General (Mr. Denny) will represent him and declare the station open. Other speakers on Saturday night will be, Senator Daly, the Postmaster-General (Mr. Lyons), the Lord Mayor (Mr. Bonython), and the leaders of the Liberal and Labour parties in South Australia. The official opening is set down for 8 p.m., afterwards a musical programme will be given by a number of leading artists. At 10 p.m. dance music will be broadcast, and the station will close down at midnight. '''DAILY SCHEDULE.''' Station 5AD will broadcast from 3 p.m. to 11 p.m. during week days. On Saturday and Sunday the hours will be from 6 p.m. until 11 p.m. and 6 to 10 p.m. respectively. The transmitting set was designed by Mr. Harry Kauper, one of the best of Australia's radio men, who left recently for England. Mr. Kauper was chief engineer at 5CL for many years. The set was constructed by Mr. E. M. Ashwin, and Mr. W. Maddocks, prominent Adelaide radio engineers with the assistance of local electrical firms. Experts who have heard the set in operation say it is one of the most efficient of its type in Australia. Excellent reports have been received of the experimental transmission last week, when only 140 watts were used. When full power is employed it should be heard all over Australasia. '''THE TRANSMITTER.''' The transmitter is crystal controlled, with low power modulation, and has four main units, the crystal oscillator and modulator, the linear amplifier, the rectifier and the power amplifier. To avoid hum, no generators will be used in transmission, the power for the big valves coming from the alternating current mains through a step-up transformer and mercury vapour rectifier. The studio is 70 feet by 20 feet, being nearly as large as those of 3LO Melbourne and 2FC Sydney. It has been lined with sound absorbing material, and its acoustic properties have been described by Professor Kerr Grant, Professor of Physics at the University, as excellent. '''SPONSORED PROGRAMMES.''' The Register News Pictorial will supply the programme from 5AD, every Tuesday from 9 to 10 p.m. The Advertiser will give a programme from 8.30 p.m. till 9.30 p.m. every Thursday. The News will contribute an hour next Wednesday. The latest news from The Register and The Advertiser will be broadcast as it is received. Mr. Ashwin will be assisted by Mr. Maddocks in the control of the technical side of the station. Mr. Ashwin was connected with 5CL when that station was housed in the Grosvenor many years ago, and also when the transmitter was moved to Brooklyn Park. Two years ago, Mr. Ashwin remodelled the transmitter at 7ZL Hobart, and installed the transmitting gear at '''6ML''', Perth. Mr. Maddocks was for four and a half years connected with 5CL. (PHOTO) Mr. H. Kauper. Mr. E. M. Ashwin, who is in control of the technical side of station 5AD, working on the transmitting gear, which he assembled.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article53798233 |title=New Broadcasting Station For S.A. This Week |newspaper=[[The Register News-pictorial]] |volume=XCV, |issue=27,756 |location=South Australia |date=31 July 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=17 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 08===== <blockquote>'''FEDERAL NETWORK. NEW CHAIN OF STATIONS. 5AD Adelaide, Linked.''' A nation-wide chain of broadcasting stations has been formed and will be known as the Federal network. The stations associated in this chain are '''6ML''', Perth; 5AD, Adelaide; 3DB, Melbourne; 3BA, Ballarat; 2GB and 2UW, Sydney; and 4BC, Brisbane. Relays of musical programmes will be carried out from time to time, and the stations concerned will co-operate in other ways. The first relay was made last week, when the opening programme of Station 5AD was carried to Melbourne, Ballarat and Sydney. Until line facilities are made available it will not be possible to relay to Perth or Brisbane.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30500643 |title=FEDERAL NETWORK |newspaper=[[The Advertiser]] |location=South Australia |date=9 August 1930 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''RADIO IN OTHER PLACES.''' STUNT plays and relays are sometimes taken seriously by listeners who tune in after the introduction is concluded. Thou­sands of people were preparing to rush into their wartime cellars when a clergyman’s idea of an air raid on London was broadcast some time ago; and when a Czech play, "Fire at the Opera," was broadcast recently. many listeners in Prague ran to the opera house to retrieve their roasted relatives. On July 19, the Perth "B" class station, 6ML, put over a description of an air raid. They were helped substantially by a publicity air raid, arranged by picture show people to advertise a flying picture. Hundreds of people lined the streets to see the action; while hundreds more list­ened-in, hearing the rattle of defending Lewis guns, and the roar of attacking 'planes, and above them all the announcer's voice, describing direct hits on the advertising theatre, several prominent city buildings, and on the broadcasting station itself.<ref>{{cite magazine | author = | title =RADIO IN OTHER PLACES | url =http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-698614248 | magazine =[[w:Wireless Weekly|Wireless Weekly (Australia)]] | location =Sydney | publisher = | date =15 August 1930 | nopp =no | volume =16 | issue =8 | pages =4 | access-date=12 May 2019 | separator =, }}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE FIFTH TEST. BROADCAST FROM 6ML.''' Realising the tremendous enthusiasm prevailing over the forthcoming Fifth and Final Test Match, '''6ML''' (Musgrove's Limited) will Broadcast to listeners scores and details of play throughout the entire game, which will be played to a finish. LISTEN IN! LISTEN IN! LISTEN IN! Be in the fashion and secure a STROMBERG-CARLSON RADIO. Listen in! and enjoy this historic game to decide the destiny of the Ashes, in the comfort of your own home. STROMBERG-CARLSON — RADIO'S FINEST EXPRESSION. ALL ELECTRIC SETS. PRICE FROM £15/10/. MUSGROVE'S LIMITED, Perth, Fremantle, Bunbury.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article33349122 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,782 |location=Western Australia |date=15 August 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=16 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Meeting of the League.''' . . . A request by Musgrove's, Ltd., the owners of '''6ML''', to be able to broadcast league matches was acceded to.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article33353565 |title=Meeting of the League. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,794 |location=Western Australia |date=29 August 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=13 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 09===== <blockquote>(Start Photo Caption) '''The Studio of Station 6ML, Perth.''' (End Photo Caption)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article33350388 |title=BRIGHT OUTLOOK FOR FUTURE. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,796 |location=Western Australia |date=1 September 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''6ML, PERTH. Successful "B" Class Station.''' Station '''6ML''', Perth, was opened with due ceremony on March 19 last, and has been on the air ever since, averaging 47 hours a week. This is a "B" class station, and is owned and operated by Musgroves, Ltd., of Murray-street, Perth, and has played an important part in the progress of wireless in this State. Its transmissions are of good quality, and its programmes more than favourably compare with many "B" class stations in other parts of Australia. Daily sessions of general musical items are given, and there is a regular children's hour between 7.30 and 8 p.m. Each Monday evening a selection of the latest gramophone numbers is broadcast; Wednesday is a special dance night; on Thursday the items are mainly of a classical nature; and on Sunday evening a special concert programme is given. The other evening programmes are of general appeal.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article33350384 |title=6ML, PERTH. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,796 |location=Western Australia |date=1 September 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''PROGRESS OF WIRELESS. DEVELOPMENTS IN W.A. THE PAST YEAR REVIEWED. Marked Increase in Licences. (By "Radio.")''' The improvement of the transmission from 6WF was followed by the erection of our first "B" class station — '''6ML''', owned and operated by Musgroves Ltd. The effect of this new station on the development of interest in radio during the past year cannot be overestimated. Then came the test cricket broadcasts in which both stations were prominent. The interest in the present series of tests was greater than in any previous series, and the fact that progress scores could be obtained over the air, led to a marked increase in the sales of sets and of licences, no fewer than 1,235 licences being taken out in July — a record for the State. Persons who had not taken much interest in radio "listened" in for the first time and, apart from the cricket scores, were quick to realise the advantages of radio as an entertainment. In the city large crowds gathered round every loudspeaker, while in the country the interest was intense. It is not too much to say that the prejudice against radio has now disappeared and in its place has come a wireless sense. . . . The new carrier wave telephone system between Perth and the Eastern States should be in operation next year and this will enable outstanding events to be relayed from stations in the East direct to 6WF and '''6ML'''. Thus we may now prepare to listen to a full description of the Melbourne Cup of 1931. Like test matches this will bring broadcasting further before the general public and will sharpen the wireless consciousness. We can look to the future of broadcasting in Western Australia with optimism and there will be much disappointment if, within 12 months of the erection of the new station, the licences have not passed the five-figure mark.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article33350382 |title=PROGRESS OF WIRELESS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,796 |location=Western Australia |date=1 September 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''6WF'S BIRTHDAY. Happy Gala Night.''' "There are close upon 7500 wireless licences in force at the present time, just about double the number in operation when 6WF, as operated by Westralian Farmers Ltd., was handed over to the Commonwealth and the Australian Broadcasting Co., said Dr. J. S. Battye at the first anniversary birthday party held at the 6WF studios last night. About 100 guests of the A.B.C. were present in the large studio during the early part of the evening, from where a special gala-night programme was given. An attractive supper was provided in the reception room, after which dancing was carried on till the early hours of the morning. The manager of the station (Mr. Basil Kirke), with his wife, received the guests, read to the gathering and to listeners a telegram of welcome and congratulation from .the chairman of directors (Mr. Stuart Doyle). Dr. J. S. Battye, during an interlude in the programme, traced the progress of wireless in this State from the inception of broadcast station 6WF. He said that while the Westralian Farmers commenced the service with a laudable object, they were faced not only with a lack of interest in broadcasting, but a strong prejudice against it. Once the difficulties of the change m wavelength were overcome by the new company and with the co-operation of the public, the Press, the university, the Wireless Institute, and other organisations, the position began to improve until now it was in a most hopeful position. One factor which assisted greatly in the increase of licences was the establishment of '''6ML''', which provided an alternative programme and allowed for a diversity of interests to be catered for. When the new relay station was established in the vicinity of Katanning there should be a further increase in licences. Speaking generally, Dr. Battye said that wireless was helping to break down national and geographical barriers, and its consequent destruction of the intol-erances which ignorance breeds among peoples living within narrow circles had yet to be fully estimated. It was an effect which was inevitable, because broadcasters could not be other than an educational influence. It was clear that when the possibilities of broadcasting as a formal and deliberate means of education were considered there could be no doubt that an instrument of incalculable value would be shaped for the service of mankind.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79472903 |title=6WF'S BIRTHDAY |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,262 |location=Western Australia |date=2 September 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=3 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''AN INVESTOR'S DIARY. . . MUSGROVES LIMITED. (Through Messrs. Saw and Grimwood).''' MUSGROVES LTD. The well-known Western Australian firm of music dealers, Musgroves Ltd., have published their figures for the year ended June 30, 1930, and net earnings of £994 resulted. This profit does not compare very favorably with £7124 for 1929, £15,624 for 1928, and £15,531 for 1927, but the unhappy time being experienced by similar institutions throughout the Commonwealth must be remembered. Musgroves' chief source of revenue was hitherto derived from sales of player-pianos, but in these days of radio de luxe the once popular player has been relegated to the background, and the wireless set has taken its place. The directors, anticipating this state of affairs, were not slow in opening a radio department on a large scale, and this has, during the past year, been considerably augmented, and advertised by the broadcasting station, which is owned and operated by Musgroves Ltd. under the name of "'''6ML'''." This venture, although just arriving at the self-supporting stage, has proved a very valuable asset in the popularising of the firm's goods, especially radio sets, gramophone records, pianos and player pianos. The chairman in his report describes this new wireless station as a "milestone in the progress of Musgroves Limited." This is undoubtedly so, but what may be regarded a a "millstone around the company's neck" was the purchase at peak prices of two buildings in Murray-street.— Lyric House and Brown's Buildings. Concerning this the chairman stated: "In the report of the previous year's business your directors reported having purchased Brown's Buildings. At that time there appeared to be no reasonable prospect of ever acquiring Lyric House, which, on account of its position and fittings, was pre-eminently suitable for our business. When, therefore, the opportunity to purchase Lyric House arose, the directors immediately took advantage of the chance to make it a permanent home." He goes on to say that the earliest opportunity will be taken to dispose of Brown's Buildings. This is undoubtedly a very wise resolution, but when a sale does eventually take place it would appear that nothing short of a miracle can possibly save the company a loss of many thousands of pounds. From the published figures it would appear that a loss of £693 was experienced over the retention of Brown's Buildings for the year, and if no greater loss than this is sustained for the next few years it will probably pay Musgroves to hold on to the property until conditions and prices for city property improve. The purchase of Brown's Buildings cost Musgroves £46,298 10s, and the deposit on Lyric House was £5000, but the purchase price is not disclosed and the company's contingent liability for the balance is not shown on the balance sheet. The total freehold property is therefore £51.298. Other assets are: Broadcasting plant, £1679; furniture and fittings, £5678; stocks, £32,649; debtors under hire-purchase agreements, less unaccrued interest, £63,430 (these accounts are secured by lien over goods); sundry debtors, £4530. Against the hire purchase accounts, £1000 has been reserved for bad debts and £200 has been set aside to cover sundry debtors in this connection. Other assets total £3510. On the liabilities side appear: Paid capital, £70,000; premium on shares, £971; bills payable, £2113; sundry creditors, £3238; taxation, reserve, £200; bank overdrafts, £68,403. The general reserve stands at £15,750. Analysing the above figures, one comes to the conclusion that the financial position is sound enough. Sundry debtors at £67,315 practically offset bank overdraft of £68,403; the only other liabilities amount to £5515. against which there are assets of £94,815, which gives a surplus of £24,815 after allowing for paid capital of £70,000. This surplus of £24,815 could not, of course, be sold at that figure, but supposing it to be worth £10,000, at least, it would appear that Musgroves could afford to lose this amount on the properties purchased before the shares would have a paper value of less than 20s for every £1 share. Musgrove's house appears to be fairly well in order from a musical trade point of view, but its ventures into the realms of real estate have been, to say the least, unfortunate. The fully paid £1 shares are quoted 10s seller on the Stock Exchange, and, at that figure, should have good speculative possibilities. Shareholders received 10 per cent. until about last December, but recent dividends have been passed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79473074 |title=AN INVESTOR'S DIARY |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,270 |location=Western Australia |date=11 September 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=3 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 6WB <blockquote>'''KATANNING ROAD BOARD. MONTHLY MEETING.''' The meeting of the Board held last Saturday was of more than ordinary interest, a number of matters apart from the usual "roads and bridges" work being dealt with. These included a decision with respect to the establishment of a branch factory of the Hume Pipe Co. at Katanning, the question of equipping the Town Hall with a "Talkie" outfit, the attitude of the Board regarding declaration of the York-Cranbrook road through the Board's territory, and the establishment of kerbstone markets. Another subject of interest was that of bookkeeping methods, following an investigation by the Assistant-Secretary into the finances of the Town Hall. The only member absent from the meeting was Mr. A. V. McDougall, the Chairman (Mr. A. Prosser) presiding over an otherwise full meeting of members. . . . '''Wireless Station.''' It was reported that; although no definite information had been received regarding the installation of a wireless station on the Great Southern, it was believed that it was to be erected close to Katanning. The fact that the station had been named 6KA was regarded as significant.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article147676373 |title=KATANNING ROAD BOARD |newspaper=[[Great Southern Herald]] |volume=XXVIII, |issue=3,008 |location=Western Australia |date=20 September 1930 |accessdate=4 April 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''"ARCHIE" ON THE AIR. NOW WANTS TO PUT OTHERS ON.''' ARCHIE GRAHAM, known by young and old over the air as "Archie" made a lot of friends as announcer for '''6ML''', in Perth, and is now seeking to make more by putting more wireless into more homes. Mr. Graham has had as extensive an experience in radio work as most men of his age, both as an entertainer and on the technical side. He started with 3LO in London, and then went for a time on the Tivoli Circuit through South Africa, and so to Australia. As soon as his contract was through he was snapped up by the Radio stations and became a popular feature of the programmes of 4QG, Brisbane, 2FC and 2BL, Sydney, 3LO and 3AR, Melbourne, 5CL, Adelaide and 6WF, Perth. Archie seems to have the wanderlust. Anyhow, as soon as '''6ML''' started he wandered over there. Now ill-health makes it necessary for him to take an open-air job and he has moved ground again to take up the handling of A.W.A. Radiola Receiving Sets for Phonographs Ltd. But with all his wandering, he doesn't get far away from the entertainment stuff. (Start Photo Caption) Archie Graham. (End Photo Caption)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article208140441 |title="ARCHIE" ON THE AIR |newspaper=[[Truth]] |volume= , |issue=1407 |location=Western Australia |date=21 September 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=9 (SUNDAY EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 10===== <blockquote>'''THE ADVERTISING ARTS BALL. THE COSTUMES REPRESENTING "THE WIRELESS NEWS AND MUSICAL WORLD." "The Wireless News Two."''' "The Wireless News Two" was awarded the prize for the most original costume at the Advertising Arts Ball held at Temple Court on Thursday evening last. The head decorations were made from large silvered Philips valves, and the set, with its tuning dials, rheostat, etc., is shown as standing on a table. 6WF and '''6ML''' are represented with their call signs on large silver valves on the front of the tablecloth, looking into the set are all of this well-known make. The valves and components shown in this and the back view, under the familiar covers of "The Western Australian Wireless News and Musical World." Looking into the back of the receiver, where can be seen the Philips A415, B405, Philips eliminator, transformers, coils, etc. Thanks is due to Messrs. Unbehaun and Johnstone, Philips distributors in W.A., for supplying the attractive silver valves and many attractive posters, giant components, etc., that were the main features of the make-up. The table draping at the back was a splash of colour with attractive posters of many well-known radio lines.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article250699970 |title=THE ADVERTISING ARTS BALL. |newspaper=[[Manjimup Mail And Jardee-pemberton-northcliffe Press]] |volume=IV, |issue=167 |location=Western Australia |date=3 October 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''SOMETHING NEW. General Motors on the Air With Excellent Programme.''' Despite the unfavorable weather conditions prevailing last night thousands of Perth listeners picked up the General Motors Broadcast through '''6ML'''. The broadcast provided a new development in radio entertainment in Australia, and the programme was popular with local listeners who are eagerly awaiting the next effort from the big motor firm. The entertainment was '''RELAYED FROM SYDNEY''' to the short wave station 3ME Melbourne, and then rebroadcast here by '''6ML'''. The General Motors Concert Orchestra was heard in a series of numbers under the baton of Mr. Howard Carr. Songs by Miss Muriel O'Malley, the General Motors Quartette, and a talk on motors by Mr. Norman ("Wizard") Smith, the holder of the world's ten mile record, and Mr. Lawrence, of General Motors, completed the programme. These broadcasts, which will be continued at intervals, will be known as the General Motors Family Party Hours. Listeners-in are looking forward to the next.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article75485583 |title=SOMETHING NEW |newspaper=[[Mirror]] |volume=9, |issue=469 |location=Western Australia |date=4 October 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 11===== <blockquote>'''"Station 6ML" Here.''' MANAGING Director D'Oyley Musgrove, of Musgroves Ltd., has seen one of Perth's biggest musical warehouses grow from the smallest acorn, but just when everything seemed to be 100 per cent. the introduction of wireless gave Musgroves and other musical businesses the big K.O. D'Oyley Musgrove visioned the possible dwindling of the gramophone and the player piano with the growing popularity of wireless, and he made provisions for it, and not only did his firm start in the radio business on a big scale, but they installed the first "B" class radio station in the West and daily and nightly '''6ML''' are on the air. Although the upkeep of the station has been a costly affair, Mr. Musgrove knows that his firm and his station are on the right lines, and happy and bright times are ahead of this progressive firm.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article208141861 |title=GOSSIP |newspaper=[[Truth]] |volume= , |issue=1415 |location=Western Australia |date=16 November 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''A Sport King.''' LISTENERS-IN to the '''6ML''' broadcasting station often wonder who the man is behind the personality voice that discourses so fluently on the sporting topics of the day. It is obviously the voice of a man who knows what he is is talking about. And when it comes to sport S. B. Gravenall — or "Gravy" — certainly does know his onions. In his heyday he was one of the best all-round athletes in the land. At Wesley College (Melb.), where he was later a master, he excelled in football, rowing, cricket, running, tennis and shooting. There was a time too when he was the best footballer in Australia — but added to his own ability in these games he is a first class coach of others, and his close study of a every branch of field sport makes him an authoritative critic besides.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article208142070 |title=GOSSIP |newspaper=[[Truth]] |volume= , |issue=1416 |location=Western Australia |date=23 November 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 12===== <blockquote>'''STROMBERG-CARLSON RADIO CONSOLE.''' Radio Receivers make fine Christmas presents and the new Stromberg-Carlson Two-valve Radio Console makes a particularly fine family gift. One of the many good reasons for choosing a Stromberg-Carlson Radio as the family present, is that, it will be a permanent possession in the home and with it there is a wealth of music, classical, popular, an abundance of dance music and entertainment, as provided by the Broadcast Stations. It will brighten the home generally and is equally enjoyable by every member of the family, young and old alike. SEE AND HEAR THIS NEW TWO-VALVE RADIO CONSOLE — IT'S MARVELLOUS! "The Finest Radio Receiver at the Lowest Price Ever Produced in Australia." Cash Price £19/10/; Special Xmas Terms £3 Deposit and 7/6 Weekly. '''MUSGROVE'S LIMITED.''' OWNERS AND OPERATORS OF STATION '''6ML'''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article33006047 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,890 |location=Western Australia |date=19 December 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=18 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1931==== =====1931 01===== =====1931 02===== =====1931 03===== <blockquote>'''STATION 6ML. Birthday Celebration.''' The first anniversary of the foundation of the '''6ML''' broadcasting station was celebrated in the studio, Lyric House, Perth, on Thursdav night, when a gala programme was presented. The large attendance included the Deputy Director, of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. S. R. Roberts). In a short speech, in which he remarked upon the educational value of broadcasting, Dr. J. S. Battye said that thousands of listeners were grateful to those who were responsible for '''6ML''', and for the results that had been obtained. The station had been a valuable complement to 6WF, for no one station could cater adequately for the variety of interests among listeners. That the two stations were coping with these interests was shown by the fact that the number of wireless licences in this State had increased by leaps and bounds, and was now double what it was at Christmas, 1929. '''6ML''' had specialised on the musical side of broadcasting work, and by presenting first-class music, both vocal and instrumental, it had done much to improve musical education in the State. Mr. M. D'Oyley Musgrove, in reply, thanked Dr. Battye for the sympathetic interest he had taken in the station. The founders of the station had hoped by presenting a better class of musical programme to improve the musical standard in Western Australia. The popularity of the station was due in no small measure to the co-operation its founders had received from the Deputy Postmaster-General, and officials of the Australian Broadcasting Company, operating 6WF. The station manager (Mr. F. C. Kingston), in a review of the station's work since its inception, said that its efficiency had recently been increased by 22½ per cent. In January last the power of the station was increased by 50 per cent., and the present power in the aerial was 3½ times greater than it was 12 months ago. This increase in power had given the station a wider range, and had resulted in shoals of letters from grateful listeners in all parts of the State. The programmes were now being received over a radius of 300 miles, and it was hoped soon to complete arrangements for the transmission of programmes from stations in the Eastern States. An enjoyable programme of vocal and instrumental items by local artists was given, and at its conclusion those present were the guests of the management at supper and a dance.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32506369 |title=STATION 6ML. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=8,968 |location=Western Australia |date=21 March 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. 6ML'S FIRST BIRTHDAY.''' . . . (By VK6FG) . . . Congratulations to '''6ML''' on satisfactorily completing one year of service to the listening community. A birthday party was held in the studio on Thursday last, when a number of those interested in radio accepted the invitation of the management to be present. Dr. J. S. Battye spoke in appreciation of the service rendered by the station. The presence of a second station had materially contributed to the increase in listeners' licences during the year, and with an alternative programme to which to tune, it had gone a long way in filling the wishes of the general body of listeners. Mr. D'Oyley Musgrove and Mr. F. C. Kingston spoke on behalf of Musgrove's and the station. For the first 12 months of its service '''6ML''' has a high record. It has been on the air regularly, and the quality of the transmissions have been of a superior quality. The recent increase in power has been all to the advantage of the more distant listener, while the programmes generally have been well selected and compare favorably with similar stations in other States. The station, which draws its revenue from advertising, has naturally felt the effects of the depression, as have other businesses, but it has shown a courageous front and listeners will wish it successful second year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article85412842 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,434 |location=Western Australia |date=23 March 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=3 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 04===== =====1931 05===== <blockquote>'''GOLDFIELDS BROADCASTING. "B" Class Station Granted THREE-YEARS LICENCE. (By VK6FG)''' Goldfields Broadcasters Ltd., a recently formed company, has been granted a licence by the Commonwealth authorities to erect and operate for three years a "B" class broadcasting station at Kalgoorlie. According to the company's prospectus, approximately half the shares are available for purchase in this State, the remainder being available to investors in South Australia. Those prominently connected with the proposed station are Mr. E. Ashwin, who was the constructional engineer for broadcasting station '''6ML''', Mr. Don. Gooding, and Mr. W. H. Tucker, all of Adelaide. It is learned that the station will have a power of 1000 watts into the final amplifier and will use the latest screen-grid transmitting valves throughout. The wavelength will not be decided upon by the authorities until the location is definitely settled, but it is expected it will be between 200 and 300 metres. The design of the station will be such as to comply with the very latest in overseas practice. Because of the efficiency of the apparatus it is expected that the station will be clearly heard in Perth by owners of sets using two valves and over, and it is hoped that the station will be operating within a few weeks. No callsign has yet been designated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83923369 |title=GOLDFIELDS BROADCASTING |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,467 |location=Western Australia |date=1 May 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=7 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''MUSGROVE'S LTD. Music for the Winter.''' With the coming of winter thoughts naturally turn to the means of providing entertainment in the home and there is no better entertainment than music. The well-known house of Musgrove's, Ltd., Lyric House, Murray-street, Perth, has an experience of the musical requirements of West Australians extending over more than 30 years and its policy since the inception has been one of service and value. Among the many special lines displayed in the commodious showrooms at Lyric House are Bechstein, Marshall and Rose, Squire and Longson and Lyric pianofortes. A player piano solves many problems of home entertainment and the Lyric player piano, specially designed for Australian conditions, which is sold at a price within the reach of every home is one of the most popular players on the market. The purchase of one of these instruments is made easy by a system of gradual payments and old pianos are accepted as part payment with a liberal allowance. The advance of radio has progressed to a stage of remarkable attainment, together with a simplicity of operation, in the last two years that earlier difficulties of aerials, batteries and tuning are now eliminated by all electric sets which operate by a switch as easy as turning on a light. The Stromberg-Carlson range of radio receivers is within the reach of everyone and Musgrove's, Ltd. have a complete stock of all Stromberg-Carlson sets from the Lucan two-valve receiver at £19/10/ to the phonoradio combinations which are a masterpiece of entertainment, combining as they do all the advantages of a wireless set and a gramophone. The quality of the reproduction of records through these phonoradio combinations is said to be in advance of anything obtained by mechanical means. Musgrove's Ltd. are the owners and operators of broadcasting station '''6ML''' which is very popular with many listeners both in the metropolitan area and in country districts. A wide variety of Brunswick and Rexonola phonographs and Brunswick records is displayed at Lyric House, and the new Panachord record offers surprisingly good value in popular music for 2/6. In this music warehouse are facilities for the inspection, comparison and selection of all kinds of music and musical instruments and a staff of experts are always at hand to give demonstrations and to supply every need.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32516857 |title=MUSGROVE'S LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=9,005 |location=Western Australia |date=6 May 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WONDERS AT THE LOCAL EXHIBITION. Success at Perth Town Hall.''' The annual wireless exhibition, held in the Perth Town Hall on Thursday and Friday last, was a record one. The magnificent display of wireless apparatus, outlining the progress made by radio in the past twelve months was a revelation to many of those who attended. The local wireless firms were well represented, displaying wireless and gramoradio receivers as well as components and speakers, of very fine workmanship and neat designs. Several rather novel ideas were in evidence, amongst which was a device for boiling water without fire or any visible heating apparatus. A crystal set, capable of receiving 6WF was fitted into an ordinary wireless valve. The "electric eye" was also demonstrated, this device being a ray of light focussed on a cell which in turn is connected to an electric bell. When a shadow is thrown on the cell, the bell commences to ring, and stops immediately the shadow is removed. Another idea, on the dictaphone principle, would record a voice and immediately afterwards reproduce the words through a loudspeaker. Quite a number of local amateur transmitters were there, with their sets installed showing neat construction and design. Just after 8 p.m. on Friday, the voice of Mr. E. T. Fisk, of Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., came over the land line from Sydney and was relayed by 6WF and reproduced in the hall by several loudspeakers. During the evening the artists of 6WF made their appearance on the platform in musical numbers, this being the first time that many listeners have had the opportunity of seeing them. The relaying of the various musical items and speeches was carried out by '''6ML''' on Thursday night and 6WF on Friday night. The exhibition was under the auspices of the wireless institute. The proceeds of a function which is to be held in the Buckland Hill Town Hall on Friday next will be devoted to the relief of the unemployed in the district. There will be dancing, community singing and orchestral items, and card players will be catered for. Fifty good prizes have been donated and supper will be provided.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58647804 |title=WIRELESS WONDERS |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1738 |location=Western Australia |date=17 May 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 06===== =====1931 07===== 1931 - Frequency Change <blockquote>'''6ML'S WAVE LENGTH. Proposed Alterations. PRELIMINARY TESTS.''' The radio inspector's department announces that, due to the increasing number of broadcasting stations in Australia, the department has found it necessary to alter the frequency of Station '''6ML''', operated by Musgrove's Ltd. It is intended that this station shall operate on 80 kilacycldes (341 metres), and in order to ascertain the relative efficiency of such a change, observations are being carried out by experienced observers. Test transmissions of one hour's duration, commencing at 10 p.m. — after the station closes down its usual programme — will operate from tonight, and the observers are being asked to comment on the relative strength of signals, quality of transmission fading and distortion and interference from other stations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83899100 |title=6ML'S WAVE LENGTH |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,523 |location=Western Australia |date=7 July 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=6 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1931 - Frequency Change <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. New Wave Length Tests.''' In connection with the change of wave length which is to be made shortly, tests were conducted from broadcasting station, '''6ML''' Perth between 10 and 11 o'clock last night on 341 metres. Owing to the increasing number of radio stations in Australia, the Postmaster General's Department has found it necessary to alter the wave length of '''6ML''' from 297 metres, which is being used at present, to either 341 metres or 255.5 metres. The tests last night were made with a power of 50 watts, which is about one-tenth of the power normally used. The owners and operators of the station, Musgroves. Ltd., of Murray-street, Perth, announced that they would appreciate reports on the test transmission from listeners, particularly in regard to interference if any, from station 6WF. The dial reading for the wavelength of 341 metres is about 15 degrees higher than for 297 metres. The radio inspector (Mr. G. A. Scott) has, in order to ascertain the relative efficiency of the transmissions on 341 and 297 metres, arranged for observation to be carried out by competent listeners. Mr. Scott will be pleased to receive comments on the relative strength, of the signals, the quality of transmissions and the amount of interference from other stations. Observers are also asked to give a comparison of fading and distortion on both wavelengths. Further tests on 341 metres will be carried out from station '''6ML''' tonight and tomorrow night between 10 and 11 o'clock.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32359593 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=9,059 |location=Western Australia |date=8 July 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1931 - Frequency Change <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Local Transmission Tests. . . . (By VK6FG).''' During the past week station '''6ML''' has been conducting experimental tests on wavelengths other than that for which it was originally licensed. It is understood that the purpose of these is to determine a wavelength which will provide a better broadcast service to the country districts for the dissipation of the same amount of energy — 500 watts. It is difficult from the point of view of the city listener to make a comment on the transmissions which will be of value to '''6ML''', and of necessity reports from the country areas must be awaited to determine whether the experimental transmissions have been reaching the rural dweller better than the fixed ones. When '''6ML''' was on reduced power during the experiments volume naturally fell off considerably, and there was a slight background of mushiness, but when the higher power was tried on the altered wavelength it would be difficult to discriminate between the quality of the transmission on any of the frequencies tried. '''6ML''' at all times was sharp in tuning, with good depth of modulation. The tests showed that so far as the station itself is concerned it is capable of fitting in the band at almost any place. '''TROUBLE WITH 6WF.''' On the highest wavelength tried, trouble, however, was experienced, not with '''6ML''', but with interference from 6WF. Even with the most selective sets 6WF comes in over so many degrees of the tuning condenser that were three or four more stations to start up in Western Australia they would have to be fitted in the waveband on either side of 6WF and would be blotted out because of 6WF's broad tuning. That this is due to the high power used is to an extent correct, but that the difficulty is inherent in the station is shown by the fact that in other States there are a number of stations operating, yet cause no trouble by broadness of wave. Take Melbourne, for instance. 3LO and 3AR are two stations with high power, while there are half a dozen 'B' class stations — all erected within an area of a few miles, yet when I was holidaying there some time ago a set stationed almost in the middle of them was able to tune in one after the other without any interference. If it is not possible to sharpen up the tuning of 6WF it would not appear wise to bring '''6ML's''' wavelength any closer to 6WF's, and a hasty judgment on this point would not be wise, for opportunities for a thorough test are necessary. Should it be definitely proved that little variation to the existing conditions can be made, what are the alternatives? One would be to shift 6WF out of the city altogether, so that the ground wave to metropolitan listeners would not be so strong, or else reduce the power of 6WF to about that of '''6ML'''. Curiously enough it will be remembered by experimenters that when 6WF came down from 1250 metres to 435 metres preliminary tests were made on low power, and while the volume was sufficient for local sets, encouraging reports were received from the country. It will be interesting to observe what the department does in the matter, for without a relay station for supplying a service to the country the position is full of complexities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83895630 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,528 |location=Western Australia |date=13 July 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=3 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1931 - Frequency Change <blockquote>'''6ML'S NEW WAVE LENGTH.''' Owing to the requirements of the Postmaster-General's Department the wave length of 297 metres, which has been used by station '''6ML''' since its inception, will be abolished for Western Australia some time in August. The owners and operators of the station (Musgrove's Ltd., of Murray-street, Perth) were given the choice of two new wave lengths, 264 metres or 341 metres. Tests were conducted on both wave lengths last week, and listeners were asked to report on these transmissions. The Manager of station '''6ML''' (Mr. F. C. Kingston) said last night that 85 per cent. of the replies indicated a preference for the 264 metres wave-length. The company had decided to allow the choice of the new wave length to be governed entirely by the views of listeners, and he had therefore notified the department that it had chosen the lower wave length. The change from 297 metres to 264 metres would be made on a date to be fixed by the department.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32347947 |title=6ML'S NEW WAVE LENGTH. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=9,065 |location=Western Australia |date=15 July 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1931 - Shortwave Simulcast; 1931 - Frequency Change <blockquote>'''264 METRES FOR 6ML.''' Mr. H. Kingston, manager of Musgrove's Ltd., which control station '''6ML''', stated today that approval had been given by the Commonwealth authorities for a wave length of 264 metres instead of 297 metres, which the station is now using. The alteration to the wave-length will become operative from Wednesday next. Possibly, during the two succeeding days the full power of 300 watts in the aerial will not be utilised. However, after the initial adjustments have been made, transmission on full power will be restored. It is contended that the transmission on this new wave-length will be just as good as on the existing one, and that listeners will experience no difficulty whatever in tuning in the station. '''6ML''' will be off the air during the day sessions on Wednesday next, but will recommence at 5.45 p.m. on reduced power. During the day alterations to the set and aerial will be made, and tests carried out. Mr. Kingston also stated that the firm was considering the installation of a short-wave transmitter which would simultaneously broadcast the programmes from '''6ML'''. A wave-length of somewhere betwen 60 and 100 metres was contemplated, and a reply from the authorities, to whom the matter had been referred, was now awaited.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83896605 |title=BROADCASTING CHANGES |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,536 |location=Western Australia |date=22 July 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=6 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1931 - Frequency Change <blockquote>'''6ML's New Wave-Length.''' Beginning at the 5.45 p.m. session on Wednesday next, broadcasting station '''6ML''' (Musgrove's Ltd.), will operate on a wave length of 264 metres instead of 297 metres. The new wave length will be found about 10 degrees below the existing wave length on the tuning condensers of receiving sets. There will be no morning, midday or early afternoon sessions on that day. Next Monday, Mr. Eric Donald, formerly of station 3UZ, Melbourne, will begin his duties as announcer at '''6ML'''. On Sunday next, beginning at 6.15 p.m., '''6ML''' will take part in the biggest combined broadcast in the history of broadcasting in Australia when 13 "B" class stations from Brisbane to Perth, linked, together to 5KA, Adelaide by land lines, will broadcast a recorded lecture by Judge Rutherford, of America. The broadcast has been arranged to coincide with an important convention of the International Bible Students' Association at Ohio, United States of America.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32349704 |title=6ML's New Wave-Length. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=9,072 |location=Western Australia |date=23 July 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=15 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''PUBLIC WEDDING. Bride is Excited. AN UNIQUE EVENT.''' When Hoyts Theatres Ltd. announced their intention of arranging for a public open-air wedding as a medium to bring the cause of the Golden Apple Appeal prominently before the public they entertained no doubt of their ability to secure a couple contemplating matrimony who would be willing to take the role of principals in this novel ceremony. Their optimism proved to be well founded. A dozen couples applied in answer to the advertisement in "The Daily News." One couple got into touch with the company's representative, Mr. Bert Snelling, at 1 a.m. today, while another couple was waiting at his office before 9 a.m. The selection has fallen on MISS MAY WHITEMAN and MR. STEVE STYLES. Preparations are necessarily hurried, but arrangements were well in hand for the ceremony, which is fixed for tomorrow at 1 p.m. A photograph of the bride and bridegroom-to-be appears in these columns. '''DECOROUS CEREMONY.''' Hoyts promise that the procession and concert which they staged to assist the appeal last Friday will be completely surpassed by the novelty and color of tomorrow's ceremony and accompanying celebration. The point is stressed that the marriage is a genuine ceremony and will be performed in that atmosphere of dignity and decorum the occasion demands. It is anticipated that a tremendous crowd will congregate at the railway station reserve at 1 o'clock. Hoyts are erecting a special dais, which will be elaborately dressed. An orchestra and organ will also be in-stalled and Mr. Keith Watts, popular Perth tenor, will provide vocal accompaniment. The entire service will be broadcast by Station '''6ML''', Musgroves, who will also instal loud-speakers so that those unable to get near the dais may follow the service. Preceding the service a concert will be presented by several of Perth's leading artists, the arrangements for which are now in the hands of Messrs. Keith Watts and Snelling. The bride and bridegroom will leave for the ceremony from Hoyts Capitol Theatre, the groom arriving at 1 p.m. and bride with her retinue shortly after, and, at the conclusion of the ceremony, will return to the Capitol where the wedding photographs will be taken, and thereafter to Temple Court Cabaret for the wedding breakfast, which the management of Temple Court Cabaret are kindly providing. The public may witness this breakfast from the galleries and loges, and attention is directed to a notice elsewhere. '''GIFTS FOR COUPLE.''' Following gifts have been kindly promised to the bride and bridegroom:— Hoyts Theatres Ltd., 25 guineas, and a year's pass to Hoyts Theatres, WA.; John D. Dobson, jeweller, Murray-street, Perth, wedding ring; Epstein Bros., Piccidally Cafe, wedding cake; Temple Court Cabaret, wedding breakfast (for 30 guests); Corot and Co., Barrack-street, wedding dress; Roselea Nursery, Forrest-place, bride's and bridesmaids' bouquets; Mr. Harry Rex, Hostel Rott-nest Island, week's honeymoon accom-modation; W.A. Airways Ltd., honey-moon aeroplane trip; F. Siegrist, hair-dressers, Hay-street, hair waving and manicure; Mallabones Ltd., William-street, travelling case; George Nelson, Hay-street, bridal shoes; Alex Kelly, Hay-street, bridegroom's shoes; Cox Bros., William-street, complete suit and outfit for bridegroom; Hummerston and Bate, Hay-street, gift for groom; Caris Bros., table set; Mr. Hicks, of New Ideas, window dressers and showcard writers, Temple Court wedding breakfast decorations; Illustrations Ltd., photographers, photo of bridal group. Bon Marche will present a cheque to the funds to mark the ceremony. Motor cars taking part in the ceremony are being kindly donated by: Messrs William Attwood Ltd.; Yellow Cabs, Packard sedan; Messrs. Adams Motors Ltd.; Messrs. Sydney Atkinson Ltd., and Consolidated Motors Ltd., and the Tourist Bureau are undertaking the honeymoon arrangements. '''PRE-MARRIAGE SHOPPING.''' Today, the bride and bridegroom have had a strenuous but delightful time visiting various stores, obtaining the special licence and finalising details, the bride in particular being happily engaged in matters dear to every woman's heart. On Saturday morning the bride and groom will pay a visit to each of the stores to personally thank the donors for their gifts. Details and times of the visits will be published tomorrow. On Saturday afternoon, Hoyts Theatres gifts will be presented on the stage at the Capitol Theatre. Among the artists participating in the concert preceding the ceremony and at the breakfast are Mr. Eddie Callow, James Miller, Keith Watts, George Simmonds, Ron Brearley and Miss Mignon Jago.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83893464 |title=PUBLIC WEDDING |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,537 |location=Western Australia |date=23 July 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=2 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''PERSONAL.''' Mr. Eric Donald arrived in Perth this morning to take up the appointment of chief announcer at '''6ML''' (Musgrove's Ltd.). He commences his duties on Monday next.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83896328 |title=PERSONAL |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,538 |location=Western Australia |date=24 July 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=1 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1931 - Frequency Change <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. New Wave Length of Station 6ML.''' Readers are reminded that, commencing with the 5.45 p.m. session today, station '''6ML''' will broadcast on its new wave-length of 264 metres (1,136 kilocycles). This wave length was decided on after numerous tests, and will replace the old one of 297 metres. It will be found that the transmissions will come in with the tuning condenser dial lowered between 8deg. and 12deg.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32352421 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=9,077 |location=Western Australia |date=29 July 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1931 - Frequency Change <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING.''' To the Editor, "The West Australian." Sir,— I would like to bring before the public another injustice offered our State by the Commonwealth Government. For over a year station '''6ML''' has been broadcasting on a wave length that radio enthusiasts have become used to, and as it is, in my opinion, the only station that supplies a sufficiently interesting programme to induce one to take out a licence it is most unfair that they should be requested by the P.M.G. Department to change their wave length so that the same may be given to another station, possibly an Eastern States station. It seems hard to understand that, although a "B" class station such as '''6ML''' is largely accountable for the increased number of licences, it receives no assistance whatever from the revenue received from licences, and, then meets an obstacle such as asking it to change its wave length in favour of a new station. Perhaps the P.M.G. would be kind enough to explain the position to the satisfaction of radio enthusiasts.— Yours, etc., PUZZLED.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32352519 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=9,077 |location=Western Australia |date=29 July 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=15 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 08===== <blockquote>'''CALLED BY WIRELESS. Constable's 500-Mile Dash. HURRY TO FUNERAL.''' An announcement made from 6WF and '''6ML''' last Sunday evening had a sequel which served as yet another instance of the service of wireless to the back country of Western Australia. Constable Tom Penn, of Meekatharra, was away in the bush on Sunday, and when he returned he heard from Constable T. Fawcett, who had been listening-in to Perth on his four-valve receiving set, that his brother, David Angus (Gus) Penn (24), had died in St. John of God Hospital that day. If Constable Penn himself had heard the announcements he would have had less than two hours to catch the train for Perth, so as to arrive in Perth in time for the funeral on Tuesday. But when he returned to the Meekatharra station the train had gone. Mr. Frank Davis, of Meekatharra, provided the solution. He offered his car. With his wife and his brother, Mr. E. S. Penn and his wife, Constable Penn left Meekatharra at 1 a.m. on Monday morning. Hard driving down the Wongan line brought the party to Northam on Tuesday morning, and to the Karrakatta Cemetery gates at 10 a.m., just in time for the funeral service. Travel-worn and tired, the Meekatharra party was able to pay a last tribute to the brother. Gus Penn, son of Mr. and Mrs. T. R. Penn, of Seventh-avenue, Maylands, had been in the employ of the Midland Railway Company at Mingenew.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83884881 |title=CALLED BY WIRELESS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,545 |location=Western Australia |date=1 August 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=10 (HOME (SEMI-FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 09===== <blockquote>'''MUSGROVE'S LTD. The Pioneer "B" Class Station.''' It is now 18 months since station '''6ML''' opened, and during that period Western Australia has advanced very considerably in the matter of radio and broadcast entertainment, says a statement issued by Musgrove's, Ltd. Up to the time of '''6ML''' going on the air, there was only one programme available, and listeners' licences totalled under 4,000. Now licensed listeners number nearly 10,000, which is a clear indication of the value of alternate programmes. It is not contended that '''6ML''' has been solely responsible for this big increase, but it is certainly owing to the fact that a second programme has been available, thereby enabling listeners to make their choice, that many have become interested in broadcast entertainment. The conducting of a broadcasting station, and the presentation of regular and varied programmes of an acceptable standard, is not the easy matter one would imagine. Station '''6ML''' is on the air 8¼ hours a day, and to provide different programmes every day for this spread of hours is in itself a very difficult matter, and when the diversified tastes of the listening public are taken into account, the problem becomes even more difficult. Our efforts in this direction, however, have been quite successful, judging by the thousands of appreciative letters which we have received from listeners, regarding both our transmission and our programmes. We are, however, never satisfied, and are constantly searching for new ideas and improvements, and we can assure listeners that it will be our constant aim to give nothing but the best at any time, and wherever an opportunity presents itself to better the transmission, the plant, the programmes, the staff or the service, listeners can be sure that it will be taken. Many changes have already been made. The plant has been so added to and improved that it is doubtful if the suppliers would recognise it now. Studio equipment has been improved and added to, so that no matter what the occasion or how large an assembly of artists is required at any one time, they can be properly handled, and annoying waits and pauses eliminated. Relay equipment has also received very especial attention, and the station engineer has designed and constructed highly efficient portable remote control units for outside relay work, which is month by month increasing in popularity. In pursuance of this policy, we have ordered from overseas the very latest type of speech or first stage amplifier. This unit is at present in transit, and should arrive in Perth and be ready for installation at the end of the month. This amplifier incorporates the very newest improvements, and represents the last word in broadcasting plant. It is rated to give ten times greater amplification and efficiency in the first stage than the amplifier in use at present. Up to the present time the station has not been a financial success, but it is very gratifying to note the considerably increased interest being taken in this form of publicity. We are particularly pleased with the way listeners have reported on our transmission, and this has been of very material assistance in enabling us to make improvements and adjustments. These reports have been received from every part of the State, as far distant as Wyndham. We have also received very large numbers of reports from every other State in the Commonwealth, and we regularly have reports on our transmission from New Zealand. A few days ago we received a letter from a listener in Merced, California, reporting on our transmission and programmes, and advising that the programme fully justified sitting up until the early hours of the morning. In looking back over the past 18 months, we do so with a great amount of satisfaction in what has actually been accomplished, and difficulties overcome, and with this very valuable experience behind us and a well established service and station in operation, we are able to look to the future with extreme optimism, for we might almost say that broadcasting and radio are as yet in their infancy, and that there are big things ahead, big things to plan and big things to achieve.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32358723 |title=MUSGROVE'S LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=9,106 |location=Western Australia |date=1 September 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''A SUCCESSFUL YEAR. TWO NEW STATIONS. A.B.C.'s Second Anniversary.''' Today is the second anniversary of the new regime at station 6WF, Perth, which consisted of the taking over of the programmes by the Australian Broadcasting Company and of the transmissions by the Commonwealth Government. Radio has made decided progress in this State and, to increase the popularity of broadcasting, the Radio Traders' Association will, today, begin the first "Radio Week" in the history of Western Australia. The erection in Perth of the first "B" class station, '''6ML''', played a large part in the development of radio, and the announcement that two new "B" class stations will be on the air shortly should help to swell the ever-growing number of licensed listeners. Despite many unfavourable factors, steady progress in wireless, as indicated by the reliable guide of the number of listeners' licences, has been made in radio in this State since September 1, 1929, which marked the beginning of what was called the new era in wireless. The outlook for the future has never been brighter and before the year is ended the number of licences in force should exceed the five-figure mark. The most important of the facts which assure of greater development in radio in the coming year is the decision of the Commonwealth Government to transfer the transmitter of station 6WF from its present unsuitable site in Wellington-street, to a position outside the city proper, and at the same time to bring the plant up-to-date by incorporating the latest technical improvements; to increase its power considerably and generally to give a service that will satisfy the majority of listeners. It is hoped that by this means the bugbear of the distant listener, distortion, will be obviated, and this should lead to an awakening of interest in radio in the country and to the renewal of many cancelled licences. The introduction of station '''6ML''' gave listeners the choice of two programmes and helped to add to the number of licences. The new Kalgoorlie station is expected to be on the air by the middle of this month, and the second city "B" class station, to be operated by Nicholsons, Ltd. should commence broadcasting in October. With four stations from which to select their entertainment West Australian listeners will be well catered for. During the year the radio trade has flourished and the demand for all-electric sets, from those of two valves to phonoradio combinations, has been great. The high standard of efficiency of these sets combined with their simplicity of operation, has played its share in popularising broadcasting, which is one of the cheapest forms of entertainment. The closing of city picture shows on Sundays should increase the radio audience considerably on that night, and the special programmes broadcast from 6WF and '''6ML''' on Sundays, should cause many amusement seekers to listen-in at their own sets or at those of friends. Tonight to mark the second anniversary of the taking over of the programmes of 6WF by the Australian Broadcasting Company, a special programme will be broadcast between 8 o'clock and 11 o'clock, to which leading radio artists will contribiite. Many guests, including the Postmaster-General (Mr. A. E. Green, M.H.R.) have been invited to the studio to watch proceedings.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32358742 |title=PROGRESS OF WIRELESS |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=9,106 |location=Western Australia |date=1 September 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''6ML''' News Service. Commencing on Monday, a special news service will be broadcast from '''6ML'''. Arrangements have been made for a summary of the news to be put on the air direct from the offices of: "The West Australian" and "The Western Mail" twice a day, at noon and at 7.15 p.m. The transmission is being made in cooperation with Musgrove's, Limited.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32354618 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=9,110 |location=Western Australia |date=5 September 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW RADIO STATION. SERVICE FOR GOLDFIELDS. Official Opening Tomorrow.''' KALGOORLIE, Sept. 13.— During the past week Messrs. E. Ashwin and D. Gooding, radio engineers, of Adelaide, who built the plants for '''6ML''' (Musgrove's, Ltd., Perth), 5CL and 5AD (Adelaide), as well as for stations in Tasmania and Queensland, completed the installation of the plant for the Goldfields "B" class broadcasting station, whose call sign is 6KG. Test transmissions commenced yesterday, and will be repeated daily throughout this week. The station has a wave length of 246 metres and the management has applied for permission to use considerably more power than that originally granted, owing to the large inland area over which the service will operate. The application has been favourably received by the Postmaster-General (Mr. A. E. Green), who will perform the ceremony of opening the station, either in person or by telephone on Tuesday. The opening concert, however, will not be given, until the following week. The plant, which is similar to all modern transmitting apparatus, is crystal controlled ;with a high percentage of modulation, and consists of two units, one being a complete 50-watt transmitter and the other a linear amplifier, which has a capacity of 500 watts. The apparatus is mounted in metal frames, totally enclosed in aluminium panels to prevent accidental contact with the live parts. The control apparatus completes the plant, power for which is obtained from a generator and a rotary converter. The aerial is 80 feet high, with a span of 200 feet, and consists of two steel masts guyed in three places. The station is situated on the outskirts of Kalgoorlie and on practically the highest section of country on the goldfields, 1,200 feet above sea level. Mr. R. Saunders, well known through his association with "Rex and Don" of 5CL (Adelaide) has been appointed manager by the company, which is essentially a goldfields enterprise. Mr. C. Gordon will be the assistant announcer and Mr. E. Ashwin, engineer. Misses G. Williams and J. Harvey will be the "aunties," who will conduct the children's hour and the housewives' session. As far as possible local talent has been recruited for positions at the station. The children's hour will be from 6 p.m. to 6.30 p.m. daily, and the housewives' session from 11 a.m. to 12 noon. From 12.30 p.m. to 2 p.m. the latest news, weather reports, and lunch hour music will be broadcast, and a similar session will be given again between 3 p.m. and 4 p.m. The evenings will be devoted to musical programmes and news items. The opening concert will probably be given at the Kalgoorlie Town Hall on September 21 next. The tests that have been carried out during the past two days have proved highly successful, but the station's ordinary programmes will not be commenced until next week. For the next few days only the low-powered unit at the station will be utilised for broadcasting.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32348959 |title=NEW RADIO STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=9,117 |location=Western Australia |date=14 September 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''PURCHASERS' STORIES. Land and Homes Inquiry. FURTHER EVIDENCE.''' Among the witnesses heard today by the Royal Commissioner (Mr. Justice Dwyer) who is inquiring into the operations of Land and Homes (W.A.) Ltd., was one who said he was a Pole and could not read the contract he signed, another who said she left her glasses at home and also could not read the contract, and got the wrong block, and a third who said he signed in a hurry under the belief that it was a hire-purchase agreement from which he could withdraw simply by forfeiting payments he had made. Mr. Ross McDonald (instructed by Robinson, Cox and Wheatley, is presenting the case for the purchasers, and Mr. F. W. Leake (instructed by Northmore, Hale, Davy and Leake) is watching the interests of the company. . . . '''HIS SCOUTMASTER.''' Henry Trethowan Simmons, in charge of the transmitting plant at '''6ML''', and living in Mt. Lawley, said that in March, 1930, he was taken to Westminster Garden City with men named Bennett and Roach. Bennett was formerly a Scoutmaster of witness, and came to see witness at Musgrove's. He spoke of a block that another Scout had had and could not pay for, and he wanted witness to take it over. Eventually, thinking that he could drop the purchase merely by forfeiting his deposit, he signed what Lilburne and Bennett told him was a hire-purchase agreement. When he was pressed to sign it was seven minutes to 11 o'clock, and as witness had to start the transmitter at 11 he was in a hurry to get away. When he found he could not keep up the payments he sought to drop the purchase, but proceedings were taken and judgment obtained against him. . .<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83884751 |title=PURCHASERS' STORIES |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,582 |location=Western Australia |date=14 September 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=4 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''"B" CLASS BROADCASTING.''' To the Editor, "The West Australian." Sir,— May I be permitted to correct one or two wrong impressions which have been formed owing to the wording of statements in "The West Australian" of September 14 in reference to the opening of the Kalgoorlie "B" class broadcasting station. The Perth "B" class station, '''6ML''', was built and installed by the National Musical Federation, Ltd., of 83 Flinders-street, Adelaide, of which I have the honour to be a director and also general secretary. Mr. Ashwin was at that time a radio engineer in our service, as also when my company built and installed station 5KA, Adelaide (1,000 watts), and is a radio engineer of high attainments. 5CL, Adelaide, was built by Amalgamated Wireless (Australasia), Ltd., under contract to Central Broadcasters Ltd., of which company I was an original founder, also director and general secretary from its inception in 1924 until 1927. Mr. Ashwin and Mr. Goodwin were associated with our chief engineer, Mr. E. J. Gunner, in the installation of the very efficient temporary low-power transmitter with which 5CL first went on the air while the 5,000-watt transmitter was under construction. I mention these facts because they are matters of history in the Australian broadcasting world and to accord honour where honour is due. I should like to congratulate West Australian listeners upon the installation of the Kalgoorlie station and also upon the large increase in the number of licensed listeners in the State which is a distinct tribute to the popularity of 6WF and '''6ML'''. During my visit to your beautiful capital city, I am anticipating with pleasure the prospect of hearing some high-class programmes from these stations. Radio has long since become a public utility and, with further improvements looming in the immediate future, all of which will make for public convenience and benefit, broadcasting is, I am sure, destined to fill an even higher place in public esteem than at present.— Yours, etc., A. RAWLINGS CAMPBELL.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32363112 |title="B" CLASS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=9,121 |location=Western Australia |date=18 September 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=21 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Elimating Unwanted Stations. BCL LICENCES. (By VK6FG.)''' With the Kalgoorlie station 6KG now on the air, just below '''6ML''', and with the promise of 6PR on the air on 341 metres during October, a number of inquiries have been made for an efficient wavetrap which will trap out one station. During the past week 6KG has been testing on low power, and comes in just below '''6ML'''. In the city it is practically impossible on an ordinary set to cut out the local station. Superhets, and sets with high selectivity may be successful, but the ordinary run of sets will prove disappointing to many listeners. Indeed, on many of them a relatively few degrees on the condenser dials brings in either of the two local stations, due principally to the great power and broadness of tuning of 6WF. It is to be hoped, therefore, that 6WF will be rebuilt on more up-to-date lines, or removed well away from the city, when 6PR comes on the air, otherwise a wavetrap may be necessary, and the following information may be of assistance to those who contemplate building one, if only for the purpose of tuning-in the Eastern States broadcasting stations. Wavetrap circuits may be divided into three classes, viz., rejector, acceptor, and bypass filter circuits. The rejector circuit opposes the interfering signal, the acceptor circuit extracts energy from the interfering signal and prevents it getting to the receiver, while the bypass circuit offers it a path of low impedance to earth. The rejector circuit may be either in shunt or series, as the illustration shows. The shunt rejector prevents signals both above and below the wave length to which it is tuned from being received. It is properly constructed with a large capacity and low loss inductance, the capacity predominating. The series rejector rejects the signals to which it is tuned from being received. The series rejector circuit is employed to advantage to eliminate signals from a local broadcasting station which might otherwise prevent reception of other signals.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84209438 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,588 |location=Western Australia |date=21 September 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=3 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Scrambled Radio. CAREFUL HANDLING NEEDED. (By VK6FG)''' It is far from my desire to be an alarmist, but it is my considered opinion that unless certain matters in connection with radio in this State are taken in hand promptly and firmly by the authorities, there will be such an inglorious ether tangle that it will take several years for radio here to recover from the shock. Let's set out the points in something like order, though not necessarily of importance. 1. New Kalgoorlie station is right beneath '''6ML''''s wave. 2. 6WF's tuning remains unnecessarily broad. 3. When 6PR comes on the air, possibility of blotting out by "A" class station. 4. Possible interference with commercial reception by 6PR. Considering the first point, it is doubtful whether more than a dozen or so amateurs and probably half that number of broadcast listeners in the metropolitan area, have heard 6KG. The writer heard the station weakly a few nights ago, and then through a background of '''6ML'''. It was not '''6ML's''' fault, for they have had their wave-length allocated for some time. The allotting of 6KG to a wavelength so close to '''6ML''' means that city folk cannot hear 6KG, even with high-power sets, while goldfields centres cannot hear '''6ML'''. At the moment, and without considering the arrival in the broadcasting field of Nicholson's Limited, it means that the State only has two stations for the benefit of metropolitan listeners, for it is the metropolitan area which supplies the major part of the licence fees. Outside of the city the position is even worse. Within a range of from 200 to about 500 miles from Perth the success of reception from 6WF is variable, while because of the lower power permitted, '''6ML''' fails to travel over long distances. '''WILL 6WF BE SHIFTED?''' The fact of 6WF's wave being so broad, as indicated in the second point, means that without particularly selective sets or the use of wavetraps, the choice of Eastern States broadcast stations is limited. On some of the cheaper two and three-valve all-electric sets it is impossible to entirely tune out 6WF from '''6ML''' within a range of a mile or two of the station. Furthermore, it is reported by listeners from many parts of the city and suburbs that 6WF has "harmonics" up and down the band, which cause annoyance and interference. It was proposed to shift 6WF to a more suitable location, but nothing further has been heard of the project. The Radio Traders held a meeting of protest, but were more or less disarmed by the P.M.G.'s promise of early consideration. If the report be correct that investigation showed that such a large sum of money would be involved in the transfer and redesigning of the station, as to put the whole scheme out of court during the present state of the country's finances, then it will be a sorry lookout for local listeners. With many sets unable to completely tune out 6WF when on 297 metres, what will be the position when 6PR come on the air on approximately 341 metres? It would appear certain that 6WF on 435 metres, and under present conditions, will do much to blot out the transmissions. To compare the relative positions of the stations in the spectrum by wavelengths does not give a true understanding of the position; the correct method is to make all comparisons in frequency by kilocycles. Converting wavelength to frequency, it is disclosed that '''6ML''', on approximately 1010 k.c, has about 320 k.c. separation from 6WF (690 k.c. approx.), while Nicholson's on 880 k.c. is only 130 k.c. away. Thus while Musgrove's is separated from Nicholson's by 130 k.c., Nicholson's is separated from the "A" class station by 190 k.c. Normally such a separation would be more than adequate (American practice considers that 10 k.c. among well-tuned modern stations is sufficient), but in view of the fact that 6WF can be heard on many sets when tuned to '''6ML''', as the wavelength goes up (frequency goes down), the volume of the station causing interference can be expected to become louder. '''DIFFICULTIES OF RECEIVING.''' The final point of consideration does not bother the broadcast listener, but is nevertheless of interest in the radio world. Under arrangements made with Amalgamated Wireless of Australasia, the transmitting apparatus of 6PR will be at Applecross radio centre, from whence emanates the signals to shipping, the police shortwave set, and the emergency service to Rottnest Island. All the necessary aerials radiate from the 400ft. mast, and good engineers though they may be, one can foresee trouble ahead for VIP when 200 watts of modulated output is in the aerial of 6PR. If it be found that 6PR interferes with the reception of shipping signals, what will be done — shift 6PR or move the receiving station? Time alone can tell. However, without prompt action it would appear that radio in. Western Australia is fast drifting towards dangerous shoals, and it is to be hoped that those in authority consider the position which is set out above, in a spirit of perfect friendliness to all concerned. '''"B" CLASS STATION NOTES.''' Carpenters are still busy at Nicholson's Ltd. converting the concert hall into a studio. Professional staff has been engaged for the running of the studio, while the technical side is being attended to by A.W.A. The station 6PR hopes to go on the air during Show Week. The special Sunday night concerts promise to be particularly attractive. During October Mrs. L. Rossiter, soprano, will be among the new artists to be heard from '''6ML'''. Others will include Miss Pat Jones and Mrs. I. Edwards (sopranos) and Mr. A. W. Cooper (tenor). On October 13 Miss J. Saunders will give a musical talk taking for her subject some of Beethoven's compositions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84209885 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,594 |location=Western Australia |date=28 September 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=7 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 10===== <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. 6WF's TRANSMITTER. Postal Department's Inactivity. ("By Radio.")''' Radio enthusiasts and the very large number of potential listeners, both in the city and the country, have been waiting for some time for a public announcement by the Postmaster-General's Department as to the date on which the promised removal of the transmitting plant of station 6WF from its entirely unsuitable location on the roof of Westralian Farmers' building to a site outside the city proper, together with the modernisation of the plant, will take place. On July 22 last, the Postmaster-General (Mr. A. E. Green), in making public the news of the proposed transfer, stated that this would be done in "the shortest possible time"; since then nothing has been done — as far as can be ascertained even the site has not been secured — and the feeling is growing in radio circles that the proposed removal of the transmitter of station 6WF will become one of the unfulfilled promises that have so disheartened West Australian radio enthusiasts. Inquiries at the Postmaster-General's Department, Perth, are answered by the statement that "nothing has been received from Melbourne for publication." Complaints regarding the transmissions from station 6WF, which are the responsibility of the Postmaster-General's Department, have been made so often by listeners, traders and the Press as to become almost a commonplace, and they have also been the subject of strong trade campaigns. These have resulted in some improvement in quality without removing the two vital causes of dissatisfaction. Briefly these are: (1) The tuning of the transmitter of 6WF is so broad that, in the metropolitan area, it is impossible, without a highly selective and consequently expensive receiver, to receive the stations in the Eastern States without interference from 6WF, and often it is impossible to hear them at all, while on many sets '''6ML''', the "B" class station, cannot be received without, to a greater or lesser degree, receiving 6WF at the same time. (2) In the country, owing to fading and distortion, it is impossible over a very large area of the State to hear station 6WF at all; or, if it can be heard, sufficiently well to hear for any length of time any programme item. In fact, experts state that the effective range of 6WF is only 35 miles, although in certain outlying areas at times it is received quite well. The result is that, whereas in 1929 there were three country listeners to one in the city, now, there are three in the city to one in the country. '''Commercially Sound Proposition.''' There is a wide field for expansion in this State, which has now become radio minded. The removal of the transmitter of station 6WF to a site outside the city and the consequent modernising of the plant would (1) result in the sharpening of the tuning so that station 6WF would not cause the interference with other stations that it does at present, and (2) give country listeners 50 to 100 per cent. better service. Those able to analyse the position feel that, if this is done, the number of licences will increase from about 9,500 to 20,000. Thus it would be a commercially sound proposition for the department to put into effect at once its promise to remove the transmitter, and it would be an action well merited by Western Australia, which was the only State in August to show a gain in the number of licences, all the other States, which receive infinitely better service, than Western Australia, showing declines in licences. A little of the past history of station 6WF and its transmitter will not be amiss at this stage. The plant was originally built to operate on a wave length of 1,250 metres and, on that wave length, gave reasonably efficient service. In 1929 it was altered to operate on a wave length of 435 metres, a wave length to which the plant was entirely, unsuited, and since then there has been a never-ceasing stream of complaints as to its lack of efficiency. About 18 months ago Western Australia was promised a relay station in the Great Southern district, which would have been a most welcome addition and which would have undoubtedly doubled the licences then in force. This was to be one of a series of five relay stations to be built in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia. Then came the financial stress and the relay station for Western Australia — the radio Cinderella of the Commonwealth — was cancelled while the other four, for States already amply served, were not effected and have been erected or are in the course of erection. These stations will be situated at Newcastle (N.S.W.), Rockhampton (Q.), Corowa (V.), and Crystal Brook (S.A.), and the political significance of their localities has not been overlooked by disappointed enthusiasts here. It was, therefore, at a time when all hope of improvement had been given up and a mass meeting of protest had been announced by the Radio Traders' Association, that the announcement in "The West Australian" of July 22 that the transmitter of 6WF would be removed and improved was received with great satisfaction by radio enthusiasts. In this announcement the Postmaster-General said:— I have been disappointed that up to the present it has not been possible to proceed with an expansion of the national broadcasting services of Australia, the sole reason for the delay being the extremely difficult financial position of the Commonwealth Government. It is generally known that plans were prepared to deal with the requirements of Western Australia, and that steps were actually taken to obtain additional equipment, but at the last moment the Government found it imperative to cancel the contract. Since this decision was reached, however, I have given further anxious thought to the subject, and definite steps have now been taken for the removal of station 6WF to another site and for the plant to be reconstructed in a manner ensuring the highest quality of transmission obtainable. Designs for the station equipment are now being prepared, and efforts are being put forward with a view to having the changes effected in the shortest possible time. It is recognised that the present station lacks something in quality and that, owing to its situation, the effective radiated energy is much less than the needs of the district require. The plans now being developed will remove those liabilities and will provide for effective radiation, giving much greater field intensity than has hitherto been practicable. It is realised that these measures are not adequate to the needs of Western Australia, but they will form a very important contribution to the greater expansion in the service which it is hoped to make as soon as the financial position im-proves. Mr. Green's announcement received the warmest endorsement of the leaders of the radio trade and of listeners. Professor A. D. Ross summed up the general feeling when he wrote:— There is now every hope for a great advance in wireless in Western Australia. With an efficient transmitter installed by the department, the Australian Broadcasting Company would be able to supply varied and interesting programmes with the knowledge that the programmes would reach the listeners in a manner which would make them have true entertainment and educational value. Broadcasting has great possibilities in Western Australia, particularly at such a time as the present. There is no cheaper form of entertainment than wireless, and during a period of depression the people of the State, whether in the towns or in the country, could derive knowledge, encouragement and recreation through the medium of this national service. Immediate Statement Demanded. Mr. Green arrived in Perth on August 23, amplified his earlier statement and promised a station of greater power than any existing station in any capital city of Australia. Later, in replying to a deputation from the Radio Traders' Association, the Minister said: "I will use my best efforts to push forward the matter as quickly as possible." Hopes of radio enthusiasts ran high as they visualised, a new and efficient 6WF by Christmas — for experts were unanimous that the work could easily be carried out in four months at the outside. A strange silence then followed and now it is the strong belief of those in close touch with radio that the matter is at a standstill. It is felt that the plans for the removal have been shelved and it is feared that the whole proposal has been added to the graveyard which contains the ashes of so many hopes for modern and efficient transmission from 6WF. There appears to be some force at work against the improving of 6WF's transmissions and it would not be impertinent on the part of local listeners to say that the time is ripe for a full, frank and immediate pronouncement as to the fate of this latest proposal by the Minister (Mr. Green) or the permanent head of the department (Mr. H. P. Brown). At the deputation to the Minister, Mr. H. R. Howard, president of the Radio Traders' Association, said that the traders were up against a solid feeling on the part of the public which considered that owing to the disappointments that had been experienced, Western Australia had received poor consideration from the department in the matter of transmissions from 6WF. The feeling referred to by Mr. Howard is unabated and, unless some action is taken by the department, West Australian licence figures must follow those of other States and show a decline. The traders' association is considering two lines of action as a protest against the present position and these will be launched in the very near future. '''Effect on New Station.''' In discussing this subject an important aspect which is likely to put an end to any restraint on the part of listeners must not be overlooked. This is the opening of the new "B" class station, 6PR, next week. It is very pertinent to ask at this juncture, what will be the position of the new station if its transmissions cannot be received without 6WF's transmissions being heard at the same time? The new station 6PR is entitled to have a clear field on its own specified wave length. It has been pointed out that many listeners now cannot receive '''6ML''' without a greater or lesser degree of interference from 6WF. Now 6WF operates on a wave-length of 435 metres and its frequency is 690 kilocycles; 6PR will operate on 341 metres and 880 kilocycles; and '''6ML''' is on 264 metres and 1,135 kilocycles. If '''6ML''' which is separated from 6WF by 445 kilocycles, is subject to interference by 6WF, it is rather a poor lookout for set-owners, as 6PR is only separated from 6WF by 190 kilocycles, especially in view of the fact that interference becomes greater as the frequencies become closer. In modern practice 10 kilocycles is said to be ample separation between sharply tuned efficient stations to enable reception without interference; and therefore, the separation of 190 kilocycles between 6PR and 6WF should be more than sufficient separation of frequencies to enable 6PR to be received without even a trace of background from 6WF. Following the opening of 6PR the complaints about 6WF's transmissions are likely to be greater than ever before and it is to be hoped that they will be such as to galvanise the department into long-awaited action.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32353602 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=9,132 |location=Western Australia |date=1 October 1931 |accessdate=26 March 2019 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Station Notes. (By VK6FG)''' Last week, in the course of my notes upon "scrambled radio," I quoted the frequency of '''6ML''' as 1010 k.c. The station has since pointed out that that was the frequency on 297 metres, but since they have come down to 264 metres, the frequency has advanced to 1135 k.c., which is correct, but does not alter the substance of my argument. In reply to another point they quote the fact that reports upon the station's transmissions have been received from a number of listeners in New Zealand and Victoria, while State listeners are spread from Bunbury and Bridgetown in the south to Carnarvon and Sandstone in the north and to Trayning to the east, a condition of affairs which must be regarded as highly satisfactory to the station. With the major issues involved in the discussion, the station director agrees.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84208964 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,600 |location=Western Australia |date=5 October 1931 |accessdate=26 March 2019 |page=4 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''FOX-HOYTS RADIO CLUB.''' On Thursday evening next, at 6.30, the inaugural Fox-Hoyts Radio Club broad-cast takes place from '''6ML''' (Musgrove's Limited). The broadcast will comprise the first of a series of talkietones, embodying musical items by many of the Fox Corporation artists, and speeches by world-famed celebrities. The talkietone will be relayed per medium of a Fox movietone sound film, and by kind permission of Western Electric through the medium of their talking picture equipment at Hoyts Capitol Theatre, and then through the transmitter of '''6ML'''. An innovation in connection with the nightly announcements from '''6ML''' will the broadcasting of certain registration numbers of members, who will be entitled to free reserved seats at Hoyts Capitol, Regent and Majestic Theatres. Furthermore, a membership drive is to be conducted for one month from October 8 until November 8, and to the member securing the greatest number of fresh membership registrations an alternate prize of £2 2s cash, or one month's pass to Hoyts Theatres, will be awarded. Application forms for the local Fox-Hoyts organisation may be obtained from '''6ML''' or any of Hoyts theatres, or at Fox Movietone, Perth, the enrolment fee being 1s.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84205345 |title=FOX-HOYTS RADIO CLUB |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,601 |location=Western Australia |date=6 October 1931 |accessdate=26 March 2019 |page=7 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''DISPLAY BY MUSGROVE'S, LTD.''' (Start Photo Caption) Left : A general view of the pavilion. Top right : Section of piano and player piano display. Bottom right : Section of the radio showroom. Musgrove's, Ltd., are owners of broadcasting station '''6ML'''. (End Photo Caption)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article38526292 |title=DISPLAY BY MUSGROVE'S, LTD. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=2,383 |location=Western Australia |date=15 October 1931 |accessdate=26 March 2019 |page=31 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''MUSGROVE'S LIMITED.''' Musgrove's Limited, the well-known music people of Lyric House, Murray-street, Perth, also owners and operators of broadcast station, '''6ML''', had as usual a prominent and fine display of their exclusive world-wide agencies. Such pianofortes as the renowned Bechstein, Marshall and Rose, Steck Duo-Art, and Steck pianola pianos, and Squire and Longson were exhibited. More moderately priced, ant of such a grade that they are worthy to rank and were placed side by side with the other fine instruments, were the Lyric piano and player piano. These instruments are entirely of Australian production, specially constructed and designed for Musgrove's Limited, and prepared to meet the exacting requirements of Australian climatic conditions. They compare favourably with the world's best, and are said to be highly regarded by music lovers and teachers who know the importance of having in their homes an instrument that is above reproach in quality of tone and every other virtue. Convenient terms are available to suit everybody's income, and every instrument is fully guaranteed in writing for 25 years. Radio is booming and now forms an important part in home entertainment; in fact no home is complete without one. Songs, music, entertainment of all kinds, helpful talks, descriptions of thrilling events, and the news of the day, all come to you in the comfort of your own home by simply pressing a button. Wonderful progress in construction has been made during the past 12 months, and now Mus-groves have beautifully designed console models of Stromberg-Carlson sets, housing two, three, four, five and six valve receivers combined with a loud speaker, which operate entirely from the electric light supply in the home. They are practically foolproof and immune from service troubles. An important feature was the new Stromberg-Carlson convertible console, a new type of musical instrument which is a radio receiver now, and can be converted, at any time, to a phonoradio combination model, with very little cost to the owner. They are so constructed that a phonograph panel assembly for the reproducing of phonograph records may be installed beneath the lift-up lid, in a special recess provided. The convert-ible console has a uniform selectivity throughout the whole broadcast band, which is obtained by the use of band-pass filter circuit, electrolytic self-healing condensers, screen grid valve and Magnavox dynamic speaker of a type which has been matched to the penthode power valve, thus resulting in tone quality that far exceeds anything previously attained. Those receivers also make possible real interstate reception. Other new models incorporating the latest improvements in radio construction in the two and three valve receiving sets, are also available at considerably reduced prices. These include the Merlin, Lyric, and Dante sets, beautiful cabinet artistry, and tonal purity are of the many outstanding features. New and special models for battery operation have been designed with the receiver, batteries and speaker all housed in one handsome console cabinet, thus, making a complete unit. These are specially for country people. A complete range of Stromberg-Curlson models offer a varied and wide selection, all of which were exhibited in Musgrove's pavilion on the grounds. In radio equipment Musgrove's particularly call attention to the Magnavox dynamic speaker which assures freedom from rattles and distortion at any volume. These are obtainable for A.C. or D.C. mains, and battery operation. Raytheon valves have special four-pillar construction, cross anchored top and bottom, which gives them greater support at eight points instead of two as in ordinary valves. Brunswick and Rexonola phonographs and also the Lyric portable phonograph represented the exhibit of record reproducing instruments. There is a fine range of models which in beauty of design and clarity of tone will appeal to all.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article38526454 |title=MUSGROVE'S LIMITED. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=2,383 |location=Western Australia |date=15 October 1931 |accessdate=26 March 2019 |page=57 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Growth of "B" Stations. DIFFICULTIES OF BROADCASTERS. (By VK6FG)''' Spearwood, in the vicinity of the Peel Estate, is to be the site of the proposed new "B" class station, if all goes well. The matter has been under consideration by the authorities in Melbourne for some time, and if certain variations sought by the concern behind the new proposal are agreed to, the station should be on the air in a couple of months. A large city concern, with a number of branches, is said to be the moving spirit behind the scheme, but until such time as a direct announcement is made nothing further may be said. The project has been under consideration for some time, and finality would now appear to be approaching. Originally it was intended to establish the station at Bunbury, it is learned, but certain difficulties, mostly technical, were in the way. It was then considered that a station outside Fremantle would fill the bill, providing Fremantle with a station close at hand, while at the same time meeting requirements so far as the desire to provide a service to the entire south-west of the State is concerned. If the amount of power sought is conceded by the authorities, the station should provide practically the same volume as the new station, 6PR, of Nicholsons Limited, while in other directions it will be up to date. At the present time the three local stations — 6WF, 6PR, and '''6ML''' — occupy much the same time periods on the air, 6WF, of course, exceeding the other two because of the early morning and late evening session. It would not be surprising, therefore, if it was learned that the new station — if it comes to pass — will fill in many of the blanks of the daily programmes, and so provide listeners with the opportunity of a practically continuous programme from 7.30 a.m. to midnight on all nights except Sunday. While it is expected that recorded music will be largely drawn upon, inducement might be offered the musical folk of Fremantle, particularly, to provide artists, and as all "B" class stations derive revenue from indirect advertising, the idea of the "sponsored programme" doubtless will be closely considered. The almost sudden interest in "B" class stations is of interest as showing the revival of life in radio in the State, and as the only source of revenue is from radio advertising, it is assumed that those concerned have considered their outlook from the financial side. Use of Phonograph Records. Broadcasting stations are facing a somewhat cloudy outlook at the moment, what with the ultimatum of the phonograph record people, and the knowledge that the existing arrangement with the copyright people shortly expires. With limited incomes, it is only natural that "B" class stations should turn to recorded music, either in the form of piano rolls or phonograph records, for providing the musical entertainment from the studio. If this source of supply is cut off, it would for some little time at least inconvenience the stations. The phonograph companies are a sheltered industry as a result of the tariff on imported records; but as the Commonwealth — if it took over the provision of the national broadcast service — would be similarly affected by the ultimatum, there is a possibility that there might be a reduction in the incidence of the tariff, or else the complete removal of the present measure of protection. At present the two "B" class stations in Perth are controlled by companies interested in the sale of records. It is well known that the sale of records has fallen off considerably since the depression first made itself apparent, and If they were debarred from using the records for which they are agents — and for which they have to pay when they are used — one would assume as a natural matter of business that, were other agencies available from sources outside or inside Australia which gave the right to broadcast, they would consider the position in a somewhat different light. In the Eastern States, too, quite a number of the "B" class stations have got direct and indirect links with musical organisations, and so the whole position becomes gloriously involved. Practically all the "B" class stations are linked up under the Australian Federation of Broadcasting Stations for self-protection, and it is not to be assumed that they would give up the "ghost" without a spirited fight. What is to prevent such a closely-knit organisation — if it is really as closely knit as they would have us believe — uniting to provide its own programmes in the form of electrical transcriptions on talkie film, talkie tape, or other forms of sound reproduction? One can foresee the time when the broadcast stations would be supplied with daily programmes in just the same way as the picture houses are provided with programmes. Science never stands still, and the possibility is that if the phonograph people continue with their stand-and-deliver attitude, science may find a way out of the difficulty as unexpected as it would be unprecedented.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84204183 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,618 |location=Western Australia |date=26 October 1931 |accessdate=26 March 2019 |page=6 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 11===== <blockquote>'''OVER THE ETHER. Wireless News, Tips and Comments. By DETECTOR.''' . . . '''6ML''' PARS. Next Friday evening the Salvation Army Band, under the baton of Mr. J. C. Palmer, will give another recital from '''6ML'''. Included in the programme will be some old-time melodies, which will be rendered, so that listeners may join in with community singing. Following the recent successful radio dance in aid of charity, the Shell Company has arranged another popular entertainment, to take place on Thursday, November 12. It will take the form of a "party evening," and listeners are invited to organise parties in their homes for this occasion, as it will be marked with many novelty items. The entertainment will be broadcast by '''6ML'''. The '''6ML''' Fox-Hoyts Radio Club is growing rapidly, as many as a hundred new members being enrolled weekly. The first gathering of the club was held last Sunday evening, when over 350 members and friends responded to the invitation of Hoyts Theatres, Ltd., to witness a special screening of "The Yankee in King Arthur's Court." Other meetings will be arranged in the near future. Every Thursday, at 6.30 p.m., '''6ML''' broadcasts a programme of Fox "talkies." On Saturday, November 17, '''6ML''' will broadcast a special concert by the Western Australian Banjo, Mandolin, and Guitar Club, under the direction of Mr. G. H. Webster. In response to numerous requests, '''6ML's''' classical programme, to be broadcast on Tuesday evening, will consist mainly of items by English composers. Mails from New Zealand include reports from listeners who have picked up '''6ML'''. That the signals are received with good strength is made evident by the fact that full details of advertisements, and not merely titles of easily recognised musical items, are given. Other letters have been sent to '''6ML''' by listeners in all States of the Commonwealth, and also from countries as far away as California. Station '''6ML''' will broadcast the scores in the billiard match between Lindrum and Newman, which will be played this week in Musgrove's Hall.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58650775 |title=OVER THE ETHER |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1762 |location=Western Australia |date=1 November 1931 |accessdate=26 March 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''OVER THE ETHER. Wireless News, Tips and Comments. By DETECTOR. . . . A NEW AMPLIFIER.''' Last week Musgrove's, Ltd., announced that they were installing a new speech amplifier which would appreciably improve the quality of transmission. The apparatus possessed various mixing channels for microphone and pickup work, and would enable background music of practically any kind to be provided for programmes of every description, while avoiding distortion which spoilt tonal balance. Part of the apparatus, which was being installed by stages, was in operation last week, with satisfactory results.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58651668 |title=OVER THE ETHER |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1764 |location=Western Australia |date=15 November 1931 |accessdate=26 March 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 12===== <blockquote>'''OVER THE ETHER. Wireless News, Tips and Comments. By DETECTOR. . . . INCREASED STAFF AT 6ML.''' Mr. M. S. Urquhart (VK6MU) has joined the engineering staff of '''6ML''', and is engaged on the work of improving the station equipment with the station engineer. Since the new speech amplifier has been in operation the quality of transmissions has shown a marked improvement. It is the management's aim to make '''6ML''' second to no B class station in Australia.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58653298 |title=OVER THE ETHER |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1767 |location=Western Australia |date=6 December 1931 |accessdate=26 March 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1932==== =====1932 01===== <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Selectivity in Receivers. BETTER SETS WANTED. (By VK6FG)''' The time has arrived when people buying broadcast sets for their home are determined to ensure that receivers are amply selective. This will mean that many manufacturers of cheap electric models will have to revise their constructional ideas, or else go out of business. It is safe to say that a large number of the electric sets advertised in the "for sale — second hand" columns are there because of their inselectivity. Just as when radio first began to boom in this State, some manufacturers (not necessarily exclusively in this State) put out sets which in point of price attracted the unwary. Today they are not worth anything in a junk sale, and their efficiency when constructed was so low as to not be worthy of recommendation by the competent radio engineer. Much the same is the position today. The all-electric set has been produced in a multiplicity of models, all priced down to catch the person who wants a radio, but doesn't want to pay too much to get one. Salesmen are not backward in pointing out the good features of the set, but knowingly or unknowingly they do not mention, the weaknesses of the radio. First of all, Perth is one oi the few places in Australia which has '''40 cycle current'''; most of the Eastern States towns have either 50 or 60 cycle sup-ply. When a 50 or 60 cycle transform-fer is used with 40 current, it invariably leads to heating of the transformer. This piece of apparatus becomes much hotter than it should, while the action of the rectifying valve is such as to promote a short life. If the voltages to the various valves in the receiving part of the set, are as a result, found to be higher than the manufacturers of the valves specify should be applied, it will not be long before the overloaded valves give out and replacements are necessary long before they really should be needed. While that feature is bad enough, per-haps an even worse one is the inselectivity of sets. How many electric sets in and around Perth can tune from station to station without having another local station playing in the background. 6WF is somewhat broad in transmis-sion, and the presence of a high power station right in the city creates difficulties which are hard to obviate, but it should be quite easy in well constructed sets, to tune in 6WF without hearing either 6PR or '''6ML''', while when tuning in '''6ML''' no sound of 6PR or 6WF should be heard. Need for Selectivity. What is the cause of this inselectivity? Generally it is instructional weakness due to the adoption of a system known as direct-coupling of the aerial. In order to save knobs and also reduce expense, manufacturers of cheap sets have swung to direct-coupling of the aerial and as a aerial compensator have introduced band-pass tuning in subsequent stages in the set. Band-pass tuning is quite modern practice, when used with Variable-Mu and pentode valves tends to prevent what is technically known as "crosstalk," but the absence of loosely coupled aerial tuning has rendered nugatory to a large extent, the benefits of band-pass tuning. Those broadcast listeners who from time to time hear amateurs both on continuous wave and 'phone transmission, do so in about six cases out of ten, because of inherent weaknesses in their own sets. Amateurs work mostly on 20, 40 and 80 metres — well away from the broadcast band — and the majority adopt the usual protections against interference, such as the use of the supressors, earthing of high tension, sharp tuning of transmitter by employment and use of crystal control or M.O.P.A., etc. Cases which have come under notice recently indicate that the direct coupling of the aerial to the grid circuit has been the cause for not only interference from amateurs on one side and commercial stations on the other, but of inselectivity among the broadcast stations. Most of the commercial electric sets are provided with two aerial terminals and one earth terminal. They are usually referred to as the broad-tuning aerial and the sharp tuning aerial. Those listeners who are troubled with inselectivity will do well to shift their aerial on to the sharp-tuning terminal. This will alter the dial reading slightly, and may reduce the volume a little, but it should make for greater purity and less interference from other stations. If the inselectivity continues, secure about a seven-plate midget condenser and fix this in a position handy to the set. Sometimes it can be screwed into . the woodwork at the back of the set out of the way. If not, it may be accomo-dated on a small panel where the aerial comes into the room. Connect the aerial to one of the terminals on the condenser, and another piece of wire from the second terminal on the condenser to the aerial terminal on the set. By the adjusting of this midget condenser most of the inselectivity is overcome. If, however, the set continues to be in-selective it indicates that it is very poorly constructed, or else something is out of adjustment. Recently the set examined by an expert showed that the aerial coil was wound over the grid coil for almost its complete length; any won-der, that the set wasn't selective. The construction of a wavetrap at a cost of about 25s may then prove efficacious. It is preferable, however, to ensure when buying a set that it has the necessary degree of selectivity, and absence of hum. Indications are that be-fore long, manufacturers will abandon the direct coupled aerial and even if it costs more, resort to more selective methods and better technique.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article82521352 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=LI, |issue=17,677 |location=Western Australia |date=4 January 1932 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=2 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Pertinent Paragraphs.''' THE old fashioned idea of a musician was a man who sat at his piano or his violin most of the day and well into the night. The modern idea, as represented by Mr. D'Oyly Musgrove, of the big music firm that bears his name, is vastly different. Mr. Musgrove is a musician and a man whose interest in music extends far beyond his business. But that doesn't prevent him from having a great love of the outdoors. Swimming is his first favorite. His home in Claremont is close handy to the Baths and he spends a lot of his spare time in the water. When there is a carnival or a big event on it's usual to find him holding the watch, his services as time-keeper having been availed of for many years. Though not in the class of "Snow" Howson, "Yook" Stevens, Noel Unbehaun, "Pro" McKenzie and some of the others of Claremont's young brigade, Mr. Musgrove has some pace in the water and he is usually regarded as a prospective backmarker when there's a veterans' event coming off. In winter his favorite recreations are music and motoring.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article75763210 |title=Pertinent Paragraphs |newspaper=[[Mirror]] |volume=10, |issue=536 |location=Western Australia |date=9 January 1932 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1932 02===== 1932 - Aerial Alteration <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. Altering Aerial of 6ML.''' Two workmen were engaged on the roof of Musgrove's, Ltd., on Friday altering the aerial of the company's B class broadcasting station, '''6ML'''. The director of the station (Mr. F. C. Kingston), when asked the reason for the change, said that the chief engineer of the station (Mr. H. Simmonds) had been visiting the Eastern States recently and had inspected all of the stations in Melbourne and Adelaide in search of new ideas. Mr. Simmonds had accumulated some useful suggestions for improvement of plant, and these would be tested. He had also seen developments which justified a change in the aerial which had been contemplated by the company for some considerable time, and which was now being put into effect. The aerial was being changed from an inverted L type to a T type. This was expected to give better radiation and to ensure that the maximum power was radiated and none lost in the aerial system. It was hoped to have the alteration completed in time for tomorrow night's broadcast. Mr. Kingston added that the T type aerial would have been installed when the station was built had sufficient width of span between the masts been available. The reduction of wave length from 297 to 264 metres a few months ago had made the change possible.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32657311 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVIII, |issue=9,260 |location=Western Australia |date=29 February 1932 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1932 03===== =====1932 04===== <blockquote>'''OVER THE ETHER. Wireless News, Tips and Comment. BY DETECTOR.''' (Start Photo Caption) '''HEARD BUT NEVER SEEN.''' Mr. Bryn Samuel, station manager, who is responsible for the ringside boxing descriptions broadcast by '''6ML''' every Friday night. (End Photo Caption)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58660912 |title=OVER THE ETHER Wireless News, Tips and Comment |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1785 |location=Western Australia |date=10 April 1932 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=7 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. The Radio Exhibition.''' On Tuesday evening next at 8 o'clock, the efforts of the organisers of the Radio and Electrical Exhibition will have been consummated when the official opening will take place in the Temple Court Garage. For many weeks past the members of both organisations have worked strenuously to make the exhibition a notable event, and with the numerous and very latest electrical and wireless devices at their command they can with every confidence assure patrons of an interesting afternoon or evening. This will be the first occasion on which the electrical and radio traders have joined forces, and many of the large assortment of electrical time-saving devices which may be used in any household served with the electricity, will be displayed for the first time in this State. One interesting feature which will commend itself to every householder will be the very neat electrical clock. Absolutely silent, and made entirely in Australia this clock will be obtainable in designs suitable for any class of room or office. It is less cumbersome and far cheaper than the average 8 or 400 day timepiece, and the current it consumes is estimated at approximately one unit per month. '''Receiving Sets.''' As in the past the wireless section will comprise receiving sets of all types, from the humble crystal to the latent model superheterodyne. A special feature of this portion of the exhibition will be a complete absence of the unnecessary demonstrations regarding the tonal qualities of loud speakers. In the past it seemed to have been the one ambition of the exhibitor to illustrate the "loudness" of some component by means of the electrical pick-up and gramophone record. This, happily, will be entirely absent. Patrons will be able to inspect all ex-hibits and obtain information from the attendants without straining either their vocal chords or hearing. An added incentive to the patrons of the exhibition will be the chance of winning a handsome five-valve (including rectifier) all-electric console, valued at £37/10/. The announcement of the winner of this free gift will take place on Saturday evening, and patrons are reminded to be sure and retain the special portion of their admission ticket for this purpose. In conjunction with the allied associations well-known artists from stations 6WF, '''6ML''' and 6PR will render concerts for the benefit of patrons, while the Saturday afternoon session has been set aside for children when each child attending will receive a gift of a bag of sweets. We live in an electrical age, and everything electrical will be on view at Temple Court garage next week; therefore to keep abreast of the times every citizen of the metropolitan area and elsewhere should, endeavour to attend at least one of the sessions, during the currency of the exhibition.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32665616 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVIII, |issue=9,297 |location=Western Australia |date=13 April 1932 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''6ML, PERTH. The Pioneer "B" Class Station.''' Owned and operated by Musgrove's, Limited, '''6ML''' is the pioneer class "B" broadcasting station of the State. Officially opened on March 19, 1930, '''6ML''' has provided regular programmes for more than two years and has played an important part in the radio development of Western Australia. Daily sessions of eight and a quarter hours are maintained, and programmes of every type are presented to listeners. A special feature of '''6ML''' activities is the number of outside relays which are arranged, and particularly sporting events. The ringside descriptions of the boxing contests, which are broadcast each Friday evening, are extremely popular, and command a wide audience throughout the State. The plant was recently improved and brought up-to-date by the installation of a new speech amplifier, imported from overseas, and reputed to be the most up-to-date in the Commonwealth. Station '''6ML''' was the first "B" class station in the Commonwealth to employ a crystal controlled oscillator, and also carried out the first relay from Western Australia to the Eastern States. This relay was put over a '''Federal network''', of which '''6ML''' is the West Australian station. This network is formed from the following "B" class stations:— 2UW, Sydney; 3DB, Melbourne; 4BC, Brisbane; 5AD, Adelaide, and '''6ML''', Perth.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32662635 |title=6ML, PERTH. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVIII, |issue=9,302 |location=Western Australia |date=19 April 1932 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Australia's Broadcasting Problems. WHY NOT CALL IN CAPT. ECKERSLEY? (By VK6FG)''' It is becoming patent to those who have made a study of radio, and particularly of broadcasting, that the position in Australia is becoming tangled, to say the least of it. There is a general dissatisfaction with the programmes of the national stations, there is complaint from country listeners in many States that satisfactory reception cannot be obtained, and the department would appear loth to grant further broadcasting licences for the cities of the Commonwealth. The whole broadcasting business would appear to be due for thorough overhaul both from the technical and programme sides. During the week the cables told that Capt. P. P. Eckersley, one time technical director of the British Broadcasting Company and now managing director of the High Frequency Engineering Co. is sailing on the Otranto on April 30 for Australia. Capt. Eckersley is convalescent from an operation for appendicitis and he proposes during the trip to investigate broadcasting in Australia. No announcement has been made by the Federal authorities to suggest that the investigation is other than a personal one, but the opportunity should not be lost of securing to the Commonwealth the advice and assistance of such an expert as Capt. Eckersley, who is recognised as one of the outstanding radio engineers in the British Empire. '''Unique Difficulties.''' The fact that technical difficulties encountered in Great Britain are different from those met with here, should not deter the appointment, for Capt. Eckersley's experience both on the Continent and in America ensure that he has sufficiently wide mental vision to appreciate the differences in our problems from those of any other country. In Europe at the present time broadcasting is something of a modern Babel and it is only recently that efforts have been made to get order out of chaos. There have been two schools of thought. One is that each nation has the right to run its own broadcasting as it thinks fit, without interference from or reference to other nearby nations. The other is that broadcasting being international in character, it is necessary so to co-ordinate matters that harmony between all is the ideal, however difficult of realisation. The listener in Great Britain for instance may suffer in his reception of the local station by the "whistles" of European stations which are heterodyning on the local station's wave. This can only be obviated by an international arrangement and reallocation of wave-lengths. '''Position of "B" Class Stations.''' The "B" class stations because of their dependence upon advertising revenue to sustain them must perforce operate from the large centres of population. The national stations draw their revenue from the listeners and if the country can be induced to subscribe in its degree to the general pool it must be assured of a satisfactory service. The erection recently of stations at Corowa and Crystal Brook are evidences of a changing policy. At present there are two "B" class stations in Perth which have a separation of approximately 268 kilocycles, 6PR being on 882 k.c. (341 metres) and '''6ML''' on 1150 k.c. (264 metres). '''Applications.''' have been lodged with the authorities for further "B" class stations but the reply has been that there is not room in the ether for further stations in Perth. The national station 6WF is on 695 k.c. (435 metres) so that the nearest "B" class station (6PR) is separated by 187 k.c. Such a statement would appear to afford little testimony for the selectivity of our broadcasting sets, for in America it is the policy that no station shall be within 10 k.c. of another. Here in Perth we are separated by hundreds of miles from the nearest "B" class station — Kalgoorlie — and thousands of miles from the nearest "A" class station and yet we are told the ether is congested. Unless the Commonwealth has a scheme which it has not yet unfolded, I still fail to see the wisdom of erecting the new 6WF at Wanneroo. It would be much better further inland, where with the greater power and immeasurably more radiation promised, it would still be audible at great volume in the city and yet supply the country. Furthermore it would ease the claim of the Commonwealth that there are enough "B" class stations here. '''Problems of Australia.''' Australia is differently placed. Because of the insularity of the continent there is no interference from stations which do not come under the jurisdiction of the Commonwealth. The problems therefore are all within our own borders. One has only to look at the radio map to see that with the exception of Corowa and Crystal Brook the powerful broadcasting stations are established at the capital cities, and a further glance at the map shows that they are all practically on the seaboard. This policy was dictated in the early days, and ensured the serving of the greater number of population, but broadcasting is essential a community service. If there were any loss on it, the country resident doubtless would be called upon to contribute to the deficit in similar proportion to the town dweller. To the city listener, the radio is an alternative to the theatre as a means of entertainment; to the country man it is frequently his only entertainment and his only link with what we like to call our "civilisation." Therefore it is contended the countryman — and woman — is worthy of more than passing thought when the broadcasting policy is in the melting pot.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83883629 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=LI, |issue=17,772 |location=Western Australia |date=25 April 1932 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=7 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1932 05===== =====1932 06===== <blockquote>'''OVER THE ETHER. Wireless News, Tips and Comments. By DETECTOR. . . . 6ML PARS.''' It will be noticed that '''6ML''' has made an alteration to the time of the afternoon session, which will be extended by an hour, so that the station will be continually on the air from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. Hitherto 2 p.m. to 3 p.m. has been a "dead" period on the air. Next Saturday evening's programme will be devoted to humorous items. A great deal of interest is being shown by listeners in the '''6ML''' women's session. Fashion notes, beauty hints, recipes, and other useful items make the session interesting and helpful to women. It is conducted by Lady Edna, a member of '''6ML's''' staff. "W.W." (Subiaco), writing, says:— "Our set is very rarely turned from the 264 mark on the dial, for taking it all round I think Musgrove's is a most interesting broadcast station."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58665317 |title=OVER THE ETHER |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1795 |location=Western Australia |date=19 June 1932 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=9 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1932 07===== <blockquote>'''6ML PARS.''' '''6ML''' relays the "Cheerio" Club Dance Orchestra each alternate Wednesday night from 8.0 to 10.30. This makes a pleasing addition to '''6ML's''' usual Wednesday night dance programme. Station '''6ML''' receives many letters of appreciation from listeners. One says: "Congratulations on the excellency of your transmission and the quality of your programme. I like your idea of reserving different evenings for different styles of music. It is most disconcerting, after listening to a beautiful trio or quartet to be suddenly informed that "My canary has circles under his eyes." The membership of the "Cheerio" Club exceeds 1200. Approximately 200 persons attended the hike at Darlington last Sunday and had a most enjoyable time. Country listeners are invited to join the club. Special sessions of band music are broadcast each Friday evening. These have been very interesting and entertaining and have filled in the interval of studio music when the regular boxing relay from the Unity Stadium takes place. The regular Sunday evening Panatrope recital from Station '''6ML''' is a very popular feature. One listener, "F.C.C.," Darlington, writes:— "I feel I must congratulate you on your programme last Sunday evening. As a listener-in since nearly the beginning of broadcasting in Western Australia, I have never enjoyed a session so much. The judiciously selected variety and excellence of the items made up a musical programme delightful to hear."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58667294 |title=FROM PLANE TO TRAIN. |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1799 |location=Western Australia |date=17 July 1932 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=9 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1932 08===== =====1932 09===== =====1932 10===== =====1932 11===== =====1932 12===== <blockquote>'''On the Air Conducted BY "MIKE"''' . . . '''6ML's Improved Transmitter.''' The transmitting plant at Station '''6ML''' has been constantly added to and kept up to date, and considerable alterations and additions, which practically amount to a reconstruction of the plant, are now being carried out. The result will be a more powerful signal, with a corresponding increase of coverage. The purity of the tone which has marked '''6ML''' previously will also be maintained. . . . '''Salvation Army Band.''' The programme from '''6ML''' on Christmas Eve will take the form of a carnival programme from 8 till 10.30, and from then to midnight the Salvation Army Band will provide a programme of Christmas carols with vocal interludes. Consequently Station '''6ML''' will give listeners two late nights, both Christmas Eve and New Year's Eve. The Salvation Army Band is recognised as one of the foremost bands in Perth, and a fine programme can be expected.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37693338 |title=On the Air Conducted BY "MIKE" |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XLVIII, |issue=2,445 |location=Western Australia |date=22 December 1932 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1933==== =====1933 01===== <blockquote>'''BROADCAST BOUQUETS. And Other Offerings.''' '''6ML's''' evening sessions are always musically bright. Last night '''6ML''' ushered in the New Year with a special session of comedy and carnival music. At the special request of many listeners, '''6ML''' will repeat the complete version of the music for the ballet "Petroushka" next Saturday, from 10 p.m. . . . '''6ML's''' tone and power have improved very perceptibly.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58694186 |title=BROADCAST BOUQUETS |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1823 |location=Western Australia |date=1 January 1933 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=7 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''BROADCAST BOUQUETS. And Other Offerings.''' Station '''6ML''' shows a decided improvement, both in transmission and programmes. . . . Western Australia listeners are still looking forward to a hook-up with the Eastern States chain. After the success of the Empire relay, the old excuse that the land line does not favor musical relays will not do.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58672604 |title=BROADCAST BOUQUETS |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1826 |location=Western Australia |date=22 January 1933 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=12 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1933 02===== <blockquote>'''TECHNICAL INFORMATION. Answers to Inquiries. (By "Electron.")''' A.E.A. (Ardath) would like to know in what direction the transmitting aerials used by the three local stations are situated. Answer: In the general sense, the transmitting aerial used at Wanneroo by station 6WF runs east and west (the old Westralian Farmers aerial ran north and south), 6PR runs from one mast direct to the transmitting station from south to north, whilst '''6ML''' has its aerial erected north and south. Both 6WF and '''6ML''' use aerials of the T type.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32466489 |title=TECHNICAL INFORMATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=9,565 |location=Western Australia |date=22 February 1933 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=13 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1933 03===== <blockquote>'''NEW BROADCASTING COMPANY.''' To take over the existing wireless station '''6ML''' and to establish a new one with the call sign of 6IX, a company has been formed in Perth to be known as W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd. The stations are both of the B class. As at present, '''6ML''' will be operated from Lyric House, the headquarters of Musgrove's, Ltd., and 6IX at a later date will broadcast from Newspaper House. W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., will be jointly controlled by West Australian Newspapers, Ltd., and Musgrove's, Ltd.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37698559 |title=NEW BROADCASTING COMPANY. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XLVIII, |issue=2,457 |location=Western Australia |date=16 March 1933 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1933 04===== <blockquote>'''6IX, Perth.''' The most recent development in local radio circles was the formation of a new company, W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., in which West Australian Newspapers, Ltd., and Musgrove's, Ltd., are partners, to operate the popular existing "B" class station, '''6ML''', and to put on the air a new "B" class station, 6IX. Station 6IX is expected to commence operations in June or July next, and it will be distinct in policy and programme from '''6ML'''. The wavelength of 6IX will be 204 degrees (sic) and it will come in at the bottom of the tuning dial on receiving sets. It will be as powerful as existing "B" class stations. The transmitter of '''6ML''' will remain at Lyric House and that of 6IX will be at Newspaper House. The management of station 6IX will attempt to do what has been urged by enthusiasts for so long — it will as far as possible transmit programmes during the hours (particularly on Sunday) that are now "silent." The aim of the management of 6IX will be to provide the best possible entertainment all the time. Side by side with the announcement of the opening of 6IX is the news that the Postmaster-General's Department is actively engaged in making additions to the '''East-West telephone line''' to enable the transmission of musical programmes from stations in the Eastern States to 6WF, Perth, for broadcasting to local listeners. The existing equipment is quite satisfactory for speech transmissions and the additions will enable musical programmes to be faithfully transmitted to Perth. When this is done, one of the greatest causes for complaint locally will have been removed as we will then be able to share in Australian-wide relays of notable singers and musicians, as well as hearing once or twice a week complete programmes from Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane or Adelaide stations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32480339 |title=COMBINED TRADE SHOW. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=9,600 |location=Western Australia |date=4 April 1933 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1933 05===== =====1933 06===== =====1933 07===== =====1933 08===== =====1933 09===== =====1933 10===== <blockquote>'''SATURDAY BROADCASTS. Trial Programme from 6ML.''' In connection with Saturday broadcasts, Mr. F. C. Kingston, of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., made the following statement yesterday:— "The listeners' letters which have appeared in 'The West Australian' during the past few days, requesting a musical programme on Saturday afternoons for the benefit of those listeners who do not take an interest in the various sporting fixtures, has been followed closely, and, as the management of '''6ML''' is at all times keen to meet the wishes of listeners it has decided to transmit a musical programme tomorrow (Saturday) afternoon from 3 o'clock to 5 o'clock. This programme will be largely in the nature of an experiment and we would like all listeners who are interested to write and let us know if it meets with their approval, and if they would like it made a regular feature, as the continuance or otherwise will depend entirely on listeners' response."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article33331775 |title=SATURDAY BROADCASTS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=9,764 |location=Western Australia |date=14 October 1933 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=16 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW WIRELESS STATION. EQUIPMENT FOR 6IX. Largely of Local Manufacture.''' Considerable interest was aroused yesterday by the display in one of the windows of Lyric House, Murray-street, Perth, of portion of the transmitter for the new "B" class wireless broadcasting station, 6IX which is expected to be on the air during November. The transmitter and the aerial system will be at Newspaper House, and the main studios will be at Lyric House. There will also be a news studio at Newspaper House to enable the prompt transmission of important news. The window display, includes the microphone, into which all announcements are made, the speech amplifier, which picks up and amplifies the minute currents from the microphone and the record pickup, and the drive panel, which next receives the current. This panel generates the carrier wave, which will be 204 metres, or 1,470 kilocycles. In it is the very latest type of temperature control oven, by which the crystal operating is kept always at the same temperature. The panel also modulates the signal received from the speech amplifier, and passes it on to the main amplifier in the form of modulated radio frequency. The signal passes through, a final amplifier, before it enters the aerial and is sent over the air to listeners. Other units in the window include a big rectifier, which supplies direct current to all units of the transmitter and which supplies a maximum voltage of 5,000 volts, and a tuning panel, which tunes the final amplifier. There is also a variable transmitting condenser with a capacity of 0.0001 microfarads. This was designed by Mr. H. T. Simmons, chief engineer of '''6ML''' (W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd.), and was manufactured by Mr. F. A. Lee. of Perth. The station director of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd. (Mr. F. C. Kingston) said yesterday that, with the exception of this condenser, the microphone and the speech amplifier, the whole plant had been designed and built by the chief engineer and the engineering staff of the company. Mr. Kingston said that the plant contained the very latest ideas, including a special modulating transformer, which was now being adopted by the leading stations of the world, and is superseding the choke system of modulation. A feature new to Australia was the filament rectifier, which supplied current to all filaments instead of a filament generator, which was usual. A system of electromagnetic control had been installed in place of the older manual control. This meant that the plant would be started up and operated by the pressing of buttons instead of manual switches. It had been so arranged that if any part of the transmitter failed, the whole plant would be automatically switched off. The appearance of the apparatus and the method of assembly compared very favourably with that of any station in Australia, said Mr. Kingston, emphasising that the plant was almost entirely of local manufacture.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article33311280 |title=NEW WIRELESS STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=9,769 |location=Western Australia |date=20 October 1933 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=20 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1933 11===== <blockquote>'''WIRELESS. 6IX NEXT WEEK. NEW RADIO STATION. Description of Transmitter.''' Radio enthusiasts will be pleased to learn that the new broadcasting station, 6IX, Perth, will be on the air next week, probably on Monday night. This new station, which will operate on 204 metres (about 17 degrees lower than '''6ML''' on the tuning dial), is controlled by W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., and will greatly add to the radio entertainment activities in this State, providing another welcome change of station. The equipment of the new station throughout is of the latest and best designs procurable and to the technically minded there are many devices of great interest in the new transmitter. The studios of 6IX, with the exception of the 'news' studio, are at Lyric House, Murray-street, and consist of a main studio and second studio, with a control room having vision of both studios, said the chief engineer of the company (Mr. H. T. Simmons) yesterday. The main studio has positions for three microphones of the condenser type, together with two record turntables and pickups, while the second studio is equipped with a condenser microphone and two record turntables. The main studio is used for the appearance of artists, and the second studio for recorded numbers. The only apparatus at Lyric House be-sides microphone and pickups is the control panel and speech amplifier, which are housed in a special "control room" completely screened by copper mesh. This is necessary to eliminate interference from '''6ML''', the transmitter of which is only 50ft. distant. The copper screening is earthed, and the radio frequency prevented from entering the various circuits in the control room. By means of the control panel, the various microphones, pickups and relays are brought into operation and the small currents therefrom are passed on to the speech amplifier and amplified to the desired strength before being passed over the direct transmission lines to Newspaper House. The speech amplifier is a very modern piece of apparatus, and operates entirely from the 250 volt mains, rectifying both low and high tension voltages for its own use. Indirectly heated D.C. valves are used in the first and second stages, while the third stage is a pair of 5 watt valves in push pull, giving a high audio output. A vacuum tube volume indicator is installed, so that the operator may keep the amplification at the same level for different artists or records, without having to rely entirely on the ear, which is not nearly as quick as the eye in perceiving changes in volume or strength. '''Five Units.''' From Lyric House, the amplified currents from the microphones and pickups travel over the special transmission lines to Newspaper House where the actual transmitter is located. The transmitter at 6IX consists of five panels or units, and is capable of supplying 750 watts of 100 per cent, modulated radio frequency current to the aerial system. Each unit has a specific function to perform. The control unit by means of automatic switches operated by current from the mains, switches on each of the circuits in the correct order, switching off automatically if any of the circuits are out of adjustment. This means that if a valve burns out, the automatic switchgear would immediately switch off the high tension current, preventing the remaining valves suffering from the effects of overloading. The engineer on duty would then replace the valve with a new one, push a switch and the automatic switchgear would be thrown into operation, switching on each circuit correctly. The rectifier unit contains apparatus new to Western Australia, in the form of a three phase full wave rectifier, capable of supplying 20 volts, 75 amperes, to light all the filaments of the valves. Usually a motor generator is used for this purpose, but at 6IX this moving machinery is replaced by stationary apparatus which proves to be more reliable and at the same time more economical to operate. The other apparatus in the rectifier provides 5,000 volts at 1 ampere, and 2,000 volts at 500 milliamps for supplying anode current to all valves. Both high and low tension rectifiers are fitted with inductor regulators to keep the output voltage constant and correct, so that if the power from the mains rises or falls below normal the inductor regulators compensate for the difference. The drive panel performs the important function of generating the oscillation, the frequency of which is 1,470,000 times per second, corresponding to a wavelength of 204.8 metres. This frequency is kept constant by a quartz crystal and to obtain a still greater degree of accuracy, and less chance of frequency variation, the crystal is enclosed in an airproof chamber and kept at a temperature of 130 degrees Fah-renheit, ensuring that the temperature about the crystal will remain the same both summer and winter. The temperature is maintained automatically by a thermostat which switches the heating units off when the temperature rises above 130 degrees Fahrenheit, and on when it falls below. The oscillator valve is a 10 watt valve, which passes on the current it generates to a 75 watt screen grid valve of the latest type. This amplifies the cur-rent and passes it on to a 250 watt amplifier valve. '''The Modulating Transformer.''' The current sent from the control room at the studio is fed into a submodulator, which is a 50 watt valve, and this in turn passes it to the 500 watt modulating valve. By means of a special modulating transformer the low frequency or speech currents from the modulating valve are passed into the anode circuit of the 250 watt valve carrying the high frequency currents. This transformer has two windings, each matched to the impedence of the valve circuit in which they are included. The transformer method of modulation gives a much higher percentage of efficiency than the choke system, which is usually employed, and is an innovation in Western Australia. The fourth panel contains the high power amplifier which is capable of supplying from 1,500 to 1,800 watts of power to the tuning panel. It also houses the bias rectifier system which supplies bias volt-age to all valves in the plant. The bias rectifier is fitted with a special cutout, so that if the bias fails for any reason, it causes the automatic switchgear to function and switches off all units. Pilot lamps on the control panel indicate the portion of apparatus which caused failure. The fifth panel is the tuning panel, which tunes the main amplifier to the correct frequency and passes the current on to the feeder lines which carry the current to the roof where the aerial system is erected. Here two lattice steel masts 130ft. in height support the aerial, a single stranded copper conductor containing seven wires of 16 gauge twisted together. The masts are 200 feet apart, and the lead-in from the aerial comes directly from the centre of the aerial vertically to the tuning house, midway between the masts. The tuning house contains inductances and condensers which tune the aerial to the correct wave length, and match the feeder lines to the tuning apparatus in the transmitting room. The feeder lines conduct the current to the aerial without radiating any power, thereby conserving power to be radiated by the actual aerial system and making for increased efficiency.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32787086 |title=WIRELESS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=9,797 |location=Western Australia |date=22 November 1933 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES. . . Station 6IX Tests.''' The new "B" class radio station, 6IX (Perth), which will commence regular transmissions next week, will be on the air each night for the remainder of this week, for testing purposes, from 7 to 10 o'clock (not from 6 to 7 o'clock as stated yesterday). It will also send out intermittent test programmes during the day. The operators of the station (W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., '''Lyric House''', Murray-street) are anxious to receive reports on the strength and quality of the tests from listeners in all parts of the State and will appreciate advices from enthusiasts. Station 6IX operates on 204 metres which is between 15 and 20 degrees lower than '''6ML''' on the tuning dial. On one set that logs '''6ML''' at 35, 6IX comes in at 17.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32787154 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=9,797 |location=Western Australia |date=22 November 1933 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW RADIO STATION. 6IX BEGINS NEXT MONDAY. Programme Policy Outlined. (By "Radio.")''' West Australian radio enthusiasts — and their number has increased from 3,800 to 23,500 in four years — will welcome the announcement that the new local station, 6IX (Perth), will officially commence broadcasting next Monday night, when a special opening programme will be put on the air from 7 o'clock until 11 o'clock. Station 6IX will be operated by W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd. (which focuses the radio interests of West Australian Newspapers Ltd. and Musgrove's, Ltd.), which also controls the pioneer "B" class station '''6ML''', and the programmes of the two stations will be arranged to provide entertainment to suit all tastes and, at the same time, to prevent any overlapping of subjects. The combination of a large modern newspaper organisation and a music house with years of broadcasting experience and the specialised ability to understand entertainment needs, will result in a big improvement in radio entertainment in this State. At present the radio public's greatest needs are a better Sunday service, and the avoidance of overlapping programmes, such as the sporting talks on Friday nights and the results of different events on Saturday evening. It is not an exaggeration to say that, except to obtain the correct time, a majority of radio receivers are not used on Sundays before the evening musical programmes. Station 6IX will end this state of affairs by providing musical programmes from 9.30 a.m. on Sundays, except when the national station 6WF is on the air. On Friday and Saturday evenings, when other stations are handling sporting subjects, 6IX will provide musical items which are beyond argument the most popular radio programmes the world over. '''6IX and 6ML'''. Between them, stations 6IX and '''6ML''' will from Monday to Friday provide continuous programmes between 7 a.m. and 11 p.m. To do this, a capable staff, first class equipment and careful organisation, are needed, and the management of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., is confident of entire success in its new policy. On Saturdays, between 7 a.m. and 12 midnight, one or other of these stations will be continuously on the air, except between 2 p.m. and 3 p.m., and 5 p.m. and 6 p.m. On Sundays 6IX will enter a field that is now unoccupied. From 9.30 a.m. until noon a musical programme will be given and the station will then go off the air from noon until 1.30 p.m., when 6WF provides entertainment. From 1.30 p.m. until 3 p.m. (when 6WF broadcasts again) 6IX will operate, and from 4.30 p.m. (when 6WF closes down) until 6 p.m. 6IX will again fill the now-vacant ether. The detailed schedules of stations 6IX and '''6ML''' are as follows:— MONDAY-FRIDAY. 6IX. '''6ML'''. 8.30 a.m.-11 a.m. 7 a.m.-8.30 a.m. 3 p.m.-5 p.m. 11 a.m.-3 p.m. 6 p.m.-11 p.m. 5 p.m.-10.30 p.m. SATURDAY. 6IX. '''6ML''' 8.30 a.m.-12 noon. 7 a.m.-8.30 a.m. 6 p.m.-12 midnight. 11 a.m.-2 p.m. 3 p.m.-5 p.m. 6 p.m.-11.30 p.m. SUNDAY. 6IX. '''6ML'''. 9.30 a.m.-12 noon. 7 p.m.-10 p.m. 1.30 p.m.-3 p.m. 4.30 p.m.-6 p.m. 7 p.m.-10.30 p.m.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32781663 |title=NEW RADIO STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=9,798 |location=Western Australia |date=23 November 1933 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''STATION 6IX, PERTH. MANY NEW FEATURES. Details of First Programme. (By "Radio.")''' All arrangements for the official opening of Western Australia's new "B" class radio station 6IX, Perth, next Monday night have been completed and listeners are promised an excellent programme to mark this important advance in local broadcasting. The opening ceremony will be performed at 8 o'clock by the President of the Legislative Council (Sir John Kirwan). In addition to the special features of the programme policy of the new station, as outlined yesterday, it has been decided to broadcast a church service each Sunday night at 7.30 o'clock. The service will, of course, be of a different denomination to that being broadcast by the national station, 6WF, Perth, and while 6IX is giving the church service '''6ML''' will provide a musical programme. The care devoted by the management of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., which operates both stations, to the avoiding of any overlapping between the stations is shown by an analysis of the Sunday night items. Both stations come on the air at 7 o'clock, '''6ML''' broadcasting religious matter until 7.20 o'clock and 6IX giving music until 7.30 o'clock. From 7.20 o'clock onwards '''6ML''' will send out musical numbers while the church service relay is on the air from 6IX.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32787493 |title=STATION 6IX, PERTH. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=9,799 |location=Western Australia |date=24 November 1933 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=20 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW "B" CLASS STATION. MANY SPECIAL FEATURES PLANNED. INAUGURAL BROADCAST TONIGHT A FIRST-CLASS PROGRAMME.''' The State's new "B" class broadcasting station, 6IX (Perth), operated by W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., on a wave length of 204.8 metres, will officially commence transmissions tonight. The range of organised radio entertainment available to the rapidly-growing radio public in Western Australia will be increased by the arrangement by which 6IX will provide alternate programmes from morning to night to the State's pioneer "B" class station, '''6ML''', ensuring a complete dual service throughout the week from these stations. The new station incorporates the latest in broadcasting methods and design. The masts of the transmitter, towering 135 feet above Newspaper House, have already become a striking feature of the city's skyline, being, from street level, higher than any other broadcasting aerial in the State. Tonight the opening ceremony will be performed at 8 o'clock by the President of the Legislative Council (Sir John Kirwan), and will be followed by a special programme lasting until 11 o'clock. The need for a powerful new "B" class station is shown by the vast growth in the number of broadcast listeners' licences in the State, from 4,122 in 1929 to 24,000 in 1933, the latter figure indicating the number of households that habitually listen in. Approximately, therefore, there are already quite 100,000 people in Western Australia who regularly depend for amusement on radio programmes, and to these 6IX should prove a boon. The station is operated by W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., which focuses the radio interests of West Australian Newspapers, Ltd., and Musgrove's, Ltd., and which also operates the pioneer "B" class station '''6ML''', and the value of this alliance lies in the fact that it permits of the programmes of the two stations being arranged so as to provide entertainment to suit all tastes and, at the same time, to prevent overlapping of subject. A big improvement in radio entertainment should therefore result from the combination of a large modern newspaper organisation and a music house with years of broadcasting experience and the specialised ability to understand entertainment needs. '''News Services.''' One innovation at 6IX will be the establishment of three special new 10-minute evening news broadcast services, at 7.50, 8.50 and 9.50 o'clock, which will be prepared and supplied by the staff of "The West Australian." It is anticipated that this news service will be something entirely new in Australian broadcasting as it will keep people posted in the very latest news as it arrives. The "news" studio is situated at Newspaper House. Another want that 6IX should fill is the provision of a better Sunday service, and the avoidance of overlapping programmes such as sporting talks on Friday nights and the results of different events on Saturday evenings. On Sundays 6IX will henceforward provide musical programmes from 9.30 a.m., and a church service at 7.30 p.m. from a church of one of the leading denominations, after which the session continues with music until 10.30. On Friday and Saturday evenings, when other stations are handling sporting subjects, 6IX will provide musical items, for which hundreds of listeners have already expressed a desire. Between them, stations 6IX and '''6ML''' will from Monday to Friday provide continuous programmes between 7 a.m. and 11 p.m. To do this, a capable staff, first class equipment and careful organisation, are needed, and the management of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., is confident of entire success in its new policy. On Saturdays, between 7 a.m. and 12 midnight, one or other of these stations will be continuously on the air, except between 2 p.m. and 3 p.m., and 5 p.m. and 6 p.m. On Sun-days 6IX will enter a field that is now unoccupied. '''Personalities.''' The leading personalities associated with stations 6IX and '''6ML''' are Messrs. F. C. Kingston, station director; B. Samuel, station manager; Paul Daly, chief announcer at 6IX and producer to the management; Eric Donald, chief announcer at '''6ML'''; Ned Taylor, the "early bird" at '''6ML'''; and H. T. Simmons, chief engineer. (Start Photo Caption) A corner of the interior of 6IX studio at Lyric House; Part of the interior of the transmitting room at 6IX, Newspaper House.(End Photo Caption)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32784967 |title=OFFICIAL OPENING |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=9,801 |location=Western Australia |date=27 November 1933 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1933 12===== ====1934==== =====1934 01===== =====1934 02===== =====1934 03===== =====1934 04===== The Broadcaster radio personalities <blockquote>'''RADIO PERSONALITIES: No. 4. Mr. Eric Donald of STATION 6ML.''' On this page you see a few of the members of the Cheerio Club trying to cheer up long-faced Eric Donald, the 6ML announcer, who runs the club. (Source: The Broadcaster, Vol. 1 No. 4, April 1934.) Radio Personalities in earlier numbers: RADIO PERSONALITIES No. 2 — Mr. BASIL KIRKE, Manager in Western Australia for the Australian Broadcasting Commission (Volume 1 No. 2, April 1934); RADIO PERSONALITIES No. 3 — Mr. H. S. SIBARY, Manager of Station 6PR (Volume 1 No. 3, April 1934).</blockquote> =====1934 05===== =====1934 06===== =====1934 07===== =====1934 08===== Bryn Samuel <blockquote>'''Pertinent Paragraphs''' . . . THOUSANDS of people have heard the voice of the young man whose photo accompanies this para-graph, for it belongs to Mr. '''Bryn Samuel''' L.A.B. popular manager of broadcasting stations '''6ML''' and 6IX. Born in Wales he came out to Australia about 12 years ago and tried his hand at farming. He soon found out, however, that it was not his long suit, so he came to the city where he worked for a time on the advertising staff of the "West." Being musically inclined — he is the possessor of a pleasant baritone — he jumped at the chance of a job at Musgroves where he was put in charge of the record department. Later on he linked up with station '''6ML''' and quickly rose to the position of manager. In his time he has broadcast over 500 boxing and wrestling bouts, one of the features of '''6ML's''' programmes, being his bright comments from the Luxor every Friday night. Now that he has two stations to attend to he has not much time for sport, but is still particularly interested in soccer and rugby, both of which he played at school. Now and again, however, he finds time for a game of tennis and is well-known as a singer.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article75990778 |title=Pertinent Paragraphs |newspaper=[[Mirror]] |volume=13, |issue=643 |location=Western Australia |date=25 August 1934 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1934 09===== =====1934 10===== =====1934 11===== =====1934 12===== ====1935==== =====1935 01===== =====1935 02===== 1935 - Restack <blockquote>'''RADIO NEWS By "Valve". CURRENT NOTES. New Wave Lengths and Many Programme Features.''' CONCRETE evidence of the advancement of broadcasting in Australia is afforded by the recent decision of the Postmaster-General's Department to reallocate the wave lengths of all broadcasting stations in Australia. The rearrangement, which will come into effect as from September 1, will make provision for eight new regional stations in the national network, two of which will be situated in Western Australia. Incidentally, tenders for the new national broadcasting station at Kalgoorlie closed yesterday. They were invited for the complete station and provided for fulfilment as soon as possible after acceptance. Selection of the site is now under consideration within a five-mile radius of the Kalgoorlie Post Office, and the station will possibly be on the Coolgardie side of the goldfields capital. Tenders have already been received for the second projected national station near Wagin, and a survey of a block of land to be utilised for the station has been completed at Minding, 15 miles west of Wagin. '''Relay Stations Named.''' THE New South-west regional station, which will be known as 6WA, will have a wave length of 536 metres. The proposed national station at Kalgoorlie — 6GF — has been allocated a wave length of 417 metres. Of the local stations at present operating, the wave lengths of 6WF (435 metres), 6PR (341 metres), and 6BY (306 metres) will remain unaltered, while the wave length of 6AM will be changed from 275 to 280 metres, '''6ML''' from 264 to 265 metres, 6KG from 246 to 248 metres, and 6IX from 204 to 214 metres. When the reallocation comes into full effect, 88 stations will be operating throughout the Commonwealth. Probably the station which will benefit most from the change in this State will be 6IX, as persons using certain old-type sets cannot at present tune in this station with any degree of quality or strength. On the new wave length, no listener should have difficulty in bringing in 6IX at a clarity equal to that of any other station. Increased Power for '''6ML''' and 6IX. ANOTHER projected improvement of importance to listeners in this State will be the increase in the power of '''6ML''' and 6IX from 300 to 500 watts unmodulated aerial power. The change will take place in two stages, the power advancing first from 300 to 400 watts and then, a month later, to 500 watts. Certain alterations and additions to the plants of both stations will be necessary before the power can be used with the maximum efficiency, and this work will be put in hand immediately. The strength of 6IX will probably be increased first, as the station was designed to accommodate a greater power than it has been using. The management of '''6ML''', which by next March will have been on the air for five years, has been endeavouring to secure permission for the increase for the last four years. While the change will not make any appreciable difference to reception in the metropolitan area, which is of ample volume, it should be a boon to listeners in the outlying districts. Many of these listeners are at present troubled by a considerable amount of static when they tune in to the "B" class stations, and the increase in signal strength should enable them to overcome this disturbance.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32834642 |title=RADIO NEWS |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,184 |location=Western Australia |date=20 February 1935 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 03===== 1935 - Power Increase <blockquote>'''RADIO NEWS By "Valve"''' '''6ML and 6IX to increase Power Soon.''' VARIOUS adjustments are being made to the plant of '''6ML''' and 6IX preparatory to the increase of the power of the stations from 300 to 500 watts unmodulated aerial power. It is expected that the power of both stations will be advanced to 400 watts within the next few days, with a second increase of 100 watts a month later. When the change takes place, the management of the stations will be anxious to hear from listeners, particularly those with smaller receivers and country residents, as to the difference in reception.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32856824 |title=RADIO NEWS |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,196 |location=Western Australia |date=6 March 1935 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1935 - Power Increase <blockquote>'''The "B" Class Stations.''' . . . '''Power Increased at 6ML and 6IX.''' THE first stage to the increase of power of '''6ML''' and 6IX from 300 to 500 watts unmodulated aerial power took place on Monday night, when the strength of both stations reached 400 watts. A new intermediate "B" class amplifier is now working at '''6ML''', and it is planned to install another water-cooled valve at 6IX, thus ensuring an ample reserve of power. The management of the stations is anxious to receive reports, particularly from country districts, as to the quality and strength of signals.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32831897 |title=The "B" Clan Stations. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,202 |location=Western Australia |date=13 March 1935 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1935 - Power Increase <blockquote>'''RADIO NEWS. WEEKLY NOTES. By "Valve".''' . . . '''Improved Reception from 6ML.''' SINCE the recent increase of power, reports of improved reception from '''6ML''' have been received from various parts of the State. In some cases, it was reported, the strength had been doubled. The management announces that letters intimating that the reception from '''6ML''' is superior to any other metropolitan "B" class station have come to hand from the following centres:— Yanmah, Wagin, Busselton, Boyup Brook, Jarrahwood, Salmon Gums, Tambellup, Mullalyup, Mornington Mills, Wilga, Whittaker's Mill, Northam, Merredin and Kalgoorlie. Residents of Kalgoorlie, Merredin, Northam, and Salmon Gums have also stated that the reception from '''6ML''' is now at least equal to that from 6WF.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32838329 |title=RADIO NEWS |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,214 |location=Western Australia |date=27 March 1935 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 04===== =====1935 05===== <blockquote>'''RADIO NEWS By "Valve"''' COMMENCING next Monday '''6ML's''' morning session will be extended from 8.30 to 9 o'clock. As a result 6IX's morning session will begin at 9 instead of 8.30 o'clock.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32868605 |title=RADIO NEWS |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,254 |location=Western Australia |date=15 May 1935 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 06===== 1935 - Power Increase <blockquote>'''RADIO NEWS. WEEKLY NOTES.''' . . . '''Higher Power for Station 6ML.''' RECENTLY approval was granted by the Radio Inspector's Department, for an increase of aerial power for '''6ML''', and since then '''6ML's''' engineers have been busy constructing new apparatus to carry the higher power. This work is now complete and '''6ML''' is operating with 500 watts of power in the aerial, instead of the original 300 watts. Listeners in the metropolitan area and country districts should benefit in increased volume in their receivers, due to the greater energy radiated. The plant at '''6ML''' has been modified, and an extra stage of amplification inserted between the modulated amplifier and the final amplifier. The valve in this new stage is one of the latest Philips 250-watt valves with the coated type filament, giving greater emission for lower filament wattage. The extra power developed in this stage is used to drive the final stage to an input of 1,500 watts, instead of the original 900 watts. An extra 600-watt valve has been included in the final stage, where there are now three 600-watt valves, instead of two, so increasing the normal power of the final amplifier to 1,800 watts. This gives a little reserve, as 1,500 watts is the maximum input allowed under licence. The modulation system has also received attention recently, and transformer modulation is now being used, replacing the old choke system, and resulting in a greater depth of modulation and better frequency range. The speech amplifier apparatus, microphones and crystal pickups have also been thoroughly overhauled and tested, and impedance matched to ensure level frequency response over a reasonable range. Listeners will notice an improved quality in '''6ML's''' reproduction in their receivers, especially when new recordings are being played, as naturally the ability of the transmitter to reproduce natural sounding music from records depends upon whether the full musical vibrations of the various instruments have been faithfully engraved on the records. The latest process of recording has resulted in a great improvement in reproduction.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32879035 |title=RADIO NEWS |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,284 |location=Western Australia |date=19 June 1935 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 07===== =====1935 08===== 1936 - 6WB Katanning Commences <blockquote>'''NEW RADIO STATION. LOCATION NEAR MINDING. W.A. Broadcasters' Project.''' W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., controllers of stations '''6ML''' and 6IX, has taken up the licence for a "B" class country relay station offered to the company by the Postmaster-General's Department. The actual location of the new regional station has not yet been determined, but it will be within 30 or 40 miles of the national relay station which is now being erected at Minding. The wave length allotted to the new station is 280 metres, and the power will be 2,000 watts in the aerial. This will make the station the most powerful commercial station in Western Australia, and equal to the most powerful commercial stations in Australia. At present the South Australian station 5PI is the only other commercial plant in the Commonwealth with an aerial power of 2,000 watts The call sign for the new station has not yet been determined. It will be used principally for relaying the programmes fron 6IX, having the effect of carrying that station about 150 miles into the most thickly populated country areas. The programmes will be carried by land line from Perth. In all probability, the country station will radiate independent programmes at certain periods, for the benefit of farmers and country people generally. It is expected that about 90 per cent of the country listeners in the State will be able to receive the programmes with a good standard of clarity. Tenders have been called for the erection of the station and plant, and tests are to be made in the area to determine the most favourable location.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32894585 |title=NEW RADIO STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,328 |location=Western Australia |date=9 August 1935 |accessdate=28 March 2019 |page=22 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Restack 1935 <blockquote>'''Changing a Wavelength.''' QUITE a large amount of work has fallen upon the engineers of stations '''6ML''' and 6IX, who have been working upon the plants of those stations for the past few weeks in preparation for the alteration of wavelengths which comes into operation on September 1. Station '''6ML''' will change from 264 to 265 metres, and 6IX will move from 204 to 242 metres. For the alteration in wavelength the frequency of the vibrations given out by the crystal which controls the transmission has to be changed, and a series of tests has lately been carried out with the '''6ML''' transmitter in the early hours of the mornings, so that the correct wavelength can be arrived at. This station is reducing its frequency from 1,135 kilocycles to 1,130 kilocycles, and as the margin of error countenanced by the Postmaster General's Department is only 50 cycles, plant requires very fine adjustment. Station 6IX, which is reducing its frequency from 1,470 kilocycles to 1,240 kilocycles, has been compelled to make more complicated alterations to the plant, and the length of the aerial will be increased by 60ft., while the feeder lines will also be adjusted. The station is installing a water-cooled tube which gives it a considerable reserve of power, and though the output allowed under the present licence is confined to 500 watts in the aerial, it will be able to move up to an aerial output of 1,500 watts, if necessary, without adjustment.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32892013 |title=Changing a Wavelength. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,338 |location=Western Australia |date=21 August 1935 |accessdate=28 March 2019 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Restack 1935 <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING CHANGES. Improved Reception Expected.''' In a statement published in "The West Australian" recently, the Postmaster-General's Department pointed out that the changes to be made in the wavelengths of several of the broadcasting stations in this State on September 1 would have nothing but a beneficial effect, and that listeners need not fear that their sets will need alteration. The concluding sentence of that statement was: "All receivers in use and for sale will be as effective under the new conditions as under the existing arrangement." To reassure listeners who do not understand the significance of the changes, that statement may be enlarged upon; for, in fact, the spacing of the stations along the dial of the receiver will be improved. Station 6IX, for instance, which is changing from 204 metres (at which some old sets cannot tune it in at all) to 242 metres, will occupy a better position in the broadcast band after September 1, and the reception of that station, which is also increasing its power substantially, will be greatly improved. There will be little noticeable alteration in the position at which '''6ML''' is received, for the change in this case is only one metre — from 264 metres to 265 metres. Perth National station and station 6PR will remain on the same wavelength, and station 6AM will move from 275 metres to an improved position at 306 metres. A complete explanation of the position appears in this week's issue of "The Broadcaster."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32910841 |title=BROADCASTING CHANGES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,340 |location=Western Australia |date=23 August 1935 |accessdate=28 March 2019 |page=22 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Transcriptions & Restack 1935 <blockquote>'''"B" CLASS STATION CHANGES. Gala Days for 6ML and 6IX.''' THE coming week-end will be an auspicious one for stations '''6ML''' and 6IX, for the first broadcasts of the American radio programme transcriptions, for which W.A. Broadcasters recently secured the Western Australian rights, will coincide with changes in the wavelengths of both stations, and an increase in the output power of 6IX. About 100 of these programmes, recorded just as they were presented to listeners in America, have been shipped to Perth. Each of the two stations will give one recording a week, so that the transcriptions in hand should provide a weekly feature for the next year or so. These programmes are the best — and incidentally the costliest — entertainment put on the air in America, and local listeners will have an opportunity of comparing our own standards of entertainment with those of the other side of the world. Phil. Baker, Lanny Ross, Rudy Vallee, Ruth Etting, John Boles, Bing Crosby and Al. Pearce and his "Gang" are among the artists who will be heard. Except for the final tests, the arrangements at both stations are ready for the changeover next Sunday. New crystals have been installed and are being adjusted to the new wavelengths, and the plant at 6IX has been prepared for the increase in power from 300 watts in the aerial to 500 watts. The wavelength of '''6ML''' will be changed from 264 metres to 265 metres, and that of 6IX from 204 metres to 242 metres. Together with the increase in power, the change from 204 to 242 metres by 6IX will improve the reception of this station considerably, especially by old receivers which do not give the best results at the lower end of the broadcast band.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32889216 |title="B" CLASS STATION CHANGES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,344 |location=Western Australia |date=28 August 1935 |accessdate=28 March 2019 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Restack 1935 <blockquote>'''STATION CHANGES.''' As from September 1 all Australian national stations are dropping their old call signs and using new designations. Thus from that date the present 6WF, Perth, and 5CK, Crystal Brook, will be known as Perth National and North Regional, S.A., respectively. This new scheme is similar to that at present used by the B.B.C. Many changes in wavelengths will also take place on that date. Station 6IX will operate on a wavelength of 242 metres instead of 204 metres; 6AM, Northam, 306 (275); '''6ML''', 264 (265); 6KG, 246 (248) and the present 5CK, 469 (472). 6WF and 6PR will be unchanged. 6AM has also been authorised to increase its power to 1,000 watts.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article38940194 |title=STATION CHANGES. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=50, |issue=2,584 |location=Western Australia |date=29 August 1935 |accessdate=28 March 2019 |page=41 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Transcriptions & Restack 1935 <blockquote>'''BROADCAST FEATURES. New Material for 6ML and 6IX.''' One of the last feature programmes to be broadcast by station '''6ML''' under the present wavelength of 264 metres will be given tonight at 9.15, when a complete transcription of a nationwide American broadcast will be presented. This programme, which bears the happy title: "Everything is Lit Up — Including Phil Baker," is the first of a series of American recordings for which the West Australian rights were recently secured by W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd. It is a gala performance in which the star, Phil Baker, celebrated his second anniversary with the National Broadcasting Company of America, and the feature will be presented by '''6ML''' just as the American listeners heard it. On Sunday '''6ML's''' wavelength will be altered to 265 metres. The second of these recordings, one which might prove more popular with local listeners, will be broadcast by station 6IX on Sunday night at 9 o'clock, when that station will celebrate its change of wavelength from 204 metres to 242 metres and an increase in its aerial power from 300 to 500 watts. Those who saw Grace Moore in the film, "One Night of Love," when it was screened recently will be particularly interested, for this feature is the radio adaptation of the film, specially produced by a theatrical company for an American advertiser. The programme lasts for one hour and covers the whole story of the film, and the parts that were created for the screen by Grace Moore, Tullio Carminati and Mona Barrie are capably played, while the singing reaches a very high standard. Although the programme was produced purely as a medium for advertising, it includes not one word of aggressive "sales talk." The potential buyers of the product advertised are reached by means of an amazing competition (which, it must be understood, has no application whatever in this country). The requirements of the competition are very simple, and the prizes awarded are on a breathtaking scale. The records on which this programme reaches Australia are themselves interesting. They are about 15 inches in diameter, and about three or four times the thickness of ordinary gramophone records. Each of the four records making up the "One Night of Love" programme plays for 15 minutes, the thread running from the inside of the record to the out-side — the opposite way to ordinary records — and the turntable revolves at only 33 revolutions a minute instead of the usual 78. W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., has received about 100 of these transcriptions, and stations '''6ML''' and 6IX will each broadcast one programme weekly for about 12 months.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32910355 |title=BROADCAST FEATURES |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,346 |location=Western Australia |date=30 August 1935 |accessdate=28 March 2019 |page=25 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Restack 1935 <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING CHANGES.''' From midnight tonight, a number of changes will be observed by broadcasting stations in Australia, the radio branch of the Postmaster General's Department having reallotted wavelengths to provide for improved radio reception throughout the Commonwealth. In this State four of the stations at present in operation will change their wavelengths, which means simply that they will be found at different positions on the dials of receiving sets. Station '''6ML''' will move only one metre — from 264 to 265 metres, and the change at 6IX from 204 to 242 metres will coincide with an increase in aerial power to 500 watts. The other changes will be in stations 6KG, which will move from 246 to 248 metres, and in 6AM, which will move from 275 to 306 metres, at the same time increasing its power from 500 to 1,000 watts. Perth National station (435 metres) and 6PR (341 metres) will remain on the same frequencies. Another innovation will be the alteration from call signs to longer titles, to be observed only by national stations. Under this rule 6WF will become Perth National and the new station in the course of construction near Minding will be known as South-West Regional. The proposed national station at Kalgoorlie will take the title of Goldfields Regional.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32918591 |title=BROADCASTING CHANGES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,347 |location=Western Australia |date=31 August 1935 |accessdate=28 March 2019 |page=18 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 09===== Restack 1935 <blockquote>'''A RADIO WEEK-END. THE NEW WAVELENGTHS. 6IX and 6AM Greatly Improved.''' There was much to interest and occupy radio enthusiasts over the week-end when a considerable number of wavelength alterations were made by Australian broadcasting stations. In Western Australia there were two main changes — 6IX, Perth, moving from 204 to 242 metres with an increase in power from 300 to 500 watts, and 6AM, Northam, moving from 275 to 306 metres, with an increase in power from 500 to 900 watts. The wavelengths of Perth National (6WF) and of 6PR, Perth, were not altered and that of '''6ML''', Perth, was changed from 264 to 265 metres, a change perceptible to skilled listeners with carefully calibrated sets. The alterations in wavelength and power of stations 6IX and 6AM will have a most beneficial effect on radio in this State, particularly within 100 miles of Perth. The new wavelength of 6IX will enable the station to be received on some sets which previously did not enable it to be heard, and the added power has brought the station into line with the other Perth stations, all of which were received yesterday at equal strength on a late 1935 model at Claremont. The higher wavelength and increased power of 6AM can be said to have given every listener in the metropolitan area a new station. Formerly the average city receiver gave excellent results with 6WF, '''6ML''', 6PR and 6IX, while 6AM was received with some difficulty and with a considerable amount of background noise and static. Now it will, judging by yesterday's reception, be heard on all Perth receiving sets without any trouble at approximately the former strength of 6IX. The addition of 6AM to the list of stations available for listeners in the metropolitan area to select their radio entertainment is particularly welcome on Sun-days. '''Good Quality Transmissions.''' The changeover of wavelengths at these two stations, following many hours of tests, was effected most efficiently. At 9.45 a.m. yesterday 6AM broadcast several records at its former power (500 watts) and then, at 10 a.m., increased this to 900 watts; the change was most noticeable and the tone of the new transmissions excellent. The management of the station is permitted to use up to 1,000 watts but, finding the quality of the transmissions at 900 watts satisfactory decided to use that amount of power. The change over at 6IX was equally without untoward incident and the new power will bring this station into many homes where it has not been heard before. The quality of yesterday's transmissions was, after some manipulation of the volume and tone controls, perfect on the writer's set at Claremont. Both stations 6IX and 6AM will be glad to hear from country listeners regarding reception of the new wavelengths and powers. In addition to wavelength alterations, the technical staff of the Postmaster General's Department is at present engaged in checking carefully with the latest apparatus the wavelength of every transmitter in Australia. This is being done to ensure that each station keeps exactly on its allotted wavelength, a necessary step in view of the closeness of the different channels allotted to present and intended Australian stations, between most of which there are only 10 kilo-cycles on each side of its allotted position.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32917313 |title=A RADIO WEEK-END. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,348 |location=Western Australia |date=2 September 1935 |accessdate=28 March 2019 |page=15 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Restack 1935 <blockquote>'''COMMERCIAL STATIONS REACH MORE LISTENERS.''' LETTERS of congratulation are still being received by station 6IX, '''6ML''' and 6AM, all of which have secured considerably better results since the changes in wavelengths took effect on September 1. In addition to the frequency changes, two of those stations — 6IX and 6AM — have increased their output power, which has enabled them to reach a wider circle of listeners, and a large measure of their success is due to the skill of the station engineers, upon whom fell the responsibility for the necessary alterations. All three stations are operating on Philips valves.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32900945 |title=COMMERCIAL STATIONS REACH MORE LISTENERS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,362 |location=Western Australia |date=18 September 1935 |accessdate=28 March 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 10===== 1936 - 6WB Katanning Commences <blockquote>'''FIELD TESTS FOR SITE OF NEW STATION.''' ENGINEERS of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., have been conducting field tests to determine the most suitable site for the company's new station near Katanning. Several sites are now under consideration. The wave length allotted to the new station is 280 meters, and the power will be 2,000 watts in the aerial. This will make the new station the most powerful commercial broadcaster in Western Australia, and equal to the most powerful commercial station in Australia. At present the South Australian station 5PI is the only other commercial plant in the Commonwealth with an aerial power of 2,000 watts. The new station will be used principally for relaying the programmes from 6IX, having the effect of carrying that station into the most thickly populated country areas. The programmes will be carried by land line from Perth.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32911273 |title=FIELD TESTS FOR SITE OF NEW STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,380 |location=Western Australia |date=9 October 1935 |accessdate=4 April 2019 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 11===== =====1935 12===== ====1936==== =====1936 01===== 1936 - 6WB Katanning Commences & 6KX <blockquote>'''NEW RADIO STATION. PLANS FOR NEW "B" CLASS STATION. 6ML-IX ENGINEER LEAVES FOR THE EAST.''' Western Australian listeners can now look forward with certainty to a new "B" class country transmitter. Preliminary work in connection with the erection by W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., of a relay station near Katanning has been so speeded up in the past few weeks that now practically all that remains to be done is the selection and purchase of the equipment and its installation. The new station will have the call sign 6WB and, with a power in the aerial of 2,000 watts, will operate on a wave length of 280.3 metres. It will be connected by land line with the Perth studios of W.A. Broadcasters, and its main work will be the relaying of programmes from 6IX, although it is possible that some '''6ML''' broadcasts will also be taken. In addition, essential news and market services for the special benefit of people on the land may be given independently. The site that has been selected and approved is a five-acre plot, 4½ miles north-west of Katanning, at an altitude of about 1,100 feet above sea level. This is one of the highest spots in the Katanning district, and at present is the fallowed field of a farming property. The area to be served by 6WB has a greater density of licenses than any other country area in the State, it being estimated from figures supplied by the Postmaster-General's Department that within a radius of about 100 miles from the transmitter approximately 9,427 of the State's country listening public of 10,700 are centred. These figures do not, of course, include listeners in the metropolitan area, who should have no difficulty in tuning in the new station. It is expected that more distant areas such as those around Merredin and even Kalgoorlie will also be served. Station 6WB will be essentially a country relay station, catering especially for the interests of the rural listening public. The hours of transmission have not yet been fully determined, but it is believed that they will largely coincide with those of 6IX, although there is the possibility of separate breakfast and dinner sessions originating at the Katanning transmitter itself. Detailed points of the programme makeup are still being considered, and here, too, nothing definite has been decided. Nothing much can be done in fact until the return from the Eastern States of the chief engineer of 6IX (H. T. Simmons), who left Perth recently by the Great Western express to investigate the matter of the most suitable technical equipment and to place orders accordingly. His work will take him as far afield as Brisbane, where he will pay special attention to the new type of quarter-wave aerial system recently put into operation by 4AK. On his recommendation the type of aerial system to be used by 6WB will depend, although it is considered likely that a single mast will be erected. No effort will be spared to secure the most modern equipment and to assemble and operate it according to the latest trends of radio transmission. Apart from the transmission room and other construction necessitated by the water-cooling system that will be used, there will be a further building to act as the engineers' quarters. There will probably be one engineer residing at the station and another living privately — possibly in Katanning — when off duty, and both may be called on to act as announcers for either emergency or independent transmissions. Alterations in the Perth studios have also been hinted, and it is quite possible that the increased work will bring about another studio in the present building in Murray Street, Perth. Things will be more or less left in abeyance here until the return of Mr Simmons in a few weeks' time. The matter of a landline to Katanning will receive attention, and then, with the purchase and arrival of the plant, work will commence on the actual erection of the station. When this begins it should not be many months before the new station is on the air.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article147348364 |title=NEW RADIO STATION. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Herald]] |volume=XXXIII, |issue=3,542 |location=Western Australia |date=4 January 1936 |accessdate=28 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1937 - Newspaper Control; 1941 - 6MD Commences <blockquote>'''Local and General.''' . . . W.A. Broadcasting Stations.— Replying to a question by Mr. J. Curtin in the House of Representatives recently, Mr. Parkhill, Minister representing the Postmaster-General, gave the following information regarding "B" class stations in this State. He said that four stations — '''6ML''' Perth, 6KA Katanning, 6MD Merredin and 6IX Perth — were licensed by West Australian Broadcasters Ltd., the first three mentioned each having a registered capital of £12,000 in £1 shares of which 5,999 were held by West Australian Newspapers Ltd. 6IX Perth, although licenced in the name of West Australian Newspapers Ltd., is believed to be owned by W.A. Broadcasters Ltd. 6PR Perth is registered in the name of Amalgamated Wireless (A/sia) Ltd. and licenced in name of Nicholson's Ltd., the latter firm receiving £50 a week for operating the station plus 20 per cent. of value of advertising secured by Amalgamated Wireless as agents. The sixth "B" class station in the State was 6AM Perth and Northam.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article70249108 |title=Local and General. |newspaper=[[The Albany Advertiser]] |volume=9, |issue=957 |location=Western Australia |date=13 January 1936 |accessdate=28 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1937 - Newspaper Control <blockquote>'''WIRELESS. . . . (BY N. M. GODDARD, B.E.) . . . B CLASS CONTROL.''' In the course of the recent debate in the Federal Parliament the Minister for Defence (Mr Archdale Parkhill) submitted a list of the B class (commercial) stations classified according to ownership or control. According to the particulars given Amalgamated Wireless (A'sia) Ltd., owns, or has some interest in the following:— 2AY (Albury), 3BO (Bendigo), 4PM (Port Moresby), 4TO (Townsville), 4CA (Cairns), 2GF (Grafton), 2GN (Goulburn), 2SM (Sydney), 3HA (Hamilton), 7LA (Launceston), 6PR (Perth) and 4WK (Warwick). The Melbourne Herald and associated publications are alleged to control wholly or partly the following stations: 3DB (Melbourne), 4BK (Brisbane), 4AK (Oakey), 4GY (Gympie), 5AD (Adelaide), 5MU (Murray Bridge), 5PI (Port Pirie), 6IX and 6ML (Perth), 6KA (Katanning) and 6MD (Merredin). J. B. Chandler and Co (Brisbane) control 4BC and 4BH (Brisbane), 4GR (Toowoomba), 4MB (Maryborough) and 4RO (Rockhampton). These are the largest groups but there are ten smaller combinations included in which are groups comprising 2HD and 5KA, 2GB and 5DN, 2GZ and 2NZ, and 2AD and 2LV.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17235572 |title=WIRELESS. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=30,581 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=8 January 1936 |accessdate=31 March 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 02===== 1936 - 6WB Katanning Commences <blockquote>'''KATANNING STATION. 6WB Construction.''' That the engineers of W.A. Broadcasters Ltd. were returning from Sydney, where they had purchased equipment for the new radio station, 6WB Katanning, was stated by the manager of '''6ML''' (Mr. B. Samuels) today. "Land has been acquired and we are pushing ahead with the erection of the station as quickly as possible," Mr. Samuels said. "Although the station will be essentially a regional one, particular attention will be paid to items like market prices for the man on the land." An analysis of the licence figures, Mr. Samuels pointed out, disclosed that 90 per cent. of the country listeners were located within a radius of 150 miles from Katanning. "At the moment," he said, "nothing is being done with the Merredin scheme, which will be considered later.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83650683 |title=KATANNING STATION |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=LV, |issue=19,000 |location=Western Australia |date=11 February 1936 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=2 (LATE CITY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1936 - 6WB Katanning Commences <blockquote>'''MINDING or 6WB KATANNING? WHICH WILL BE OPERATING FIRST?''' The announcement of W.A. Broadcasters Limited that building operations on their new station, 6WB, about 4½ miles out of Katanning, will commence almost immediately, comes as a challenge to the Director-General of Postal Services (Mr. H. P. Brown) and the station 6WA. Minding, or 6WA, was promised some years ago, and when, many months after it was definitely announced that the station would be constructed, work started early last year, people in this district had fond hopes of listening to their own station by June; but, alas! February is here and Minding is still "under construction." And now comes the announcement by W.A. Broadcasters Ltd., that Mr. H. T. Simmons, their chief engineer, had just returned from the Eastern States, where he had purchased the equipment for the new "B" class station. 6WB is promised completion by June. Will the same fate befall it? Both 6WA (National Station) and the new "B" station will be connected to Perth by land lines and will relay, in the first instance, the programme of 6WF, and in the latter case the programmes of 6IX and '''6ML'''. In both stations there will be emergency studios in case of accident to the land lines. As far as the "race" is concerned, Minding has a good start, as only the mast remains to be erected and the equipment installed, but despite the fact that £50,000 has been put aside for the construction of the national station, 6WB stands every chance of being on the air first. Mr. D. J. Abercrombie, engineer of Standard Telephones and Cables (A/asia) Ltd. has just arrived at Minding from the Eastern States to supervise the installation of the technical equipment.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article147425493 |title=MINDING or 6WB KATANNING? |newspaper=[[Great Southern Herald]] |volume=XXXIII, |issue=3,556 |location=Western Australia |date=22 February 1936 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 03===== <blockquote>'''Pertinent Paragraphs.''' WHEN the big he-men are tearing each other to pieces and the crowd are roaring themselves hoarse, there's one man who always keeps cool. And that's Bryn Samuel, manager of broadcasting stations '''6ML''' and 6IX, who is heard over the air every Friday night describing the wrestling bouts from the Unity Stadium. A Welshman by birth, he came out to Australia about 14 years ago, and after trying his hand at farming and later at advertising work, he linked up with Musgrove's. In time he worked his way up and soon became manager of '''6ML''', and when 6IX was opened he also took over the managership of that station. In this regard he is best known as wrestling commentator, and during his association with broadcasting he has described close on 600 boxing and wrestling bouts. In private hours there's nothing he likes better than a game of tennis, while he still follows enthusiastically soccer and rugby which he used to play in his young days in Wales. Being musically inclined — he carries the letters L.A.B. after his name — he is also a singer who has been heard over the air in the past.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article75493142 |title=Pertinent Paragraphs. |newspaper=[[Mirror]] |volume=14, |issue=725 |location=Western Australia |date=28 March 1936 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=15 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 04===== 1936 - 6WB Katanning Commences <blockquote>'''KATANNING "B" CLASS STATION. WORK ON 6WB SHOOTING AHEAD.''' The race is on! According to latest reports work has started on the new "B" class broadcasting station to be erected just outside Katanning for W.A. Broadcasters Ltd. Already the best part of the equipment to be used is being tested in Perth, and just as soon as the powerhouse is completed the 40 h.p. power plant will be installed and the transmitting gear will not be long behind. 6WB will take its place amongst the most powerful "B" stations in Australia, having a power of 2,000 watts and broadcasting on a wavelength somewhere in the region of 280 metres, between '''6ML''' and 6AM. It will come as a surprise to many that two 130ft. wooden masts are to be used instead of the conventional metal ones. It won't be long now before crystal sets make a determined appearance in Katanning and small sons and yards and yards of wire, coils, sliding contacts, crystal detectors and other such like things will be getting tangled up in mother's feet and wished somewhere a long way away from the middle of the passage, or somewhere else where everyone can trip over them.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article147426262 |title=KATANNING "B" CLASS STATION |newspaper=[[Great Southern Herald]] |volume=XXXIII, |issue=3,574 |location=Western Australia |date=25 April 1936 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 05===== =====1936 06===== =====1936 07===== 1936 - 6WB Katanning Commences <blockquote>'''RADIO NEWS. By Valve. ITEMS OF INTEREST. The Progress of Station 6WB.''' GOOD progress has been made with the new B class station being erected at Katanning for W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., and it is hoped that it will be able to make a start with the testing in about five weeks' time. The two wooden masts, each of 130 feet, are now in position, and the 40-horsepower Diesel engine, which will generate the power, is now being installed. Two engineers are at present at work on the wiring and about half of the transmitter has been delivered to the site. The remainder of the transmitter is expected to reach Katanning in the next two or three weeks. The new station, which will be known as 6WB. will have a wavelength of 280 metres, and a frequency of 107 [sic] kC. The object of the station will be to provide a programme suitable for country listeners at a time most convenient to them. In the main the station will relay programmes from station 6IX, but a separate studio is being provided in Perth to enable 6WB to broadcast its own programme when this is in the best interests of country listeners. The new station will also possibly relay important features from station '''6ML'''. Station 6WB will be one of the most powerful commercial stations in Australia, with a power of 2,000 watts, compared with the 500 watts of the present commercial stations in Perth. It has been estimated that from 85 to 90 per cent of country listeners in this State are situated within 150 miles of the new station.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article40731754 |title=RADIO NEWS |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=52, |issue=15,611 |location=Western Australia |date=8 July 1936 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 08===== =====1936 09===== 1936 - 6WB Katanning Commences <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WHISPERS.''' And now for some really good news about W.A. Broadcasters new country relay station, 6WB, Katanning. For same time past many wild guesses have been made concerning the time when it will be on the air. One gloomy pessimist was heard to say the other day: "Maybe they will give it to us for a Christmas present." Now the manager, Bryn Samuel, states that they have fixed a tentative opening date for 19th September. That's good to hear but we must realise that the date is given purely on the assumption that everything goes ahead without a hitch. Anyway don't be surprised if you hear the new voice testing during the next week. The gale, that hit so disastrously the new South-West Regional station at Minding, did not leave 6WB untouched. The high winds completely carried away the newly erected aerial wires between the two 130ft masts. A halyard at the top of one of the masts was also damaged and one of the engineers had to shin up to the top of the mast to fix it. However, all the damage has now been repaired. The Chairman and Secretary of the Katanning Road Board have been invited to attend the official opening of 6WB, which will take place in Perth.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article147427976 |title=WIRELESS WHISPERS |newspaper=[[Great Southern Herald]] |volume=XXXIII, |issue=3,612 |location=Western Australia |date=5 September 1936 |accessdate=4 April 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1936 - 6WB Katanning Commences <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WHISPERS.''' . . . Everything is set for 6WB to make its debut next Saturday. The programme for the first week has already been well planned and everybody connected with the station is working as hard as they possibly can. . . . There were 70 applicants for the job of early morning announcer for 6WB, Katanning, and if the final selection is made in time, the successful appli-cant will make his debut with the opening of the new station.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article147428183 |title=WIRELESS WHISPERS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Herald]] |volume=XXXIII, |issue=3,616 |location=Western Australia |date=19 September 1936 |accessdate=4 April 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Mandeville D'Oyly Musgrove <blockquote>'''DEATHS.''' . . . MUSGROVE.— On September 18, 1936, at Subiaco, Marjory Jane, dearly beloved wife of M. D'O. Musgrove, and loving mother of Jean (Mrs. N. Ames, Wembley) and Marjory (Mrs. G. John, Perenjori); aged 62 years. '''FUNERAL NOTICES.''' . . . MUSGROVE.— The Friends of Mr. M. D'O. Musgrove, of 11 Chester-road, Claremont, and Managing Director of Musgrove's, Ltd., Perth, are respectfully informed that the remains of his late dearly beloved wife, Marjory Jane, will be privately interred in the Church of England portion of the Karrakatta Cemetery at 11.20 o'clock THIS (Saturday) MORNING. DONALD J. CHIPPER & SON, Funeral Directors, 1023-1027 Hay-street, Perth. Tel. B3232 and B3772; and at Mt. Lawley.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article40960438 |title=Family Notices |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=52, |issue=15,674 |location=Western Australia |date=19 September 1936 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1936 - 6WB Katanning Commences <blockquote>'''RADIO SERVICE. NEW "B" CLASS STATION. First Programme Tomorrow.''' The new country "B" class broadcasting station, 6WB Katanning, which has been erected for W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., will be officially opened tomorrow night. The station, which has a power of 2,000 watts, the greatest power allowed for "B" class stations in the Commonwealth, will broadcast on a wavelength of 1,070 kilocycles (280.4 metres). The initial programme from 6WB will commence at 6 o'clock tomorrow night and will continue until midnight. The official opening ceremony will be performed at 7.45 by the chairman of directors of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd. (Mr. H. B. Jackson), and the chairman of the Katanning Road Board (Mr. A. Prosser). The ceremony will last about half an hour. The primary use of 6WB will be as a regional station of 6IX, and it will broadcast a large amount of this station's programmes and all outstanding features. At times, however, 6WB will be broadcasting its own programmes. The transmission times for the new station will be as follows:— SUNDAYS. 11 a.m. to 1.30 p.m. 3 p.m. to 5 p.m. 6 p.m. to 10.30 p.m. WEEKDAYS. 6.30 a.m. to 8.30 a.m. 12 noon to 2 p.m. 6 p.m. to 10.30 p.m. SATURDAYS. 6.30 a.m. to 8.30 a.m. 12 noon to 2 p.m. 3 p.m. to 5 p.m. 6 p.m. to 10.30 p.m. Discussing the programme policy of the station yesterday, the manager of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd. (Mr. Bryn Samuel) said that the programmes would mostly be derived from 6IX, but some would come independently from the Perth studio of 6WB, and to a lesser extent from '''6ML'''. A studio had been erected at the station at Katanning, but this would only be used in the case of a landline breakdown or other emergency. On Sundays, continued Mr. Samuel, 6WB would come on the air at 11 a.m. and would broadcast an independent programme from its Perth studio until it closed at 1.30 p.m. From 3 p.m. to 5 p.m. it would take a relay of "The Broadcaster" session from 6IX. There would then be a break of an hour, and in the evening both stations would come on the air together. Although the whole of the programme from 6IX might not go to 6WB — this would depend on the sponsors' requirements — such items as the church service and "The West Australian" news bulletin would form simultaneous broadcasts. Every day during the week, he proceeded, 6WB would have an independent programme from its Perth studio from 6.30 a.m. to 8.30 a.m. It would also have an independent session from noon to 2 p.m., and both these sessions would include items of special interest to country listeners, such as weather and market re-ports. In the evenings, except for special or sponsored programmes, 6WB would relay from 6IX from 6 o'clock to 6.30. It would then have an independent session until 7.15, followed by another relay from 6IX until 7.50 and a further independent session from then until 8.30. After that the programme would depend upon what was offering. However, it would relay all the news bulletins from 6IX in addition to other regular features. The programmes on Saturdays would be arranged in the same fashion as those for week days, with an extra two hours in the afternoon, when it would relay "The Western Mail" programme from 6IX. "In erecting the new station," added Mr. Samuel, "we were actuated by the desire to create a stronger radio link between the city and the country, and it is our hope that 6WB will fill the bill. An isolated independent station did not appear to us to be the most effective and efficient way of serving the country listeners, and it was therefore decided that 6WB should be used primarily as a regionial station of 6IX. By splitting the programmes it will be possible for us to maintain the city listener's interest and at the same time give the country listener all the information he requires for the marketing of his products. In districts it should be possible for receivers to give perfectly satisfactory results, and I hope that 6WB will play a big part in increasing rapidly the number of licences held in the country."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article40962234 |title=RADIO SERVICE. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=52, |issue=15,679 |location=Western Australia |date=25 September 1936 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=29 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1936 - 6WB Katanning Commences <blockquote>'''TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION. Construction Details.''' Station 6WB is situated on the main Wagin-Katanning-road, and the two 130 foot wooden masts standing back from the road form a good landmark for the station. The station buildings consist of a residence, the transmitter building, and the power house. In the power house there is a 40-horse power oil engine which provides the power for turning the 26 kilowatt alternator. This machine supplies alternating current at 415 volts, with provision for electric lighting at 240 volts. From this alternator, mains run to the switchboard where the circuits are split up and diverted to the various sub-sections, comprising magnetic switches, fuses and manual switches for controlling the distribution of the power. The transmitter is housed in a large room measuring 28 feet by 20 feet, and is built in one large unit measuring 18 feet long by 17 feet wide by 6 feet high, and contains all the apparatus necessary to put a broadcast programme on the air, from the crystal oscillator to the water-cooled tubes and the associate rectifying system. The current used in the generation of the carrier wave is necessarily direct current if a hum-free transmission is desired, and to achieve this four rectifiers are in use at 6WB. The crystal oscillator is a small receiving valve and it generates the high frequency current which alternates, or changes it potential, 1,070,000 times a second. This current, although very small at first, is amplified by a succession of valves and made larger and larger until it is finally delivered from the water-cooled valve as 2,000 watts of radio frequency power and passed along the feeder lines to the aerial system. At a selected position in the amplifying procedure, the audio-frequency currents which have been generated by the microphones and pickups and amplified by speech amplifiers and power amplifiers, are superimposed on the radio frequency power, which is then said to be modulated. The audio currents, which are generated at the Perth studios are sent to Katanning on a pair of telephone wires made available by the Postmaster-General's Department. As considerable power is absorbed by loss in the wires, it must be further strengthened on its arrival at Katanning. The telephone wires end in a studio which has been built to provide facilities for putting a programme over in the event of a fault developing in the programme line from Perth. The studio contains a microphone and magnetic pickup and an electric turntable motor, with sufficient records to keep a programme going for many hours. Two engineers will be stationed at Katanning. The engineer in charge will live at the station in the residence erected by the company, and the second engineer will live at Katanning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article40962895 |title=TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=52, |issue=15,681 |location=Western Australia |date=28 September 1936 |accessdate=4 April 2019 |page=16 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Mandeville D'Oyly Musgrove <blockquote>'''BEREAVEMENT NOTICES.''' . . . MRS. FRANCES E. TEMPLE, desires to acknowledge with GRATITUDE the kindly messages of sympathy extended to her on the death of her sister, Mrs. M. D'O. Musgrove.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article40963240 |title=Family Notices |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=52, |issue=15,682 |location=Western Australia |date=29 September 1936 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 10===== 1936 - 6WB Katanning Commences <blockquote>'''W.A. BROADCASTERS' NEW RELAY STATION AT KATANNING.''' After months of feverish preparation and endless trying-out of new equipment, W.A. Broadcasters' new relay station, 6WB Katanning, came on the air for the first time, officially, last Saturday night. During the previous week 6WB, while testing, was heard by many in the district, and this heightened the already intense interest shown in the construction of an essentially country listeners' station. The station will be used primarily as a relay station for 6IX and the whole of Saturday night's programme, which lasted from 6 o'clock until midnight, was broadcast by both stations. The official opening ceremony was performed by the chairman of directors of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd. (Mr. H. B. Jackson), and he was supported by the chairman of the Katanning Road Board (Mr. A. Prosser) and Mr. A. F. Watts, M.L.A. The new station broadcasts on a wavelength of 1,070 kilocycles (280.3 metres) and has a power of 2,000 watts. In addressing listeners, Mr. Jackson said that the position of 6WB had been chosen and its power had been installed for the purpose mainly of benefiting the country listeners in Western Australia who, owing to geographical and other disabilities, were not always able to obtain the best results from metropolitan stations. The new station would be used primarily as a relay station for 6IX. It would not, however, be slavishly confined to the programmes of that station, but would include, as far as possible, matters of special interest to country residents, and would give its own programmes on desirable occasions. '''Country Radio Reception.''' "It gives me a great deal of pleasure to be able to support Mr. Jackson in declaring this station open," said Mr. Prosser. "As chairman of the Katanning Road Board, in whose territory 6WB has been established, I feel it a great honour to be able to speak on behalf of Katanning and the surrounding districts. W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., deserves a lot of praise for the enterprising manner in which it has endeavoured to overcome the disadvantages that are suffered by listeners east of the Darling Ranges. It has erected one of the finest B class stations in the Commonwealth within the Katanning district. Up to the present time radio reception from metropolitan stations has been very poor, but now, with the erection of 6WB, radio reception is going to improve, not only in our district, but in all parts of the State east of the Darling Ranges." ???? 415 volts, with provision for electric lighting at 240 volts. From this alternator, mains run to the switchboard, where the circuits are split up and diverted to the various sub-sections, comprising magnetic switches, fuses and manual switches for controlling the distribution of the power. The transmitter is housed in a large room measuring 28 feet by 20 feet, and (Start Photo Caption) North mast seen from half-way up south mast. (End Photo Caption) is built in one large unit measuring 18 feet long by 17 feet wide by 6 feet high, and contains all the apparatus necessary to put a broadcast programme on the air, from the crystal oscillator to the water-cooled tubes and the associate rectifying system. The current used in the generation of the carrier (Start Photo Caption) Katanning studio and line amplifier. The rectifier portion of the transmitter can be seen through the glass panel.(End Photo Caption) <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article147428382 |title=6WB Opens |newspaper=[[Great Southern Herald]] |volume=XXXIV, |issue=3,619 |location=Western Australia |date=3 October 1936 |accessdate=4 April 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 11===== =====1936 12===== ====1937==== =====1937 01===== =====1937 02===== 1937 - Newspaper Control; 1941 - 6MD Merredin Commences <blockquote>'''NIGGER IN WOODPILE. MIXED MOTIVES BEHIND WIRELESS LICENCE-FEE CAMPAIGN. Sir Keith Murdoch as Champion With a Shining Axe.''' FOR some weeks past, the chain-gang press of Sir Keith Murdoch and the Melbourne "Herald" has been waging a fierce campaign in favor of a reduction of 3/6 in the wireless listener's licence-fee. This crusade, directed by anybody else, might seem a commendable effort to protect the listener's interests. Melbourne "Herald" crusades, however, are, by this time, taken with some suspicion. When the Melbourne "Herald" protects any interests, they are generally found to be the interests of the Melbourne "Herald." Facts revealed in this article show that Sir Keith Murdoch, thanks to his web of wireless-station and newspaper interests, is trying to wield more power than a Prime Minister. His campaign against the Broadcasting Commission is not one of such simple philanthropy as might appear. '''"SMITH'S WEEKLY"''' is not concerned here with any case for or against a reduction in listeners' licence-fees. Its concern, at present, is with the manner in which one partisan side of that dispute is being argued. The position resolves itself briefly into the question whether one man, or one monopoly, should be allowed to dominate the internal affairs of Australia. The man is Sir Keith Murdoch, pocket-Northcliffe of the Melbourne "Herald," and the monopoly is the "Herald's" ability to shout its propaganda through the Commonwealth, while, at the same time, spokesmen of the other side are denied a voice. Since "Smith's Weekly" is one of the few Australian newspapers that own no liaison with any broadcasting station, it is able to give some plain facts about the A.B.C.'s position, which other journals, particularly those in the Murdoch chain-gang, have hitherto suppressed. Genuine zeal in the protection of listeners' interests is natural, legitimate, and pardonable. But listeners may be excused if they regard with some suspicion the peculiarly intense agitation in favor of reduced licence-fees, and against the A.B.C. generally, which has been spread across the pages of the Murdoch Press. '''The Champion.''' As a champion of the licence-paying listener, Sir Keith Murdoch, in short, comes not with a shining sword to brandish, but with a shining axe to grind. This apparently noble-hearted and philanthropic crusade on the listeners' behalf has to be examined in the light of the fact that Murdoch and the Melbourne "Herald" control no fewer than seven daily papers in Australia, and (according to Sir Archdale Parkhill), 8 B class broadcasting stations. To find any parallel to this monopoly of propaganda-engines, one has to turn to William Randolph Hearst, of the United States, or the Press-barons of England. Through his seven daily newspapers and his eight broadcasting stations, Murdoch exercises more bullying influence, and more indirect persuasion, over the minds of the Australian nation than the Cabinet itself. Ministers, indeed, before this, have been at the beck and call of the heavy-jowled Melbourne journalist, with his tremendous bludgeons of publicity and propaganda. For the past few weeks, every Murdoch paper and microphone has been pumping forth a flood of argument and demand in favor of a reduction of 3/6 or more in the annual wireless listener's licence-fee. From any other source, the campaign might have been taken at its face-value, as an honest effort to assist the listener. But with Murdoch-worked campaigns, the public has got into the habit of asking Why? His Motives There are two exceedingly strong motives of self-interest which do much to rob this latest campaign of its guile-less altruism. Consider, for a start, the extraordinary network or B class wireless stations which have been built up round the Melbourne "Herald," with Daddy Murdoch nestling in the centre of the web. You need go no further than Federal Hansard, of December, 1936, to see how the Minister for Defence (Sir Archdale Parkhill) tabulated the Melbourne "Herald's" broadcasting station affiliations and interests:— MELBOURNE "HERALD" AND ASSOCIATED NEWSPAPER INTERESTS IN BROADCASTING STATIONS * STATION; LICENSEE; INTEREST. * 3DB, Melbourne; 3DB Broadcasting Station Pty. Ltd.; Nominal capital, £20,000 — The "Herald" or its nominee holds all issued shares (£5300). * 4BK, Brisbane; Brisbane Broadcasting Pty. Ltd.; Nominal capital, £5000 (£1 shares) Queensland Newspapers Ltd. ("Courier-Mail") or its nominees hold 1802 of 2103 issued shares. Directors: N. White, Managing Director, Queensland Newspapers Ltd., R. T. Foster, Editor, and E. H. Macartney, solicitor. Actual "Herald" interest in Queensland Newspapers Ltd. not known. * 4AK, Oakey; Brisbane Broadcasting Pty. Ltd.; Control - As above. * 4GY, Gympie; Brisbane Broadcasting Pty. Ltd.; Note : Licence approved for Gympie but not granted. Control - As above. * 5AD, Adelaide; Advertisers Newspapers Ltd.; "Herald" has 113,200 preference and 130,000 ordinary shares in "Advertiser" Newspapers Ltd. L. Dumas is Managing Director. * 5MU, Murray Bridge; Murray Bridge Broadcasting Co. Ltd.; Nominal capital — £5000 (£1 shares). All issued shares (400) are held by nominees of "Advertiser" Newspapers, Ltd. * 5PI, Port Pirie; Midlands Broadcasting Co. Ltd. Nominal capital — £2000 (£1 shares). All issued shares (820) held by "Advertiser" Newspapers, Ltd., or nominees. * 6ML, Perth; West Australian Broadcasters Ltd.; Capital. £12,000, in £1 shares, of which 5999 - held by West Australian Newspapers Ltd. * 6KA, Katannlng; West Australian Broadcasters Ltd.; Capital, £12,000 in £1 shares, of which 5999 held by West Australian Newspapers Ltd. — Licence not yet issued. * 6MD, Merredin; West Australian Broadcasters Ltd.; Capital, £12,000 in £1 shares, of which 5999 held by West Australian Newspapers Ltd. — Licence not yet issued. * 6IX, Perth; West Australian Newspapers Ltd.; Although licence is held by West Australian Newspapers, it is understood the station is owned by West Australian Broadcasters Ltd. Since the publication of this list in Hansard, the Murdoch interests have also constructed a relay-station at Lubeck (Vic.), which is reported as being the most powerful B Station in the Commonwealth. It operates by regulation on a power of 2000 watts, although the plant is capable of 5000 watts, and has a direct landline connection with the central Murdoch Station, 3DB, situated in the Melbourne "Herald" Office. The Minister for Defence, Sir Archdale Parkhill who represents the Postmaster-General in the House of Representatives, has informed "Smith's Weekly" that, since he quoted these figures to Federal Parliament, he has received a letter from W.A. Broadcasters Ltd., which states that the Melbourne "Herald" and "Associated Publications" have no connection with 6ML, 6LX [sic, 6IX], 6MD, and 6KA. Thus, assuming that Sir Archdale Parkhill's statements are correct, the Murdoch-controlled stations now number 8. It will be seen how widely and deeply the Melbourne "Herald" interests extend. And the nigger in this imposing woodpile is to be found in the fact that nearly all B-class stations today are finding it increasingly difficult to get in advertising. A few years ago, they had less competition to meet, and entertainment programmes were comparatively cheap — so much so that, during those golden days, many B-class proprietaries made small fortunes. Today, all that has changed. Entertainment needs to be increasingly outstanding to hold listeners' interest, and programme-costs, performing-fees and royalties have all gone up. In addition, the A-class stations have been offering vigorous competition. As an example of this, it is safe to say that, during Sir Harry Lauder's recent hour over 2FC, 3LO and the other national stations, hardly a listener in Australia heard a word of the advertisements that were being put into the air at the same time by the B-class stations. Every time, therefore, when an A-class station offers an attraction like this, B-class station advertisers complain, with some justification, that their sponsored advertising-programmes are being wasted. Sir Keith Murdoch, it is obvious, realises the menace which A-class station enterprise of this kind offers to his chain-gang of B-class stations. The remedy, in his view, is to curtail the amount of money at the A.B.C.'s disposal for such dangerous counter-attractions. By urging a reduction in the licence-fee, therefore, with a corresponding reduction in the Commission's revenue, the Murdoch propaganda-machines are not only outwardly befriending the listener, in a noble and philanthropic way, but they are also protecting their own web of B-class stations, in a manner not quite so altruistic. This motive becomes fairly obvious after a perusal of Sir Archdale Parkhill's little list of Murdoch wireless-interests. The second motive is not so transparent. but it is just as strong. The Melbourne "Herald" group, together with other newspaper-proprietaries, has been given a bad attack of the jitters by the Broadcasting Commission's hint that it may find it necessary to organise its own service of cable-news for listeners. Ever since this dreadful possibility was mentioned, the proprietors of the monopolistic press-cable services have been having nightmares. Negotiations, indeed, were in train for some considerable time between the A.B.C. and the newspaper-proprietaries, for the supply of cable-news. But no finality was reached, and the arrangement is still hanging fire. In any case, whatever the outcome of this bargaining, it is well known that the A.B.C. would be exceedingly distrustful of the sort of colored "cable-news" which is being fed to readers of Australian daily newspapers today. The Commission obviously would want its cable-news to be fair, accurate and unbiased — qualities signally lacking in the sort of "cable-news" to which Australian newspaper-monopolies restrict Australian readers at present. "Smith's Weekly" for a long time past has deplored the one-sided and subtly-colored news which comes to Australia through these channels, and has attempted to show Australians what they are missing by giving its own representatives' accounts of events such as the Spanish Civil War, Edward's abdication, and British and American politics, all of which have been grossly distorted by the one-eyed cable-messages of the regular services. Hence the A.B.C.'s hint that it might be necessary to establish an independent cable-service of its own. This prospect, though still a mere hypothesis, has thrown Australian proprietors in general, and Murdoch in particular, into a nervous dither. Once again, it will be seen that by urging a substantial cut in the licence-fee, under the guise of sympathy for the listener, the Murdoch propaganda-machines are protecting their own precious interests. A cut of 3/6 would mean a reduction of about £120,000 a year in the A.B.C.'s revenue, and this would put an effective stop to any audacious ideas about a separate cable-service. See now just how disinterested the Melbourne "Herald's" campaign for lower wireless-licences begins to look! '''The Moneybags.''' Much use has been made by the Murdoch papers of the claim that, of the present 21/- licence-fee, 9/- goes into the Government's consolidated revenue. The Melbourne "Herald" and its pups loudly complain that this 9/- is not used for wireless-purposes at all. But what the Murdoch chain-gang overlooks is the fact that the revenue into which the 9/- is paid has to cover the cost of constructing and maintaining landlines, and telephone and telegraph-services, used extensively in broadcast-relays even by B Class stations. In addition, this money also goes toward the expense of constructing new studios, buildings and plants for new country broadcasting-centres. Apart from this, the A.B.C.'s own present plant and equipment are urgently in need of modernisation and extension, according to comparisons made with broadcasting-stations in other countries. This would, of course, be practically impossible if the A.B.C.'s revenue is cut by £120,000 a year. But these considerations are beside the point, since "Smith's" does not intend to enter into the pros and cons of licence-fee reduction here. What does become glaringly apparent is the self-interest which lurks behind the Murdoch campaign, conducted ostensibly in the sacred cause of the listener, but waged with even keener zeal in the infinitely more sacred cause of the Murdoch money-bags! (Start Photo Caption) LITTLE CAESAR KEITH MURDOCH.— He wields more power than a Prime Minister (End Photo Caption).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article235893045 |title=NIGGER IN WOODPILE |newspaper=[[Smith's Weekly]] |volume=XVIII, |issue=50 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=13 February 1937 |accessdate=2 April 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1937 03===== =====1937 04===== =====1937 05===== =====1937 06===== =====1937 07===== =====1937 08===== =====1937 09===== =====1937 10===== =====1937 11===== =====1937 12===== ====1938==== =====1938 01===== =====1938 02===== =====1938 03===== =====1938 04===== <blockquote>'''PUBLIC NOTICES. IN THE SUPREME COURT OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA. PROBATE JURISDICTION.''' IN THE MATTER of the Will of MARY GUNNER late of 8 Moorgate-street, Victoria Park, in the State of Western Australia. Married Woman, deceased. TAKE NOTICE that all Creditors and other persons having Claims or Demands against the Estate of the abovenamed deceased are hereby required to send particulars in writing of such claims and demands to Mandeville D'Oyly Musgrove, c/o Messrs. Unmack & Unmack, Solicitors, Withnell Chambers, Howard-street, Perth, the Executor of the Will of the said deceased, on or before the 9th day of May, 1938, after which date the Executor will proceed to distribute the assets of the said deceased among the persons entitled thereto, having regard only to the claims and demands of which he shall then have received notice. DATED this 30th day of March, 1938. UNMACK & UNMACK, Solicitors for the Executor, Mandeville D'Oyly Musgrove, Withnell Chambers, Howard-street, Perth.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article41674421 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=54, |issue=16,152 |location=Western Australia |date=5 April 1938 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''IN THE SUPREME COURT OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA. PROBATE JURISDICTION.''' IN THE MATTER of the Will of MARY GUNNER, late of 8 Moorgate-street, Victoria Park, in the State of Western Australia. Married Woman, deceased. TAKE NOTICE that all Creditors and other persons having Claims or Demands against the Estate of the abovenamed deceased are hereby required to send particulars in writing of such claims and demands to Mandeville D'Oyly Musgrove, c/o Messrs. Unmack & Unmack, Solicitors, Withnell Chambers, Howard-street, Perth, the Executor of the Will of the said deceased, on or before the 9th day of May, 1938, after which date the Executor will proceed to distribute the assets of the said deceased among the persons entitled thereto, having regard only to the claims and demands of which he shall then have received notice. DATED this 30th day of March, 1938. UNMACK & UNMACK, Solicitors for the Executor, Mandeville D'Oyly Musgrove, Withnell Chambers, Howard-street, Perth.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article41678071 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=54, |issue=16,163 |location=Western Australia |date=19 April 1938 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1938 05===== =====1938 06===== =====1938 07===== =====1938 08===== =====1938 09===== =====1938 10===== =====1938 11===== =====1938 12===== ====1939==== =====1939 01===== =====1939 02===== =====1939 03===== =====1939 04===== =====1939 05===== =====1939 06===== =====1939 07===== =====1939 08===== =====1939 09===== =====1939 10===== 1939 - New Transmitter <blockquote>'''BROADCAST PROGRAMMES.''' (Further details of programmes are to be found in "The Broadcaster.") . . . '''6ML'''. 7 a.m.: Music. 9.0: Close. 10.30: For women, etc. 12.30: Close. 5.30: Children's session. 6.0: Music, sponsored sessions, etc. '''Opening of new transmitter'''. 9.0: Dance music. 10.30: Close.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46431407 |title=BROADCAST PROGRAMMES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=55, |issue=16,626 |location=Western Australia |date=16 October 1939 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1939 - New Transmitter <blockquote>'''NEW 6ML TRANSMITTER. Last Night's Official Opening.''' A novel ceremony took place last night when the chairman of directors of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd. (Mr. H. B. Jack-son) officially declared open the new high fidelity transmitter which has been installed at station '''6ML'''. The station will in future broadcast with the new transmitter, the old transmitter being reserved as an emergency unit. The old transmitter was in use when Mr. Jackson commenced speaking at the official opening last night. Following his opening remarks, a few bars of Lizst's Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2 were played. This was followed by a short pause, during which the new transmitter was switched on, and the same record was played again. By this means listeners were enabled to make a comparison of the quality of the broadcast from the old and new transmitters. "Those of you who were interested in radio from its beginning," said Mr. Jackson, "will remember that '''6ML''' was the pioneer of commercial broadcasting in this State. It broadcast its first concert on March 19, 1930 — scarcely ten years ago. Eight other commercial stations have been established since then, but we hope we still lead." After referring to the progress which had been made in all branches of radio, Mr. Jackson said that while the quality of the old transmitter was very good, that of the newly-installed one was better. Improvements had been made all along the line, but the special qualities of the new transmitter would be more apparent to the owners of modern receiving sets. Nevertheless he thought owners of old sets would be able easily to appreciate the difference. The new transmitter at '''6ML''' is claimed to be capable of transmitting speech or music indistinguishable from the original, as the full range of musical tones is transmitted equally without discrimination. The tones are transmitted without introducing overtones or harmonics, and the low inherent noise level allows the transmission of a wide dynamic or volume range. Following the official opening last night, a special programme was presented by '''6ML'''. The local artists who took part in the programme included Austin Ray and his Lyricals, Glen Matson's Harmony Hawaiians and Merv Rowston and his orchestra.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46431587 |title=NEW 6ML TRANSMITTER. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=55, |issue=16,627 |location=Western Australia |date=17 October 1939 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1939 11===== =====1939 12===== ===1940s=== ====1940==== =====1940 01===== =====1940 02===== =====1940 03===== 1940 - 10th Anniversary <blockquote>'''6ML Cocktail Party.''' IN celebration of the 10th anniversary of station '''6ML''' — one of three stations controlled by W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd. a cocktail party was held yesterday afternoon at the Palace Hotel. The guests were received by the manager of the company (Mr. B. Samuel). The chairman of directors (Mr. H. B. Jackson), who is in Sydney, sent a telegram regretting his absence. Other directors present were Messrs. H. J. Lambert (acting-chairman), M. D'O. Musgrove, F. C. Kingston, H. Greig and C. P. Smith. In the course of replies to the congratulations of guests, Mr. Samuel stated that '''6ML''' was the first commercial station to be founded in this State, and was one of the first in the Commonwealth. At the time it was established there were only 5,000 listeners' licences in Western Australia; now there were over 85,000. A novel table decoration was a feature of the party. It took the form of model wireless towers, one at each end of the table. The towers were about six feet high. Suspended from wires stretched between them were two artistic streamers, one above the other. On the top streamer was the announcement, "10 Years Old," and on the other, the name of the station, '''"6ML."''' Invited guests included the following: The Acting-Deputy Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. G. Kilpatrick), the Senior Radio Inspector (Mr. G. A. Scott), the Assistant Radio Inspector (Mr. A. Grey), and Messrs. J. E. Macartney, C. C. Wren, R. Simonsen, R. W. Edwards, M. Zeffert, S. W. Davies, A. Colebrook, C. Wood, G. McDonald, E. Harvey, Grodeck, J. Coulter, A. A. Wheatly, R. Smith, A. Saggers, Moore, C. A. Gannaway, E. A. Toogood, R. Buckeridge, T. Smith, W. Smith, W. B. Garner, W. Watson, Birch, Norman, Bywaters, V. A. Taylor, Grey, R. Pearce, C. Evans, W. H. Williams, Nash, A. S. Dening, Moncur, D. Lord, Forsyth, L. Schutt, A. J. Williams, S. C. Cohen, K. T. Hamblett, N. C. S. Mount, A. Collett, N. Hutchinson, J. Mercer, K. McKinley, A. Kelly, C. Cohen, Wood, C. Stuart-Smith, J. Anstey, M. Levinson, Chapman, Fielding, M. J. Bateman, F. Beams, De Groot, Hewitt, E. Plaistowe, J. Squires, J. Bulloch and Kells.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46363576 |title=6ML Cocktail Party. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=56, |issue=16,759 |location=Western Australia |date=20 March 1940 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1940 04===== =====1940 05===== =====1940 06===== 1941 - 6MD Merredin Commences <blockquote>'''NEW RADIO STATIONS. Two More for This State.''' The manager of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd. (Mr. B. Samuel) announced yesterday that his company had been granted a licence to operate a broadcasting station in the Merredin district. The power of the station would be 500 watts and it would operate on a wavelength of 273 metres. Tenders for a transmitter had been called for and tests would be conducted shortly to select the station site. The new station would be the country outlet for '''6ML'''. Arrangements are being made by the Australian Labour Party to establish a commercial broadcasting station in Perth. Yesterday the secretary of the State executive of the party (Mr. P. J. Trainer) said that the matter had been under consideration for some time. The new station, for which a licence had just been obtained, would be controlled by the People's Printing and Publishing Co, which published the "Westralian Worker," the official organ of the party. Mr. Trainer said he was not in a position to say where the station would be located or to give the approximate date of its opening.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46719886 |title=NEW RADIO STATIONS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=56, |issue=16,825 |location=Western Australia |date=7 June 1940 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1940 07===== 1941 - 6MD Merredin Commences <blockquote>'''6MD Call Sign for Merredin Station.''' The station to be erected by W.A. Broadcasters Ltd., at Merredin has been allotted the call sign of 6MD. Already preliminary work in connection with the building of the station has been performed and it is possible that 6MD will be on the air before the end of the year. The station will have a power of 500 watts. It is easy to understand, why the letters "MD" have been chosen for the call sign. They suggest Merredin and can be clearly pronounced. The figure six denotes the State of Western Australia. When a radio call sign commences with the figure 1 it denotes New Zealand; 2 denotes N.S.W.; 3, Victoria; 4, Queensland; 5, South Australia; and 7, Tasmania.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article252483380 |title=6MD Call Sign for Merredin Station. |newspaper=[[Merredin Mercury And Central Districts Index]] |volume=XXIII, |issue=1357 |location=Western Australia |date=25 July 1940 |accessdate=2 April 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1940 08===== <blockquote>'''MUSGROVES, LTD. Net Profit up £1,056.''' Musgrove's. Ltd., in their balance sheet for the year ended June 30 report an increase of £583 in gross profit (due to an improved turnover). At the same time, the company was able to lessen the expenses by £819. As a result, and after making provision for taxation, the net profit was better by £1,056 than for the previous year. The debit in the profit and loss account, which has existed for the past seven years, has been eliminated, and the account is now £187 in credit. The company's indebtedness to the bank has fallen by £5,632. Liabilities (bills payable, sundry creditors and bank) are down by £5,922, while the decrease in assets (stocks, debtors, bill receivable) is only £2,047. The seventeenth annual meeting will be held at Lyric House at 4 p.m. on August 26. Business will include the election of a director in place of Mr. H. B. Jackson, who retires in accordance with the articles of association, and the election of auditors. Messrs. Flack and Flack retire, but being eligible, offer themselves for re-election.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46733032 |title=MUSGROVES, LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=56, |issue=16,887 |location=Western Australia |date=19 August 1940 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=13 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1941 - 6MD Merredin Commences <blockquote>'''6MD. FURTHER PROGRESS MADE. SITE PURCHASED.''' During this week further progress was made in connection with the proposed new broadcasting station to be erected at Merredin, when Messrs. Henry Greig (Director), F. C. Kingston (State manager), Bryn Samuel (manager) and Harry Simons (chief engineer) of W.A. Broadcasters Ltd., visited Merredin for the purpose of finalising the purchase of a site. In all the company had six sites under observation, and the one finally selected was 25 acres of the property of Mrs. A. H. Robartson, situated opposite the Merredin State Experimental Farm on the Great eastern Highway 4½ miles from Merredin. The representatives of the company expressed pleasure on being able to secure such a favourable site and it is now hoped the 6MD will be on the air by Christmas. The plant will consist of a 500 watt transmitter and 50,00 [sic] feet of copper will be buried to comprise the earth. The transmitter buildings will be lit up by a Diesel electric light plant, whilst residences will be built for the company's technicians. The programme will be relayed from Perth by land line and the associated stations will be '''6ML''', 6IX and 6WB (Katanning.) The new station will fill a long-felt want in the important Eastern and North-Eastern Wheatbelts, when at the present time only the programme from the big National Station are heard with any pleasure at all. Arrangements for a suitable official opening of the new 6MD will receive attention at a later date, and no doubt the extent of the celebrations will depend largely upon the progress of the world conflict now raging. Merredin has quite a live Musical Society, and might we suggest early that their co-operation be sought to enable a local programme to comprise portion of the opening celebrations in connection with the new station.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article252484275 |title=6 MD. |newspaper=[[Merredin Mercury And Central Districts Index]] |volume=XXIII, |issue=1362 |location=Western Australia |date=29 August 1940 |accessdate=2 April 2019 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1940 09===== =====1940 10===== <blockquote>'''Too Obtrusive.''' SIR,— Ever since 6WN came on the air it has been a curse to city listeners. Being so powerful we hear it behind every other station on the dial. No matter how modern your set you cannot listen to 6IX and '''6ML''' without the National jazzing about in the background. Can nothing be done? Beethoven's "Appassionata" sounds pretty foul against a backcloth of "Deep Purple." Perth. BLAST 6WN!<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78540087 |title=Too Obtrusive |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=LVIII, |issue=20464 |location=Western Australia |date=31 October 1940 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=4 (CITY FINAL) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1940 11===== =====1940 12===== <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''Wireless Telegraphy Classes.''' Special classes for wireless-telegraphy reservists of the Royal Australian Air Force will commence at the R.A.A.F. No. 4 Recruiting Centre, Perth, tomorrow night. The classes have been arranged by Mr. H. T. Simmons, chairman of the Institute of Radio Engineers (W.A. Division) in conjunction with Sergeant L. Noble, trade testing officer at the recruiting centre. They are designed to give elementary instruction in the theory of radio and transmission and reception, and at present will take in about 30 reservists. The instructors will be Messrs. J. Austin, J. Tapper, N. Parker and G. Butterfield. The classes will be held at 7.30 p.m. on Tuesdays and Thursdays.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47295161 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=56, |issue=16,977 |location=Western Australia |date=2 December 1940 |accessdate=14 April 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1941==== =====1941 01===== =====1941 02===== =====1941 03===== =====1941 04===== =====1941 05===== =====1941 06===== =====1941 07===== 1941 - 6MD Merredin Commences <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''New Radio Station.''' A new broadcasting station in this State came on the air last Saturday night when 6MD, the Merredin regional station of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., was officially opened. The opening was performed by the chairman of directors of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd. (Mr. H. B. Jackson, K.C.). Station 6MD, which will relay a number of important programmes presented by stations 6IX and '''6ML''', is powered by 500 watts and operates on a wave length of 273 metres (1,100 kilocycles). The manager of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd. (Mr. B. Samuel) said yesterday that favourable reports regarding the reception of broadcasts from 6MD had been received from many widely separated country centres.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47151847 |title=NEWS AND NOTES |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=57, |issue=17,163 |location=Western Australia |date=10 July 1941 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1941 08===== =====1941 09===== =====1941 10===== =====1941 11===== =====1941 12===== ====1942==== =====1942 01===== =====1942 02===== =====1942 03===== =====1942 04===== =====1942 05===== =====1942 06===== =====1942 07===== 1943 - WW2 Closure <blockquote>'''RADIO STATIONS. Staff Shortage Causes Alarm.''' If the military call-up continued at the present rate the commercial broadcasting stations in Western Australia would be compelled either to reduce the hours of transmission drastically or to close down. This statement was made to the Assistant Minister for the Army (Senator Fraser) by a deputation from the Federation of Commercial Broad-casting Stations of WA which waited on him during the week. It was stated that the shortage of technicians and engineers had be-come alarming. It had been found impossible to replace the men who had been called up or who were enlisting with the air force. Under instructions from the Postmaster General only a man with an "A" class certificate was allowed to operate a wireless transmitter. One member of the deputation pointed out that some country stations were run on diesel engines, and if unskilled men operated these frequent blowing out of valves would result. The Minister said he realised the importance of keeping the broadcasting stations on the air, and would discuss their problem with the manpower and military authorities, and would also inquire into the position of commercial stations in the other States.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47339424 |title=RADIO STATIONS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=58, |issue=17,475 |location=Western Australia |date=11 July 1942 |accessdate=31 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1942 08===== =====1942 09===== =====1942 10===== =====1942 11===== =====1942 12===== ====1943==== =====1943 01===== =====1943 02===== =====1943 03===== =====1943 04===== =====1943 05===== 1943 - WW2 Closure <blockquote>'''W.A. Radio Station to Close.''' PERTH, Wednesday.— Due to staff difficulties caused by the war, station '''6ML''', pioneer commercial broadcasting station in Western Australia, will close after completion of its programme on Sunday.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article140455267 |title=W.A. Radio Station to Close |newspaper=[[Newcastle Morning Herald And Miners' Advocate]] |issue=20,791 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=27 May 1943 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1943 - WW2 Closure <blockquote>'''Local and General.''' . . . Closed Down. Station '''6ML''' has been closed down till the end of the war. This has been found necessary owing to the insuperable difficulties in running the Station, brought about by the depletion of staffs for manpower requirements.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article240496108 |title=Local and General. |newspaper=[[Mount Barker And Denmark Record]] |volume=14, |issue=1658 |location=Western Australia |date=31 May 1943 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1943 06===== 1943 - WW2 Closure <blockquote>'''Goebbels Beaten.''' The recent announcement that all radio sets in Holland must be handed in to the German authorities has not deterred those in charge of the Netherlands Government's sponsored broadcast, Radio Oranje, in London. The leader of the session is a man known only as the "Rotterdammer." Despite ruthless German repression the talks were listened to regularly by millions of patriotic Dutchmen. Radio Oranje has played an important part in maintaining morale, and even the latest order will not prevent its message from being distributed throughout Holland. In an exclusive story in "The Broadcaster" this week the "Rotterdammer" tells how Holland fights on. In the same issue are details of talks about Australia to be heard during June and July, and particulars of the next "Calling Australian Towns" programme, which will be heard next Saturday. '''Reminiscences of 6ML''', a short story and the usual complete technical section are also included. "The Broadcaster" is on sale at all newsagents.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46758132 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=59, |issue=17,752 |location=Western Australia |date=2 June 1943 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1943 - WW2 Closure <blockquote>'''NEWS IN BRIEF.''' . . . '''DIMINISHING RADIO.''' The closing down of Western Australia's first commercial broadcasting station — '''6ML''', Perth — is another indication of the inroads which war is making on our normal life. Whilst the effect of this closure will be felt mostly by those within an easy radius of Perth, there is bound to be regret that the oldest commercial station, and the second oldest broadcasting station in the West, should find it necessary to close its transmitter for the duration all over the State. It is one less programme to choose from — it is one less opportunity for people of talent to obtain their chance — but, like many worthier and less worthy institutions, it has been caught up in the maelstrom of war, and is now but a memory, and perhaps a hope for the future — a hope for those happier years which are to come. '''6ML''' is but another casualty amongst those enterprises which have been built up to crash against the rocks of conflict. And the end is not yet.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article251167399 |title=Casual Comment |newspaper=[[Midlands Advocate]] |volume=26, |issue=1417 |location=Western Australia |date=4 June 1943 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1943 - WW2 Closure <blockquote>'''Post Offices To Close 5.30 pm.''' On and after next Monday if you want to do any postal business between 5.30 and 6 p.m. you must go to the G.P.O. From that day all other post offices will close at 5.30 p.m. during the week and 12.30 p.m. on the weekly half-holiday. Deputy Director of Posts and Telegraphs J. G. Kilpatrick said today that the change in hours was due to staff shortages. "The position is similar to that of the banks," he said. "Although their closing hour is now 2 o'clock, the staff does not go home then. That is when their work starts — getting their books in order, balancing cash. "Our post office staffs have been working till all hours of the night trying to cope with the work. The alteration is Commonwealth-wide." The G.P.O. telegraph office will be open as usual, and telephone services will continue wherever there is a telephone exchange. Money order business, allotment and pension payments will finish half an hour earlier than at present.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78449520 |title=Post Offices To Close 5.30 pm |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=LXI, |issue=21,280 |location=Western Australia |date=18 June 1943 |accessdate=31 March 2019 |page=3 (HOME EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1943 07===== 1943 - WW2 Closure <blockquote>'''6ML.''' "After a career of more than 13 years, the Westralian radio station '''6ML''' has closed "until the end of the war, or at least until the staff can be replaced," writes "Nork" in the "Bulletin." When it began business there were only 3,000 listeners within 50 miles of Perth, and only one national station. The chairman of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., announcing the closure, didn't say whether the staff had been lost through voluntary enlistment, or call-ups, but the incident is a sidelight on the weight, of Westralia's contribution to the war effort. No eastern radio station — and, heaven knows, there's plenty of them — has had to close down through shortage of staff.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article149801107 |title=6ML |newspaper=[[South Western Advertiser]] |volume=40, |issue=2,002 |location=Western Australia |date=16 July 1943 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1943 08===== =====1943 09===== =====1943 10===== =====1943 11===== 1944/46 Perth Restack <blockquote>'''Change of Wave Lengths.''' Advice has been received that the Postmaster-General has decided upon the following alterations to the operating frequency of the undermentioned broadcasting stations: 6IX from 1240 kc/s to 1130 kc/s. 6PM from 1320 kc/s to 1240 kc/s. 6KY from 1430 kc/s to 1320 kc/s. This means that from the time the change-over is effected 6IX will use the channel previously used by '''6ML''', 6PM will use the channel now used by 6IX, and 6KY will use the channel now used by 6PM. The date on which the change will take place will be announced later.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article148423253 |title=Change of Wave Lengths |newspaper=[[Westralian Worker]] |issue=1829 |location=Western Australia |date=26 November 1943 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1944/46 Perth Restack <blockquote>'''New Wave Lengths Soon.''' Changes are to be made soon in the wavelengths of three W.A. commercial stations. Station 6IX will go from 242 metres to 265; 6PM from 227 to 242 and 6KY from 210 to 227. Reason for the change is the closing down of Station '''6ML''' which left a frequency available. Members of the Broadcasting Advisory Committee recently made observations in the north-west of this State which showed that areas some distance from Perth had been detrimentally affected by the closing of '''6ML'''. Listeners in country districts will now receive a more satisfactory service as regards commercial stations. Any further suggestions from the public with a view to improving programmes will be welcomed by the committee and should be forwarded in writing to the hon. secretary, Broadcasting Advisory Committee (Miss McNab), Personnel Branch, G.P.O., Perth.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78396843 |title=New Wave Lengths Soon |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=LXI, |issue=21,418 |location=Western Australia |date=26 November 1943 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=3 (CITY FINAL) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1944/46 Perth Restack <blockquote>'''New Wave-lengths.''' Further alteration has been made in the wavelengths of three W.A. commercial stations soon to operate. Station 6IX will retain its frequency of 242 metres; 6PM will go from 227 to 265 and 6KY from 210 to 227. Announcement was made recently that the frequency left by the closing down of station '''6ML''' would be taken by 6IX and 6PM and 6KY would both go up in frequency (sic). Following representations by W.A. Broadcasters to retain their existing frequency on station 6IX, the Postmaster-General Senator Ashley has approved of their request and has allotted the other frequency to 6PM.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78398794 |title=New Wave-lengths |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=LXI, |issue=21,419 |location=Western Australia |date=27 November 1943 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=3 (FIRST EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1944/46 Perth Restack <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''New Wave-lengths.''' Speaking yesterday at the birthday reunion of Station 6IX, Mr J. G. Kilpatrick, Deputy Director of Posts and Telegraphs and chairman of the State Advisory Committee on Broadcasting, announced that changes in wavelengths of the commercial stations will be made shortly. He said that it had been arranged originally, on the representations of the advisory committee, that stations 6KY, 6PM and 6IX should move up the dial and that 6IX should take the wavelength relinquished by '''6ML'''. The Postmaster-General however had subsequently approved representations from Station 6IX that that station retain its present wavelength. Consequently, the only changes would be that 6KY would take the former wavelength of 6PM and 6PM will move to the frequency vacated by '''6ML'''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46776806 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=59, |issue=17,905 |location=Western Australia |date=27 November 1943 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1943 12===== ====1944==== =====1944 01===== 1943 - D'Oyly Musgrove Retires <blockquote>'''PERSONAL.''' . . . Mr '''M. D'O. Musgrove''', who had held the position of managing director of Musgrove's, Ltd, since its foundation in 1923, retired yesterday from active participation in the business. He will retain his seat as chairman of the directorate. Mr Musgrove has been associated with the music trade in Perth for about 40 years. Yesterday afternoon at a gathering of the employees, a presentation was made to him. Mr F. C. Kingston, one of the four original members of the firm, will succeed to the position of managing director.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46780348 |title=PERSONAL. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=60, |issue=17,934 |location=Western Australia |date=1 January 1944 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1943 - D'Oyly Musgrove Retires <blockquote>'''Perth Man's Colourful Career.''' With the recent retirement from active business of Mr. D'O. Musgrove, there ended a colourful business career that had close association with music and the theatre for more than 40 years. For many years a leader in Perth musical circles, he was director of the first "B" class commercial radio station to come on the air in this State. A keen sportsman he took part in the swimming carnival at the opening of the Claremont jetty in 1896 and has since that time been closely associated with the W.A. Amateur Swimming Association of which he was president for many years and is now a patron. LINGUIST His knowledge of languages — he spoke four — brought him into close contact with many famous artists who visited this State. Born in Cumberland 71 years ago, he received a considerable amount of his early education in Holland, France and Germany. He came to Australia in 1893 and settled in Victoria, where he taught music until the banks failed and most people were unable to afford musical tuition for their children. In 1896 he came to this State and worked on the railways until he went to the Boer War with the first West Australian mounted contingent. When he returned to Australia he rejoined the railways and took part in the construction of the Coolgardie Water Scheme. In 1902 he entered the firm of Nicholsons as a clerk and eventually rose to the position of manager. He founded, in conjunction with three other men, the firm of Musgroves Ltd. in 1923. Within seven years he was instrumental in bringing W.A.'s first "B" class commercial station, '''6ML''', on the air. Although he is now enjoying a well-earned rest at his home at Palm Beach Mr Musgrove has retained his seat as chairman of the directorate of Musgroves Ltd.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78398469 |title=Perth Man's Colourful Career |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=LXII, |issue=21,459 |location=Western Australia |date=14 January 1944 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=6 (CITY FINAL) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1944/46 Perth Restack <blockquote>'''Preventing Unemployment.''' Sir William Beveridge, recognised British authority on subjects coming within the category of social reconstruction after the war, recently answered in a broadcast a question which is being asked almost universally, "Can unemployment be prevented?" Sir William's broadcast is published in full in this week's issue of "The Broadcaster." In the news pages particulars are given of the new wave-length to which station 6PM will move on Sunday next. Sidelights of troop entertainment on the New Guinea front are given, as well as notes on coming radio programmes from all local broadcasting stations. "The Broadcaster" is on sale at all newsagents.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46782764 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=60, |issue=17,955 |location=Western Australia |date=26 January 1944 |accessdate=31 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1944 02===== =====1944 03===== =====1944 04===== =====1944 05===== =====1944 06===== <blockquote>'''Station 6KY. CHANGE OF WAVE LENGTH.''' From Saturday, July 8, radio 6KY will operate on a new wave length of 1320 kilocycles 227 metres. The change will take place at the commencement of the afternoon programme and will be heard on your radio receiver from that position thereafter. To hear 6KY on its new wave length the position on the dial of your receiver will be that which was vacated by 6PM when moving up to '''6ML's''' old wave length. At 8 o'clock on Saturday evening an official announcement will be made, and the usual 8.15 feature "His Lordship's Memoirs" will be broadcast as usual. At 8.45 a special studio presentation will be broadcast.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article148424621 |title=Station 6KY |newspaper=[[Westralian Worker]] |issue=1860 |location=Western Australia |date=30 June 1944 |accessdate=31 March 2019 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1944 07===== 1944 - D'Oyly Musgrove Passes <blockquote>'''MR M. D'O MUSGROVE SUDDEN DEATH YESTERDAY. A Varied Career.''' The death occurred suddenly yesterday afternoon of Mr Mandeville D'Oyle Musgrove at his home at Palm Beach, Rockingham. With three others he founded the Perth firm of Musgrove's Ltd, 21 years ago, and only last December retired from the managing-directorship. Traveller, soldier, railwayman, the late Mr Musgrove had a varied career in the 71 years of his life. He was born in the south of England but spent much of his youth on the Continent, was educated mainly in Germany, and for a time lived with his parents in Norway. He came to Australia before this century began and enlisted in the Australian Mounted Infantry to serve in the Boer War. He joined the West Australian railways on his return and held various appointments in that service before he left to join Nicholson's Ltd. From the secretaryship of that company he became general manager, but in 1923 he and three others established the company which bears his name. Keenly interested in aquatic sports, Mr Musgrove was a strong supporter of swimming and his company donated the Musgrove Shield for the annual Swim Through Perth. His own pastimes were chiefly yachting and fishing and he was an accomplished pianist. The late Mr Musgrove's wife died about 10 years ago and for the last two or three years he had been living at Palm Beach. Yesterday, while he was attending to his motor car, he felt unwell and lay down to rest, dying shortly afterwards. He leaves two daughters, Mrs Ames, of 24 Holland-street, Wembley, and Mrs John, of Perenjori.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article44815419 |title=MR M. D'O MUSGROVE |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=60, |issue=18,096 |location=Western Australia |date=10 July 1944 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1944 - D'Oyly Musgrove Passes <blockquote>'''DEATHS.''' MUSGROVE.— On July 9, 1944, suddenly, at Palm Beach, Rockingham, Mandeville D'Oyly, husband of the late Marjory Jane Musgrove, loving father of Jean (Mrs R. N. Ames, of 24 Holland-street, Wembley Park) and Marjory (Mrs G. G. John, of Perenjori); grandfather of Verity and Alison Ames, Moira, Digby and Griffith John. MUSGROVE.— A tribute to the memory of M. D'O. Musgrove, who died, suddenly July 9, 1944; the sincere friend of Mr and Mrs F. C. Kingston. MUSGROVE.— A sincere tribute of respect to the memory of M. D'O. Musgrove. An esteemed friend of long years and happy associations. Mr and Mrs R. D. Scott. MUSGROVE.— A tribute to the memory of M. D'O. Musgrove. A much-respected friend of Mr and Mrs R. Peart.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article44815464 |title=Family Notices |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=60, |issue=18,097 |location=Western Australia |date=11 July 1944 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1944 - D'Oyly Musgrove Passes <blockquote>'''DEATHS.''' MUSGROVE.— On July 9, 1944, suddenly, at Palm Beach, Rockingham, Mandeville D'Oyly, husband of the late Marjory Jane Musgrove, loving father of Jean (Mrs R. N. Ames, of 24 Holland-street, Wembley Park) and Marjory (Mrs G. G. John, of Perenjori); grandfather of Verity and Alison Ames, Moira, Digby and Griffith John. MUSGROVE.— A tribute of respect to an old friend, M. D'O. Musgrove. Inserted by Mr and Mrs J. Stevenson and Margaret (Wembley). MUSGROVE.— A tribute of respect to Mr M. D'O. Musgrove and the many happy associations of past years. Mr and Mrs C. C. Curtis (Mt Lawley). MUSGROVE.— A sincere tribute of respect to the memory of our chief, M. D'O. Musgrove, who passed away, suddenly, on July 9, 1944. Inserted by the staff of Musgrove's, Limited. MUSGROVE.— A tribute to the memory of M. D'O. Musgrove, a sincere friend of Mr and Mrs W. Hamilton, of Mt Lawley.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article44815588 |title=Family Notices |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=60, |issue=18,098 |location=Western Australia |date=12 July 1944 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1944 - D'Oyly Musgrove Passes <blockquote>'''LATE MR MUSGROVE. Large Attendance at Funeral.''' The funeral of the late Mr Mandeville D'Oyley Musgrove, late managing director of Musgroves Ltd, Perth, took place yesterday morning at the Karrakatta Crematorium. In the presence of a large gathering of relatives and friends and prominent citizens of Perth, a service was conducted in the Crematorium Chapel by Padre Peirce. Present at this service were a number of prominent freemasons, including the Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of WA (Dr J. S. Battye), the late Mr Musgrove having been a Past Deputy-Grand Master and president of the Board of Benevolence. He was a member of the J. D. Stevenson Lodge. The chief mourners were the late Mr Musgrove's two daughters and their husbands. Mr and Mrs G. G. Johns and Mr and Mrs R. N. Ames. The pall-bearers were: Dr J. S. Battye and Messrs J. A. Klein, S. A. Taylor, J. Mattinson, A. E. Jensen, H. B. Jackson, F. C. Kingston. R. D. Scott, H. J. Harler and R. W. Hawley.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article44815803 |title=LATE MR MUSGROVE. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=60, |issue=18,099 |location=Western Australia |date=13 July 1944 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1944 08===== =====1944 09===== =====1944 10===== =====1944 11===== =====1944 12===== ====1945==== =====1945 01===== =====1945 02===== =====1945 03===== =====1945 04===== =====1945 05===== =====1945 06===== =====1945 07===== =====1945 08===== =====1945 09===== =====1945 10===== <blockquote>'''PERSONAL.''' . . . Mr Robert Peart, who has held the position of secretary of Musgrove's Ltd for the past 19 years, retired last week. Before coming to Perth, Mr Peart was well known on the goldfields. His position has been filled by Mr Charles Codgbrook Curtis.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article44823428 |title=PERSONAL. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=61, |issue=18,480 |location=Western Australia |date=4 October 1945 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1945 11===== =====1945 12===== ====1946==== =====1946 01===== =====1946 02===== =====1946 03===== =====1946 04===== =====1946 05===== <blockquote>'''Send A Voice''' "E.L.," writes: I wish to have a recording made, and would like to know if there is a studio in Perth, which will do this. If so, could you tell me where it is located and the price it is likely to be? STATIONS 6PR (Nicholson's, Barrack Street) and '''6ML''' (Musgrove's, Murray Street) used to make occasional private recordings, for people who supplied their own blank discs, which used to cost about 3/6. War shortages made it impossible to fulfil such private orders, but you might make inquiries to either station now to see if this service will be resumed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78220558 |title=Victim Of A Mean Trick |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=LXIV, |issue=22,178 |location=Western Australia |date=9 May 1946 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=16 (HOME EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1946 06===== <blockquote>'''PETER WILSON'S Personalities.''' THE smooth voice of '''Fred Edwards''' which is heard regularly on the A.B.C. is the result of years of announcing and travel. After graduating as a B.A. at Oxford he toured Europe for four years and went on to America, China and Malaya learning the hotel business in preparation for assisting in the running of his father's chain of hotels. Soon after this he started with the B.B.C. as a specialty announcer conducting interviews, outside broadcasts and sporting commentaries. Then he was given what he describes as the most interesting job of his life. He was appointed by the Ministry of Labour as liaison officer with the hotel industry. In this period he wrote three text books on the hotel trade including "Cocktails," considered the standard work on the subject. In 1935 he came to Western Australia to get married and his first job was to design and open the cocktail bar in the newly-constructed Adelphi Hotel. Leaving the State he became manager of several Eastern States hotels and returned to this State from Hobart in 1938 to become chief announcer at station '''6ML'''. He enlisted in the army at the outbreak of war and became a warrant officer in a special branch of Intelligence. When the war ended he transferred to army broadcasting and was in charge of station 9AO in Borneo. After discharge he took up his present position as general announcer.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78255820 |title=PETER WILSON'S Personalities |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=LXIV, |issue=22,203 |location=Western Australia |date=7 June 1946 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=6 (HOME EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1946 07===== <blockquote>'''STREET SCENE.''' UP THE MAST to pull it down go two workmen on the roof of W.A. Broadcasters. The mast used to transmit for '''6ML''' until the station closed down for all time on May 30, 1943.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article77818387 |title=STREET SCENE |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=LXIV, |issue=22,232 |location=Western Australia |date=11 July 1946 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=10 (HOME EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1946 08===== =====1946 09===== =====1946 10===== =====1946 11===== =====1946 12===== ====1947==== =====1947 01===== =====1947 02===== =====1947 03===== <blockquote>'''STAGE AND RADIO IDENTITY. Mr. Ned Taylor Dead.''' Mr. Ned Taylor, who made a name for himself on the stage years before he became a personality in radio life in this State died yesterday. As a lad he was associated with the Young Australia League in its early touring days. His earliest stage experience was with the West Australian Society of Concert Artists and one of his first successes was as "Dummy" in "Miss Hook of Holland," produced by the late Mr. Ted Jacoby. Later he toured the United States with a vaudeville show; and on his return to Australia he linked up with the Nellie Bramley company. Attracted by radio work, in 1932 he joined the staff of '''6ML''' and as "The Early Bird" initiated that station's breakfast session — the first of its kind in the State. He resigned in 1942 owing to ill-health. Mr. Taylor's last stage appearance in Perth was in 1940 as Peter Doody in "The Arcadians." Charity benefited substantially from his efforts as an entertainer. He left a widow and one son.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46272882 |title=STAGE AND RADIO IDENTITY. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=63, |issue=18,939 |location=Western Australia |date=27 March 1947 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=6 (SECOND EDITION.) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1947 04===== <blockquote>'''PERSONAL.''' . . . Mr. F. C. Kingston, managing-director of Musgroves Ltd., will leave Fremantle in the liner Orion on Monday on a business trip to England and the United States. He will be accompanied by Mrs. Kingston.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46276850 |title=PERSONAL. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=63, |issue=18,955 |location=Western Australia |date=16 April 1947 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''WA Businessmen In Orion For England.''' Several Perth business men with their wives will travel to England in the Orion, which will leave Fremantle on Monday. Several of them plan to continue their business trips to the United States or Canada, returning to Australia from there. . . . Managing director F. C. Kingston of Musgrove's Ltd. will visit many manufacturers in the United Kingdom and Europe, and will return by way of the United States where he will also be looking for new developments. Mrs. Kingston will accompany him. They expect to be away about nine months.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78211613 |title=WA Businessmen In Orion For England |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=LXV, |issue=22,472 |location=Western Australia |date=19 April 1947 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=9 (FIRST EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1947 05===== =====1947 06===== =====1947 07===== <blockquote>'''W.A. NEWSPAPERS LTD. RECORD OF 20 YEARS. Report to Shareholders.''' Accompanied by a letter from the chairman of directors (Mr. H. B. Jackson, K.C.) shareholders in West Australian Newspapers Ltd. have received this week a statement concerning the activities of the company from which the following extracts have been taken: In this, the year of the "coming of age" of West Australian Newspapers Limited, it is appropriate that your directors should give a comprehensive account of their stewardship. Twenty-one years ago "The West Australian," then the property of the estate of the late Sir Winthrop Hackett, was purchased by a public company named "West Australian Newspapers Limited." It had a paid up capital of £477,000 made up of £100,000 8 per cent preference shares and 377,000 ordinary £1 shares. In addition there was a debenture to the University for £150,000 bearing interest at 6½ per cent, so that the total working capital of the company was £627,000. The assets purchased included the building now known as West Australian Chambers, a block of land on which the old proprietary proposed to build more adequate premises, and on which Newspaper House has since been erected, and certain plant for the production of the papers. The building was totally inadequate and unsuited for the production of modern newspapers and much of the plant out of date. The actual value of the buildings, land and plant taken over was about £300,000 less than the purchase price, and this had to be regarded as the amount paid for goodwill. At the end of 21 years the company has built up reserves practically equivalent to the goodwill. Out of these reserves, and without further calls on the shareholders, the company now stands possessed of a newspaper building efficiently planned and with the most modern equipment that can be obtained. It has a substantial interest in the Australian Newsprint Mills, now producing newsprint in Tasmania. It owns half the capital of W.A. Broadcasters Ltd., one of the most successful radio companies in Western Australia. It has the most modern newsprint store in Australia. The company still owns West Australian Chambers. The value of this land has increased tremendously, an increase the extent of which cannot be gauged until the market for property is again free. Generally, the company is now solidly established, and able to stand four-square against any threat short of national disaster. Your directors have always realised that it is their first duty to preserve the assets of the shareholders in the company, and on the score of the physical assets as set out above they are satisfied that this has not been neglected. In the case of a newspaper the most precious asset is the integrity and standing in the community of the publications issued. Your directors feel that today "The West Australian" and its associates stand high in public esteem. '''Dividends.''' There has been no difficulty in paying the 8 per cent dividend on the preference shares. In the 20 years to date the average dividend, with bonuses, paid on the ordinary capital of the company has been 9.3 per cent. In this connection it must be borne in mind that in 1936 when, to redeem the debenture to the University, ordinary shareholders were given the opportunity of purchasing two ordinary shares at par for each five ordinary shares held, the Stock Exchange quotation for the "rights" to these shares was £1/6/. Quite a number of shareholders availed themselves of the opportunity to sell these "rights" and thus received a tax-free dividend of 52 per cent on their shareholding. Those who did not sell were able to acquire shares valued at £2/6/ for £1 for forty per cent of their holding, and this value has been maintained, because ordinary shares are now quoted at round about 48/. It must be remembered that in the twenty years covered by this dividend the company has had to meet the tremendous depression in 1930 and 1931, one of W.A.'s worst droughts 1932-34, and the effect of six years of total war. The fact that the average return to ordinary shareholders has been 9.3 per cent over the whole period should be a matter of satisfaction to the shareholders. '''Wartime Taxation.''' In common with every taxpayer in Australia, the company has felt the effect of wartime taxes. For the six years before the war and ended June 30, 1939, the company's gross profit was £575,415. Of this amount taxes absorbed £101,109, equivalent to 19.6 per cent. For the six war years ended June 30, 1946, the total profit of the company was £594,533. Taxes on this amounted to £267,710, equivalent to 45 per cent, In the last six years, out of every £100 of profit earned only £55 was left in the hands of the company. '''Control of Prices.''' No increase in sales prices or advertising rates can be made without the approval of the Commissioner of Prices. Such approval will only be given after the strictest scrutiny of the figures presented, and on definite proof that on our capital the new prices will not yield more gross profit per cent than was the case in 1939. The Commissioner of Prices will not permit prices being increased to offset any portion of the increased taxation paid by the company, and thus give shareholders the same net return as before the war. A company is only permitted to earn the same ratio of gross profit as before the war. The extra taxation is regarded by the Federal authorities as the contribution which the company and the shareholders must make towards the service of the war debt and the Government Social Legislation. There is no appeal against any decision of the Commissioner of Prices. '''Dividend Policy.''' As stated by the chairman, the directors have sought to stabilise the ordinary dividend at 8 per cent. The reason is that so many of our shareholders rely on the dividends, and an assured income from their investments is not only advisable but necessary. It has never been suggested, nor was it ever intended, that the dividend of 8 per cent would be a maximum. If, as is shown by the experience over the last fifteen years of the company, it is possible to pay more than 8 per cent to ordinary shareholders in any one year this is done by means of a bonus, as was done in 1928 and 1929. Shareholders may rest assured that while the directors will endeavour to pay a minimum of 8 per cent, such extra dividends by way of bonuses will be given as circumstances permit from year to year. '''Circulation.''' The publications issued by the company have grown steadily in public favour. In 1926 the circulation of "The West Australian" was 64,300. It is now 101,577 and increasing steadily. In 1929 the circulation of "The Western Mail" was 13,200. It is now 32,940. In April, 1934, "The Broadcaster," a weekly radio journal, was started. It now has a circulation of 46,027. It is a paradox of newspaper finance that the immediate effect of an increase in circulation is a decrease in profits, particularly so with newsprint at anything like the present price. Newspapers are almost invariably sold at less than the cost of production, this loss of course being met by advertising. Increased circulation is sought, and is valuable, because it increases the rates which can be claimed for advertising, but necessarily there is a lag before the increased advertising rates overtake the increased production losses. Newsprint. Twenty-seven per cent of our annual expenditure is in the purchase of newsprint. The newsprint position at the moment is particularly difficult and obscure. The war has effectively blocked our obtaining supplies from Great Britain and the Scandinavian countries and we must rely entirely, with the exception of newsprint from Tasmania, on newsprint from Canada. The Canadian suppliers are, to a large extent, overshadowed by their biggest users, the United States of America. It is a tribute to their loyalty to this part of the Empire that during the war we have been able to get the supplies we have. In 1929 the price of Canadian newsprint was £18 per ton — in 1946 £41 per ton. As from July 1 this year there is every indication that the price will be nearer £45 per ton. When it is considered that our annual consumption of newsprint is between five and six thousand tons an immediate increase of £4 per ton has the most disturbing effect on newspaper economy. In this regard it must not be overlooked that approximately one-quarter of our supplies can be obtained from Tasmania. It is intended to develop the Tasmanian mills by the addition of extra equipment, but that must necessarily be some years ahead, and in any event there is no prospect of meeting the whole of the Australian requirements in newsprint. '''Newspaper House.''' The company now conducts its operations in a building specially designed for its peculiar needs. As already indicated, the late Sir Winthrop Hackett had already purchased the site known as Shenton House for the purpose of new offices, and this land was one of the assets acquired by the company. After most careful planning, including a visit abroad by the company's architect, Sir Talbot Hobbs, building operations on the new site were started in 1931 and opened for the company's business in 1933. At the same time the opportunity was taken to acquire new plant to meet the company's expanding requirements. It can safely be said that in Newspaper House the company has a building and equipment specially designed for its needs and one of the most up-to-date plants in the Commonwealth. The portion of the land fronting St. George's-terrace was used for the erection of offices for letting purposes and on these a satisfactory return is being received. By setting its premises back from the Terrace frontage and erecting the front office buildings for letting purposes the directors achieved the purpose they had in mind — a St. George's-terrace entrance for its own business and the full rental value of the buildings on the frontage itself. In passing it may be mentioned that the stand-by electrical sets installed in this building have enabled our publications to be produced irrespective of the frequent breakdowns in the electrical supplies in Perth, and on quite a number of occasions we have been able to meet the publishing needs of other papers in these circumstances. '''Staff.''' Naturally since the company took over in 1926 the staff employed has increased considerably. Modem developments in newspaper technique, including the provision of pictures, the successful inauguration of "The Broadcaster," the provision of the first edition of "The West Australian" which is now delivered in places like Pemberton and Margaret River, before breakfast, the implementation of the 5-day week and four weeks' annual leave for the mechanical and reporting staffs have all meant a substantial increase in the number of staff employed in the operations of the company. The basic wage on which all the wages paid are calculated has increased from £4/7/ in 1929 to £5/1/1 in 1946. It is now £5/7/10. For every pound of revenue earned our wage bill has increased by only 15 per cent, notwithstanding that the basic wage, which which is the dominant factor in all our wages, has increased by 16 per cent in the same period. During the war years 50 per cent of our staff enlisted in the war services and your directors are happy to state that all the service men and women who returned have been successfully reabsorbed in the industry. It is interesting to note that in the 21 years since the company started operations only 11 issues of "The West Australian" were affected or lost through strikes. It is a tribute to the loyalty of the staffs that during the whole of the war years operations were carried on under an industrial award made in 1936. There were no industrial troubles whatever during that most worrying period. '''War Emergency Plant.''' When the threat of bombardment from the air was imminent it was necessary for your directors to make some arrangement for the production of our publications in the event of our premises being bombed. A building was purchased in Maylands to house an emergency plant away from the city. To this building was transferred enough plant to permit of the production of an 8-page paper at an hour's notice. Fortunately, it was not necessary. The building has since been sold at practically what it cost. The only cost to the company of this most necessary safeguard has been that of transferring and installing the necessary plant and its later return to this office — and most of this expenditure was allowed as an income tax deduction as air-raid precautions. '''W.A. Broadcasters Ltd.''' In 1933 your directors joined with Musgroves Ltd. as equal partners in the flotation of W.A. Broadcasters Ltd. which took over the broadcasting station then operated by Musgroves Ltd. and known as '''6ML''' and the licence given to your company for a new station to be known as 6IX. The capital of the company was £12,000 but this was later increased to £18,000 by the capitalisation of profits. In the war period it was found advisable to abandon the licence for station '''6ML''' in favour of a licence in the country. Experience has shown that the concentration of the efforts of the staff of the company in one city station and two country stations has been justified by the results. W.A. Broadcasters Ltd. is possibly one of the most successful broadcasting stations in Western Australia and after the initial years the financial return to this Company has always been satisfactory. '''Australian Newsprint Mills.''' For many years the "Melbourne Herald" and the "Sydney Morning Herald" had been working together in investigating the possibility of producing newsprint from Australian hardwoods. Quite a substantial amount of money had been spent by these concerns in early experiments until it was proved that the production of newsprint from those timbers was possible. The question of forming a company to take over the production of this newsprint was brought before the newspaper proprietors of Australia and as a result a company known as Australian Newsprint Mills Pty. Ltd. was formed in 1938 to erect and operate a newsprint mill at Boyer in Tasmania. The capital contributed by this company to this venture was £43,840. The mill has been in satisfactory production since before the war. As a shareholder, and only as a shareholder, we were entitled to our proportion of the newsprint produced and it is due to these supplies that "The West Australian" was able to carry on adequately during the war years. Had it not been for the stocks we held at the beginning of the war and the supplies we received during the war from Tasmania our company would have been in most serious difficulties. Steps are now being taken to provide the finance for Australian Newsprint Mills Pty. Ltd for a practical duplication of the present plant. In passing it may be of interest to note that every major newspaper in Australia is now under contract to take its proportion of paper produced in Tasmania for the next 10 years. '''Newspaper Store.''' The question of the storage of newsprint has always been one which has given your directors food for thought. Newsprint must be carefully handled and stored if it is not to be damaged and its very bulk makes it a commodity that requires special treatment. After careful investigation your directors authorised the construction of a special store at Fremantle to carry 5,000 tons of newsprint. Land, building and equipment cost £18,596. Fortunately the store was completed in time to take care of a large shipment of newsprint received from Canada just after the outbreak of war. It is designed specially for the handling and care of newsprint at minimum cost. Newsprint can be landed from ship slings into lorries and taken direct to the store thus saving certain wharf and harbour charges. Savings in handling and storage as compared with previous costs have already more than repaid the whole cost of the building itself. '''Travelling.''' The advent of the war, the establishment of price control, the formation and operations of the newsprint pool, which controlled during the war and still controls all newsprint supplies to Australia and industrial matters regarding the journalists whose work is governed by a Federal award, have necessitated frequent visits by the executive officers of the company to Melbourne and Sydney. In 1943, in the closing years of the war, the Managing Editor was invited to visit Great Britain as one of four guests of the British Government to inspect and interpret to Australian readers the development and extent of the British war effort and to discuss matters with high British officials. This invitation was accepted with considerable benefit to the company. '''To Sum Up.''' When West Australian Newspapers Ltd. was formed the circulation of "The West Australian" was 64,300; it is now 101,577. "The Western Mail" circulation was 13,200; it is now 32,940. In 1934 'The Broadcaster" was established and in its first year its circulation was 9,150; it is now 46,027. These results could not have been achieved by a parsimonious and shortsighted policy. That the direct financial gains from these increased circulations have been largely discounted by the almost trebling of the cost of newsprint could not have been foreseen, but it may reasonably be hoped that the present exorbitant price will not be permanent. Methods of newspaper production are constantly improving, and it is essential to keep abreast of the latest developments. Your directors have not hesitated to sanction the necessary expenditure to ensure this. No newspaper enterprise in Australia of equal importance is more economically conducted, and it is for our readers to judge whether our publications will not bear comparison with the best. Your directors are not unmindful of the fact that a responsible newspaper has a duty to the community it serves as well as to its shareholders. In the long run these two interests are identical, for if a newspaper loses the confidence of its clientele in the quality of its service, the result must inevitably be reflected in its financial standing and open the field to competition. Your directors claim that the course they have consistently followed has resulted in building up a property so soundly based as to be in a position to meet successfully any possible competition.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46324803 |title=W.A. NEWSPAPERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=63, |issue=19,028 |location=Western Australia |date=10 July 1947 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=20 (SECOND EDITION.) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1947 08===== =====1947 09===== =====1947 10===== =====1947 11===== =====1947 12===== ====1948==== =====1948 01===== =====1948 02===== =====1948 03===== =====1948 04===== <blockquote>'''PERSONAL.''' . . . Mr. R. D. Scott, a director of Musgrove's Ltd., accompanied by Mrs. Scott, will leave tonight by plane on a visit to Melbourne, Sydney and Hobart.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46901455 |title=PERSONAL |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=64, |issue=19,258 |location=Western Australia |date=6 April 1948 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1948 05===== =====1948 06===== =====1948 07===== =====1948 08===== =====1948 09===== <blockquote>'''Record Profits For WA Companies''' While Chamber of Manufacturers' President J. F. Ledger moans about "the excessive use of controls and the unsympathetic attitude of the Government generally towards efforts to return to some semblance of prewar freedom of individual rights," companies are making record profits out of rising prices. Profits 1947 1948 Increases; Nicholson's Ltd. £14506 £17318 Up £2812; '''Musgroves Ltd.''' ? £13728 More than double; WA Woollen Mills £9489 £19885 More than double; Hadfields (WA) £6166 £7581 Up £1415; Hilton Hosiery £19145 £25272 33% increase; Sutex ? £39235 More than double; Hume Pipe ? £77079 Nearly double. "Liberal" Party secretary Paton is a director of Nicholson's Ltd.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article240647104 |title=Record Profits For WA Companies |newspaper=[[The Workers Star]] |volume= , |issue=262 |location=Western Australia |date=17 September 1948 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1948 10===== =====1948 11===== =====1948 12===== <blockquote>'''ANNIVERSARY OF MUSIC HOUSE. Musgrove's Ltd. Celebrates.''' Musgrove's Ltd. was launched in November, 1923, with a capital of £25,000, the founders being Messrs. Mandeville D'Oyley Musgrove, Arthur Thomas Gray, Robert Douglas Scott and Frederick Charles Kingston, all of whom, with Mr. H. B. Jackson (representing the shareholders) made up the first board of directors. The capital was later increased to £100,000, of which £75,000 has been called up. To celebrate the 25th birthday of the company a luncheon was held at the Palace Hotel, the two surviving founders Messrs. Scott and Kingston being present, with Mr. Jackson presiding. In the course of reminiscent speeches it was mentioned that the late Mr. Musgrove had proved himself such a master demonstrator of the pianola when it was first introduced that he could cut out the mechanical controls and continue playing by hand without his audience being aware of the change. Mr. Bryn Samuel (manager of 6IX) agreed and said that he often sang while Mr. Musgrove operated the pianola and even he could not detect whether the music was mechanical or manual.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47630675 |title=ANNIVERSARY OF MUSIC HOUSE |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=64, |issue=19,470 |location=Western Australia |date=9 December 1948 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=26 (3rd EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''BIG CITY SALE. About £90,000 Paid For Lyric House.''' Lyric House, in central Murray-street, occupied under lease by Musgrove's Ltd. and W.A. Broadcasters, has been sold to an undisclosed buyer at a price within the vicinity of £90,000 by Mr. P. C. Kerr, estate agent and valuer, of St. George's-terrace. Mrs. T. J. O'Connor and others were the vendors. The current occupiers of the premises' will continue their tenancy. The sale was made on a "free" basis, as price control regulations do not now apply to business premises. The site has a frontage of 49ft. 8in. to Murray-street and a depth of 185ft. There is a 9ft. 6in. right-of-way on the eastern side, with the right to build over it. The premises consist of a substantial brick building with basement, ground floor, mezzanine floor and first and second floors. The building faces Forrest-place and the Commonwealth Bank.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47632218 |title=BIG CITY SALE |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=64, |issue=19,476 |location=Western Australia |date=16 December 1948 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=2 (2nd EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1949==== =====1949 01===== =====1949 02===== =====1949 03===== =====1949 04===== =====1949 05===== =====1949 06===== =====1949 07===== =====1949 08===== =====1949 09===== =====1949 10===== =====1949 11===== =====1949 12===== ===1950s=== ====1950==== =====1950 01===== =====1950 02===== =====1950 03===== =====1950 04===== =====1950 05===== =====1950 06===== =====1950 07===== =====1950 08===== =====1950 09===== <blockquote>'''Investments Reviewed.''' . . . PERTH'S 2 large music houses, '''Musgroves''' and Nicholsons, had an excellent year, the former paying a 10 p.c. dividend (requiring £7000) out of the net profit of £20,284 derived from a record year's trading. Nicholsons made net profit of £25,548, of which £16,200 will be paid to shareholders in dividend and bonus totalling 15 p.c., while general reserves are raised by a further £9000 to £42,322.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59522499 |title=Investments Revie wed W.A. SELFRIDGE UP 10 COLES' OFFER |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=2742 |location=Western Australia |date=17 September 1950 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=26 (Sporting Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1950 10===== =====1950 11===== =====1950 12===== ====1951==== =====1951 01===== =====1951 02===== =====1951 03===== =====1951 04===== =====1951 05===== =====1951 06===== =====1951 07===== =====1951 08===== =====1951 09===== =====1951 10===== <blockquote>'''PERSONAL.''' Mr. R. D. Scott, director of Musgrove's Ltd., returned in the liner Dominion Monarch on Tuesday after a trip to England and the Continent.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48995327 |title=PERSONAL |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=67, |issue=20,358 |location=Western Australia |date=18 October 1951 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1951 11===== =====1951 12===== ====1952==== =====1952 01===== =====1952 02===== =====1952 03===== =====1952 04===== =====1952 05===== =====1952 06===== =====1952 07===== =====1952 08===== <blockquote>'''Mr. H. B. Jackson Dies At 75.''' Mr. Horace Benson Jackson, Q.C,. who had been in ill-health for some time, died about midnight last night in a private hospital in Subiaco. The late Mr. Jackson was an outstanding figure in the legal and business worlds of this State for over 40 years. He was responsible for the establishment of many new enterprises in Western Australia. He was a director and chairman of many leading local companies. For more than 25 years, he was chairman of directors of West Australian Newspapers Ltd., having been actively associated with the formation of the company at the time it acquired the Hackett interests. He retired at the end of June, 1952, through ill-health. '''New Colliery.''' Towards the end of his career he was largely responsible for the opening-up of a new coal-mine at Collie and the formation of Western Collieries Ltd. The launching of this new eniterprise at a time when it was difficult to obtain both finance and new plant imposed a serious strain upon Mr. Jackson. Before ill-health restricted his activities, he had the satisfaction of seeing the mine in production. The wide field of his interests is shown by the companies with which he was connected. He had been chairman of H. L. Brisbane and Wunderlich Ltd., W.A. Broadcasters, Mungedar Pastoral Co., Beam Transport, Musgroves Ltd. and Swan River Shipping. For many years he was chairman of the Colonial Mutual Life Assurance Society and the Atlas Assurance Co., and a director of the Midland Railway Co. and numerous other companies in this State. '''Law Degree.''' Mr. Jackson was born on July 23, 1877, at St. Peters, South Australia, and was educated at a State school. He obtained his law degree as the result of part time study at night school. In 1896 he joined in the gold rush to Coolgardie and he never lost his affection for the goldfields. In this State he worked as a law clerk and contributed articles and stories to the local Press. In July, 1912, he was admitted to the Bar, commencing an outstanding career in the industrial field. He became a King's Counsel in 1930, the same year in which he represented this State at the Empire Press Conference in London. His private interests were no less varied than his public ones. He took a keen interest in and was a generous supporter of the arts, a man of wide literary knowledge, a great book collector. He was also prominent in Freemasonry and a Past Master of the United Press Lodge. '''Accident.''' As the result of an accident he was debarred in later years from taking an active part in sport, but was a keen supporter of golf (Start Photo Caption) The late Mr. H. B. JACKSON. (End Photo Caption) and cricket. For some years he was vice-president of the West Australian Cricket Association. He was interested in the turf and was a member of the West Australian Turf Club. His wife predeceased him some years ago. He leaves two married daughters, Mrs. John Poynton, of Adelaide, and Mrs. W. C. Fawcett, of Claremont. Of his two brothers who survive him, Mr. L. S. Jackson was a former Federal Commissioner of Taxation, and Mr. Stewart Jackson was for many years advertising manager of The West Australian. His nephew, Mr. Justice Jackson, is President of the State Arbitration Court.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49049945 |title=Mr. H. B. Jackson Dies At 75 |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=68, |issue=20,628 |location=Western Australia |date=30 August 1952 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1952 09===== =====1952 10===== <blockquote>'''CROWD LOOKS UP TO SEE FIREMEN BREAK A WINDOW.''' Within minutes of firemen arriving to fight the blaze in Musgrove's Ltd. yesterday, a crowd of city workers gathered among the network of hoses, intent on missing none of the excitement. Some are shown watching firemen (indicated by arrows) breaking a window in the building to take a hose inside. Inset: Miss Meta Pickering, who escaped after having been trapped in a lift during the fire.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49056905 |title=CROWD LOOKS UP TO SEE FIREMEN BREAK A WINDOW |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=68, |issue=20,660 |location=Western Australia |date=7 October 1952 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''DIVIDENDS.''' . . . Musgroves Ltd., yearly 2/ plus bonus 1/ (total 15 p.c., unchanged), payable Jan. 15, 1953.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49057015 |title=DIVIDENDS |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=68, |issue=20,660 |location=Western Australia |date=7 October 1952 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=18 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Boy Sent For Trial.''' On a charge of having wilfully and unlawfully set fire to Musgroves Ltd., Perth, on October 6, a 14-year-old boy was yesterday committed for trial at the Supreme Court by the Perth Children's Court Magistrate (Mr. E. B. Arney, S.M.). The boy was arrested the day after the fire by Det. Sgt. A. L. Webb and Det. P. M. White.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49058775 |title=Boy Sent For Trial |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=68, |issue=20,669 |location=Western Australia |date=17 October 1952 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1952 11===== 6BY <blockquote>'''New Radio Station At Bridgetown.''' On an elevation of approximately 950ft. above sea level, the highest commercial station mast in Western Australia is in the course of erection now. The new station is to operate from a centrally-situated point in the South-West, a few miles south from Bridgetown. It will be 6BY, and is being erected by W.A. Broad-casters Pty. Ltd. Realising the difficulties associated with radio reception in many parts of the South-West, considerable care was taken with the selection of the site. Expert engineers of both W.A. Broadcasters Pty. Ltd. and Amalgamated Wireless covered hundreds of miles with field testing instruments before deciding upon the site. Known as a sectionalised half-wave mast (acting as an aerial), its 456ft. height should assist in getting out over the heavily timbered and undulating terrains so prominent throughout the South-West. 6BY's 2,000-watt transmitter, also now in the course of installation, is the most modern design produced by Amalgamated Wireless of Australia. The buildings completed include the transmitter room and the senior technician's residence. Provision has been made for the accommodation of three technicians and their families and it is hoped that early in the new year 6BY will be broadcasting. The wave length of the new station will be 333 metres (900 kc. frequency) and a landline will connect its own studio and control room with the parent station, 6IX, Perth. W.A. Broadcasters have been operating the well-known setup of 6IX Perth, 6WB Katanning, and 6MD Merredin, for some years. Residents throughout the South-West are looking forward to the opening of 6BY.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article253254719 |title=New Radio Station At Bridgetown |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=XXII, |issue=48 |location=Western Australia |date=13 November 1952 |accessdate=31 March 2019 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1952 12===== <blockquote>'''JUDGE'S MOVING APPEAL TO BOY HE WAS COMPELLED TO GAOL.''' In one of the most human and moving addresses ever heard in the Perth Criminal Court, Mr. Justice Walker this week appealed to a 14-year-old to grow into a decent young man for the sake of his mother. The boy was Brian Edward Prosser, of Fairlight-st, Mosman Park, who was sentenced to 2 years' imprisonment for setting fire to the Perth shop of Musgrove's Ltd. on Oct. 6, causing damage estimated at £23,000. Mr. Justice Walker dispensed with the stern legal approach normally found in the Criminal Court and spoke to the boy kindly and with sympathy. However, he emphasised the seriousness of the crime and told the boy it was one for which he could be kept in prison for the rest of his life. Calling him by his Christian name, His Honor reminded Prosser of his boundless and devoted love and affection for his mother which had been evident all through his life, and told him of her struggles to bring him up a good and fine lad. Mr. Justice Walker had in mind the boy's home life and environment which had been the basis of the jury's strong recommendation to mercy. At his trial evidence had shown that for 5 years his parents had been living apart. It was claimed that the husband had not supported his wife and his 2 children and was addicted to drinking methylated spirits. '''Was Unstable.''' His Honor said that during the boy's early life, however, every effort had been made to help him but he had been unstable and insensible to discipline. He had run away from school a number of times and later had absconded from an institution so that he could be near his mother. "All the trouble you have been has caused her a lot of anxiety, worry and grief, and you're to blame," Mr. Justice Walker told the boy. "You have a great affection for your mother. It is always to her that you go when you are in trouble." Since Prosser's latest offence his mother has suffered a breakdown in health and has been receiving medical attention. During the whole of Mr. Justice Walker's talk to the boy, which lasted some 20 minutes, Prosser remained completely motionless with his eyes fixed steadily on His Honor's face. He listened to every word with the utmost attention and appeared to appreciate and understand all that was said. He showed no emotion until he was asked to stand down and then he sobbed quietly at the back of the court while plans were made as to what should be done with him. Mr. Justice Walker said Prosser's case presented a problem difficult for him, and in fact for any judge of the Court, to deal with and to solve. He deplored the fact that there was no place or institution in WA to deal with cases of this kind. "I cannot let you go free," he said, "the offence is too serious for that. I have to try and impress upon you that you have got to behave yourself. There is one way I may be able to appeal to you." He reminded the boy that because he was dismissed from his employment at Musgrove's he told police that he planned and considered what he could do to get his revenge. "This showed," said His Honor, "that you had enough intelligence to do a little bit of thinking about what to do and what not to do. "Before doing anything, think of your mother. Don't do anything that may make her ill. Behave yourself, don't run away and do as you're told and arrangements might be made for your mother to visit you. "If you behave, it will mean relief from anxiety and grief for your mother." Sentencing Prosser to 2 years' imprisonment Mr. Justice Walker said it would be cumulative on 2 years' detention ordered by the Children's Court. If the boy behaves himself during the 2 years at an institution the 2-year gaol sentence may be cancelled by the Governor-in-Council. When the case concluded Det.-Sgt. A. Wedd who was in charge of the case, sat with the boy in the back of the Court and repeated to him much of what the judge had said. He said Prosser appreciated and understood all that had been told him. And so the 14-y-o lad faces what will be the most difficult years of his life and what could possibly be the turning point for his whole future. If he accepts the advice given him by Mr. Justice Walker and is able to carry it out, Prosser could grow up into a worthy man.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article75735087 |title=JUDGE'S MOVING APPEAL TO BOY HE WAS COMPELLED TO GAOL |newspaper=[[Mirror]] |volume=29, |issue=1647 |location=Western Australia |date=20 December 1952 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1953==== =====1953 01===== 6BY <blockquote>'''AT CONTROLS.''' (Start Photo Caption) Watching the chief engineer of W.A. Broadcasters Pty. Ltd. (Mr. H. T. Simmons) at the control panel of station 6BY at Yornup, a few miles south of Bridgetown, company officials end an inspection of the State's latest broadcasting station. They are, from left, the chairman of directors (Sir Ross McDonald), the manager (Mr. Bryn Samuel) and a director (Mr. F. C. Kingston). (End Photo Caption) '''STATE NOW HAS 20 RADIO STATIONS.''' The State's 20th broadcasting station — 6BY, Bridgetown — was officially opened on Saturday night at the Bridgetown Town Hall by the chairman of directors of W.A. Broadcasters Pty. Ltd. (Sir Ross McDonald). Preliminary reports over a wide area indicate that the station is sending out a strong signal in a district which has been the despair of engineers. Operating on a wavelength of 333 metres with a frequency of 900 kc., 6BY is located on the radio dial between 6NA and 6PR. Local artists combined with a band and artists from Perth to provide the first programme. In his opening broadcast Sir Ross McDonald said that the first station in the company's network, which now consisted of 6IX, 6WB, 6MD and 6BY, was '''6ML'''. When this station came on the air in 1930 there were only 4,000 listeners in this State. This number had since expanded to 143,000. Station 6IX had absorbed '''6ML'''. When W.A. Broadcasters applied for 6WB at Katanning and 6MD at Merredin the company had been offered a power of 50 watts by day and 25 by night. Now the network's country regionals were operating with 2,000 watts and it was hoped that 6IX would be stepped up to this power shortly. '''Entertainment.''' Most of the programmes broadcast by 6IX would be relayed by 6BY. These would include three shows conducted by Mr. Jack Davey, "The Quiz Kids" and radio plays — some with Hollywood actors and actresses. Some people thought that commercial stations received part of the licence fee paid by listeners. Commercial stations did not receive any Government aid or subsidy and they paid in full for all aid received from Government departments. The station was welcomed by the Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. C. G. Friend) and the vice-chairman of the Bridgetown Road Board (Mr. S. V. Wheatley). Telegrams of congratulations were received from the Postmaster-General (Mr. Anthony) and the chairman of the Australian Broadcasting Control Board (Mr. R. G. Osborne).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49076538 |title=AT CONTROLS |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=69, |issue=20,754 |location=Western Australia |date=26 January 1953 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 6BY <blockquote>'''SIR ROSS McDONALD DECLARES 6BY OPEN.''' A packed town hall last Saturday night in Bridgetown saw the chairman of W.A. Broadcasters Pty. Ltd. (Sir Ross McDonald) move to the microphone and officially declare open the new radio station, 6BY Bridgetown. After hearing well-known State and South-West figures speak in praise of the company's speed in establishing the new station, the audience settled down to watch and hear the first programme to come over the new station. Highlights of the evening for Bridgetown people were a quiz, and performances by talented local artists. A speech of praise for the district's progress was made by the vice-chairman of Bridgetown Road Board (Mr. S. V. Wheatley) on his board's behalf. He recalled that the late Sir James Mitchell — "that dear old gentleman" — had always talked about the need to populate the South-West. Now, after the extension of the power lines, and with the prospect of the industry that it would bring, came this radio station. With this and the prospect of bigger and better waters supplies people would be encouraged to come to the country districts, he said. He continued with an outline of Bridgetown's assets for sport; an 18-hole golf course, a new sports ground, and bowling greens "equal to anything in the State." By way of illustration of the rapid development of the district Mr. Wheatley told a story of how his grandfather, who had lived near Manjimup, on one trip back from Bunbury many years ago (when that was the nearest town) had to swim the Blackwod River. To save his clothes from getting wet he removed them and tied them to his horse. In the crossing the horse got into difficulties, was swept away and drowned, and the clothes were lost. The rider had to walk to the nearest homestead for further vestments — the nearest home was at Wilgarrup in those days. Mr. Wheatley concluded his address by wishing success to W.A. Broadcasters in their new venture. The evening's second speaker was the Deputy Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. C. G. Friend), who commented favourably on the promptness with which the company had set about building the station once the permit to operate was issued. Mr. Friend said that in the past six years the number of sets licensed in Australia had jumped from 1,530,000 to 2,000,000. '''20 Stations In W.A.''' Of 150 radio stations in the Commonwealth, he said, W.A. possessed 20. The new station, 6BY, he said he felt would eliminate a lot of interference, but he issued a warning to listeners that they should guard against undue interference and report it in the manner prescribed by the department, then if interference was traced to unsuppressed appliances suppressors could be supplied and fitted by the department. A tribute to the enterprise of the manager of the broadcasting company was paid by Sir Ross McDonald in his opening address. Stations like 6BY did not make themselves, said Sir Ross, and Mr. Samuel had been entrusted with the task of setting it up. The technical efficiency of the new station, and the area of operation had come up to the highest expectations, he went on. In an outline of the progress made by W.A. Broadcasters Pty. Ltd., Sir Ross said that it was in 1930 that the first broadcasting station in the State ('''6ML''') was set up by the firm of Musgroves. In those days there were only 4000 listeners licences in W:A. against about 145,000 today, he said. Then in 1933 the company was formed, took over '''6ML''' and set up station 6IX. In 1936 another station was established at Katanning — 6WB — and in 1941 a further link was forged in the chain and 6MD was opened at Merredin. Sir Ross was keen to deny the rumour that private broadcasting companies took a cut out of radio receiver licences. They did not, he said, and if a company obtained technical help from the Government it paid for the service. No station received any subsidy, he added. With a final word of acknowledgement to the local men who had helped the company with advice Sir Ross officially declared 6BY, Bridgetown, open for broadcasting, dedicated to the service of the district and the State. '''Local Artists Heard.''' The programme which followed the speech making was interspersed with performances by local artists. First to perform was a well-known local violinist, Mr. Tom Speer, who played "The Swan." Then followed an accordionist (Mr. N. Goddard), a "hillbilly" (Miss Vera Machin), who accompanied herself on the guitar and sang "There's a Cabin in the Hills of Old Wyoming." Mrs. I. Tomelty and Mrs. S. Chevis gave piano solos, and vocal numbers were provided by Mrs. J. Hamilton and Miss Maureen Felstead who was described by compere Monty Menhennet as "quite a find." After the broadcast the hall was cleared of seats and there was music for dancing until midnight.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210271457 |title=SIR ROSS McDONALD DECLARES 6BY OPEN |newspaper=[[The Blackwood Times]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=38 |location=Western Australia |date=30 January 1953 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1953 02===== =====1953 03===== =====1953 04===== =====1953 05===== =====1953 06===== =====1953 07===== =====1953 08===== =====1953 09===== =====1953 10===== <blockquote>'''LOCAL COMPANIES HAVE MADE PROGRESS WITH THE STATE.''' . . . Musgroves Ltd. was established in 1923 with a small staff of eight. In 1924, the company moved into its present premises in Murray-street. In March, 1930, the company established and opened '''6ML''', the first commercial broadcasting station in Western Australia. Profits between 1945 and 1952, after tax, have grown from £4,588 to £31,240.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article52935373 |title=LOCAL COMPANIES HAVE MADE PROGRESS WITH THE STATE |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=69, |issue=20,982 |location=Western Australia |date=20 October 1953 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=36 (Supplement to THE WEST AUSTRALIAN) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Radio Services Provide A Wide Cover In This State.''' Although most young people cannot imagine what life was without radio, it is well to remember that official broadcasting in Western Australia will not celebrate its 30th anniversary until next year. Present plans for new stations and the resulting effect of the trade could easily mean that the occasion will find the radio industry experiencing a record turnover. The story of broadcasting over the past 30 years has been one of amazing progress, so much so that today 19 out of every 20 homes have a radio set. Sets When the chief breadwinner's pay envelope is above average there might be a mantel as well as a console set in the house. The smaller receiver is taken from room to room by the industrious housewife as she carries out the daily chores with a light heart because she is simultaneously listening to her favourite serial. Broadcasting officially began in W.A. when 6WF was opened on June 4, 1924. The station was owned and operated from its premises in Wellington-street, city, by Westralian Farmers Ltd. Licence Fee Then the licence fee was £4/14/ a year (against today's fee of £2). Sets in those days were fixed to receive on one or two wavelengths and the listener's annual fee was adjusted accordingly. In this State there was only one station and set owners had to pay annually what the owners asked — £4/4/ — plus 10/ to the Postmaster-General's Department, which was the supervising authority. The sealed set was soon found to be impractical and was abolished. Meanwhile broadcasting programmes were steadily growing in popularity. In 1926 it was proudly announced that there were 4,000 licensed W.A. listeners — and somewhat reluctantly admitted that there were many more who could merely be classed as listeners. Westralian Farmers Ltd. relinquished control of 6WF in 1929 and, after a caretaker period in the hands of the Australian Broadcasting Company, the station was passed over to the Australian Broadcasting Commission on its inauguration three years later. State broadcasting gained considerable stimulus by the opening of the first commercial station, as we know them today — '''6ML'''. The call sign was taken from the initial letters of the owners, Musgrove's Ltd. '''Audience.''' While controlled by this firm and later under the management of W.A. Broadcasters Ltd., '''6ML''' gained an extremely active audi'-ence and its Cheerio Club members turned up in hundreds to hikes, zoo picnics and other social functions. Station '''6ML''' volunteered its broadcasting licence to the P.M.G. Department when most of the staff left to join the armed forces during World War II. However, in its brief history it had done much to increase the number of receiver licences. On June 30, 1936, there were 50,000 licensed listeners here and the 100,000 goal was reached in March, 1946. At the end of June this year there were 145,141 licensed listeners. This represented 23.62 licences to each 100 of population. This State is only second to South Australia (27.64) where the population is much more closely grouped. A big variety of radio programmes is thrust into the W.A. ether by a battery of A.B.C. and commercial radio stations. They are: ABC: VLW, VLX (short-wave), 6WF, 6WN, 6WA, 6GF, 6GN. Commercial: W.A. Broadcasters Ltd. (6IX-WB-MD-BY), Whitford network (6PM-AM-KG-GE), Nicholson's Ltd. (6PR-TZ-CI), Australian Workers' Union (6KY-NA). Future Plans Future plans include two small national stations at Northam and Albany and when the Federal Government can afford a big sum of money for the purpose it will step up the power of 6WA, Wagin, and 6WF, Wanneroo, to 50kw. each. This increase in power should ensure that both stations cover the southern half of the State. Authorities are most reluctant to estimate the cost of this project beyond saying vaguely "many thousands of pounds." Broadcasting and radio industry executives are now hopeful that the easing of international tension may advance broadcasting plans for W.A. In theory the cost of erecting and operating ABC stations comes from listeners' annual licence fees but in practice the Government is called upon to dip deep into its coffers each year. Commercial stations receive none of the licence fee, drawing upon advertising entirely for their revenue. In fact these stations pay the Government £25 annually for the privilege of broadcasting in any year that they do not make a profit. If a profit is made the stations are obliged to pay the Government 0.5 per cent of their gross turnover. Government plans for expansion and schemes by commercial organisations, which might resuit in additional stations at Albany, Kwinana and in the wheat belt, have given the radio trade (which was facing a cautious market) an optimistic outlook. Since World War II between 5,000 and 10,000 sets have been sold annually in this State.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article52935371 |title=Radio Services Provide A Wide Cover In This State |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=69, |issue=20,982 |location=Western Australia |date=20 October 1953 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=37 (Supplement to THE WEST AUSTRALIAN) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1953 11===== =====1953 12===== ====1954==== =====1954 01===== <blockquote>'''MUSGROVES TO ISSUE NEW SHARES.''' Musgroves Ltd. proposes to increase its paid-up ordinary capital from £70,000 to £100, 000 by the issue of 30,000 ordinary shares of £1 each. The new shares will be issued at a premium of 4/ and will first be offered to shareholders registered in the company's books on January 19, 1954, in the proportion of as nearly as may be three new shares for every seven shares held on the date mentioned. The shares applied for will be payable as follows: 9/ a share (including 4/ premium) on acceptance; 5/ a share call payable on April 30, 1954; 5/ a share call payable May 31, 1954, and 5/ a share call payable June 30, 1954. The new shares will rank for one-half of the rate of dividend and any bonus declared for the year ending June 30, 1954. The closing date for applications will be February 26, 1954. Application forms will be mailed to shareholders later this month.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49610415 |title=MUSGROVES TO ISSUE NEW SHARES |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=70, |issue=21,051 |location=Western Australia |date=9 January 1954 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=19 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''New Share Offer By Musgrove's''' Musgrove's Ltd. proposes to increase its paid up capital from £70,000 to £100,000 by the issue of 30,000 ordinary shares of £1 each. New shares will be issued at a premium of 4/ and will in the first instance be offered to shareholders registered in the Company's books on January 19 in the proportion of as nearly as may be to 3 shares in the new issue for every 7 shares held. Shares applied for will be payable: 9/ per share (including 4/ premium) on acceptance; 5/ per share call April 30; 5/, May 31; 5/ June 30. They will rank for one half of the rate of dividend and of any bonus declared for the year ending June 30. Closing date for applications will be Feb. 26. Application forms will be mailed to Shareholders later in the month.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59683869 |title=New Share Offer By Musgrove's |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=2873 |location=Western Australia |date=10 January 1954 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1954 02===== <blockquote>'''Musgrove's New Share Issue.''' Applications for the new issue by Musgrove's Ltd, of 30,000 £1 ordinary shares at a premium of 4/ a share will close on Friday, February 26. The new shares are payable 9/ a share on acceptance (including 4/ premium) and in three calls of 5/ each on April 30, May 31 and June 30 this year. The new issue will lift paid capital to £100,000.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49618998 |title=Musgrove's New Share Issue |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=70, |issue=21,090 |location=Western Australia |date=24 February 1954 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=15 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1954 03===== <blockquote>'''Musgrove's Issue Well Supported.''' The new issue of 30,000 £1 ordinary shares at a premium of 4/ made by Musgrove's Ltd. has been well over-subscribed. The issue closed last Friday. Paid capital will be lifted to £100,000 by the new issue when the three calls on the new shares are completed by June 30 this year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49620308 |title=Musgrove's Issue Well Supported |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=70, |issue=21,096 |location=Western Australia |date=3 March 1954 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=18 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1954 04===== <blockquote>'''City Firm Buys Locksley Hall.''' Locksley Hall, Stirling-street, has been sold for about £20,000 by Mrs. C. Anderson, to Musgroves Ltd. Showrooms will be on the street alignment and the existing building converted for the wholesale merchandising of electrical appliances and radio equipment. Originally Scotch College, the building will also be remembered by thousands of servicemen who enjoyed the hospitality of a services club conducted there by Toc H during World War II. The property was sold through the agency of James Burnham, Perth.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49631983 |title=City Firm Buys Locksley Hall |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=70, |issue=21,145 |location=Western Australia |date=30 April 1954 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1954 05===== =====1954 06===== =====1954 07===== =====1954 08===== =====1954 09===== =====1954 10===== <blockquote>'''RETAIL SALES ROCKET TO NEW PEAK.''' Retail trade in the metropolitan area in the past 12 months, in common with the rest of Australia, has rocketed to new peaks. The increase reflects the rise in the State's population, a high level of employment and continued consumer demand. Increasing use of hire-purchase and time payment has also contributed to boost the total expenditure on retail sales and keep up turnovers on practically all lines of goods. Company balance sheets connected with distribution all show record sales and report promising prospects for the new financial year. In the past year, the tempo in the retail trade has increased. A greater volume of goods has been available and despite removal of price controls, prices have remained reason-ably steady. Competition Increasing competition has been responsible for this factor as well as a genuine attempt to keep down prices despite increases in most overheads. This increasing competition has been stimulated not only by the greater variety of goods available but also by the appearance of important retail interests from the Eastern States. Early in the year, it was announced that David Jones' of Sydney had acquired a major interest in the old-established firm of Bon Marche Ltd. With the adoption of the name of David Jones' of Perth in September, the store was transformed into one of the most modern in the southern hemisphere, setting off a chain reaction in retail store designing and decoration. At the same time as these developments have been taking place, Boans Ltd., one of the oldest and biggest stores in this city to remain privately owned, offered its ordinary shares to the public and thus became a public company in the fullest sense. No doubt this move was inspired by the need for additional capital to meet expansion particularly the need to provide for a through drive from Murray to Wellington-street for delivery services and the receipt of goods. The congestion that the absence of such a through way has caused in recent years has been a serious problem to the company. Other retail traders in Perth also found it necessary to secure additional finance for capital expansion. Foy and Gibson (W.A.) Ltd. and Harris Scarfe and Sandovers Ltd. both made public issues earlier in the year and were followed later by McLean Bros. and Rigg Ltd., W. Drabble Ltd. and Carlyle and Co. All were well supported. At the same time as these larger organisations were expanding their capital, Nicholsons and Musgroves also sought extra funds for additional trading facilities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49886639 |title=RETAIL SALES ROCKET TO NEW PEAK |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=70, |issue=21,292 |location=Western Australia |date=19 October 1954 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=4 (Supplement to THE WEST AUSTRALIAN) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1954 11===== =====1954 12===== ====1955==== ====1956==== ====1957==== ====1958==== ====1959==== {{BookCat}} ==References== {{Reflist}} 1w8qw26g9a9ya56c4cvwk27xb75nxd2 4632578 4632551 2026-04-26T16:39:35Z ~2026-25453-14 3579355 Add Broadcaster April 1934 transcription 4632578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{incomplete}} {{TOC right|limit=3}} ==6ML Perth - Transcriptions and notes== ===1890s=== ====1899==== <blockquote>'''A high-class concert''' was given last evening at the Egan-street Wesley Church as a preliminary source of revenue in connection with the Rainbow Festival to take place shortly in Kalgoorlie. There was a fairly large attendance. A choice programme was presented, the contributors being all more or less well known here for their abilities as performers of music. The vocal section included numbers by Miss Teresa Maher, Miss Alice Maher, Miss Ida Browning, and Miss Alice Coulter. Miss Maher's renderings of "The Toilers" and "The Fire-side," also of "Pierrot," which was one of her encore numbers, were in that talented young lady's best style, and were accordingly much enjoyed. Miss Mather's items "Ben Bolt" and "The Gift" secured for the popular young contralto very hearty receptions, while the songs " Asthore," by Miss Coulter and "Life's Lullaby" by Miss Browning secured for the vocalists deserved applause. Mr Leslie Harris contributed one of the gems of the evening, a violin solo "Mazurka" (Wieniawski), to which Mr H. N. Clare played the pianoforte accompaniment. It was a performance of a highly meritorious character and inspired a strong wish that Mr Harris' playing may be frequently heard in Kalgoorlie in the future. The applause that greeted the number was very hearty, and continued till the violinist reappeared and supplemented his original performance. Mr Walter Ruse, whose fine voice was in good order, sang "The Yeoman's Wedding" and "Alia Stella Confidante," having the advantage of a violin obligato played by Mr Harris for the latter number. Encore recalls were his fate too. Mr J. Todd gave "The Bedouin Love Song" in good style, and Mr Fred Eddy helped to make up the bill by conscientious renderings of "Conquered" and "Anchored." The concert was opened with a clever pianoforte duet by Misses E. James and L. Tonkin. The pianoforte accompaniments were given by Miss Tippet, and Messrs H. N. Clare and '''Mandeville Musgrove''' and were throughout of a high order of merit. Mr Musgrove also introduced the second half of the programme with a much appreciated pianoforte selection.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article88329394 |title=ITEMS OF NEWS. |newspaper=[[Kalgoorlie Miner]] |volume=4, |issue=1165 |location=Western Australia |date=1 September 1899 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE ENLISTED.''' The undermentioned are the names of those already enlisted as members of the Western Australian Mounted Infantry for service in South Africa. The names are subject to alteration, as they will not be finally approved until shortly before the departure of the unit from the colony:— . . . 47. '''Mandeville Musgrove''', 27 years (Eng.), railway employe, served three years in 20th Hussars.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83058721 |title=THE ENLISTED. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XVII, |issue=7,627 |location=Western Australia |date=29 December 1899 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ===1900s=== ====1900==== ====1901==== ====1902==== ====1903==== ====1904==== ====1905==== <blockquote>'''MARRIAGES.''' MUSGROVE-MATTHEWS.— On September 27, at St. Paul's, South Fremantle, by the Rev. A. L. Marshall, '''Mandeville''', son of John Musgrove Musgrove, of Hadleigh, Suffolk, England, to Marjory, daughter of the late William Matthews, of Adelaide, S.A. S.A. papers please copy.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article25525433 |title=Family Notices |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXI, |issue=6,103 |location=Western Australia |date=7 October 1905 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1906==== ====1907==== ====1908==== ====1909==== <blockquote>'''CHARITY CONCERT.''' A decided novelty was billed for Victoria Park last night, when the auxetophone, a mamoth gramophone, was at work, the accompaniments to the songs being played on the Themodist pianola. The effect was marred by the heavy wind blowing, but sufficient was shown to display the merit of the powerful song reproducer and with the accompaniments was most lifelike. '''Mr. M. D'O. Musgrove''' played the accompaniments. At intervals the band gave some choice selections, and the concert apart from weather conditions was most enjoyable, and should result in a fine addition to the funds of the league.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article202928531 |title=CHARITY CONCERT. |newspaper=[[The Evening Star]] |volume=12, |issue=3390 |location=Western Australia |date=22 March 1909 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ===1910s=== ====1910==== ====1911==== ====1912==== ====1913==== <blockquote>'''ENTERTAINMENTS. . . PIANOLA RECITAL.''' Nicholson's held one of their popular invitation recitals in their well-appointed and artistic piano salon on Saturday night, in the presence of a large and markedly appreciative audience. The programme consisted of selections on the pianola — the piano was a Bechstein Boudoir Grand — and vocal items by Mr. Harold Devenish and Miss Madge Scott. '''Mr. M. D'O. Musgrove''', the firm's manager, presided at the pianola and also played the accompaniments on the same instrument. Many of the audience afterwards took the opportunity to personally thank Mr. Musgrove, as representing the firm, for the enjoyable evening which had been provided. The management are arranging for a gramophone recital on July 5, and another pianolo recital on July 19. The programme on Saturday night was as follows:— Prologue Pagliacci (Leoncavallo), the pianola; Callirhoe Air de Ballet, No. 4 (Charminade), the pianola; songs (a), "Molly's Eyes" (Hawley), (b) "To Anthea" (Hatton), Mr. Harold Devenish; variations on a German Air (Chopin), the pianola; ballad, "Thine Eyes so Blue and Tender" (Lassen), Miss Madge Scott; Sonata, op. 27, No. 2 (Moonlight) (Beethoven), the pianola; song, "Sands o' Dee" (Clay), Mr. Devenish; Liebeswalzer, op. 57, No. 5 (Moszkowski), the pianola; song, "Gleaner's Slumber Song" (Walthew), Miss Scott; Rhapsodie Hongroise No. 12 (Liszt), the pianola.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article26877741 |title=ENTERTAINMENTS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXIX, |issue=3,492 |location=Western Australia |date=23 June 1913 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1914==== ====1915==== ====1916==== <blockquote>'''POSTAL AND MILITARY APPOINTMENTS.''' MELBOURNE, Saturday. The following notices appear in the "Commonwealth Gazette":— . . . Reserve Forces: Members of rifle clubs to be lieutenants temporarily (for duration of war), Sinclair James McGibbon, Harry George Jeffreson, Hugh Oldham, Walter Richardson, '''Mandeville Doyly Musgrove'''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58020274 |title=POSTAL AND MILITARY APPOINTMENTS |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=987 |location=Western Australia |date=3 December 1916 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=2 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1917==== ====1918==== ====1919==== ===1920s=== ====1920==== ====1921==== ====1922==== ====1923==== =====1923 01===== =====1923 02===== =====1923 03===== =====1923 04===== =====1923 05===== =====1923 06===== =====1923 07===== =====1923 08===== =====1923 09===== =====1923 10===== =====1923 11===== <blockquote>'''NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED.''' The following new companies were registered at the Supreme Court during the past week:— The Metropolitan Agency, Limited; registered office, Harper's Buildings, Howard-street, Perth; capital, £1000 in £1 shares. '''Musgrove's, Limited'''; registered office, 92 William-street, Perth; capital, £25,000, in £1 shares. Ventura Motors, Limited; registered office, 873a Hay-street, Perth; capital, £30,000 in £1 shares. Commonwealth Company: Australian National Products, Limited (incorporated in N.S.W.); registered office, Perpetual Trustee Buildings, St. George's-terrace, Perth; John Morrison, attorney.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58076690 |title=NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1349 |location=Western Australia |date=18 November 1923 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=14 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Changes in Musical Circles.—''' At the invitation of the directors, the shareholders and members of the staff of Nicholson's, Ltd., met at the firm's warehouse in Barrack-street, Thursday afternoon, to say goodbye to Messrs. '''M. D. Musgrove''', A. T. Gray, R. D. Scott, and F. C. Kingston, who are leaving the company's service in order to start business on their own account. Mr. Stodart in presenting to the gentlemen mentioned cheques and other mementos on behalf of the firm, in appreciation of its goodwill and kindly feel-ings towards them, expressed regret at having lost their services, but commended their enterprise in having decided to embark on a business of their own. He felt sure that the training which they had received in the house of Nicholson's would stand them in good stead, and that they would carry with them the traditions of the firm, to serve as a guiding star in their new venture. Mr. Stodart assured them that he would do all in his power to assist them, and he welcomed the friendly rivalry which would result from the establishment of the new enterprise. Messrs. Musgrove, Gray, Scott, and Kingston suitably responded, and were subsequently the recipients of handsome presents from the members of the staff.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78321844 |title=The Daily News. PERTH, WESTERN AUSTRALIA. SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 34, 1923. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLII, |issue=15,163 |location=Western Australia |date=24 November 1923 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=8 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''GENERAL NEWS. . . .''' There was a large gathering of shareholders and employees at Nicholson's music warehouse on Thursday afternoon, the occasion being a valedictory to Messrs. '''M. D. Musgrove''', A. T. Gray, R. D. Scott, and F. C. Kingston, who are retiring from the firm's employment to commence a business of their own. Mr. Stodart, on behalf of the directors, presented the retiring employees with cheques and suitable mementos, which, he said, were intended to be a slight expression of the firm's appreciation of their long and faithful services and an earnest of the directors' goodwill and kindly feelings towards them. He hoped that they would carry the traditions of the house with them to their new enterprise and prophesied that the friendly rivalry which would hereafter exist be-tween them — and which he welcomed — would stimulate all to put forward their best efforts to advance, and improve their respective businesses. Messrs. Musgrove, Gray, Scott and Kingston expressed their thanks and were subsequently presented with handsome souvenirs by the members of the staff.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31201378 |title=GENERAL NEWS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,709 |location=Western Australia |date=24 November 1923 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 12===== <blockquote>'''MIRRORGRAMS. Sparks, Snaps and Silhouettes. (BY OUR OWN RADIOLOGIST.)''' . . . Mr. M. D'O. Musgrove, who used to entertain summer strollers in Claremont with the latest "hits" per medium of front lawn broadcasting concerts, is striking out on his own in the musical world under the dubbing of Musgrove's Ltd. Many associate the new concern with Nicholson's but there is definitely no connection between the old and the new, each being a separate and independent enterprise.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article77759898 |title=MIRROR GRAMS. |newspaper=[[Mirror]] |issue=122 |location=Western Australia |date=8 December 1923 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''MUSGROVE'S LTD. THE HOUSE FOR PIANOS.''' "There is no truer truth obtainable By man than comes of music." Thus the poet's words — thus all poets in varying harmonies of phrase. What music is to the home and social circle the individual person feels within the range of his or her experience; but what it is to the community, perhaps, is fully grasped only by those whose part it is to satisfy the urgent need of the people to be moved by concord of sweet sounds. How great this want is none is better able to appreciate than the members of the firm of Musgrove's Ltd. For more than twenty years they have been associated in studying this need, in assessing the high quality of the musical taste of the public, and in combining their experience and professional qualifications to the satisfaction of it. The names of the members of the firm, consisting of Mr. M. D'O. Musgrove, managing director, Mr. A. T. Gray, Mr. F. C. Kingston, and Mr. R. D. Scott, are household words in musical circles. In order to give their experience wider scope and to introduce to the Western public a greater range of instruments of the highest class, they have combined to launch the firm of Musgrove's Ltd., which they are determined shall, from its inception, be recognised as the House of Quality in the local musical world. Under Mr. Musgrove, as managing director, the various departments are co-ordinated, but each is in charge of an expert. Mr. Gray is responsible for pianos and player pianos, and he has signalised the birth of the firm by securing the exclusive agency for instruments of such quality as the Cable, Schiedmayer, Orpheus, and Allison pianos, each of them possessing individual features that will make varying appeals to different people, but all uniting in the possession of the qualities of strength and beauty of construction and exceptional tone values, qualities whose appeal is universal. Besides these pianos, for which the firm has the exclusive agency, other well-known makes will be stocked. The phonograph and the musical instruments departments are under the direction of Messrs. F. C. Kingston and Mr. R. D. Scott, respectively, which fact guarantees the high standard that will be maintained in each. The firm, after very careful consideration of many makes of talking machines, decided to accept the exclusive agency for the Brunswick phonograph and records. This instrument is well described as "all phonographs in one," possessing, as it does, the best characteristics of other makes, whilst being distinguished by three features entirely its own, namely, the Brunswick Altona reproducer, which plays all records at their best — a turn of the hand adapts it to any make of record. The Brunswick all-wood oval tone amplifier, a valuable aid to perfect tone reproduction; the Brunswick record-filing system with convenient arrangement of drawers for filing records. These exclusive attributes of the Brunswick lift it into a class by itself. To music lovers all instruments under the skilled and sympathetic touch of the artist give delight. But there is one which, if the product of first class constructors, makes an irresistible appeal to the senses. This is the violin. It is, therefore, not matter for surprise that Mr. R. D. Scott is resolved that whilst only various instruments of the highest grade shall be stocked in his department, special attention will be devoted to violins to secure that the demands for quality of the music loving public, and the insistence upon perfection in these instruments by convents, schools and the profession, shall be satisfied to the full. The extreme care which the firm has given to the selection of the instruments that are stocked is manifest also in the design and decoration of the House for Pianos at 92 William-street, opposite Queen's Hall. To the perfect enjoyment of music every sense must be in harmony. Recognising this, the decoration of the show rooms was entrusted to the artistic supervision of Mr. W. A. Ramage, with results that Musgrove's Ltd. confidently leave to the discriminating judgment of the wide circle of friends that the members of the firm have made among the public of the Stale over many years. The ground floor is devoted to pianos, and every facility is provided among artistic surroundings to test and appreciate the superior stocks of these instruments. On the first floor are housed the phonograph and musical instruments departments, and here, too, a meticulous artistry and careful attention to the comfort and convenience of customers are evident, whilst audition rooms of the most modem design ensure that the Brunswick records of songs and instrumental and dance music by artistes in the highest ranks of the profession shall be heard under the most perfect conditions. The reputation of the firm's personnel is so long and firmly established among music lovers in the State that the names of Messrs. Musgrove, Gray, Kingston, and Scott have only to be mentioned to guarantee that the claim of Musgrove's Ltd. that theirs is and will continue to be the House of Quality in all that pertains to music in the musical world of the State will be fulfilled in every respect. The best musical instruments in their particular classes may be purchased for cash or on terms at prices which are an assurance that the public will get the advantage of the wide experience of members of the firm in selection and purchase.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article82562419 |title=MUSGROVE'S LTD. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLII, |issue=15,182 |location=Western Australia |date=17 December 1923 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=1 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''"Music Hath Charms!" Musgrove's Ltd. Sets Out to Prove It.''' Right down through the centuries, through all the records of history and tradition, music has held its place in the lives and hearts of men. Its soothing influence, its inspiration, its power of bringing out the very best that is in man, has long been recognised, till it seems a world without music would be a very dull place indeed. The pages of mythology chronicle the story of Orpheus, whose lute "drew stocks and stones and trees," and though nowadays the said late Mr. Orpheus would cut about as much ice as the irrepressible snake charmer, music still reigns undisputed Queen of our feelings and emotions. '''UNACCUSTOMED SOUNDS.''' The members of "The Call" staff are not at any time impressionable people, but for the last few days we've been loth to click out a noisy typewriter and thus drown the unaccustomed sounds of music floating through our windows. The source was not difficult to discover, for Musgrove's Ltd., have just opened their new premises in William-street. Human nature craves for the soothing touch of music, and from twenty years experience of this need Messrs. Musgrove, Gray, Kingston and Scott, who are fostering the new firm, are well fitted to sate that thirst. All of the quartette, well known from their association with the Western musical world, have combined in their new premises to provide for music-lovers not only instruments of the highest class, but also to give clients the benefit of their experience and musical taste. Mr. A. T. Gray, who has individual charge of the pianoforte section, has secured the exclusive agencies of the Cable, Allison, Orpheus, and Schiedmayer pianos, instruments that reach the apex of beauty and tonal excellence in their class. Other well known makes are, of course, also stocked. The Brunswick phonograph is to be the arc light of Mr. F. C. Kingston's department. This magnificent instrument possesses three distinctive features — the Altona reproducer, an all-wood tone amplifier and a record-filing system. Added to its other superb qualities this trio of innovations proves the judgment of the firm in securing the exclusive agency of such a high class make. '''GLORIES OF HARMONY.''' While the piano thrills as a master breathes life into the keys, and a phonograph makes possible the universal "broadcasting" of the world's orchestras and vocalists, they are both surpassed in pure beauty of tone and glorious melody by the throbbing responsive notes of a violin as a skilled performer portrays his very soul through the artistry of the bow and strings. The violin department has been entrusted to Mr. R. D. Scott, whose pride in his section bans all inferior makes. He is determined that schools, music teachers and professional performers will be well attended to at Musgrove's. As an appropriate setting to their fine range of musical ware Musgrove's Ltd., have had their premises artistically decorated, attention being given to the acoustic properties of the audition rooms and the securing of the right musical atmosphere. Musgrove's claim that theirs is the House of Quality, and with four such names to back it up their claim does not seem the least exaggerated. Perthites are keen music-lovers, and they will find that their wants will be always attended to at Musgrove's, Ltd., 92 William-street, opposite Queen's Hall.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210900665 |title="Music Hath Charms!" |newspaper=[[Call]] |issue=495 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE CHARM OF MUSIC. The Place for Pianos.''' "He that hath no music in himself, nor is not moved by the concord of sweet sounds, is fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoils . . . let not such men be trusted." So said wise old Shakespeare, with a truth that will always live. Probably it is music, and not love, that makes the world go round "the music of the spheres," as Shakespeare said elsewhere. It is quite certain that music influences people very greatly, and a musical instrument in the house will mean many happy evenings. For that musical instrument be sure to try Musgroves Ltd., of 92 William-street, opposite Queen's Hall, which is controlled by men so well known in musical circles as Messrs. M. D'O. Musgrove, A. T. Gray, F. C. Kingston, and R. D. Scott. This firm has a fine show of pianos and Player pianos, and besides many well-known makes, have the exclusive agency for such excellent instruments as the Cable, Schiedmayer, Orpheus, and Allison pianos. Most interesting in the well-fitted phonograph and musical instrument department is the Brunswick phonograph, for which Musgroves are sole agents. This instrument has the Altone reproducer, which gives perfect tone reproduction and an excellent record filing system. Violins of the highest quality are also stacked. Audition rooms, artistically and comfortably furnished, which allow customers to listen to any record or musical instrument with the greatest possible pleasure, are installed. The firm's building is well worthy of a visit.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58070575 |title=THE CHARM OF MUSIC |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1354 |location=Western Australia |date=23 December 1923 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=14 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''A NEW STAR. In the Firmament of Music and Melody. The Advent of Musgrove's Ltd.''' Perth bids fair to become well-known as the city of music. Taking it by and large, its music houses are by a long way the most attractively set out of its great variety of supply stores. That it has so many of them in a prosperous condition is a compliment to the intellectual status of its citizens. There is always some saving grace about the music lover, even if he be a lover of ragtime stuff. So into this firmament of harmoniously arranged semi-quavers, quavers, and crotchets, has lately swum a new star. It has taken up its position at 92 William-street, and the name over doorway is "Musgroves, Ltd. The House for Pianos." The members of this new musical firm, Mr. D'O. Musgrove, managing director, Mr. A. T. Gray, Mr. F. C. Kingston, and Mr. R. D. Scott, have been known to the various musical public of Perth for a number of years. For there are various musical publics. The piano public will have none of the gramaphone public, and the classical ivory tickler looks with scorn upon the one who works the pedals of the mechanical player-piano. And there are others. Each has its own love, and Musgrove is out to cater for all sections. Quality and efficiency is to be the motto of the new firm, and the large range of high-class pianos and players is under the direct supervision of the expert, Mr. Gray, long recognised as one of the foremost piano men in the State. The exclusive agency for such favored instruments as Allison Schiedmayer, Cable, and Orpheus instruments should direct the public eye to a large extent in the direction of the new establishment. Mr. F. C. Kingston has charge of the phonograph section, which includes the exclusive agency for Brunswick machines, a talking instrument which is making an excellent impression among those who like their music in cabinet form. It is said to be "all phonographs in one," containing as it does all the best features of other machines as well as some exclusive features of its own. The musical instruments department as distinct from ivory keys, and mica diaphrams is directed by Mr. R. D. Scott, and the violin is to be given high place in the new emporium. Mr. R. D. Scott knows a good violin, and he knows a good violin is liked by all music lovers. Therefore none but instruments of the highest quality in the various grades will be found within the doors of Musgroves, Ltd. A great deal of trouble has been gone to to make the interior decorations of the premises acceptable to the aesthetic minds of music buyers, and it must be said that Mr. W. A. Ramage in this respect has been most successful. The comfort of customers has been well catered for, and with all the advantages the new musical palace is is bringing to bear, its name as the "House of Quality" should soon be on every tongue.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210487350 |title=A NEW STAR |newspaper=[[Truth]] |volume= , |issue=1061 |location=Western Australia |date=29 December 1923 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1924==== =====1924 01===== <blockquote>'''Wireless Week by Week. Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics. Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge. RADIOGRAMS. By LONG WAVE.''' . . . Some months ago it was rumored that '''Messrs. Nicholson's, Ltd.''', were going to broadcast, but from information to hand it was thought that, owing to the large iron tank on the top of the warehouse of D. and W. Murray, Ltd., absorbing most of the radiation, the project would have to be abandoned.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071416 |title=Wireless Week by Week Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics[?] Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1358 |location=Western Australia |date=20 January 1924 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 02===== =====1924 03===== =====1924 04===== =====1924 05===== =====1924 06===== <blockquote>'''Port Paragraphs CAUSTIC COMMENTS — ON AFFAIRS AT FREMANTLE.''' . . . The Fremantle Bowling Club tendered a complimentary social to Mr. J. A. Gustafson (singes champion of Australia), and the club rooms were well filled with an enthusiastic gathering of members and visitors. A meritorious musical programme, arranged by Mr. Digby Beard, was thoroughly enjoyed, and Mr. M. D. O'Musgrove at the piano added greatly to the excellence of the numbers rendered. Felicitous speeches, admirable in their brevity and wit, combined with a dainty repast, completed a festival which will long be remembered.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58053646 |title=Port Paragraphs |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1379 |location=Western Australia |date=15 June 1924 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=13 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''CITY IMPROVEMENTS.''' The majority of the people engaged in occupation in one portion of the city know very little in regard to what is taking place in other parts and have no idea of the extent of money that is being expended in building and improvements in Perth at the present time. During the week I had a chat with the Town Clerk (Mr. Bold), and the Acting City Building Surveyor (Mr. A. E. Horner), and on reference to the records found that the following buildings and works have just been completed, are nearing completion, or are in course of construction:— W.A. Trustee and Agency Co., £39,000; Winterbottom's Ltd., £36,000; Swan Brewery, £29,000; Aliance Insurance Co., £20,000; Y.A.L., £17,000; Queen's Hall, £18,000; Hyem, Hester (Hay and George streets), £18,000; W.A. T.C., £16,000; Diocesan Flats (Mount-street), £15,000; Shaftesbury Theatre, £10,000; H. V. McKay, £9,600; Falk and Co., £7,000; Druids' Hall. £6.700; Broadhurst and Co., £6,500; Malcolm-street flats, £5,850; Michelides (Roe-street), £5,700; Michelides (Beaufort-street), £4,700; City of Perth Electric Light Department, £5,200; Beaufort Arms Hotel, £5,000; Y.M.C.A., £3,000; '''Musgroves, Ltd.''', £3,000; Karrakatta Tea Rooms, £3,000; and Mr. M. B. Thomas's Hay-street shops, £4,500. This gives a total of £287,350, but to this must be added at least £50,000 for other city im-provements apart from dwellings, and these also add considerably to this amount. The figures given are also merely, the bare estimates submitted to the corporation officials with the plans for building, and it is well known how these expenditures are exceeded as the work progresses. Take again the £29,000 stated as the expenditure of the Swan Brewing Company, it is well known that when the whole of this work is completed, and the new plant has been installed, the company will have to pay something between £150,000 and £160,000. Then the West Australian Trotting Association is spending approximately £70,000 on their new grounds within the city boundaries, and £60,000 has been voted by the City Council for making the roads of the terraces. With these additions it will therefore be seen that the works in progress, and the few just completed, involve an expenditure of approximately £550,000. Nearly the whole of this work is being undertaken by private enterprise, and it indicates very forcibly the great faith that the commercial section of the community has in the future prosperity of the State. At the same time it provides a useful object lesson of the productive wealth of the country, when a population of' approximately 350,000 can produce the means to expend over half a million sterling in city improvement. It is interesting also to note that during the past five years the value of buildings erected has been as follows:— 1919, £210,635; 1920, £399.519; 1921, £334,309; 1922, £514,061; 1923, £659,265. As there is six months of the year to run it would appear that a record will be established this year, but with the works in progress, and what has been accomplished in the previous five years, it represents a total of £2,668,789; a wonderful achievement for such a small community.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31238063 |title=CITY IMPROVEMENTS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XL, |issue=6,887 |location=Western Australia |date=23 June 1924 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 07===== =====1924 08===== =====1924 09===== =====1924 10===== <blockquote>'''LYRIC HOUSE. Music's Local Shrine — Enterprise of Musgrove's Limited.''' It was Ruskin who, with his profound sense of symmetry in the Arts, said: "A well-disposed group of notes in music will make you sometimes weep and sometimes laugh. You can express the depth of all affections by those dispositions of sound; you can give courage to the soldier, language to the lover, consolation to the mourner, more joy to the joyful, more humility to the devout." It was appropriate that his reference should have been inspired by his main topic, which was the Influence of Imagination in Architecture. The two arts are complementary. Music, to find its (Photo Caption) This Magnificent Building of four-stories is now in the course of reconstruction and will be opened at an early date as a Modern Music Warehouse by Musgrove's Limited. (End Photo Caption) highest expression, not only must have the essentials of the composer's works; the craftsman's skill in a wide range of instruments; a delicate sense of moods, and a deft capacity to express their thousand variations, which are the attributes of the artist; it must have a setting in which harmony of line and color make a fitting environment for the art. It was with a full realisation of this fundamental truth that Musgrove's Ltd., when the amazing expansion of their business in a short period of months forced them to seek more extensive premises than those occupied at 92 William-street, sought a new and permanent home. Years of experience in the musical world fully advised the members of the firm of what was needed. A central position was requisite — one which would be convenient to music lovers of city and of the country. A building large enough to supply even the extraordinary demands for space made by the wonderful growth that attended the firm's enterprise was an essential. It must, too, be easily adaptable to the peculiar needs upon which Musgroves Ltd.— establishing from the first the highest standards as suitable only to the art and profession to which they ministered — insisted. It must, in short, be capable of transformation into a home of music, a "Lyric House" in which the muse that moves most vibrantly the emotions should be installed in surroundings meet to her dignity, and illimitable power. In the building, previously occupied by Messrs. P. Falk and Co., in Murray-street, overlooking Forrest-place, and adjacent to the G.P.O. and the railway station, Musgrove's Ltd. found a suitable location. In the skill of architects and decorators, enthusiastically responsive to the ideals animating the firm, they secured the ready assistance which is transforming the original structure into "Lyric House," a magnificent home of music on whose four floors will be gathered the best that the world has to offer in musical instruments and works; where local musical art will have a rendezvous; and the profession an academy which will be an inspiration to and a source of culture. Several considerations moved Musgrove's Ltd. to their new enterprise. The first and most pressing was a purely utilitarian one. The extraordinary growth of business demanded more commodious premises than those in which as a distinctive musical firm the principals commenced operations so short a time since as December last year. Eighteen hundred square feet of floor space housed the initial undertaking — twenty-three thousand square feet will be included on the four floors of "Lyric House." It is unnecessary to point the moral of the expanded figures; they speak for themselves. They are an expression of public confidence in Musgrove's Ltd., and of faith in the professional skill and business methods of the principals, a faith built up on more than 20 years' association with the music-loving people of Western Australia. They are more — they are a testimony to the confidence of Musgrove's Ltd. in the art to which they minister and in the local public's appreciation of that art. For though "Lyric House" will be a music emporium in which musical compositions, including every kind from the classical to the popular, will be available, and instruments of every description on show and on sale, it will also be, as said, an Academy of Music in which visiting artists and local devotees may entertain and be entertained, may instruct and be instructed, amid conditions most favorable to the cultivation of the spirit of music. The ground floor, as it was in the original building, has been lowered six feet to the plane of the street. Two magnificent windows disclose a parquetry inlaid flooring on which the finest products of the musical instrument makers of the world will be presented to the public gaze. Entering from the street, the ground floor space will be devoted, amid a chaste color scheme of black and white, to the smaller instruments. Towards the centre depth — the frontage is 36 feet and depth 160 feet — steps lead to a raised section which will hold the music department. Along one side a gallery in black and glass overhangs the department, and contains the respective sections of educational, band, orchestral, popular and jazz music; at the other side five sound-proof rooms give ample accommodation for "trying over" the pieces that attract the attention of patrons. These sound-proof rooms — they are found on several floors — are a special feature of the remodelled building. They are unique in Perth. Especially on the top floor are they remarkable. Jumping for a moment the intermediate floor that these rooms may be described, the visitor will meet on the top floor a design for the accommodation of music teachers and the profession generally without a peer in the State, and unexcelled in any part of Australia. The front portion of the floor, overlooking the street, occupying nearly 40 by 40 feet, will be a reception room in which visiting artists may be entertained or professional conversaziones be held. Fifteen sound-proof rooms will occupy the long rear portion of the floor, a passage way leading between, as they are distributed on each side. The walls of these rooms are of plastered coke brieze; a composition wholly impervious to sound. The doors are double-lined and baize-covered. Windows to each afford pleasant natural lighting in the daytime. Of various sizes, to meet the different needs, every room is commodious. They will be available to the teaching profession — its vocal, instrumental and elocutionary exponents — on hourly, daily, weekly or leasing terms, and undoubtedly will constitute a centre in which the sublimest of arts may be cultivated free from any distraction that would hinder its development. To return to the "top" section of the first floor and the music department. Here will be contained, too, the section for player rolls, and one of the "try-over" rooms on this level will be specially set aside for trying rolls — not instruments. The larger instruments — pianos and players — will be housed in four showrooms on the ample front portions of the first floor. The different makes, of which Musgrove's Ltd have a large variety, will have their special section — Australian, British, Continental and American. The finest products of British manufacture — Mar- (Photo Caption Start) M. GEORGES BADER, French Trade Commissioner in Australia, who has returned to Sydney after a visit to France with the object of fostering trade relations between the two countries. (Photo Caption End) shall and Rose, London, makers to the late King Edward VII.; John Brinsmead and Sons, piano makers since 1837; Allison Limited, whose instrument is fittingly described as the "Great English Piano" — will be numbered among them. Among American pianos and players it is only necessary to mention the product of Cable Company, whose pianos and Solo-Inner players have established an unique reputation, and the pianos and players of R. S. Howard Co. Such names is Schiedmayer, Neumeyer, and Scheel guarantee the extraordinary quality of the Continental pianos handled by Musgrove's Ltd. On this first floor, too, is another novel addition to the aid of musical art which the firm resolved from the beginning sedulously to cultivate. It is a concert room, large enough to seat comfortably some 300 persons well-lighted and artistically decorated. A platform at the rear right wall will accommodate instrumentalists and vocalists in the many recitals which will be a feature of "Lyric House." The basement — only technically may it be so termed, as it is but three feet below the street level — will be the home of phonographs and records. No other instrument will find habitation there. The "Brunswick," which attained immediate popularity on its introduction to the local public by Musgrove's a few months since; "His Master's Voice" and the "Rexonola" will be featured on this floor in a variety of design, but uniformity of their respective qualities, suitable to the needs of every circumstance. Four audition rooms, sound-proof, on this floor will enable records and instruments to be conveniently and in comfort tried over by patrons. Much more could be said; but space forbids. Music is to have an artistic home in Perth. Comfort and taste are the distinguishing features of "Lyric House." The eye will be attracted by soft, and delicate furnishings and decorations; the ear will be enthralled by the most magnificent instrumental productions of the world's foremost manufacturers. The staff is expert in every department. The music department will be under the direction of one of Perth's most prominent teachers in the person of Mrs. Sutherland Groom, L.A.B.T.C., Mus. Aust., who will be assisted by a fully-qualified staff. Variously situated at the rear of the building are the workshops where repairs of every kind will be effected by skilled craftsmen; and despatch rooms to supply country order demands and city requirements. The convenience and comfort of the public and staff have been in every way considered. For the latter a luncheon room, tastefully decorated, has been provided. The whole establishment, whose stupendous growth within a few months to the premier position in our musical world, is a testimony to the critical recognition of the public, will be supervised from offices overlooking the ground floor window display, by the gentlemen — Messrs. M. D. O. Musgrove, R. D. Scott, A. T. Gray and F. C. Kingston — whose inauguration of the firm created anticipations among music-lovers which have not been disappointed. In "Lyric House," which will be opened about the middle of the month, music has a shrine in the State.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58060302 |title=LYRIC HOUSE |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1395 |location=Western Australia |date=5 October 1924 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''SOCIAL.''' . . . A pleasurable couple of hours were spent at the Repertory Club last Friday afternoon. The cosy reception room was fragrant with the scent of sweet peas and roses, which were well arranged in every available nook. The occasion was an "at home" in honour of Mr. and Mrs. Alberto Zelman, the well-known Melbourne violinist and soprano; who gave two concerts in Perth during the past week. There is a delightful Bohemian air about these Repertory Club gatherings. Probably much of the success of such functions is due to the energetic secretary, for not only is she a most efficient officer, but a personality brimming over with enthusiasm and activity. Mrs. Dunckley possesses that invaluable asset, the gift of being able to create an atmosphere — and a very attractive atmosphere at that. A short musical programme added to the pleasure of the afternoon, Mrs. Thompson, Mr. Newman and Mr. Morgan contributing vocal items. Mrs. Eugene Levinson played in her usual finished style a pianoforte solo and Mrs. McCrostie recited. Mr. and Mrs. Moran were much appreciated in a charming duet, in which their voices harmonised perfectly. Miss Ottawa accompanied some of the singers. The same evening Mr. and Mrs. Alberto Zelman were the guests of Mr. and Mrs. '''Musgrove''' in the new and charmingly appointed rooms recently opened by Musgrove's, Ltd., in Murray-street, Perth. Mr. and Mrs. Musgrove received their many guests at the entrance. They then proceeded upstairs to the attractively arranged salon, the long, quaintly narrow room being cosily arranged with lounges, easy chairs and settees. Brief speeches of welcome were voiced by Mr. Musgrove, and Mr. H. B. Jackson, to which Mr. Zelman replied in a happy way. Some local musical talent of very high standard lent an additional note of pleasure and interest. Each item contributed was by a member of Musgrove's firm. Miss Hillhouse delighted everyone with her two piano solos rendered most charmingly on a beautiful instrument. Mr. Iffla and Mr. Samuels were heard in pleasure-giving songs. Light refreshments were handed round before the guests dispersed, having enjoyed a couple of interesting and enjoyable hours.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37638322 |title=SOCIAL. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=2,022 |location=Western Australia |date=30 October 1924 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=36 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 11===== <blockquote>'''MUSGROVES LIMITED. PERTH'S NEW MUSIC WAREHOUSE. UP-TO-DATE APPOINTMENTS.''' Dignity, splendor, without ostentation, and, above all, easeful comfort, are the dominant notes in the interior furnishing of the four-storied building secured as a warehouse for Musgrove's Ltd. This edifice was recently the warehouse of P. Falk and Co., and upon being taken over, carpenters and decorators were set to work to convert it into a music warehouse, on lines which have proved successful in other parts of Australia, America, and the Continent. The growth of Musgrove's Ltd. has been little short of wonderful. The company was formed twelve months ago by four men whose aggregate experience in the music trade of Australia exceeds 80 years. A start was made with a small shop in William-street, where player-pianos, musical instruments and phonographs were sold. After a few months it was found that the volume of business done necessitated much larger and more commodious premises. A search rewarded them, for they were able to secure one of the best sites in the city, adjacent to the railway station and new G.P.O., on which a four-storied building, with a depth of 168 feet and a frontage of 36 feet on each floor, stands. Two plate-glass windows of moderate dimensions make an imposing facade to the building, the parquetry floors of which are brilliantly lighted from above. At the entrance to the shop is a large hall, arranged for the Musical Instrument Department, and lined with glass show cases containing instruments of many kinds. A sound proof demonstration room for the convenience of intending purchasers is tucked away in a corner and away from distractions. The stairs, balustrades and woodwork are of massive type and black in color, a contrast being secured with white panelled walls and pillars. Stairs leading from the hall to the front of the building point the way to the managerial and general offices. A few steps down from the main hall is the Phonograph Department, where is to be found a magnificent collection of period, upright, and table model phonographs from the well-known Brunswick factory. Brunswick models are prominently displayed, together with large stocks of 'His Master's Voice' and Rexonola. Four sound-proof try-over rooms run along one wall, being partitioned with diamond lead-lighting, the result being very effective. Facing these rooms, the stocks of records are kept on shelves, the pressure of a button releasing the protecting panelling. At the end of this department are the spacious showrooms, set apart for the display of the wide range of ma-chines. From the hallway, again, stairs lead to The Music Floor. This is a new department inaugurated with the opening of the building, and is under the direction of one of Perth's prominent music teachers, assisted by a staff of assistants with musical qualifications. Comprehensive stocks of music — educational, classical, standard, popular and jazz — are here for the selection of the public. Above the music counter runs a gallery the entire length of the department, with a return at the end, where bulk stocks of music are kept and country mail orders are dealt with. Upon entering The Piano Department a fine display of grand pianos meets the eye in a long vista, upright pianos and organs being arranged around the wall. British manufacturers are represented by Marshall and Rose, Brinsmead, and Allison, American by Cable and Co. and R. S. Howard and Co., and Continental by Schiedmeyer, Scheel, and Neumeyer. In this showroom luxuriously upholstered and cushioned chairs are provided for the comfort of patrons. Six special showrooms are arranged around this department, each appealingly furnished. The lighting is by the semi-direct principle, with an ornate dome of leadlights. The first floor reached with the aid of the lift discloses a further piano showroom and Concert Hall, under construction, and which it is hoped will be completed at an early date. The top floor has been converted into a home for music teachers of Perth. Fifteen sound-proof Teaching Studios are provided with walls of coke-brieze be-low the plaster. Double baize doors are fitted. Already a long line of brass plates on the doors shows they are in occupation. Facing the street on this floor is a reception room of 40 square feet, for the use of teachers as well as visiting artists. The staff has not been forgotten in the wealth of arrangements, for luncheon and rest rooms are provided. At the back of the premises are to be found the workshop, polishing, tuning and repairing rooms. Without doubt, this magnificent warehouse brings Perth into line with the many splendid music houses of the Eastern States and is a tribute to the ability and foresight of Messrs. M. D'O. Musgrove, A. T. Gray, R. D. Scott and F. C. Kingston, who form the backbone of the company.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84308432 |title=MUSGROVES LIMITED. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,456 |location=Western Australia |date=4 November 1924 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=7 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''REAL ESTATE. ALTERATIONS IN MURRAY STREET.''' Still another of the buildings in central Murray-street, which was originally used as a warehouse, has been reconstructed internally. For many years, and until quite recently, the premises at 233 Murray-street were occupied by Messrs. Falk and Co., but a reconstruction has turned the place into one of the latest of improvements in music salons for Musgroves, Ltd. Originally the ground floor was about 6 ft. above the street level, but, in order to make the building suitable for a shop, portion of the main front, consisting of part of the basement and ground floor was removed, and the remainder carried on steel joists. Again, portion of the ground floor extending back 44ft. had to be lowered, in order to bring it in line with the street level, and now the approaching stairs to the basement and the elevated portion of the ground floor has given the opportunity of displaying goods in the double showroom which can be viewed from the entrance. The second floor is divided into rooms of sound-proof construction, which are to be used by music teachers. This, together with the first floor, which is to be used for additional showrooms and recital hall, are approached by either a lift or stairway, and entrance can be gained through the shop or by a separate entrance from the main frontage in Murray-street. The main structural alterations to the buildings, and certain of the internal fittings, were carried out by A. James and Co., whilst the remaining rooms, etc., were executed by Messrs. Thomas and Harrison. The whole of the work was done under the direction of the architect, Mr. E. Le R. Henderson, and were to the order of the new tenants, Messrs. Musgroves, Ltd.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31266815 |title=REAL ESTATE |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XL, |issue=7,024 |location=Western Australia |date=29 November 1924 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 12===== <blockquote>'''Musgrove's Ltd. First Anniversary in New Home Phenomenal Success of Local Company.''' There probably never has been in Perth a quicker rise to popularity and a more meteoric progression than that of the House of Musgrove, called Lyric House, in Murray-street, Perth. It is a tribute to the earnestness of Perth's music loving public and its capacity for musical description that this is so, for it is the continually increasing stream of public support which has enabled Musgrove's to make the strides it has. Musgrove's is an entirely Westralian concern, and it really began many years ago inside the four walls of that well known and respected musical firm Nicholson's. For all the members of Musgrove's learned their business and gained their wide experience in those precincts, and adding to that wealth of knowledge a full measure of modern thought initiative and enterprise, they came out to give to the public the combined benefit of the mixture. The firm was formed by four of the best known men in the music trade in W.A., namely, Messrs. D. O. Musgrove, A. T. Gray, R. D. Scott, and F. C. Kingston, and they commenced the business of selling pianos, gramophones, musical instruments and music on a floor space of about 1,800 square feet in William-street, just 12 months ago. The new music shop soon became well known, and business expansion speedily demanded more space. The warehouse of P. Falk and Co. in Murray-street, was acquired on long lease, and so altered and improved is its interior that Musgrove's may be said to occupy a palatial home to-day. The company occupies all four floors of the building, totalling 23,000 square feet. The magnitude of the business they are now handling may be judged from the number of big agencies they hold, numbering among them in the British piano section, Sir Herbert Marshall and Sons, John Brinsmead and Sons, Allison Pianos Ltd., and other firms whose agencies they hold and whose products have made British pianos famous throughout the civilised world. American agencies are represented by The Cable Co., makers of the famous Solo Inner-Player-Piano, and R. S. Howard Co. Musgrove's Continental agencies include Schiedmayer and Sohne, Carl Scheel and Neumeyer pianos. Sole representation of Brunswick phonographs and records, the company is in a position to offer the public the world's greatest phonograph value. The educational advantages of these instruments have already been amply and capably demonstrated by Mrs. Rose Atkinson, who will always be prepared to act in an advisory capacity to schools, colleges, etc. The same high standard of quality distinguishes all small musical instruments, with the result that "Lyric House" can proudly rank as the foremost music warehouse in Western Australia. The warehouse itself is fitted out on the most modern lines, a handsome entrance hall being the first section the customer enters. From this hall, in which small musical instruments may be purchased, the basement which has been raised to the level of almost a ground floor, can be completely overlooked, and the whole showroom of gramophones and other instruments are in view. This floor is but four steps below the floor of the entrance hall, and on it are four record "try-over" rooms, and two handsome audition rooms for the trying of the famous Brunswick instruments. All the rooms are sound proof, but the enterprising spirit of Musgrove's has gone further in the installation of four of the latest record trying machines, by means of which customers may sit in the open and hear their records without interfering with the other machines right alongside them. This ingenious contrivance is called the 'Audak,' and is well worth a trip to Musgrove's to inspect and study. Above this floor is the general music and piano floor replete with system, comfort and convenience. It is only a temporary home for the pianos, however, for as soon as arrangements can be completed the floor above will take care of the big instruments. There are five sound-proof rooms for the trying of pianos, and every assistance is re-dered intending purchasers in their choice. On the top floor are the teachers' rooms, each sound proof and well lighted, and Musgrove's hold that they are more than probably the finest suite of teaching rooms in the Commonwealth. On this floor there is also a hall which may be used for lectures or recitals. The interior of the building is done in black and white throughout, and the effect given is one of "quality" and soundness. Musgrove's have made a phenomenal step forward in twelve short months, and as it is true that youth will be served, this company is an ex-ample of the service of youth, in putting before the public an up to date, modern and efficiently equipped building where it should always be a pleasure and a delight to shop.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article208123871 |title=Musgrove’s Ltd. |newspaper=[[Truth]] |volume= , |issue=1111 |location=Western Australia |date=13 December 1924 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''BIRTHDAY RECITAL.''' To celebrate the first anniversary of the establishment of the firm, Musgrove's, Ltd. gave a birthday recital at their music rooms, Murray-street, yesterday afternoon. An interesting programme of vocal and instrumental items was rendered, and was received with appreciation by the audience. Mrs. Rose Atkinson sang "Twickenham Ferry" brightly, and Mr. Bryn Samuel gave a vigorous rendering of Aylward's "Song of the Bow," the accompaniment being played on the Cable solo inner player, which was skilfully manipulated, and proved to be a fairly satisfactory substitute for the human accompanist. The sweet tone of the Brunswick phonograph was revealed in a reproduction of Schubert's "Ave Maria" as a violin solo by Jascha Heifetz. The cabaret orchestra, under the direction of Mr. Irwin Lawrence, gave a number of crisp selections. Raffs "Tarantella" was given as a piano duet by Misses D. Woods and J. Musgrove, and Miss Anetta Hillhouse played on the piano Rachmaninoff's "Prelude in C Sharp Minor." The Hawaiian Melody Makers gave selections on the steel guitar and ukulele, and a "Concert Waltz" by Frime revealed the effective use to which the Cable solo inner player can be put in rendering piano solos.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31270171 |title=BIRTHDAY RECITAL. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XL, |issue=7,040 |location=Western Australia |date=18 December 1924 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''MUSGROVE'S LTD.''' Musgrove's Limited ("Lyric House") are out to see that the citizens are supplied with the musical instruments that will afford them the maximum amount of enjoyment at the minimum of cost. From its inception this enterprising firm has met with a gratifying response from music lovers, and it now comes along with a special Christmas offer. The reduced prices hold good only to the end of the year, so buyers are advised to get in early. Their pianos are presently offering at from 85 guineas, and their players from 160 guineas. Every instrument is fully guaranteed for 25 years. Musgrove's are now showing a new shipment of mandolines of the best Italian make. Prices range from thirty shillings, with complete outfits from £2 10s. Ideal Christmas gifts are the small size mandolines for children. These are priced at twenty-five shillings, and are easy to learn and easy to play. These lines are also supplied to the trade. This Christmas offer is so exceptional that an immediate inspection is earnestly advised. Those who are on the lookout for a splendid instrument for themselves or as Christmas gifts for their friends should note that this offer will be withdrawn at the end of the year. It looks as if "Lyric House" will experience a busy time during the next fortnight.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58259508 |title=MUSGROVE'S LTD. |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1406 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1924 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1925==== =====1925 01===== =====1925 02===== =====1925 03===== <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING DEMONSTRATION.''' Much interest is being taken in the broadcasting demonstration concert to be given in Queen's Hall this evening. The stage is being fitted up as a replica of the studio at 6WF, and the concert will be conducted exactly in the manner of a studio concert. This will give wireless enthusiasts an opportunity of seeing the working of a studio. A programme of outstanding interest has been arranged by the musical director, Mr. A. J. Leckie, Mus. Bac. It includes numbers by the popular Wendowie Quartette, songs by Miss Veronica Mans-field and Mr. Rhys Francis, instrumental items by Mr. Hugh McMahon, and the Two Dunstalls, a talk by Dr. J. S. Battye, and the first performance of a short one-act play, "Lucifer and an Angel," by Miss Doris Gilham and Mr. Herbert Millard. Seats may be reserved at '''Musgrove's'''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84259273 |title=BROADCASTING DEMONSTRATION. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=15,581 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1925 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=3 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1925 04===== =====1925 05===== <blockquote>'''BROADCAST PROGRAMMES.''' The following wireless programmes will be broadcast from 6WF (the Westralian Farmers, Ltd.). during the week ending Friday, May 22. Programmes are subject to any alteration owing to unforeseen circumstances:— . . . WEDNESDAY, MAY 20. 3.30-4.30: Afternoon to be announced. Popular Night.— 8.0: Musical items from Messrs. '''Musgrove's Concert Hall''', as follows: — Piano. French Suite, No. 16. (Bach), Miss Veronica Kenniwell: song. "Bluebells from the Clearings" (Walker); recitation, selected. Miss Bessie Durlacher; piano, "Arabesque in E." (Debussy). Miss Veronica Kenniwell; song, 'A Widow Bird Sat Mourning' (Lidgey), Miss Essie Pickering; musical items from the studio. 9.0: By the kind permission of Mr. William Russell we broadcast the second act of 'Peg of My Heart.' at His Majesty's Theatre. Leading part played by Miss Nellie Bramley.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31858186 |title=BROADCAST PROGRAMMES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLI, |issue=7,165 |location=Western Australia |date=16 May 1925 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1925 06===== <blockquote>'''STUDIO JOTTINGS. (By Harold B. Wells.)''' The broadcasting station 6WF commences its second year of programmes this week. Those who have watched the development of the station must feel an inward joy that during each month of last year the programmes were bettered either by variety or quality. . . . "Everybody's Night" is on Friday, when items from the Luxor Theatre will be given and followed by a talk by Mr. A. E. Stevens (Technical Adviser to the W.A. Division of the Wireless Institute) on matters concerning wireless. On Saturday night next a concert organised by '''Messrs. Musgrove, Ltd.''', will be relayed from their concert hall, and at 8 p.m. the "Dance Night" will commence, when 6WF's jazz orchestra will play the latest numbers from London.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84053142 |title=STUDIO JOTTINGS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=15,638 |location=Western Australia |date=8 June 1925 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=6 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''STUDIO JOTTINGS. (By W. R. WELLS.)''' There will be some new faces — and to listeners-in new voices — at 6WF this week. . . . On Wednesday afternoon the transmission will be for listeners who miss the Saturday night jazz. In the evening '''Mr. D'O. Musgrove''' will hold a recital of the solo inner player and phonograph. This is the outcome of many requests for "more player, please." Thursday evening is devoted to "music, melody and song." Miss Zoe Lenegan will sing items by Coleridge-Taylor, Mendelssohn, and Brahms, while Mr. Theo. Meugens, who recently scored a most gratifying compliment from the adjudicator at the recent Eisteddfod, will contribute some tenor numbers. Bonheur, Wallace and Wagner will be drawn upon later by Mr. Basham, who is to give some 'cello solos. "Recital Night" is on Friday. The session, however, will begin with a radio talk by the energetic president of the Subiaco Radio Society, Mr. W. R. Phipps, who as an amateur transmitter is frequently heard on the air with his call sign 6WP. When Mr. Phipps has finished speaking of aerials and other things, a switch over will be made to '''Musgrove's concert hall''', where the recital arranged by Mrs. E. C. Campbell is being given. Mrs. Campbell is being assisted by Miss Ruby Davis (contralto), Mr. Charles Iffla (baritone), and Miss Veronica Kenniwell (pianiste). It is interesting to note that these recitals are to be given for six weeks, and listeners-in generally, as well as students of music, will find much in them of value and entertainment. Upon the conclusion of the recital Mr. Sheard will give some items from the studio.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84055500 |title=STUDIO JOTTINGS. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=15,644 |location=Western Australia |date=15 June 1925 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=6 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''MERELY ATOMS.''' . . . Rumor has it that consideration is at present being given to a proposal for the establishment within the State of a "B" class broadcasting station.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84058657 |title=MERELY ATOMS. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=15,650 |location=Western Australia |date=22 June 1925 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=6 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1925 07===== =====1925 08===== =====1925 09===== =====1925 10===== <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK. . . RADIOGRAMS. By AERIAL.''' . . . The relayed transmissions from Messrs. '''Musgrove's Lyric Hall''' point the way to better programmes. They certainly are very enjoyable.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58228464 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1449 |location=Western Australia |date=18 October 1925 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=9 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1925 11===== =====1925 12===== B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK. . . RADIOGRAMS. By AERIAL.''' . . . We have heard rumors of a B Class station locally. Whilst W.A. is only allowed one A Class station, a small-powered newcomer would be welcome. If the proposed station eventuates it will bring W.A. in line with the other States, all of whom have one or more B Class stations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58231862 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1457 |location=Western Australia |date=13 December 1925 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=7 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1926==== =====1926 01===== =====1926 02===== =====1926 03===== =====1926 04===== =====1926 05===== =====1926 06===== <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK. . . RADIOGRAMS. By AERIAL.''' . . . On Wednesday last a delightful lunch-hour concert was broadcast from Messrs. '''Musgrove's Lyric House'''. Vocal items by Miss Lyle Hocking and Mr. S. Morrell were particularly enjoyable. The Lyric House orchestra also helped to complete one of the most pleasant programmes we have heard.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58243740 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1484 |location=Western Australia |date=20 June 1926 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=7 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1926 07===== =====1926 08===== =====1926 09===== =====1926 10===== =====1926 11===== =====1926 12===== ====1927==== =====1927 01===== =====1927 02===== B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''MORE BROADCASTING. Applied for In W.A. WILL START IN 6 WEEKS. If Approval Granted.''' If an application, which was lodged yesterday, is granted by the Commonwealth authorities, a second broadcasting station should be established in Perth within the next month to six weeks. This was the information given today by Mr. W. Faraday, of the Westate Engineering Company, who stated that a request had been submitted that his company be permitted to operate a '''"B" class station'''. For those who are unaware of the difference between an "A" and "B" class station it may be mentioned that 6WF, which is allowed to use 5 kilowatt of power, and have its programmes controlled to a certain extent by the authorities, derives the major portion of its revenue from the licence fees of listeners, for of the 27s 6d paid to the Commonwealth approximately 22s 6d of it is paid over to the broadcasting station. With The "B" Class Station, however, the power is usually limited and the revenue is derived solely from advertising in its many forms. Mr. Faraday stated this morning that it was recognised that advertising would have to provide the bulk of the revenue of the station. Many promises had been given and if approval for the erection of the station were obtained, he was hopeful of being able to run a programme from 7.30 a.m. until 11 p.m., with intervals, of course, during the day. So far as the standard of the programmes were concerned, he hoped to make them popular with plenty of modern music, but would not dwell unduly on the educational side of the subject. While '''Politically He Had No Bias''', the station would no doubt receive revenue from this source, in the form of advertising. While a definite wave-length had been applied for he was not in a position to divulge what it was, for the question of wave-lengths primarily came under the Geneva Convention. He was hopeful, however, that if approval for the erection of the station were granted that the use of a temporary wave-length would be consented to. It was suggested that Mr. Faraday was taking '''An Unexpected Action''' in view of the fact that a Royal Commission is shortly to investigate the whole question of wireless, including broadcasting stations and revenue, but the director of the Westate Engineering Co. said that if they were to wait until the Commission had looked into things, nothing would be done, he thought, until late next year. He was, therefore, prepared to take a risk.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83068707 |title=MORE BROADCASTING |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=16,166 |location=Western Australia |date=18 February 1927 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=5 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS. By AERIAL.''' Local wireless circles are freely commenting upon the advent of a '''"B" class station for Perth'''. This, it is understood, will be commencing broadcasting within the next few weeks. The wave length used will be in the 200-300 metre band, but particulars as to the power, etc, to be employed, are not yet available.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58324352 |title=RADIOGRAMS BY AFRIAL |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1520 |location=Western Australia |date=27 February 1927 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1927 03===== B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS. By AERIAL.''' . . . No further details are yet available as to the proposed '''"B" class station for Perth''', but we understand a power of 2½ kilowatts will be used at the inception of the station, with a wave-length of 275 metres.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58325063 |title=Wireless Week by Week |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1522 |location=Western Australia |date=13 March 1927 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=19 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1927 04===== =====1927 05===== =====1927 06===== =====1927 07===== =====1927 08===== =====1927 09===== =====1927 10===== =====1927 11===== =====1927 12===== B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''Wireless Week by Week. . . RADIOGRAMS. By AERIAL.''' . . . '''Amateur Activities.''' It has hardly been possible to chronicle anything of amateur interest for some months now, as activities in this direction have only been marked by a few spasmodic transmissions. With the coming of summer a greater tranquility was anticipated, but this has not been so, and at present quite a number of local amateurs have passed through the flux stage of rebuilding and are now actively engaged in interstate and international communication. Foremost of these is 6AG (the acknowledged sponsor of broadcasting in W.A.), his present-day short-wave phone, unostentatiously carried out, being a revelation, and to listen to him conversing in everyday generalities to a fellow amateur in New Zealand and a minute later pass the time of the day with another professional worker in Java surely stresses the milestones that have been passed with shortwave telephony within a few years. The ease that he converses in speech with stations thousands of miles away puts to shame all other forms of rapid communication. In Morse work quite a number of local amateurs are creating interest, and 6MU of Cottesloe has a nightly wongi with a brace or so of Yanks, and one occasion, with the aid of the Q list (international abbreviations), enabled him to have a connected yarn with a German amateur. 6WP is interested in phone, and distant reports stress his success in this sphere; 6SR, with a 4000 volt transformer and electrolytic rectifier, pines for an equal voltaged D.C. generator, when the snap of a switch gives unfailing voltage and rectifiers boil no more; 6VP will shortly be under the new call sign of 6PK; a 201A wilts under 500 volts; Raytheon rectified A.C. reports will be appreciated. An old timer in 6BO recently wiped the dust off his 1200-volt generator and rescued the 120-watter from the juniors who were playing with "daddy's valve"; he promises phone (semi-broadcasting) on 200 metres, expressing the opinion that the 40-metre band has lost its lure. While not in the amateur category, we learn that a '''proposed B class station''' will be commencing at an early date, it being located at Mt. Lawley.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article60303106 |title=Wireless Week by Week |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=15[?]9 |location=Western Australia |date=11 December 1927 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=34 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1928==== =====1928 01===== =====1928 02===== B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''Proposed B Class Stations.''' If rumor is fact, W.A. is soon to have a surplus of B class stations within the near future, as we have heard from interested parties that plans are almost finished, whilst in others everything is ready. Nevertheless, we notice with some misgiving that there is a notable absence of erection of the greatest necessity, the aerial system, or at least a number of them, to correspond with the proposals vouchsafed for by jade rumor. We learn authoritatively, that at least one private concern is nearing finality with their proposal. Progress up to the present has been retarded owing to the Wireless Commission's recommendations being considered, and we are informed this B class service will be in operation some time during June. A wave length of 270 metres is proposed, and the initial power will be 1½ to 2 kilowatts.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58346814 |title=Wireless Week by Week |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1569 |location=Western Australia |date=19 February 1928 |accessdate=16 March 2019 |page=33 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1928 03===== Mandeville D'Oyly Musgrove <blockquote>'''PEN PORTRAITS. Music, Fishing, Shooting.''' A somewhat varied and adventurous career has been the life of Mr. Mandeville D'Oyley Musgrove, the managing director of Musgroves, Ltd., Perth. He was born in the northern county of Cumberland, England, in 1872, and went to schools in London, Glasgow, France, Germany and Holland. The study of analytical chemistry at St. Thomas' Hospital, London, occupied (Start Photo Caption) MR. MANDEVILLE D'OYLEY MUSGROVE (End Photo Caption) the first years of his life on leaving college, and later this was succeeded by a turn in the British cavalry as bandsman with the 20th Hussars. In 1893 Mr. Musgrove, at the age of 21, set sail for Australia and landed in Victoria a few weeks later. For some time he was teaching music at Horsham, but in 1895 was attracted to the gold fields of Western Australia like so many other people. Here he only spent a few months before leaving on a return visit to England and Norway. Twelve months later he was again in this State and joined the Railway Department. His connection with this branch of State service was severed twelve months later when he went to the Boer War with the 2nd Western Australian contingent (1900.) After the cessation of hostilities he came back to Perth, but it was not long before he left for Melbourne in connection with the opening of the Commonwealth Parliament. Following his trip East he returned to his position in the W.A.G.R. Department and took part in the construction of the Kalgoorlie water scheme. At the beginning of 1902 he joined the firm of Nicholson's, Ltd., with which he remained for 21 years and nine months. In December, 1923, in conjunction with others, he founded the business of Musgrove's, Ltd. Apart from his interest in the musical education of the rising generation, Mr. Musgrove is a keen worker for local charities, which he and his firm are continually assisting. His hobbies are music, fishing and shooting, and he continued to take an interest in military affairs for many years after the African campaign. During the Great War he took an active part in the Cottesloe-Claremont Rifle Club, obtaining the rank of lieutenant in the reserve forces.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79220109 |title=PEN PORTRAITS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=16,495 |location=Western Australia |date=12 March 1928 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=4 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1928 04===== =====1928 05===== B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''CONTROL OF WIRELESS. Federal Attitude. MINISTER QUESTIONED.''' CANBERRA, Friday. A good deal of suspicion on both sides of the House of Representatives was shown at question time yesterday over the reported intention of the big broadcasting stations of the Commonwealth to enter a merger, but the Postmaster-General (Mr. Gibson) assured members that the Government had no intention of allowing a powerful monopoly to take control of broadcasting. The first question came from Mr. Thompson (C.P., N.S.W.), who asked if there was likely to be a monopoly. To him Mr. Gibson said that the Government intended to retain control of broadcasting. It had already refused to hand over moneys due to one company, which had failed to supply the type of programme demanded by the department, and was prepared to do so again. He told Mr. Mann (Independent, W.A.), that the P.M.G.'s. Department was holding up the '''granting of "B" class station licences in Western Australia''' until the return of the Director of Postal Services (Mr. H. P. Brown) from Europe, after which there would be a reallocation of wave lengths. He followed this by informing Mr. Fenton (Labor, Vic.) that the Government approved of the coming co-ordination and desired it. He denied having heard that pressure had been brought on the South Australian stations to force them to allow themselves to be swallowed up by 3LO.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79491155 |title=CONTROL OF WIRELESS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=16,540 |location=Western Australia |date=4 May 1928 |accessdate=16 March 2019 |page=5 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''RIGHTS OF W.A. Relayed Programme Question.''' What is in the wireless "wind"? Just at the moment matters in connection with broadcasting in Australia appear to be in the melting pot. Stations are effecting amalgamations; there are rumors of sales and monopolies, of relay stations, '''of "B" class stations''', and what not? Meanwhile Mr. H. P. Brown, Australia's representative at the Washington Conference, is still in London preparatory to returning to Australia, when no doubt many of his recommendations, as a result of his worldwide study, will be put into effect. Recently, however, there has occurred at irregular intervals, but with regular persistence, reference to the possibility of using shortwaves for the purpose of supplying an all-Australia programme. At first those concerned with radio in the Commonwealth regarded it as one of those suggestions which one knew to be nice in theory but impracticable of being carried out, but it has been pushed up before public notice on so many occasions recently that one is constrained to believe that there is "a nigger in the woodpile" somewhere.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79490896 |title=RIGHTS OF W.A. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=16,559 |location=Western Australia |date=28 May 1928 |accessdate=16 March 2019 |page=2 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1928 06===== B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''"B" STATION LICENCE. Another Applied For.''' People interested in wireless have heard a lot about the new stations, which are going to relieve the tedium in this State of listening to one station's programme, night after night, but nothing seems to have come of it. Application for a "B" class station was made some months ago by Mr. Faraday, of North Perth, but nothing further has been heard of this, although it has been reported that much of the material required is lying in bond in the Customs shed. If the delay is with the department in granting a formal licence then it is about time that that department — it is controlled from Melbourne — woke up and did something. If on the other hand Mr. Faraday has decided to go no further with the project the public would be interested to know. Hopes were raised that something would be done for wireless in this State when it was reported that 3LO had secured the control of the local "A" class station, but even this negotiation appears to have fallen through. It is learned that an application for a second "B" class station has recently been lodged for operation in this State, and it will be interesting to see what fate it meets with; whether the ardour of the promoters will wane should they be kept waiting in suspense concerning their licence, or whether the scheme comes to fruition. It is understood that principal interest in the proposal comes from South Australia and it will be interesting, to know whether Mr. A. L. Brown, late manager of 5CL, Adelaide, who arrived by the transcontinental train today, has any interest in the concern.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79493004 |title="B" STATION LICENCE |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=16,565 |location=Western Australia |date=4 June 1928 |accessdate=16 March 2019 |page=3 (FINAL SPORTING EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''RADIO PLEASURES. "B" Station for W.A. BROADCASTING PICTURES.''' Within a few minutes of the finish of the Melbourne Cup it should be possible, within a few months, for owners of wireless sets in Australia, and especially South Australia, to receive by radio a picture of the horses as they pass the post. Mr. A. L. Brown, late manager of Broadcasting Station 5CL Adelaide, and now in Perth as representative of the Australian Television Company and the National Musical Federation, explained today that the companies he represented had progressed a long way towards the making available for public benefit and pleasure radio photographs. He wished to make it clear at the outset that there was a distinct difference between radio photographs and television. BROADCASTING PICTURES In the case of television, experiments aimed at broadcasting a moving picture, so that the actions of the players in a theatrical production or a horse race could be portrayed for the benefit of "lookers-in," but with radio photographs a "still" photograph was broadcast. In the case of moving pictures, it is a well-known fact that the passing of 16 pictures a second is required to give the optical illusion of movement, and some difficulty has been experienced in making a televisor which can transmit and re-ceive photographs at such a pace. With the ordinary photograph, it is claimed to be much more easy, and produces much better results. Mr. Brown said that workshops had been erected in Adelaide, and it was expected to have the manufacture of the apparatus in hand before very long. The contrivance was quite a simple affair, being fitted into a small cabinet, about the size of the ordinary crystal set. APPARATUS TO COST £5 It would cost in the vicinity of £5. and would be worked in conjunction with any good receiving set of four valves or over. The satisfactory range of the apparatus should be up to about 500 miles from the transmitter. The ability to transmit a fixed picture would give a great fillip to photography, for items of pictorial interest during the day could be broadcast from time to time. Asked in which State the innovation would first be introduced. Mr. Brown said that arrangements had been made to start in South Australia, although he anticipated it would spread to the other States as soon as it had been thoroughly proved to the people in that State. The Television Company had been formed in October last, and development work was proceeding satisfactorily. '''NEW BROADCASTING STATION.''' Mr. Brown said that his visit to Western Australia was primarily to establish a "B" class station for the broadcasting of entertainment. Because the revenue derived from listeners' licences went in the main to the "A" class stations, it was necessary to secure support from local business people in the nature of advertising matter to be broadcast. Quite a number of firms, Mr. Brown said, had expressed their willingness to support the venture in this way, and upon his return to Melbourne in a few days' time definite arrangements would be made to proceed with the building of the station. He did not desire to indicate exactly where the. station would be erected, but said it would be in the metropolitan area, and certainly this side of the Darling Ranges. The wave length of the station was a matter for determination by the Commonwealth authorities, but it was proposed to have a power of 1000 watts. Invited to say when Western Australian listeners would first hear the station "on the air," Mr. Brown said that a lot depended on the Commonwealth Government, but if there were no difficulties in the way the first programme would be transmitted before the winter: had passed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79487950 |title=RADIO PLEASURES |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=16,569 |location=Western Australia |date=8 June 1928 |accessdate=16 March 2019 |page=1 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1928 07===== B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. THIS STATE'S POSITION. Deputation to Mr. Bruce.''' Introduced by Mr. E. A. Mann, M.H.R., a deputation from the Wireless Development Association of Western Australia waited on the Prime Minister (Mr. Bruce) at the Esplanade Hotel yesterday afternoon. It was complained that broadcasting in this State at present was stagnant, and in a "frightful condition." Messrs. H. A. F. Bader, H. Truman, and R. Wilkes were the spokesmen. The deputation's case was put forcibly by Mr. R. Wilkes. He said that the Postmaster General's Department appeared to be absolutely unable to realise the actual position regarding wireless in Western Australia. From the deputation's point of view the position today was "absolutely frightful." More broadcasting licences had been cancelled than were in existence at present, and the very small market in the State was flooded with secondhand sets, or parts from sets pulled to pieces for resale. At one time there were 117 dealers in the State — now there were only 14. Small companies had lost everything they had possessed. Scarcely anyone in the Eastern States appeared to realise the desperate nature of the position locally. If the position in Victoria were one-quarter as bad as it was in Western Australia there would be such an outcry there that the Government would be compelled to move faster than it had up to the present. The Government made a huge blunder when it created a monopoly in broadcasting in Western Australia. Two or three favoured companies in the East had made big profits, while the local company had shouldered a huge loss. The local proprietors went into the matter as a commercial proposition, and had they made any profits they would have pocketed them and made no complaint. As it was their gain in other directions had been so great that their loss was a book loss only. Apart from the lack of talent for programmes, the local officials had shown a singular lack of enterprise and foresight. The Postmaster General (Mr. Gibson) appeared to have displayed a total disregard of the interest of traders and listeners, who were paying the piper. The Prime Minister: I am afraid we cannot get on with this deputation if you are going to put it that way. '''"Prepared to carry the Baby."''' Mr. Wilkes expressed his regret. He continued that it was singular that the applications for new "A" class licences for Western Australia had all been from Eastern States' companies, who had shown their willingness to "carry the West Australian baby" and offset their losses in West Australian revenue out of their profits in the Eastern States. Mr. Gibson's refusal had prevented the rich Eastern States companies from carrying the burden, and Western Australia from getting the benefit of additional stations. The Government now had before it applications from a company to start "A" class stations in every State of the Commonwealth. This it was desired, should be granted, subject to the condition that the first station be erected locally. That was necessary because every other State was already well catered for. The requests were:— (1) That additional "A" class licences be granted and that it be a condition that additional stations be erected in Western Australia before elsewhere. (2) Relay stations be provided in country districts at the earliest possible moment. (3) That '''"B" class licences at present held up be granted immediately.''' (4) That qualified amateurs be encouraged for the time being, to broadcast alternative programmes. '''Prime Minister's Reply.''' The Prime Minister replied that in regard to the granting of further "A" class stations in Western Australia, according to the revenue at present received locally it was perfectly obvious that it was not sufficient to provide decent programmes. That had been the whole trouble in Western Australia. To grant further licences would mean that the revenue would have to be apportioned between two three or four stations, which could only have the effect of making the position very much worse. The alternative suggestion that if an Eastern State's application was granted it would have to build in this State first was amazing. The only way to deal with the question was the provision of better programmes to encourage the people to buy listening-in sets. The best possible entertainers were required and they should be given an income that would enable them to provide the best programme. With regard to rebroadcasting one speaker had taken a very gloomy view of the possibilities by saying it could only be attained by sending over telephone wires. If that theory was accepted it must be realised that the post office would have to provide additional wires, as the trunk lines were already overloaded. In view of the present position and progress of wireless he was not going to let the Commonwealth in for the provision of special wires for rebroadcasting, costing many thousands of pounds, more especially in view of improvements possibly being brought about in the meantime, making the work all for nothing. Concerning "B" class licences it might be necessary to alter the whole of the operations of these stations and it was not proposed at present to grant any further licences. In New South Wales there were all sorts of wave lengths causing confusion. The whole question of wireless was being considered by the Government.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32123653 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=8,129 |location=Western Australia |date=6 July 1928 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=18 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1928 08===== =====1928 09===== <blockquote>'''Pertinent Paragraphs.''' Returned the other day from a trip abroad Mr. M. D'Oyly Musgrove, the head of the big Murray-street musical firm, whose name is blazoned at the top end of Forrest Place. A brilliant pianist himself Mr. Musgrove has for years taken an enthusiastic interest in musical affairs and in those with talent. And though he would not admit it for the world his ability as an artistic critic would rarely be questioned. Though his vocation is a musical one Mr. Musgrove is a great man for the out-of-doors. Healthy, outdoor sport has in him a great supporter, and particularly is this so in the case of swimming. At a number of our carnivals he has held the watch and his quiet, likeable personality has spurred on more talkative but less efficient sporting enthusiasts to do some thing really worth while. Motoring is another of Mr. Musgrove's fresh air relaxations and he drives his fine car well.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article76416303 |title=Pertinent Paragraphs |newspaper=[[Mirror]] |volume=7, |issue=362 |location=Western Australia |date=8 September 1928 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1928 10===== <blockquote>'''(Royal Show 1928). MUSGROVE'S, LTD.''' Broadcasting music with the strength of a full band, a Brunswick panatrope in front of the stall of Musgrove's, Ltd., more than spoke for itself. Using a new method of reproducing music from ordinary phonograph records, the panatrope is described as "the ultimate in musical reproduction." The principle employed is the audio-amplification used in wireless, and the panatrope does, in fact, amplify wireless, when used in place of, or in addition to, the usual audio stages. With a moving coil cone speaker, the instrument operated entirely from a light socket, and both records and wireless broadcasting are clearly audible at a distance of several hundred yards. For in-door use the panatrope can be modified in volume. Some attractive portable phonographs, including the Decca and the Vocalion makes, were on view in the stall, and also a Eufonola player piano. Since its introduction to Perth the latter has become one of the most popular models of its type. It is stated that more and more people are turning to the player piano, for it has become recognised as an instrument of great musical possibilities. The Eufonola is of the "modest price" class, but this classification is in no way a reflection upon its intrinsic merit, but rather an illustration of the advantages of high production. Popular airs and classic studies were played yesterday, and the ease of operation and high standard of execution of the instrument made a favourable impression on all listeners.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32229421 |title=MUSGROVER'S, LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=8,212 |location=Western Australia |date=11 October 1928 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=13 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1928 11===== =====1928 12===== ====1929==== =====1929 01===== =====1929 02===== =====1929 03===== =====1929 04===== =====1929 05===== =====1929 06===== <blockquote>'''CARS. Registrations.''' . . . 23325, Mandeville D'O. Musgrove, 11 Chester-road, Claremont, Falcon Knight.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32289109 |title=CARS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLV, |issue=8,424 |location=Western Australia |date=20 June 1929 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1929 07===== =====1929 08===== <blockquote>'''OVER THE ETHER. Wireless News, Tips and Comments. BROADCAST BREVITIES. OBSERVER. . . . (Subiaco Radio Society Radio Exhibition). . . MUSGROVE'S, LTD.''' The Stromberg Carlson set shown by this firm, and moderately priced, is a complete electric set with a distinctly aristocratic appearance. The efficiency of the set is of a very high order, and it is specially made to suit the local voltage and frequency. This set has already been in great demand locally, and inquiries showed they are selling like the proverbial hot cakes. It is a set ideally suited for the broadcast listener. The Brunswick electric panatrope exemplified the beauty of modern gramophone reproduction with magnetic pick ups and valve amplifiers. An attractive exhibit was the combined radio (Stromberg Carlson) and electric gramophone, either unit being available at the turn of a switch. This unit was one of the most admired at the exhibition.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58418653 |title=OVER THE ETHER Wireless News, Tips and Comments BROADCAST BREVITIES |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1648 |location=Western Australia |date=25 August 1929 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=8 (Third Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1929 09===== B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''WIRELESS EXHIBITION. New Era in Broadcasting. THE OFFICIAL OPENING.''' The prospects of the Australian Broadcasting Company opening a '''"B" class broadcasting station''' in this State at an early date were envisaged in the speech of Sir Benjamin Fuller last night, when the broadcasting station 6WF was officially opened under the new arrangement. Actually the Australian Broadcasting Company, of which Sir Benjamin is director, took over the entertainment side of the station as from Sunday, but last night a gala night was presented, and the speeches and a number of operatic items were given from the Wireless Institute's annual exhibition, held at Temple Court Cabaret. The exhibition was opened by Mr. S. H. Witt, chief radio engineer for the Commonwealth Government, at the invitation of the president of the Wireless Institute, and he described in brief the wonderful advances which have been made in the science since the early research of Maxwell and Hertz, and also alluded to the wonderful growth of the Wireless Institute as revealed by the annual exhibitions, which had originally been held in a room, but now demanded Perth's largest floor space. Sir Benjamin Fuller, in inviting the Deputy Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. S. R. Roberts) to proclaim the new station 6WF open, said the Australian Broadcasting Co. realised its responstbilities, and was fully aware of the demands of the public for a very improved service in every department. It was the company's intentions to use only the very best artists that are obtainable locally, in conjunction with those imported from overseas. With only one station this variety of entertainment was somewhat limited, but it was to hoped that in a short period an announcement of great importance would be made which would make it possible for them to follow on similar lines to those adopted in the other capitals. Mr. S. R. Roberts proclaimed the new era in broadcasting. He said the change in the wave length of 6WF should have the most beneficial effects, not the least of which would be that listeners would now be able to purchase a variety of receiving sets, which in the average should be more efficient and less costly than sets hitherto procurable for use under the old conditions. The traders have a heavy responsibility to the listeners from the standpoint of ensuring that sets offered for sale are possessed of characteristics needed to provide satisfactory reception at the lowest possible cost. Following the speeches, the Celebrity Quartette, comprising Lilian Gibson, Rene Maxwell, Alfred Cunningham, and Charles Nieis, contributed concerted and individual items, which were loudly applauded by the attendance of approximately 200 people.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79214244 |title=WIRELESS EXHIBITION |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVIII, |issue=16,953 |location=Western Australia |date=3 September 1929 |accessdate=16 March 2019 |page=6 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''OVER THE ETHER. Wireless News, Tips and Comments. BROADCAST BREVITIES. By OBSERVER. . . (exhibition) . . . MUSGROVE'S LTD.''' A comprehensive display that attracted considerable attention was made by Musgrove's, the Stromberg Carlson "Treasure Chests" receiving due praise as befitted this quality receiver. The three-valve electric, with single dial control, pick up facilities and extreme selectivity coupled with its moderate price has made it a popular line. A six valve Treasure Chest was always the centre of a group of admirers. This set is capable of enormous amplification and will pick up the East with an indoor aerial, likewise perfect local reception is obtainable, minus any aerial. The Strombergs are finished in old gold metal cases, and employ full wave rectification with R.C.A. valves. Illuminated dial controls add to the appearance of a handsomely finished escutcheon plate. Two and three valve battery models of the Airzone metal-screened sets showed them to be quality receivers at a moderate price and within reach of the slenderest purse. A new type of Magnavox is available, equipped with the luxide diaphragm, also a D.C. excited range which takes only 24 milliamperes field current. The Airzone portable was featured and gave excellent results in operation. Amongst the new lines to Lyric House is the induction type disc motor for gramophones, also a full range of Raytheon A.C. valves.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58384924 |title=OVER THE ETHER Wireless News, Tips and Comments |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1650 |location=Western Australia |date=8 September 1929 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=32 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. WIRELESS WRINKLES. (By VK6FG.)''' The whole of the transmitting plant at broadcasting station 6WF from the microphone to the aerial has been over-hauled by the engineers working under the direction of Mr. S. H. Witt, chief radio engineer of the Commonwealth Government, and Mr. J. G. Kilpatrick, superintending engineer. . . . '''NEED FOR A SECOND STATION.''' One need which the writer has consistently advocated is that of a second station in Western Australia. With the reduction of the wave lengths of 6WF this need becomes all the more imperative. For those living in the country the position is not quite so bad, for being out of the immediate "shock area" of the local station, they are able to tune in the Eastern States without difficulty. Locally, however, only those sets which are truly selective will be able to tune in 5CL, 3LO, 2FC, and 2BL while 6WF is running on full power. This means, in effect, then, that a proportion of the sets at present in use in the metropolitan area will be tied down to listening to the local station. No matter how good one station's programme may be, there is always a need for diversification, and that is the reason for the need of a second station. A "B" class station is wanted, and wanted badly, so that the listener who does not want to listen to, say, an account of a boxing contest may tune in to some bright music or other attraction. There are many interests willing and anxious in this State to conduct a station of this kind, and it is up to the department to hurry up the matter of allocations. If reports be true, there are several hundred applications for stations awaiting decision.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79216190 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVIII, |issue=16,958 |location=Western Australia |date=9 September 1929 |accessdate=16 March 2019 |page=8 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Radio Wrinkles. AMATEUR NOTES. (By VK6FG)''' There are persistent '''rumors that a "B" class station is to be erected''' in Perth at an early date. In this case the company named is a new entrant into the field of those previously discussed by those who claim to have some knowledge of what is taking place below the surface of things. Private advices inform me that between 250 and 300 applications have been made throughout Australia for "B" class stations, but that the matter was being held up temporarily, while "A" class station matters were straightened out. It is hardly to be regarded as feasible that the authorities would grant all licences applied for, so some difficulty may be experienced in sorting out those who will not. Doubtless of this 300 odd, several applications have been made from Western Australia. In other States "B" class stations are controlled by companies interested in musical instruments, newspapers, and religion, and it is not expecting too much to anticipate that applications from similar organisations in this State will be made. From the point of view of diversified programmes, a "B" class station would be a great acquisition to the State, for there are many people who would prefer to listen to a lecture or good music while a boxing contest is in progress, and vice versa. It is only to be hoped that the authorities will see to it that the successful applicant agrees to maintain a high standard of programme entertainment. How far an early decision may be affected by the political crisis in Federal affairs will remain to be seen.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79214066 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVIII, |issue=16,964 |location=Western Australia |date=16 September 1929 |accessdate=16 March 2019 |page=2 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. What's Wrong with Radio. DISAPPOINTMENT OF 6WF. (By VK6FG.)''' Most people in Western Australia were prepared to give the local broadcasting station a chance to change over from 1250 to 435 metres in wavelengths and to make due allowance for the sudden transfer of interests generally. Different people had different ideas of just how long such a change over should take, and how long it would be before the station was running normally. Everyone wished the station well and were prepared to accord it goodwill. Those who thought the changeover would take a few days and those who thought the business might take a couple of weeks have both been disappointed. It is just three weeks since 6WF was reduced in wavelength, after some preliminary tests. The position today is anything but satisfactory. Listeners have got tired of heaving excuse after excuse for the failure of the station to put out a decent transmission. On the mechanical side of the business this is what listeners complain of: (1) Lack of volume (between 257 and 250 miles from the station). (2) Background of hum. (3) Distortion of music and muffled speech. (4) Bad fading. There does not appear to be very much left to say, which may be good about the station and letters from listeners both in town and country indicate that they are quickly getting "fed-up" with affairs as they are. A number are threatening to cancel their licences and the fact that traders in the city have disposed of at least £1500 worth of new material since the end of August rather indicates that if the present regrettable position continues, there will be many more complaints. Those listeners living well out in the wheatbelt confess that the local station is not worth listening to and now turn to the Eastern States stations for their entertainment. Some have raised the question of whether 6WF is merely running to give the Eastern States listeners a chance of listening in for two hours after their local stations close down. No matter how good a programme may be put on, poor or bad transmission can spoil it entirely. QUALITY OF PROGRAMMES And that brings us to the question of programmes. Analysing the position impartially, what is the difference between the programmes now and those of the old era. There is one big improvement and that is in the presentation of the programmes. This fact is acknowledged gladly. There certainly is more sparkle and zip in the manner in which the programme is run, but what of the items? We have had members of an operatice quartette on and off for the past three weeks, a lecturer who has now exhausted his repertoire of broadcasting stories and generally, the old and familiar artists we knew from the open-ing of the station almost. Where are the wonderful programmes we have been promised? The highly paid artists, the frequent changes and that variation which is the spice of broadcasting? Instead, Mr. Stuart Doyle, managing director of the Australian Broadcasting Company, told the Federal Arbitration Court the other day that at the present time the company is losing between £10,000 and £15,000 a year and even went so far as to submit confidential statements regarding the company's financial position to the Court. Of course, the company is still to take over some of the other broadcasting stations, and payable ones at that, so that the financial position of the company should be bettered, a little later on but in this State the company would doubt-less make an excuse which reasonable folk would be likely to admit. What is the use of presenting a high-class programme to have it mangled out of recognition by poor transmission? All the same, the fact remains that stripped of its better presentation, the programmes are not very materially different from those of the old era, and gramophone music figures just as much if not more so, than before. The extra sessions accommodate some sections of the community, particularly the traders, but it is the quality of the even-ing programmes which count among listeners in this State. '''NEW STATION WANTED.''' Obviously the first thing necessary is to have a transmission worth while. Everybody is heartily sick of the present bungling and monotonously regular apology. Even at this late stage it would perhaps be better to scrap the present gear and establish a new transmitting plant altogether and in doing so consideration would need to be given to a new location. There are several places which recommend themselves, but somewhere along the top of the Darling Ranges, where the city electricity supply is avail-able, commends itself best. Such a station would serve both city and country, although some measure of fading may still be experienced. It would leave the way clear for a "B" class station or two in the city and would not interfere with relay stations along the eastern goldfields railway line and along the Great Southern. Unless many new listeners in the city, and particularly in the country are to become hopelessly disgusted with broadcasting, and many old licences cancelled. It will be necessary for the authorities to act with hitherto unprecedented celerity, Will they do it? Time will tell.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79215347 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVIII, |issue=16,970 |location=Western Australia |date=23 September 1929 |accessdate=16 March 2019 |page=2 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1929 10===== B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''WIRELESS NEWS. BROADCASTING. Notes from Station 6WF. (By "Radio.")''' The staff of the local station has been very busy of late, as they have put over the air descriptions of the main Centenary celebrations, giving frequent reports of the East-West air race, dealt with the Royal Show, and many other important items, as well as handled many complaints regarding the transmissions. These have improved as far as the metropolitan area is concerned, but country listeners, to put it mildly, are far from being satisfied. The strangest feature of the transmissions is that they are highly regarded in the Eastern States, where 6WF is undoubtedly the "star" station and is listened to by hundreds between 11 p.m. and 1 a.m. each night. Locally the '''need for one or two "B" class stations''' is urgently felt, as there is no alternative station available, now the Eastern State stations are beyond the reach of most of us, when an item is on the air which does not appeal. Music is the most sought after thing, and if there was a "B" class station or so broadcasting records and player piano items to listen to when wrestling descriptions, talks, church services, etc., which appeal to only sections of the community were being broadcast by 6WF, a longfelt want would be filled.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32320498 |title=WIRELESS NEWS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLV, |issue=8,519 |location=Western Australia |date=9 October 1929 |accessdate=16 March 2019 |page=17 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1929 11===== =====1929 12===== B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Radio Wrinkles. "B" CLASS STATIONS. (By VK6FG.)''' So many rumors have from time to time during the last year been prevalent concerning "B" class stations in this State, that one is almost loth to mention the subject. A fresh rumor has developed in wireless circles, with what appears to be some foundation of fact, and if this prove correct Perth should have its first "B" class station at no far distant date. It is not possible at the moment to divulge who will be the controllers of the proposed station, but it should occasion no surprise when it is announced. All who have taken an interest in broadcasting in this State have realised the necessity of alternative programmes and the writer has on more than one occasion dwelt upon the necessity for this station. The present "A" class station could be the best in the world and still not suit everybody. Western Australia might well have two or three "B" class stations and still not be over-supplied from the listeners' point of view, although, of course, three stations would prove a problem in respect of finance. It is to be sincerely hoped that the present proposal will prove that the Commonwealth Government has at last devoted attention to the poor man's amusement and taken definite action in the matter.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83123050 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVIII, |issue=17,030 |location=Western Australia |date=2 December 1929 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=2 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Musgroves' Dividend.''' Musgroves Ltd., one of Perth's largest music warehouses, has declared a dividend of 6d. per share for the quarter ended December 5. The payment of quarterly dividends is something that is greatly appreciated by shareholders. Most people like to see some return for their money at less intervals than six or 12 months, and when they know, as in this case, that they have to wait only for three months they can make their dispositions accordingly and with greater convenience to themselves. On the present price of the shares this rate of dividend is equal to approximately ten per cent. The directors are not tied down to this amount, for if business brightened sufficiently they would as lief make the dividend 9d. as 6d. It was rumored a few weeks ago that no dividend would be paid this quarter, but those who know something of the business of the company, and the excellent manner in which it is being conducted, placed no credence in, the suggestion.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210493068 |title=COMMONWEALTH USURY |newspaper=[[Truth]] |volume= , |issue=1369 |location=Western Australia |date=8 December 1929 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''NEW BROADCAST STATION. Granted to Musgroves Ltd. WILL OPERATE IN MARCH.''' Advice was received today that permission has been given Musgroves Ltd., the well-known musical dealers, to erect and operate a "B" class broadcasting station from their premises in Murray-street. Mr. F. C. Kingston stated this afternoon that the firm would endeavor to put on a really good programme at all times. Having a musical warehouse they had every facility for doing so, and on their staff were many fine vocal and instrumental artists, so that there should be no shortage of entertaining items. Quotations and specifications are being received for an up-to-date plant, which will be crystal controlled. The power has not yet been decided, but will be between 250 and 500 watts. The station will be located in their present premises, using the existing recital room as a studio. This has been used for broadcasting for the last two years and gave excellent results. The instruments will be placed in an adjoining room which has been used by a music teacher for some time. The new station does not expect to get on the air until about March. The hours of service have not yet been decided, but the new station will be on the air at times when 6WF is off thus providing an almost continuous programme throughout the day. The new station will co-operate with 6WF in the matter of programmes, so that when lectures are on at one station musical items, etc., may be given from the other. Mr. F. C. Kingston, a director of Mus-groves Ltd., will control the station.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83126077 |title=NEW BROADCAST STATION |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVIII, |issue=17,038 |location=Western Australia |date=11 December 1929 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=4 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW WIRELESS STATION. Musgrove's "B" Class Licence.''' Mr. F.C. Kingston, a director of Musgroves Ltd., announced yesterday that the company's application for a licence to operate a "B" class wireless station had been granted and that the new station would be on the air about March next. The wave length would be in the vicinity of 300 metres, the power was expected to be 500 watts and the studio would be located on the top floor of Musgrove's Building, Murray-street. The programmes would be arranged so that listeners would be catered for when 6WF was off the air during the day and would provide an alternate station to tune in to each night. "In view of the uncertainty of the position," said Mr. Kingston yesterday, "we had not committed ourselves as to plant but we will immediately arrange for the erection of our plant which is to be on the most modern lines. The transmission will be crystal-controlled. This new station is just what is needed to increase the growing interest in radio in this State, where the licences are approaching the 5,000 mark for the first time, and while it will mean a great deal of work for us it should be a great benefit to listeners and the trade. One of the chief advantages of the new station will be the provision of alternate broadcasts and will give listeners for the first time a variety of stations in their own State. We hope to serve all listeners from, Geraldton to Albany and Perth to Kalgoorlie." As the owners of the new station are music warehousemen they will have unlimited opportunities of broadcasting all the latest gramophone records and player-piano rolls, which are used so successfully by Melbourne amateur stations like 3EF and 3BY. In addition there are vocalists and instrumentalists on the staff of the company and their house orchestra, which was disbanded some time ago, will be brought together again. The station will be on the air when 6WF is off, probably between 11 and 12.30 in the morning, 2.30 and 3.30 in the early afternoon, 5 and 6 in the early evening and 7.45 and 10 each night. The station will be on the air on Sundays, and the evening session on that day will probably be from 7 to 9. Thus there will be no conflict with Mr. Howell's musicale which is, perhaps, the most popular session from 6WF and which begins at approximately 8.45 p.m. Mr. Kingston will be the manager of the new station which so far is unnamed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32337396 |title=NEW WIRELESS STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLV, |issue=8,574 |location=Western Australia |date=12 December 1929 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=22 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Radio Wrinkles. "B" CLASS STATION.''' Radio circles were pleased when information was given in this paper at the beginning of last week that a "B" class station was to be erected in Perth at an early date. For some time it has been urged that an alternative programme to that put on the air by 6WF would make a great difference with listeners, and so it should. Those who don't like jazz or classical music may be enabled to listen in to some other entertainment when a second station is on the air. I had the pleasure of an interesting talk with Mr. Musgrove and Mr. Kingston a few days ago concerning the station which Musgroves Ltd. are to erect. Both representatives of the firm are anxious to make the station a good one, and one which would have wide public appeal. It is expected that tenders and full details will be received immediately after the resumption of business in the New Year, and with an early decision after the various schemes have been investigated, it is hoped to have the station on the air towards the end of March, and certainly before the Easter holidays in April. Those who propose going into the country, to Rottnest or any of the various holiday resorts therefore should not forget to provide for a wireless set. No callsign has yet been applied for but it has been suggested, and both Mr. Musgrove and Mr. Kingston approve, that '''6ML''' would be most fitting. It does not conflict with any amateur callsign here, represents the initial letters of the firm and the two consonants are sufficiently clear to avoid misunderstanding over the air. The engineer in charge is to be Mr. Harry Simmonds, who was better known to the amateur world a few years ago as 6KX. A competent young radio engineer he should prove a success in his present position. No decision has yet been made regarding an announcer, but as there is much preliminary work to be done before the station goes on the air this appointment may not be made for some time. A "B" class station as is well known does not derive its revenue from licences, but has to secure revenue from advertising over the air and other avenues. Therefore, some organisation in this direction will be necessary before the less important details are given attention. No announcement has yet been made respecting wavelength, but the chances are it will be in the region of 300 metres. Most of the custom built sets have a range of from 250 to 600 metres and naturally it will be desired to keep the station safely inside this range. A wavelength of some where about 300 metres would avoid, too, the nearest harmonic from 6WF. It is pleasing to learn that even at this early stage there is a spirit of co-operation between the existing station and the new "B" class organisation. By co-ordination between the two stations much may be done to give the programmes which will not clash and which will provide good alternative items. The new station has not definitely fixed on the hours which it will be on the air, but the tentative programme will be: 11 a.m. to 12.30 p.m.; 2.30 to 3.30 p.m.; 5 to 6.30 p.m.; 7.30 to 10.30 p.m., and Sundays from 7 to 9 p.m. With an unlimited choice of gramophone records and pianola rolls and with many talented musicians on their staff, Musgroves should be in an ideal position so far as musical programmes are concerned, but will need to organise some of the other features of the programme, which, however, should not be difficult. The new station will have the goodwill of the whole of the wireless community, which since the alteration of wavelength of 6WF has been finding difficulty in bringing in some of the Eastern States stations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83121400 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVIII, |issue=17,042 |location=Western Australia |date=16 December 1929 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=2 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Wireless News. BROADCASTING. Two Stations in March. (By "Radio.")''' The news that permission to operate a "B" class station has been granted by the Chief Wireless Inspector (Mr. J. D. Malone) to Musgrove's, Ltd., the well known Perth music company, has been hailed with enthusiasm by every wireless listener in the State, as when the new station comes on the air in March next, we shall have a choice of two local stations, which is something we have been waiting and hoping for for years. Financial difficulties consequent on the small revenue received from licences here, compared with other States will preclude Western Australia from being given relay stations until the more advanced wireless states are satisfied, so that our only hope for variety is from enterprising firms who are prepared to run B class stations. This is the first station of its kind here, and it is possible that another may follow. The new station will be situated in Musgrove's Buildings, Murray-street and will be under the management of Mr. F. C. Kingston, one of the directors of the company, who is already busily engaged in preparing for the erection of the station and the hundred and one details which are necessary. The company will have at its disposal all the latest music and methods of reproducing it, and we shall hear piano rolls for the first time. Listeners to the amateur stations 3BY and 3EF, Victoria, heard many fine programmes consisting of gramophone records and rolls broadcast alternately. The new station will have a crystal controlled transmission, and it will be in pleasing contrast to the transmission of 6WF, which, though better than it was, will never be perfect until new apparatus is provided and the transmitter re-erected in a suitable place out of the city. The future of radio is now very bright, and shortly there will be 5,000 licences in existence in this State. It is not too much to say that in the middle of next winter — the most popular time for wireless — that there will be at least a 50 per cent, increase in the above figures.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32338792 |title=Wireless News. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLV, |issue=8,579 |location=Western Australia |date=18 December 1929 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Over the Ether. Wireless News, Tips and Comments. By OBSERVER. . . . W.A.'S FIRST "B" STATION.''' News hailed with delight by all Western Australian listeners, is the announcement of the granting of a B class license to Messr. Musgrove's, Ltd., the well-known music warehouse-men, of Murray-street, who, it is anticipated, will have the station ready for service early next March. In congratulating Messrs. Musgrove's on their signal honor of being allotted the first B license in W.A., we know that we voice the sentiments of all who are connected with wireless, that their public spirited action will achieve the full measure of success that it rightly deserves. May their wireless venture be a highly prosperous and successful one, which will add further dignity to broadcasting in this State. It is opportune to mention that Messrs. Musgrove's have for some years past been regular contributors to the programmes from 6WF, the Brunswick Panatrope hour and various other musicales being conducted by the firm. They have always shown the highest appreciation of the musical art and coupled with a choice of items, this could not help but please all tastes. These are indeed happy auguries for listeners. When '''6ML''' is at their service for a full programme transmission, the yearnings of other days, when many listeners often wished for a lengthy extension of the Panatrope sessions, and many other items which added zest to a jaded programme will be realised. In conformity with modern practice and we think, the first instance in Australia with broadcast stations, the new station will be crystal controlled, which, apart from its ability of maintaining a constant wave length, confers other technical and practical advantages. The wave length has not yet been decided upon, though the choice of a suitable one for local conditions would seem to lie in the neighborhood of 300 metres, so as to be reasonably clear of interference from 6WF's powerful transmitter. The significance of two local stations is quite obvious to listeners. Hitherto, Western Australia has been the only State where a solo station only existed, and this, apart from the lack of alternative transmission, made the task of the programme compilers an unenviable one. The spirit of tolerance is an excellent virtue, for which we Westerners are justly renowned, and the present record license position and continuity of increase shows that the advent of the A.B.C. in our midst has been more than appreciated. This success we feel sure, is due in no small way, to the excellent management and uncommon ability of Mr. Basil Kirke in handling 6WF's destiny. With '''6ML''', and 6WF in operation, we anticipate a threefold increase in the license position. After all, black and white figure statistics are the only true, measure of broadcasts success.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58371185 |title=Over the Ether |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1666 |location=Western Australia |date=29 December 1929 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=27 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ===1930s=== ====1930==== =====1930 01===== <blockquote>'''AMATEUR BROADCASTING. NOTICE TO OPERATORS. WITHDRAWAL OF WAVE LENGTHS. Restrictions From March 1.''' According to a circular issued by the Postal department to operators of amateur wireless transmitting stations, broadcasting from these stations will shortly be placed beyond the reach of most listeners. At present the amateur stations providing broadcasting programmes operate in the wave length band from 200 to 250 metres. These wave lengths are the longest which amateurs are permitted to use, and they are the only amateur wave lengths to which ordinary types of broadcast receivers will tune. The Postal department has issued a notice that this band is to be withdrawn from amateurs so that two "B" class broadcasting stations, one in Newcastle and one in Perth, may use it. It was arranged that the change should be made from today, but as neither of the "B" class stations is yet ready to begin transmissions amateurs will be permitted to continue to use the wave lengths until March 1. Experimenters in Victoria complain that the withdrawal of the wave lengths is unfair. At present there are nearly a dozen amateur stations in Melbourne providing first-class programmes, which are received by thousands of listeners every Sunday night, and are welcomed as an addition to the services of the principal stations. Victorian listeners will receive little benefit from the '''new "B" class stations''', which will be too far away to provide satisfactory services for Victoria. In addition, Victorian listeners will lose the amateur programmes. Experimenters contend that even if it be desired to allot wave lengths within the present experimental band to "B" class broadcasting stations, amateur stations should be permitted to continue to use the band when the "B" class stations are not transmitting.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4059942 |title=AMATEUR BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)]] |issue=26,017 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=1 January 1930 |accessdate=16 March 2019 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''APPROPRIATE PROGRAMMES.''' Mr. Basil Kirke, station director of 6WF and his staff deserve the praise which was bestowed by listeners as a result of the pleasing programmes which were broadcast during the week. Also sharing in this in no small way, were the efforts of Bert Howell and his Ambassadorians, who on many occasions provided delightful orchestral items, which really proves the worthwhileness of a wireless set. It is pleasing to note the increasing use which is being made of portables, and is a factor which is yet too little appreciated by listeners, who do not fully recognise the charm and entertainment value which can accrue to open air outings and picnics when a portable is an inconspicuous, but, by no means inanimate object. On the score of programmes it was pleasant, to say the least, to listen to a choice selection of records. Especially was this noted on Christmas Day, when first class entertainment was provided. The A.B.C. enters the New Year with pleasing prospects for the future, especially in this State, where real interest in radio is being rekindled, as distinct from the attraction of broadcasting as only a novelty. Further addition will come to listeners by the inauguration of '''Messrs. Musgrove's B class station''' at the beginning of March.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58371448 |title=OVER THE ETHER |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1667 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1930 |accessdate=16 March 2019 |page=27 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Coxon launches a lengthy criticism of 6WF under PMGD control <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING FROM 6WF. Criticism of New System.''' Mr. W. E. Coxon writes:— "Sufficient time has elapsed since September last, when the Australian Broadcasting Company and the Postmaster-General's Department assumed the control of broadcasting in Western Australia, to arrive at some conclusion as to the advantage, or otherwise of some of the changes that have been made. From a broadcasting standpoint, Western Australia, of all States, is the most unfavourably situated. Its large area and small population — much of it lying in the tropics with consequent poor receiving conditions — and the long distances from the broadcasting stations in the Eastern States make conditions differ greatly from that of the other States. It is unfortunate that, when regulations governing wireless are made, Western Australia must accept them whether they are adaptable to this State or not, and, as far as wireless is concerned, very little, if any, consideration has been given this State in the past. It is certain that a much greater number of licences would now be in existence if the particular needs of Western Australia had been investigated during the first years of broadcasting. "It does not matter how excellent one single programme is, it will not create the interest that a variety of programmes will even if of lesser merit. For years the several applications for 'B' class licences from this State have received no encouragement from the Postmaster-General's Department, and, because of conditions that existed in the East, the holding up of all 'B' class licences had to apply to Western Australia, and yet this State was without a 'B' class station. This is evidence of ignorance of the wireless position in Western Australia. The approval of an application by '''Musgrove's, Limited''', will certainly stimulate interest in radio in Western Australia, but it seems more than a coincidence that, following a change of Government, the licence should be granted . A reply to an application by that firm a few months ago practically amounted to a refusal to grant any 'B' class licences. The enterprise of a company in entering the field of broadcasting in Western Australia is, indeed, to be commended, and its efforts deserve every success. Let us hope also that any future applications from Western Australia for 'B' class licences will receive encouragement rather than what has been in the past — discouragement. "The change of wavelength of 6WF as made by the Postmaster-General's Department has proved a lamentable failure. The State's geographical position is such that a longwave broadcasting station is a necessity. It makes no difference to that position even if the Timbuctoo Broadcasting Company provided the programmes, and this fact seems to have been lost sight of by those that inaugurated the 'new era.' The most reliable stations in Europe from a service point of view are those that are broadcasting on a long wavelength, and the conditions make it even more necessary here. Remedy with Department. "Where a service is maintained by a licence fee it should be the aim of the authorities to provide that service. In Western Australia at present it is not being done. The remedy lies within the power of the Postmaster-General's Department only. . .<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31060181 |title=BROADCASTING FROM 6WF. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,603 |location=Western Australia |date=16 January 1930 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES. . . . New Broadcasting Station.''' Musgroves, Ltd., who intend to erect a new B. Class broadcasting station at their premises in Murray-street, have received a letter from the Director-General of Posts and Telegraphs advising that they have been allotted '''6ML''' as call sign and a wave length of 297 metres. Tenders for the erection and installation of the plant have already closed and it is expected that by next week the successful contractors will be known. The company hope to have the station in operation by the end of next March.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31060447 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,604 |location=Western Australia |date=17 January 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=20 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Radio Wrinkles. WONDERS OF TODAY. (By VK6FG). . . . NEW "B" CLASS STATION.''' Tenders, which have been considered for some weeks, may be finalised within the next three or four days, as a result of which Perth's new "B" class station '''6ML''' will be erected. One of the first steps which Musgrove's Ltd. took in respect of the es-tablishment of a station was to acquire the property on which their business now stands. The erection of masts to carry the aerial is a complicated job, and certainly one which it is not desired to repeat. '''6ML''' has been granted permission to use up to 300 watts in the aerial, which although of small power compared with 6WF should be ample for a radius of 250 miles. While results may show that it has even better carrying power. The wavelength allocation of 297 metres (approximately 1000 kilocycles) should be suitable too, for it should avoid harmonics from 6WF and be sufficiently well separated to avoid trouble. "B" class stations do not receive any financial help from the Commonwealth, so the station will be thrown upon its own resources in this regard. Doubtless the 4000-odd listeners will be added to with the appearance of a new station, and with the present financial outlook the station cannot expect to show profits. They should, however, earn the goodwill of the listeners by providing an alternative programme.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83820936 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,071 |location=Western Australia |date=20 January 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=6 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING STATION. Tenders for 6ML. SUCCESS OF ADELAIDE FIRM.''' The National Musical Federation Ltd., of Adelaide, the owners of Broadcasting Station 5KA of that city, are the successful tenderers for the construction of a "B" class station for Musgrove's Ltd. of Perth. In making the announcement this morning, Mr. M. Musgrove said that the tender provided for the new station to be handed over on or before March 19, and from advices which he had received the tenderers were making every effort to be ready before that date. The station, which will be known as '''6ML''', will operate on a wave length of 297 metres, with an output in the aerial of 300 watts. The transmitter will comprise a crystal oscillator, an intermediate amplifier, a power amplifier, a modulating unit, together with filament supply and high tension supply, with smoothing devices. The aerial masts, which will be of steel, are being erected by Musgrove's themselves, and will rise 60ft. above the roof of their building in Murray-street. This work will be put in hand almost immediately, and it is expected that by the middle of February the transmitting units will be shipped from Adelaide. '''STATION PERSONNEL.''' The engineer-operator of the station will be Mr. Harry Simmonds, well known among amateur radio operators here, and the announcer will be Mr. Archie Graham, who is at present associated with 6WF. Mr. Graham has appeared as an entertainer at 4QG (Brisbane), 2BL (Sydney), 3LO (Melbourne), and 5CL (Adelaide), in addition to the Perth station, and was for a time announcer for 5CL. The hours the new station will be on the air have been tentatively fixed, and are: Week-days, 11 a.m. to 12.30 p.m., 2.30 to 3.30 p.m., 5 to 6.30 p.m., 7.30 to 10.30 p.m.; Sundays. 7 to 9 p.m. Mr. Musgrove said today that the initial programmes would be drawn up after consultation by him with the programme director, but they were determined to secure the best artists offering. A system of sponsored programmes would be introduced on a similar plan to that adopted in America, where firms bought so much of a station's time on the air and submitted entertainment interspersed with advertising.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83821999 |title=BROADCASTING STATION |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,073 |location=Western Australia |date=22 January 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=1 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW WIRELESS STATION. 6ML to Open in March.''' A new wireless broadcasting station, '''6ML''', to be operated by Musgroves, Ltd., of Murray street, Perth, will be opened before March 19. Mr. M. Musgrove announced yesterday that his company had accepted the tender of the National Musical Federation, Ltd., of Adelaide, the owners of station 5KA, for the construction of the company's "B" class station, which would be situated in Lyric House, Murray-street. The tender provided for the completion of the station by March 19, but it is understood that the successful tenderers intended to endeavour to have the station ready before that date. The new station will operate on a wave length of 297 metres and will be able to be received by all sets which cover the normal broadcasting band. The power will be only 300 watts, but as the transmitter will be of the latest type, the range of the station will probably extend beyond Albany, Kalgoorlie and Geraldton, which it is intended to serve. The aerial system will be on the roof of Musgrove's buildings and the masts will be 60 feet high. Arrangements for the construction and erection of these parts are now being made. Mr. C. F. Kingston, one of the directors of the company, will be in charge of the station and Mr. A. Graham will be the announcer. Mr. Graham is well known to local listeners, being the "Archie" of "Archie and Watty", radio entertainers. Mr. H. Simmonds, a local amateur radio operator, will be the engineer-operator of the station. The hours that the station will be on the air have been provisionally fixed as follow:— Weekdays, 11 a.m. to 12.30 p.m., 2.30 to. 3.30 p.m., 5 to 6.30 p.m. and 7.30 to 10.30 p.m.; Sun-days, 7 to 9 p.m. The station will thus fill in the gaps between 6WF's day sessions and provide the long-awaited choice of programmes at night, when the majority of radio enthusiasts are listening. Mr. Musgrove said yesterday that the company would not spare, expense in placing programmes of the highest standard before the public. As in the Eastern States and other parts of the world, a system of sponsored sessions would be introduced under which advertisers would buy so much of a station's time on the air and supply entertainment interspersed with advertisements. While the latest music would be broadcast by means of gramophones and player-pianos, the company intended to include in its programmes the best artists available as well as concert parties and a special orchestra.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31061805 |title=NEW WIRELESS STATION |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,609 |location=Western Australia |date=23 January 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Radio Wrinkles. BETTER BROADCASTS. (By VK6FG). . . . "B" CLASS STATION.''' Finality has at last been reached in the matter of the construction of '''6ML''', the State's first "B" class station. The contract went to the National Musical Federation Ltd., of Adelaide, better known to wireless folk as 5KA, for the federation maintains a "B" class station in our sister city. The company promised to have the station on the air in eight weeks, with an output of 300 watts and with a piezo-electric crystal maintaining the frequency. The two masts necessary are not included in the contract, and these will be erected by the owners of the station, Musgroves, Ltd., themselves. They will each be 60ft. tall and be built of steel. The type of aerial to be employed is being left very largely to the tenderers. Those with the modern broadcast receivers will be able to bring in the new station, which is on 297 metres, without any difficulty, as the majority of these sets cover a scale of from 200 to 600 metres.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83817276 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,077 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=2 (FINAL SPORTING EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 02===== <blockquote>'''Over the Ether. Wireless News, Tips and Comments. BROADCAST BREVITIES. BY KILOCYCLE.''' (Photo Caption) MR. F. C. KINGSTON. Manager to Messrs. Musgrove's broadcasting station, '''6ML'''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58374110 |title=Over the Ether |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1671 |location=Western Australia |date=2 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=1 (Fourth Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. LISTENERS' COMPLAINTS. Need for Government Action. (By "Radio.")''' Heralded by an intense publicity campaign, which attracted the attention of many persons hitherto unconcerned with wireless, what was termed the new era in radio was ushered into Western Australia on September 1 last when the Australian Broadcasting Company took over the presentation and provision of programmes from 6WF, Perth, and the Commonwealth Government through the Postmaster-General's Department assumed control of the actual transmissions which, from that date, were on a wave length of 435 metres instead of the dual transmissions on 1,250 metres and 104.5 metres. Much was expected from the change but the only gain, as far as listeners are concerned, has been an improvement in programmes at the expense of the disadvantages to be mentioned later. From a general point of view it is satisfactory to be able to record, as on December 31 last, the highest number of licences, 4,727, ever known in this State. Apart from those two factors, everything seems to be wrong and, after several months, the early murmurings of complaint have now swollen into a torrent of criticisms by dissatisfied listeners, both city and country, who have something unpleasant to say about everything but the programmes. The most disquieting feature of the present state of wireless in Western Australia is the unsatisfactory service being rendered to country listeners, to whom wireless is an incomparable boon. City dwellers could be deprived of wireless without grave consequences but to country listeners the inability to receive news, market and weather reports and other information of similar importance, to say nothing of entertainment items, is a serious matter. The broadcasting service is one maintained by a licence fee, and having paid his fee the country listener is entitled to receive the service. At present, in many districts, country enthusiasts are unable to hear the station at all on the new wave length and, when they can log the station, poor daylight reception, fading, distortion and the broadly tuned and poor quality transmission are in sharp contrast to their previous results on the old wave lengths when they did get a reliable service. This is reflected in the 350 odd cancellations during the four months from September 1 to December 31, and in the demand for a return to the old wave lengths. In the city, listeners join hands with their country confreres in condemning the poor quality of the transmissions which are not better by the obviously inefficient way in which the control apparatus is operated. To these complaints, metropolitan listeners have a grievance of their own — 6WF, being situated in the city and on a wave length in the middle of those used by the Eastern States stations they are prevented from logging those stations. Distance lends enchantment to the ear as well as the view and many listeners, who found insufficient variety in the programmes of one station, were kept satisfied by their ability to tune into programmes in other parts of Australia. Unless the station be moved out of Perth and its blanketing effect thus obviated, many city listeners would prefer to see the station return to its old wave lengths. Generally speaking, the trouble lies in the change of wave length and the poor transmissions, which are reproduced by apparatus that is obsolete and which should never have been used for the new wave length. '''Many Wireless Enthusiasts.''' There is a great deal of interest in wireless in this State and, if this is properly exploited, it is reasonable to assume that the licence figures could eventually be increased to the vicinity of 20,000. To, do this would, of course, mean a main station, within 50 miles of Perth and relay stations in important country centres as well as several "B" class stations. To expect this, within many years, is to be unduly optimistic, as there are the demands of other and more populous states to be satisfied and so far as wireless has been concerned there is an unfortunate tendency on the part of the Commonwealth Government to regard this State as "only Western Australia and anything will do." The increase in licences, from 3,888 in September to 4,727 in December indicates the interest in radio and justifies the demand that the Government take some action to alleviate the present state of affairs. The question of the wave length is an open one, many desiring a reversion to the dual transmissions, while, on the other hand, a large body of opinion favours the retention of the new wave length providing the station is rebuilt, moved out of the city, increased in power from five kilowatts to ten, and constructed in such a way that it will provide a reasonably sharply tuned single carrier and modulated according to the latest methods. An important advantage of the existing wavelength is that it enables the use of the latest receiving sets. A new station would be costly, and unless strong pressure is brought on the Government, Western Australia will probably be neglected as before. There is no doubt the listening public, who pay their fees, are entitled to service, and the Government, should not spare expense in providing this. Pending the consideration of rebuilding the station, the authorities might consider a proposal which would give immediate relief. The transmission should be continued on the 435 mefres wave length but on half a kilowatt power, as was used in August last, when the first tests were made on this wave length. Those tests were of excellent quality compared with the quality when the full power of five kilowatts was used, and were reported to have covered nearly as wide a range. With the smaller power the modulation was better and the multiplicity of waves avoided. At the same time to enable the country listeners to hear the programmes at least after dark, the authorities should again operate on the 104.5 wave length, as well as from 6 p.m. onwards. This wave length gave satisfactory reception to country districts, and something must be done for the country people, for whom the half loaf of night reception on 104.5 metres would be better than the state of no bread existing for too many today. As it is, the department can thank the short wave stations, which are received here very well, and the combination radio-gramophones, which provide relief from some of the worst: transmissions, for holding the interest to many other listeners who would add their quota to the daily letters of com-plaints. Next winter, when nearly every-body attempts to tune in to stations in the East, there will be many more complaints of interference from 6WF. '''Programmes Satisfactory.''' As far as the programmes are concerned, it is generally conceded that there has been an improvement. There is room for further improvement, but it is obvious that with the poor quality of the transmissions, and, in parts of the country, the inability of listeners to receive the broadcasts at all, it would be a waste of money for the company to put on any better programmes than they are because the management and the artists never know how their efforts will be transmitted to listeners. For instance, on Sunday, January 26, there was a glaring example of what occurs after the company has done its part of the contract. During Mr. Howell's broadcast from the Ambassadors Theatre, which was probably the most popular, and, certainly the most expensive item of the week, there were no fewer than 17 distinct interruptions to the transmission of the programme, and on four occasions the concert had to be stopped while items were given from the studio during repairs or adjustments to the transmitting apparatus. One can imagine the feelings of Mr. Howell, who gives much care to his programmes, on hearing from friends how the concert sounded from a loud speaker. The views of the Australian Broadcasting Company's manager can safely be imagined. Amid all the dissatisfaction with existing affairs, there looms one hope for the future. That is the early commencement of our '''first "B" class station''', '''6ML''', to be operated by Musgroves, Ltd. This station will provide variety for listeners, and being on modern lines its transmissions should be in such contrast to those of 6WF that the Government, in shame, will have to effect an improvement or be held open to the scorn of those who will point out that '''6ML''', run by private enterprise, and receiving no share of listeners' fees, can offer to the public better quality broadcasts than 6WF with the resources of a national Government behind it.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31064366 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,619 |location=Western Australia |date=4 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''OVER THE ETHER. Wireless News, Tips and Comments. BROADCAST BREVITIES. BY KILOCYCLE.''' (Photo Caption) MR. H. T. SIMMONS. The well-known Perth experimenter, who has been appointed chief engineer to Messrs. Musgrove's new broadcasting station, '''6ML'''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58374404 |title=OVER THE ETHER Wireless Ne ws, Tips and Comments |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1672 |location=Western Australia |date=9 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=1 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Radio Wrinkles.''' (By VK6FG.) '''6WF'S TRANSMISSIONS''' What is the future of broadcasting in Western Australia? One almost fears to look ahead. '''6ML''' with its crystal controlled wave, will be on the air soon, and it will be interesting to hear what sort of a transmission it puts out. It should be good. But what if 6WF with its several harmonics interferes with '''6ML'''? Then it will be impossible to listen to either station. It may be looking at the hurdle before we come to it, but this is sometimes necessary. The transmissions from 6WF recently are sufficient to cause comment by their irregularity. At one session, or during part of a session, they are fair to good; not as good as many of the stations in the Eastern States, but providing little to growl about. Then almost in the twinkling of an eye everything seems to go wrong. What was loud-speaker strength had died away to the merest whisper in the city, speech is not understandable, and the listener switches off in disgust, it is not possible to say just where the trouble is, but it should not take a board of competent engineers devoting their attentions exclusively to the station more than a week to locate the bother, even if they had to monitor each section individually and collectively. It is no good, however, letting matters drift on as they have been doing since the writer first called attention to the state of the station some months ago.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83815389 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,089 |location=Western Australia |date=10 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=7 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''MUSGROVE'S BROADCASTING. Arrangement of Programmes.''' Mr. R. Brearley, formerly musical director of 3AR, Sydney (sic,Melbourne), has been appointed advertising manager and programme director for Musgrove's broadcasting station '''6ML''', which, it is hoped to open on March 24. Mr. Brearley said today that the station's broadcasting times would be:— 11 a.m. to noon, 12.30 p.m. to 2 p.m., 3 p.m. to 4 p.m., 5.45 p.m. to 7.30 p.m., and 8 p.m. to 10 p.m. As far as possible these times had been arranged to prevent both '''6ML''' and 6WF from being on the air at the same time. The station would feature dancing music one night a week and classical music an-other night. On other nights the programme would be general.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83816672 |title=MUSGROVE'S BROADCASTING |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,090 |location=Western Australia |date=11 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=6 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Wireless News. BROADCASTING.''' . . . (By "Radio.") In a little over a month listeners in Western Australia will have the choice of two local stations for the first time, and those located within five miles of the transmitter of 6WF are going to find trouble unless their sets are most selective. On Saturday night an official of the Wireless Institute, speaking over 6WF, warned those with unselective sets that they would be receiving both 6WF and '''6ML''' at the same time; and it is common knowledge that many of the existing sets used by city listeners can receive 6WF on any part of the condenser dials. There is always a shock area near, the transmitting plant of a powerful station, and it is unfortunate that a very large proportion of wireless enthusiasts in this State are so situated in regard to 6WF. This is another argument for the removal of the station out of Perth. Last weekend, using my own two-valve modified Reinartz set and an all-electric three of local design kindly lent for testing, I could receive the local station on any part of the condensers with my usual 40 foot aerial. On reducing the aerial to a few feet of wire I found the electric set most selective, and there would be no trouble in logging both the stations on that. The same applied to the two-valve set. Unfortunately, the reduction in the length of the aerial often makes interstate reception impossible, and it is very likely that in the coming winter only those with big sets and special selective circuits will have the pleasure of logging the other Australian stations. Reports will be welcomed, after '''6ML''' comes on the air, from city listeners who can receive both the local stations without trouble and from those who have no difficulty in logging the stations in the Eastern States as well. In each case full details of the set and aerial systems should be given, as well as times and dates the stations were logged, and the quality of reception. Correspondents should note that the two local stations would not be properly separated if there is the slightest background of '''6ML''' when listening to 6WF, or vice versa. . . . '''Programme Director for 6ML.''' Mr. Ronald Brearley, formerly musical director of 3AR, Melbourne, and a member of the Ambassadors orchestra, has been engaged as programme director for the "B" class station, '''6ML'''. During his engagement with 3AR, Mr. Brearley introduced a special hour of gramophone recordings and arranged his programmes in such a way that this hour became one of the most popular in Melbourne. It is the new programme director's intention to arrange his programmes here so that they will include a balanced selection of items which will cater as far as possible for the tastes of everybody. He and his 'cello will probably be heard in solo numbers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32397970 |title=Wireless News. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,626 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''New Broadcasting Station.''' Work has been commenced on the new broadcasting station, '''6ML''', to be operated by Musgrove's, Ltd., Murray-street. Alterations are being made in the top floor of Musgrove's Buildings to house the transmitting plant which is on the Manunda (due at Fremantle to-day). The aerial masts are due to arrive at Fremantle by the following interstate steamer and are to be erected by March 8. It is expected that the first tests of the new station, which will operate on 297 metres, will be made about March 15. According to advice received by Musgrove's, Ltd., from the National Musical Federation, Ltd., Adelaide, who has the contract for the erection of the transmitter, that company's engineer (Mr. Ashwin) is due to arrive in Perth, today.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32398193 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,626 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=16 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''WIRELESS EXPANSION. Perth's New Station. ENGINEER ARRIVES.''' With the arrival this morning of the engineer, Mr. Edward Ashwin, plans for the establishment of '''6ML''', the new broadcasting station to be operated by Musgroves Ltd. will be rapidly advanced. Mr. Ashwin, who hopes that all will be in readiness to commence operations about a fortnight hence, is engineer of 5KA Adelaide, and was previously associated with the station now known as 5CL Melbourne and 7ZL, Tasmania. 5KA is conducted by the National Musical Federation Ltd., which has the contract for the erection of the transmitting plant required for '''6ML'''. '''STATION DESCRIBED.''' Referring to the new local station, Mr. Ashwin said that it would have a transmitter power of approximately 500 watts and a wave length of 297 metres. It was built along the lines of the latest practice of modern wireless transmission. One of the features was that it would be crystal controlled, which meant that the station could not move its wave length without another crystal being installed, and that listeners-in would always find the crystal control station in exactly the same place on their tuning dials. This form of control had been widely used in different parts of the world for about two years past. Most of the American stations were operated on it, but the only other of which he had a knowledge in Australia, outside those operated by amateurs, was that of 3DB, Melbourne. The transmission of '''6ML''' would consist principally of two units, one being a complete 50 watt crystal control transmitter and the other unit a 50 watt linear amplifier. The latter fed the aerial and it was on this unit also that the power reading was taken. The whole of the plant required for the new station is aboard the Karoola, which is due at Fremantle this evening. (Photo Caption) Mr. E. Ashwin.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83819469 |title=WIRELESS EXPANSION |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,097 |location=Western Australia |date=19 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=2 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''Wireless Station 6ML.''' Satisfactory progress is being made with the building of the new wireless station, '''6ML'''. The alterations to the top floor of Musgrove's buildings, where the transmitter will be housed, have been completed and the ceilings and roof are being opened for the installing of the masts which, with the transmitting plant, will arrive by today's interstate steamer. The station will be on the air daily between 11 a.m. and noon, 12.30 p.m. and 2 p.m., 3 p.m. and 4 p.m., 5.45 p.m. and 7.30 p.m., and 8 p.m. and 10 p.m. and between 7 p.m. and 9 p.m. on Sundays.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32395500 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,632 |location=Western Australia |date=19 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW PERTH STATION. Arrival of Engineer.''' In the opinion of the engineer, Mr. Edwin Ashwin, the new Perth broadcasting station '''6ML''' should be functioning in a fortnight. The cost of the plant and installation will total about £1,500. Mr. Ashwin arrived in Perth by the Great Western express yesterday morning from Adelaide. Mr. Ashwin has been associated with wireless for years. Originally he was at Station 5AB, which later became 5CL. Subsequently he worked on 7ZL, Hobart, (Photo Caption) MR. E. ASHWIN. and is now engineer for 5KA, Adelaide, which is run by the National Musical Federation. The plant which he will install in Perth reached Fremantle last night on the steamer Karoola. Discussing the plant yesterday, Mr. Ashwin said that the transmitter power was about 500 watts and the wave length 297 metres. The apparatus was built on the lines of the latest Melbourne transmitters. A feature was the crystal control. This meant that the station could not move its wavelength without installing another crystal. With such constancy in the broadcasting medium, listeners could rely on picking up the station at exactly the same place on their tuning dials. This system had been in general use in America for the last two years, but was not in vogue in Australia. Apart from amateurs, only station 3DB, Melbourne employed it, as far as he was aware. The transmitter consisted of two units, one being a complete 500-watt crystal-controlled transmitter; and the other a 500-watt linear amplifier which fed the aerial. It was from the last-named unit that the power rating was taken.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32387971 |title=NEW PERTH STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,633 |location=Western Australia |date=20 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=18 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''SPECIAL ADVERTISEMENTS.''' THE "STROMBERG-CARLSON." THE ROLLS ROYCE OF RADIO. Prepare NOW for the era of alternative programmes, soon for the first time, to be available to Perth. Get a SELECTIVE set, a set that will enable you to tune in either 6WF or '''6ML''', whichever you prefer, without interference from the other station. The "Stromberg-Carlson" is super-selective; is high-powered, and may be had in either "All-Electric" form, needing no batteries, or a Battery-operated set; and either form may be had as either 6-valve or 3-valve model. THE ALL-ELECTRIC "6" .. .. £47 THE BATTERY "6" .. .. .. £42/10/ THE ALL-ELECTRIC "3" .. £30 THE BATTERY "3" .. .. £15/10/ SPEAKERS (the only "extra") from 37/6 MAGNAVOX DYNAMIC SPEAKERS, IN CABINETS, from £8 (D.C.) and £11 (A.C.). Detailed Price Lists Free on Application. RING B1917 FOR A DEMONSTRATION AT HOME. NO OBLIGATION. MUSGROVE'S LIMITED, "The House of Distinction," LYRIC HOUSE, MURRAY-ST., PERTH. NEW ARCADE, FREMANTLE.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32389470 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,637 |location=Western Australia |date=25 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW WIRELESS STATION. Progress at 6ML.''' Rapid progress has been made by Mr. E. Ashwin, of the National Musical Federation of Adelaide, with the installation of the transmitting plant for Perth's new wireless station, '''6ML''', to be operated by Musgroves Ltd. on a wave length of 297 metres (10,010 bilocycles [sic]). The plant arrived by the Karoola on Wednesday last and was delivered at Musgrove's Buildings on Friday. In the intervening days Mr. Ashwin has made so much progress that he will be able to test the transmitter as soon as the aerial masts are erected, which will be some time during the week. The aerial system will be in the form of a three-wire flat topped L-shaped aerial and a six wire counterpoise. The aerial masts will be 65ft. high and including the buildings, will be about 130ft. above the ground. The 50-watt crystal controlled transmitter has been erected and the assembling of the 500-watt linear amplifier will be completed by tomorrow. Tests will be first made with a power of 50 watts and then with the full power of 500 watts. Asked to give an estimate of the distance over which '''6ML''' will be received, Mr. Ashwin said he was unable to give any specified distance as he was not yet sufficiently familiar with local conditions. A similar station in Adelaide, 5KA, which, however, used only 300 watts was regularly heard up to 300 miles but 3DB (Melbourne), which used 500 watts was heard over much greater distances. In fact 3DB was received better in Adelaide than the two Melbourne "A" class stations, 3LO and 3AR, which used ten times the power of 3DB. Occasional reception of a station took place at much longer distances and, at times, a Bruce Rock listener had reported that he was able to log 5KA (Adelaide). The new station should be regularly heard by anyone within 300 to 400 miles of Perth. The programme director (Mr. R. Brearley) is preparing a special programme for the opening night, the date for which has not yet been decided upon but which will be either March 19 or 26. The new station will be on the air each day from 11 a.m. till noon; from 12.30.p.m. to 2 p.m.; from 3 p.m. to 4 p.m.; from 5.45 p.m. to 7.30 p.m. and from 8 p.m. to 10 p.m. On Sunday evenings a programme will be broadcast between 7 p.m. and 9 p.m.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32389296 |title=NEW WIRELESS STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,637 |location=Western Australia |date=25 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=15 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Wireless News. BROADCASTING. Notes and Comments. (By "Radio.")''' . . . The opening transmissions from '''6ML''' are to be made with due ceremony and a special night will be arranged to celebrate this welcome event in local radio. Particulars are not yet available but the management are determined to give the listening public something to make the date stand out in their memories.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32397944 |title=Wireless News. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,638 |location=Western Australia |date=26 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW WIRELESS STATION. Programme Arrangements at 6ML.''' The programme director of the new Perth wireless station '''6ML''' (Mr. R. Brearley) is busily engaged preparing items for his first week's broadcasting which will begin either on March 19 or 26. On the opening night a special programme will be arranged and will probably extend beyond the usual closing hour of 10 p.m. In arranging his programmes, Mr. Brearley is co-operating as far as possible with 6WF so that there will be no overlapping. Mr. Brearley said yesterday that every Wednesday night at the new station would be devoted to dance music and, instead of an indiscriminate choice of records, a series of numbers by one band would be broadcast interspersed with light vocal numbers. By using one band there would be no variations of tempo and rhythm and it would be difficult for listeners to distinguish whether a record or an actual performance was being broadcast. On Thursday nights the programme would consist of classical numbers and on other nights an attempt would be made to give a programme that would appeal to the average taste. There would be no talks or lectures from the station. "It is the intention of the management," said Mr. Brearley, "to keep the standard of the broadcasting as high as possible and with that aim in view no artist will be allowed to speak or sing from the station without first submitting to a voice test. All records to be used will be tried over before being broadcast and as far as possible each session will be arranged to form a complete concert or recital. For the first time in Perth player piano music will be broadcast and the player piano will also be used to accompany 'cello and vocal items. Arrangements have been made with West Australian Airways, Ltd., to broadcast incidents noted by pilots on their flights. The proprietors of the station, Musgrove's, Ltd., Murray-street, Perth, will be glad to receive reports from listeners as to the volume and quality of the transmission, listeners stating their distance from the station and the type of set used. Comments on the programmes will also be welcomed, and every endeavour will be made to comply with requests for particular items. The first tests from the station will probably be made on Monday next.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32399019 |title=NEW WIRELESS STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,640 |location=Western Australia |date=28 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 03===== <blockquote>'''NEW WIRELESS STATION. Test Transmissions From 6ML.''' The masts to carry the aerial system of the new Perth wireless station, '''6ML''', will be erected today, and as soon as the aerial and counterpoise are fitted everything will be ready for the final adjustments of the transmitting plant for the opening of the station on either March 19 or 26. Using 50 watts power on a makeshift aerial slung from the control room to a neighbouring building, tests were carried out by the engineers of the station yesterday, and there will be further tests with the same aerial between 3 p.m. and 5 p.m. and 7 p.m. and 9 p.m. to-day. These trial transmissions are being made by the engineers purely for their own purposes, and are no indication of the quality or volume of the final transmissions from the station, as they will be on the full power of 500 watts on the permanent aerial system. The tests yesterday were clearly received in the metropolitan area as far as Fremantle, from where reproduction by loud speaker was reported.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32401036 |title=NEW WIRELESS STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,643 |location=Western Australia |date=4 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Operating Wave-Traps.''' With station '''6ML''' coming on the air, selectivity of programmes — with the majority of home made sets — will only be obtainable with the aid of a wavetrap. To get satisfactory results from one of these, extreme caution must be exercised in order that there are no snags in its application to the set in use. Among the types of wavetraps which can be made and fitted at home, one of the most effective is the series autocoupled type, and provided it is well made and properly fitted should prove most reliable. It will practically always cut out a powerful local station easily, and does not reduce the strength of the other station being received. Moreover, it does not affect the general operation of the receiver to any noticeable degree, and it merely requires setting once and for all to eliminate the local station. A very convenient form of this wavetrap was described in detail in these columns about two months ago. In use the trap is connected in series in the aerial lead, as follows: Join the aerial lead to the A1 or A2 terminal, on the wave trap, and connect A to the aerial terminal on your set. The aerial lead should be tried on both the A1 and A2 terminals to see which gives the best results. A point which should be borne in mind by those amateurs who wish to fit the trap inside the cabinet is that of position. The trap must be kept well away from the tuning coils, otherwise it should be kept outside. For example, it can often be screwed to the outside of the cabinet, but see that it is not too near the coils inside. The minimum distance for real safety is about 8 inches in most cases. A good and safe scheme is to put the trap in series with the aerial lead at the point where the aerial enters the house, for example, on the window ledge. The important point, then, is just to keep the trap well away from any of the coils in the receiver, and with that made clear, let us see about the adjustment. This, also, is decidedly important. Before you connect the trap in circuit, switch on your set and tune in the desired station. Now detune until the volume of this station goes down to about half. Next, connect the trap in the manner already described, and start with the trap condenser somewhere about its minimum capacity, that is to say, with the little knob fully unscrewed. Now proceed to screw down the knob with the aid of a screwdriver, keeping your hand well away from the trap coil. After a little while you should find a point where the volume of the local station suddenly goes down almost to nothing and comes up again to full strength as you pass beyond this point. Try and locate this point as accurately as you can, and you will probably find that when you have found it exactly the local station will disappear. If it does, proceed to return the tuning of the set towards the exact setting for the local station until it begins to come in again. Then return to the trap and have another shot at the adjustment, seeking to find the exact point which makes the local station disappear as completely as possible, so that it is only heard when exactly tuned in and then only at much reduced strength. When the local station is required it is a simple matter to disconnect the trap from the set; or, if you find this troublesome, yon can easily fit a little shorting switch of the plain on-off type, with one side connected to the aerial terminal on your set, and the other side to the aerial lead. The switch can be placed on the wave-trap itself, which would simplify its connections. When you have the switch in the "on" position, you have the aerial brought straight through to your set with the wavetrap cut out. With the switch in the "off" position, the wavetrap is in operation. There is nothing very complicated about this wavetrap. It is just a matter of building it with good quality components and using it in the proper manner. Even under the worst conditions it should so cut down the volume of the unwanted station that you will only hear it when it is exactly tuned in.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31065022 |title=Operating Wave-Traps. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,644 |location=Western Australia |date=5 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Wireless News. BROADCASTING. Notes and Comments. (By "Radio.")''' That the recent severe criticisms of the quality of the transmissions from 6WF were not based on rumours only is shown by the fact that during January there were 134 new licences taken out and 102 cancellations, giving a net gain for the month of only 32. This is very disappointing but will possibly have the effect of stirring the authorities in Melbourne to action. There were at January 31 last 4,759 licensed listeners in the State, and the 5,000 mark has still to be reached. It is hoped that the opening of the new station, '''6ML''', will have the immediate effect of increasing the number of listeners. There will be no talks of any kind during the night programmes from '''6ML'''. This rule was laid down by the programme director (Mr. R. Brearley), who aims at making these sessions purely of an entertaining nature. Station 6WF continues to include talks in its programmes after 8 p.m., and many listeners think that the programme arranger should, as far as talks are concerned, follow the lead of '''6ML''' and rigorously exclude them from the night programmes. '''Co-ordination Between Stations.''' It is pleasing to note that as far as possible the managements of the two stations intend to arrange the respective programmes to avoid overlapping. Thus as Monday and Friday are popular nights at 6WF, it was decided that Wednesday night would be the popular night at '''6ML'''. Between 7 and 9 p.m. on Sunday there is a church service from 6WF, and '''6ML''' will provide during those hours a musical programme for those who do not listen to church services. The advantage of having two stations is obvious, as listeners can tune from one to the other and from both programmes select items to their liking. As well, the combined services will mean that there is something being broadcast daily from 10 a.m. to 11 p.m. from one station or the other. A disadvantage of the two stations will be that persons with inselective sets will, in the city area, receive both programmes at once. Owners of such sets should, if possible, make their sets selective now by shortening their aerials, altering their coils, or by other methods, instead of waiting until '''6ML''' is on the air. . .<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31064900 |title=Wireless News. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,644 |location=Western Australia |date=5 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''PREPARING PERTH'S NEW WIRELESS STATION.''' (Photo Caption) Yesterday workmen on the top of Musgrove's, Ltd., were busily erecting scaffolding preparatory to raising '''6ML's''' wireless mast into position today.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31064987 |title=PREPARING PERTH'S NEW WIRELESS STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,644 |location=Western Australia |date=5 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=20 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Broadcasting Stations.''' Many listeners have inquired as to the difference between "A" class and "B" class wireless broadcasting stations. An "A" class station, such as 6WF, is a public utility. It is permitted to employ any power allotted to it by the Commonwealth Government and must not sell its time on the air for advertising purposes. "B" class stations depend on the sale of advertising for their revenue and are limited to 500 watts power. They do not receive any proportion of listeners' licence fees while the "A" class, stations are kept going by their share of this revenue. There are eight "A" class stations in Australia — 3LO and 3AR (Victoria), 2FC and 2BL (New South Wales), 4QG (Queensland), 5CL (South Australia), 7ZL (Tasmania) and 6WF (Western Australia) — all of which use 5,000 watts, except 7ZL, which is operated on 3,000 watts. The "B" class stations are 13 in number, as follow:— 2GB, 2BE, 2UW, 2UE, 2KY, 2HD and 2MK (New South Wales); 3UZ and 3DB (Victoria); 4GR (Queensland); 5KA, 5DN (South Australia) and '''6ML''' (Western Aus-tralia).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31065471 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,645 |location=Western Australia |date=6 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=16 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Over the Ether. WIRELESS NEWS, TIPS AND COMMENTS. BROADCAST BREVITIES. BY KILOCYCLE. EARLY OPENING OF 6ML. Perth's New "B" Station.''' So rapid has progress been made with the installation of the plant for Messrs. Musgroves "B" class station, located at their musical warehouse, Murray-street, that it is anticipated it will be in operation earlier than originally proposed. The installation engineer (Mr. E. Ashwin) in conversation with a representative of this paper, pointed out that '''6ML''' embodies the latest advances made in broadcast station design, incorporating crystal control, separator stage, and linear (Photo Caption) 500 watt linear amplifiers at '''6ML''' amplification on the amplifier stage. These technical terms imply that everything possible is done, in the interests of perfect transmission,and in a view of the plant confirms the opinion that Western Australia has, through the enterprise of Musgroves, acquired a fine broadcast station. The wavelength to be used is 297 meters, and initial tests have shown there will not be the slightest trace of interference from 6WF in the metropolitan area. As regards the range of the new station this can only be confirmed under operating conditions, but as a conservative estimate, a radius of 300 miles should be spanned. Another point in favor of good medium distance reception is the choice of the wavelength, a similar wave used in the Eastern States, showing a remarkable tendency for long distance work. A technical description of the plant will no doubt prove of interest. The actual operating room, comfortably houses three panels comprising the rectifiers, oscillator and modulator, and the amplifier. Each valve is supplied with a separate high-tension tapping, (Photo Caption) Crystal central oscillator, intermediate amplifier and modulated amplifier. rectified A.C. being used for the oscillator and modulator, and a D.C. generator for the amplifier. Each circuit is neutralised and screening of the oscillator stage and controls is a further refinement. The initial wavelength of 297 metres is generated and controlled by a quartz crystal, which definitely maintains this wavelength. The output from the oscillator is of the order of only 3 watts, which is passed on to the separator stage with a subsequent output of 7 watts. The modulators then come into play, and the output is increased to 60 watts. The wavelength is now a modulated wave in conformity with the impressed voice variations spoken into the microphone, and to obtain further power the modulated output is now amplified by the 500-watt amplifier, consisting of two 250 valves in parallel. From this point the circuit is coupled to the aerial, and the wave is radiated. It is a matter of some difficulty to imagine that this small piece of quartz crystal is directly controlling the whole output, and during its operation it is in a state of mechanical vibration at a rate of little over a million periods a second, though the movement cannot be seen so imperceptibly small is it. The studio control conforms to latest practices, and special attention has been given to all acoustic effects of the studio to eliminate echo and reverbration. The programme sessions have been arranged, so that they will dovetail with the existing sessions from 6WF, and listeners will have a transmission all day, and the choice of either programme during the evening. The hours are 11 a.m. to noon, 12.30 p.m. to 2 p.m., 3 p.m. to 4 p.m., 5.45 p.m. to 7.30 p.m. and 8 p.m. to 10 p.m. Sunday evening session 7 to 9. In order that some idea of the effective day and night range of the station may be gauged, listeners are requested to forward reports to Messrs. Musgroves, Murray-street, Perth. For convenience in tuning, those listeners who receive 3DB, 255 metres will find '''6ML''' a little above this tuning point. 2KY, Sydney on 280 metres is also a guide point, though possibly only country listeners receive this latter station. '''6ML TESTS.''' Using an improvised aerial, suspended within the building, and an arrangement as inefficient as one could wish for, the 60-watt oscillator of '''6ML''' has been proving its efficiency in some initial tests conducted by the engineering staff, by having its transmissions heard at speaker strength as far as Fremantle, and local reports state excellent reproduction has been obtained. With the 500-watt amplifier and the proper outdoor aerial, in operation the tests presage excellent transmission from our new station. The opening night scheduled for Wednesday, 19th inst., is to be a gala performance, and a first-class programme under the directorship of Ronald Brearley has been arranged.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58376994 |title=Over the Ether |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1676 |location=Western Australia |date=9 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=1 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Radio Wrinkles. 6WF IN THE COUNTRY. (By VK6FG.)''' It was my fortune last week to take a trip into the East Murchison, approximately 70 miles from Perth, and at least 500 as the crow flies or the radio wave travels. Throughout the trip I made inquiries as to how transmissions were coming through, and upon the state of radio generally. Outside of the city there is a more genuine appreciation of wireless as a means of entertainment than there is within it. It is I suppose because of our many other interests, which conflict and frequently put wireless into the background. Not so in the country. There it is frequently, the only daily touch with the city and all that it means to out-backers. Generally speaking, within a range 200 miles of Perth there were frequent complaints about 6WF — they hadn't had a chance of hearing '''6ML'''. Fading was bad and with it frequently came distortion until many had despaired of receiving a worthwhile programme. The further away from the city, the better became the reports. One set owner who is situated about 100 miles north-east of Meekatharra and who uses a four-valve set said that he had no fault whatever to find with 6WF as it now is. The programme at night comes through much better than ever before, although day light reception is not good. His only complaint is that even at that distance from Perth he frequently is unable to separate 6WF from 2FC, Sydney. As it was midday, when we passed through, no opportunity presented itself for testing out his assertion. All the Eastern States are received here at good strength and much enjoyment is received from them. One thing which to a wireless enthusiast was immediately noticeable was the ineffective aerial systems which a majority of stations use. Only once or twice was a really good aerial encountered; the remainder were usually about 35 feet above the ground, with one insulator at each end and the lead-in flapping about in the breeze, and no doubt helping to cause a trouble which has been incorrectly set down as fading. These people were wholeheartedly wireless enthusiasts, and despite the fact that replacement of dry batteries was frequent, they were keen to maintain daily contact with the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83496569 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,113 |location=Western Australia |date=10 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=7 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW WIRELESS STATION. Official Opening on March 19.''' The manager of wireless station '''6ML''' (Mr. F. C. Kingston) announced yesterday that the station would be on the air as from Wednesday, March 19. The first transmissions would be those of the official opening ceremony beginning at 8 p.m. and the programme would be extended until 10.30 on that occasion instead of the usual closing hour of 10 p.m. The new station will operate on a wave length of 297 metres and will use a power of 500 watts. It should be clearly heard within 300 miles of Perth. A special programme of varied musical numbers has been arranged for the opening night and the artists to broadcast will include Contessa Philippini, Misses R. Hawse, G. Cuncliffe and G. Musgrove, Messrs. H. Dean, G. A. McDonald, F. L. Robertson and R. Brearley. The announcer, Mr. Archie Graham, who will in future be known as "Archie, of Musgrove's," will provide humorous items. There will be no reproduced music on this programme, but when gramophone records are being broadcast, a machine with a double turntable will be used and this will greatly limit the delay between items. On Wednesday night, March 26. the first dance session will be given and will be on lines entirely new to local listeners. The masts to carry the aerial have been erected and standing 65 feet above Musgrove's Buildings, in Murray-street, form a new city landmark. The L-shaped three-wire aerial was raised into position yesterday and the counterpoise will be fitted today. The engineer (Mr. E. Ashwin) said yesterday that tests on the permanent aerial with 50 watts power would be made on Thursday evening and reports from listeners would be welcomed. The final tests on the full power of 500 watts would be made at the end of the week.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31066524 |title=NEW WIRELESS STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,649. |location=Western Australia |date=11 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Over the Ether. Wireless News, Tips and Comments. BROADCAST BREVITIES. BY KILOCYCLE. WAVE TRAPS AND THEIR USES.''' From next week wireless conditions in the metropolitan area will be considerably altered with the advent of active operation by '''6ML'''. In this connection some anxiety is felt by many that their sets will be incapable of tuning out one transmission in favor of the other. With the average valve set that has any pretence of selectivity, even that given by the judicious use of reaction, little or no interference should result. Nevertheless, when a set suffers from flat tuning, due to high resistance coils and tuned circuits, coupled with the disadvantages of using a long aerial, it is possible jamming may result, and in order that the position may be satisfactorily understood, the theory of interference and the use of wave traps will be more or less fully discussed and also the more prominent methods of alleviating the trouble. Referring to Fig. 3, which is drawn to represent three phases of the incoming wavelength and known as the resonance curve, the base line represents wavelength, and the vertical the intensity of signal strength. Points marked '''6ML''' and 6WF have been so marked for purposes of the discussion, it being understood these points have been placed in an exaggerated form to fully stress the basis of the article. It is desired to tune in '''6ML''', and it is found 6WF is still audible. Reference to the continuous curve, which represents the resonance curve of the set, shows that whilst its maximum signal response is for '''6ML''', it is also wide enough (or technically called "flat") to embrace the wavelength position of 6WF at fair strength, consequently both transmissions are heard. This condition can be caused, and often is the case, by an overlong aerial, and as before mentioned by high resistance circuits which tend to flatten out the curve. The broken curve A shows an alteration, inasmuch that while a lower maximum strength is still obtained for '''6ML''', a position of inaudibility exists for 6WF. This corresponds to an all round reduction of signal strength, with a corresponding sharpness of tuning which is brought about by a reduction of aerial length. This is the simplest expedient of all, being done by the wise use of the pliers, and needing no further alterations to the set. It is recommended where distance reception is not the lure and purely local broad-casts are desired. In some cases the length of the aerial can he reduced to 30ft. with beneficial results to selectivity and little noticeable reduction of volume. The broken curve B represents another set of altered conditions, and shows the extreme selectivity and maximum sensitivity obtained by an extremely well made receiver where very low losses only exist in the tuned circuits. This is the most desirable circumstance of the lot, but conversely is the hardest to obtain, calling for at least one or more stages of sharply tuned high frequency coupling circuits and specially wound inductive coils. Therefore I leave this type in the care of the experimenter. This leaves us so far with the reduction of aerial length to gain our ends, and as is often the case, there is no wish to tamper with the aerial as the enchantment for DX reception is still uppermost. Reference is now made to the continuous curve again, and the point of 6WF specially noted, when it can be asked why should it not be possible to tune out this point of higher wavelength and obvious lower volume by a tuned circuit preceding the set itself? If so make up a circuit as Fig. 2 this becomes a tuned oscillatory circuit, and whatever position of wavelength it is tuned for, it offers to this wavelength an infinite resistance and makes the incoming oscillation flow around and around this circuit, which in effect means it does not allow it to pass through. Therefore if this circuit is tuned to 6WF's wave and connected between the aerial lead in and the set, Fig. 3, we constitute a series wave trap, and with all its apparent simplicity one of the most efficient, the components being a 35 turn coil and a .0005 variable condenser, the predominating capacity tending to improve the efficiency of the unit. Whilst it is manifestly advantageous to have a wave trap of this type, it is only natural to expect it to bring certain disadvantages, the main one of these being that the wipe out effect is by no means sharp, and in the case of receiving a distant station on a wavelength closely approximating to that of the interfering station, both stations will be cut out. But for local use only it will be found most efficient. Refinements in wave trap design have been made from time to time in order to gain the utmost efficiency, and for those who desire a rejector unit, which possesses all merits and no demerits, allowing for distant reception without local interference, attention is drawn to the Brookman's rejector which is the design of an English technical journal. In the main points this unit is a series wave trap as already discussed with the important exception that two small variable condensers are used and the aerial is connected to their mid point. The circuit is depicted at Fig. 4. The coil being a 40 turn and the variables forms densers of .001 mfd., a switch S is shown to short circuit the rejector if required. The theoretical application of this type is a little more involved than the simple series wave trap, but as a broad outline one condenser acts as a capacity coupling to the set, and the two condensers in series as the wave trap tuning control. Variation of C1 and C2 are interdependant, and actual operation will show the best position. A method similar in technical results to that of shortening the aerial, is to insert a .0003 variable in series with the lead-in and returning for each station, this type will often act as well as reducing the physical dimensions of the aerial, and moreover is a much easier operation, while this article treats the use of wave traps in general, there are a multitude of methods (acceptor circuits) that could only be discussed at length, and again no rejector or waveup can be efficient if an appreciable pick-up effect is obtained by the coils and stray couplings inside the set.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58377791 |title=Over the Ether Wireless News, Tips and Comments |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1677 |location=Western Australia |date=16 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=1 (Third Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''MUSGROVE'S LTD.''' Musgrove's Ltd. have decided to suspend payment of the usual interim dividend of 6d. per share until the results of the year's trading have been ascertained and placed before shareholders at the next annual meeting. This decision has been reached, I learn, through the heavy commitments necessary to meet the liability of purchasing Lyric House, in Murray-street, and erecting a B class broadcasting station. While negotiations were proceeding for the purchase of Lyric House, the company, in order to make its position secure, purchased the freehold of Brown's Buildings, which has now been placed on the market. "Although present business conditions generally are not as promising as one would wish," states a circular issued to shareholders by the managing director, "they (the directors) look with every confidence to the future prosperity of the company."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58377477 |title=MONEY- MINING- STOCKS- SHARES- REAL ESTATE |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1677 |location=Western Australia |date=16 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=1 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Tone triumphant Stromberg-Carlson.''' Radio Station '''6ML''' Calling! — On Wednesday next, March 19, Musgrove's Broadcasting Service Station, '''6ML''', will be officially opened. From the many congratulatory messages received from listeners during the preliminary tests, we believe that the quality of both transmission and programme will leave little to be desired. And, for the first time in the history of Western Australia, listeners will have the choice of TWO local programmes from which to select the items they like best. But — it is necessary that the Radio Receiver should be of good quality and modem design. Above all, SELECTIVE. Such a receiver is the Stromberg-Carlson. If a receiver is not SELECTIVE, and the tuning is "broad," interference between the two programmes must result. Get a modem receiver. The cost is not great. The return, in many, many hours of pleasure during the years to come, will be out of all proportion to the expense entailed. And, not only does the Stromberg-Carlson enable you to select items from BOTH local programmes, but the TONE is natural and full; in striking contrast with that of less modern sets. Get the MOST from the programmes provided by '''6ML''' and 6WF — use a MODERN set — a Stromberg-Carlson. PRICES AS LOW AS £15/10/. Speakers (the only "extra") from 37/6. MUSGROVE'S Limited Lyric House — Murray-street.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58377430 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1677 |location=Western Australia |date=16 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=1 (Fourth Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''MODERN MARRIAGES. Are They too Spectacular? By RENEE.''' Dance lovers and hostesses will welcome the news that the first dance night at the new broadcasting station, '''6ML''', will be held on March 26. These dance nights have proved very popular with the Eastern States hostesses, the problem of supplying dance music for their guests being solved by turning on the radio. Should these special nights prove popular in Perth they will become a regular part of '''6ML''' programmes.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58377589 |title=MODERN MARRIAGES |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1677 |location=Western Australia |date=16 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=1 (Third Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Radio Wrinkles. OPENING OF 6ML. (By VK6FG.)''' Wednesday evening will see the official opening of Musgrove's new "B" class broadcasting station to be known as '''6ML'''. The station itself is established on the top floor of Lyric House in Murray-street above Musgrove's music emporium, and is well situated from the point of view of performing artists, although from other aspects, it is close to 6WF and is alongside of tramlines and power lines. However with a well-made studio there should be no need to fear interference from this cause. The station has been testing on and off for some time now, and the majority of reports indicate that the transmissions should be good. The creation of this station will soon ferret out the unselective sets, for with the broadly tuned apparatus, it may be difficult and well-nigh impossible to separate the two stations, particularly if the sets are within close range of the stations. This will mean that those with unselective sets will require to make them selective. To do this without reconstructing the whole set, may be accomplished with a wavetrap, a piece of apparatus inexpensive in itself although as an addition to the set it will not add beauty to the outfit. To the set owner who is inexperienced in wireless ways, I would say, keep your coupling coils as loosely coupled as possible consistent with results. This will help an unselective set as much as possible, but if it is then found that there is interference, consider whether it would be better to reconstruct the set, or to add a wavetrap. Some sets which are fairly up-to-date in design and performance will be satisfactory with a wavetrap, but there are others, so obsolete that the cost of a wavetrap might well be saved and put towards the cost of a new set. When '''6ML''' comes on the air on Wednesday evening, some time will be taken up with speeches when quite figuratively speaking, the bottle of wine will be smashed over the oscillator. Following this — about 8.30 p.m.— the musical programme will commence and continue for two hours. Among those to appear will be Contessa Filippini, Rita Hawse, Jean Musgrove, Musgrove's Piano trio. Horace Dean, G. A. M'Donald, Frank L. Robertson, Ronald Brearley and "Archie," with Miss Gladys Cunliffe at the piano. All wireless enthusiasts wish '''6ML''' the best of luck in their new venture, the engineer an absence of trouble, and the performers a host of radio friends.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83500197 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,119 |location=Western Australia |date=17 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=6 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''SPECIAL ADVERTISEMENTS.''' THE "NEW EUFONOLA" PLAYER PIANO. UNAPPROACHABLE VALUE AT 190 GUINEAS. No other player piano, sold at the price of this instrument, can equal it in value and in musical performance. In appearance it is more than equal to many players costing far more, whilst its ease of operation, and the facility with which perfect expression can be obtained establishes its claim to be called "the player with the human touch." We want you to call in and try this instrument for yourself. No obligation is incurred, but should you decide to buy, we will quote exceptionally generous terms, and, if you have a used piano, will make a fair and just allowance for it. COMPLETE PIANO CATALOGUE, FREE TO ANY ADDRESS. TOMORROW — LISTEN TO '''6ML'''. Our new Radio Station opens to-morrow — get your new set NOW, and enjoy the programme. Radio, Department, First Floor with all that's best in Radio, including Stromberg-Carlson, Brunswick and Philips Receivers, available on easy terms. MUSGROVE'S LIMITED. "The House of Distinction." LYRIC HOUSE, MURRAY-STREET, PERTH. NEW ARCADE, FREMANTLE<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31067925 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,655 |location=Western Australia |date=18 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW BROADCAST STATION. 6ML Services Begin To-morrow.''' Tomorrow evening at 8 o'clock the first transmissions from '''6ML''', Perth's new wireless station, owned and operated by Musgrove's Ltd. on a wave length of 297 will be made. There will be a brief opening ceremony at which Dr. J. S. Battye, who has been connected with wireless broadcasting in this State since its inception, will be the chief speaker. The next two hours will be devoted to a varied musical programme during which there will be no interruptions for talks or news services. There will be 36 items in that period of between three and four minutes' duration each and the programme will conclude at 10.30 p.m. with a special good night number. During the last few days the station has been on the air testing on full power and everything is in readiness for the opening night. Listeners over a wide area should have no difficulty in receiving the station as reports have already been received, regarding transmissions on half power only, from as far as Carnarvon, Meekatharra and Albany, while a listener at Moonee Ponds, Victoria, telegraphed that he had logged the station at good strength. The quality of the transmissions has been favourably commented on by all those who have written, to the owners and, owing to its crystal controlled transmitter, the station is always received at the same dial reading on the receiving apparatus. The advent of '''6ML''' should greatly increase the number of listeners, and when the figures for this month are re-leased it is almost certain that for the first time there will be 5,000 listeners in Western Australia. Contessa Philippini will sing on the opening night, "Estrellita," "The Little Damosel" and "The Kerry Dance," and Miss Rita Hawse will include in her items "Love's Old Sweet Song" and "Smilin' Thro'." Mr. Frank L. Robertson will feature the Prologue from "Pagliacci" and "King Charles" and Mr. Horace Dean (violinist) will play "Aubade" among his numbers. Cello solos by Mr. Ronald Brearley will include Handel's "Largo," "On Wings of Song" (Mendelssohn) and Kreisler's "Leiblesleid." Flute solos by Mr. G. A. McDonald and numbers by Musgrove's Piano Trio will complete the musical side of the programme, while the announcer (Mr. Archie Graham) will provide diversion in "What is not on the air to-morrow." The regular broadcasting hours of '''6ML''' will be between 11 a.m. and noon. 12.45 p.m. and 2 p.m., 3 p.m. and 4 p.m., 5.45 p.m. and 7.30 p.m. and 8 p.m. and 10 p.m. on week days and 7 p.m. and 9 p.m. on Sundays. On alternative Sunday afternoons from 3 p.m. to 4 p.m. a short address and choral singing will be broadcast by the International Bible Students' Association.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31067884 |title=NEW BROADCAST STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,655 |location=Western Australia |date=18 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''6ML ON THE AIR. Official Opening Tonight.''' Perth's new wireless station '''6ML''', which is owned and will be operated by Musgrove's Ltd., will be on the air for the first time officially tonight, when the opening ceremony will be performed. A "B" class station, '''6ML''' will operate on a wave length of 297 metres. For the first time in history two broadcasting stations will be operating locally. Mr. F. C Kingston, a manager, at the company, will act as manager of '''6ML'''; Mr. R. Brearley will arrange programmes; Mr. H. Simmons is engineer, and Mr. A. Graham is announcer. Mr. Kingston will be in charge of ceremonies for the first half-hour tonight, and will call upon listeners to tune in. So that they may do so to the best advantage, a record will be played. Mr. D. O. (sic) Musgrove will announce the company's policy, and will introduce Dr. J. S. Battye, who will declare the station officially open. Mr. Kingston will address listeners on matters of interest associated with the new station, and will introduce the staff. The whole of these proceedings will not occupy more than half an hour, and at 8.30 a commencement will be made with a varied musical programme lasting two hours, and introducing talented artists yet to be heard on the air.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83497714 |title=6ML ON THE AIR |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,121 |location=Western Australia |date=19 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=1 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Wireless News. NEW BROADCAST STATION. 6ML Begins Services To-Night.''' Tonight, for the first time, wireless enthusiasts in Western Australia will be able to listen to either of two local stations. This welcome chance is brought about by the opening this evening of '''6ML''', a "B" class station owned and operated by Musgrove's, Ltd., on a wave length of 297 metres. For six years wireless progress here has been retarded by the fact that there was only one local station, and a big increase in licences is expected to follow the opening of the new station. Mr. C. F. Kingston, a director of the company, will act as manager; Mr. R. Brearley is the programme arranger; Mr. H. Simmons, the engineer; and Mr. A. Graham, announcer. There will be a brief ceremony tonight at 8 o'clock, when Mr. D'O. Musgrove will introduce Dr. J. S. Battye, who will formally open the station. Then there will be an uninterrupted programme of two hours, to which many artists, new to radio but well-known on the concert platform, will contribute. The programme, for tonight will be:— 8. p.m.: Official opening ceremony. 8.30: Waltz, Musgrove's Piano Trio. 8.34: "Summer Night," Rita Hawse (mezzo-soprano), 'cello obbligato by Ronald Brearley. 8.38: Russian Folk Songs, Horace Dean (violin). 8.42: Prologue from the opera "Pagliacci," Frank L. Robert-son (baritone). 8.45: Largo, Ronald Brear-ley ('cello). 8.48: Elegia from Trio in D Minor, Musgrove's Piano Trio. 8.51: "Love's Old Sweet Song," Rita Hawse, 'cello obbligato by Ronald Brearley. 8.54: Air from Concerto, Horace Dean. 8.57: "Uncle Rome" and "When Childher Plays," Frank L. Robertson. 9.0: "Lullaby," Ronald Brearley. 9.4: "Song Without Words," Musgrove's Piano Trio. 9.8: "I'm a' Longin' fo' You," Rita Hawse, 'cello obbligato by Ronald Brearley. 9.11: "Capriccio", G. A. McDonald (flute). 9.14: What's Not on the Air Tomorrow, Archie of Musgrove's. 9.19: "Aubade," Horace Dean. 9.22: "Can't Yo' Heah Me Calling Caroline?" Musgrove's Piano Trio. 9.25: Offertoire Op. 12, G. A. Donald. 9.28: "Smilin' Through," Rita Hawse, 'cello obbligato by Ronald Brearley. 9.31: "Brahm's Waltz," Horace Dean. 9.34: "Estrellita," Con-tessa Filippini. 9.38: "On Wings of Song," Ronald Brearley. 9.41: "My Wild Irish Rose," Musgrove's Piano Trio. 9.45: "Il Colloquio Ma-zurka," G. A. McDonald. 9.48: "The Island Spell," Miss Gladys Cunliffe (piano). 9.51: "Leibesleid," Ronald Brearley. 9.54: What's Not on the Air Tomorrow, Archie of Musgrove's. 9.59: "The Little Damosel," Contessa Filippini. 10.1: Aria, G. A. McDonald. 10.5: "Simon the Cellarer," Frank L. Robertson. 10.9: Nocturne, Musgrove's Piano Trio. 10.30: "The Kerry Dance," Contessa Filippini. 10.17: Marche, Gladys Cun-liffe. 10.20: "Just a Cottage Small," Contessa Filippini. 10.24: Finale from Trio Op. 29, Mus-grove's Piano Trio. 10.27: "King Charles," Frank L. Robertson. The regular broadcasting hours of '''6ML''' will be between 11 a.m. and noon, 12.45 p.m. and 2 p.m., 3 p.m. and 4 p.m., 5.45 p.m. and 7.30 p.m., and 8 p.m. and 10 p.m. on week days and 7 p.m. and 9 p.m. on Sundays. On alternative Sunday afternoons from 3 p.m: to 4 p.m. a short address and choral singing will be broadcast by the International Bible Students' Association.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31068339 |title=Wireless News. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,656 |location=Western Australia |date=19 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW BROADCAST STATION. Official Opening of 6ML.''' For the first time in the history of radio in Western Australia, listeners had the choice of two broadcasting stations last night when '''6ML''', owned and operated by Musgrove's, Ltd., of Lyric House, Perth, came on the air. The station was formally opened by Dr. J. S. Battye and Messrs. Musgrove and F. C. Kingston, directors of the company, also spoke. After the opening speeches a programme of varied musical numbers was given and the announcements of the items were made in an intimate manner, new to local listeners. There was a large number of guests at the studio to witness the proceedings, including:— The Deputy Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. S. R. Roberts), the Superintending Engineer (Mr. J. G. Kilpatrick), the Radio Inspector (Mr. G. A. Scott), Mr. C. J. Shannon, representing the directors of the Australian Broadcasting. Co., Ltd., the manager of station 6WF (Mr. Basil Kirke), Professor A. D. Ross and the president of the local division of the Wireless Institute of Australia (Mr. Frank H. Goldsmith). In introducing Dr. Battye, Mr. Musgrove said it was the aim of his company to present programmes of a high musical quality. He was very pleased to receive from Mr. Kirke, on behalf of his directors, a floral tribute in the form of a horseshoe with their best wishes for the opening night of the new station. "Broadcasting is playing a part in modern life in the dissemination of music and learning, said Dr. Battye, "equal to that played by the spread of printing in the 15th century." He added that radio was a big force in the life of the community and was especially welcome to those who lived in the backblocks. It gave them lectures on educational and general interest subjects, vocal and instrumental music by local artists and the reproduction of gramophone records of the best artists in the world. The value of the new station, which gave listeners alternative programmes, could not be overestimated and it should lead to a marked increase of interest in radio in this State. After the ceremony the guests were entertained at supper by the owners of the station and they listened to the programme which was reproduced on an all-electric receiver. A long toast list was honoured.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31068384 |title=NEW BROADCAST STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,657 |location=Western Australia |date=20 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW BROADCAST STATION. 6ML Service Opened.''' Last night, for the first time, wireless enthusiasts in Western Australia were able to listen to either of two local stations. This welcome change is brought about by the opening last evening of '''6ML''', a "B" class station owned and operated by Musgrove's, Ltd., on a wave length of 297 metres. For six years wireless progress here has been retarded by the fact that there was only one local station, and a big increase in licences is expected to follow the opening of the new station. Mr. C. F. Kingston, a director of the company, will act as manager; Mr. R. Brearley is the programme arranger; Mr. H. Simmons, the engineer; and Mr. A. Graham, announcer. There was a brief ceremony last night at 8 o'clock, when Mr. D'O. Musgrove introduced Dr. J. S. Battye, who formally opened the station. The regular broadcasting hours of '''6ML''' will be between 11 a.m. and noon, 12.45 p.m. and 2 p.m., 3 p.m. and 4 p.m., 5.45 p.m. and 7.30 p.m., and 8 p.m. and 10 p.m. on week days and 7 p.m. and 9 p.m. on Sundays. On alternate Sunday afternoons from 3 p.m. to 4 p.m. a short address and choral singing will be broadcast by the International Bible Students' Association.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article38510794 |title=NEW BROADCAST STATION. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XLV, |issue=2,301 |location=Western Australia |date=20 March 1930 |accessdate=21 March 2019 |page=55 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''WIRELESS PROGRAMMES. . . . 6ML PERTH, 297 METRES.''' 11 a.m. to noon: Reproduced music (gramophone records and player piano rolls). 12.45 p.m. to 2.30: Reproduced music. 3 to 4: Reproduced music. 5.45 to 7.30: Reproduced music and at 7 p.m. a brief summary of news from the air prepared by the pilots of West Australian Airways Ltd. 8 p.m.: Overture, "The Merry Wives of Windsor", Cleveland Symphony Orchestra. 8.4: "Harlequin", Norman Trenaman (baritone). 8.7: "La Cinquantaine", Ronald Brearley ('cello). 8.11: "Tell Me Gypsy", Marjorie Payne (contralto). 8.14: "Dance Macabre", Cleveland Symphony Orchestra. 8.18: "Drake Goes West", Norman Trenaman. 8.22: "Herbertiana", A. and P. Gypsies Orchestra. 8.26: "Lullaby", Ronald Brearley. 8.29: "My Ships", Marjorie Payne. 8.33: "White Acacia", A. and P. Gypsies Orchestra. 8.37: "This Locket That I Wear", Gladys Moncrieff and Frank Titterton. 8.41: "I Used to Love her in the Moonlight," The Captivators. 8.45: "Dervish Vigil," Norman Trenaman. 8.48: "E.B. March", The Band of H.M. Coldstream Guards. 8.52: "Traumeri", Ronald Brearley. 8.55: "East and West March", The Band of H.M. Coldstream Guards. 8.59: "Shine Bright Moon," Gladys Moncrieff. 9.4: "I'm Marching Home to You," The Captivators. 9.8: "The Blind Ploughman", Norman Trenaman. 9.12: "Lady of the Morning", Copley Plaza Orchestra. 9.16: "Ma Little Banjo", Marjorie Payne. 9.19: "I Never Guessed", Copley Plaza Orchestra. 9.23: "Pipes of Pan are Calling", Marjorie Payne. 9.27: "A Garden in the Rain", Rubinoff's Orchestra. 9.31: "Liebestraum", Ronald Brearley. 9.34: "Blue Hawaii Waltz", Rubin-off's Orchestra. 9.38: Vocal Duet from "The Blue Mazurka", Gladys Moncrieff and Frank Titterton. 9 42: "Why Can't You?" Bernie's Orchestra. 9.46: "I Am Alone", Gladys Moncrieff. 9.50: "Used to You", Bernies Orchestra. 9.54: "Cuckoo Waltz", Municipal Band. 9.57: "Radio Impressions", Johnson's Orchestra. 10.0: "The Goodnight Song."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31068359 |title=6ML PERTH, 297 METRES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,657 |location=Western Australia |date=20 March 1930 |accessdate=21 March 2019 |page=16 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW BROADCAST STATION. Opening of 6ML.''' "In the olden days books consisted of manuscripts prepared and read by monks. Music was almost the prerogative of the churches, and the public had no place in reading or music. The advent of printing brought about a change, greater ever than Caxton and Gutenberg ever expected. Broadcasting is doing in this 20th century what the advent of the printed book did in the 15th century." So spoke Dr. J. S. Battye when officially declaring broadcasting station '''6ML''' open. This "B" class station was erected by Musgroves Ltd., of Lyric House, Perth, and operates with an output of half a kilowatt on 297 metres. The plant was installed under contract by National Musical Federation of Adelaide the owners of station 5KA the installing engineer being Mr. Edwin Ashwin. Introducing Dr. Battye, Mr. D'O. Musgrove traced the growth of the firm from 1923 and of its early interest in radio, and the long desire of the company to have a station of their own. "We have aimed at a high standard of music, and we shall endeavor to maintain it as long as we are on the air," he said. "We hope to contribute in no uncertain extent to the entertainment of the public who are fortunate possessors of wireless sets." He thanked Mr. Basil Kirke, of 6WF, on behalf of the Australian Broadcasting Company, for the floral horseshoe presented, and which was placed at the foot of the main microphone throughout the evening. Dr. Battye said that every endeavor to extend the use of wireless throughout this and the other States must have a definite benefit to the community at large. They had been taught at school that there were seven wonders of the ancient world, but during the last fifty or sixty years the development of the physical sciences, particularly electricity, had produced more wonders than the ancient world ever dreamed of. Such wonders had been absorbed into the life of the community and were now regarded as necessary. Of these, broadcasting stations had brought pleasure and education to the people, particularly to those people who by their situation were denied the advantages those living in the city enjoyed. At the conclusion of the official opening the guests of the evening were entertained to supper. Among those present were the Deputy Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Colonel. S. R. Roberts), Dr. J. S. Battye, superintending engineer (Mr. J. G. Kilpatrick), Collector of Customs (Mr. H. St. G. Bird), radio inspector (Mr. G. A. Scott), Mr. C. J. Shannon (representing directorate of the A.B.C.), Mr. Basil Kirke station manager 6WF), and Professor A. D. Ross. Many toasts were honored during the supper, the speakers generally stressing the point that, with two stations on the air the alternate programmes offered should prove an inducement to more people to become interested in radio. During the evening Mr. Musgrove, on behalf of the company, presented Mr. Ashwin with a gold tiepin as a memento of his visit, and also with a wallet of notes as an expression of satisfaction with the work of Mr. Ashwin and of felicity between the two parties.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83496469 |title=NEW BROADCAST STATION |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,122 |location=Western Australia |date=20 March 1930 |accessdate=21 March 2019 |page=9 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''West Australians and Broadcasting.''' At the opening of the new broadcasting station '''6ML''' on Wednesday evening, Professor A. D. Ross, who is chairman of the University's Music Board, announced that of the three music scholars of the University of Western Australia who had completed their three years' course of training at the Conservatorium of Music of the University of Melbourne, two were the official pianists and accompanists of the National Broadcasting service in Victoria. Miss Mabel Nelson, the first scholar to complete the course, had been appointed last year to station 3AR in Melbourne, and this year Mrs. Mulvany (Miss Edith Parnell) had received the corresponding appointment at 3LO. That, said Professor Ross, was evidence that in Western Australia we had musical talent equal to any in the Commonwealth, and that in broadcasting as in other professions, the young people of our State were gaining positions of distinction.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31068751 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,658 |location=Western Australia |date=21 March 1930 |accessdate=21 March 2019 |page=18 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Detailed Figures.''' For the first time since broadcasting came into vogue in Australia, the net increase in listeners' licences in Western Australia during February was greater than in any other State. The increase was 98. Queensland had a net gain of 34, and Tasmania 16, while the other States showed a substantial decrease, as follows:— Victoria, 1,969; New South Wales, 55; South Australia, 197. In September last, when the Australian Broadcasting Company took over control of station 6WF, Perth, there were 3,888 licences held in the State. It is believed that there will be about 5,000 by the end of this month. Considering also the advent of the new station '''6ML''', the future of broadcasting in this State is believed to be bright.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31069025 |title=Detailed Figures. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,659 |location=Western Australia |date=22 March 1930 |accessdate=21 March 2019 |page=16 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. MUSGROVE'S B STATION. Official Opening of 6ML.''' The march of wireless progress in W.A. was quickened on Wednesday evening last with the official opening of Western Australia's first B class station which is owned and operated by Musgrove's, Ltd., Lyric House, Murray-street. Through the initiative of this enterprising firm, a modern crystal controlled station, operating on 297 metres and using 500 watts, has been installed. The opening session proved that the transmission was all that could be desired. An ample and clear volume with a fine programme, which sparkled throughout provided a feast of entertainment for listeners. A galaxy of talented artists, including Rita Hawse, Contessa Fillppini, lean? Musgrove, Horace Dean, G. A. McDonald, Frank Robertson and Ronald Brearley compounded a programme which throughout was of artistic and musical merit, and a delightful evening's entertainment came to a close with reechoing expressions of pleasure and gratification for the sponsors of our alternative broadcast programme. The announcer's task was carried out by Mr Archie Graham in a manner that earned him every commendation. The usual brief intervals between items were thronged with quips of a humorous nature and a commentary which flagged not for a moment. The utility of broadcasting in the entertainment and educational spheres cannot be questioned, and though the initial programmes from '''6ML''' were of high standard, subsequent sessions set a new angle from which to view the pleasures that will accrue to listeners with our two stations. Previous to the opening a graceful tribute was paid to '''6ML''' by Mr. Basil Kirke and the directors of the A.B.C. by the presentation of a floral horseshoe, which it is hoped will follow its legendary tradition and be an augury for a very successful future for '''6ML'''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58378588 |title=BROADCASTING |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1678 |location=Western Australia |date=23 March 1930 |accessdate=21 March 2019 |page=1 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''6ML Calling!''' OUR OWN BROADCASTING STATION, '''6ML''', Was Opened on March 19 by Dr. J. S. Battye, and will be on the air Daily from 11 a.m. to 10 p.m. SUNDAY EVENINGS, 7 TO 9 o'CLOCK. ALTERNATE SUNDAY AFTERNOONS, 3 to 4 O'CLOCK. If you have a Radio Receiver, be sure to tune in '''6ML''' on 297 Metres. If you have no Receiver you are missing some Wonderful Musical Entertainments, and we advise you to write us immediately for particulars of Stromberg Carlson The World's Best Radio Receivers. Price from £18 upwards. Complete with Speaker. Easy Terms Arranged. Musgrove's Ltd. LYRIC HOUSE, MURRAY-STREET, PERTH.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58378142 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1678 |location=Western Australia |date=23 March 1930 |accessdate=21 March 2019 |page=1 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''SPECIAL ADVERTISEMENTS.''' They said: "We Want REAL Music!" There are still any number of people who will not have wireless within their doors. This is not just a fad on their part; it is a conviction. At some time or another they have heard something that did not sound like good music. It has come to them from a dark corner in the house of a friend. They have been told "this is a concert relayed from the Theatre Such-and-Such." "So THIS is Wireless," THEY HAVE SAID — NOT REALISING THAT IT WAS A CASE OF BAD, RECEPTION. And because of this, they would have none of it. And they will not be content with reception that is less than realism. We, at Station '''6ML''' are presenting programmes and marketing receivers to satisfy the ear of these critical listeners. Call in — let us convince you. MUSGROVE'S LIMITED. LYRIC HOUSE, MURRAY-STREET, PERTH. NEW ARCADE, FREMANTLE.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31069613 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,661 |location=Western Australia |date=25 March 1930 |accessdate=21 March 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''SPECIAL ADVERTISEMENTS.''' "INVENTION'S SUPREME CONTRIBUTION TO MUSIC." THE DUO-ART REPRODUCING PIANO. The superb instrument which is not only a magnificent pianoforte and a player-piano without equal — but is also a REPRODUCING Piano — rendering an exact facsimile of the pianist who recorded the roll — and practically EVERY great pianist records EXCLUSIVELY for the Duo-Art. Let us post you a brochure, fully describing this unique instrument. Prices range from 275 guineas and liberal terms can be arranged. HEAR IT OVER '''6ML'''. One of the features of the transmissions over '''6ML''' is the broadcasting of the actual playing of Paderewski and other of the most famous pianists — through the medium of the DUO-ART. Listen in for it. MUSGROVE'S LIMITED, "THE HOUSE OF DISTINCTION," LYRIC HOUSE, MURRAY-ST., PERTH; NEW ARCADE, FREMANTLE.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31070379 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,664 |location=Western Australia |date=28 March 1930 |accessdate=21 March 2019 |page=18 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''COUNTRY RECEPTION OF 6ML.''' A South-Western reader in communicating details of his results with the above station, states that reception on a four-valve set gives audible reproduction at 100 yards away from the loud speaker. Quality and reproduction are excellent, with only a little fading. I shall be pleased to receive from readers further reports on the reception of '''6ML'''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58378742 |title=Over the Ether |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1679 |location=Western Australia |date=30 March 1930 |accessdate=21 March 2019 |page=32 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 04===== <blockquote>'''AMAZING VALUE IN AN UPRIGHT CABINET RADIO.''' THE APEX 7-VALVE ALL ELECTRIC — £47/10/ COMPLETE WITH BUILT-IN MOVING COIL SPEAKER. Housed in an attractive upright cabinet of polished mahogany, it is a genuine Neutrodyne employing 7 valves and one rectifier, specially constructed for local voltage. You simply plug into the ordinary electric light socket, turn a control, and there you are — EASTERN STATES AND LOCAL STATIONS are brought in with perfect clarity and in tones that have depth and are perfectly natural. High notes, low notes — all come in clearly in their proper relation. There are no extras to buy. It is complete with valves and speaker. RING B6131 AND WE WILL DELIVER A SET ON TRIAL WITHOUT OBLIGATION. LISTEN IN TO '''NICHOLSONS RADIO HOUR FROM 6WF''' (1 TO 2 P.M., MON-DAY TO FRIDAY.) NICHOLSONS LIMITED, THE — BEST — IN — RADIO. '''PIANOFORTE SOLOS BY GREAT ARTISTS OVER THE AIR FROM 6ML.''' One of the most popular features of the transmissions from Musgrove's Broadcasting Station, '''6ML''', are the pianoforte solos by the greatest pianists of the world — Paderewski, Hofmann, Bauer, Cortot, Friedman, Grainger, and many others, reproduced by that unique instrument, the "Duo-Art" Reproducing Piano. No other piano can do what the "Duo-Art" does. For no other kind of piano do the great artists of the Concert Stage record. This wonderful piano reproduces every shade of expression, exactly as the recording artist played. And not only this, for in addition, the "Duo-Art" is unequalled as a "self-expression" Player, and is a particularly fine pianoforte — a "Steck" — for hand playing. Listen in to '''6ML''' — or call at Lyric House. You can obtain a "Duo-Art" for your own home, on attractive terms. Call in — to-day. MUSGROVE'S LIMITED, "The House of Distinction." LYRIC HOUSE, MURRAY-ST., PERTH; FREMANTLE AND BUNBURY.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31071265 |title=No title |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,668 |location=Western Australia |date=2 April 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''SPECIAL TESTS FROM 6ML.''' Perth's new wireless station, '''6ML''', is again broadcasting on full power, repairs having been effected to a part of the transmitter, which had developed faults. A series of special tests will be carried out on Saturday night, after the conclusion of the usual programme, at 10 o'clock, to enable listeners to compare the relative quality and volume when the transmitter is to be operated on 50, 150, 250 or 500 watts. The management will be pleased to receive reports from listeners on these tests.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31071286 |title=SPECIAL TESTS FROM 6ML. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,668 |location=Western Australia |date=2 April 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=17 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. Receiving the Local Stations.''' Since station '''6ML''' came on the air, officially, numerous letters have been received seeking information regarding the size coils to use for this station, the majority of which refer to their use with crystal sets. As the questions appear to be from novices I am more or less in the dark as to the replies which should be given. When an amateur submits a question in the following terms, "I have a crystal set, what size coils do I require for '''6ML''', he apparently credits me with supernatural powers. There are many types of crystal sets, some of which employ a variable condenser; others have two of these handy units; while others are operated without any tuning condensers at all. Then there are those sets which give reception with the aid of one honeycomb coil, others have two coils, and there are many of the ubiquitous slider and former type of sets still doing service. Generally speaking, with crystal sets, the operator cannot hope to obtain both sele-tivity and volume — one or the other must be sacrificed, and it is generally the former. Only a very selective crystal set will enable the operator to "tune up and down the dial," so those amateurs who are working ordinary types of crystal sets cannot hope to achieve any real success until such time as they become possessed of either a very selective crystal set or a valve set. Reception of either of the local broadcasting stations is possible on a crystal set by the simple process of changing the coils — usually a coil with 25 turns lower than required for 6WF will give you '''6ML''' — but good quality tuning condensers, together with a respectable aerial system, are essential to achieve this. If crystal set operators, when submitting queries, give full details of the components and their values as used in their sets, it will enable me to answer their questions properly. Valve set owners, being, no doubt, more advanced in the science, are as a rule particularly careful to supply all details of their sets when submitting questions, so, in order to avoid any unnecessary delay. I must again remind my cat-whisker friends to assist me in this direction, so that I may then be better able to assist them.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31071224 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,668 |location=Western Australia |date=2 April 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''BANJO SOLOS over the air from STATION 6ML.''' Listen to the music over the air from Musgrove's Broadcasting Station, '''6ML'''. Instrumental solo's, by experts — and not the least popular are the banjo selections. A sweet sounding instrument, the banjo. And remarkably easy to learn. We can positively guarantee to put you on the high road to success with this instrument in a space of a few weeks — just depending on how much time you can spare for practice. If you live out of town, our correspondence courses and instruction books will enable you to learn at home quickly, easily and WELL. New patent Banjos and Banjolins are priced from £7/10/. "Supremus" models of the Whirle Dance Banjos are priced at from £6/10/. Fully descriptive lists of these and other models, free. Terms arranged on any model. The New Windsor Patent Banjos and Banjolins Double the Volume of Tone. Beautiful instruments, these, in the richest of rosewood, or the finest figured walnut, pearl inlaid or polished ebony finger boards. All fittings heavily pleated, rich volume producing resonators permanently built on, 5-string and 4-string, G. Banjos, and Tenor Banjos, Banjolins that make of this a REAL musical instrument. No finer, more complete range of models available anywhere. Why not drop us a line, or call in for full particulars of these instruments, and our easy system of payments, together with our details of instruction courses for making you a proficient player? No obligation is incurred. A postcard will do. MUSGROVE'S LIMITED. LYRIC HOUSE, MURRAY-STREET, PERTH; and at FREMANTLE and BUNBURY<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58379706 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1680 |location=Western Australia |date=6 April 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''UNLICENCED WIRELESS SET.''' A heavy penalty was asked in the Perth Police Court yesterday, when Norman Cohen pleaded guilty to a charge of having maintained an unlicensed wireless set in Menzies Flats. It was stated that a six valve wireless and gramophone, with an indoor aerial and tuned in to '''6ML''', was found in his rooms on March 31. Defendant explained to the inspector who found the instrument that he had only had the set a few days. The inspector, however, understood that defendant had maintained a set continuously for about six weeks. Cohen said that he had only been in Menzies Flats about three weeks, and during that time had had several sets left with him for trial for periods of 24 hours. When he bought the set referred to he took out a licence as soon as possible. He was fined £5, with. £2/3/6 costs. Mr. A. B. Kidson, Acting P.M., occupied the Bench.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31073299 |title=UNLICENCED WIRELESS SET. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,675 |location=Western Australia |date=10 April 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''RADIO ROUND THE WORLD.''' PERTH has a "B" class station, which began broadcasting on March 19 on a wavelength of 297 metres, with a trans­mitting power of about 500 watts, and an estimated range of 350 miles. Capital is sup­plied by Musgrove's Limited - hence 6ML -­ a Perth music house; Ronald Brearley, formerly of 3AR, Melbourne, is director of programmes and publicity; and Archie Gra­ham - not our old friend Harry Graham of 6WF - is the station's first announcer. The National Musical Federation of Adelaide erected the transmitting plant, which is said to embody many of the latest features of transmitter design, including crystal control. <ref>{{cite magazine | author = | title =Radio Round The World | url =http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-668969114 | magazine =[[w:Wireless Weekly|Wireless Weekly (Australia)]] | location =Sydney | publisher = | date =11 April 1930 | nopp =no | volume =15 | issue =16 | pages =4 | access-date=12 May 2019 | separator =, }}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Broadcasting Talkie Films.''' Station '''6ML''' has completed an exclusive contract with the management of the Capitol Theatre for the broadcasting of any talkie films which may be screened at this theatre in the future. The first talkie to be broadcast will be "Rio Rita," which is now being screened. Reports regarding the strength and clarity of reception of these features would be greatly appreciated by the manager of station '''6ML'''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31074276 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,679 |location=Western Australia |date=15 April 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=16 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1931 - Frequency Change <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. Interfering Stations.''' Two complaints, which are identical with regard to the questions raised, have been received during the week in connection with the reception of the programmes from station '''6ML''' being "cut out" by interfering stations. It appears that a foreign station working on 293 metres manages to "chop in" during the hours of transmission of the local station, and, until about 8 p.m., reception of the programmes from '''6ML''' are unobtainable. The mushiness and background noises from the foreigner who apparently closes down at 8 p.m., Perth time, spoils the listening-in period of one of my correspondents so much that he has been prompted to suggest that one or the other is encroaching on a wavelength which is not alloted to him. It will, no doubt, be of interest to my correspondents as well as to many other readers, to know that in the allocation of wave-lengths for the various stations, such stations are permitted to broadcast on a wave-band of five degrees on either side, that is, five degrees below and five degrees above the known wave-length of the station. For instance, station '''6ML''', working on 297 metres, is permitted to broadcast on from 292 to 302 metres, and the same method applies to all other broadcasting stations. This does not imply that the wave-length for transmissions can fluctuate, between the 10 deg. throughout the transmission. The variation is allowed owing to the fact that it is almost an impossibility to retain an exact wave-length to the millimetre day in and day out. Several factors have been taken into consideration in allocating the wave-lengths, among them being that of the intended power employed for the aerial output, and climatic conditions. As far as possible there are no two stations operating on the same power and wave-length. The climatic conditions also are an important factor. These conditions, which vary daily, are, for all practical purposes, beyond the engineer, with the result that he is permitted to work on a margin of five degrees each side of his allotted wavelength to rectify any possible errors. The fact that two stations working on wave-lengths (official) separated by only six degrees do happen to overlap occasionally does not infer that one of the two is not working on his correct wave-length more particularly when they are separated by thousands of miles.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31074763 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,680 |location=Western Australia |date=16 April 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''RADIO ROUND THE WORLD.''' PERTH'S new "B" station, 6ML, opened at 8 o'clock on March 19 with the introduction of the managing director, Mr. D'O. Musgrove, who then read a kind message from the directors of the A.B.C., to which was attached a "beautiful floral horseshoe for luck." Dr. J. S. Battye, B.A., LL.B., declared the station officially open. Among those (text missing from original) <ref>{{cite magazine | author = | title =RADIO ROUND THE WORLD | url =http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-671646437 | magazine =[[w:Wireless Weekly|Wireless Weekly (Australia)]] | location =Sydney | publisher = | date =18 April 1930 | nopp =no | volume =15 | issue =17 | pages =4 | access-date=12 May 2019 | separator =, }}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''6ML.''' Sunday, April 20. 3.0 to 4.0: Choral items by "The Watch Tower Choral Singers"; address by Mr. A. McGillivray of New York. 7.0 to 9.0: Selection of Brunswick, Columbia and H.M.V. records. Monday, April 21. 12.30 p.m. to 2 p.m.: Reproduced music and Steck Duo Art. 5.45 p.m. to 7 p.m.: Reproduced music and Steck Duo Art. 7 p.m.: Share market news by Messrs. Saw and Grimwood, St. George's-terrace, Perth. 7.3 p.m.: Re-produced music and Steck Duo Art. 8.0: An evening of the latest records released by Messrs. Musgrove's Ltd., Perth. Tuesday, April 22. Sessions, 11 a.m. to 12. 12.30 p.m. to 2 p.m. 3 p.m. to 4 p.m. 5.45 p.m. to 7.30 p.m.: Reproduced music and Steck Duo Art. 8 p.m.: This night is to be devoted to testing the ability of listeners to tell '''6ML''' which is reproduced music and which is the actual artist or artists performing. Each item will be announced by number only. This contest should create interest, and '''6ML''' will be pleased if listeners will forward answers addressed to the programme director. The all-talking and singing picture "Rio Rita" broadcast from The Capitol Theatre by permission of the Capitol Theatre managing director, Stanley N. Wright.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58380597 |title=6ML. |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1682 |location=Western Australia |date=20 April 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=31 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Reserve Power for "6ML."''' In order to ensure that an efficient supply of power will always be available for broadcasting the programmes, station '''6ML''' has completed the installation of a rectifying unit to supply the last panel of their plant with power. This will be an alternate source of supply to the generator, and will ensure at all times an efficient standby in case any unforeseen trouble develops in the other unit. Amateurs' reports still pour in regarding the strength of reception from '''6ML''', last week's mail containing letters from satisfied operators from such points as Roebourne, Rawlinna and Peak Hill.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31075965 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,685 |location=Western Australia |date=23 April 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''A NOVEL BROADCAST.''' '''6ML''' is to be congratulated on its success in broadcasting to listeners a particularly fine relay of the talking picture "Rio Rita" now starring at the Capitol Theatre. While this alliance of talkies and broadcasting is by no means new, its utility being recognised as soon as the phonofilm became a practical proposition, it is the first occasion in which we believe a new system of tapping the talkies was used, and which completely did away with theatre noise and other incidentals of the audiences, acclamation thus enabling the broadcast to be invested with a clarity that was really astounding, and convince listeners of the excellence of this picture. It is usual, or has been the case in past occasions, to pick up the talkie programme through a microphone placed adjacent to the sound reproducing apparatus, but the staff at '''6ML''' adopted the novel idea of intercepting the programme at the monitor control of the theatre, thereby obviating all extraneous noise. The ease with which the dialogue could be followed, likewise the excellent sound portrayal of the song numbers only whetted one's keenness to view the picture as a complete production.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58381237 |title=Over the Ether |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1683 |location=Western Australia |date=27 April 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=30 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 05===== <blockquote>'''STROMBERG-CARLSON RADIO. THE ALL-ELECTRIC SCREEN GRID FOUR.''' The All-Electric Screen Grid Four is specially designed to give perfect reception and particularly good selectivity in local broadcast stations, with the most satisfactory long-distance receptions. It utilises: 1 type 224 Screen Grid — 2 type 227 — 1 type 245 Power, and 1 type 280 Rectifier Valves. INTERSTATE RECEPTION GUARANTEED. PRICE, £37/10/. LIBERAL TERMS ARRANGED. STROMBERG-CARLSON — RADIO'S FINEST EXPRESSION. MUSGROVE'S LIMITED, OWNERS AND OPERATORS OF STATION '''6ML'''. MURRAY-STREET PERTH, and at FREMANTLE and BUNBURY.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31080768 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,703 |location=Western Australia |date=15 May 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. . . . 6ML TONIGHT.''' 8. "Around the World by Radio," a novelty night from '''6ML''', arranged by 6KK (sic, 6KX); we leave Western Australia, proceeding across the Indian Ocean listening to station '''6ML'''; 10. close down.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83510185 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,182 |location=Western Australia |date=31 May 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=10 (FINAL SPORTING EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 06===== <blockquote>'''"6ML Here."''' Mr. F. C. Kingston, manager of Musgroves "B" Class Broadcasting Station. It is the introduction of this second station on the air in the West that has helped to popularise radio locally.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210496854 |title=OF CIVILISATION RUNNING OUT? |newspaper=[[Truth]] |volume= , |issue=1392 |location=Western Australia |date=1 June 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. ADDITIONAL B CLASS STATIONS.''' CANBERRA, Thursday. The Postmaster-General (Mr. Lyons) today announced that B class wireless broadcasting licences had recently been granted to the following: 2AY, Albury; 2MO, Gunnedah; 2XN, Lismore; 3KZ, Melbourne; 3TR, Trafalgar; 3BA, Ballarat; 4BC, Brisbane; 4MK, Mackay; 5AD, Adelaide; '''6ML''', Perth; 7HO, Hobart.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article16669395 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=28,848 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=20 June 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''EXCEPTIONALLY FINE SERVICE.''' The staffs of both 6WF and '''6ML'''are deserving of every eulogy for the manner in which the stations were kept on the air beyond the usual sessions, for the purpose of broadcasting results of the first test match. Listeners are apt at times to be non-committal on any special efforts to give them an improved service, but the many eulogistic remarks that have been expressed by listeners in appreciation of the special services from both 6WF and '''6ML''', shows that at least these were highly appreciated, especially so in the country districts, where the broadcast information was the first source of gaining details of the latest scores.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58392860 |title=OVER THE ETHER |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1691 |location=Western Australia |date=22 June 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=7 (THE MOTORING SECTION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 07===== <blockquote>'''New Broadcasting Station For S.A. This Week. 5AD, WITH 1,000 WATTS, ON 229 METRES TO OPEN ON SATURDAY.''' The Register To Supply One Hour's Programme Weekly. In the absence of the Premier (Mr. Hill) in Canberra, the Attorney-General (Mr. Denny) will represent him and declare the station open. Other speakers on Saturday night will be, Senator Daly, the Postmaster-General (Mr. Lyons), the Lord Mayor (Mr. Bonython), and the leaders of the Liberal and Labour parties in South Australia. The official opening is set down for 8 p.m., afterwards a musical programme will be given by a number of leading artists. At 10 p.m. dance music will be broadcast, and the station will close down at midnight. '''DAILY SCHEDULE.''' Station 5AD will broadcast from 3 p.m. to 11 p.m. during week days. On Saturday and Sunday the hours will be from 6 p.m. until 11 p.m. and 6 to 10 p.m. respectively. The transmitting set was designed by Mr. Harry Kauper, one of the best of Australia's radio men, who left recently for England. Mr. Kauper was chief engineer at 5CL for many years. The set was constructed by Mr. E. M. Ashwin, and Mr. W. Maddocks, prominent Adelaide radio engineers with the assistance of local electrical firms. Experts who have heard the set in operation say it is one of the most efficient of its type in Australia. Excellent reports have been received of the experimental transmission last week, when only 140 watts were used. When full power is employed it should be heard all over Australasia. '''THE TRANSMITTER.''' The transmitter is crystal controlled, with low power modulation, and has four main units, the crystal oscillator and modulator, the linear amplifier, the rectifier and the power amplifier. To avoid hum, no generators will be used in transmission, the power for the big valves coming from the alternating current mains through a step-up transformer and mercury vapour rectifier. The studio is 70 feet by 20 feet, being nearly as large as those of 3LO Melbourne and 2FC Sydney. It has been lined with sound absorbing material, and its acoustic properties have been described by Professor Kerr Grant, Professor of Physics at the University, as excellent. '''SPONSORED PROGRAMMES.''' The Register News Pictorial will supply the programme from 5AD, every Tuesday from 9 to 10 p.m. The Advertiser will give a programme from 8.30 p.m. till 9.30 p.m. every Thursday. The News will contribute an hour next Wednesday. The latest news from The Register and The Advertiser will be broadcast as it is received. Mr. Ashwin will be assisted by Mr. Maddocks in the control of the technical side of the station. Mr. Ashwin was connected with 5CL when that station was housed in the Grosvenor many years ago, and also when the transmitter was moved to Brooklyn Park. Two years ago, Mr. Ashwin remodelled the transmitter at 7ZL Hobart, and installed the transmitting gear at '''6ML''', Perth. Mr. Maddocks was for four and a half years connected with 5CL. (PHOTO) Mr. H. Kauper. Mr. E. M. Ashwin, who is in control of the technical side of station 5AD, working on the transmitting gear, which he assembled.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article53798233 |title=New Broadcasting Station For S.A. This Week |newspaper=[[The Register News-pictorial]] |volume=XCV, |issue=27,756 |location=South Australia |date=31 July 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=17 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 08===== <blockquote>'''FEDERAL NETWORK. NEW CHAIN OF STATIONS. 5AD Adelaide, Linked.''' A nation-wide chain of broadcasting stations has been formed and will be known as the Federal network. The stations associated in this chain are '''6ML''', Perth; 5AD, Adelaide; 3DB, Melbourne; 3BA, Ballarat; 2GB and 2UW, Sydney; and 4BC, Brisbane. Relays of musical programmes will be carried out from time to time, and the stations concerned will co-operate in other ways. The first relay was made last week, when the opening programme of Station 5AD was carried to Melbourne, Ballarat and Sydney. Until line facilities are made available it will not be possible to relay to Perth or Brisbane.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30500643 |title=FEDERAL NETWORK |newspaper=[[The Advertiser]] |location=South Australia |date=9 August 1930 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''RADIO IN OTHER PLACES.''' STUNT plays and relays are sometimes taken seriously by listeners who tune in after the introduction is concluded. Thou­sands of people were preparing to rush into their wartime cellars when a clergyman’s idea of an air raid on London was broadcast some time ago; and when a Czech play, "Fire at the Opera," was broadcast recently. many listeners in Prague ran to the opera house to retrieve their roasted relatives. On July 19, the Perth "B" class station, 6ML, put over a description of an air raid. They were helped substantially by a publicity air raid, arranged by picture show people to advertise a flying picture. Hundreds of people lined the streets to see the action; while hundreds more list­ened-in, hearing the rattle of defending Lewis guns, and the roar of attacking 'planes, and above them all the announcer's voice, describing direct hits on the advertising theatre, several prominent city buildings, and on the broadcasting station itself.<ref>{{cite magazine | author = | title =RADIO IN OTHER PLACES | url =http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-698614248 | magazine =[[w:Wireless Weekly|Wireless Weekly (Australia)]] | location =Sydney | publisher = | date =15 August 1930 | nopp =no | volume =16 | issue =8 | pages =4 | access-date=12 May 2019 | separator =, }}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE FIFTH TEST. BROADCAST FROM 6ML.''' Realising the tremendous enthusiasm prevailing over the forthcoming Fifth and Final Test Match, '''6ML''' (Musgrove's Limited) will Broadcast to listeners scores and details of play throughout the entire game, which will be played to a finish. LISTEN IN! LISTEN IN! LISTEN IN! Be in the fashion and secure a STROMBERG-CARLSON RADIO. Listen in! and enjoy this historic game to decide the destiny of the Ashes, in the comfort of your own home. STROMBERG-CARLSON — RADIO'S FINEST EXPRESSION. ALL ELECTRIC SETS. PRICE FROM £15/10/. MUSGROVE'S LIMITED, Perth, Fremantle, Bunbury.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article33349122 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,782 |location=Western Australia |date=15 August 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=16 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Meeting of the League.''' . . . A request by Musgrove's, Ltd., the owners of '''6ML''', to be able to broadcast league matches was acceded to.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article33353565 |title=Meeting of the League. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,794 |location=Western Australia |date=29 August 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=13 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 09===== <blockquote>(Start Photo Caption) '''The Studio of Station 6ML, Perth.''' (End Photo Caption)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article33350388 |title=BRIGHT OUTLOOK FOR FUTURE. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,796 |location=Western Australia |date=1 September 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''6ML, PERTH. Successful "B" Class Station.''' Station '''6ML''', Perth, was opened with due ceremony on March 19 last, and has been on the air ever since, averaging 47 hours a week. This is a "B" class station, and is owned and operated by Musgroves, Ltd., of Murray-street, Perth, and has played an important part in the progress of wireless in this State. Its transmissions are of good quality, and its programmes more than favourably compare with many "B" class stations in other parts of Australia. Daily sessions of general musical items are given, and there is a regular children's hour between 7.30 and 8 p.m. Each Monday evening a selection of the latest gramophone numbers is broadcast; Wednesday is a special dance night; on Thursday the items are mainly of a classical nature; and on Sunday evening a special concert programme is given. The other evening programmes are of general appeal.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article33350384 |title=6ML, PERTH. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,796 |location=Western Australia |date=1 September 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''PROGRESS OF WIRELESS. DEVELOPMENTS IN W.A. THE PAST YEAR REVIEWED. Marked Increase in Licences. (By "Radio.")''' The improvement of the transmission from 6WF was followed by the erection of our first "B" class station — '''6ML''', owned and operated by Musgroves Ltd. The effect of this new station on the development of interest in radio during the past year cannot be overestimated. Then came the test cricket broadcasts in which both stations were prominent. The interest in the present series of tests was greater than in any previous series, and the fact that progress scores could be obtained over the air, led to a marked increase in the sales of sets and of licences, no fewer than 1,235 licences being taken out in July — a record for the State. Persons who had not taken much interest in radio "listened" in for the first time and, apart from the cricket scores, were quick to realise the advantages of radio as an entertainment. In the city large crowds gathered round every loudspeaker, while in the country the interest was intense. It is not too much to say that the prejudice against radio has now disappeared and in its place has come a wireless sense. . . . The new carrier wave telephone system between Perth and the Eastern States should be in operation next year and this will enable outstanding events to be relayed from stations in the East direct to 6WF and '''6ML'''. Thus we may now prepare to listen to a full description of the Melbourne Cup of 1931. Like test matches this will bring broadcasting further before the general public and will sharpen the wireless consciousness. We can look to the future of broadcasting in Western Australia with optimism and there will be much disappointment if, within 12 months of the erection of the new station, the licences have not passed the five-figure mark.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article33350382 |title=PROGRESS OF WIRELESS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,796 |location=Western Australia |date=1 September 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''6WF'S BIRTHDAY. Happy Gala Night.''' "There are close upon 7500 wireless licences in force at the present time, just about double the number in operation when 6WF, as operated by Westralian Farmers Ltd., was handed over to the Commonwealth and the Australian Broadcasting Co., said Dr. J. S. Battye at the first anniversary birthday party held at the 6WF studios last night. About 100 guests of the A.B.C. were present in the large studio during the early part of the evening, from where a special gala-night programme was given. An attractive supper was provided in the reception room, after which dancing was carried on till the early hours of the morning. The manager of the station (Mr. Basil Kirke), with his wife, received the guests, read to the gathering and to listeners a telegram of welcome and congratulation from .the chairman of directors (Mr. Stuart Doyle). Dr. J. S. Battye, during an interlude in the programme, traced the progress of wireless in this State from the inception of broadcast station 6WF. He said that while the Westralian Farmers commenced the service with a laudable object, they were faced not only with a lack of interest in broadcasting, but a strong prejudice against it. Once the difficulties of the change m wavelength were overcome by the new company and with the co-operation of the public, the Press, the university, the Wireless Institute, and other organisations, the position began to improve until now it was in a most hopeful position. One factor which assisted greatly in the increase of licences was the establishment of '''6ML''', which provided an alternative programme and allowed for a diversity of interests to be catered for. When the new relay station was established in the vicinity of Katanning there should be a further increase in licences. Speaking generally, Dr. Battye said that wireless was helping to break down national and geographical barriers, and its consequent destruction of the intol-erances which ignorance breeds among peoples living within narrow circles had yet to be fully estimated. It was an effect which was inevitable, because broadcasters could not be other than an educational influence. It was clear that when the possibilities of broadcasting as a formal and deliberate means of education were considered there could be no doubt that an instrument of incalculable value would be shaped for the service of mankind.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79472903 |title=6WF'S BIRTHDAY |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,262 |location=Western Australia |date=2 September 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=3 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''AN INVESTOR'S DIARY. . . MUSGROVES LIMITED. (Through Messrs. Saw and Grimwood).''' MUSGROVES LTD. The well-known Western Australian firm of music dealers, Musgroves Ltd., have published their figures for the year ended June 30, 1930, and net earnings of £994 resulted. This profit does not compare very favorably with £7124 for 1929, £15,624 for 1928, and £15,531 for 1927, but the unhappy time being experienced by similar institutions throughout the Commonwealth must be remembered. Musgroves' chief source of revenue was hitherto derived from sales of player-pianos, but in these days of radio de luxe the once popular player has been relegated to the background, and the wireless set has taken its place. The directors, anticipating this state of affairs, were not slow in opening a radio department on a large scale, and this has, during the past year, been considerably augmented, and advertised by the broadcasting station, which is owned and operated by Musgroves Ltd. under the name of "'''6ML'''." This venture, although just arriving at the self-supporting stage, has proved a very valuable asset in the popularising of the firm's goods, especially radio sets, gramophone records, pianos and player pianos. The chairman in his report describes this new wireless station as a "milestone in the progress of Musgroves Limited." This is undoubtedly so, but what may be regarded a a "millstone around the company's neck" was the purchase at peak prices of two buildings in Murray-street.— Lyric House and Brown's Buildings. Concerning this the chairman stated: "In the report of the previous year's business your directors reported having purchased Brown's Buildings. At that time there appeared to be no reasonable prospect of ever acquiring Lyric House, which, on account of its position and fittings, was pre-eminently suitable for our business. When, therefore, the opportunity to purchase Lyric House arose, the directors immediately took advantage of the chance to make it a permanent home." He goes on to say that the earliest opportunity will be taken to dispose of Brown's Buildings. This is undoubtedly a very wise resolution, but when a sale does eventually take place it would appear that nothing short of a miracle can possibly save the company a loss of many thousands of pounds. From the published figures it would appear that a loss of £693 was experienced over the retention of Brown's Buildings for the year, and if no greater loss than this is sustained for the next few years it will probably pay Musgroves to hold on to the property until conditions and prices for city property improve. The purchase of Brown's Buildings cost Musgroves £46,298 10s, and the deposit on Lyric House was £5000, but the purchase price is not disclosed and the company's contingent liability for the balance is not shown on the balance sheet. The total freehold property is therefore £51.298. Other assets are: Broadcasting plant, £1679; furniture and fittings, £5678; stocks, £32,649; debtors under hire-purchase agreements, less unaccrued interest, £63,430 (these accounts are secured by lien over goods); sundry debtors, £4530. Against the hire purchase accounts, £1000 has been reserved for bad debts and £200 has been set aside to cover sundry debtors in this connection. Other assets total £3510. On the liabilities side appear: Paid capital, £70,000; premium on shares, £971; bills payable, £2113; sundry creditors, £3238; taxation, reserve, £200; bank overdrafts, £68,403. The general reserve stands at £15,750. Analysing the above figures, one comes to the conclusion that the financial position is sound enough. Sundry debtors at £67,315 practically offset bank overdraft of £68,403; the only other liabilities amount to £5515. against which there are assets of £94,815, which gives a surplus of £24,815 after allowing for paid capital of £70,000. This surplus of £24,815 could not, of course, be sold at that figure, but supposing it to be worth £10,000, at least, it would appear that Musgroves could afford to lose this amount on the properties purchased before the shares would have a paper value of less than 20s for every £1 share. Musgrove's house appears to be fairly well in order from a musical trade point of view, but its ventures into the realms of real estate have been, to say the least, unfortunate. The fully paid £1 shares are quoted 10s seller on the Stock Exchange, and, at that figure, should have good speculative possibilities. Shareholders received 10 per cent. until about last December, but recent dividends have been passed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79473074 |title=AN INVESTOR'S DIARY |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,270 |location=Western Australia |date=11 September 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=3 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 6WB <blockquote>'''KATANNING ROAD BOARD. MONTHLY MEETING.''' The meeting of the Board held last Saturday was of more than ordinary interest, a number of matters apart from the usual "roads and bridges" work being dealt with. These included a decision with respect to the establishment of a branch factory of the Hume Pipe Co. at Katanning, the question of equipping the Town Hall with a "Talkie" outfit, the attitude of the Board regarding declaration of the York-Cranbrook road through the Board's territory, and the establishment of kerbstone markets. Another subject of interest was that of bookkeeping methods, following an investigation by the Assistant-Secretary into the finances of the Town Hall. The only member absent from the meeting was Mr. A. V. McDougall, the Chairman (Mr. A. Prosser) presiding over an otherwise full meeting of members. . . . '''Wireless Station.''' It was reported that; although no definite information had been received regarding the installation of a wireless station on the Great Southern, it was believed that it was to be erected close to Katanning. The fact that the station had been named 6KA was regarded as significant.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article147676373 |title=KATANNING ROAD BOARD |newspaper=[[Great Southern Herald]] |volume=XXVIII, |issue=3,008 |location=Western Australia |date=20 September 1930 |accessdate=4 April 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''"ARCHIE" ON THE AIR. NOW WANTS TO PUT OTHERS ON.''' ARCHIE GRAHAM, known by young and old over the air as "Archie" made a lot of friends as announcer for '''6ML''', in Perth, and is now seeking to make more by putting more wireless into more homes. Mr. Graham has had as extensive an experience in radio work as most men of his age, both as an entertainer and on the technical side. He started with 3LO in London, and then went for a time on the Tivoli Circuit through South Africa, and so to Australia. As soon as his contract was through he was snapped up by the Radio stations and became a popular feature of the programmes of 4QG, Brisbane, 2FC and 2BL, Sydney, 3LO and 3AR, Melbourne, 5CL, Adelaide and 6WF, Perth. Archie seems to have the wanderlust. Anyhow, as soon as '''6ML''' started he wandered over there. Now ill-health makes it necessary for him to take an open-air job and he has moved ground again to take up the handling of A.W.A. Radiola Receiving Sets for Phonographs Ltd. But with all his wandering, he doesn't get far away from the entertainment stuff. (Start Photo Caption) Archie Graham. (End Photo Caption)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article208140441 |title="ARCHIE" ON THE AIR |newspaper=[[Truth]] |volume= , |issue=1407 |location=Western Australia |date=21 September 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=9 (SUNDAY EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 10===== <blockquote>'''THE ADVERTISING ARTS BALL. THE COSTUMES REPRESENTING "THE WIRELESS NEWS AND MUSICAL WORLD." "The Wireless News Two."''' "The Wireless News Two" was awarded the prize for the most original costume at the Advertising Arts Ball held at Temple Court on Thursday evening last. The head decorations were made from large silvered Philips valves, and the set, with its tuning dials, rheostat, etc., is shown as standing on a table. 6WF and '''6ML''' are represented with their call signs on large silver valves on the front of the tablecloth, looking into the set are all of this well-known make. The valves and components shown in this and the back view, under the familiar covers of "The Western Australian Wireless News and Musical World." Looking into the back of the receiver, where can be seen the Philips A415, B405, Philips eliminator, transformers, coils, etc. Thanks is due to Messrs. Unbehaun and Johnstone, Philips distributors in W.A., for supplying the attractive silver valves and many attractive posters, giant components, etc., that were the main features of the make-up. The table draping at the back was a splash of colour with attractive posters of many well-known radio lines.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article250699970 |title=THE ADVERTISING ARTS BALL. |newspaper=[[Manjimup Mail And Jardee-pemberton-northcliffe Press]] |volume=IV, |issue=167 |location=Western Australia |date=3 October 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''SOMETHING NEW. General Motors on the Air With Excellent Programme.''' Despite the unfavorable weather conditions prevailing last night thousands of Perth listeners picked up the General Motors Broadcast through '''6ML'''. The broadcast provided a new development in radio entertainment in Australia, and the programme was popular with local listeners who are eagerly awaiting the next effort from the big motor firm. The entertainment was '''RELAYED FROM SYDNEY''' to the short wave station 3ME Melbourne, and then rebroadcast here by '''6ML'''. The General Motors Concert Orchestra was heard in a series of numbers under the baton of Mr. Howard Carr. Songs by Miss Muriel O'Malley, the General Motors Quartette, and a talk on motors by Mr. Norman ("Wizard") Smith, the holder of the world's ten mile record, and Mr. Lawrence, of General Motors, completed the programme. These broadcasts, which will be continued at intervals, will be known as the General Motors Family Party Hours. Listeners-in are looking forward to the next.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article75485583 |title=SOMETHING NEW |newspaper=[[Mirror]] |volume=9, |issue=469 |location=Western Australia |date=4 October 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 11===== <blockquote>'''"Station 6ML" Here.''' MANAGING Director D'Oyley Musgrove, of Musgroves Ltd., has seen one of Perth's biggest musical warehouses grow from the smallest acorn, but just when everything seemed to be 100 per cent. the introduction of wireless gave Musgroves and other musical businesses the big K.O. D'Oyley Musgrove visioned the possible dwindling of the gramophone and the player piano with the growing popularity of wireless, and he made provisions for it, and not only did his firm start in the radio business on a big scale, but they installed the first "B" class radio station in the West and daily and nightly '''6ML''' are on the air. Although the upkeep of the station has been a costly affair, Mr. Musgrove knows that his firm and his station are on the right lines, and happy and bright times are ahead of this progressive firm.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article208141861 |title=GOSSIP |newspaper=[[Truth]] |volume= , |issue=1415 |location=Western Australia |date=16 November 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''A Sport King.''' LISTENERS-IN to the '''6ML''' broadcasting station often wonder who the man is behind the personality voice that discourses so fluently on the sporting topics of the day. It is obviously the voice of a man who knows what he is is talking about. And when it comes to sport S. B. Gravenall — or "Gravy" — certainly does know his onions. In his heyday he was one of the best all-round athletes in the land. At Wesley College (Melb.), where he was later a master, he excelled in football, rowing, cricket, running, tennis and shooting. There was a time too when he was the best footballer in Australia — but added to his own ability in these games he is a first class coach of others, and his close study of a every branch of field sport makes him an authoritative critic besides.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article208142070 |title=GOSSIP |newspaper=[[Truth]] |volume= , |issue=1416 |location=Western Australia |date=23 November 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 12===== <blockquote>'''STROMBERG-CARLSON RADIO CONSOLE.''' Radio Receivers make fine Christmas presents and the new Stromberg-Carlson Two-valve Radio Console makes a particularly fine family gift. One of the many good reasons for choosing a Stromberg-Carlson Radio as the family present, is that, it will be a permanent possession in the home and with it there is a wealth of music, classical, popular, an abundance of dance music and entertainment, as provided by the Broadcast Stations. It will brighten the home generally and is equally enjoyable by every member of the family, young and old alike. SEE AND HEAR THIS NEW TWO-VALVE RADIO CONSOLE — IT'S MARVELLOUS! "The Finest Radio Receiver at the Lowest Price Ever Produced in Australia." Cash Price £19/10/; Special Xmas Terms £3 Deposit and 7/6 Weekly. '''MUSGROVE'S LIMITED.''' OWNERS AND OPERATORS OF STATION '''6ML'''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article33006047 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,890 |location=Western Australia |date=19 December 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=18 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1931==== =====1931 01===== =====1931 02===== =====1931 03===== <blockquote>'''STATION 6ML. Birthday Celebration.''' The first anniversary of the foundation of the '''6ML''' broadcasting station was celebrated in the studio, Lyric House, Perth, on Thursdav night, when a gala programme was presented. The large attendance included the Deputy Director, of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. S. R. Roberts). In a short speech, in which he remarked upon the educational value of broadcasting, Dr. J. S. Battye said that thousands of listeners were grateful to those who were responsible for '''6ML''', and for the results that had been obtained. The station had been a valuable complement to 6WF, for no one station could cater adequately for the variety of interests among listeners. That the two stations were coping with these interests was shown by the fact that the number of wireless licences in this State had increased by leaps and bounds, and was now double what it was at Christmas, 1929. '''6ML''' had specialised on the musical side of broadcasting work, and by presenting first-class music, both vocal and instrumental, it had done much to improve musical education in the State. Mr. M. D'Oyley Musgrove, in reply, thanked Dr. Battye for the sympathetic interest he had taken in the station. The founders of the station had hoped by presenting a better class of musical programme to improve the musical standard in Western Australia. The popularity of the station was due in no small measure to the co-operation its founders had received from the Deputy Postmaster-General, and officials of the Australian Broadcasting Company, operating 6WF. The station manager (Mr. F. C. Kingston), in a review of the station's work since its inception, said that its efficiency had recently been increased by 22½ per cent. In January last the power of the station was increased by 50 per cent., and the present power in the aerial was 3½ times greater than it was 12 months ago. This increase in power had given the station a wider range, and had resulted in shoals of letters from grateful listeners in all parts of the State. The programmes were now being received over a radius of 300 miles, and it was hoped soon to complete arrangements for the transmission of programmes from stations in the Eastern States. An enjoyable programme of vocal and instrumental items by local artists was given, and at its conclusion those present were the guests of the management at supper and a dance.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32506369 |title=STATION 6ML. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=8,968 |location=Western Australia |date=21 March 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. 6ML'S FIRST BIRTHDAY.''' . . . (By VK6FG) . . . Congratulations to '''6ML''' on satisfactorily completing one year of service to the listening community. A birthday party was held in the studio on Thursday last, when a number of those interested in radio accepted the invitation of the management to be present. Dr. J. S. Battye spoke in appreciation of the service rendered by the station. The presence of a second station had materially contributed to the increase in listeners' licences during the year, and with an alternative programme to which to tune, it had gone a long way in filling the wishes of the general body of listeners. Mr. D'Oyley Musgrove and Mr. F. C. Kingston spoke on behalf of Musgrove's and the station. For the first 12 months of its service '''6ML''' has a high record. It has been on the air regularly, and the quality of the transmissions have been of a superior quality. The recent increase in power has been all to the advantage of the more distant listener, while the programmes generally have been well selected and compare favorably with similar stations in other States. The station, which draws its revenue from advertising, has naturally felt the effects of the depression, as have other businesses, but it has shown a courageous front and listeners will wish it successful second year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article85412842 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,434 |location=Western Australia |date=23 March 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=3 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 04===== =====1931 05===== <blockquote>'''GOLDFIELDS BROADCASTING. "B" Class Station Granted THREE-YEARS LICENCE. (By VK6FG)''' Goldfields Broadcasters Ltd., a recently formed company, has been granted a licence by the Commonwealth authorities to erect and operate for three years a "B" class broadcasting station at Kalgoorlie. According to the company's prospectus, approximately half the shares are available for purchase in this State, the remainder being available to investors in South Australia. Those prominently connected with the proposed station are Mr. E. Ashwin, who was the constructional engineer for broadcasting station '''6ML''', Mr. Don. Gooding, and Mr. W. H. Tucker, all of Adelaide. It is learned that the station will have a power of 1000 watts into the final amplifier and will use the latest screen-grid transmitting valves throughout. The wavelength will not be decided upon by the authorities until the location is definitely settled, but it is expected it will be between 200 and 300 metres. The design of the station will be such as to comply with the very latest in overseas practice. Because of the efficiency of the apparatus it is expected that the station will be clearly heard in Perth by owners of sets using two valves and over, and it is hoped that the station will be operating within a few weeks. No callsign has yet been designated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83923369 |title=GOLDFIELDS BROADCASTING |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,467 |location=Western Australia |date=1 May 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=7 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''MUSGROVE'S LTD. Music for the Winter.''' With the coming of winter thoughts naturally turn to the means of providing entertainment in the home and there is no better entertainment than music. The well-known house of Musgrove's, Ltd., Lyric House, Murray-street, Perth, has an experience of the musical requirements of West Australians extending over more than 30 years and its policy since the inception has been one of service and value. Among the many special lines displayed in the commodious showrooms at Lyric House are Bechstein, Marshall and Rose, Squire and Longson and Lyric pianofortes. A player piano solves many problems of home entertainment and the Lyric player piano, specially designed for Australian conditions, which is sold at a price within the reach of every home is one of the most popular players on the market. The purchase of one of these instruments is made easy by a system of gradual payments and old pianos are accepted as part payment with a liberal allowance. The advance of radio has progressed to a stage of remarkable attainment, together with a simplicity of operation, in the last two years that earlier difficulties of aerials, batteries and tuning are now eliminated by all electric sets which operate by a switch as easy as turning on a light. The Stromberg-Carlson range of radio receivers is within the reach of everyone and Musgrove's, Ltd. have a complete stock of all Stromberg-Carlson sets from the Lucan two-valve receiver at £19/10/ to the phonoradio combinations which are a masterpiece of entertainment, combining as they do all the advantages of a wireless set and a gramophone. The quality of the reproduction of records through these phonoradio combinations is said to be in advance of anything obtained by mechanical means. Musgrove's Ltd. are the owners and operators of broadcasting station '''6ML''' which is very popular with many listeners both in the metropolitan area and in country districts. A wide variety of Brunswick and Rexonola phonographs and Brunswick records is displayed at Lyric House, and the new Panachord record offers surprisingly good value in popular music for 2/6. In this music warehouse are facilities for the inspection, comparison and selection of all kinds of music and musical instruments and a staff of experts are always at hand to give demonstrations and to supply every need.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32516857 |title=MUSGROVE'S LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=9,005 |location=Western Australia |date=6 May 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WONDERS AT THE LOCAL EXHIBITION. Success at Perth Town Hall.''' The annual wireless exhibition, held in the Perth Town Hall on Thursday and Friday last, was a record one. The magnificent display of wireless apparatus, outlining the progress made by radio in the past twelve months was a revelation to many of those who attended. The local wireless firms were well represented, displaying wireless and gramoradio receivers as well as components and speakers, of very fine workmanship and neat designs. Several rather novel ideas were in evidence, amongst which was a device for boiling water without fire or any visible heating apparatus. A crystal set, capable of receiving 6WF was fitted into an ordinary wireless valve. The "electric eye" was also demonstrated, this device being a ray of light focussed on a cell which in turn is connected to an electric bell. When a shadow is thrown on the cell, the bell commences to ring, and stops immediately the shadow is removed. Another idea, on the dictaphone principle, would record a voice and immediately afterwards reproduce the words through a loudspeaker. Quite a number of local amateur transmitters were there, with their sets installed showing neat construction and design. Just after 8 p.m. on Friday, the voice of Mr. E. T. Fisk, of Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., came over the land line from Sydney and was relayed by 6WF and reproduced in the hall by several loudspeakers. During the evening the artists of 6WF made their appearance on the platform in musical numbers, this being the first time that many listeners have had the opportunity of seeing them. The relaying of the various musical items and speeches was carried out by '''6ML''' on Thursday night and 6WF on Friday night. The exhibition was under the auspices of the wireless institute. The proceeds of a function which is to be held in the Buckland Hill Town Hall on Friday next will be devoted to the relief of the unemployed in the district. There will be dancing, community singing and orchestral items, and card players will be catered for. Fifty good prizes have been donated and supper will be provided.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58647804 |title=WIRELESS WONDERS |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1738 |location=Western Australia |date=17 May 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 06===== =====1931 07===== 1931 - Frequency Change <blockquote>'''6ML'S WAVE LENGTH. Proposed Alterations. PRELIMINARY TESTS.''' The radio inspector's department announces that, due to the increasing number of broadcasting stations in Australia, the department has found it necessary to alter the frequency of Station '''6ML''', operated by Musgrove's Ltd. It is intended that this station shall operate on 80 kilacycldes (341 metres), and in order to ascertain the relative efficiency of such a change, observations are being carried out by experienced observers. Test transmissions of one hour's duration, commencing at 10 p.m. — after the station closes down its usual programme — will operate from tonight, and the observers are being asked to comment on the relative strength of signals, quality of transmission fading and distortion and interference from other stations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83899100 |title=6ML'S WAVE LENGTH |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,523 |location=Western Australia |date=7 July 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=6 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1931 - Frequency Change <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. New Wave Length Tests.''' In connection with the change of wave length which is to be made shortly, tests were conducted from broadcasting station, '''6ML''' Perth between 10 and 11 o'clock last night on 341 metres. Owing to the increasing number of radio stations in Australia, the Postmaster General's Department has found it necessary to alter the wave length of '''6ML''' from 297 metres, which is being used at present, to either 341 metres or 255.5 metres. The tests last night were made with a power of 50 watts, which is about one-tenth of the power normally used. The owners and operators of the station, Musgroves. Ltd., of Murray-street, Perth, announced that they would appreciate reports on the test transmission from listeners, particularly in regard to interference if any, from station 6WF. The dial reading for the wavelength of 341 metres is about 15 degrees higher than for 297 metres. The radio inspector (Mr. G. A. Scott) has, in order to ascertain the relative efficiency of the transmissions on 341 and 297 metres, arranged for observation to be carried out by competent listeners. Mr. Scott will be pleased to receive comments on the relative strength, of the signals, the quality of transmissions and the amount of interference from other stations. Observers are also asked to give a comparison of fading and distortion on both wavelengths. Further tests on 341 metres will be carried out from station '''6ML''' tonight and tomorrow night between 10 and 11 o'clock.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32359593 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=9,059 |location=Western Australia |date=8 July 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1931 - Frequency Change <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Local Transmission Tests. . . . (By VK6FG).''' During the past week station '''6ML''' has been conducting experimental tests on wavelengths other than that for which it was originally licensed. It is understood that the purpose of these is to determine a wavelength which will provide a better broadcast service to the country districts for the dissipation of the same amount of energy — 500 watts. It is difficult from the point of view of the city listener to make a comment on the transmissions which will be of value to '''6ML''', and of necessity reports from the country areas must be awaited to determine whether the experimental transmissions have been reaching the rural dweller better than the fixed ones. When '''6ML''' was on reduced power during the experiments volume naturally fell off considerably, and there was a slight background of mushiness, but when the higher power was tried on the altered wavelength it would be difficult to discriminate between the quality of the transmission on any of the frequencies tried. '''6ML''' at all times was sharp in tuning, with good depth of modulation. The tests showed that so far as the station itself is concerned it is capable of fitting in the band at almost any place. '''TROUBLE WITH 6WF.''' On the highest wavelength tried, trouble, however, was experienced, not with '''6ML''', but with interference from 6WF. Even with the most selective sets 6WF comes in over so many degrees of the tuning condenser that were three or four more stations to start up in Western Australia they would have to be fitted in the waveband on either side of 6WF and would be blotted out because of 6WF's broad tuning. That this is due to the high power used is to an extent correct, but that the difficulty is inherent in the station is shown by the fact that in other States there are a number of stations operating, yet cause no trouble by broadness of wave. Take Melbourne, for instance. 3LO and 3AR are two stations with high power, while there are half a dozen 'B' class stations — all erected within an area of a few miles, yet when I was holidaying there some time ago a set stationed almost in the middle of them was able to tune in one after the other without any interference. If it is not possible to sharpen up the tuning of 6WF it would not appear wise to bring '''6ML's''' wavelength any closer to 6WF's, and a hasty judgment on this point would not be wise, for opportunities for a thorough test are necessary. Should it be definitely proved that little variation to the existing conditions can be made, what are the alternatives? One would be to shift 6WF out of the city altogether, so that the ground wave to metropolitan listeners would not be so strong, or else reduce the power of 6WF to about that of '''6ML'''. Curiously enough it will be remembered by experimenters that when 6WF came down from 1250 metres to 435 metres preliminary tests were made on low power, and while the volume was sufficient for local sets, encouraging reports were received from the country. It will be interesting to observe what the department does in the matter, for without a relay station for supplying a service to the country the position is full of complexities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83895630 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,528 |location=Western Australia |date=13 July 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=3 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1931 - Frequency Change <blockquote>'''6ML'S NEW WAVE LENGTH.''' Owing to the requirements of the Postmaster-General's Department the wave length of 297 metres, which has been used by station '''6ML''' since its inception, will be abolished for Western Australia some time in August. The owners and operators of the station (Musgrove's Ltd., of Murray-street, Perth) were given the choice of two new wave lengths, 264 metres or 341 metres. Tests were conducted on both wave lengths last week, and listeners were asked to report on these transmissions. The Manager of station '''6ML''' (Mr. F. C. Kingston) said last night that 85 per cent. of the replies indicated a preference for the 264 metres wave-length. The company had decided to allow the choice of the new wave length to be governed entirely by the views of listeners, and he had therefore notified the department that it had chosen the lower wave length. The change from 297 metres to 264 metres would be made on a date to be fixed by the department.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32347947 |title=6ML'S NEW WAVE LENGTH. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=9,065 |location=Western Australia |date=15 July 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1931 - Shortwave Simulcast; 1931 - Frequency Change <blockquote>'''264 METRES FOR 6ML.''' Mr. H. Kingston, manager of Musgrove's Ltd., which control station '''6ML''', stated today that approval had been given by the Commonwealth authorities for a wave length of 264 metres instead of 297 metres, which the station is now using. The alteration to the wave-length will become operative from Wednesday next. Possibly, during the two succeeding days the full power of 300 watts in the aerial will not be utilised. However, after the initial adjustments have been made, transmission on full power will be restored. It is contended that the transmission on this new wave-length will be just as good as on the existing one, and that listeners will experience no difficulty whatever in tuning in the station. '''6ML''' will be off the air during the day sessions on Wednesday next, but will recommence at 5.45 p.m. on reduced power. During the day alterations to the set and aerial will be made, and tests carried out. Mr. Kingston also stated that the firm was considering the installation of a short-wave transmitter which would simultaneously broadcast the programmes from '''6ML'''. A wave-length of somewhere betwen 60 and 100 metres was contemplated, and a reply from the authorities, to whom the matter had been referred, was now awaited.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83896605 |title=BROADCASTING CHANGES |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,536 |location=Western Australia |date=22 July 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=6 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1931 - Frequency Change <blockquote>'''6ML's New Wave-Length.''' Beginning at the 5.45 p.m. session on Wednesday next, broadcasting station '''6ML''' (Musgrove's Ltd.), will operate on a wave length of 264 metres instead of 297 metres. The new wave length will be found about 10 degrees below the existing wave length on the tuning condensers of receiving sets. There will be no morning, midday or early afternoon sessions on that day. Next Monday, Mr. Eric Donald, formerly of station 3UZ, Melbourne, will begin his duties as announcer at '''6ML'''. On Sunday next, beginning at 6.15 p.m., '''6ML''' will take part in the biggest combined broadcast in the history of broadcasting in Australia when 13 "B" class stations from Brisbane to Perth, linked, together to 5KA, Adelaide by land lines, will broadcast a recorded lecture by Judge Rutherford, of America. The broadcast has been arranged to coincide with an important convention of the International Bible Students' Association at Ohio, United States of America.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32349704 |title=6ML's New Wave-Length. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=9,072 |location=Western Australia |date=23 July 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=15 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''PUBLIC WEDDING. Bride is Excited. AN UNIQUE EVENT.''' When Hoyts Theatres Ltd. announced their intention of arranging for a public open-air wedding as a medium to bring the cause of the Golden Apple Appeal prominently before the public they entertained no doubt of their ability to secure a couple contemplating matrimony who would be willing to take the role of principals in this novel ceremony. Their optimism proved to be well founded. A dozen couples applied in answer to the advertisement in "The Daily News." One couple got into touch with the company's representative, Mr. Bert Snelling, at 1 a.m. today, while another couple was waiting at his office before 9 a.m. The selection has fallen on MISS MAY WHITEMAN and MR. STEVE STYLES. Preparations are necessarily hurried, but arrangements were well in hand for the ceremony, which is fixed for tomorrow at 1 p.m. A photograph of the bride and bridegroom-to-be appears in these columns. '''DECOROUS CEREMONY.''' Hoyts promise that the procession and concert which they staged to assist the appeal last Friday will be completely surpassed by the novelty and color of tomorrow's ceremony and accompanying celebration. The point is stressed that the marriage is a genuine ceremony and will be performed in that atmosphere of dignity and decorum the occasion demands. It is anticipated that a tremendous crowd will congregate at the railway station reserve at 1 o'clock. Hoyts are erecting a special dais, which will be elaborately dressed. An orchestra and organ will also be in-stalled and Mr. Keith Watts, popular Perth tenor, will provide vocal accompaniment. The entire service will be broadcast by Station '''6ML''', Musgroves, who will also instal loud-speakers so that those unable to get near the dais may follow the service. Preceding the service a concert will be presented by several of Perth's leading artists, the arrangements for which are now in the hands of Messrs. Keith Watts and Snelling. The bride and bridegroom will leave for the ceremony from Hoyts Capitol Theatre, the groom arriving at 1 p.m. and bride with her retinue shortly after, and, at the conclusion of the ceremony, will return to the Capitol where the wedding photographs will be taken, and thereafter to Temple Court Cabaret for the wedding breakfast, which the management of Temple Court Cabaret are kindly providing. The public may witness this breakfast from the galleries and loges, and attention is directed to a notice elsewhere. '''GIFTS FOR COUPLE.''' Following gifts have been kindly promised to the bride and bridegroom:— Hoyts Theatres Ltd., 25 guineas, and a year's pass to Hoyts Theatres, WA.; John D. Dobson, jeweller, Murray-street, Perth, wedding ring; Epstein Bros., Piccidally Cafe, wedding cake; Temple Court Cabaret, wedding breakfast (for 30 guests); Corot and Co., Barrack-street, wedding dress; Roselea Nursery, Forrest-place, bride's and bridesmaids' bouquets; Mr. Harry Rex, Hostel Rott-nest Island, week's honeymoon accom-modation; W.A. Airways Ltd., honey-moon aeroplane trip; F. Siegrist, hair-dressers, Hay-street, hair waving and manicure; Mallabones Ltd., William-street, travelling case; George Nelson, Hay-street, bridal shoes; Alex Kelly, Hay-street, bridegroom's shoes; Cox Bros., William-street, complete suit and outfit for bridegroom; Hummerston and Bate, Hay-street, gift for groom; Caris Bros., table set; Mr. Hicks, of New Ideas, window dressers and showcard writers, Temple Court wedding breakfast decorations; Illustrations Ltd., photographers, photo of bridal group. Bon Marche will present a cheque to the funds to mark the ceremony. Motor cars taking part in the ceremony are being kindly donated by: Messrs William Attwood Ltd.; Yellow Cabs, Packard sedan; Messrs. Adams Motors Ltd.; Messrs. Sydney Atkinson Ltd., and Consolidated Motors Ltd., and the Tourist Bureau are undertaking the honeymoon arrangements. '''PRE-MARRIAGE SHOPPING.''' Today, the bride and bridegroom have had a strenuous but delightful time visiting various stores, obtaining the special licence and finalising details, the bride in particular being happily engaged in matters dear to every woman's heart. On Saturday morning the bride and groom will pay a visit to each of the stores to personally thank the donors for their gifts. Details and times of the visits will be published tomorrow. On Saturday afternoon, Hoyts Theatres gifts will be presented on the stage at the Capitol Theatre. Among the artists participating in the concert preceding the ceremony and at the breakfast are Mr. Eddie Callow, James Miller, Keith Watts, George Simmonds, Ron Brearley and Miss Mignon Jago.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83893464 |title=PUBLIC WEDDING |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,537 |location=Western Australia |date=23 July 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=2 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''PERSONAL.''' Mr. Eric Donald arrived in Perth this morning to take up the appointment of chief announcer at '''6ML''' (Musgrove's Ltd.). He commences his duties on Monday next.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83896328 |title=PERSONAL |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,538 |location=Western Australia |date=24 July 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=1 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1931 - Frequency Change <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. New Wave Length of Station 6ML.''' Readers are reminded that, commencing with the 5.45 p.m. session today, station '''6ML''' will broadcast on its new wave-length of 264 metres (1,136 kilocycles). This wave length was decided on after numerous tests, and will replace the old one of 297 metres. It will be found that the transmissions will come in with the tuning condenser dial lowered between 8deg. and 12deg.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32352421 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=9,077 |location=Western Australia |date=29 July 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1931 - Frequency Change <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING.''' To the Editor, "The West Australian." Sir,— I would like to bring before the public another injustice offered our State by the Commonwealth Government. For over a year station '''6ML''' has been broadcasting on a wave length that radio enthusiasts have become used to, and as it is, in my opinion, the only station that supplies a sufficiently interesting programme to induce one to take out a licence it is most unfair that they should be requested by the P.M.G. Department to change their wave length so that the same may be given to another station, possibly an Eastern States station. It seems hard to understand that, although a "B" class station such as '''6ML''' is largely accountable for the increased number of licences, it receives no assistance whatever from the revenue received from licences, and, then meets an obstacle such as asking it to change its wave length in favour of a new station. Perhaps the P.M.G. would be kind enough to explain the position to the satisfaction of radio enthusiasts.— Yours, etc., PUZZLED.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32352519 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=9,077 |location=Western Australia |date=29 July 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=15 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 08===== <blockquote>'''CALLED BY WIRELESS. Constable's 500-Mile Dash. HURRY TO FUNERAL.''' An announcement made from 6WF and '''6ML''' last Sunday evening had a sequel which served as yet another instance of the service of wireless to the back country of Western Australia. Constable Tom Penn, of Meekatharra, was away in the bush on Sunday, and when he returned he heard from Constable T. Fawcett, who had been listening-in to Perth on his four-valve receiving set, that his brother, David Angus (Gus) Penn (24), had died in St. John of God Hospital that day. If Constable Penn himself had heard the announcements he would have had less than two hours to catch the train for Perth, so as to arrive in Perth in time for the funeral on Tuesday. But when he returned to the Meekatharra station the train had gone. Mr. Frank Davis, of Meekatharra, provided the solution. He offered his car. With his wife and his brother, Mr. E. S. Penn and his wife, Constable Penn left Meekatharra at 1 a.m. on Monday morning. Hard driving down the Wongan line brought the party to Northam on Tuesday morning, and to the Karrakatta Cemetery gates at 10 a.m., just in time for the funeral service. Travel-worn and tired, the Meekatharra party was able to pay a last tribute to the brother. Gus Penn, son of Mr. and Mrs. T. R. Penn, of Seventh-avenue, Maylands, had been in the employ of the Midland Railway Company at Mingenew.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83884881 |title=CALLED BY WIRELESS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,545 |location=Western Australia |date=1 August 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=10 (HOME (SEMI-FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 09===== <blockquote>'''MUSGROVE'S LTD. The Pioneer "B" Class Station.''' It is now 18 months since station '''6ML''' opened, and during that period Western Australia has advanced very considerably in the matter of radio and broadcast entertainment, says a statement issued by Musgrove's, Ltd. Up to the time of '''6ML''' going on the air, there was only one programme available, and listeners' licences totalled under 4,000. Now licensed listeners number nearly 10,000, which is a clear indication of the value of alternate programmes. It is not contended that '''6ML''' has been solely responsible for this big increase, but it is certainly owing to the fact that a second programme has been available, thereby enabling listeners to make their choice, that many have become interested in broadcast entertainment. The conducting of a broadcasting station, and the presentation of regular and varied programmes of an acceptable standard, is not the easy matter one would imagine. Station '''6ML''' is on the air 8¼ hours a day, and to provide different programmes every day for this spread of hours is in itself a very difficult matter, and when the diversified tastes of the listening public are taken into account, the problem becomes even more difficult. Our efforts in this direction, however, have been quite successful, judging by the thousands of appreciative letters which we have received from listeners, regarding both our transmission and our programmes. We are, however, never satisfied, and are constantly searching for new ideas and improvements, and we can assure listeners that it will be our constant aim to give nothing but the best at any time, and wherever an opportunity presents itself to better the transmission, the plant, the programmes, the staff or the service, listeners can be sure that it will be taken. Many changes have already been made. The plant has been so added to and improved that it is doubtful if the suppliers would recognise it now. Studio equipment has been improved and added to, so that no matter what the occasion or how large an assembly of artists is required at any one time, they can be properly handled, and annoying waits and pauses eliminated. Relay equipment has also received very especial attention, and the station engineer has designed and constructed highly efficient portable remote control units for outside relay work, which is month by month increasing in popularity. In pursuance of this policy, we have ordered from overseas the very latest type of speech or first stage amplifier. This unit is at present in transit, and should arrive in Perth and be ready for installation at the end of the month. This amplifier incorporates the very newest improvements, and represents the last word in broadcasting plant. It is rated to give ten times greater amplification and efficiency in the first stage than the amplifier in use at present. Up to the present time the station has not been a financial success, but it is very gratifying to note the considerably increased interest being taken in this form of publicity. We are particularly pleased with the way listeners have reported on our transmission, and this has been of very material assistance in enabling us to make improvements and adjustments. These reports have been received from every part of the State, as far distant as Wyndham. We have also received very large numbers of reports from every other State in the Commonwealth, and we regularly have reports on our transmission from New Zealand. A few days ago we received a letter from a listener in Merced, California, reporting on our transmission and programmes, and advising that the programme fully justified sitting up until the early hours of the morning. In looking back over the past 18 months, we do so with a great amount of satisfaction in what has actually been accomplished, and difficulties overcome, and with this very valuable experience behind us and a well established service and station in operation, we are able to look to the future with extreme optimism, for we might almost say that broadcasting and radio are as yet in their infancy, and that there are big things ahead, big things to plan and big things to achieve.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32358723 |title=MUSGROVE'S LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=9,106 |location=Western Australia |date=1 September 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''A SUCCESSFUL YEAR. TWO NEW STATIONS. A.B.C.'s Second Anniversary.''' Today is the second anniversary of the new regime at station 6WF, Perth, which consisted of the taking over of the programmes by the Australian Broadcasting Company and of the transmissions by the Commonwealth Government. Radio has made decided progress in this State and, to increase the popularity of broadcasting, the Radio Traders' Association will, today, begin the first "Radio Week" in the history of Western Australia. The erection in Perth of the first "B" class station, '''6ML''', played a large part in the development of radio, and the announcement that two new "B" class stations will be on the air shortly should help to swell the ever-growing number of licensed listeners. Despite many unfavourable factors, steady progress in wireless, as indicated by the reliable guide of the number of listeners' licences, has been made in radio in this State since September 1, 1929, which marked the beginning of what was called the new era in wireless. The outlook for the future has never been brighter and before the year is ended the number of licences in force should exceed the five-figure mark. The most important of the facts which assure of greater development in radio in the coming year is the decision of the Commonwealth Government to transfer the transmitter of station 6WF from its present unsuitable site in Wellington-street, to a position outside the city proper, and at the same time to bring the plant up-to-date by incorporating the latest technical improvements; to increase its power considerably and generally to give a service that will satisfy the majority of listeners. It is hoped that by this means the bugbear of the distant listener, distortion, will be obviated, and this should lead to an awakening of interest in radio in the country and to the renewal of many cancelled licences. The introduction of station '''6ML''' gave listeners the choice of two programmes and helped to add to the number of licences. The new Kalgoorlie station is expected to be on the air by the middle of this month, and the second city "B" class station, to be operated by Nicholsons, Ltd. should commence broadcasting in October. With four stations from which to select their entertainment West Australian listeners will be well catered for. During the year the radio trade has flourished and the demand for all-electric sets, from those of two valves to phonoradio combinations, has been great. The high standard of efficiency of these sets combined with their simplicity of operation, has played its share in popularising broadcasting, which is one of the cheapest forms of entertainment. The closing of city picture shows on Sundays should increase the radio audience considerably on that night, and the special programmes broadcast from 6WF and '''6ML''' on Sundays, should cause many amusement seekers to listen-in at their own sets or at those of friends. Tonight to mark the second anniversary of the taking over of the programmes of 6WF by the Australian Broadcasting Company, a special programme will be broadcast between 8 o'clock and 11 o'clock, to which leading radio artists will contribiite. Many guests, including the Postmaster-General (Mr. A. E. Green, M.H.R.) have been invited to the studio to watch proceedings.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32358742 |title=PROGRESS OF WIRELESS |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=9,106 |location=Western Australia |date=1 September 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''6ML''' News Service. Commencing on Monday, a special news service will be broadcast from '''6ML'''. Arrangements have been made for a summary of the news to be put on the air direct from the offices of: "The West Australian" and "The Western Mail" twice a day, at noon and at 7.15 p.m. The transmission is being made in cooperation with Musgrove's, Limited.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32354618 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=9,110 |location=Western Australia |date=5 September 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW RADIO STATION. SERVICE FOR GOLDFIELDS. Official Opening Tomorrow.''' KALGOORLIE, Sept. 13.— During the past week Messrs. E. Ashwin and D. Gooding, radio engineers, of Adelaide, who built the plants for '''6ML''' (Musgrove's, Ltd., Perth), 5CL and 5AD (Adelaide), as well as for stations in Tasmania and Queensland, completed the installation of the plant for the Goldfields "B" class broadcasting station, whose call sign is 6KG. Test transmissions commenced yesterday, and will be repeated daily throughout this week. The station has a wave length of 246 metres and the management has applied for permission to use considerably more power than that originally granted, owing to the large inland area over which the service will operate. The application has been favourably received by the Postmaster-General (Mr. A. E. Green), who will perform the ceremony of opening the station, either in person or by telephone on Tuesday. The opening concert, however, will not be given, until the following week. The plant, which is similar to all modern transmitting apparatus, is crystal controlled ;with a high percentage of modulation, and consists of two units, one being a complete 50-watt transmitter and the other a linear amplifier, which has a capacity of 500 watts. The apparatus is mounted in metal frames, totally enclosed in aluminium panels to prevent accidental contact with the live parts. The control apparatus completes the plant, power for which is obtained from a generator and a rotary converter. The aerial is 80 feet high, with a span of 200 feet, and consists of two steel masts guyed in three places. The station is situated on the outskirts of Kalgoorlie and on practically the highest section of country on the goldfields, 1,200 feet above sea level. Mr. R. Saunders, well known through his association with "Rex and Don" of 5CL (Adelaide) has been appointed manager by the company, which is essentially a goldfields enterprise. Mr. C. Gordon will be the assistant announcer and Mr. E. Ashwin, engineer. Misses G. Williams and J. Harvey will be the "aunties," who will conduct the children's hour and the housewives' session. As far as possible local talent has been recruited for positions at the station. The children's hour will be from 6 p.m. to 6.30 p.m. daily, and the housewives' session from 11 a.m. to 12 noon. From 12.30 p.m. to 2 p.m. the latest news, weather reports, and lunch hour music will be broadcast, and a similar session will be given again between 3 p.m. and 4 p.m. The evenings will be devoted to musical programmes and news items. The opening concert will probably be given at the Kalgoorlie Town Hall on September 21 next. The tests that have been carried out during the past two days have proved highly successful, but the station's ordinary programmes will not be commenced until next week. For the next few days only the low-powered unit at the station will be utilised for broadcasting.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32348959 |title=NEW RADIO STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=9,117 |location=Western Australia |date=14 September 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''PURCHASERS' STORIES. Land and Homes Inquiry. FURTHER EVIDENCE.''' Among the witnesses heard today by the Royal Commissioner (Mr. Justice Dwyer) who is inquiring into the operations of Land and Homes (W.A.) Ltd., was one who said he was a Pole and could not read the contract he signed, another who said she left her glasses at home and also could not read the contract, and got the wrong block, and a third who said he signed in a hurry under the belief that it was a hire-purchase agreement from which he could withdraw simply by forfeiting payments he had made. Mr. Ross McDonald (instructed by Robinson, Cox and Wheatley, is presenting the case for the purchasers, and Mr. F. W. Leake (instructed by Northmore, Hale, Davy and Leake) is watching the interests of the company. . . . '''HIS SCOUTMASTER.''' Henry Trethowan Simmons, in charge of the transmitting plant at '''6ML''', and living in Mt. Lawley, said that in March, 1930, he was taken to Westminster Garden City with men named Bennett and Roach. Bennett was formerly a Scoutmaster of witness, and came to see witness at Musgrove's. He spoke of a block that another Scout had had and could not pay for, and he wanted witness to take it over. Eventually, thinking that he could drop the purchase merely by forfeiting his deposit, he signed what Lilburne and Bennett told him was a hire-purchase agreement. When he was pressed to sign it was seven minutes to 11 o'clock, and as witness had to start the transmitter at 11 he was in a hurry to get away. When he found he could not keep up the payments he sought to drop the purchase, but proceedings were taken and judgment obtained against him. . .<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83884751 |title=PURCHASERS' STORIES |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,582 |location=Western Australia |date=14 September 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=4 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''"B" CLASS BROADCASTING.''' To the Editor, "The West Australian." Sir,— May I be permitted to correct one or two wrong impressions which have been formed owing to the wording of statements in "The West Australian" of September 14 in reference to the opening of the Kalgoorlie "B" class broadcasting station. The Perth "B" class station, '''6ML''', was built and installed by the National Musical Federation, Ltd., of 83 Flinders-street, Adelaide, of which I have the honour to be a director and also general secretary. Mr. Ashwin was at that time a radio engineer in our service, as also when my company built and installed station 5KA, Adelaide (1,000 watts), and is a radio engineer of high attainments. 5CL, Adelaide, was built by Amalgamated Wireless (Australasia), Ltd., under contract to Central Broadcasters Ltd., of which company I was an original founder, also director and general secretary from its inception in 1924 until 1927. Mr. Ashwin and Mr. Goodwin were associated with our chief engineer, Mr. E. J. Gunner, in the installation of the very efficient temporary low-power transmitter with which 5CL first went on the air while the 5,000-watt transmitter was under construction. I mention these facts because they are matters of history in the Australian broadcasting world and to accord honour where honour is due. I should like to congratulate West Australian listeners upon the installation of the Kalgoorlie station and also upon the large increase in the number of licensed listeners in the State which is a distinct tribute to the popularity of 6WF and '''6ML'''. During my visit to your beautiful capital city, I am anticipating with pleasure the prospect of hearing some high-class programmes from these stations. Radio has long since become a public utility and, with further improvements looming in the immediate future, all of which will make for public convenience and benefit, broadcasting is, I am sure, destined to fill an even higher place in public esteem than at present.— Yours, etc., A. RAWLINGS CAMPBELL.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32363112 |title="B" CLASS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=9,121 |location=Western Australia |date=18 September 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=21 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Elimating Unwanted Stations. BCL LICENCES. (By VK6FG.)''' With the Kalgoorlie station 6KG now on the air, just below '''6ML''', and with the promise of 6PR on the air on 341 metres during October, a number of inquiries have been made for an efficient wavetrap which will trap out one station. During the past week 6KG has been testing on low power, and comes in just below '''6ML'''. In the city it is practically impossible on an ordinary set to cut out the local station. Superhets, and sets with high selectivity may be successful, but the ordinary run of sets will prove disappointing to many listeners. Indeed, on many of them a relatively few degrees on the condenser dials brings in either of the two local stations, due principally to the great power and broadness of tuning of 6WF. It is to be hoped, therefore, that 6WF will be rebuilt on more up-to-date lines, or removed well away from the city, when 6PR comes on the air, otherwise a wavetrap may be necessary, and the following information may be of assistance to those who contemplate building one, if only for the purpose of tuning-in the Eastern States broadcasting stations. Wavetrap circuits may be divided into three classes, viz., rejector, acceptor, and bypass filter circuits. The rejector circuit opposes the interfering signal, the acceptor circuit extracts energy from the interfering signal and prevents it getting to the receiver, while the bypass circuit offers it a path of low impedance to earth. The rejector circuit may be either in shunt or series, as the illustration shows. The shunt rejector prevents signals both above and below the wave length to which it is tuned from being received. It is properly constructed with a large capacity and low loss inductance, the capacity predominating. The series rejector rejects the signals to which it is tuned from being received. The series rejector circuit is employed to advantage to eliminate signals from a local broadcasting station which might otherwise prevent reception of other signals.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84209438 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,588 |location=Western Australia |date=21 September 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=3 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Scrambled Radio. CAREFUL HANDLING NEEDED. (By VK6FG)''' It is far from my desire to be an alarmist, but it is my considered opinion that unless certain matters in connection with radio in this State are taken in hand promptly and firmly by the authorities, there will be such an inglorious ether tangle that it will take several years for radio here to recover from the shock. Let's set out the points in something like order, though not necessarily of importance. 1. New Kalgoorlie station is right beneath '''6ML''''s wave. 2. 6WF's tuning remains unnecessarily broad. 3. When 6PR comes on the air, possibility of blotting out by "A" class station. 4. Possible interference with commercial reception by 6PR. Considering the first point, it is doubtful whether more than a dozen or so amateurs and probably half that number of broadcast listeners in the metropolitan area, have heard 6KG. The writer heard the station weakly a few nights ago, and then through a background of '''6ML'''. It was not '''6ML's''' fault, for they have had their wave-length allocated for some time. The allotting of 6KG to a wavelength so close to '''6ML''' means that city folk cannot hear 6KG, even with high-power sets, while goldfields centres cannot hear '''6ML'''. At the moment, and without considering the arrival in the broadcasting field of Nicholson's Limited, it means that the State only has two stations for the benefit of metropolitan listeners, for it is the metropolitan area which supplies the major part of the licence fees. Outside of the city the position is even worse. Within a range of from 200 to about 500 miles from Perth the success of reception from 6WF is variable, while because of the lower power permitted, '''6ML''' fails to travel over long distances. '''WILL 6WF BE SHIFTED?''' The fact of 6WF's wave being so broad, as indicated in the second point, means that without particularly selective sets or the use of wavetraps, the choice of Eastern States broadcast stations is limited. On some of the cheaper two and three-valve all-electric sets it is impossible to entirely tune out 6WF from '''6ML''' within a range of a mile or two of the station. Furthermore, it is reported by listeners from many parts of the city and suburbs that 6WF has "harmonics" up and down the band, which cause annoyance and interference. It was proposed to shift 6WF to a more suitable location, but nothing further has been heard of the project. The Radio Traders held a meeting of protest, but were more or less disarmed by the P.M.G.'s promise of early consideration. If the report be correct that investigation showed that such a large sum of money would be involved in the transfer and redesigning of the station, as to put the whole scheme out of court during the present state of the country's finances, then it will be a sorry lookout for local listeners. With many sets unable to completely tune out 6WF when on 297 metres, what will be the position when 6PR come on the air on approximately 341 metres? It would appear certain that 6WF on 435 metres, and under present conditions, will do much to blot out the transmissions. To compare the relative positions of the stations in the spectrum by wavelengths does not give a true understanding of the position; the correct method is to make all comparisons in frequency by kilocycles. Converting wavelength to frequency, it is disclosed that '''6ML''', on approximately 1010 k.c, has about 320 k.c. separation from 6WF (690 k.c. approx.), while Nicholson's on 880 k.c. is only 130 k.c. away. Thus while Musgrove's is separated from Nicholson's by 130 k.c., Nicholson's is separated from the "A" class station by 190 k.c. Normally such a separation would be more than adequate (American practice considers that 10 k.c. among well-tuned modern stations is sufficient), but in view of the fact that 6WF can be heard on many sets when tuned to '''6ML''', as the wavelength goes up (frequency goes down), the volume of the station causing interference can be expected to become louder. '''DIFFICULTIES OF RECEIVING.''' The final point of consideration does not bother the broadcast listener, but is nevertheless of interest in the radio world. Under arrangements made with Amalgamated Wireless of Australasia, the transmitting apparatus of 6PR will be at Applecross radio centre, from whence emanates the signals to shipping, the police shortwave set, and the emergency service to Rottnest Island. All the necessary aerials radiate from the 400ft. mast, and good engineers though they may be, one can foresee trouble ahead for VIP when 200 watts of modulated output is in the aerial of 6PR. If it be found that 6PR interferes with the reception of shipping signals, what will be done — shift 6PR or move the receiving station? Time alone can tell. However, without prompt action it would appear that radio in. Western Australia is fast drifting towards dangerous shoals, and it is to be hoped that those in authority consider the position which is set out above, in a spirit of perfect friendliness to all concerned. '''"B" CLASS STATION NOTES.''' Carpenters are still busy at Nicholson's Ltd. converting the concert hall into a studio. Professional staff has been engaged for the running of the studio, while the technical side is being attended to by A.W.A. The station 6PR hopes to go on the air during Show Week. The special Sunday night concerts promise to be particularly attractive. During October Mrs. L. Rossiter, soprano, will be among the new artists to be heard from '''6ML'''. Others will include Miss Pat Jones and Mrs. I. Edwards (sopranos) and Mr. A. W. Cooper (tenor). On October 13 Miss J. Saunders will give a musical talk taking for her subject some of Beethoven's compositions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84209885 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,594 |location=Western Australia |date=28 September 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=7 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 10===== <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. 6WF's TRANSMITTER. Postal Department's Inactivity. ("By Radio.")''' Radio enthusiasts and the very large number of potential listeners, both in the city and the country, have been waiting for some time for a public announcement by the Postmaster-General's Department as to the date on which the promised removal of the transmitting plant of station 6WF from its entirely unsuitable location on the roof of Westralian Farmers' building to a site outside the city proper, together with the modernisation of the plant, will take place. On July 22 last, the Postmaster-General (Mr. A. E. Green), in making public the news of the proposed transfer, stated that this would be done in "the shortest possible time"; since then nothing has been done — as far as can be ascertained even the site has not been secured — and the feeling is growing in radio circles that the proposed removal of the transmitter of station 6WF will become one of the unfulfilled promises that have so disheartened West Australian radio enthusiasts. Inquiries at the Postmaster-General's Department, Perth, are answered by the statement that "nothing has been received from Melbourne for publication." Complaints regarding the transmissions from station 6WF, which are the responsibility of the Postmaster-General's Department, have been made so often by listeners, traders and the Press as to become almost a commonplace, and they have also been the subject of strong trade campaigns. These have resulted in some improvement in quality without removing the two vital causes of dissatisfaction. Briefly these are: (1) The tuning of the transmitter of 6WF is so broad that, in the metropolitan area, it is impossible, without a highly selective and consequently expensive receiver, to receive the stations in the Eastern States without interference from 6WF, and often it is impossible to hear them at all, while on many sets '''6ML''', the "B" class station, cannot be received without, to a greater or lesser degree, receiving 6WF at the same time. (2) In the country, owing to fading and distortion, it is impossible over a very large area of the State to hear station 6WF at all; or, if it can be heard, sufficiently well to hear for any length of time any programme item. In fact, experts state that the effective range of 6WF is only 35 miles, although in certain outlying areas at times it is received quite well. The result is that, whereas in 1929 there were three country listeners to one in the city, now, there are three in the city to one in the country. '''Commercially Sound Proposition.''' There is a wide field for expansion in this State, which has now become radio minded. The removal of the transmitter of station 6WF to a site outside the city and the consequent modernising of the plant would (1) result in the sharpening of the tuning so that station 6WF would not cause the interference with other stations that it does at present, and (2) give country listeners 50 to 100 per cent. better service. Those able to analyse the position feel that, if this is done, the number of licences will increase from about 9,500 to 20,000. Thus it would be a commercially sound proposition for the department to put into effect at once its promise to remove the transmitter, and it would be an action well merited by Western Australia, which was the only State in August to show a gain in the number of licences, all the other States, which receive infinitely better service, than Western Australia, showing declines in licences. A little of the past history of station 6WF and its transmitter will not be amiss at this stage. The plant was originally built to operate on a wave length of 1,250 metres and, on that wave length, gave reasonably efficient service. In 1929 it was altered to operate on a wave length of 435 metres, a wave length to which the plant was entirely, unsuited, and since then there has been a never-ceasing stream of complaints as to its lack of efficiency. About 18 months ago Western Australia was promised a relay station in the Great Southern district, which would have been a most welcome addition and which would have undoubtedly doubled the licences then in force. This was to be one of a series of five relay stations to be built in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia. Then came the financial stress and the relay station for Western Australia — the radio Cinderella of the Commonwealth — was cancelled while the other four, for States already amply served, were not effected and have been erected or are in the course of erection. These stations will be situated at Newcastle (N.S.W.), Rockhampton (Q.), Corowa (V.), and Crystal Brook (S.A.), and the political significance of their localities has not been overlooked by disappointed enthusiasts here. It was, therefore, at a time when all hope of improvement had been given up and a mass meeting of protest had been announced by the Radio Traders' Association, that the announcement in "The West Australian" of July 22 that the transmitter of 6WF would be removed and improved was received with great satisfaction by radio enthusiasts. In this announcement the Postmaster-General said:— I have been disappointed that up to the present it has not been possible to proceed with an expansion of the national broadcasting services of Australia, the sole reason for the delay being the extremely difficult financial position of the Commonwealth Government. It is generally known that plans were prepared to deal with the requirements of Western Australia, and that steps were actually taken to obtain additional equipment, but at the last moment the Government found it imperative to cancel the contract. Since this decision was reached, however, I have given further anxious thought to the subject, and definite steps have now been taken for the removal of station 6WF to another site and for the plant to be reconstructed in a manner ensuring the highest quality of transmission obtainable. Designs for the station equipment are now being prepared, and efforts are being put forward with a view to having the changes effected in the shortest possible time. It is recognised that the present station lacks something in quality and that, owing to its situation, the effective radiated energy is much less than the needs of the district require. The plans now being developed will remove those liabilities and will provide for effective radiation, giving much greater field intensity than has hitherto been practicable. It is realised that these measures are not adequate to the needs of Western Australia, but they will form a very important contribution to the greater expansion in the service which it is hoped to make as soon as the financial position im-proves. Mr. Green's announcement received the warmest endorsement of the leaders of the radio trade and of listeners. Professor A. D. Ross summed up the general feeling when he wrote:— There is now every hope for a great advance in wireless in Western Australia. With an efficient transmitter installed by the department, the Australian Broadcasting Company would be able to supply varied and interesting programmes with the knowledge that the programmes would reach the listeners in a manner which would make them have true entertainment and educational value. Broadcasting has great possibilities in Western Australia, particularly at such a time as the present. There is no cheaper form of entertainment than wireless, and during a period of depression the people of the State, whether in the towns or in the country, could derive knowledge, encouragement and recreation through the medium of this national service. Immediate Statement Demanded. Mr. Green arrived in Perth on August 23, amplified his earlier statement and promised a station of greater power than any existing station in any capital city of Australia. Later, in replying to a deputation from the Radio Traders' Association, the Minister said: "I will use my best efforts to push forward the matter as quickly as possible." Hopes of radio enthusiasts ran high as they visualised, a new and efficient 6WF by Christmas — for experts were unanimous that the work could easily be carried out in four months at the outside. A strange silence then followed and now it is the strong belief of those in close touch with radio that the matter is at a standstill. It is felt that the plans for the removal have been shelved and it is feared that the whole proposal has been added to the graveyard which contains the ashes of so many hopes for modern and efficient transmission from 6WF. There appears to be some force at work against the improving of 6WF's transmissions and it would not be impertinent on the part of local listeners to say that the time is ripe for a full, frank and immediate pronouncement as to the fate of this latest proposal by the Minister (Mr. Green) or the permanent head of the department (Mr. H. P. Brown). At the deputation to the Minister, Mr. H. R. Howard, president of the Radio Traders' Association, said that the traders were up against a solid feeling on the part of the public which considered that owing to the disappointments that had been experienced, Western Australia had received poor consideration from the department in the matter of transmissions from 6WF. The feeling referred to by Mr. Howard is unabated and, unless some action is taken by the department, West Australian licence figures must follow those of other States and show a decline. The traders' association is considering two lines of action as a protest against the present position and these will be launched in the very near future. '''Effect on New Station.''' In discussing this subject an important aspect which is likely to put an end to any restraint on the part of listeners must not be overlooked. This is the opening of the new "B" class station, 6PR, next week. It is very pertinent to ask at this juncture, what will be the position of the new station if its transmissions cannot be received without 6WF's transmissions being heard at the same time? The new station 6PR is entitled to have a clear field on its own specified wave length. It has been pointed out that many listeners now cannot receive '''6ML''' without a greater or lesser degree of interference from 6WF. Now 6WF operates on a wave-length of 435 metres and its frequency is 690 kilocycles; 6PR will operate on 341 metres and 880 kilocycles; and '''6ML''' is on 264 metres and 1,135 kilocycles. If '''6ML''' which is separated from 6WF by 445 kilocycles, is subject to interference by 6WF, it is rather a poor lookout for set-owners, as 6PR is only separated from 6WF by 190 kilocycles, especially in view of the fact that interference becomes greater as the frequencies become closer. In modern practice 10 kilocycles is said to be ample separation between sharply tuned efficient stations to enable reception without interference; and therefore, the separation of 190 kilocycles between 6PR and 6WF should be more than sufficient separation of frequencies to enable 6PR to be received without even a trace of background from 6WF. Following the opening of 6PR the complaints about 6WF's transmissions are likely to be greater than ever before and it is to be hoped that they will be such as to galvanise the department into long-awaited action.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32353602 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=9,132 |location=Western Australia |date=1 October 1931 |accessdate=26 March 2019 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Station Notes. (By VK6FG)''' Last week, in the course of my notes upon "scrambled radio," I quoted the frequency of '''6ML''' as 1010 k.c. The station has since pointed out that that was the frequency on 297 metres, but since they have come down to 264 metres, the frequency has advanced to 1135 k.c., which is correct, but does not alter the substance of my argument. In reply to another point they quote the fact that reports upon the station's transmissions have been received from a number of listeners in New Zealand and Victoria, while State listeners are spread from Bunbury and Bridgetown in the south to Carnarvon and Sandstone in the north and to Trayning to the east, a condition of affairs which must be regarded as highly satisfactory to the station. With the major issues involved in the discussion, the station director agrees.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84208964 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,600 |location=Western Australia |date=5 October 1931 |accessdate=26 March 2019 |page=4 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''FOX-HOYTS RADIO CLUB.''' On Thursday evening next, at 6.30, the inaugural Fox-Hoyts Radio Club broad-cast takes place from '''6ML''' (Musgrove's Limited). The broadcast will comprise the first of a series of talkietones, embodying musical items by many of the Fox Corporation artists, and speeches by world-famed celebrities. The talkietone will be relayed per medium of a Fox movietone sound film, and by kind permission of Western Electric through the medium of their talking picture equipment at Hoyts Capitol Theatre, and then through the transmitter of '''6ML'''. An innovation in connection with the nightly announcements from '''6ML''' will the broadcasting of certain registration numbers of members, who will be entitled to free reserved seats at Hoyts Capitol, Regent and Majestic Theatres. Furthermore, a membership drive is to be conducted for one month from October 8 until November 8, and to the member securing the greatest number of fresh membership registrations an alternate prize of £2 2s cash, or one month's pass to Hoyts Theatres, will be awarded. Application forms for the local Fox-Hoyts organisation may be obtained from '''6ML''' or any of Hoyts theatres, or at Fox Movietone, Perth, the enrolment fee being 1s.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84205345 |title=FOX-HOYTS RADIO CLUB |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,601 |location=Western Australia |date=6 October 1931 |accessdate=26 March 2019 |page=7 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''DISPLAY BY MUSGROVE'S, LTD.''' (Start Photo Caption) Left : A general view of the pavilion. Top right : Section of piano and player piano display. Bottom right : Section of the radio showroom. Musgrove's, Ltd., are owners of broadcasting station '''6ML'''. (End Photo Caption)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article38526292 |title=DISPLAY BY MUSGROVE'S, LTD. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=2,383 |location=Western Australia |date=15 October 1931 |accessdate=26 March 2019 |page=31 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''MUSGROVE'S LIMITED.''' Musgrove's Limited, the well-known music people of Lyric House, Murray-street, Perth, also owners and operators of broadcast station, '''6ML''', had as usual a prominent and fine display of their exclusive world-wide agencies. Such pianofortes as the renowned Bechstein, Marshall and Rose, Steck Duo-Art, and Steck pianola pianos, and Squire and Longson were exhibited. More moderately priced, ant of such a grade that they are worthy to rank and were placed side by side with the other fine instruments, were the Lyric piano and player piano. These instruments are entirely of Australian production, specially constructed and designed for Musgrove's Limited, and prepared to meet the exacting requirements of Australian climatic conditions. They compare favourably with the world's best, and are said to be highly regarded by music lovers and teachers who know the importance of having in their homes an instrument that is above reproach in quality of tone and every other virtue. Convenient terms are available to suit everybody's income, and every instrument is fully guaranteed in writing for 25 years. Radio is booming and now forms an important part in home entertainment; in fact no home is complete without one. Songs, music, entertainment of all kinds, helpful talks, descriptions of thrilling events, and the news of the day, all come to you in the comfort of your own home by simply pressing a button. Wonderful progress in construction has been made during the past 12 months, and now Mus-groves have beautifully designed console models of Stromberg-Carlson sets, housing two, three, four, five and six valve receivers combined with a loud speaker, which operate entirely from the electric light supply in the home. They are practically foolproof and immune from service troubles. An important feature was the new Stromberg-Carlson convertible console, a new type of musical instrument which is a radio receiver now, and can be converted, at any time, to a phonoradio combination model, with very little cost to the owner. They are so constructed that a phonograph panel assembly for the reproducing of phonograph records may be installed beneath the lift-up lid, in a special recess provided. The convert-ible console has a uniform selectivity throughout the whole broadcast band, which is obtained by the use of band-pass filter circuit, electrolytic self-healing condensers, screen grid valve and Magnavox dynamic speaker of a type which has been matched to the penthode power valve, thus resulting in tone quality that far exceeds anything previously attained. Those receivers also make possible real interstate reception. Other new models incorporating the latest improvements in radio construction in the two and three valve receiving sets, are also available at considerably reduced prices. These include the Merlin, Lyric, and Dante sets, beautiful cabinet artistry, and tonal purity are of the many outstanding features. New and special models for battery operation have been designed with the receiver, batteries and speaker all housed in one handsome console cabinet, thus, making a complete unit. These are specially for country people. A complete range of Stromberg-Curlson models offer a varied and wide selection, all of which were exhibited in Musgrove's pavilion on the grounds. In radio equipment Musgrove's particularly call attention to the Magnavox dynamic speaker which assures freedom from rattles and distortion at any volume. These are obtainable for A.C. or D.C. mains, and battery operation. Raytheon valves have special four-pillar construction, cross anchored top and bottom, which gives them greater support at eight points instead of two as in ordinary valves. Brunswick and Rexonola phonographs and also the Lyric portable phonograph represented the exhibit of record reproducing instruments. There is a fine range of models which in beauty of design and clarity of tone will appeal to all.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article38526454 |title=MUSGROVE'S LIMITED. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=2,383 |location=Western Australia |date=15 October 1931 |accessdate=26 March 2019 |page=57 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Growth of "B" Stations. DIFFICULTIES OF BROADCASTERS. (By VK6FG)''' Spearwood, in the vicinity of the Peel Estate, is to be the site of the proposed new "B" class station, if all goes well. The matter has been under consideration by the authorities in Melbourne for some time, and if certain variations sought by the concern behind the new proposal are agreed to, the station should be on the air in a couple of months. A large city concern, with a number of branches, is said to be the moving spirit behind the scheme, but until such time as a direct announcement is made nothing further may be said. The project has been under consideration for some time, and finality would now appear to be approaching. Originally it was intended to establish the station at Bunbury, it is learned, but certain difficulties, mostly technical, were in the way. It was then considered that a station outside Fremantle would fill the bill, providing Fremantle with a station close at hand, while at the same time meeting requirements so far as the desire to provide a service to the entire south-west of the State is concerned. If the amount of power sought is conceded by the authorities, the station should provide practically the same volume as the new station, 6PR, of Nicholsons Limited, while in other directions it will be up to date. At the present time the three local stations — 6WF, 6PR, and '''6ML''' — occupy much the same time periods on the air, 6WF, of course, exceeding the other two because of the early morning and late evening session. It would not be surprising, therefore, if it was learned that the new station — if it comes to pass — will fill in many of the blanks of the daily programmes, and so provide listeners with the opportunity of a practically continuous programme from 7.30 a.m. to midnight on all nights except Sunday. While it is expected that recorded music will be largely drawn upon, inducement might be offered the musical folk of Fremantle, particularly, to provide artists, and as all "B" class stations derive revenue from indirect advertising, the idea of the "sponsored programme" doubtless will be closely considered. The almost sudden interest in "B" class stations is of interest as showing the revival of life in radio in the State, and as the only source of revenue is from radio advertising, it is assumed that those concerned have considered their outlook from the financial side. Use of Phonograph Records. Broadcasting stations are facing a somewhat cloudy outlook at the moment, what with the ultimatum of the phonograph record people, and the knowledge that the existing arrangement with the copyright people shortly expires. With limited incomes, it is only natural that "B" class stations should turn to recorded music, either in the form of piano rolls or phonograph records, for providing the musical entertainment from the studio. If this source of supply is cut off, it would for some little time at least inconvenience the stations. The phonograph companies are a sheltered industry as a result of the tariff on imported records; but as the Commonwealth — if it took over the provision of the national broadcast service — would be similarly affected by the ultimatum, there is a possibility that there might be a reduction in the incidence of the tariff, or else the complete removal of the present measure of protection. At present the two "B" class stations in Perth are controlled by companies interested in the sale of records. It is well known that the sale of records has fallen off considerably since the depression first made itself apparent, and If they were debarred from using the records for which they are agents — and for which they have to pay when they are used — one would assume as a natural matter of business that, were other agencies available from sources outside or inside Australia which gave the right to broadcast, they would consider the position in a somewhat different light. In the Eastern States, too, quite a number of the "B" class stations have got direct and indirect links with musical organisations, and so the whole position becomes gloriously involved. Practically all the "B" class stations are linked up under the Australian Federation of Broadcasting Stations for self-protection, and it is not to be assumed that they would give up the "ghost" without a spirited fight. What is to prevent such a closely-knit organisation — if it is really as closely knit as they would have us believe — uniting to provide its own programmes in the form of electrical transcriptions on talkie film, talkie tape, or other forms of sound reproduction? One can foresee the time when the broadcast stations would be supplied with daily programmes in just the same way as the picture houses are provided with programmes. Science never stands still, and the possibility is that if the phonograph people continue with their stand-and-deliver attitude, science may find a way out of the difficulty as unexpected as it would be unprecedented.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84204183 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,618 |location=Western Australia |date=26 October 1931 |accessdate=26 March 2019 |page=6 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 11===== <blockquote>'''OVER THE ETHER. Wireless News, Tips and Comments. By DETECTOR.''' . . . '''6ML''' PARS. Next Friday evening the Salvation Army Band, under the baton of Mr. J. C. Palmer, will give another recital from '''6ML'''. Included in the programme will be some old-time melodies, which will be rendered, so that listeners may join in with community singing. Following the recent successful radio dance in aid of charity, the Shell Company has arranged another popular entertainment, to take place on Thursday, November 12. It will take the form of a "party evening," and listeners are invited to organise parties in their homes for this occasion, as it will be marked with many novelty items. The entertainment will be broadcast by '''6ML'''. The '''6ML''' Fox-Hoyts Radio Club is growing rapidly, as many as a hundred new members being enrolled weekly. The first gathering of the club was held last Sunday evening, when over 350 members and friends responded to the invitation of Hoyts Theatres, Ltd., to witness a special screening of "The Yankee in King Arthur's Court." Other meetings will be arranged in the near future. Every Thursday, at 6.30 p.m., '''6ML''' broadcasts a programme of Fox "talkies." On Saturday, November 17, '''6ML''' will broadcast a special concert by the Western Australian Banjo, Mandolin, and Guitar Club, under the direction of Mr. G. H. Webster. In response to numerous requests, '''6ML's''' classical programme, to be broadcast on Tuesday evening, will consist mainly of items by English composers. Mails from New Zealand include reports from listeners who have picked up '''6ML'''. That the signals are received with good strength is made evident by the fact that full details of advertisements, and not merely titles of easily recognised musical items, are given. Other letters have been sent to '''6ML''' by listeners in all States of the Commonwealth, and also from countries as far away as California. Station '''6ML''' will broadcast the scores in the billiard match between Lindrum and Newman, which will be played this week in Musgrove's Hall.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58650775 |title=OVER THE ETHER |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1762 |location=Western Australia |date=1 November 1931 |accessdate=26 March 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''OVER THE ETHER. Wireless News, Tips and Comments. By DETECTOR. . . . A NEW AMPLIFIER.''' Last week Musgrove's, Ltd., announced that they were installing a new speech amplifier which would appreciably improve the quality of transmission. The apparatus possessed various mixing channels for microphone and pickup work, and would enable background music of practically any kind to be provided for programmes of every description, while avoiding distortion which spoilt tonal balance. Part of the apparatus, which was being installed by stages, was in operation last week, with satisfactory results.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58651668 |title=OVER THE ETHER |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1764 |location=Western Australia |date=15 November 1931 |accessdate=26 March 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 12===== <blockquote>'''OVER THE ETHER. Wireless News, Tips and Comments. By DETECTOR. . . . INCREASED STAFF AT 6ML.''' Mr. M. S. Urquhart (VK6MU) has joined the engineering staff of '''6ML''', and is engaged on the work of improving the station equipment with the station engineer. Since the new speech amplifier has been in operation the quality of transmissions has shown a marked improvement. It is the management's aim to make '''6ML''' second to no B class station in Australia.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58653298 |title=OVER THE ETHER |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1767 |location=Western Australia |date=6 December 1931 |accessdate=26 March 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1932==== =====1932 01===== <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Selectivity in Receivers. BETTER SETS WANTED. (By VK6FG)''' The time has arrived when people buying broadcast sets for their home are determined to ensure that receivers are amply selective. This will mean that many manufacturers of cheap electric models will have to revise their constructional ideas, or else go out of business. It is safe to say that a large number of the electric sets advertised in the "for sale — second hand" columns are there because of their inselectivity. Just as when radio first began to boom in this State, some manufacturers (not necessarily exclusively in this State) put out sets which in point of price attracted the unwary. Today they are not worth anything in a junk sale, and their efficiency when constructed was so low as to not be worthy of recommendation by the competent radio engineer. Much the same is the position today. The all-electric set has been produced in a multiplicity of models, all priced down to catch the person who wants a radio, but doesn't want to pay too much to get one. Salesmen are not backward in pointing out the good features of the set, but knowingly or unknowingly they do not mention, the weaknesses of the radio. First of all, Perth is one oi the few places in Australia which has '''40 cycle current'''; most of the Eastern States towns have either 50 or 60 cycle sup-ply. When a 50 or 60 cycle transform-fer is used with 40 current, it invariably leads to heating of the transformer. This piece of apparatus becomes much hotter than it should, while the action of the rectifying valve is such as to promote a short life. If the voltages to the various valves in the receiving part of the set, are as a result, found to be higher than the manufacturers of the valves specify should be applied, it will not be long before the overloaded valves give out and replacements are necessary long before they really should be needed. While that feature is bad enough, per-haps an even worse one is the inselectivity of sets. How many electric sets in and around Perth can tune from station to station without having another local station playing in the background. 6WF is somewhat broad in transmis-sion, and the presence of a high power station right in the city creates difficulties which are hard to obviate, but it should be quite easy in well constructed sets, to tune in 6WF without hearing either 6PR or '''6ML''', while when tuning in '''6ML''' no sound of 6PR or 6WF should be heard. Need for Selectivity. What is the cause of this inselectivity? Generally it is instructional weakness due to the adoption of a system known as direct-coupling of the aerial. In order to save knobs and also reduce expense, manufacturers of cheap sets have swung to direct-coupling of the aerial and as a aerial compensator have introduced band-pass tuning in subsequent stages in the set. Band-pass tuning is quite modern practice, when used with Variable-Mu and pentode valves tends to prevent what is technically known as "crosstalk," but the absence of loosely coupled aerial tuning has rendered nugatory to a large extent, the benefits of band-pass tuning. Those broadcast listeners who from time to time hear amateurs both on continuous wave and 'phone transmission, do so in about six cases out of ten, because of inherent weaknesses in their own sets. Amateurs work mostly on 20, 40 and 80 metres — well away from the broadcast band — and the majority adopt the usual protections against interference, such as the use of the supressors, earthing of high tension, sharp tuning of transmitter by employment and use of crystal control or M.O.P.A., etc. Cases which have come under notice recently indicate that the direct coupling of the aerial to the grid circuit has been the cause for not only interference from amateurs on one side and commercial stations on the other, but of inselectivity among the broadcast stations. Most of the commercial electric sets are provided with two aerial terminals and one earth terminal. They are usually referred to as the broad-tuning aerial and the sharp tuning aerial. Those listeners who are troubled with inselectivity will do well to shift their aerial on to the sharp-tuning terminal. This will alter the dial reading slightly, and may reduce the volume a little, but it should make for greater purity and less interference from other stations. If the inselectivity continues, secure about a seven-plate midget condenser and fix this in a position handy to the set. Sometimes it can be screwed into . the woodwork at the back of the set out of the way. If not, it may be accomo-dated on a small panel where the aerial comes into the room. Connect the aerial to one of the terminals on the condenser, and another piece of wire from the second terminal on the condenser to the aerial terminal on the set. By the adjusting of this midget condenser most of the inselectivity is overcome. If, however, the set continues to be in-selective it indicates that it is very poorly constructed, or else something is out of adjustment. Recently the set examined by an expert showed that the aerial coil was wound over the grid coil for almost its complete length; any won-der, that the set wasn't selective. The construction of a wavetrap at a cost of about 25s may then prove efficacious. It is preferable, however, to ensure when buying a set that it has the necessary degree of selectivity, and absence of hum. Indications are that be-fore long, manufacturers will abandon the direct coupled aerial and even if it costs more, resort to more selective methods and better technique.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article82521352 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=LI, |issue=17,677 |location=Western Australia |date=4 January 1932 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=2 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Pertinent Paragraphs.''' THE old fashioned idea of a musician was a man who sat at his piano or his violin most of the day and well into the night. The modern idea, as represented by Mr. D'Oyly Musgrove, of the big music firm that bears his name, is vastly different. Mr. Musgrove is a musician and a man whose interest in music extends far beyond his business. But that doesn't prevent him from having a great love of the outdoors. Swimming is his first favorite. His home in Claremont is close handy to the Baths and he spends a lot of his spare time in the water. When there is a carnival or a big event on it's usual to find him holding the watch, his services as time-keeper having been availed of for many years. Though not in the class of "Snow" Howson, "Yook" Stevens, Noel Unbehaun, "Pro" McKenzie and some of the others of Claremont's young brigade, Mr. Musgrove has some pace in the water and he is usually regarded as a prospective backmarker when there's a veterans' event coming off. In winter his favorite recreations are music and motoring.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article75763210 |title=Pertinent Paragraphs |newspaper=[[Mirror]] |volume=10, |issue=536 |location=Western Australia |date=9 January 1932 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1932 02===== 1932 - Aerial Alteration <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. Altering Aerial of 6ML.''' Two workmen were engaged on the roof of Musgrove's, Ltd., on Friday altering the aerial of the company's B class broadcasting station, '''6ML'''. The director of the station (Mr. F. C. Kingston), when asked the reason for the change, said that the chief engineer of the station (Mr. H. Simmonds) had been visiting the Eastern States recently and had inspected all of the stations in Melbourne and Adelaide in search of new ideas. Mr. Simmonds had accumulated some useful suggestions for improvement of plant, and these would be tested. He had also seen developments which justified a change in the aerial which had been contemplated by the company for some considerable time, and which was now being put into effect. The aerial was being changed from an inverted L type to a T type. This was expected to give better radiation and to ensure that the maximum power was radiated and none lost in the aerial system. It was hoped to have the alteration completed in time for tomorrow night's broadcast. Mr. Kingston added that the T type aerial would have been installed when the station was built had sufficient width of span between the masts been available. The reduction of wave length from 297 to 264 metres a few months ago had made the change possible.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32657311 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVIII, |issue=9,260 |location=Western Australia |date=29 February 1932 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1932 03===== =====1932 04===== <blockquote>'''OVER THE ETHER. Wireless News, Tips and Comment. BY DETECTOR.''' (Start Photo Caption) '''HEARD BUT NEVER SEEN.''' Mr. Bryn Samuel, station manager, who is responsible for the ringside boxing descriptions broadcast by '''6ML''' every Friday night. (End Photo Caption)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58660912 |title=OVER THE ETHER Wireless News, Tips and Comment |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1785 |location=Western Australia |date=10 April 1932 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=7 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. The Radio Exhibition.''' On Tuesday evening next at 8 o'clock, the efforts of the organisers of the Radio and Electrical Exhibition will have been consummated when the official opening will take place in the Temple Court Garage. For many weeks past the members of both organisations have worked strenuously to make the exhibition a notable event, and with the numerous and very latest electrical and wireless devices at their command they can with every confidence assure patrons of an interesting afternoon or evening. This will be the first occasion on which the electrical and radio traders have joined forces, and many of the large assortment of electrical time-saving devices which may be used in any household served with the electricity, will be displayed for the first time in this State. One interesting feature which will commend itself to every householder will be the very neat electrical clock. Absolutely silent, and made entirely in Australia this clock will be obtainable in designs suitable for any class of room or office. It is less cumbersome and far cheaper than the average 8 or 400 day timepiece, and the current it consumes is estimated at approximately one unit per month. '''Receiving Sets.''' As in the past the wireless section will comprise receiving sets of all types, from the humble crystal to the latent model superheterodyne. A special feature of this portion of the exhibition will be a complete absence of the unnecessary demonstrations regarding the tonal qualities of loud speakers. In the past it seemed to have been the one ambition of the exhibitor to illustrate the "loudness" of some component by means of the electrical pick-up and gramophone record. This, happily, will be entirely absent. Patrons will be able to inspect all ex-hibits and obtain information from the attendants without straining either their vocal chords or hearing. An added incentive to the patrons of the exhibition will be the chance of winning a handsome five-valve (including rectifier) all-electric console, valued at £37/10/. The announcement of the winner of this free gift will take place on Saturday evening, and patrons are reminded to be sure and retain the special portion of their admission ticket for this purpose. In conjunction with the allied associations well-known artists from stations 6WF, '''6ML''' and 6PR will render concerts for the benefit of patrons, while the Saturday afternoon session has been set aside for children when each child attending will receive a gift of a bag of sweets. We live in an electrical age, and everything electrical will be on view at Temple Court garage next week; therefore to keep abreast of the times every citizen of the metropolitan area and elsewhere should, endeavour to attend at least one of the sessions, during the currency of the exhibition.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32665616 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVIII, |issue=9,297 |location=Western Australia |date=13 April 1932 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''6ML, PERTH. The Pioneer "B" Class Station.''' Owned and operated by Musgrove's, Limited, '''6ML''' is the pioneer class "B" broadcasting station of the State. Officially opened on March 19, 1930, '''6ML''' has provided regular programmes for more than two years and has played an important part in the radio development of Western Australia. Daily sessions of eight and a quarter hours are maintained, and programmes of every type are presented to listeners. A special feature of '''6ML''' activities is the number of outside relays which are arranged, and particularly sporting events. The ringside descriptions of the boxing contests, which are broadcast each Friday evening, are extremely popular, and command a wide audience throughout the State. The plant was recently improved and brought up-to-date by the installation of a new speech amplifier, imported from overseas, and reputed to be the most up-to-date in the Commonwealth. Station '''6ML''' was the first "B" class station in the Commonwealth to employ a crystal controlled oscillator, and also carried out the first relay from Western Australia to the Eastern States. This relay was put over a '''Federal network''', of which '''6ML''' is the West Australian station. This network is formed from the following "B" class stations:— 2UW, Sydney; 3DB, Melbourne; 4BC, Brisbane; 5AD, Adelaide, and '''6ML''', Perth.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32662635 |title=6ML, PERTH. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVIII, |issue=9,302 |location=Western Australia |date=19 April 1932 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Australia's Broadcasting Problems. WHY NOT CALL IN CAPT. ECKERSLEY? (By VK6FG)''' It is becoming patent to those who have made a study of radio, and particularly of broadcasting, that the position in Australia is becoming tangled, to say the least of it. There is a general dissatisfaction with the programmes of the national stations, there is complaint from country listeners in many States that satisfactory reception cannot be obtained, and the department would appear loth to grant further broadcasting licences for the cities of the Commonwealth. The whole broadcasting business would appear to be due for thorough overhaul both from the technical and programme sides. During the week the cables told that Capt. P. P. Eckersley, one time technical director of the British Broadcasting Company and now managing director of the High Frequency Engineering Co. is sailing on the Otranto on April 30 for Australia. Capt. Eckersley is convalescent from an operation for appendicitis and he proposes during the trip to investigate broadcasting in Australia. No announcement has been made by the Federal authorities to suggest that the investigation is other than a personal one, but the opportunity should not be lost of securing to the Commonwealth the advice and assistance of such an expert as Capt. Eckersley, who is recognised as one of the outstanding radio engineers in the British Empire. '''Unique Difficulties.''' The fact that technical difficulties encountered in Great Britain are different from those met with here, should not deter the appointment, for Capt. Eckersley's experience both on the Continent and in America ensure that he has sufficiently wide mental vision to appreciate the differences in our problems from those of any other country. In Europe at the present time broadcasting is something of a modern Babel and it is only recently that efforts have been made to get order out of chaos. There have been two schools of thought. One is that each nation has the right to run its own broadcasting as it thinks fit, without interference from or reference to other nearby nations. The other is that broadcasting being international in character, it is necessary so to co-ordinate matters that harmony between all is the ideal, however difficult of realisation. The listener in Great Britain for instance may suffer in his reception of the local station by the "whistles" of European stations which are heterodyning on the local station's wave. This can only be obviated by an international arrangement and reallocation of wave-lengths. '''Position of "B" Class Stations.''' The "B" class stations because of their dependence upon advertising revenue to sustain them must perforce operate from the large centres of population. The national stations draw their revenue from the listeners and if the country can be induced to subscribe in its degree to the general pool it must be assured of a satisfactory service. The erection recently of stations at Corowa and Crystal Brook are evidences of a changing policy. At present there are two "B" class stations in Perth which have a separation of approximately 268 kilocycles, 6PR being on 882 k.c. (341 metres) and '''6ML''' on 1150 k.c. (264 metres). '''Applications.''' have been lodged with the authorities for further "B" class stations but the reply has been that there is not room in the ether for further stations in Perth. The national station 6WF is on 695 k.c. (435 metres) so that the nearest "B" class station (6PR) is separated by 187 k.c. Such a statement would appear to afford little testimony for the selectivity of our broadcasting sets, for in America it is the policy that no station shall be within 10 k.c. of another. Here in Perth we are separated by hundreds of miles from the nearest "B" class station — Kalgoorlie — and thousands of miles from the nearest "A" class station and yet we are told the ether is congested. Unless the Commonwealth has a scheme which it has not yet unfolded, I still fail to see the wisdom of erecting the new 6WF at Wanneroo. It would be much better further inland, where with the greater power and immeasurably more radiation promised, it would still be audible at great volume in the city and yet supply the country. Furthermore it would ease the claim of the Commonwealth that there are enough "B" class stations here. '''Problems of Australia.''' Australia is differently placed. Because of the insularity of the continent there is no interference from stations which do not come under the jurisdiction of the Commonwealth. The problems therefore are all within our own borders. One has only to look at the radio map to see that with the exception of Corowa and Crystal Brook the powerful broadcasting stations are established at the capital cities, and a further glance at the map shows that they are all practically on the seaboard. This policy was dictated in the early days, and ensured the serving of the greater number of population, but broadcasting is essential a community service. If there were any loss on it, the country resident doubtless would be called upon to contribute to the deficit in similar proportion to the town dweller. To the city listener, the radio is an alternative to the theatre as a means of entertainment; to the country man it is frequently his only entertainment and his only link with what we like to call our "civilisation." Therefore it is contended the countryman — and woman — is worthy of more than passing thought when the broadcasting policy is in the melting pot.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83883629 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=LI, |issue=17,772 |location=Western Australia |date=25 April 1932 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=7 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1932 05===== =====1932 06===== <blockquote>'''OVER THE ETHER. Wireless News, Tips and Comments. By DETECTOR. . . . 6ML PARS.''' It will be noticed that '''6ML''' has made an alteration to the time of the afternoon session, which will be extended by an hour, so that the station will be continually on the air from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. Hitherto 2 p.m. to 3 p.m. has been a "dead" period on the air. Next Saturday evening's programme will be devoted to humorous items. A great deal of interest is being shown by listeners in the '''6ML''' women's session. Fashion notes, beauty hints, recipes, and other useful items make the session interesting and helpful to women. It is conducted by Lady Edna, a member of '''6ML's''' staff. "W.W." (Subiaco), writing, says:— "Our set is very rarely turned from the 264 mark on the dial, for taking it all round I think Musgrove's is a most interesting broadcast station."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58665317 |title=OVER THE ETHER |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1795 |location=Western Australia |date=19 June 1932 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=9 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1932 07===== <blockquote>'''6ML PARS.''' '''6ML''' relays the "Cheerio" Club Dance Orchestra each alternate Wednesday night from 8.0 to 10.30. This makes a pleasing addition to '''6ML's''' usual Wednesday night dance programme. Station '''6ML''' receives many letters of appreciation from listeners. One says: "Congratulations on the excellency of your transmission and the quality of your programme. I like your idea of reserving different evenings for different styles of music. It is most disconcerting, after listening to a beautiful trio or quartet to be suddenly informed that "My canary has circles under his eyes." The membership of the "Cheerio" Club exceeds 1200. Approximately 200 persons attended the hike at Darlington last Sunday and had a most enjoyable time. Country listeners are invited to join the club. Special sessions of band music are broadcast each Friday evening. These have been very interesting and entertaining and have filled in the interval of studio music when the regular boxing relay from the Unity Stadium takes place. The regular Sunday evening Panatrope recital from Station '''6ML''' is a very popular feature. One listener, "F.C.C.," Darlington, writes:— "I feel I must congratulate you on your programme last Sunday evening. As a listener-in since nearly the beginning of broadcasting in Western Australia, I have never enjoyed a session so much. The judiciously selected variety and excellence of the items made up a musical programme delightful to hear."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58667294 |title=FROM PLANE TO TRAIN. |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1799 |location=Western Australia |date=17 July 1932 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=9 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1932 08===== =====1932 09===== =====1932 10===== =====1932 11===== =====1932 12===== <blockquote>'''On the Air Conducted BY "MIKE"''' . . . '''6ML's Improved Transmitter.''' The transmitting plant at Station '''6ML''' has been constantly added to and kept up to date, and considerable alterations and additions, which practically amount to a reconstruction of the plant, are now being carried out. The result will be a more powerful signal, with a corresponding increase of coverage. The purity of the tone which has marked '''6ML''' previously will also be maintained. . . . '''Salvation Army Band.''' The programme from '''6ML''' on Christmas Eve will take the form of a carnival programme from 8 till 10.30, and from then to midnight the Salvation Army Band will provide a programme of Christmas carols with vocal interludes. Consequently Station '''6ML''' will give listeners two late nights, both Christmas Eve and New Year's Eve. The Salvation Army Band is recognised as one of the foremost bands in Perth, and a fine programme can be expected.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37693338 |title=On the Air Conducted BY "MIKE" |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XLVIII, |issue=2,445 |location=Western Australia |date=22 December 1932 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1933==== =====1933 01===== <blockquote>'''BROADCAST BOUQUETS. And Other Offerings.''' '''6ML's''' evening sessions are always musically bright. Last night '''6ML''' ushered in the New Year with a special session of comedy and carnival music. At the special request of many listeners, '''6ML''' will repeat the complete version of the music for the ballet "Petroushka" next Saturday, from 10 p.m. . . . '''6ML's''' tone and power have improved very perceptibly.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58694186 |title=BROADCAST BOUQUETS |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1823 |location=Western Australia |date=1 January 1933 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=7 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''BROADCAST BOUQUETS. And Other Offerings.''' Station '''6ML''' shows a decided improvement, both in transmission and programmes. . . . Western Australia listeners are still looking forward to a hook-up with the Eastern States chain. After the success of the Empire relay, the old excuse that the land line does not favor musical relays will not do.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58672604 |title=BROADCAST BOUQUETS |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1826 |location=Western Australia |date=22 January 1933 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=12 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1933 02===== <blockquote>'''TECHNICAL INFORMATION. Answers to Inquiries. (By "Electron.")''' A.E.A. (Ardath) would like to know in what direction the transmitting aerials used by the three local stations are situated. Answer: In the general sense, the transmitting aerial used at Wanneroo by station 6WF runs east and west (the old Westralian Farmers aerial ran north and south), 6PR runs from one mast direct to the transmitting station from south to north, whilst '''6ML''' has its aerial erected north and south. Both 6WF and '''6ML''' use aerials of the T type.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32466489 |title=TECHNICAL INFORMATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=9,565 |location=Western Australia |date=22 February 1933 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=13 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1933 03===== <blockquote>'''NEW BROADCASTING COMPANY.''' To take over the existing wireless station '''6ML''' and to establish a new one with the call sign of 6IX, a company has been formed in Perth to be known as W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd. The stations are both of the B class. As at present, '''6ML''' will be operated from Lyric House, the headquarters of Musgrove's, Ltd., and 6IX at a later date will broadcast from Newspaper House. W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., will be jointly controlled by West Australian Newspapers, Ltd., and Musgrove's, Ltd.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37698559 |title=NEW BROADCASTING COMPANY. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XLVIII, |issue=2,457 |location=Western Australia |date=16 March 1933 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1933 04===== <blockquote>'''6IX, Perth.''' The most recent development in local radio circles was the formation of a new company, W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., in which West Australian Newspapers, Ltd., and Musgrove's, Ltd., are partners, to operate the popular existing "B" class station, '''6ML''', and to put on the air a new "B" class station, 6IX. Station 6IX is expected to commence operations in June or July next, and it will be distinct in policy and programme from '''6ML'''. The wavelength of 6IX will be 204 degrees (sic) and it will come in at the bottom of the tuning dial on receiving sets. It will be as powerful as existing "B" class stations. The transmitter of '''6ML''' will remain at Lyric House and that of 6IX will be at Newspaper House. The management of station 6IX will attempt to do what has been urged by enthusiasts for so long — it will as far as possible transmit programmes during the hours (particularly on Sunday) that are now "silent." The aim of the management of 6IX will be to provide the best possible entertainment all the time. Side by side with the announcement of the opening of 6IX is the news that the Postmaster-General's Department is actively engaged in making additions to the '''East-West telephone line''' to enable the transmission of musical programmes from stations in the Eastern States to 6WF, Perth, for broadcasting to local listeners. The existing equipment is quite satisfactory for speech transmissions and the additions will enable musical programmes to be faithfully transmitted to Perth. When this is done, one of the greatest causes for complaint locally will have been removed as we will then be able to share in Australian-wide relays of notable singers and musicians, as well as hearing once or twice a week complete programmes from Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane or Adelaide stations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32480339 |title=COMBINED TRADE SHOW. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=9,600 |location=Western Australia |date=4 April 1933 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1933 05===== =====1933 06===== =====1933 07===== =====1933 08===== =====1933 09===== =====1933 10===== <blockquote>'''SATURDAY BROADCASTS. Trial Programme from 6ML.''' In connection with Saturday broadcasts, Mr. F. C. Kingston, of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., made the following statement yesterday:— "The listeners' letters which have appeared in 'The West Australian' during the past few days, requesting a musical programme on Saturday afternoons for the benefit of those listeners who do not take an interest in the various sporting fixtures, has been followed closely, and, as the management of '''6ML''' is at all times keen to meet the wishes of listeners it has decided to transmit a musical programme tomorrow (Saturday) afternoon from 3 o'clock to 5 o'clock. This programme will be largely in the nature of an experiment and we would like all listeners who are interested to write and let us know if it meets with their approval, and if they would like it made a regular feature, as the continuance or otherwise will depend entirely on listeners' response."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article33331775 |title=SATURDAY BROADCASTS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=9,764 |location=Western Australia |date=14 October 1933 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=16 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW WIRELESS STATION. EQUIPMENT FOR 6IX. Largely of Local Manufacture.''' Considerable interest was aroused yesterday by the display in one of the windows of Lyric House, Murray-street, Perth, of portion of the transmitter for the new "B" class wireless broadcasting station, 6IX which is expected to be on the air during November. The transmitter and the aerial system will be at Newspaper House, and the main studios will be at Lyric House. There will also be a news studio at Newspaper House to enable the prompt transmission of important news. The window display, includes the microphone, into which all announcements are made, the speech amplifier, which picks up and amplifies the minute currents from the microphone and the record pickup, and the drive panel, which next receives the current. This panel generates the carrier wave, which will be 204 metres, or 1,470 kilocycles. In it is the very latest type of temperature control oven, by which the crystal operating is kept always at the same temperature. The panel also modulates the signal received from the speech amplifier, and passes it on to the main amplifier in the form of modulated radio frequency. The signal passes through, a final amplifier, before it enters the aerial and is sent over the air to listeners. Other units in the window include a big rectifier, which supplies direct current to all units of the transmitter and which supplies a maximum voltage of 5,000 volts, and a tuning panel, which tunes the final amplifier. There is also a variable transmitting condenser with a capacity of 0.0001 microfarads. This was designed by Mr. H. T. Simmons, chief engineer of '''6ML''' (W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd.), and was manufactured by Mr. F. A. Lee. of Perth. The station director of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd. (Mr. F. C. Kingston) said yesterday that, with the exception of this condenser, the microphone and the speech amplifier, the whole plant had been designed and built by the chief engineer and the engineering staff of the company. Mr. Kingston said that the plant contained the very latest ideas, including a special modulating transformer, which was now being adopted by the leading stations of the world, and is superseding the choke system of modulation. A feature new to Australia was the filament rectifier, which supplied current to all filaments instead of a filament generator, which was usual. A system of electromagnetic control had been installed in place of the older manual control. This meant that the plant would be started up and operated by the pressing of buttons instead of manual switches. It had been so arranged that if any part of the transmitter failed, the whole plant would be automatically switched off. The appearance of the apparatus and the method of assembly compared very favourably with that of any station in Australia, said Mr. Kingston, emphasising that the plant was almost entirely of local manufacture.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article33311280 |title=NEW WIRELESS STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=9,769 |location=Western Australia |date=20 October 1933 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=20 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1933 11===== <blockquote>'''WIRELESS. 6IX NEXT WEEK. NEW RADIO STATION. Description of Transmitter.''' Radio enthusiasts will be pleased to learn that the new broadcasting station, 6IX, Perth, will be on the air next week, probably on Monday night. This new station, which will operate on 204 metres (about 17 degrees lower than '''6ML''' on the tuning dial), is controlled by W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., and will greatly add to the radio entertainment activities in this State, providing another welcome change of station. The equipment of the new station throughout is of the latest and best designs procurable and to the technically minded there are many devices of great interest in the new transmitter. The studios of 6IX, with the exception of the 'news' studio, are at Lyric House, Murray-street, and consist of a main studio and second studio, with a control room having vision of both studios, said the chief engineer of the company (Mr. H. T. Simmons) yesterday. The main studio has positions for three microphones of the condenser type, together with two record turntables and pickups, while the second studio is equipped with a condenser microphone and two record turntables. The main studio is used for the appearance of artists, and the second studio for recorded numbers. The only apparatus at Lyric House be-sides microphone and pickups is the control panel and speech amplifier, which are housed in a special "control room" completely screened by copper mesh. This is necessary to eliminate interference from '''6ML''', the transmitter of which is only 50ft. distant. The copper screening is earthed, and the radio frequency prevented from entering the various circuits in the control room. By means of the control panel, the various microphones, pickups and relays are brought into operation and the small currents therefrom are passed on to the speech amplifier and amplified to the desired strength before being passed over the direct transmission lines to Newspaper House. The speech amplifier is a very modern piece of apparatus, and operates entirely from the 250 volt mains, rectifying both low and high tension voltages for its own use. Indirectly heated D.C. valves are used in the first and second stages, while the third stage is a pair of 5 watt valves in push pull, giving a high audio output. A vacuum tube volume indicator is installed, so that the operator may keep the amplification at the same level for different artists or records, without having to rely entirely on the ear, which is not nearly as quick as the eye in perceiving changes in volume or strength. '''Five Units.''' From Lyric House, the amplified currents from the microphones and pickups travel over the special transmission lines to Newspaper House where the actual transmitter is located. The transmitter at 6IX consists of five panels or units, and is capable of supplying 750 watts of 100 per cent, modulated radio frequency current to the aerial system. Each unit has a specific function to perform. The control unit by means of automatic switches operated by current from the mains, switches on each of the circuits in the correct order, switching off automatically if any of the circuits are out of adjustment. This means that if a valve burns out, the automatic switchgear would immediately switch off the high tension current, preventing the remaining valves suffering from the effects of overloading. The engineer on duty would then replace the valve with a new one, push a switch and the automatic switchgear would be thrown into operation, switching on each circuit correctly. The rectifier unit contains apparatus new to Western Australia, in the form of a three phase full wave rectifier, capable of supplying 20 volts, 75 amperes, to light all the filaments of the valves. Usually a motor generator is used for this purpose, but at 6IX this moving machinery is replaced by stationary apparatus which proves to be more reliable and at the same time more economical to operate. The other apparatus in the rectifier provides 5,000 volts at 1 ampere, and 2,000 volts at 500 milliamps for supplying anode current to all valves. Both high and low tension rectifiers are fitted with inductor regulators to keep the output voltage constant and correct, so that if the power from the mains rises or falls below normal the inductor regulators compensate for the difference. The drive panel performs the important function of generating the oscillation, the frequency of which is 1,470,000 times per second, corresponding to a wavelength of 204.8 metres. This frequency is kept constant by a quartz crystal and to obtain a still greater degree of accuracy, and less chance of frequency variation, the crystal is enclosed in an airproof chamber and kept at a temperature of 130 degrees Fah-renheit, ensuring that the temperature about the crystal will remain the same both summer and winter. The temperature is maintained automatically by a thermostat which switches the heating units off when the temperature rises above 130 degrees Fahrenheit, and on when it falls below. The oscillator valve is a 10 watt valve, which passes on the current it generates to a 75 watt screen grid valve of the latest type. This amplifies the cur-rent and passes it on to a 250 watt amplifier valve. '''The Modulating Transformer.''' The current sent from the control room at the studio is fed into a submodulator, which is a 50 watt valve, and this in turn passes it to the 500 watt modulating valve. By means of a special modulating transformer the low frequency or speech currents from the modulating valve are passed into the anode circuit of the 250 watt valve carrying the high frequency currents. This transformer has two windings, each matched to the impedence of the valve circuit in which they are included. The transformer method of modulation gives a much higher percentage of efficiency than the choke system, which is usually employed, and is an innovation in Western Australia. The fourth panel contains the high power amplifier which is capable of supplying from 1,500 to 1,800 watts of power to the tuning panel. It also houses the bias rectifier system which supplies bias volt-age to all valves in the plant. The bias rectifier is fitted with a special cutout, so that if the bias fails for any reason, it causes the automatic switchgear to function and switches off all units. Pilot lamps on the control panel indicate the portion of apparatus which caused failure. The fifth panel is the tuning panel, which tunes the main amplifier to the correct frequency and passes the current on to the feeder lines which carry the current to the roof where the aerial system is erected. Here two lattice steel masts 130ft. in height support the aerial, a single stranded copper conductor containing seven wires of 16 gauge twisted together. The masts are 200 feet apart, and the lead-in from the aerial comes directly from the centre of the aerial vertically to the tuning house, midway between the masts. The tuning house contains inductances and condensers which tune the aerial to the correct wave length, and match the feeder lines to the tuning apparatus in the transmitting room. The feeder lines conduct the current to the aerial without radiating any power, thereby conserving power to be radiated by the actual aerial system and making for increased efficiency.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32787086 |title=WIRELESS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=9,797 |location=Western Australia |date=22 November 1933 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES. . . Station 6IX Tests.''' The new "B" class radio station, 6IX (Perth), which will commence regular transmissions next week, will be on the air each night for the remainder of this week, for testing purposes, from 7 to 10 o'clock (not from 6 to 7 o'clock as stated yesterday). It will also send out intermittent test programmes during the day. The operators of the station (W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., '''Lyric House''', Murray-street) are anxious to receive reports on the strength and quality of the tests from listeners in all parts of the State and will appreciate advices from enthusiasts. Station 6IX operates on 204 metres which is between 15 and 20 degrees lower than '''6ML''' on the tuning dial. On one set that logs '''6ML''' at 35, 6IX comes in at 17.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32787154 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=9,797 |location=Western Australia |date=22 November 1933 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW RADIO STATION. 6IX BEGINS NEXT MONDAY. Programme Policy Outlined. (By "Radio.")''' West Australian radio enthusiasts — and their number has increased from 3,800 to 23,500 in four years — will welcome the announcement that the new local station, 6IX (Perth), will officially commence broadcasting next Monday night, when a special opening programme will be put on the air from 7 o'clock until 11 o'clock. Station 6IX will be operated by W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd. (which focuses the radio interests of West Australian Newspapers Ltd. and Musgrove's, Ltd.), which also controls the pioneer "B" class station '''6ML''', and the programmes of the two stations will be arranged to provide entertainment to suit all tastes and, at the same time, to prevent any overlapping of subjects. The combination of a large modern newspaper organisation and a music house with years of broadcasting experience and the specialised ability to understand entertainment needs, will result in a big improvement in radio entertainment in this State. At present the radio public's greatest needs are a better Sunday service, and the avoidance of overlapping programmes, such as the sporting talks on Friday nights and the results of different events on Saturday evening. It is not an exaggeration to say that, except to obtain the correct time, a majority of radio receivers are not used on Sundays before the evening musical programmes. Station 6IX will end this state of affairs by providing musical programmes from 9.30 a.m. on Sundays, except when the national station 6WF is on the air. On Friday and Saturday evenings, when other stations are handling sporting subjects, 6IX will provide musical items which are beyond argument the most popular radio programmes the world over. '''6IX and 6ML'''. Between them, stations 6IX and '''6ML''' will from Monday to Friday provide continuous programmes between 7 a.m. and 11 p.m. To do this, a capable staff, first class equipment and careful organisation, are needed, and the management of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., is confident of entire success in its new policy. On Saturdays, between 7 a.m. and 12 midnight, one or other of these stations will be continuously on the air, except between 2 p.m. and 3 p.m., and 5 p.m. and 6 p.m. On Sundays 6IX will enter a field that is now unoccupied. From 9.30 a.m. until noon a musical programme will be given and the station will then go off the air from noon until 1.30 p.m., when 6WF provides entertainment. From 1.30 p.m. until 3 p.m. (when 6WF broadcasts again) 6IX will operate, and from 4.30 p.m. (when 6WF closes down) until 6 p.m. 6IX will again fill the now-vacant ether. The detailed schedules of stations 6IX and '''6ML''' are as follows:— MONDAY-FRIDAY. 6IX. '''6ML'''. 8.30 a.m.-11 a.m. 7 a.m.-8.30 a.m. 3 p.m.-5 p.m. 11 a.m.-3 p.m. 6 p.m.-11 p.m. 5 p.m.-10.30 p.m. SATURDAY. 6IX. '''6ML''' 8.30 a.m.-12 noon. 7 a.m.-8.30 a.m. 6 p.m.-12 midnight. 11 a.m.-2 p.m. 3 p.m.-5 p.m. 6 p.m.-11.30 p.m. SUNDAY. 6IX. '''6ML'''. 9.30 a.m.-12 noon. 7 p.m.-10 p.m. 1.30 p.m.-3 p.m. 4.30 p.m.-6 p.m. 7 p.m.-10.30 p.m.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32781663 |title=NEW RADIO STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=9,798 |location=Western Australia |date=23 November 1933 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''STATION 6IX, PERTH. MANY NEW FEATURES. Details of First Programme. (By "Radio.")''' All arrangements for the official opening of Western Australia's new "B" class radio station 6IX, Perth, next Monday night have been completed and listeners are promised an excellent programme to mark this important advance in local broadcasting. The opening ceremony will be performed at 8 o'clock by the President of the Legislative Council (Sir John Kirwan). In addition to the special features of the programme policy of the new station, as outlined yesterday, it has been decided to broadcast a church service each Sunday night at 7.30 o'clock. The service will, of course, be of a different denomination to that being broadcast by the national station, 6WF, Perth, and while 6IX is giving the church service '''6ML''' will provide a musical programme. The care devoted by the management of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., which operates both stations, to the avoiding of any overlapping between the stations is shown by an analysis of the Sunday night items. Both stations come on the air at 7 o'clock, '''6ML''' broadcasting religious matter until 7.20 o'clock and 6IX giving music until 7.30 o'clock. From 7.20 o'clock onwards '''6ML''' will send out musical numbers while the church service relay is on the air from 6IX.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32787493 |title=STATION 6IX, PERTH. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=9,799 |location=Western Australia |date=24 November 1933 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=20 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW "B" CLASS STATION. MANY SPECIAL FEATURES PLANNED. INAUGURAL BROADCAST TONIGHT A FIRST-CLASS PROGRAMME.''' The State's new "B" class broadcasting station, 6IX (Perth), operated by W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., on a wave length of 204.8 metres, will officially commence transmissions tonight. The range of organised radio entertainment available to the rapidly-growing radio public in Western Australia will be increased by the arrangement by which 6IX will provide alternate programmes from morning to night to the State's pioneer "B" class station, '''6ML''', ensuring a complete dual service throughout the week from these stations. The new station incorporates the latest in broadcasting methods and design. The masts of the transmitter, towering 135 feet above Newspaper House, have already become a striking feature of the city's skyline, being, from street level, higher than any other broadcasting aerial in the State. Tonight the opening ceremony will be performed at 8 o'clock by the President of the Legislative Council (Sir John Kirwan), and will be followed by a special programme lasting until 11 o'clock. The need for a powerful new "B" class station is shown by the vast growth in the number of broadcast listeners' licences in the State, from 4,122 in 1929 to 24,000 in 1933, the latter figure indicating the number of households that habitually listen in. Approximately, therefore, there are already quite 100,000 people in Western Australia who regularly depend for amusement on radio programmes, and to these 6IX should prove a boon. The station is operated by W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., which focuses the radio interests of West Australian Newspapers, Ltd., and Musgrove's, Ltd., and which also operates the pioneer "B" class station '''6ML''', and the value of this alliance lies in the fact that it permits of the programmes of the two stations being arranged so as to provide entertainment to suit all tastes and, at the same time, to prevent overlapping of subject. A big improvement in radio entertainment should therefore result from the combination of a large modern newspaper organisation and a music house with years of broadcasting experience and the specialised ability to understand entertainment needs. '''News Services.''' One innovation at 6IX will be the establishment of three special new 10-minute evening news broadcast services, at 7.50, 8.50 and 9.50 o'clock, which will be prepared and supplied by the staff of "The West Australian." It is anticipated that this news service will be something entirely new in Australian broadcasting as it will keep people posted in the very latest news as it arrives. The "news" studio is situated at Newspaper House. Another want that 6IX should fill is the provision of a better Sunday service, and the avoidance of overlapping programmes such as sporting talks on Friday nights and the results of different events on Saturday evenings. On Sundays 6IX will henceforward provide musical programmes from 9.30 a.m., and a church service at 7.30 p.m. from a church of one of the leading denominations, after which the session continues with music until 10.30. On Friday and Saturday evenings, when other stations are handling sporting subjects, 6IX will provide musical items, for which hundreds of listeners have already expressed a desire. Between them, stations 6IX and '''6ML''' will from Monday to Friday provide continuous programmes between 7 a.m. and 11 p.m. To do this, a capable staff, first class equipment and careful organisation, are needed, and the management of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., is confident of entire success in its new policy. On Saturdays, between 7 a.m. and 12 midnight, one or other of these stations will be continuously on the air, except between 2 p.m. and 3 p.m., and 5 p.m. and 6 p.m. On Sun-days 6IX will enter a field that is now unoccupied. '''Personalities.''' The leading personalities associated with stations 6IX and '''6ML''' are Messrs. F. C. Kingston, station director; B. Samuel, station manager; Paul Daly, chief announcer at 6IX and producer to the management; Eric Donald, chief announcer at '''6ML'''; Ned Taylor, the "early bird" at '''6ML'''; and H. T. Simmons, chief engineer. (Start Photo Caption) A corner of the interior of 6IX studio at Lyric House; Part of the interior of the transmitting room at 6IX, Newspaper House.(End Photo Caption)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32784967 |title=OFFICIAL OPENING |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=9,801 |location=Western Australia |date=27 November 1933 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1933 12===== ====1934==== =====1934 01===== =====1934 02===== =====1934 03===== =====1934 04===== =====1934 05===== =====1934 06===== =====1934 07===== =====1934 08===== Bryn Samuel <blockquote>'''Pertinent Paragraphs''' . . . THOUSANDS of people have heard the voice of the young man whose photo accompanies this para-graph, for it belongs to Mr. '''Bryn Samuel''' L.A.B. popular manager of broadcasting stations '''6ML''' and 6IX. Born in Wales he came out to Australia about 12 years ago and tried his hand at farming. He soon found out, however, that it was not his long suit, so he came to the city where he worked for a time on the advertising staff of the "West." Being musically inclined — he is the possessor of a pleasant baritone — he jumped at the chance of a job at Musgroves where he was put in charge of the record department. Later on he linked up with station '''6ML''' and quickly rose to the position of manager. In his time he has broadcast over 500 boxing and wrestling bouts, one of the features of '''6ML's''' programmes, being his bright comments from the Luxor every Friday night. Now that he has two stations to attend to he has not much time for sport, but is still particularly interested in soccer and rugby, both of which he played at school. Now and again, however, he finds time for a game of tennis and is well-known as a singer.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article75990778 |title=Pertinent Paragraphs |newspaper=[[Mirror]] |volume=13, |issue=643 |location=Western Australia |date=25 August 1934 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1934 09===== =====1934 10===== =====1934 11===== =====1934 12===== ====1935==== =====1935 01===== =====1935 02===== 1935 - Restack <blockquote>'''RADIO NEWS By "Valve". CURRENT NOTES. New Wave Lengths and Many Programme Features.''' CONCRETE evidence of the advancement of broadcasting in Australia is afforded by the recent decision of the Postmaster-General's Department to reallocate the wave lengths of all broadcasting stations in Australia. The rearrangement, which will come into effect as from September 1, will make provision for eight new regional stations in the national network, two of which will be situated in Western Australia. Incidentally, tenders for the new national broadcasting station at Kalgoorlie closed yesterday. They were invited for the complete station and provided for fulfilment as soon as possible after acceptance. Selection of the site is now under consideration within a five-mile radius of the Kalgoorlie Post Office, and the station will possibly be on the Coolgardie side of the goldfields capital. Tenders have already been received for the second projected national station near Wagin, and a survey of a block of land to be utilised for the station has been completed at Minding, 15 miles west of Wagin. '''Relay Stations Named.''' THE New South-west regional station, which will be known as 6WA, will have a wave length of 536 metres. The proposed national station at Kalgoorlie — 6GF — has been allocated a wave length of 417 metres. Of the local stations at present operating, the wave lengths of 6WF (435 metres), 6PR (341 metres), and 6BY (306 metres) will remain unaltered, while the wave length of 6AM will be changed from 275 to 280 metres, '''6ML''' from 264 to 265 metres, 6KG from 246 to 248 metres, and 6IX from 204 to 214 metres. When the reallocation comes into full effect, 88 stations will be operating throughout the Commonwealth. Probably the station which will benefit most from the change in this State will be 6IX, as persons using certain old-type sets cannot at present tune in this station with any degree of quality or strength. On the new wave length, no listener should have difficulty in bringing in 6IX at a clarity equal to that of any other station. Increased Power for '''6ML''' and 6IX. ANOTHER projected improvement of importance to listeners in this State will be the increase in the power of '''6ML''' and 6IX from 300 to 500 watts unmodulated aerial power. The change will take place in two stages, the power advancing first from 300 to 400 watts and then, a month later, to 500 watts. Certain alterations and additions to the plants of both stations will be necessary before the power can be used with the maximum efficiency, and this work will be put in hand immediately. The strength of 6IX will probably be increased first, as the station was designed to accommodate a greater power than it has been using. The management of '''6ML''', which by next March will have been on the air for five years, has been endeavouring to secure permission for the increase for the last four years. While the change will not make any appreciable difference to reception in the metropolitan area, which is of ample volume, it should be a boon to listeners in the outlying districts. Many of these listeners are at present troubled by a considerable amount of static when they tune in to the "B" class stations, and the increase in signal strength should enable them to overcome this disturbance.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32834642 |title=RADIO NEWS |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,184 |location=Western Australia |date=20 February 1935 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 03===== 1935 - Power Increase <blockquote>'''RADIO NEWS By "Valve"''' '''6ML and 6IX to increase Power Soon.''' VARIOUS adjustments are being made to the plant of '''6ML''' and 6IX preparatory to the increase of the power of the stations from 300 to 500 watts unmodulated aerial power. It is expected that the power of both stations will be advanced to 400 watts within the next few days, with a second increase of 100 watts a month later. When the change takes place, the management of the stations will be anxious to hear from listeners, particularly those with smaller receivers and country residents, as to the difference in reception.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32856824 |title=RADIO NEWS |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,196 |location=Western Australia |date=6 March 1935 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1935 - Power Increase <blockquote>'''The "B" Class Stations.''' . . . '''Power Increased at 6ML and 6IX.''' THE first stage to the increase of power of '''6ML''' and 6IX from 300 to 500 watts unmodulated aerial power took place on Monday night, when the strength of both stations reached 400 watts. A new intermediate "B" class amplifier is now working at '''6ML''', and it is planned to install another water-cooled valve at 6IX, thus ensuring an ample reserve of power. The management of the stations is anxious to receive reports, particularly from country districts, as to the quality and strength of signals.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32831897 |title=The "B" Clan Stations. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,202 |location=Western Australia |date=13 March 1935 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1935 - Power Increase <blockquote>'''RADIO NEWS. WEEKLY NOTES. By "Valve".''' . . . '''Improved Reception from 6ML.''' SINCE the recent increase of power, reports of improved reception from '''6ML''' have been received from various parts of the State. In some cases, it was reported, the strength had been doubled. The management announces that letters intimating that the reception from '''6ML''' is superior to any other metropolitan "B" class station have come to hand from the following centres:— Yanmah, Wagin, Busselton, Boyup Brook, Jarrahwood, Salmon Gums, Tambellup, Mullalyup, Mornington Mills, Wilga, Whittaker's Mill, Northam, Merredin and Kalgoorlie. Residents of Kalgoorlie, Merredin, Northam, and Salmon Gums have also stated that the reception from '''6ML''' is now at least equal to that from 6WF.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32838329 |title=RADIO NEWS |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,214 |location=Western Australia |date=27 March 1935 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 04===== =====1935 05===== <blockquote>'''RADIO NEWS By "Valve"''' COMMENCING next Monday '''6ML's''' morning session will be extended from 8.30 to 9 o'clock. As a result 6IX's morning session will begin at 9 instead of 8.30 o'clock.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32868605 |title=RADIO NEWS |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,254 |location=Western Australia |date=15 May 1935 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 06===== 1935 - Power Increase <blockquote>'''RADIO NEWS. WEEKLY NOTES.''' . . . '''Higher Power for Station 6ML.''' RECENTLY approval was granted by the Radio Inspector's Department, for an increase of aerial power for '''6ML''', and since then '''6ML's''' engineers have been busy constructing new apparatus to carry the higher power. This work is now complete and '''6ML''' is operating with 500 watts of power in the aerial, instead of the original 300 watts. Listeners in the metropolitan area and country districts should benefit in increased volume in their receivers, due to the greater energy radiated. The plant at '''6ML''' has been modified, and an extra stage of amplification inserted between the modulated amplifier and the final amplifier. The valve in this new stage is one of the latest Philips 250-watt valves with the coated type filament, giving greater emission for lower filament wattage. The extra power developed in this stage is used to drive the final stage to an input of 1,500 watts, instead of the original 900 watts. An extra 600-watt valve has been included in the final stage, where there are now three 600-watt valves, instead of two, so increasing the normal power of the final amplifier to 1,800 watts. This gives a little reserve, as 1,500 watts is the maximum input allowed under licence. The modulation system has also received attention recently, and transformer modulation is now being used, replacing the old choke system, and resulting in a greater depth of modulation and better frequency range. The speech amplifier apparatus, microphones and crystal pickups have also been thoroughly overhauled and tested, and impedance matched to ensure level frequency response over a reasonable range. Listeners will notice an improved quality in '''6ML's''' reproduction in their receivers, especially when new recordings are being played, as naturally the ability of the transmitter to reproduce natural sounding music from records depends upon whether the full musical vibrations of the various instruments have been faithfully engraved on the records. The latest process of recording has resulted in a great improvement in reproduction.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32879035 |title=RADIO NEWS |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,284 |location=Western Australia |date=19 June 1935 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 07===== =====1935 08===== 1936 - 6WB Katanning Commences <blockquote>'''NEW RADIO STATION. LOCATION NEAR MINDING. W.A. Broadcasters' Project.''' W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., controllers of stations '''6ML''' and 6IX, has taken up the licence for a "B" class country relay station offered to the company by the Postmaster-General's Department. The actual location of the new regional station has not yet been determined, but it will be within 30 or 40 miles of the national relay station which is now being erected at Minding. The wave length allotted to the new station is 280 metres, and the power will be 2,000 watts in the aerial. This will make the station the most powerful commercial station in Western Australia, and equal to the most powerful commercial stations in Australia. At present the South Australian station 5PI is the only other commercial plant in the Commonwealth with an aerial power of 2,000 watts The call sign for the new station has not yet been determined. It will be used principally for relaying the programmes fron 6IX, having the effect of carrying that station about 150 miles into the most thickly populated country areas. The programmes will be carried by land line from Perth. In all probability, the country station will radiate independent programmes at certain periods, for the benefit of farmers and country people generally. It is expected that about 90 per cent of the country listeners in the State will be able to receive the programmes with a good standard of clarity. Tenders have been called for the erection of the station and plant, and tests are to be made in the area to determine the most favourable location.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32894585 |title=NEW RADIO STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,328 |location=Western Australia |date=9 August 1935 |accessdate=28 March 2019 |page=22 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Restack 1935 <blockquote>'''Changing a Wavelength.''' QUITE a large amount of work has fallen upon the engineers of stations '''6ML''' and 6IX, who have been working upon the plants of those stations for the past few weeks in preparation for the alteration of wavelengths which comes into operation on September 1. Station '''6ML''' will change from 264 to 265 metres, and 6IX will move from 204 to 242 metres. For the alteration in wavelength the frequency of the vibrations given out by the crystal which controls the transmission has to be changed, and a series of tests has lately been carried out with the '''6ML''' transmitter in the early hours of the mornings, so that the correct wavelength can be arrived at. This station is reducing its frequency from 1,135 kilocycles to 1,130 kilocycles, and as the margin of error countenanced by the Postmaster General's Department is only 50 cycles, plant requires very fine adjustment. Station 6IX, which is reducing its frequency from 1,470 kilocycles to 1,240 kilocycles, has been compelled to make more complicated alterations to the plant, and the length of the aerial will be increased by 60ft., while the feeder lines will also be adjusted. The station is installing a water-cooled tube which gives it a considerable reserve of power, and though the output allowed under the present licence is confined to 500 watts in the aerial, it will be able to move up to an aerial output of 1,500 watts, if necessary, without adjustment.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32892013 |title=Changing a Wavelength. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,338 |location=Western Australia |date=21 August 1935 |accessdate=28 March 2019 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Restack 1935 <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING CHANGES. Improved Reception Expected.''' In a statement published in "The West Australian" recently, the Postmaster-General's Department pointed out that the changes to be made in the wavelengths of several of the broadcasting stations in this State on September 1 would have nothing but a beneficial effect, and that listeners need not fear that their sets will need alteration. The concluding sentence of that statement was: "All receivers in use and for sale will be as effective under the new conditions as under the existing arrangement." To reassure listeners who do not understand the significance of the changes, that statement may be enlarged upon; for, in fact, the spacing of the stations along the dial of the receiver will be improved. Station 6IX, for instance, which is changing from 204 metres (at which some old sets cannot tune it in at all) to 242 metres, will occupy a better position in the broadcast band after September 1, and the reception of that station, which is also increasing its power substantially, will be greatly improved. There will be little noticeable alteration in the position at which '''6ML''' is received, for the change in this case is only one metre — from 264 metres to 265 metres. Perth National station and station 6PR will remain on the same wavelength, and station 6AM will move from 275 metres to an improved position at 306 metres. A complete explanation of the position appears in this week's issue of "The Broadcaster."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32910841 |title=BROADCASTING CHANGES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,340 |location=Western Australia |date=23 August 1935 |accessdate=28 March 2019 |page=22 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Transcriptions & Restack 1935 <blockquote>'''"B" CLASS STATION CHANGES. Gala Days for 6ML and 6IX.''' THE coming week-end will be an auspicious one for stations '''6ML''' and 6IX, for the first broadcasts of the American radio programme transcriptions, for which W.A. Broadcasters recently secured the Western Australian rights, will coincide with changes in the wavelengths of both stations, and an increase in the output power of 6IX. About 100 of these programmes, recorded just as they were presented to listeners in America, have been shipped to Perth. Each of the two stations will give one recording a week, so that the transcriptions in hand should provide a weekly feature for the next year or so. These programmes are the best — and incidentally the costliest — entertainment put on the air in America, and local listeners will have an opportunity of comparing our own standards of entertainment with those of the other side of the world. Phil. Baker, Lanny Ross, Rudy Vallee, Ruth Etting, John Boles, Bing Crosby and Al. Pearce and his "Gang" are among the artists who will be heard. Except for the final tests, the arrangements at both stations are ready for the changeover next Sunday. New crystals have been installed and are being adjusted to the new wavelengths, and the plant at 6IX has been prepared for the increase in power from 300 watts in the aerial to 500 watts. The wavelength of '''6ML''' will be changed from 264 metres to 265 metres, and that of 6IX from 204 metres to 242 metres. Together with the increase in power, the change from 204 to 242 metres by 6IX will improve the reception of this station considerably, especially by old receivers which do not give the best results at the lower end of the broadcast band.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32889216 |title="B" CLASS STATION CHANGES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,344 |location=Western Australia |date=28 August 1935 |accessdate=28 March 2019 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Restack 1935 <blockquote>'''STATION CHANGES.''' As from September 1 all Australian national stations are dropping their old call signs and using new designations. Thus from that date the present 6WF, Perth, and 5CK, Crystal Brook, will be known as Perth National and North Regional, S.A., respectively. This new scheme is similar to that at present used by the B.B.C. Many changes in wavelengths will also take place on that date. Station 6IX will operate on a wavelength of 242 metres instead of 204 metres; 6AM, Northam, 306 (275); '''6ML''', 264 (265); 6KG, 246 (248) and the present 5CK, 469 (472). 6WF and 6PR will be unchanged. 6AM has also been authorised to increase its power to 1,000 watts.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article38940194 |title=STATION CHANGES. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=50, |issue=2,584 |location=Western Australia |date=29 August 1935 |accessdate=28 March 2019 |page=41 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Transcriptions & Restack 1935 <blockquote>'''BROADCAST FEATURES. New Material for 6ML and 6IX.''' One of the last feature programmes to be broadcast by station '''6ML''' under the present wavelength of 264 metres will be given tonight at 9.15, when a complete transcription of a nationwide American broadcast will be presented. This programme, which bears the happy title: "Everything is Lit Up — Including Phil Baker," is the first of a series of American recordings for which the West Australian rights were recently secured by W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd. It is a gala performance in which the star, Phil Baker, celebrated his second anniversary with the National Broadcasting Company of America, and the feature will be presented by '''6ML''' just as the American listeners heard it. On Sunday '''6ML's''' wavelength will be altered to 265 metres. The second of these recordings, one which might prove more popular with local listeners, will be broadcast by station 6IX on Sunday night at 9 o'clock, when that station will celebrate its change of wavelength from 204 metres to 242 metres and an increase in its aerial power from 300 to 500 watts. Those who saw Grace Moore in the film, "One Night of Love," when it was screened recently will be particularly interested, for this feature is the radio adaptation of the film, specially produced by a theatrical company for an American advertiser. The programme lasts for one hour and covers the whole story of the film, and the parts that were created for the screen by Grace Moore, Tullio Carminati and Mona Barrie are capably played, while the singing reaches a very high standard. Although the programme was produced purely as a medium for advertising, it includes not one word of aggressive "sales talk." The potential buyers of the product advertised are reached by means of an amazing competition (which, it must be understood, has no application whatever in this country). The requirements of the competition are very simple, and the prizes awarded are on a breathtaking scale. The records on which this programme reaches Australia are themselves interesting. They are about 15 inches in diameter, and about three or four times the thickness of ordinary gramophone records. Each of the four records making up the "One Night of Love" programme plays for 15 minutes, the thread running from the inside of the record to the out-side — the opposite way to ordinary records — and the turntable revolves at only 33 revolutions a minute instead of the usual 78. W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., has received about 100 of these transcriptions, and stations '''6ML''' and 6IX will each broadcast one programme weekly for about 12 months.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32910355 |title=BROADCAST FEATURES |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,346 |location=Western Australia |date=30 August 1935 |accessdate=28 March 2019 |page=25 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Restack 1935 <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING CHANGES.''' From midnight tonight, a number of changes will be observed by broadcasting stations in Australia, the radio branch of the Postmaster General's Department having reallotted wavelengths to provide for improved radio reception throughout the Commonwealth. In this State four of the stations at present in operation will change their wavelengths, which means simply that they will be found at different positions on the dials of receiving sets. Station '''6ML''' will move only one metre — from 264 to 265 metres, and the change at 6IX from 204 to 242 metres will coincide with an increase in aerial power to 500 watts. The other changes will be in stations 6KG, which will move from 246 to 248 metres, and in 6AM, which will move from 275 to 306 metres, at the same time increasing its power from 500 to 1,000 watts. Perth National station (435 metres) and 6PR (341 metres) will remain on the same frequencies. Another innovation will be the alteration from call signs to longer titles, to be observed only by national stations. Under this rule 6WF will become Perth National and the new station in the course of construction near Minding will be known as South-West Regional. The proposed national station at Kalgoorlie will take the title of Goldfields Regional.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32918591 |title=BROADCASTING CHANGES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,347 |location=Western Australia |date=31 August 1935 |accessdate=28 March 2019 |page=18 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 09===== Restack 1935 <blockquote>'''A RADIO WEEK-END. THE NEW WAVELENGTHS. 6IX and 6AM Greatly Improved.''' There was much to interest and occupy radio enthusiasts over the week-end when a considerable number of wavelength alterations were made by Australian broadcasting stations. In Western Australia there were two main changes — 6IX, Perth, moving from 204 to 242 metres with an increase in power from 300 to 500 watts, and 6AM, Northam, moving from 275 to 306 metres, with an increase in power from 500 to 900 watts. The wavelengths of Perth National (6WF) and of 6PR, Perth, were not altered and that of '''6ML''', Perth, was changed from 264 to 265 metres, a change perceptible to skilled listeners with carefully calibrated sets. The alterations in wavelength and power of stations 6IX and 6AM will have a most beneficial effect on radio in this State, particularly within 100 miles of Perth. The new wavelength of 6IX will enable the station to be received on some sets which previously did not enable it to be heard, and the added power has brought the station into line with the other Perth stations, all of which were received yesterday at equal strength on a late 1935 model at Claremont. The higher wavelength and increased power of 6AM can be said to have given every listener in the metropolitan area a new station. Formerly the average city receiver gave excellent results with 6WF, '''6ML''', 6PR and 6IX, while 6AM was received with some difficulty and with a considerable amount of background noise and static. Now it will, judging by yesterday's reception, be heard on all Perth receiving sets without any trouble at approximately the former strength of 6IX. The addition of 6AM to the list of stations available for listeners in the metropolitan area to select their radio entertainment is particularly welcome on Sun-days. '''Good Quality Transmissions.''' The changeover of wavelengths at these two stations, following many hours of tests, was effected most efficiently. At 9.45 a.m. yesterday 6AM broadcast several records at its former power (500 watts) and then, at 10 a.m., increased this to 900 watts; the change was most noticeable and the tone of the new transmissions excellent. The management of the station is permitted to use up to 1,000 watts but, finding the quality of the transmissions at 900 watts satisfactory decided to use that amount of power. The change over at 6IX was equally without untoward incident and the new power will bring this station into many homes where it has not been heard before. The quality of yesterday's transmissions was, after some manipulation of the volume and tone controls, perfect on the writer's set at Claremont. Both stations 6IX and 6AM will be glad to hear from country listeners regarding reception of the new wavelengths and powers. In addition to wavelength alterations, the technical staff of the Postmaster General's Department is at present engaged in checking carefully with the latest apparatus the wavelength of every transmitter in Australia. This is being done to ensure that each station keeps exactly on its allotted wavelength, a necessary step in view of the closeness of the different channels allotted to present and intended Australian stations, between most of which there are only 10 kilo-cycles on each side of its allotted position.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32917313 |title=A RADIO WEEK-END. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,348 |location=Western Australia |date=2 September 1935 |accessdate=28 March 2019 |page=15 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Restack 1935 <blockquote>'''COMMERCIAL STATIONS REACH MORE LISTENERS.''' LETTERS of congratulation are still being received by station 6IX, '''6ML''' and 6AM, all of which have secured considerably better results since the changes in wavelengths took effect on September 1. In addition to the frequency changes, two of those stations — 6IX and 6AM — have increased their output power, which has enabled them to reach a wider circle of listeners, and a large measure of their success is due to the skill of the station engineers, upon whom fell the responsibility for the necessary alterations. All three stations are operating on Philips valves.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32900945 |title=COMMERCIAL STATIONS REACH MORE LISTENERS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,362 |location=Western Australia |date=18 September 1935 |accessdate=28 March 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 10===== 1936 - 6WB Katanning Commences <blockquote>'''FIELD TESTS FOR SITE OF NEW STATION.''' ENGINEERS of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., have been conducting field tests to determine the most suitable site for the company's new station near Katanning. Several sites are now under consideration. The wave length allotted to the new station is 280 meters, and the power will be 2,000 watts in the aerial. This will make the new station the most powerful commercial broadcaster in Western Australia, and equal to the most powerful commercial station in Australia. At present the South Australian station 5PI is the only other commercial plant in the Commonwealth with an aerial power of 2,000 watts. The new station will be used principally for relaying the programmes from 6IX, having the effect of carrying that station into the most thickly populated country areas. The programmes will be carried by land line from Perth.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32911273 |title=FIELD TESTS FOR SITE OF NEW STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,380 |location=Western Australia |date=9 October 1935 |accessdate=4 April 2019 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 11===== =====1935 12===== ====1936==== =====1936 01===== 1936 - 6WB Katanning Commences & 6KX <blockquote>'''NEW RADIO STATION. PLANS FOR NEW "B" CLASS STATION. 6ML-IX ENGINEER LEAVES FOR THE EAST.''' Western Australian listeners can now look forward with certainty to a new "B" class country transmitter. Preliminary work in connection with the erection by W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., of a relay station near Katanning has been so speeded up in the past few weeks that now practically all that remains to be done is the selection and purchase of the equipment and its installation. The new station will have the call sign 6WB and, with a power in the aerial of 2,000 watts, will operate on a wave length of 280.3 metres. It will be connected by land line with the Perth studios of W.A. Broadcasters, and its main work will be the relaying of programmes from 6IX, although it is possible that some '''6ML''' broadcasts will also be taken. In addition, essential news and market services for the special benefit of people on the land may be given independently. The site that has been selected and approved is a five-acre plot, 4½ miles north-west of Katanning, at an altitude of about 1,100 feet above sea level. This is one of the highest spots in the Katanning district, and at present is the fallowed field of a farming property. The area to be served by 6WB has a greater density of licenses than any other country area in the State, it being estimated from figures supplied by the Postmaster-General's Department that within a radius of about 100 miles from the transmitter approximately 9,427 of the State's country listening public of 10,700 are centred. These figures do not, of course, include listeners in the metropolitan area, who should have no difficulty in tuning in the new station. It is expected that more distant areas such as those around Merredin and even Kalgoorlie will also be served. Station 6WB will be essentially a country relay station, catering especially for the interests of the rural listening public. The hours of transmission have not yet been fully determined, but it is believed that they will largely coincide with those of 6IX, although there is the possibility of separate breakfast and dinner sessions originating at the Katanning transmitter itself. Detailed points of the programme makeup are still being considered, and here, too, nothing definite has been decided. Nothing much can be done in fact until the return from the Eastern States of the chief engineer of 6IX (H. T. Simmons), who left Perth recently by the Great Western express to investigate the matter of the most suitable technical equipment and to place orders accordingly. His work will take him as far afield as Brisbane, where he will pay special attention to the new type of quarter-wave aerial system recently put into operation by 4AK. On his recommendation the type of aerial system to be used by 6WB will depend, although it is considered likely that a single mast will be erected. No effort will be spared to secure the most modern equipment and to assemble and operate it according to the latest trends of radio transmission. Apart from the transmission room and other construction necessitated by the water-cooling system that will be used, there will be a further building to act as the engineers' quarters. There will probably be one engineer residing at the station and another living privately — possibly in Katanning — when off duty, and both may be called on to act as announcers for either emergency or independent transmissions. Alterations in the Perth studios have also been hinted, and it is quite possible that the increased work will bring about another studio in the present building in Murray Street, Perth. Things will be more or less left in abeyance here until the return of Mr Simmons in a few weeks' time. The matter of a landline to Katanning will receive attention, and then, with the purchase and arrival of the plant, work will commence on the actual erection of the station. When this begins it should not be many months before the new station is on the air.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article147348364 |title=NEW RADIO STATION. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Herald]] |volume=XXXIII, |issue=3,542 |location=Western Australia |date=4 January 1936 |accessdate=28 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1937 - Newspaper Control; 1941 - 6MD Commences <blockquote>'''Local and General.''' . . . W.A. Broadcasting Stations.— Replying to a question by Mr. J. Curtin in the House of Representatives recently, Mr. Parkhill, Minister representing the Postmaster-General, gave the following information regarding "B" class stations in this State. He said that four stations — '''6ML''' Perth, 6KA Katanning, 6MD Merredin and 6IX Perth — were licensed by West Australian Broadcasters Ltd., the first three mentioned each having a registered capital of £12,000 in £1 shares of which 5,999 were held by West Australian Newspapers Ltd. 6IX Perth, although licenced in the name of West Australian Newspapers Ltd., is believed to be owned by W.A. Broadcasters Ltd. 6PR Perth is registered in the name of Amalgamated Wireless (A/sia) Ltd. and licenced in name of Nicholson's Ltd., the latter firm receiving £50 a week for operating the station plus 20 per cent. of value of advertising secured by Amalgamated Wireless as agents. The sixth "B" class station in the State was 6AM Perth and Northam.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article70249108 |title=Local and General. |newspaper=[[The Albany Advertiser]] |volume=9, |issue=957 |location=Western Australia |date=13 January 1936 |accessdate=28 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1937 - Newspaper Control <blockquote>'''WIRELESS. . . . (BY N. M. GODDARD, B.E.) . . . B CLASS CONTROL.''' In the course of the recent debate in the Federal Parliament the Minister for Defence (Mr Archdale Parkhill) submitted a list of the B class (commercial) stations classified according to ownership or control. According to the particulars given Amalgamated Wireless (A'sia) Ltd., owns, or has some interest in the following:— 2AY (Albury), 3BO (Bendigo), 4PM (Port Moresby), 4TO (Townsville), 4CA (Cairns), 2GF (Grafton), 2GN (Goulburn), 2SM (Sydney), 3HA (Hamilton), 7LA (Launceston), 6PR (Perth) and 4WK (Warwick). The Melbourne Herald and associated publications are alleged to control wholly or partly the following stations: 3DB (Melbourne), 4BK (Brisbane), 4AK (Oakey), 4GY (Gympie), 5AD (Adelaide), 5MU (Murray Bridge), 5PI (Port Pirie), 6IX and 6ML (Perth), 6KA (Katanning) and 6MD (Merredin). J. B. Chandler and Co (Brisbane) control 4BC and 4BH (Brisbane), 4GR (Toowoomba), 4MB (Maryborough) and 4RO (Rockhampton). These are the largest groups but there are ten smaller combinations included in which are groups comprising 2HD and 5KA, 2GB and 5DN, 2GZ and 2NZ, and 2AD and 2LV.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17235572 |title=WIRELESS. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=30,581 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=8 January 1936 |accessdate=31 March 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 02===== 1936 - 6WB Katanning Commences <blockquote>'''KATANNING STATION. 6WB Construction.''' That the engineers of W.A. Broadcasters Ltd. were returning from Sydney, where they had purchased equipment for the new radio station, 6WB Katanning, was stated by the manager of '''6ML''' (Mr. B. Samuels) today. "Land has been acquired and we are pushing ahead with the erection of the station as quickly as possible," Mr. Samuels said. "Although the station will be essentially a regional one, particular attention will be paid to items like market prices for the man on the land." An analysis of the licence figures, Mr. Samuels pointed out, disclosed that 90 per cent. of the country listeners were located within a radius of 150 miles from Katanning. "At the moment," he said, "nothing is being done with the Merredin scheme, which will be considered later.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83650683 |title=KATANNING STATION |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=LV, |issue=19,000 |location=Western Australia |date=11 February 1936 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=2 (LATE CITY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1936 - 6WB Katanning Commences <blockquote>'''MINDING or 6WB KATANNING? WHICH WILL BE OPERATING FIRST?''' The announcement of W.A. Broadcasters Limited that building operations on their new station, 6WB, about 4½ miles out of Katanning, will commence almost immediately, comes as a challenge to the Director-General of Postal Services (Mr. H. P. Brown) and the station 6WA. Minding, or 6WA, was promised some years ago, and when, many months after it was definitely announced that the station would be constructed, work started early last year, people in this district had fond hopes of listening to their own station by June; but, alas! February is here and Minding is still "under construction." And now comes the announcement by W.A. Broadcasters Ltd., that Mr. H. T. Simmons, their chief engineer, had just returned from the Eastern States, where he had purchased the equipment for the new "B" class station. 6WB is promised completion by June. Will the same fate befall it? Both 6WA (National Station) and the new "B" station will be connected to Perth by land lines and will relay, in the first instance, the programme of 6WF, and in the latter case the programmes of 6IX and '''6ML'''. In both stations there will be emergency studios in case of accident to the land lines. As far as the "race" is concerned, Minding has a good start, as only the mast remains to be erected and the equipment installed, but despite the fact that £50,000 has been put aside for the construction of the national station, 6WB stands every chance of being on the air first. Mr. D. J. Abercrombie, engineer of Standard Telephones and Cables (A/asia) Ltd. has just arrived at Minding from the Eastern States to supervise the installation of the technical equipment.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article147425493 |title=MINDING or 6WB KATANNING? |newspaper=[[Great Southern Herald]] |volume=XXXIII, |issue=3,556 |location=Western Australia |date=22 February 1936 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 03===== <blockquote>'''Pertinent Paragraphs.''' WHEN the big he-men are tearing each other to pieces and the crowd are roaring themselves hoarse, there's one man who always keeps cool. And that's Bryn Samuel, manager of broadcasting stations '''6ML''' and 6IX, who is heard over the air every Friday night describing the wrestling bouts from the Unity Stadium. A Welshman by birth, he came out to Australia about 14 years ago, and after trying his hand at farming and later at advertising work, he linked up with Musgrove's. In time he worked his way up and soon became manager of '''6ML''', and when 6IX was opened he also took over the managership of that station. In this regard he is best known as wrestling commentator, and during his association with broadcasting he has described close on 600 boxing and wrestling bouts. In private hours there's nothing he likes better than a game of tennis, while he still follows enthusiastically soccer and rugby which he used to play in his young days in Wales. Being musically inclined — he carries the letters L.A.B. after his name — he is also a singer who has been heard over the air in the past.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article75493142 |title=Pertinent Paragraphs. |newspaper=[[Mirror]] |volume=14, |issue=725 |location=Western Australia |date=28 March 1936 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=15 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 04===== 1936 - 6WB Katanning Commences <blockquote>'''KATANNING "B" CLASS STATION. WORK ON 6WB SHOOTING AHEAD.''' The race is on! According to latest reports work has started on the new "B" class broadcasting station to be erected just outside Katanning for W.A. Broadcasters Ltd. Already the best part of the equipment to be used is being tested in Perth, and just as soon as the powerhouse is completed the 40 h.p. power plant will be installed and the transmitting gear will not be long behind. 6WB will take its place amongst the most powerful "B" stations in Australia, having a power of 2,000 watts and broadcasting on a wavelength somewhere in the region of 280 metres, between '''6ML''' and 6AM. It will come as a surprise to many that two 130ft. wooden masts are to be used instead of the conventional metal ones. It won't be long now before crystal sets make a determined appearance in Katanning and small sons and yards and yards of wire, coils, sliding contacts, crystal detectors and other such like things will be getting tangled up in mother's feet and wished somewhere a long way away from the middle of the passage, or somewhere else where everyone can trip over them.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article147426262 |title=KATANNING "B" CLASS STATION |newspaper=[[Great Southern Herald]] |volume=XXXIII, |issue=3,574 |location=Western Australia |date=25 April 1936 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 05===== =====1936 06===== =====1936 07===== 1936 - 6WB Katanning Commences <blockquote>'''RADIO NEWS. By Valve. ITEMS OF INTEREST. The Progress of Station 6WB.''' GOOD progress has been made with the new B class station being erected at Katanning for W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., and it is hoped that it will be able to make a start with the testing in about five weeks' time. The two wooden masts, each of 130 feet, are now in position, and the 40-horsepower Diesel engine, which will generate the power, is now being installed. Two engineers are at present at work on the wiring and about half of the transmitter has been delivered to the site. The remainder of the transmitter is expected to reach Katanning in the next two or three weeks. The new station, which will be known as 6WB. will have a wavelength of 280 metres, and a frequency of 107 [sic] kC. The object of the station will be to provide a programme suitable for country listeners at a time most convenient to them. In the main the station will relay programmes from station 6IX, but a separate studio is being provided in Perth to enable 6WB to broadcast its own programme when this is in the best interests of country listeners. The new station will also possibly relay important features from station '''6ML'''. Station 6WB will be one of the most powerful commercial stations in Australia, with a power of 2,000 watts, compared with the 500 watts of the present commercial stations in Perth. It has been estimated that from 85 to 90 per cent of country listeners in this State are situated within 150 miles of the new station.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article40731754 |title=RADIO NEWS |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=52, |issue=15,611 |location=Western Australia |date=8 July 1936 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 08===== =====1936 09===== 1936 - 6WB Katanning Commences <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WHISPERS.''' And now for some really good news about W.A. Broadcasters new country relay station, 6WB, Katanning. For same time past many wild guesses have been made concerning the time when it will be on the air. One gloomy pessimist was heard to say the other day: "Maybe they will give it to us for a Christmas present." Now the manager, Bryn Samuel, states that they have fixed a tentative opening date for 19th September. That's good to hear but we must realise that the date is given purely on the assumption that everything goes ahead without a hitch. Anyway don't be surprised if you hear the new voice testing during the next week. The gale, that hit so disastrously the new South-West Regional station at Minding, did not leave 6WB untouched. The high winds completely carried away the newly erected aerial wires between the two 130ft masts. A halyard at the top of one of the masts was also damaged and one of the engineers had to shin up to the top of the mast to fix it. However, all the damage has now been repaired. The Chairman and Secretary of the Katanning Road Board have been invited to attend the official opening of 6WB, which will take place in Perth.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article147427976 |title=WIRELESS WHISPERS |newspaper=[[Great Southern Herald]] |volume=XXXIII, |issue=3,612 |location=Western Australia |date=5 September 1936 |accessdate=4 April 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1936 - 6WB Katanning Commences <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WHISPERS.''' . . . Everything is set for 6WB to make its debut next Saturday. The programme for the first week has already been well planned and everybody connected with the station is working as hard as they possibly can. . . . There were 70 applicants for the job of early morning announcer for 6WB, Katanning, and if the final selection is made in time, the successful appli-cant will make his debut with the opening of the new station.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article147428183 |title=WIRELESS WHISPERS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Herald]] |volume=XXXIII, |issue=3,616 |location=Western Australia |date=19 September 1936 |accessdate=4 April 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Mandeville D'Oyly Musgrove <blockquote>'''DEATHS.''' . . . MUSGROVE.— On September 18, 1936, at Subiaco, Marjory Jane, dearly beloved wife of M. D'O. Musgrove, and loving mother of Jean (Mrs. N. Ames, Wembley) and Marjory (Mrs. G. John, Perenjori); aged 62 years. '''FUNERAL NOTICES.''' . . . MUSGROVE.— The Friends of Mr. M. D'O. Musgrove, of 11 Chester-road, Claremont, and Managing Director of Musgrove's, Ltd., Perth, are respectfully informed that the remains of his late dearly beloved wife, Marjory Jane, will be privately interred in the Church of England portion of the Karrakatta Cemetery at 11.20 o'clock THIS (Saturday) MORNING. DONALD J. CHIPPER & SON, Funeral Directors, 1023-1027 Hay-street, Perth. Tel. B3232 and B3772; and at Mt. Lawley.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article40960438 |title=Family Notices |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=52, |issue=15,674 |location=Western Australia |date=19 September 1936 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1936 - 6WB Katanning Commences <blockquote>'''RADIO SERVICE. NEW "B" CLASS STATION. First Programme Tomorrow.''' The new country "B" class broadcasting station, 6WB Katanning, which has been erected for W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., will be officially opened tomorrow night. The station, which has a power of 2,000 watts, the greatest power allowed for "B" class stations in the Commonwealth, will broadcast on a wavelength of 1,070 kilocycles (280.4 metres). The initial programme from 6WB will commence at 6 o'clock tomorrow night and will continue until midnight. The official opening ceremony will be performed at 7.45 by the chairman of directors of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd. (Mr. H. B. Jackson), and the chairman of the Katanning Road Board (Mr. A. Prosser). The ceremony will last about half an hour. The primary use of 6WB will be as a regional station of 6IX, and it will broadcast a large amount of this station's programmes and all outstanding features. At times, however, 6WB will be broadcasting its own programmes. The transmission times for the new station will be as follows:— SUNDAYS. 11 a.m. to 1.30 p.m. 3 p.m. to 5 p.m. 6 p.m. to 10.30 p.m. WEEKDAYS. 6.30 a.m. to 8.30 a.m. 12 noon to 2 p.m. 6 p.m. to 10.30 p.m. SATURDAYS. 6.30 a.m. to 8.30 a.m. 12 noon to 2 p.m. 3 p.m. to 5 p.m. 6 p.m. to 10.30 p.m. Discussing the programme policy of the station yesterday, the manager of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd. (Mr. Bryn Samuel) said that the programmes would mostly be derived from 6IX, but some would come independently from the Perth studio of 6WB, and to a lesser extent from '''6ML'''. A studio had been erected at the station at Katanning, but this would only be used in the case of a landline breakdown or other emergency. On Sundays, continued Mr. Samuel, 6WB would come on the air at 11 a.m. and would broadcast an independent programme from its Perth studio until it closed at 1.30 p.m. From 3 p.m. to 5 p.m. it would take a relay of "The Broadcaster" session from 6IX. There would then be a break of an hour, and in the evening both stations would come on the air together. Although the whole of the programme from 6IX might not go to 6WB — this would depend on the sponsors' requirements — such items as the church service and "The West Australian" news bulletin would form simultaneous broadcasts. Every day during the week, he proceeded, 6WB would have an independent programme from its Perth studio from 6.30 a.m. to 8.30 a.m. It would also have an independent session from noon to 2 p.m., and both these sessions would include items of special interest to country listeners, such as weather and market re-ports. In the evenings, except for special or sponsored programmes, 6WB would relay from 6IX from 6 o'clock to 6.30. It would then have an independent session until 7.15, followed by another relay from 6IX until 7.50 and a further independent session from then until 8.30. After that the programme would depend upon what was offering. However, it would relay all the news bulletins from 6IX in addition to other regular features. The programmes on Saturdays would be arranged in the same fashion as those for week days, with an extra two hours in the afternoon, when it would relay "The Western Mail" programme from 6IX. "In erecting the new station," added Mr. Samuel, "we were actuated by the desire to create a stronger radio link between the city and the country, and it is our hope that 6WB will fill the bill. An isolated independent station did not appear to us to be the most effective and efficient way of serving the country listeners, and it was therefore decided that 6WB should be used primarily as a regionial station of 6IX. By splitting the programmes it will be possible for us to maintain the city listener's interest and at the same time give the country listener all the information he requires for the marketing of his products. In districts it should be possible for receivers to give perfectly satisfactory results, and I hope that 6WB will play a big part in increasing rapidly the number of licences held in the country."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article40962234 |title=RADIO SERVICE. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=52, |issue=15,679 |location=Western Australia |date=25 September 1936 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=29 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1936 - 6WB Katanning Commences <blockquote>'''TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION. Construction Details.''' Station 6WB is situated on the main Wagin-Katanning-road, and the two 130 foot wooden masts standing back from the road form a good landmark for the station. The station buildings consist of a residence, the transmitter building, and the power house. In the power house there is a 40-horse power oil engine which provides the power for turning the 26 kilowatt alternator. This machine supplies alternating current at 415 volts, with provision for electric lighting at 240 volts. From this alternator, mains run to the switchboard where the circuits are split up and diverted to the various sub-sections, comprising magnetic switches, fuses and manual switches for controlling the distribution of the power. The transmitter is housed in a large room measuring 28 feet by 20 feet, and is built in one large unit measuring 18 feet long by 17 feet wide by 6 feet high, and contains all the apparatus necessary to put a broadcast programme on the air, from the crystal oscillator to the water-cooled tubes and the associate rectifying system. The current used in the generation of the carrier wave is necessarily direct current if a hum-free transmission is desired, and to achieve this four rectifiers are in use at 6WB. The crystal oscillator is a small receiving valve and it generates the high frequency current which alternates, or changes it potential, 1,070,000 times a second. This current, although very small at first, is amplified by a succession of valves and made larger and larger until it is finally delivered from the water-cooled valve as 2,000 watts of radio frequency power and passed along the feeder lines to the aerial system. At a selected position in the amplifying procedure, the audio-frequency currents which have been generated by the microphones and pickups and amplified by speech amplifiers and power amplifiers, are superimposed on the radio frequency power, which is then said to be modulated. The audio currents, which are generated at the Perth studios are sent to Katanning on a pair of telephone wires made available by the Postmaster-General's Department. As considerable power is absorbed by loss in the wires, it must be further strengthened on its arrival at Katanning. The telephone wires end in a studio which has been built to provide facilities for putting a programme over in the event of a fault developing in the programme line from Perth. The studio contains a microphone and magnetic pickup and an electric turntable motor, with sufficient records to keep a programme going for many hours. Two engineers will be stationed at Katanning. The engineer in charge will live at the station in the residence erected by the company, and the second engineer will live at Katanning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article40962895 |title=TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=52, |issue=15,681 |location=Western Australia |date=28 September 1936 |accessdate=4 April 2019 |page=16 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Mandeville D'Oyly Musgrove <blockquote>'''BEREAVEMENT NOTICES.''' . . . MRS. FRANCES E. TEMPLE, desires to acknowledge with GRATITUDE the kindly messages of sympathy extended to her on the death of her sister, Mrs. M. D'O. Musgrove.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article40963240 |title=Family Notices |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=52, |issue=15,682 |location=Western Australia |date=29 September 1936 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 10===== 1936 - 6WB Katanning Commences <blockquote>'''W.A. BROADCASTERS' NEW RELAY STATION AT KATANNING.''' After months of feverish preparation and endless trying-out of new equipment, W.A. Broadcasters' new relay station, 6WB Katanning, came on the air for the first time, officially, last Saturday night. During the previous week 6WB, while testing, was heard by many in the district, and this heightened the already intense interest shown in the construction of an essentially country listeners' station. The station will be used primarily as a relay station for 6IX and the whole of Saturday night's programme, which lasted from 6 o'clock until midnight, was broadcast by both stations. The official opening ceremony was performed by the chairman of directors of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd. (Mr. H. B. Jackson), and he was supported by the chairman of the Katanning Road Board (Mr. A. Prosser) and Mr. A. F. Watts, M.L.A. The new station broadcasts on a wavelength of 1,070 kilocycles (280.3 metres) and has a power of 2,000 watts. In addressing listeners, Mr. Jackson said that the position of 6WB had been chosen and its power had been installed for the purpose mainly of benefiting the country listeners in Western Australia who, owing to geographical and other disabilities, were not always able to obtain the best results from metropolitan stations. The new station would be used primarily as a relay station for 6IX. It would not, however, be slavishly confined to the programmes of that station, but would include, as far as possible, matters of special interest to country residents, and would give its own programmes on desirable occasions. '''Country Radio Reception.''' "It gives me a great deal of pleasure to be able to support Mr. Jackson in declaring this station open," said Mr. Prosser. "As chairman of the Katanning Road Board, in whose territory 6WB has been established, I feel it a great honour to be able to speak on behalf of Katanning and the surrounding districts. W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., deserves a lot of praise for the enterprising manner in which it has endeavoured to overcome the disadvantages that are suffered by listeners east of the Darling Ranges. It has erected one of the finest B class stations in the Commonwealth within the Katanning district. Up to the present time radio reception from metropolitan stations has been very poor, but now, with the erection of 6WB, radio reception is going to improve, not only in our district, but in all parts of the State east of the Darling Ranges." ???? 415 volts, with provision for electric lighting at 240 volts. From this alternator, mains run to the switchboard, where the circuits are split up and diverted to the various sub-sections, comprising magnetic switches, fuses and manual switches for controlling the distribution of the power. The transmitter is housed in a large room measuring 28 feet by 20 feet, and (Start Photo Caption) North mast seen from half-way up south mast. (End Photo Caption) is built in one large unit measuring 18 feet long by 17 feet wide by 6 feet high, and contains all the apparatus necessary to put a broadcast programme on the air, from the crystal oscillator to the water-cooled tubes and the associate rectifying system. The current used in the generation of the carrier (Start Photo Caption) Katanning studio and line amplifier. The rectifier portion of the transmitter can be seen through the glass panel.(End Photo Caption) <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article147428382 |title=6WB Opens |newspaper=[[Great Southern Herald]] |volume=XXXIV, |issue=3,619 |location=Western Australia |date=3 October 1936 |accessdate=4 April 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 11===== =====1936 12===== ====1937==== =====1937 01===== =====1937 02===== 1937 - Newspaper Control; 1941 - 6MD Merredin Commences <blockquote>'''NIGGER IN WOODPILE. MIXED MOTIVES BEHIND WIRELESS LICENCE-FEE CAMPAIGN. Sir Keith Murdoch as Champion With a Shining Axe.''' FOR some weeks past, the chain-gang press of Sir Keith Murdoch and the Melbourne "Herald" has been waging a fierce campaign in favor of a reduction of 3/6 in the wireless listener's licence-fee. This crusade, directed by anybody else, might seem a commendable effort to protect the listener's interests. Melbourne "Herald" crusades, however, are, by this time, taken with some suspicion. When the Melbourne "Herald" protects any interests, they are generally found to be the interests of the Melbourne "Herald." Facts revealed in this article show that Sir Keith Murdoch, thanks to his web of wireless-station and newspaper interests, is trying to wield more power than a Prime Minister. His campaign against the Broadcasting Commission is not one of such simple philanthropy as might appear. '''"SMITH'S WEEKLY"''' is not concerned here with any case for or against a reduction in listeners' licence-fees. Its concern, at present, is with the manner in which one partisan side of that dispute is being argued. The position resolves itself briefly into the question whether one man, or one monopoly, should be allowed to dominate the internal affairs of Australia. The man is Sir Keith Murdoch, pocket-Northcliffe of the Melbourne "Herald," and the monopoly is the "Herald's" ability to shout its propaganda through the Commonwealth, while, at the same time, spokesmen of the other side are denied a voice. Since "Smith's Weekly" is one of the few Australian newspapers that own no liaison with any broadcasting station, it is able to give some plain facts about the A.B.C.'s position, which other journals, particularly those in the Murdoch chain-gang, have hitherto suppressed. Genuine zeal in the protection of listeners' interests is natural, legitimate, and pardonable. But listeners may be excused if they regard with some suspicion the peculiarly intense agitation in favor of reduced licence-fees, and against the A.B.C. generally, which has been spread across the pages of the Murdoch Press. '''The Champion.''' As a champion of the licence-paying listener, Sir Keith Murdoch, in short, comes not with a shining sword to brandish, but with a shining axe to grind. This apparently noble-hearted and philanthropic crusade on the listeners' behalf has to be examined in the light of the fact that Murdoch and the Melbourne "Herald" control no fewer than seven daily papers in Australia, and (according to Sir Archdale Parkhill), 8 B class broadcasting stations. To find any parallel to this monopoly of propaganda-engines, one has to turn to William Randolph Hearst, of the United States, or the Press-barons of England. Through his seven daily newspapers and his eight broadcasting stations, Murdoch exercises more bullying influence, and more indirect persuasion, over the minds of the Australian nation than the Cabinet itself. Ministers, indeed, before this, have been at the beck and call of the heavy-jowled Melbourne journalist, with his tremendous bludgeons of publicity and propaganda. For the past few weeks, every Murdoch paper and microphone has been pumping forth a flood of argument and demand in favor of a reduction of 3/6 or more in the annual wireless listener's licence-fee. From any other source, the campaign might have been taken at its face-value, as an honest effort to assist the listener. But with Murdoch-worked campaigns, the public has got into the habit of asking Why? His Motives There are two exceedingly strong motives of self-interest which do much to rob this latest campaign of its guile-less altruism. Consider, for a start, the extraordinary network or B class wireless stations which have been built up round the Melbourne "Herald," with Daddy Murdoch nestling in the centre of the web. You need go no further than Federal Hansard, of December, 1936, to see how the Minister for Defence (Sir Archdale Parkhill) tabulated the Melbourne "Herald's" broadcasting station affiliations and interests:— MELBOURNE "HERALD" AND ASSOCIATED NEWSPAPER INTERESTS IN BROADCASTING STATIONS * STATION; LICENSEE; INTEREST. * 3DB, Melbourne; 3DB Broadcasting Station Pty. Ltd.; Nominal capital, £20,000 — The "Herald" or its nominee holds all issued shares (£5300). * 4BK, Brisbane; Brisbane Broadcasting Pty. Ltd.; Nominal capital, £5000 (£1 shares) Queensland Newspapers Ltd. ("Courier-Mail") or its nominees hold 1802 of 2103 issued shares. Directors: N. White, Managing Director, Queensland Newspapers Ltd., R. T. Foster, Editor, and E. H. Macartney, solicitor. Actual "Herald" interest in Queensland Newspapers Ltd. not known. * 4AK, Oakey; Brisbane Broadcasting Pty. Ltd.; Control - As above. * 4GY, Gympie; Brisbane Broadcasting Pty. Ltd.; Note : Licence approved for Gympie but not granted. Control - As above. * 5AD, Adelaide; Advertisers Newspapers Ltd.; "Herald" has 113,200 preference and 130,000 ordinary shares in "Advertiser" Newspapers Ltd. L. Dumas is Managing Director. * 5MU, Murray Bridge; Murray Bridge Broadcasting Co. Ltd.; Nominal capital — £5000 (£1 shares). All issued shares (400) are held by nominees of "Advertiser" Newspapers, Ltd. * 5PI, Port Pirie; Midlands Broadcasting Co. Ltd. Nominal capital — £2000 (£1 shares). All issued shares (820) held by "Advertiser" Newspapers, Ltd., or nominees. * 6ML, Perth; West Australian Broadcasters Ltd.; Capital. £12,000, in £1 shares, of which 5999 - held by West Australian Newspapers Ltd. * 6KA, Katannlng; West Australian Broadcasters Ltd.; Capital, £12,000 in £1 shares, of which 5999 held by West Australian Newspapers Ltd. — Licence not yet issued. * 6MD, Merredin; West Australian Broadcasters Ltd.; Capital, £12,000 in £1 shares, of which 5999 held by West Australian Newspapers Ltd. — Licence not yet issued. * 6IX, Perth; West Australian Newspapers Ltd.; Although licence is held by West Australian Newspapers, it is understood the station is owned by West Australian Broadcasters Ltd. Since the publication of this list in Hansard, the Murdoch interests have also constructed a relay-station at Lubeck (Vic.), which is reported as being the most powerful B Station in the Commonwealth. It operates by regulation on a power of 2000 watts, although the plant is capable of 5000 watts, and has a direct landline connection with the central Murdoch Station, 3DB, situated in the Melbourne "Herald" Office. The Minister for Defence, Sir Archdale Parkhill who represents the Postmaster-General in the House of Representatives, has informed "Smith's Weekly" that, since he quoted these figures to Federal Parliament, he has received a letter from W.A. Broadcasters Ltd., which states that the Melbourne "Herald" and "Associated Publications" have no connection with 6ML, 6LX [sic, 6IX], 6MD, and 6KA. Thus, assuming that Sir Archdale Parkhill's statements are correct, the Murdoch-controlled stations now number 8. It will be seen how widely and deeply the Melbourne "Herald" interests extend. And the nigger in this imposing woodpile is to be found in the fact that nearly all B-class stations today are finding it increasingly difficult to get in advertising. A few years ago, they had less competition to meet, and entertainment programmes were comparatively cheap — so much so that, during those golden days, many B-class proprietaries made small fortunes. Today, all that has changed. Entertainment needs to be increasingly outstanding to hold listeners' interest, and programme-costs, performing-fees and royalties have all gone up. In addition, the A-class stations have been offering vigorous competition. As an example of this, it is safe to say that, during Sir Harry Lauder's recent hour over 2FC, 3LO and the other national stations, hardly a listener in Australia heard a word of the advertisements that were being put into the air at the same time by the B-class stations. Every time, therefore, when an A-class station offers an attraction like this, B-class station advertisers complain, with some justification, that their sponsored advertising-programmes are being wasted. Sir Keith Murdoch, it is obvious, realises the menace which A-class station enterprise of this kind offers to his chain-gang of B-class stations. The remedy, in his view, is to curtail the amount of money at the A.B.C.'s disposal for such dangerous counter-attractions. By urging a reduction in the licence-fee, therefore, with a corresponding reduction in the Commission's revenue, the Murdoch propaganda-machines are not only outwardly befriending the listener, in a noble and philanthropic way, but they are also protecting their own web of B-class stations, in a manner not quite so altruistic. This motive becomes fairly obvious after a perusal of Sir Archdale Parkhill's little list of Murdoch wireless-interests. The second motive is not so transparent. but it is just as strong. The Melbourne "Herald" group, together with other newspaper-proprietaries, has been given a bad attack of the jitters by the Broadcasting Commission's hint that it may find it necessary to organise its own service of cable-news for listeners. Ever since this dreadful possibility was mentioned, the proprietors of the monopolistic press-cable services have been having nightmares. Negotiations, indeed, were in train for some considerable time between the A.B.C. and the newspaper-proprietaries, for the supply of cable-news. But no finality was reached, and the arrangement is still hanging fire. In any case, whatever the outcome of this bargaining, it is well known that the A.B.C. would be exceedingly distrustful of the sort of colored "cable-news" which is being fed to readers of Australian daily newspapers today. The Commission obviously would want its cable-news to be fair, accurate and unbiased — qualities signally lacking in the sort of "cable-news" to which Australian newspaper-monopolies restrict Australian readers at present. "Smith's Weekly" for a long time past has deplored the one-sided and subtly-colored news which comes to Australia through these channels, and has attempted to show Australians what they are missing by giving its own representatives' accounts of events such as the Spanish Civil War, Edward's abdication, and British and American politics, all of which have been grossly distorted by the one-eyed cable-messages of the regular services. Hence the A.B.C.'s hint that it might be necessary to establish an independent cable-service of its own. This prospect, though still a mere hypothesis, has thrown Australian proprietors in general, and Murdoch in particular, into a nervous dither. Once again, it will be seen that by urging a substantial cut in the licence-fee, under the guise of sympathy for the listener, the Murdoch propaganda-machines are protecting their own precious interests. A cut of 3/6 would mean a reduction of about £120,000 a year in the A.B.C.'s revenue, and this would put an effective stop to any audacious ideas about a separate cable-service. See now just how disinterested the Melbourne "Herald's" campaign for lower wireless-licences begins to look! '''The Moneybags.''' Much use has been made by the Murdoch papers of the claim that, of the present 21/- licence-fee, 9/- goes into the Government's consolidated revenue. The Melbourne "Herald" and its pups loudly complain that this 9/- is not used for wireless-purposes at all. But what the Murdoch chain-gang overlooks is the fact that the revenue into which the 9/- is paid has to cover the cost of constructing and maintaining landlines, and telephone and telegraph-services, used extensively in broadcast-relays even by B Class stations. In addition, this money also goes toward the expense of constructing new studios, buildings and plants for new country broadcasting-centres. Apart from this, the A.B.C.'s own present plant and equipment are urgently in need of modernisation and extension, according to comparisons made with broadcasting-stations in other countries. This would, of course, be practically impossible if the A.B.C.'s revenue is cut by £120,000 a year. But these considerations are beside the point, since "Smith's" does not intend to enter into the pros and cons of licence-fee reduction here. What does become glaringly apparent is the self-interest which lurks behind the Murdoch campaign, conducted ostensibly in the sacred cause of the listener, but waged with even keener zeal in the infinitely more sacred cause of the Murdoch money-bags! (Start Photo Caption) LITTLE CAESAR KEITH MURDOCH.— He wields more power than a Prime Minister (End Photo Caption).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article235893045 |title=NIGGER IN WOODPILE |newspaper=[[Smith's Weekly]] |volume=XVIII, |issue=50 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=13 February 1937 |accessdate=2 April 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1937 03===== =====1937 04===== =====1937 05===== =====1937 06===== =====1937 07===== =====1937 08===== =====1937 09===== =====1937 10===== =====1937 11===== =====1937 12===== ====1938==== =====1938 01===== =====1938 02===== =====1938 03===== =====1938 04===== <blockquote>'''PUBLIC NOTICES. IN THE SUPREME COURT OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA. PROBATE JURISDICTION.''' IN THE MATTER of the Will of MARY GUNNER late of 8 Moorgate-street, Victoria Park, in the State of Western Australia. Married Woman, deceased. TAKE NOTICE that all Creditors and other persons having Claims or Demands against the Estate of the abovenamed deceased are hereby required to send particulars in writing of such claims and demands to Mandeville D'Oyly Musgrove, c/o Messrs. Unmack & Unmack, Solicitors, Withnell Chambers, Howard-street, Perth, the Executor of the Will of the said deceased, on or before the 9th day of May, 1938, after which date the Executor will proceed to distribute the assets of the said deceased among the persons entitled thereto, having regard only to the claims and demands of which he shall then have received notice. DATED this 30th day of March, 1938. UNMACK & UNMACK, Solicitors for the Executor, Mandeville D'Oyly Musgrove, Withnell Chambers, Howard-street, Perth.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article41674421 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=54, |issue=16,152 |location=Western Australia |date=5 April 1938 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''IN THE SUPREME COURT OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA. PROBATE JURISDICTION.''' IN THE MATTER of the Will of MARY GUNNER, late of 8 Moorgate-street, Victoria Park, in the State of Western Australia. Married Woman, deceased. TAKE NOTICE that all Creditors and other persons having Claims or Demands against the Estate of the abovenamed deceased are hereby required to send particulars in writing of such claims and demands to Mandeville D'Oyly Musgrove, c/o Messrs. Unmack & Unmack, Solicitors, Withnell Chambers, Howard-street, Perth, the Executor of the Will of the said deceased, on or before the 9th day of May, 1938, after which date the Executor will proceed to distribute the assets of the said deceased among the persons entitled thereto, having regard only to the claims and demands of which he shall then have received notice. DATED this 30th day of March, 1938. UNMACK & UNMACK, Solicitors for the Executor, Mandeville D'Oyly Musgrove, Withnell Chambers, Howard-street, Perth.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article41678071 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=54, |issue=16,163 |location=Western Australia |date=19 April 1938 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1938 05===== =====1938 06===== =====1938 07===== =====1938 08===== =====1938 09===== =====1938 10===== =====1938 11===== =====1938 12===== ====1939==== =====1939 01===== =====1939 02===== =====1939 03===== =====1939 04===== =====1939 05===== =====1939 06===== =====1939 07===== =====1939 08===== =====1939 09===== =====1939 10===== 1939 - New Transmitter <blockquote>'''BROADCAST PROGRAMMES.''' (Further details of programmes are to be found in "The Broadcaster.") . . . '''6ML'''. 7 a.m.: Music. 9.0: Close. 10.30: For women, etc. 12.30: Close. 5.30: Children's session. 6.0: Music, sponsored sessions, etc. '''Opening of new transmitter'''. 9.0: Dance music. 10.30: Close.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46431407 |title=BROADCAST PROGRAMMES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=55, |issue=16,626 |location=Western Australia |date=16 October 1939 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1939 - New Transmitter <blockquote>'''NEW 6ML TRANSMITTER. Last Night's Official Opening.''' A novel ceremony took place last night when the chairman of directors of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd. (Mr. H. B. Jack-son) officially declared open the new high fidelity transmitter which has been installed at station '''6ML'''. The station will in future broadcast with the new transmitter, the old transmitter being reserved as an emergency unit. The old transmitter was in use when Mr. Jackson commenced speaking at the official opening last night. Following his opening remarks, a few bars of Lizst's Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2 were played. This was followed by a short pause, during which the new transmitter was switched on, and the same record was played again. By this means listeners were enabled to make a comparison of the quality of the broadcast from the old and new transmitters. "Those of you who were interested in radio from its beginning," said Mr. Jackson, "will remember that '''6ML''' was the pioneer of commercial broadcasting in this State. It broadcast its first concert on March 19, 1930 — scarcely ten years ago. Eight other commercial stations have been established since then, but we hope we still lead." After referring to the progress which had been made in all branches of radio, Mr. Jackson said that while the quality of the old transmitter was very good, that of the newly-installed one was better. Improvements had been made all along the line, but the special qualities of the new transmitter would be more apparent to the owners of modern receiving sets. Nevertheless he thought owners of old sets would be able easily to appreciate the difference. The new transmitter at '''6ML''' is claimed to be capable of transmitting speech or music indistinguishable from the original, as the full range of musical tones is transmitted equally without discrimination. The tones are transmitted without introducing overtones or harmonics, and the low inherent noise level allows the transmission of a wide dynamic or volume range. Following the official opening last night, a special programme was presented by '''6ML'''. The local artists who took part in the programme included Austin Ray and his Lyricals, Glen Matson's Harmony Hawaiians and Merv Rowston and his orchestra.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46431587 |title=NEW 6ML TRANSMITTER. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=55, |issue=16,627 |location=Western Australia |date=17 October 1939 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1939 11===== =====1939 12===== ===1940s=== ====1940==== =====1940 01===== =====1940 02===== =====1940 03===== 1940 - 10th Anniversary <blockquote>'''6ML Cocktail Party.''' IN celebration of the 10th anniversary of station '''6ML''' — one of three stations controlled by W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd. a cocktail party was held yesterday afternoon at the Palace Hotel. The guests were received by the manager of the company (Mr. B. Samuel). The chairman of directors (Mr. H. B. Jackson), who is in Sydney, sent a telegram regretting his absence. Other directors present were Messrs. H. J. Lambert (acting-chairman), M. D'O. Musgrove, F. C. Kingston, H. Greig and C. P. Smith. In the course of replies to the congratulations of guests, Mr. Samuel stated that '''6ML''' was the first commercial station to be founded in this State, and was one of the first in the Commonwealth. At the time it was established there were only 5,000 listeners' licences in Western Australia; now there were over 85,000. A novel table decoration was a feature of the party. It took the form of model wireless towers, one at each end of the table. The towers were about six feet high. Suspended from wires stretched between them were two artistic streamers, one above the other. On the top streamer was the announcement, "10 Years Old," and on the other, the name of the station, '''"6ML."''' Invited guests included the following: The Acting-Deputy Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. G. Kilpatrick), the Senior Radio Inspector (Mr. G. A. Scott), the Assistant Radio Inspector (Mr. A. Grey), and Messrs. J. E. Macartney, C. C. Wren, R. Simonsen, R. W. Edwards, M. Zeffert, S. W. Davies, A. Colebrook, C. Wood, G. McDonald, E. Harvey, Grodeck, J. Coulter, A. A. Wheatly, R. Smith, A. Saggers, Moore, C. A. Gannaway, E. A. Toogood, R. Buckeridge, T. Smith, W. Smith, W. B. Garner, W. Watson, Birch, Norman, Bywaters, V. A. Taylor, Grey, R. Pearce, C. Evans, W. H. Williams, Nash, A. S. Dening, Moncur, D. Lord, Forsyth, L. Schutt, A. J. Williams, S. C. Cohen, K. T. Hamblett, N. C. S. Mount, A. Collett, N. Hutchinson, J. Mercer, K. McKinley, A. Kelly, C. Cohen, Wood, C. Stuart-Smith, J. Anstey, M. Levinson, Chapman, Fielding, M. J. Bateman, F. Beams, De Groot, Hewitt, E. Plaistowe, J. Squires, J. Bulloch and Kells.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46363576 |title=6ML Cocktail Party. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=56, |issue=16,759 |location=Western Australia |date=20 March 1940 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1940 04===== =====1940 05===== =====1940 06===== 1941 - 6MD Merredin Commences <blockquote>'''NEW RADIO STATIONS. Two More for This State.''' The manager of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd. (Mr. B. Samuel) announced yesterday that his company had been granted a licence to operate a broadcasting station in the Merredin district. The power of the station would be 500 watts and it would operate on a wavelength of 273 metres. Tenders for a transmitter had been called for and tests would be conducted shortly to select the station site. The new station would be the country outlet for '''6ML'''. Arrangements are being made by the Australian Labour Party to establish a commercial broadcasting station in Perth. Yesterday the secretary of the State executive of the party (Mr. P. J. Trainer) said that the matter had been under consideration for some time. The new station, for which a licence had just been obtained, would be controlled by the People's Printing and Publishing Co, which published the "Westralian Worker," the official organ of the party. Mr. Trainer said he was not in a position to say where the station would be located or to give the approximate date of its opening.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46719886 |title=NEW RADIO STATIONS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=56, |issue=16,825 |location=Western Australia |date=7 June 1940 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1940 07===== 1941 - 6MD Merredin Commences <blockquote>'''6MD Call Sign for Merredin Station.''' The station to be erected by W.A. Broadcasters Ltd., at Merredin has been allotted the call sign of 6MD. Already preliminary work in connection with the building of the station has been performed and it is possible that 6MD will be on the air before the end of the year. The station will have a power of 500 watts. It is easy to understand, why the letters "MD" have been chosen for the call sign. They suggest Merredin and can be clearly pronounced. The figure six denotes the State of Western Australia. When a radio call sign commences with the figure 1 it denotes New Zealand; 2 denotes N.S.W.; 3, Victoria; 4, Queensland; 5, South Australia; and 7, Tasmania.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article252483380 |title=6MD Call Sign for Merredin Station. |newspaper=[[Merredin Mercury And Central Districts Index]] |volume=XXIII, |issue=1357 |location=Western Australia |date=25 July 1940 |accessdate=2 April 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1940 08===== <blockquote>'''MUSGROVES, LTD. Net Profit up £1,056.''' Musgrove's. Ltd., in their balance sheet for the year ended June 30 report an increase of £583 in gross profit (due to an improved turnover). At the same time, the company was able to lessen the expenses by £819. As a result, and after making provision for taxation, the net profit was better by £1,056 than for the previous year. The debit in the profit and loss account, which has existed for the past seven years, has been eliminated, and the account is now £187 in credit. The company's indebtedness to the bank has fallen by £5,632. Liabilities (bills payable, sundry creditors and bank) are down by £5,922, while the decrease in assets (stocks, debtors, bill receivable) is only £2,047. The seventeenth annual meeting will be held at Lyric House at 4 p.m. on August 26. Business will include the election of a director in place of Mr. H. B. Jackson, who retires in accordance with the articles of association, and the election of auditors. Messrs. Flack and Flack retire, but being eligible, offer themselves for re-election.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46733032 |title=MUSGROVES, LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=56, |issue=16,887 |location=Western Australia |date=19 August 1940 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=13 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1941 - 6MD Merredin Commences <blockquote>'''6MD. FURTHER PROGRESS MADE. SITE PURCHASED.''' During this week further progress was made in connection with the proposed new broadcasting station to be erected at Merredin, when Messrs. Henry Greig (Director), F. C. Kingston (State manager), Bryn Samuel (manager) and Harry Simons (chief engineer) of W.A. Broadcasters Ltd., visited Merredin for the purpose of finalising the purchase of a site. In all the company had six sites under observation, and the one finally selected was 25 acres of the property of Mrs. A. H. Robartson, situated opposite the Merredin State Experimental Farm on the Great eastern Highway 4½ miles from Merredin. The representatives of the company expressed pleasure on being able to secure such a favourable site and it is now hoped the 6MD will be on the air by Christmas. The plant will consist of a 500 watt transmitter and 50,00 [sic] feet of copper will be buried to comprise the earth. The transmitter buildings will be lit up by a Diesel electric light plant, whilst residences will be built for the company's technicians. The programme will be relayed from Perth by land line and the associated stations will be '''6ML''', 6IX and 6WB (Katanning.) The new station will fill a long-felt want in the important Eastern and North-Eastern Wheatbelts, when at the present time only the programme from the big National Station are heard with any pleasure at all. Arrangements for a suitable official opening of the new 6MD will receive attention at a later date, and no doubt the extent of the celebrations will depend largely upon the progress of the world conflict now raging. Merredin has quite a live Musical Society, and might we suggest early that their co-operation be sought to enable a local programme to comprise portion of the opening celebrations in connection with the new station.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article252484275 |title=6 MD. |newspaper=[[Merredin Mercury And Central Districts Index]] |volume=XXIII, |issue=1362 |location=Western Australia |date=29 August 1940 |accessdate=2 April 2019 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1940 09===== =====1940 10===== <blockquote>'''Too Obtrusive.''' SIR,— Ever since 6WN came on the air it has been a curse to city listeners. Being so powerful we hear it behind every other station on the dial. No matter how modern your set you cannot listen to 6IX and '''6ML''' without the National jazzing about in the background. Can nothing be done? Beethoven's "Appassionata" sounds pretty foul against a backcloth of "Deep Purple." Perth. BLAST 6WN!<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78540087 |title=Too Obtrusive |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=LVIII, |issue=20464 |location=Western Australia |date=31 October 1940 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=4 (CITY FINAL) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1940 11===== =====1940 12===== <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''Wireless Telegraphy Classes.''' Special classes for wireless-telegraphy reservists of the Royal Australian Air Force will commence at the R.A.A.F. No. 4 Recruiting Centre, Perth, tomorrow night. The classes have been arranged by Mr. H. T. Simmons, chairman of the Institute of Radio Engineers (W.A. Division) in conjunction with Sergeant L. Noble, trade testing officer at the recruiting centre. They are designed to give elementary instruction in the theory of radio and transmission and reception, and at present will take in about 30 reservists. The instructors will be Messrs. J. Austin, J. Tapper, N. Parker and G. Butterfield. The classes will be held at 7.30 p.m. on Tuesdays and Thursdays.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47295161 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=56, |issue=16,977 |location=Western Australia |date=2 December 1940 |accessdate=14 April 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1941==== =====1941 01===== =====1941 02===== =====1941 03===== =====1941 04===== =====1941 05===== =====1941 06===== =====1941 07===== 1941 - 6MD Merredin Commences <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''New Radio Station.''' A new broadcasting station in this State came on the air last Saturday night when 6MD, the Merredin regional station of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., was officially opened. The opening was performed by the chairman of directors of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd. (Mr. H. B. Jackson, K.C.). Station 6MD, which will relay a number of important programmes presented by stations 6IX and '''6ML''', is powered by 500 watts and operates on a wave length of 273 metres (1,100 kilocycles). The manager of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd. (Mr. B. Samuel) said yesterday that favourable reports regarding the reception of broadcasts from 6MD had been received from many widely separated country centres.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47151847 |title=NEWS AND NOTES |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=57, |issue=17,163 |location=Western Australia |date=10 July 1941 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1941 08===== =====1941 09===== =====1941 10===== =====1941 11===== =====1941 12===== ====1942==== =====1942 01===== =====1942 02===== =====1942 03===== =====1942 04===== =====1942 05===== =====1942 06===== =====1942 07===== 1943 - WW2 Closure <blockquote>'''RADIO STATIONS. Staff Shortage Causes Alarm.''' If the military call-up continued at the present rate the commercial broadcasting stations in Western Australia would be compelled either to reduce the hours of transmission drastically or to close down. This statement was made to the Assistant Minister for the Army (Senator Fraser) by a deputation from the Federation of Commercial Broad-casting Stations of WA which waited on him during the week. It was stated that the shortage of technicians and engineers had be-come alarming. It had been found impossible to replace the men who had been called up or who were enlisting with the air force. Under instructions from the Postmaster General only a man with an "A" class certificate was allowed to operate a wireless transmitter. One member of the deputation pointed out that some country stations were run on diesel engines, and if unskilled men operated these frequent blowing out of valves would result. The Minister said he realised the importance of keeping the broadcasting stations on the air, and would discuss their problem with the manpower and military authorities, and would also inquire into the position of commercial stations in the other States.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47339424 |title=RADIO STATIONS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=58, |issue=17,475 |location=Western Australia |date=11 July 1942 |accessdate=31 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1942 08===== =====1942 09===== =====1942 10===== =====1942 11===== =====1942 12===== ====1943==== =====1943 01===== =====1943 02===== =====1943 03===== =====1943 04===== =====1943 05===== 1943 - WW2 Closure <blockquote>'''W.A. Radio Station to Close.''' PERTH, Wednesday.— Due to staff difficulties caused by the war, station '''6ML''', pioneer commercial broadcasting station in Western Australia, will close after completion of its programme on Sunday.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article140455267 |title=W.A. Radio Station to Close |newspaper=[[Newcastle Morning Herald And Miners' Advocate]] |issue=20,791 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=27 May 1943 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1943 - WW2 Closure <blockquote>'''Local and General.''' . . . Closed Down. Station '''6ML''' has been closed down till the end of the war. This has been found necessary owing to the insuperable difficulties in running the Station, brought about by the depletion of staffs for manpower requirements.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article240496108 |title=Local and General. |newspaper=[[Mount Barker And Denmark Record]] |volume=14, |issue=1658 |location=Western Australia |date=31 May 1943 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1943 06===== 1943 - WW2 Closure <blockquote>'''Goebbels Beaten.''' The recent announcement that all radio sets in Holland must be handed in to the German authorities has not deterred those in charge of the Netherlands Government's sponsored broadcast, Radio Oranje, in London. The leader of the session is a man known only as the "Rotterdammer." Despite ruthless German repression the talks were listened to regularly by millions of patriotic Dutchmen. Radio Oranje has played an important part in maintaining morale, and even the latest order will not prevent its message from being distributed throughout Holland. In an exclusive story in "The Broadcaster" this week the "Rotterdammer" tells how Holland fights on. In the same issue are details of talks about Australia to be heard during June and July, and particulars of the next "Calling Australian Towns" programme, which will be heard next Saturday. '''Reminiscences of 6ML''', a short story and the usual complete technical section are also included. "The Broadcaster" is on sale at all newsagents.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46758132 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=59, |issue=17,752 |location=Western Australia |date=2 June 1943 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1943 - WW2 Closure <blockquote>'''NEWS IN BRIEF.''' . . . '''DIMINISHING RADIO.''' The closing down of Western Australia's first commercial broadcasting station — '''6ML''', Perth — is another indication of the inroads which war is making on our normal life. Whilst the effect of this closure will be felt mostly by those within an easy radius of Perth, there is bound to be regret that the oldest commercial station, and the second oldest broadcasting station in the West, should find it necessary to close its transmitter for the duration all over the State. It is one less programme to choose from — it is one less opportunity for people of talent to obtain their chance — but, like many worthier and less worthy institutions, it has been caught up in the maelstrom of war, and is now but a memory, and perhaps a hope for the future — a hope for those happier years which are to come. '''6ML''' is but another casualty amongst those enterprises which have been built up to crash against the rocks of conflict. And the end is not yet.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article251167399 |title=Casual Comment |newspaper=[[Midlands Advocate]] |volume=26, |issue=1417 |location=Western Australia |date=4 June 1943 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1943 - WW2 Closure <blockquote>'''Post Offices To Close 5.30 pm.''' On and after next Monday if you want to do any postal business between 5.30 and 6 p.m. you must go to the G.P.O. From that day all other post offices will close at 5.30 p.m. during the week and 12.30 p.m. on the weekly half-holiday. Deputy Director of Posts and Telegraphs J. G. Kilpatrick said today that the change in hours was due to staff shortages. "The position is similar to that of the banks," he said. "Although their closing hour is now 2 o'clock, the staff does not go home then. That is when their work starts — getting their books in order, balancing cash. "Our post office staffs have been working till all hours of the night trying to cope with the work. The alteration is Commonwealth-wide." The G.P.O. telegraph office will be open as usual, and telephone services will continue wherever there is a telephone exchange. Money order business, allotment and pension payments will finish half an hour earlier than at present.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78449520 |title=Post Offices To Close 5.30 pm |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=LXI, |issue=21,280 |location=Western Australia |date=18 June 1943 |accessdate=31 March 2019 |page=3 (HOME EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1943 07===== 1943 - WW2 Closure <blockquote>'''6ML.''' "After a career of more than 13 years, the Westralian radio station '''6ML''' has closed "until the end of the war, or at least until the staff can be replaced," writes "Nork" in the "Bulletin." When it began business there were only 3,000 listeners within 50 miles of Perth, and only one national station. The chairman of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., announcing the closure, didn't say whether the staff had been lost through voluntary enlistment, or call-ups, but the incident is a sidelight on the weight, of Westralia's contribution to the war effort. No eastern radio station — and, heaven knows, there's plenty of them — has had to close down through shortage of staff.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article149801107 |title=6ML |newspaper=[[South Western Advertiser]] |volume=40, |issue=2,002 |location=Western Australia |date=16 July 1943 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1943 08===== =====1943 09===== =====1943 10===== =====1943 11===== 1944/46 Perth Restack <blockquote>'''Change of Wave Lengths.''' Advice has been received that the Postmaster-General has decided upon the following alterations to the operating frequency of the undermentioned broadcasting stations: 6IX from 1240 kc/s to 1130 kc/s. 6PM from 1320 kc/s to 1240 kc/s. 6KY from 1430 kc/s to 1320 kc/s. This means that from the time the change-over is effected 6IX will use the channel previously used by '''6ML''', 6PM will use the channel now used by 6IX, and 6KY will use the channel now used by 6PM. The date on which the change will take place will be announced later.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article148423253 |title=Change of Wave Lengths |newspaper=[[Westralian Worker]] |issue=1829 |location=Western Australia |date=26 November 1943 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1944/46 Perth Restack <blockquote>'''New Wave Lengths Soon.''' Changes are to be made soon in the wavelengths of three W.A. commercial stations. Station 6IX will go from 242 metres to 265; 6PM from 227 to 242 and 6KY from 210 to 227. Reason for the change is the closing down of Station '''6ML''' which left a frequency available. Members of the Broadcasting Advisory Committee recently made observations in the north-west of this State which showed that areas some distance from Perth had been detrimentally affected by the closing of '''6ML'''. Listeners in country districts will now receive a more satisfactory service as regards commercial stations. Any further suggestions from the public with a view to improving programmes will be welcomed by the committee and should be forwarded in writing to the hon. secretary, Broadcasting Advisory Committee (Miss McNab), Personnel Branch, G.P.O., Perth.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78396843 |title=New Wave Lengths Soon |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=LXI, |issue=21,418 |location=Western Australia |date=26 November 1943 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=3 (CITY FINAL) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1944/46 Perth Restack <blockquote>'''New Wave-lengths.''' Further alteration has been made in the wavelengths of three W.A. commercial stations soon to operate. Station 6IX will retain its frequency of 242 metres; 6PM will go from 227 to 265 and 6KY from 210 to 227. Announcement was made recently that the frequency left by the closing down of station '''6ML''' would be taken by 6IX and 6PM and 6KY would both go up in frequency (sic). Following representations by W.A. Broadcasters to retain their existing frequency on station 6IX, the Postmaster-General Senator Ashley has approved of their request and has allotted the other frequency to 6PM.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78398794 |title=New Wave-lengths |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=LXI, |issue=21,419 |location=Western Australia |date=27 November 1943 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=3 (FIRST EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1944/46 Perth Restack <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''New Wave-lengths.''' Speaking yesterday at the birthday reunion of Station 6IX, Mr J. G. Kilpatrick, Deputy Director of Posts and Telegraphs and chairman of the State Advisory Committee on Broadcasting, announced that changes in wavelengths of the commercial stations will be made shortly. He said that it had been arranged originally, on the representations of the advisory committee, that stations 6KY, 6PM and 6IX should move up the dial and that 6IX should take the wavelength relinquished by '''6ML'''. The Postmaster-General however had subsequently approved representations from Station 6IX that that station retain its present wavelength. Consequently, the only changes would be that 6KY would take the former wavelength of 6PM and 6PM will move to the frequency vacated by '''6ML'''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46776806 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=59, |issue=17,905 |location=Western Australia |date=27 November 1943 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1943 12===== ====1944==== =====1944 01===== 1943 - D'Oyly Musgrove Retires <blockquote>'''PERSONAL.''' . . . Mr '''M. D'O. Musgrove''', who had held the position of managing director of Musgrove's, Ltd, since its foundation in 1923, retired yesterday from active participation in the business. He will retain his seat as chairman of the directorate. Mr Musgrove has been associated with the music trade in Perth for about 40 years. Yesterday afternoon at a gathering of the employees, a presentation was made to him. Mr F. C. Kingston, one of the four original members of the firm, will succeed to the position of managing director.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46780348 |title=PERSONAL. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=60, |issue=17,934 |location=Western Australia |date=1 January 1944 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1943 - D'Oyly Musgrove Retires <blockquote>'''Perth Man's Colourful Career.''' With the recent retirement from active business of Mr. D'O. Musgrove, there ended a colourful business career that had close association with music and the theatre for more than 40 years. For many years a leader in Perth musical circles, he was director of the first "B" class commercial radio station to come on the air in this State. A keen sportsman he took part in the swimming carnival at the opening of the Claremont jetty in 1896 and has since that time been closely associated with the W.A. Amateur Swimming Association of which he was president for many years and is now a patron. LINGUIST His knowledge of languages — he spoke four — brought him into close contact with many famous artists who visited this State. Born in Cumberland 71 years ago, he received a considerable amount of his early education in Holland, France and Germany. He came to Australia in 1893 and settled in Victoria, where he taught music until the banks failed and most people were unable to afford musical tuition for their children. In 1896 he came to this State and worked on the railways until he went to the Boer War with the first West Australian mounted contingent. When he returned to Australia he rejoined the railways and took part in the construction of the Coolgardie Water Scheme. In 1902 he entered the firm of Nicholsons as a clerk and eventually rose to the position of manager. He founded, in conjunction with three other men, the firm of Musgroves Ltd. in 1923. Within seven years he was instrumental in bringing W.A.'s first "B" class commercial station, '''6ML''', on the air. Although he is now enjoying a well-earned rest at his home at Palm Beach Mr Musgrove has retained his seat as chairman of the directorate of Musgroves Ltd.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78398469 |title=Perth Man's Colourful Career |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=LXII, |issue=21,459 |location=Western Australia |date=14 January 1944 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=6 (CITY FINAL) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1944/46 Perth Restack <blockquote>'''Preventing Unemployment.''' Sir William Beveridge, recognised British authority on subjects coming within the category of social reconstruction after the war, recently answered in a broadcast a question which is being asked almost universally, "Can unemployment be prevented?" Sir William's broadcast is published in full in this week's issue of "The Broadcaster." In the news pages particulars are given of the new wave-length to which station 6PM will move on Sunday next. Sidelights of troop entertainment on the New Guinea front are given, as well as notes on coming radio programmes from all local broadcasting stations. "The Broadcaster" is on sale at all newsagents.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46782764 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=60, |issue=17,955 |location=Western Australia |date=26 January 1944 |accessdate=31 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1944 02===== =====1944 03===== =====1944 04===== =====1944 05===== =====1944 06===== <blockquote>'''Station 6KY. CHANGE OF WAVE LENGTH.''' From Saturday, July 8, radio 6KY will operate on a new wave length of 1320 kilocycles 227 metres. The change will take place at the commencement of the afternoon programme and will be heard on your radio receiver from that position thereafter. To hear 6KY on its new wave length the position on the dial of your receiver will be that which was vacated by 6PM when moving up to '''6ML's''' old wave length. At 8 o'clock on Saturday evening an official announcement will be made, and the usual 8.15 feature "His Lordship's Memoirs" will be broadcast as usual. At 8.45 a special studio presentation will be broadcast.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article148424621 |title=Station 6KY |newspaper=[[Westralian Worker]] |issue=1860 |location=Western Australia |date=30 June 1944 |accessdate=31 March 2019 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1944 07===== 1944 - D'Oyly Musgrove Passes <blockquote>'''MR M. D'O MUSGROVE SUDDEN DEATH YESTERDAY. A Varied Career.''' The death occurred suddenly yesterday afternoon of Mr Mandeville D'Oyle Musgrove at his home at Palm Beach, Rockingham. With three others he founded the Perth firm of Musgrove's Ltd, 21 years ago, and only last December retired from the managing-directorship. Traveller, soldier, railwayman, the late Mr Musgrove had a varied career in the 71 years of his life. He was born in the south of England but spent much of his youth on the Continent, was educated mainly in Germany, and for a time lived with his parents in Norway. He came to Australia before this century began and enlisted in the Australian Mounted Infantry to serve in the Boer War. He joined the West Australian railways on his return and held various appointments in that service before he left to join Nicholson's Ltd. From the secretaryship of that company he became general manager, but in 1923 he and three others established the company which bears his name. Keenly interested in aquatic sports, Mr Musgrove was a strong supporter of swimming and his company donated the Musgrove Shield for the annual Swim Through Perth. His own pastimes were chiefly yachting and fishing and he was an accomplished pianist. The late Mr Musgrove's wife died about 10 years ago and for the last two or three years he had been living at Palm Beach. Yesterday, while he was attending to his motor car, he felt unwell and lay down to rest, dying shortly afterwards. He leaves two daughters, Mrs Ames, of 24 Holland-street, Wembley, and Mrs John, of Perenjori.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article44815419 |title=MR M. D'O MUSGROVE |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=60, |issue=18,096 |location=Western Australia |date=10 July 1944 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1944 - D'Oyly Musgrove Passes <blockquote>'''DEATHS.''' MUSGROVE.— On July 9, 1944, suddenly, at Palm Beach, Rockingham, Mandeville D'Oyly, husband of the late Marjory Jane Musgrove, loving father of Jean (Mrs R. N. Ames, of 24 Holland-street, Wembley Park) and Marjory (Mrs G. G. John, of Perenjori); grandfather of Verity and Alison Ames, Moira, Digby and Griffith John. MUSGROVE.— A tribute to the memory of M. D'O. Musgrove, who died, suddenly July 9, 1944; the sincere friend of Mr and Mrs F. C. Kingston. MUSGROVE.— A sincere tribute of respect to the memory of M. D'O. Musgrove. An esteemed friend of long years and happy associations. Mr and Mrs R. D. Scott. MUSGROVE.— A tribute to the memory of M. D'O. Musgrove. A much-respected friend of Mr and Mrs R. Peart.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article44815464 |title=Family Notices |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=60, |issue=18,097 |location=Western Australia |date=11 July 1944 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1944 - D'Oyly Musgrove Passes <blockquote>'''DEATHS.''' MUSGROVE.— On July 9, 1944, suddenly, at Palm Beach, Rockingham, Mandeville D'Oyly, husband of the late Marjory Jane Musgrove, loving father of Jean (Mrs R. N. Ames, of 24 Holland-street, Wembley Park) and Marjory (Mrs G. G. John, of Perenjori); grandfather of Verity and Alison Ames, Moira, Digby and Griffith John. MUSGROVE.— A tribute of respect to an old friend, M. D'O. Musgrove. Inserted by Mr and Mrs J. Stevenson and Margaret (Wembley). MUSGROVE.— A tribute of respect to Mr M. D'O. Musgrove and the many happy associations of past years. Mr and Mrs C. C. Curtis (Mt Lawley). MUSGROVE.— A sincere tribute of respect to the memory of our chief, M. D'O. Musgrove, who passed away, suddenly, on July 9, 1944. Inserted by the staff of Musgrove's, Limited. MUSGROVE.— A tribute to the memory of M. D'O. Musgrove, a sincere friend of Mr and Mrs W. Hamilton, of Mt Lawley.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article44815588 |title=Family Notices |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=60, |issue=18,098 |location=Western Australia |date=12 July 1944 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1944 - D'Oyly Musgrove Passes <blockquote>'''LATE MR MUSGROVE. Large Attendance at Funeral.''' The funeral of the late Mr Mandeville D'Oyley Musgrove, late managing director of Musgroves Ltd, Perth, took place yesterday morning at the Karrakatta Crematorium. In the presence of a large gathering of relatives and friends and prominent citizens of Perth, a service was conducted in the Crematorium Chapel by Padre Peirce. Present at this service were a number of prominent freemasons, including the Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of WA (Dr J. S. Battye), the late Mr Musgrove having been a Past Deputy-Grand Master and president of the Board of Benevolence. He was a member of the J. D. Stevenson Lodge. The chief mourners were the late Mr Musgrove's two daughters and their husbands. Mr and Mrs G. G. Johns and Mr and Mrs R. N. Ames. The pall-bearers were: Dr J. S. Battye and Messrs J. A. Klein, S. A. Taylor, J. Mattinson, A. E. Jensen, H. B. Jackson, F. C. Kingston. R. D. Scott, H. J. Harler and R. W. Hawley.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article44815803 |title=LATE MR MUSGROVE. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=60, |issue=18,099 |location=Western Australia |date=13 July 1944 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1944 08===== =====1944 09===== =====1944 10===== =====1944 11===== =====1944 12===== ====1945==== =====1945 01===== =====1945 02===== =====1945 03===== =====1945 04===== =====1945 05===== =====1945 06===== =====1945 07===== =====1945 08===== =====1945 09===== =====1945 10===== <blockquote>'''PERSONAL.''' . . . Mr Robert Peart, who has held the position of secretary of Musgrove's Ltd for the past 19 years, retired last week. Before coming to Perth, Mr Peart was well known on the goldfields. His position has been filled by Mr Charles Codgbrook Curtis.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article44823428 |title=PERSONAL. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=61, |issue=18,480 |location=Western Australia |date=4 October 1945 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1945 11===== =====1945 12===== ====1946==== =====1946 01===== =====1946 02===== =====1946 03===== =====1946 04===== =====1946 05===== <blockquote>'''Send A Voice''' "E.L.," writes: I wish to have a recording made, and would like to know if there is a studio in Perth, which will do this. If so, could you tell me where it is located and the price it is likely to be? STATIONS 6PR (Nicholson's, Barrack Street) and '''6ML''' (Musgrove's, Murray Street) used to make occasional private recordings, for people who supplied their own blank discs, which used to cost about 3/6. War shortages made it impossible to fulfil such private orders, but you might make inquiries to either station now to see if this service will be resumed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78220558 |title=Victim Of A Mean Trick |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=LXIV, |issue=22,178 |location=Western Australia |date=9 May 1946 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=16 (HOME EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1946 06===== <blockquote>'''PETER WILSON'S Personalities.''' THE smooth voice of '''Fred Edwards''' which is heard regularly on the A.B.C. is the result of years of announcing and travel. After graduating as a B.A. at Oxford he toured Europe for four years and went on to America, China and Malaya learning the hotel business in preparation for assisting in the running of his father's chain of hotels. Soon after this he started with the B.B.C. as a specialty announcer conducting interviews, outside broadcasts and sporting commentaries. Then he was given what he describes as the most interesting job of his life. He was appointed by the Ministry of Labour as liaison officer with the hotel industry. In this period he wrote three text books on the hotel trade including "Cocktails," considered the standard work on the subject. In 1935 he came to Western Australia to get married and his first job was to design and open the cocktail bar in the newly-constructed Adelphi Hotel. Leaving the State he became manager of several Eastern States hotels and returned to this State from Hobart in 1938 to become chief announcer at station '''6ML'''. He enlisted in the army at the outbreak of war and became a warrant officer in a special branch of Intelligence. When the war ended he transferred to army broadcasting and was in charge of station 9AO in Borneo. After discharge he took up his present position as general announcer.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78255820 |title=PETER WILSON'S Personalities |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=LXIV, |issue=22,203 |location=Western Australia |date=7 June 1946 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=6 (HOME EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1946 07===== <blockquote>'''STREET SCENE.''' UP THE MAST to pull it down go two workmen on the roof of W.A. Broadcasters. The mast used to transmit for '''6ML''' until the station closed down for all time on May 30, 1943.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article77818387 |title=STREET SCENE |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=LXIV, |issue=22,232 |location=Western Australia |date=11 July 1946 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=10 (HOME EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1946 08===== =====1946 09===== =====1946 10===== =====1946 11===== =====1946 12===== ====1947==== =====1947 01===== =====1947 02===== =====1947 03===== <blockquote>'''STAGE AND RADIO IDENTITY. Mr. Ned Taylor Dead.''' Mr. Ned Taylor, who made a name for himself on the stage years before he became a personality in radio life in this State died yesterday. As a lad he was associated with the Young Australia League in its early touring days. His earliest stage experience was with the West Australian Society of Concert Artists and one of his first successes was as "Dummy" in "Miss Hook of Holland," produced by the late Mr. Ted Jacoby. Later he toured the United States with a vaudeville show; and on his return to Australia he linked up with the Nellie Bramley company. Attracted by radio work, in 1932 he joined the staff of '''6ML''' and as "The Early Bird" initiated that station's breakfast session — the first of its kind in the State. He resigned in 1942 owing to ill-health. Mr. Taylor's last stage appearance in Perth was in 1940 as Peter Doody in "The Arcadians." Charity benefited substantially from his efforts as an entertainer. He left a widow and one son.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46272882 |title=STAGE AND RADIO IDENTITY. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=63, |issue=18,939 |location=Western Australia |date=27 March 1947 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=6 (SECOND EDITION.) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1947 04===== <blockquote>'''PERSONAL.''' . . . Mr. F. C. Kingston, managing-director of Musgroves Ltd., will leave Fremantle in the liner Orion on Monday on a business trip to England and the United States. He will be accompanied by Mrs. Kingston.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46276850 |title=PERSONAL. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=63, |issue=18,955 |location=Western Australia |date=16 April 1947 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''WA Businessmen In Orion For England.''' Several Perth business men with their wives will travel to England in the Orion, which will leave Fremantle on Monday. Several of them plan to continue their business trips to the United States or Canada, returning to Australia from there. . . . Managing director F. C. Kingston of Musgrove's Ltd. will visit many manufacturers in the United Kingdom and Europe, and will return by way of the United States where he will also be looking for new developments. Mrs. Kingston will accompany him. They expect to be away about nine months.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78211613 |title=WA Businessmen In Orion For England |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=LXV, |issue=22,472 |location=Western Australia |date=19 April 1947 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=9 (FIRST EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1947 05===== =====1947 06===== =====1947 07===== <blockquote>'''W.A. NEWSPAPERS LTD. RECORD OF 20 YEARS. Report to Shareholders.''' Accompanied by a letter from the chairman of directors (Mr. H. B. Jackson, K.C.) shareholders in West Australian Newspapers Ltd. have received this week a statement concerning the activities of the company from which the following extracts have been taken: In this, the year of the "coming of age" of West Australian Newspapers Limited, it is appropriate that your directors should give a comprehensive account of their stewardship. Twenty-one years ago "The West Australian," then the property of the estate of the late Sir Winthrop Hackett, was purchased by a public company named "West Australian Newspapers Limited." It had a paid up capital of £477,000 made up of £100,000 8 per cent preference shares and 377,000 ordinary £1 shares. In addition there was a debenture to the University for £150,000 bearing interest at 6½ per cent, so that the total working capital of the company was £627,000. The assets purchased included the building now known as West Australian Chambers, a block of land on which the old proprietary proposed to build more adequate premises, and on which Newspaper House has since been erected, and certain plant for the production of the papers. The building was totally inadequate and unsuited for the production of modern newspapers and much of the plant out of date. The actual value of the buildings, land and plant taken over was about £300,000 less than the purchase price, and this had to be regarded as the amount paid for goodwill. At the end of 21 years the company has built up reserves practically equivalent to the goodwill. Out of these reserves, and without further calls on the shareholders, the company now stands possessed of a newspaper building efficiently planned and with the most modern equipment that can be obtained. It has a substantial interest in the Australian Newsprint Mills, now producing newsprint in Tasmania. It owns half the capital of W.A. Broadcasters Ltd., one of the most successful radio companies in Western Australia. It has the most modern newsprint store in Australia. The company still owns West Australian Chambers. The value of this land has increased tremendously, an increase the extent of which cannot be gauged until the market for property is again free. Generally, the company is now solidly established, and able to stand four-square against any threat short of national disaster. Your directors have always realised that it is their first duty to preserve the assets of the shareholders in the company, and on the score of the physical assets as set out above they are satisfied that this has not been neglected. In the case of a newspaper the most precious asset is the integrity and standing in the community of the publications issued. Your directors feel that today "The West Australian" and its associates stand high in public esteem. '''Dividends.''' There has been no difficulty in paying the 8 per cent dividend on the preference shares. In the 20 years to date the average dividend, with bonuses, paid on the ordinary capital of the company has been 9.3 per cent. In this connection it must be borne in mind that in 1936 when, to redeem the debenture to the University, ordinary shareholders were given the opportunity of purchasing two ordinary shares at par for each five ordinary shares held, the Stock Exchange quotation for the "rights" to these shares was £1/6/. Quite a number of shareholders availed themselves of the opportunity to sell these "rights" and thus received a tax-free dividend of 52 per cent on their shareholding. Those who did not sell were able to acquire shares valued at £2/6/ for £1 for forty per cent of their holding, and this value has been maintained, because ordinary shares are now quoted at round about 48/. It must be remembered that in the twenty years covered by this dividend the company has had to meet the tremendous depression in 1930 and 1931, one of W.A.'s worst droughts 1932-34, and the effect of six years of total war. The fact that the average return to ordinary shareholders has been 9.3 per cent over the whole period should be a matter of satisfaction to the shareholders. '''Wartime Taxation.''' In common with every taxpayer in Australia, the company has felt the effect of wartime taxes. For the six years before the war and ended June 30, 1939, the company's gross profit was £575,415. Of this amount taxes absorbed £101,109, equivalent to 19.6 per cent. For the six war years ended June 30, 1946, the total profit of the company was £594,533. Taxes on this amounted to £267,710, equivalent to 45 per cent, In the last six years, out of every £100 of profit earned only £55 was left in the hands of the company. '''Control of Prices.''' No increase in sales prices or advertising rates can be made without the approval of the Commissioner of Prices. Such approval will only be given after the strictest scrutiny of the figures presented, and on definite proof that on our capital the new prices will not yield more gross profit per cent than was the case in 1939. The Commissioner of Prices will not permit prices being increased to offset any portion of the increased taxation paid by the company, and thus give shareholders the same net return as before the war. A company is only permitted to earn the same ratio of gross profit as before the war. The extra taxation is regarded by the Federal authorities as the contribution which the company and the shareholders must make towards the service of the war debt and the Government Social Legislation. There is no appeal against any decision of the Commissioner of Prices. '''Dividend Policy.''' As stated by the chairman, the directors have sought to stabilise the ordinary dividend at 8 per cent. The reason is that so many of our shareholders rely on the dividends, and an assured income from their investments is not only advisable but necessary. It has never been suggested, nor was it ever intended, that the dividend of 8 per cent would be a maximum. If, as is shown by the experience over the last fifteen years of the company, it is possible to pay more than 8 per cent to ordinary shareholders in any one year this is done by means of a bonus, as was done in 1928 and 1929. Shareholders may rest assured that while the directors will endeavour to pay a minimum of 8 per cent, such extra dividends by way of bonuses will be given as circumstances permit from year to year. '''Circulation.''' The publications issued by the company have grown steadily in public favour. In 1926 the circulation of "The West Australian" was 64,300. It is now 101,577 and increasing steadily. In 1929 the circulation of "The Western Mail" was 13,200. It is now 32,940. In April, 1934, "The Broadcaster," a weekly radio journal, was started. It now has a circulation of 46,027. It is a paradox of newspaper finance that the immediate effect of an increase in circulation is a decrease in profits, particularly so with newsprint at anything like the present price. Newspapers are almost invariably sold at less than the cost of production, this loss of course being met by advertising. Increased circulation is sought, and is valuable, because it increases the rates which can be claimed for advertising, but necessarily there is a lag before the increased advertising rates overtake the increased production losses. Newsprint. Twenty-seven per cent of our annual expenditure is in the purchase of newsprint. The newsprint position at the moment is particularly difficult and obscure. The war has effectively blocked our obtaining supplies from Great Britain and the Scandinavian countries and we must rely entirely, with the exception of newsprint from Tasmania, on newsprint from Canada. The Canadian suppliers are, to a large extent, overshadowed by their biggest users, the United States of America. It is a tribute to their loyalty to this part of the Empire that during the war we have been able to get the supplies we have. In 1929 the price of Canadian newsprint was £18 per ton — in 1946 £41 per ton. As from July 1 this year there is every indication that the price will be nearer £45 per ton. When it is considered that our annual consumption of newsprint is between five and six thousand tons an immediate increase of £4 per ton has the most disturbing effect on newspaper economy. In this regard it must not be overlooked that approximately one-quarter of our supplies can be obtained from Tasmania. It is intended to develop the Tasmanian mills by the addition of extra equipment, but that must necessarily be some years ahead, and in any event there is no prospect of meeting the whole of the Australian requirements in newsprint. '''Newspaper House.''' The company now conducts its operations in a building specially designed for its peculiar needs. As already indicated, the late Sir Winthrop Hackett had already purchased the site known as Shenton House for the purpose of new offices, and this land was one of the assets acquired by the company. After most careful planning, including a visit abroad by the company's architect, Sir Talbot Hobbs, building operations on the new site were started in 1931 and opened for the company's business in 1933. At the same time the opportunity was taken to acquire new plant to meet the company's expanding requirements. It can safely be said that in Newspaper House the company has a building and equipment specially designed for its needs and one of the most up-to-date plants in the Commonwealth. The portion of the land fronting St. George's-terrace was used for the erection of offices for letting purposes and on these a satisfactory return is being received. By setting its premises back from the Terrace frontage and erecting the front office buildings for letting purposes the directors achieved the purpose they had in mind — a St. George's-terrace entrance for its own business and the full rental value of the buildings on the frontage itself. In passing it may be mentioned that the stand-by electrical sets installed in this building have enabled our publications to be produced irrespective of the frequent breakdowns in the electrical supplies in Perth, and on quite a number of occasions we have been able to meet the publishing needs of other papers in these circumstances. '''Staff.''' Naturally since the company took over in 1926 the staff employed has increased considerably. Modem developments in newspaper technique, including the provision of pictures, the successful inauguration of "The Broadcaster," the provision of the first edition of "The West Australian" which is now delivered in places like Pemberton and Margaret River, before breakfast, the implementation of the 5-day week and four weeks' annual leave for the mechanical and reporting staffs have all meant a substantial increase in the number of staff employed in the operations of the company. The basic wage on which all the wages paid are calculated has increased from £4/7/ in 1929 to £5/1/1 in 1946. It is now £5/7/10. For every pound of revenue earned our wage bill has increased by only 15 per cent, notwithstanding that the basic wage, which which is the dominant factor in all our wages, has increased by 16 per cent in the same period. During the war years 50 per cent of our staff enlisted in the war services and your directors are happy to state that all the service men and women who returned have been successfully reabsorbed in the industry. It is interesting to note that in the 21 years since the company started operations only 11 issues of "The West Australian" were affected or lost through strikes. It is a tribute to the loyalty of the staffs that during the whole of the war years operations were carried on under an industrial award made in 1936. There were no industrial troubles whatever during that most worrying period. '''War Emergency Plant.''' When the threat of bombardment from the air was imminent it was necessary for your directors to make some arrangement for the production of our publications in the event of our premises being bombed. A building was purchased in Maylands to house an emergency plant away from the city. To this building was transferred enough plant to permit of the production of an 8-page paper at an hour's notice. Fortunately, it was not necessary. The building has since been sold at practically what it cost. The only cost to the company of this most necessary safeguard has been that of transferring and installing the necessary plant and its later return to this office — and most of this expenditure was allowed as an income tax deduction as air-raid precautions. '''W.A. Broadcasters Ltd.''' In 1933 your directors joined with Musgroves Ltd. as equal partners in the flotation of W.A. Broadcasters Ltd. which took over the broadcasting station then operated by Musgroves Ltd. and known as '''6ML''' and the licence given to your company for a new station to be known as 6IX. The capital of the company was £12,000 but this was later increased to £18,000 by the capitalisation of profits. In the war period it was found advisable to abandon the licence for station '''6ML''' in favour of a licence in the country. Experience has shown that the concentration of the efforts of the staff of the company in one city station and two country stations has been justified by the results. W.A. Broadcasters Ltd. is possibly one of the most successful broadcasting stations in Western Australia and after the initial years the financial return to this Company has always been satisfactory. '''Australian Newsprint Mills.''' For many years the "Melbourne Herald" and the "Sydney Morning Herald" had been working together in investigating the possibility of producing newsprint from Australian hardwoods. Quite a substantial amount of money had been spent by these concerns in early experiments until it was proved that the production of newsprint from those timbers was possible. The question of forming a company to take over the production of this newsprint was brought before the newspaper proprietors of Australia and as a result a company known as Australian Newsprint Mills Pty. Ltd. was formed in 1938 to erect and operate a newsprint mill at Boyer in Tasmania. The capital contributed by this company to this venture was £43,840. The mill has been in satisfactory production since before the war. As a shareholder, and only as a shareholder, we were entitled to our proportion of the newsprint produced and it is due to these supplies that "The West Australian" was able to carry on adequately during the war years. Had it not been for the stocks we held at the beginning of the war and the supplies we received during the war from Tasmania our company would have been in most serious difficulties. Steps are now being taken to provide the finance for Australian Newsprint Mills Pty. Ltd for a practical duplication of the present plant. In passing it may be of interest to note that every major newspaper in Australia is now under contract to take its proportion of paper produced in Tasmania for the next 10 years. '''Newspaper Store.''' The question of the storage of newsprint has always been one which has given your directors food for thought. Newsprint must be carefully handled and stored if it is not to be damaged and its very bulk makes it a commodity that requires special treatment. After careful investigation your directors authorised the construction of a special store at Fremantle to carry 5,000 tons of newsprint. Land, building and equipment cost £18,596. Fortunately the store was completed in time to take care of a large shipment of newsprint received from Canada just after the outbreak of war. It is designed specially for the handling and care of newsprint at minimum cost. Newsprint can be landed from ship slings into lorries and taken direct to the store thus saving certain wharf and harbour charges. Savings in handling and storage as compared with previous costs have already more than repaid the whole cost of the building itself. '''Travelling.''' The advent of the war, the establishment of price control, the formation and operations of the newsprint pool, which controlled during the war and still controls all newsprint supplies to Australia and industrial matters regarding the journalists whose work is governed by a Federal award, have necessitated frequent visits by the executive officers of the company to Melbourne and Sydney. In 1943, in the closing years of the war, the Managing Editor was invited to visit Great Britain as one of four guests of the British Government to inspect and interpret to Australian readers the development and extent of the British war effort and to discuss matters with high British officials. This invitation was accepted with considerable benefit to the company. '''To Sum Up.''' When West Australian Newspapers Ltd. was formed the circulation of "The West Australian" was 64,300; it is now 101,577. "The Western Mail" circulation was 13,200; it is now 32,940. In 1934 'The Broadcaster" was established and in its first year its circulation was 9,150; it is now 46,027. These results could not have been achieved by a parsimonious and shortsighted policy. That the direct financial gains from these increased circulations have been largely discounted by the almost trebling of the cost of newsprint could not have been foreseen, but it may reasonably be hoped that the present exorbitant price will not be permanent. Methods of newspaper production are constantly improving, and it is essential to keep abreast of the latest developments. Your directors have not hesitated to sanction the necessary expenditure to ensure this. No newspaper enterprise in Australia of equal importance is more economically conducted, and it is for our readers to judge whether our publications will not bear comparison with the best. Your directors are not unmindful of the fact that a responsible newspaper has a duty to the community it serves as well as to its shareholders. In the long run these two interests are identical, for if a newspaper loses the confidence of its clientele in the quality of its service, the result must inevitably be reflected in its financial standing and open the field to competition. Your directors claim that the course they have consistently followed has resulted in building up a property so soundly based as to be in a position to meet successfully any possible competition.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46324803 |title=W.A. NEWSPAPERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=63, |issue=19,028 |location=Western Australia |date=10 July 1947 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=20 (SECOND EDITION.) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1947 08===== =====1947 09===== =====1947 10===== =====1947 11===== =====1947 12===== ====1948==== =====1948 01===== =====1948 02===== =====1948 03===== =====1948 04===== <blockquote>'''PERSONAL.''' . . . Mr. R. D. Scott, a director of Musgrove's Ltd., accompanied by Mrs. Scott, will leave tonight by plane on a visit to Melbourne, Sydney and Hobart.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46901455 |title=PERSONAL |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=64, |issue=19,258 |location=Western Australia |date=6 April 1948 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1948 05===== =====1948 06===== =====1948 07===== =====1948 08===== =====1948 09===== <blockquote>'''Record Profits For WA Companies''' While Chamber of Manufacturers' President J. F. Ledger moans about "the excessive use of controls and the unsympathetic attitude of the Government generally towards efforts to return to some semblance of prewar freedom of individual rights," companies are making record profits out of rising prices. Profits 1947 1948 Increases; Nicholson's Ltd. £14506 £17318 Up £2812; '''Musgroves Ltd.''' ? £13728 More than double; WA Woollen Mills £9489 £19885 More than double; Hadfields (WA) £6166 £7581 Up £1415; Hilton Hosiery £19145 £25272 33% increase; Sutex ? £39235 More than double; Hume Pipe ? £77079 Nearly double. "Liberal" Party secretary Paton is a director of Nicholson's Ltd.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article240647104 |title=Record Profits For WA Companies |newspaper=[[The Workers Star]] |volume= , |issue=262 |location=Western Australia |date=17 September 1948 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1948 10===== =====1948 11===== =====1948 12===== <blockquote>'''ANNIVERSARY OF MUSIC HOUSE. Musgrove's Ltd. Celebrates.''' Musgrove's Ltd. was launched in November, 1923, with a capital of £25,000, the founders being Messrs. Mandeville D'Oyley Musgrove, Arthur Thomas Gray, Robert Douglas Scott and Frederick Charles Kingston, all of whom, with Mr. H. B. Jackson (representing the shareholders) made up the first board of directors. The capital was later increased to £100,000, of which £75,000 has been called up. To celebrate the 25th birthday of the company a luncheon was held at the Palace Hotel, the two surviving founders Messrs. Scott and Kingston being present, with Mr. Jackson presiding. In the course of reminiscent speeches it was mentioned that the late Mr. Musgrove had proved himself such a master demonstrator of the pianola when it was first introduced that he could cut out the mechanical controls and continue playing by hand without his audience being aware of the change. Mr. Bryn Samuel (manager of 6IX) agreed and said that he often sang while Mr. Musgrove operated the pianola and even he could not detect whether the music was mechanical or manual.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47630675 |title=ANNIVERSARY OF MUSIC HOUSE |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=64, |issue=19,470 |location=Western Australia |date=9 December 1948 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=26 (3rd EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''BIG CITY SALE. About £90,000 Paid For Lyric House.''' Lyric House, in central Murray-street, occupied under lease by Musgrove's Ltd. and W.A. Broadcasters, has been sold to an undisclosed buyer at a price within the vicinity of £90,000 by Mr. P. C. Kerr, estate agent and valuer, of St. George's-terrace. Mrs. T. J. O'Connor and others were the vendors. The current occupiers of the premises' will continue their tenancy. The sale was made on a "free" basis, as price control regulations do not now apply to business premises. The site has a frontage of 49ft. 8in. to Murray-street and a depth of 185ft. There is a 9ft. 6in. right-of-way on the eastern side, with the right to build over it. The premises consist of a substantial brick building with basement, ground floor, mezzanine floor and first and second floors. The building faces Forrest-place and the Commonwealth Bank.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47632218 |title=BIG CITY SALE |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=64, |issue=19,476 |location=Western Australia |date=16 December 1948 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=2 (2nd EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1949==== =====1949 01===== =====1949 02===== =====1949 03===== =====1949 04===== =====1949 05===== =====1949 06===== =====1949 07===== =====1949 08===== =====1949 09===== =====1949 10===== =====1949 11===== =====1949 12===== ===1950s=== ====1950==== =====1950 01===== =====1950 02===== =====1950 03===== =====1950 04===== =====1950 05===== =====1950 06===== =====1950 07===== =====1950 08===== =====1950 09===== <blockquote>'''Investments Reviewed.''' . . . PERTH'S 2 large music houses, '''Musgroves''' and Nicholsons, had an excellent year, the former paying a 10 p.c. dividend (requiring £7000) out of the net profit of £20,284 derived from a record year's trading. Nicholsons made net profit of £25,548, of which £16,200 will be paid to shareholders in dividend and bonus totalling 15 p.c., while general reserves are raised by a further £9000 to £42,322.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59522499 |title=Investments Revie wed W.A. SELFRIDGE UP 10 COLES' OFFER |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=2742 |location=Western Australia |date=17 September 1950 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=26 (Sporting Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1950 10===== =====1950 11===== =====1950 12===== ====1951==== =====1951 01===== =====1951 02===== =====1951 03===== =====1951 04===== =====1951 05===== =====1951 06===== =====1951 07===== =====1951 08===== =====1951 09===== =====1951 10===== <blockquote>'''PERSONAL.''' Mr. R. D. Scott, director of Musgrove's Ltd., returned in the liner Dominion Monarch on Tuesday after a trip to England and the Continent.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48995327 |title=PERSONAL |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=67, |issue=20,358 |location=Western Australia |date=18 October 1951 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1951 11===== =====1951 12===== ====1952==== =====1952 01===== =====1952 02===== =====1952 03===== =====1952 04===== =====1952 05===== =====1952 06===== =====1952 07===== =====1952 08===== <blockquote>'''Mr. H. B. Jackson Dies At 75.''' Mr. Horace Benson Jackson, Q.C,. who had been in ill-health for some time, died about midnight last night in a private hospital in Subiaco. The late Mr. Jackson was an outstanding figure in the legal and business worlds of this State for over 40 years. He was responsible for the establishment of many new enterprises in Western Australia. He was a director and chairman of many leading local companies. For more than 25 years, he was chairman of directors of West Australian Newspapers Ltd., having been actively associated with the formation of the company at the time it acquired the Hackett interests. He retired at the end of June, 1952, through ill-health. '''New Colliery.''' Towards the end of his career he was largely responsible for the opening-up of a new coal-mine at Collie and the formation of Western Collieries Ltd. The launching of this new eniterprise at a time when it was difficult to obtain both finance and new plant imposed a serious strain upon Mr. Jackson. Before ill-health restricted his activities, he had the satisfaction of seeing the mine in production. The wide field of his interests is shown by the companies with which he was connected. He had been chairman of H. L. Brisbane and Wunderlich Ltd., W.A. Broadcasters, Mungedar Pastoral Co., Beam Transport, Musgroves Ltd. and Swan River Shipping. For many years he was chairman of the Colonial Mutual Life Assurance Society and the Atlas Assurance Co., and a director of the Midland Railway Co. and numerous other companies in this State. '''Law Degree.''' Mr. Jackson was born on July 23, 1877, at St. Peters, South Australia, and was educated at a State school. He obtained his law degree as the result of part time study at night school. In 1896 he joined in the gold rush to Coolgardie and he never lost his affection for the goldfields. In this State he worked as a law clerk and contributed articles and stories to the local Press. In July, 1912, he was admitted to the Bar, commencing an outstanding career in the industrial field. He became a King's Counsel in 1930, the same year in which he represented this State at the Empire Press Conference in London. His private interests were no less varied than his public ones. He took a keen interest in and was a generous supporter of the arts, a man of wide literary knowledge, a great book collector. He was also prominent in Freemasonry and a Past Master of the United Press Lodge. '''Accident.''' As the result of an accident he was debarred in later years from taking an active part in sport, but was a keen supporter of golf (Start Photo Caption) The late Mr. H. B. JACKSON. (End Photo Caption) and cricket. For some years he was vice-president of the West Australian Cricket Association. He was interested in the turf and was a member of the West Australian Turf Club. His wife predeceased him some years ago. He leaves two married daughters, Mrs. John Poynton, of Adelaide, and Mrs. W. C. Fawcett, of Claremont. Of his two brothers who survive him, Mr. L. S. Jackson was a former Federal Commissioner of Taxation, and Mr. Stewart Jackson was for many years advertising manager of The West Australian. His nephew, Mr. Justice Jackson, is President of the State Arbitration Court.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49049945 |title=Mr. H. B. Jackson Dies At 75 |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=68, |issue=20,628 |location=Western Australia |date=30 August 1952 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1952 09===== =====1952 10===== <blockquote>'''CROWD LOOKS UP TO SEE FIREMEN BREAK A WINDOW.''' Within minutes of firemen arriving to fight the blaze in Musgrove's Ltd. yesterday, a crowd of city workers gathered among the network of hoses, intent on missing none of the excitement. Some are shown watching firemen (indicated by arrows) breaking a window in the building to take a hose inside. Inset: Miss Meta Pickering, who escaped after having been trapped in a lift during the fire.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49056905 |title=CROWD LOOKS UP TO SEE FIREMEN BREAK A WINDOW |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=68, |issue=20,660 |location=Western Australia |date=7 October 1952 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''DIVIDENDS.''' . . . Musgroves Ltd., yearly 2/ plus bonus 1/ (total 15 p.c., unchanged), payable Jan. 15, 1953.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49057015 |title=DIVIDENDS |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=68, |issue=20,660 |location=Western Australia |date=7 October 1952 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=18 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Boy Sent For Trial.''' On a charge of having wilfully and unlawfully set fire to Musgroves Ltd., Perth, on October 6, a 14-year-old boy was yesterday committed for trial at the Supreme Court by the Perth Children's Court Magistrate (Mr. E. B. Arney, S.M.). The boy was arrested the day after the fire by Det. Sgt. A. L. Webb and Det. P. M. White.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49058775 |title=Boy Sent For Trial |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=68, |issue=20,669 |location=Western Australia |date=17 October 1952 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1952 11===== 6BY <blockquote>'''New Radio Station At Bridgetown.''' On an elevation of approximately 950ft. above sea level, the highest commercial station mast in Western Australia is in the course of erection now. The new station is to operate from a centrally-situated point in the South-West, a few miles south from Bridgetown. It will be 6BY, and is being erected by W.A. Broad-casters Pty. Ltd. Realising the difficulties associated with radio reception in many parts of the South-West, considerable care was taken with the selection of the site. Expert engineers of both W.A. Broadcasters Pty. Ltd. and Amalgamated Wireless covered hundreds of miles with field testing instruments before deciding upon the site. Known as a sectionalised half-wave mast (acting as an aerial), its 456ft. height should assist in getting out over the heavily timbered and undulating terrains so prominent throughout the South-West. 6BY's 2,000-watt transmitter, also now in the course of installation, is the most modern design produced by Amalgamated Wireless of Australia. The buildings completed include the transmitter room and the senior technician's residence. Provision has been made for the accommodation of three technicians and their families and it is hoped that early in the new year 6BY will be broadcasting. The wave length of the new station will be 333 metres (900 kc. frequency) and a landline will connect its own studio and control room with the parent station, 6IX, Perth. W.A. Broadcasters have been operating the well-known setup of 6IX Perth, 6WB Katanning, and 6MD Merredin, for some years. Residents throughout the South-West are looking forward to the opening of 6BY.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article253254719 |title=New Radio Station At Bridgetown |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=XXII, |issue=48 |location=Western Australia |date=13 November 1952 |accessdate=31 March 2019 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1952 12===== <blockquote>'''JUDGE'S MOVING APPEAL TO BOY HE WAS COMPELLED TO GAOL.''' In one of the most human and moving addresses ever heard in the Perth Criminal Court, Mr. Justice Walker this week appealed to a 14-year-old to grow into a decent young man for the sake of his mother. The boy was Brian Edward Prosser, of Fairlight-st, Mosman Park, who was sentenced to 2 years' imprisonment for setting fire to the Perth shop of Musgrove's Ltd. on Oct. 6, causing damage estimated at £23,000. Mr. Justice Walker dispensed with the stern legal approach normally found in the Criminal Court and spoke to the boy kindly and with sympathy. However, he emphasised the seriousness of the crime and told the boy it was one for which he could be kept in prison for the rest of his life. Calling him by his Christian name, His Honor reminded Prosser of his boundless and devoted love and affection for his mother which had been evident all through his life, and told him of her struggles to bring him up a good and fine lad. Mr. Justice Walker had in mind the boy's home life and environment which had been the basis of the jury's strong recommendation to mercy. At his trial evidence had shown that for 5 years his parents had been living apart. It was claimed that the husband had not supported his wife and his 2 children and was addicted to drinking methylated spirits. '''Was Unstable.''' His Honor said that during the boy's early life, however, every effort had been made to help him but he had been unstable and insensible to discipline. He had run away from school a number of times and later had absconded from an institution so that he could be near his mother. "All the trouble you have been has caused her a lot of anxiety, worry and grief, and you're to blame," Mr. Justice Walker told the boy. "You have a great affection for your mother. It is always to her that you go when you are in trouble." Since Prosser's latest offence his mother has suffered a breakdown in health and has been receiving medical attention. During the whole of Mr. Justice Walker's talk to the boy, which lasted some 20 minutes, Prosser remained completely motionless with his eyes fixed steadily on His Honor's face. He listened to every word with the utmost attention and appeared to appreciate and understand all that was said. He showed no emotion until he was asked to stand down and then he sobbed quietly at the back of the court while plans were made as to what should be done with him. Mr. Justice Walker said Prosser's case presented a problem difficult for him, and in fact for any judge of the Court, to deal with and to solve. He deplored the fact that there was no place or institution in WA to deal with cases of this kind. "I cannot let you go free," he said, "the offence is too serious for that. I have to try and impress upon you that you have got to behave yourself. There is one way I may be able to appeal to you." He reminded the boy that because he was dismissed from his employment at Musgrove's he told police that he planned and considered what he could do to get his revenge. "This showed," said His Honor, "that you had enough intelligence to do a little bit of thinking about what to do and what not to do. "Before doing anything, think of your mother. Don't do anything that may make her ill. Behave yourself, don't run away and do as you're told and arrangements might be made for your mother to visit you. "If you behave, it will mean relief from anxiety and grief for your mother." Sentencing Prosser to 2 years' imprisonment Mr. Justice Walker said it would be cumulative on 2 years' detention ordered by the Children's Court. If the boy behaves himself during the 2 years at an institution the 2-year gaol sentence may be cancelled by the Governor-in-Council. When the case concluded Det.-Sgt. A. Wedd who was in charge of the case, sat with the boy in the back of the Court and repeated to him much of what the judge had said. He said Prosser appreciated and understood all that had been told him. And so the 14-y-o lad faces what will be the most difficult years of his life and what could possibly be the turning point for his whole future. If he accepts the advice given him by Mr. Justice Walker and is able to carry it out, Prosser could grow up into a worthy man.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article75735087 |title=JUDGE'S MOVING APPEAL TO BOY HE WAS COMPELLED TO GAOL |newspaper=[[Mirror]] |volume=29, |issue=1647 |location=Western Australia |date=20 December 1952 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1953==== =====1953 01===== 6BY <blockquote>'''AT CONTROLS.''' (Start Photo Caption) Watching the chief engineer of W.A. Broadcasters Pty. Ltd. (Mr. H. T. Simmons) at the control panel of station 6BY at Yornup, a few miles south of Bridgetown, company officials end an inspection of the State's latest broadcasting station. They are, from left, the chairman of directors (Sir Ross McDonald), the manager (Mr. Bryn Samuel) and a director (Mr. F. C. Kingston). (End Photo Caption) '''STATE NOW HAS 20 RADIO STATIONS.''' The State's 20th broadcasting station — 6BY, Bridgetown — was officially opened on Saturday night at the Bridgetown Town Hall by the chairman of directors of W.A. Broadcasters Pty. Ltd. (Sir Ross McDonald). Preliminary reports over a wide area indicate that the station is sending out a strong signal in a district which has been the despair of engineers. Operating on a wavelength of 333 metres with a frequency of 900 kc., 6BY is located on the radio dial between 6NA and 6PR. Local artists combined with a band and artists from Perth to provide the first programme. In his opening broadcast Sir Ross McDonald said that the first station in the company's network, which now consisted of 6IX, 6WB, 6MD and 6BY, was '''6ML'''. When this station came on the air in 1930 there were only 4,000 listeners in this State. This number had since expanded to 143,000. Station 6IX had absorbed '''6ML'''. When W.A. Broadcasters applied for 6WB at Katanning and 6MD at Merredin the company had been offered a power of 50 watts by day and 25 by night. Now the network's country regionals were operating with 2,000 watts and it was hoped that 6IX would be stepped up to this power shortly. '''Entertainment.''' Most of the programmes broadcast by 6IX would be relayed by 6BY. These would include three shows conducted by Mr. Jack Davey, "The Quiz Kids" and radio plays — some with Hollywood actors and actresses. Some people thought that commercial stations received part of the licence fee paid by listeners. Commercial stations did not receive any Government aid or subsidy and they paid in full for all aid received from Government departments. The station was welcomed by the Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. C. G. Friend) and the vice-chairman of the Bridgetown Road Board (Mr. S. V. Wheatley). Telegrams of congratulations were received from the Postmaster-General (Mr. Anthony) and the chairman of the Australian Broadcasting Control Board (Mr. R. G. Osborne).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49076538 |title=AT CONTROLS |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=69, |issue=20,754 |location=Western Australia |date=26 January 1953 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 6BY <blockquote>'''SIR ROSS McDONALD DECLARES 6BY OPEN.''' A packed town hall last Saturday night in Bridgetown saw the chairman of W.A. Broadcasters Pty. Ltd. (Sir Ross McDonald) move to the microphone and officially declare open the new radio station, 6BY Bridgetown. After hearing well-known State and South-West figures speak in praise of the company's speed in establishing the new station, the audience settled down to watch and hear the first programme to come over the new station. Highlights of the evening for Bridgetown people were a quiz, and performances by talented local artists. A speech of praise for the district's progress was made by the vice-chairman of Bridgetown Road Board (Mr. S. V. Wheatley) on his board's behalf. He recalled that the late Sir James Mitchell — "that dear old gentleman" — had always talked about the need to populate the South-West. Now, after the extension of the power lines, and with the prospect of the industry that it would bring, came this radio station. With this and the prospect of bigger and better waters supplies people would be encouraged to come to the country districts, he said. He continued with an outline of Bridgetown's assets for sport; an 18-hole golf course, a new sports ground, and bowling greens "equal to anything in the State." By way of illustration of the rapid development of the district Mr. Wheatley told a story of how his grandfather, who had lived near Manjimup, on one trip back from Bunbury many years ago (when that was the nearest town) had to swim the Blackwod River. To save his clothes from getting wet he removed them and tied them to his horse. In the crossing the horse got into difficulties, was swept away and drowned, and the clothes were lost. The rider had to walk to the nearest homestead for further vestments — the nearest home was at Wilgarrup in those days. Mr. Wheatley concluded his address by wishing success to W.A. Broadcasters in their new venture. The evening's second speaker was the Deputy Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. C. G. Friend), who commented favourably on the promptness with which the company had set about building the station once the permit to operate was issued. Mr. Friend said that in the past six years the number of sets licensed in Australia had jumped from 1,530,000 to 2,000,000. '''20 Stations In W.A.''' Of 150 radio stations in the Commonwealth, he said, W.A. possessed 20. The new station, 6BY, he said he felt would eliminate a lot of interference, but he issued a warning to listeners that they should guard against undue interference and report it in the manner prescribed by the department, then if interference was traced to unsuppressed appliances suppressors could be supplied and fitted by the department. A tribute to the enterprise of the manager of the broadcasting company was paid by Sir Ross McDonald in his opening address. Stations like 6BY did not make themselves, said Sir Ross, and Mr. Samuel had been entrusted with the task of setting it up. The technical efficiency of the new station, and the area of operation had come up to the highest expectations, he went on. In an outline of the progress made by W.A. Broadcasters Pty. Ltd., Sir Ross said that it was in 1930 that the first broadcasting station in the State ('''6ML''') was set up by the firm of Musgroves. In those days there were only 4000 listeners licences in W:A. against about 145,000 today, he said. Then in 1933 the company was formed, took over '''6ML''' and set up station 6IX. In 1936 another station was established at Katanning — 6WB — and in 1941 a further link was forged in the chain and 6MD was opened at Merredin. Sir Ross was keen to deny the rumour that private broadcasting companies took a cut out of radio receiver licences. They did not, he said, and if a company obtained technical help from the Government it paid for the service. No station received any subsidy, he added. With a final word of acknowledgement to the local men who had helped the company with advice Sir Ross officially declared 6BY, Bridgetown, open for broadcasting, dedicated to the service of the district and the State. '''Local Artists Heard.''' The programme which followed the speech making was interspersed with performances by local artists. First to perform was a well-known local violinist, Mr. Tom Speer, who played "The Swan." Then followed an accordionist (Mr. N. Goddard), a "hillbilly" (Miss Vera Machin), who accompanied herself on the guitar and sang "There's a Cabin in the Hills of Old Wyoming." Mrs. I. Tomelty and Mrs. S. Chevis gave piano solos, and vocal numbers were provided by Mrs. J. Hamilton and Miss Maureen Felstead who was described by compere Monty Menhennet as "quite a find." After the broadcast the hall was cleared of seats and there was music for dancing until midnight.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210271457 |title=SIR ROSS McDONALD DECLARES 6BY OPEN |newspaper=[[The Blackwood Times]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=38 |location=Western Australia |date=30 January 1953 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1953 02===== =====1953 03===== =====1953 04===== =====1953 05===== =====1953 06===== =====1953 07===== =====1953 08===== =====1953 09===== =====1953 10===== <blockquote>'''LOCAL COMPANIES HAVE MADE PROGRESS WITH THE STATE.''' . . . Musgroves Ltd. was established in 1923 with a small staff of eight. In 1924, the company moved into its present premises in Murray-street. In March, 1930, the company established and opened '''6ML''', the first commercial broadcasting station in Western Australia. Profits between 1945 and 1952, after tax, have grown from £4,588 to £31,240.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article52935373 |title=LOCAL COMPANIES HAVE MADE PROGRESS WITH THE STATE |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=69, |issue=20,982 |location=Western Australia |date=20 October 1953 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=36 (Supplement to THE WEST AUSTRALIAN) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Radio Services Provide A Wide Cover In This State.''' Although most young people cannot imagine what life was without radio, it is well to remember that official broadcasting in Western Australia will not celebrate its 30th anniversary until next year. Present plans for new stations and the resulting effect of the trade could easily mean that the occasion will find the radio industry experiencing a record turnover. The story of broadcasting over the past 30 years has been one of amazing progress, so much so that today 19 out of every 20 homes have a radio set. Sets When the chief breadwinner's pay envelope is above average there might be a mantel as well as a console set in the house. The smaller receiver is taken from room to room by the industrious housewife as she carries out the daily chores with a light heart because she is simultaneously listening to her favourite serial. Broadcasting officially began in W.A. when 6WF was opened on June 4, 1924. The station was owned and operated from its premises in Wellington-street, city, by Westralian Farmers Ltd. Licence Fee Then the licence fee was £4/14/ a year (against today's fee of £2). Sets in those days were fixed to receive on one or two wavelengths and the listener's annual fee was adjusted accordingly. In this State there was only one station and set owners had to pay annually what the owners asked — £4/4/ — plus 10/ to the Postmaster-General's Department, which was the supervising authority. The sealed set was soon found to be impractical and was abolished. Meanwhile broadcasting programmes were steadily growing in popularity. In 1926 it was proudly announced that there were 4,000 licensed W.A. listeners — and somewhat reluctantly admitted that there were many more who could merely be classed as listeners. Westralian Farmers Ltd. relinquished control of 6WF in 1929 and, after a caretaker period in the hands of the Australian Broadcasting Company, the station was passed over to the Australian Broadcasting Commission on its inauguration three years later. State broadcasting gained considerable stimulus by the opening of the first commercial station, as we know them today — '''6ML'''. The call sign was taken from the initial letters of the owners, Musgrove's Ltd. '''Audience.''' While controlled by this firm and later under the management of W.A. Broadcasters Ltd., '''6ML''' gained an extremely active audi'-ence and its Cheerio Club members turned up in hundreds to hikes, zoo picnics and other social functions. Station '''6ML''' volunteered its broadcasting licence to the P.M.G. Department when most of the staff left to join the armed forces during World War II. However, in its brief history it had done much to increase the number of receiver licences. On June 30, 1936, there were 50,000 licensed listeners here and the 100,000 goal was reached in March, 1946. At the end of June this year there were 145,141 licensed listeners. This represented 23.62 licences to each 100 of population. This State is only second to South Australia (27.64) where the population is much more closely grouped. A big variety of radio programmes is thrust into the W.A. ether by a battery of A.B.C. and commercial radio stations. They are: ABC: VLW, VLX (short-wave), 6WF, 6WN, 6WA, 6GF, 6GN. Commercial: W.A. Broadcasters Ltd. (6IX-WB-MD-BY), Whitford network (6PM-AM-KG-GE), Nicholson's Ltd. (6PR-TZ-CI), Australian Workers' Union (6KY-NA). Future Plans Future plans include two small national stations at Northam and Albany and when the Federal Government can afford a big sum of money for the purpose it will step up the power of 6WA, Wagin, and 6WF, Wanneroo, to 50kw. each. This increase in power should ensure that both stations cover the southern half of the State. Authorities are most reluctant to estimate the cost of this project beyond saying vaguely "many thousands of pounds." Broadcasting and radio industry executives are now hopeful that the easing of international tension may advance broadcasting plans for W.A. In theory the cost of erecting and operating ABC stations comes from listeners' annual licence fees but in practice the Government is called upon to dip deep into its coffers each year. Commercial stations receive none of the licence fee, drawing upon advertising entirely for their revenue. In fact these stations pay the Government £25 annually for the privilege of broadcasting in any year that they do not make a profit. If a profit is made the stations are obliged to pay the Government 0.5 per cent of their gross turnover. Government plans for expansion and schemes by commercial organisations, which might resuit in additional stations at Albany, Kwinana and in the wheat belt, have given the radio trade (which was facing a cautious market) an optimistic outlook. Since World War II between 5,000 and 10,000 sets have been sold annually in this State.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article52935371 |title=Radio Services Provide A Wide Cover In This State |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=69, |issue=20,982 |location=Western Australia |date=20 October 1953 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=37 (Supplement to THE WEST AUSTRALIAN) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1953 11===== =====1953 12===== ====1954==== =====1954 01===== <blockquote>'''MUSGROVES TO ISSUE NEW SHARES.''' Musgroves Ltd. proposes to increase its paid-up ordinary capital from £70,000 to £100, 000 by the issue of 30,000 ordinary shares of £1 each. The new shares will be issued at a premium of 4/ and will first be offered to shareholders registered in the company's books on January 19, 1954, in the proportion of as nearly as may be three new shares for every seven shares held on the date mentioned. The shares applied for will be payable as follows: 9/ a share (including 4/ premium) on acceptance; 5/ a share call payable on April 30, 1954; 5/ a share call payable May 31, 1954, and 5/ a share call payable June 30, 1954. The new shares will rank for one-half of the rate of dividend and any bonus declared for the year ending June 30, 1954. The closing date for applications will be February 26, 1954. Application forms will be mailed to shareholders later this month.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49610415 |title=MUSGROVES TO ISSUE NEW SHARES |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=70, |issue=21,051 |location=Western Australia |date=9 January 1954 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=19 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''New Share Offer By Musgrove's''' Musgrove's Ltd. proposes to increase its paid up capital from £70,000 to £100,000 by the issue of 30,000 ordinary shares of £1 each. New shares will be issued at a premium of 4/ and will in the first instance be offered to shareholders registered in the Company's books on January 19 in the proportion of as nearly as may be to 3 shares in the new issue for every 7 shares held. Shares applied for will be payable: 9/ per share (including 4/ premium) on acceptance; 5/ per share call April 30; 5/, May 31; 5/ June 30. They will rank for one half of the rate of dividend and of any bonus declared for the year ending June 30. Closing date for applications will be Feb. 26. Application forms will be mailed to Shareholders later in the month.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59683869 |title=New Share Offer By Musgrove's |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=2873 |location=Western Australia |date=10 January 1954 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1954 02===== <blockquote>'''Musgrove's New Share Issue.''' Applications for the new issue by Musgrove's Ltd, of 30,000 £1 ordinary shares at a premium of 4/ a share will close on Friday, February 26. The new shares are payable 9/ a share on acceptance (including 4/ premium) and in three calls of 5/ each on April 30, May 31 and June 30 this year. The new issue will lift paid capital to £100,000.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49618998 |title=Musgrove's New Share Issue |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=70, |issue=21,090 |location=Western Australia |date=24 February 1954 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=15 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1954 03===== <blockquote>'''Musgrove's Issue Well Supported.''' The new issue of 30,000 £1 ordinary shares at a premium of 4/ made by Musgrove's Ltd. has been well over-subscribed. The issue closed last Friday. Paid capital will be lifted to £100,000 by the new issue when the three calls on the new shares are completed by June 30 this year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49620308 |title=Musgrove's Issue Well Supported |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=70, |issue=21,096 |location=Western Australia |date=3 March 1954 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=18 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1954 04===== <blockquote>'''City Firm Buys Locksley Hall.''' Locksley Hall, Stirling-street, has been sold for about £20,000 by Mrs. C. Anderson, to Musgroves Ltd. Showrooms will be on the street alignment and the existing building converted for the wholesale merchandising of electrical appliances and radio equipment. Originally Scotch College, the building will also be remembered by thousands of servicemen who enjoyed the hospitality of a services club conducted there by Toc H during World War II. The property was sold through the agency of James Burnham, Perth.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49631983 |title=City Firm Buys Locksley Hall |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=70, |issue=21,145 |location=Western Australia |date=30 April 1954 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1954 05===== =====1954 06===== =====1954 07===== =====1954 08===== =====1954 09===== =====1954 10===== <blockquote>'''RETAIL SALES ROCKET TO NEW PEAK.''' Retail trade in the metropolitan area in the past 12 months, in common with the rest of Australia, has rocketed to new peaks. The increase reflects the rise in the State's population, a high level of employment and continued consumer demand. Increasing use of hire-purchase and time payment has also contributed to boost the total expenditure on retail sales and keep up turnovers on practically all lines of goods. Company balance sheets connected with distribution all show record sales and report promising prospects for the new financial year. In the past year, the tempo in the retail trade has increased. A greater volume of goods has been available and despite removal of price controls, prices have remained reason-ably steady. Competition Increasing competition has been responsible for this factor as well as a genuine attempt to keep down prices despite increases in most overheads. This increasing competition has been stimulated not only by the greater variety of goods available but also by the appearance of important retail interests from the Eastern States. Early in the year, it was announced that David Jones' of Sydney had acquired a major interest in the old-established firm of Bon Marche Ltd. With the adoption of the name of David Jones' of Perth in September, the store was transformed into one of the most modern in the southern hemisphere, setting off a chain reaction in retail store designing and decoration. At the same time as these developments have been taking place, Boans Ltd., one of the oldest and biggest stores in this city to remain privately owned, offered its ordinary shares to the public and thus became a public company in the fullest sense. No doubt this move was inspired by the need for additional capital to meet expansion particularly the need to provide for a through drive from Murray to Wellington-street for delivery services and the receipt of goods. The congestion that the absence of such a through way has caused in recent years has been a serious problem to the company. Other retail traders in Perth also found it necessary to secure additional finance for capital expansion. Foy and Gibson (W.A.) Ltd. and Harris Scarfe and Sandovers Ltd. both made public issues earlier in the year and were followed later by McLean Bros. and Rigg Ltd., W. Drabble Ltd. and Carlyle and Co. All were well supported. At the same time as these larger organisations were expanding their capital, Nicholsons and Musgroves also sought extra funds for additional trading facilities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49886639 |title=RETAIL SALES ROCKET TO NEW PEAK |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=70, |issue=21,292 |location=Western Australia |date=19 October 1954 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=4 (Supplement to THE WEST AUSTRALIAN) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1954 11===== =====1954 12===== ====1955==== ====1956==== ====1957==== ====1958==== ====1959==== {{BookCat}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==1934 04== ===1934 04 28=== <blockquote>'''The Broadcaster radio personalities''' RADIO PERSONALITIES: No. 4. Mr. Eric Donald of STATION 6ML. </blockquote> 5b89mmwo6ht7b2dywih16agmtxcy0gg 3 407731 4632706 4585851 2026-04-27T11:15:33Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 /* Australian Radio Magazines.. */ new section 4632706 wikitext text/x-wiki ==[[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Stations/Wireless Institute Qld/Notes]]== Delete per your blanking?--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 21:23, 3 June 2019 (UTC) @Jusjih Yes please, accidental orphan--[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 22:37, 3 June 2019 (UTC) == Reverts == I dont understand [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless_Weekly/Issues/1929_01_04&oldid=prev&diff=3721462 this] revert, mind explaining? Because they were only fixes to Wiki makeup and punctuation! Why revert? --[[User:Synoman Barris|Synoman Barris]] ([[User talk:Synoman Barris|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Synoman Barris|contribs]]) 21:24, 5 September 2020 (UTC) ::Infact all those reverts, i never changed any content, i was just fixing spacing and punctuation, your edit summary is thin! --[[User:Synoman Barris|Synoman Barris]] ([[User talk:Synoman Barris|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Synoman Barris|contribs]]) 21:26, 5 September 2020 (UTC) :::Hello Synoman, apologies, I should have emailed you to explain the reverts further. I am in the early phase of a major project to text correct and make generally available the early issues of the iconic Australian Wireless Weekly publication from the 1920s and 1930s. This is necessary because NLA's Trove has not enabled text corrections for this work and their OCR is frequently faulty. At this stage I have only entered a few issues and text corrected even fewer issues. When you change (for example) "wave length" to "wavelength," while it is grammatically correct, it does not reflect the original presentation of the page which is the primary objective. Again, if the entire issue has not been text corrected, ad hoc changes may be subsequently overwritten by other changes, so your time is wasted. Note the banner at the top of the page "The text in its current form is incomplete." I would welcome your assistance in this project and if you would like to comprehensively enter and text correct one or more individual issues, I can send you links to the original PDFs and provide further guidance. Regards - [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 21:50, 5 September 2020 (UTC) ::::I am really sorry for this. Sorry for also messing with the books you were in the process of writing. Well also i am not an expert in that area so i may not help much. Please pardon me for my outburst, its just that i have been undergoing some issues in rl so i prefer going about with quiter areas. Best regards --[[User:Synoman Barris|Synoman Barris]] ([[User talk:Synoman Barris|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Synoman Barris|contribs]]) 07:01, 6 September 2020 (UTC) :::::Not a problem at all, I struggle in Wikipedia doing battle with the policy experts and constantly have my work torn to shreds by people who seem to delight in creating problems. I too love the quiet of Wikibooks. If you would like to come on board with this Wikibook (even as a trial) I can give you lots of interesting material to read, format and text correct!- [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 10:01, 6 September 2020 (UTC) ::::::Hello, thanks for the offer, I have actually been skimming through your work on Wikipedia, it pretty good. I have also taken some hours reading your Wikibook, I actually have some interest in History though I am not an expert. I won’t mind if you send me some of the texts I read through at my free time, since I also like reading. If I am ready and interested I will be in touch but for now I prefer going about with things that don’t tire me much( if you read by self requested block on Wikipedia) I went on a break since I am experiencing a post-traumatic disorder in rl. Best regards --[[User:Synoman Barris|Synoman Barris]] ([[User talk:Synoman Barris|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Synoman Barris|contribs]]) 20:06, 6 September 2020 (UTC) == [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia]] == Hello. Is it possible to not add in unnecessary & empty sections? A lot of subpages of the book is [[Special:LongPages|very long]] and makes it hard to read. --[[User:Minorax|Minorax]] ([[User talk:Minorax|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Minorax|contribs]]) 12:45, 30 July 2021 (UTC) ::Hello Minorax, thanks for fixing up the links to Australian Newspapers in Trove articles, this is really tedious work and your efforts are really appreciated. In respect of "unnecessary and empty" sections, the format of this Wikibook has evolved over about 5 years now. For the "Transcriptions and Notes" subpages for each station and individual (which I assume you are referring to), I found it easier to start with a template of sections for every month, year and decade, sometimes well back into the 1800s. But I agree that several decades with no articles is truly boring to scroll through. In the last few months I have only been adding this template material decade by decade where articles are being added. As every pages banner state "Incomplete", ie "Work in Progress". Thanks again. [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 10:25, 31 July 2021 (UTC) :::Hi, sorry for being unclear, what I meant was the inclusion of <code><nowiki><!-- <blockquote><ref></ref></blockquote> --></nowiki></code> in every sub-section. It bloats the pages size up by an unnecessary amount (~100k Bytes). --[[User:Minorax|Minorax]] ([[User talk:Minorax|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Minorax|contribs]]) 03:36, 1 August 2021 (UTC) ::::Ah, I see, sorry, but it is just so convenient to have it there for ready cut and paste. From my perspective a small space wastage factor, against increased time efficiency. [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 08:59, 1 August 2021 (UTC) :::::I suggest having just one chunk of "the stuff" at the top. It's difficult to load a large page on legacy browsers, I removed it initially and it significantly trimmed the page down by a good 120kB. --[[User:Minorax|Minorax]] ([[User talk:Minorax|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Minorax|contribs]]) 05:03, 5 August 2021 (UTC) ::::::If <code><nowiki><blockquote><ref></ref></blockquote></nowiki></code> could be added to the line of helps at the base of every editing page: <code><nowiki><math></math> <includeonly></includeonly> <noinclude></noinclude></nowiki></code> then I would have no need for the commented code at all. I have used the blockquote syntax several thousand times in the Wikibook, very important for me to have that code very handy for cut and paste [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 05:32, 5 August 2021 (UTC) :::::::I've added it to [[MediaWiki:Edittools]]. Can all of them be removed now? --[[User:Minorax|Minorax]] ([[User talk:Minorax|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Minorax|contribs]]) 03:50, 6 August 2021 (UTC) ::::::::Yes, thank you so much, works a treat, but would it also be possible to add the comments syntax <code><nowiki><!-- --></nowiki></code>, its almost trival, but so handy [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 23:55, 6 August 2021 (UTC) :::::::::Should be working fine now. --[[User:Minorax|Minorax]] ([[User talk:Minorax|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Minorax|contribs]]) 06:13, 7 August 2021 (UTC) ::::::::::Magic [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 11:39, 7 August 2021 (UTC) :::::::::::[[Special:Diff/3957718]] I suppose this was due to me removing the headers? --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C;">Minorax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 08:13, 10 August 2021 (UTC) :::::::::::Yes, I am happy for you to delete only <code><nowiki><!-- <blockquote><ref></ref></blockquote> --></nowiki></code> [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 08:19, 10 August 2021 (UTC) ::::::::::::I really don't see a need to actually undo the edits I've made as I'm trying to have an active conversation with you on why it is a need to trim off those stuff. Kindly take a look at [[Wikipedia:Article_size#Readability_issues]] and [[Wikipedia:Template limits]]. While the latter isn't much of a problem in the pages, the former is and I'm trying to fix it. As I've said before, some users are using legacy browsers, old computers, or are on mobile and having a page >100 bytes will start to strain the device they are using. From that page alone, the amount of unnecessary content is at 116,345 bytes and what I've removed [[Special:Diff/3957773]] is not needed per se and I've it's really a must to have it, only have it commented out at the top of the page. I hope you see where I'm coming from and I'm making no attempt to make a fuss over this issue. --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C;">Minorax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 12:48, 10 August 2021 (UTC) ::::::::::::To quote what you've said above "a small space wastage factor, against increased time efficiency", this isn't a small wastage factor and perhaps we could seek what {{U|Mbrickn}} has suggested, which is to have an edit notice that'll appear on every single page within the book. This is definitely the best way to tackle this issue from my point-of-view. --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C;">Minorax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 12:51, 10 August 2021 (UTC) ::::::::::::I haven't got any more time to waste on this stuff, thank you for the additions to [[MediaWiki:Edittools]]. You can now remove the tens of thousands of instances of <code><nowiki><blockquote><ref></ref></blockquote></nowiki></code>, the remaining templates are needed and only total a few hundred. I am also happy with the abbreviated URLs. Now please allow me to continue with content creation, our Australian wireless pioneers deserve this recognition. [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 21:22, 10 August 2021 (UTC) == [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies]] == The page was approaching the 2 MB (2,097,152-byte) hard limit imposed by MediaWiki. Very long pages make them hard to load content, especially for mobile devices. I have, and am, spilting into subpages to offload the excess data and make them faster to load content. Thanks. [[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] ([[User talk:Xeverything11|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Xeverything11|contribs]]) 19:39, 12 December 2024 (UTC) :It is incredibly rude of you to make these changes without prior reference to the author. That page is over 6 years of my life. There are major advantages in terms of searching for individuals in having everything on one page. Now that the page is largely complete, I have been progressively deleting a large volume of comments which are no longer required and which will bring the page well below the 2MB limit. Please revert the page to how it was before to let me continue with the ongoing page size reduction effort. [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 20:21, 12 December 2024 (UTC) ::See [[w:WP:TOOBIG]] for more details. Pages over 15,000 words, equivalent to about 100kB, "should be divided or trimmed". ::A page with 1MB size takes about 10-15 seconds to load on low end devices and any larger may make them crash. ::I don't think it is worth reverting given the slow loading times. ::What are your thoughts? [[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] ([[User talk:Xeverything11|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Xeverything11|contribs]]) 20:56, 12 December 2024 (UTC) :::The utility of being able to search on one page for specific individuals, callsigns, locations etc far outweighs the slower load times. This is a specialist resource and users will have specific interests. They will not want to search 26 individual pages to find they data they want. Wikibooks is not Wikipedia, to which https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:TOOBIG primarily refers. The author of this page received the Wireless Institute of Australia's President's Commendation for this work, it is an amazing resource for anyone interested in the history of amateur radio and amateur broadcasting in Australia. Such a resource should be allowed to remain as is. Please revert to as was. [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 00:27, 13 December 2024 (UTC) ::::I have now reverted, please no more tinkering with an important reference document [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 06:04, 13 December 2024 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] also suggested spliting by letter for performance reasons. [[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] ([[User talk:Xeverything11|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Xeverything11|contribs]]) 08:12, 14 December 2024 (UTC) ::::::Mate, you just don't understand Wikibooks, what's the point in telling the author to do something which will just result in me ceasing development of this important work on Wikibooks and continuing it elsewhere? Do some reading on the relevant Wikibooks pages to get a feeling for Wikibooks. Content creation is the over-riding priority. [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 08:31, 14 December 2024 (UTC) == I have reverted your blankings of Xeverything11's pages == '''[[w:WP:OWN|No one owns books on Wikibooks]].''' You are not allowed to blank other people's work just because you it was added to a book that you worked on. The proper venue for that is [[WB:RFD]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 03:12, 8 February 2025 (UTC) :Hello JJPmaster :This matter was taken to https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikibooks:Reading_room/General with Topic "Page Size" :I have taken up some of the suggestions offered by reasoned contributors and am still working on implementing others. :I ask that you should read the full discussion there before proceeding further. :In the meantime your edits are adversely affecting my content creation and I ask that you revert your edits so that I can proceed unimpeded with this important work. :Any further discussion should continue in Reading_room/General with Topic "Page Size" :Regards :Samuel Dellit [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 08:45, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == Copyright on old magazine issues === {{tmbox|type=notice|text='''Wikibooks can only accept [[Wikibooks:Copyrights|copyright]] materials with a [[WB:CC-BY-SA|CC-BY-SA]] compatible license'''.<br />We [[Wikibooks:Welcome, newcomers|welcome]] and appreciate your contributions. If {{#if:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23|[[:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23]]|your edition}} is licensed with [[Wikibooks:Boilerplate request for permission|permission]] by the copyright owner(s) to use under a CC-BY-SA compatible license then you need to appropriately attribute the work within 7 days for it to remain at Wikibooks [[WB:COPYVIO|per policy]]. Please read [[Wikibooks:Media]] to learn more about the requirements. If you have any questions you can ask me personally or ask in the [[WB:HELP|reading room]]. Thank you; Happy editing! [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 22:10, 25 October 2025 (UTC)}} :Please provide a full indication of why this publication is not in copyright. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 22:10, 25 October 2025 (UTC) ::Hello ::Copyright has expired on all magazines, newsletters and newspapers published in Australia prior to 1955. ::That is why, inter alia, NLA's Trove republishes them extensively. ::Sorry, too busy at present to locate the reference, but it is well known and mentioned in Wikipedia. ::Regards ::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 01:42, 26 October 2025 (UTC) {{tmbox|type=notice|text='''Wikibooks can only accept [[Wikibooks:Copyrights|copyright]] materials with a [[WB:CC-BY-SA|CC-BY-SA]] compatible license'''.<br />We [[Wikibooks:Welcome, newcomers|welcome]] and appreciate your contributions. If {{#if:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Issues/1936 08|[[:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Issues/1936 08]]|your edition}} is licensed with [[Wikibooks:Boilerplate request for permission|permission]] by the copyright owner(s) to use under a CC-BY-SA compatible license then you need to appropriately attribute the work within 7 days for it to remain at Wikibooks [[WB:COPYVIO|per policy]]. Please read [[Wikibooks:Media]] to learn more about the requirements. If you have any questions you can ask me personally or ask in the [[WB:HELP|reading room]]. Thank you; Happy editing! [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 22:16, 25 October 2025 (UTC)}} [[:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications]] {{tmbox|type=notice|text='''Wikibooks can only accept [[Wikibooks:Copyrights|copyright]] materials with a [[WB:CC-BY-SA|CC-BY-SA]] compatible license'''.<br />We [[Wikibooks:Welcome, newcomers|welcome]] and appreciate your contributions. If {{#if:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications|[[:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications]]|your edition}} is licensed with [[Wikibooks:Boilerplate request for permission|permission]] by the copyright owner(s) to use under a CC-BY-SA compatible license then you need to appropriately attribute the work within 7 days for it to remain at Wikibooks [[WB:COPYVIO|per policy]]. Please read [[Wikibooks:Media]] to learn more about the requirements. If you have any questions you can ask me personally or ask in the [[WB:HELP|reading room]]. Thank you; Happy editing! [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 22:21, 25 October 2025 (UTC)}} Please provide full copyright status information as to each issue you are transcribing. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 22:21, 25 October 2025 (UTC) :Hello :Copyright has expired on all magazines, newsletters and newspapers published in Australia prior to 1955. :That is why, inter alia, NLA's Trove republishes them extensively. :Sorry, too busy at present to locate the reference, but it is well known and mentioned in Wikipedia. :Regards :[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 01:43, 26 October 2025 (UTC) Also: *[[:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Amateur Radio/Issues/1933 10]][[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 22:31, 25 October 2025 (UTC) *[[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Issues/1944 01]] [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 23:55, 25 October 2025 (UTC) :Hello :Copyright has expired on all magazines, newsletters and newspapers published in Australia prior to 1955. :That is why, inter alia, NLA's Trove republishes them extensively. :Sorry, too busy at present to locate the reference, but it is well known and mentioned in Wikipedia. :Regards :[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 01:43, 26 October 2025 (UTC) == [[:History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Stations/2KY Sydney/Notes]] == It is good that you've attributed the sources, however I have concerns, that the use of extensive quotes from the listed newspapers (especially those after 1930) is pushing the limits of what might be considered "fair dealing" in an academic context. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 22:29, 25 October 2025 (UTC) :Hello :Copyright has expired on all magazines, newsletters and newspapers published in Australia prior to 1955. :That is why, inter alia, NLA's Trove republishes them extensively. :Sorry, too busy at present to locate the reference, but it is well known and mentioned in Wikipedia. :Regards :[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 01:42, 26 October 2025 (UTC) == Australian Radio Magazines.. == Elsewhere I've raised concerns, The issue isn't that this are PD in Australia, (You are in a position to know this.). The issue is that they might not be out of copyright OUTSIDE Australia due to URAA (a 50 years pma regime backdating from around 1996 means authors in an Australian publication would have to died by 1945, unlesss as you've seemingly raised, pre 1955 works were already public domain, by 1996 regardless of author lifetimes. I reverted the copyvio tags, to enable you (or the team undertaking your project) to add additional biographical detail, or additionaly confirm what the global status of these are outside Australia. I would also strongly suggest that rather than relying on direct to content transclusion, you upload 'cleared' scans to Commons, which can than be taken through the Proofread page process used at Wikisource, which as during contiorbution/editing, the OCR or transcribed content can be compared against original page scans making the eventual result signifcantly more accurate. ( The interface is not identical obviously but is functionally lihe the approach TROVE had for old newsprint transcription at one time.) [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 11:15, 27 April 2026 (UTC) mrrjabffha1x3s5ozj3vg3z8notbj0y 0 415913 4632697 4594983 2026-04-27T10:39:01Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|talk]]) to last version by WereSpielChequers 4391818 wikitext text/x-wiki {{incomplete}} {{TOC right|limit=3}} ==Link to Issue PDF== [https://worldradiohistory.com/index.htm| WorldRadioHistory.com's] scan of Australasian Radio World - Vol. 01 No. 04 - August 1936 has been utilised to create the partial content for this page and can be downloaded at this link to further extend the content and enable further text correction of this issue: [https://worldradiohistory.com/AUSTRALIA/Archive-Australian-Radio-World/30's/Australasian-Radio-World-Vol-01-No-04-1936-08-01.pdf| ARW 1936 08] In general, only content which is required for other articles in this Wikibook has been entered here and text corrected. The material has been extensively used, inter alia, for compilation of [[b:History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies| biographical articles]], [[b:History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Clubs| radio club articles]] and [[b:History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations| station articles]]. ==Front Cover== The Australasian Radio World August 1, 1936; Vol. 1 - No. 4.; Price, 1/- Registered at the G.P.O., Sydney, for transmission by post as a periodical Cover Photo: Illustration of indigenous person operating a pedal generator powering a Teleradio transceiver (see story on page 6) Highlighted Contents: "Simplified D.W. Battery Moneysaver"; D.C. Multi-meter; 5-metre Battery Receiver; "Empire Shortwave Three"; List of Prizes for Big All-Wave All-World DX Contest ==Inside Front Cover - Radiotrons Ad== Radiotron 6B7S, SCIENCE IN A VACUUM, ENGINEERING IN MINIATURE, EXTREME ACCURACY IN EVERY DETAIL. Radiotron valves have earned their reputation as the World's standard by reason of superiority. The preference of leading manufacturers and of the general public for Radiotrons is a result of enduring satisfaction which Radiotrons give to a greater degree than any other valve. AMALGAMATED WIRELESS (AUSTRALASIA) LTD., 47 York Street, Sydney; 167-169 Queen Street, Melbourne AUSTRALIAN GENERAL ELECTRIC LIMITED, Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Hobart (Advertisement of Amalgamated Wireless Valve Company Limited) ==P.01 - Kreisler Ad== Kriesler steps out in front again with a DRY BATTERYLESS RADIO! HERE is Radio that for sheer outstanding performance an'd economy of operation is miles ahead of anything previously offered. With a current drain of only .9 ampere it marks new low levels in upkeep costs and maintenance. ONLY KRIESLER GIVES A 3 YEARS GUARANTEE Model 460 Broadcast The ideal receiver for country 31 operation, this model has high sensitivity with extremely lo·w · noise level. Wonder dial and all other Kriesler features. GUINEAS Model 470 Dual Wave Combining all the features of model 460 with the additional benefit of short-wave reception of all ·world stations., Krieslel'l offers this as the greatest development of modern radio ~ 35 GUINEAS And, TO CAP IT ALL, Kriesler presents with every batteryless receiver a cheque for £6, enabling the buyer to purchase at any time a £24 Kriesler Windcharger for £15, free of Packing, Freight and Sales Tax. Charging power as Free as the Wind! KRIESLER The Best Set At Any Price Send this coupon TODAY for full details of these wonderful Kriesler Receivers. This means money for you! Dealers, write for special franchise. KRIESLER AUSTRALASIA LTD. Corner Pine, Myrtle & Beaumont Sts., Chippendale, Sydney. Telephone M439 ==P.02 - Editorial Notes== '''Editorial Notes . . .''' '''FOUR YEARS OF PROGRESS.''' During the past four years, radio has progressed perhaps more rapidly than ever before, particularly in regard to receiver design. 1932 saw the coming of the six- and seven-pin valves, and with their advent set designers discarded the old reliables, represented by the '24, '35, and 47, in favour of the 57, 58, and 2A5. Now these in their turn are giving way to the new American metal and English spray-shielded releases. Base standardisation for all new type valves is also an advance worthy of mention. '''CIRCUIT IMPROVEMENTS.''' Circuit design has improved in step with, or rather, because of, advances in valve design. Diode detection, automatic volume control, noise suppression control, and then dual-wave and all-wave receivers were all made commercially practicable by valves designed specially for these features. '''BETTER TONE THE NEXT STEP.''' The next step will undoubtedly be in the direction of improving tone; in fact, leading manufacturers are already releasing medium-priced receivers capable of giving high-quality reproduction. During the past few years, set designers have been forced to concentrate on obtaining high selectivity and maximum sensitivity - the former, because of the steady increase in the number of stations operating on the broadcast hand, and the latter, because of the rapid development of worldwide shortwave services. As a result, the modern superhet is more powerful and selective than ever before. What is now needed is these qualities combined with high-quality reproduction - a combination not easily obtained, for it means much more than just providing a modern superhet tuner with a high-class audio channel. Either variable selectivity or some form of tone compensation is needed - preferably the latter - while improved speakers and better baffling are going to help considerably. Price levels will probably be a little higher, because really good tone is expensive to obtain, but nevertheless the manufacturer who caters for this latest trend is going to reap a worthwhile reward. ==P.02 - Contents Banner== '''THE AUSTRALASIAN RADIO WORLD'''. Incorporating The '''ALL-WAVE ALL-WORLD DX NEWS'''. Managing Editor: A. EARL READ, B.Sc. Vol. 1 - AUGUST - No. 4 ==P.02 - Contents== CONTENTS: Pick-Ups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 "Air-Commodore" Has High Gain and Selectivity . . . . 4 Radio Makes the Airways Safe . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Pedal-Driven Teleradio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 "Empire Shortwave Three" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 A Simple Five-Metre Battery Receiver . . . . . . . . . 14 Palec Vacuum Tube Voltmeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Adding Class B to the "Sky-Cruiser Battery Four" . . . 17 Radio Ramblings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Systematic Servicing Brings Best Results . . . . . . . 20 "Simplified D.W. Battery Money-saver" . . . . . . . . . 22 The ABC of Multi-Range Meter Design . . . . . . . . . . 27 A Nine·-Range D.C. Multi-Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Radio Step by Step (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 The Lighter Side of DX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Prize-Winning Transmitter Has Worked All Continents . . 34 Choosing and Using a Vacuum-Tube Voltmeter . . . . . . . 36 More About the 6L6 Beam Power Amplifier . . . . . . . . 39 The AU-Wave All-World DX News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 DX Champion Logs 600 Stations in Five Years . . . . . . . 44 "Card-Hunting" is Not Sole Aim of Dxing . . . . . . . . . 46 Identifying Shortwave Stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Universal Time Conversion Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 DX Contest Arouses Widespread Interest . . . . . . . . . . 49 DX News and Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Logging South American Stations . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 51 Frequency Re-Shuffle For Japanese Broadcasters . . . . . . . . 52 Visiting DX Stations (3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 China to have High-Power S.W. Station . . . . . . . . . . 55 All-Wave All-World DX Club-List of Members . . . . . . . . 56 ==P.02 - Publication Notes== The "Australasian Radio World" is published monthly by A. E. Read. Editorial offices, 214 George Street, Sydney, N.S.W. Telephone BW6577. Cable address: "Repress," Sydney. Advertisers please note that copy should reach office of publication by 15th of month preceding that specified for insertion. Subscription rates: 1/- per copy, 10/6 per year ( 12 issues) post free to Australia and New Zealand. Subscribers in New Zealand can remit by Postal Note or Money Order. Printed by Bridge Printery Pty. Ltd., 214 George Street, Sydney, N.S.W., for the proprietors of the "Australasian Radio World," 214 George St., Sydney (Footnote P.56) ==P.3 - Pick-Ups== The Beam Wireless Photogram Service between Australia and England gave Australian newspapers a wonderful scoop last month, when photographs of the attempt on the King's life were flashed across the world by radio, to appear in Sydney dailies within 24 hours of the event. The Photogram Service has played a dramatic part in many incidents since it was brought into operation in 1934. The assassination of King Alexander and the take-off of C. W. A. Scott's 'plane in the Centenary Air Race were two early events that were pictured here a few hours after they happened. The service is also proving of immense benefit to commerce by speeding up business tremendously. At a distance of 13,000 miles, reproductions of photographs, hand writing, drawings, plans, fashion plates, cheques, finger-prints and documents of all kinds are now being made. There have been plenty of stories about mice getting into the "works" of a transmitter and causing a break-down -in fact, one of them put 2CO out of action for half an hour some months ago - but the Colombian shortwave station HJ1ABB must be the first to be put off the air by an alligator! During a chat with W2XAF in Schenectady, New York, the South American station abruptly went off the air. It transpired afterwards that a tame croc. from a near-by river had entered the transmitter building, and with a side-swipe of its tail, had wrecked one of the big transmitting valves! Radiotrician, Service man, Radio expert, Service expert, Radio mechanic, Service technician, What makes who a what? Following the erection of: a new 350-foot vertical radiator for Station WCKY, Connecticut (U.S.A.), a curious phenomenon was noticed by chief engineer Charles Topmiller. When the steel tower had been raised and guyed into position, rain clouds in passing struck the upper portion. Immediately rain started falling in a radius of 30 feet around the tower, and similar falls occurred on four consecutive days. It looks as though the cranks who write periodically to the papers blaming radio for both droughts and floods might be half right after all! Something must have gone wrong with stations in America during the recent record-breaking drought over there, though. A receiver tuned with a telephone dial of the automatic variety has just been marketed in the States by one of the leading manufacturers there, following an idea that first originated in Germany. Any desired station is dialed in just the same way as a desired telephone number is selected. The dial controls relays and a motor which drives the tuning condenser around. The number dialed determines where the motor is to stop. The tuning is always exact, for it has been determined previously by precise instruments. As a means of eliminating slip-shod tuning, with consequent distortion. the idea is great, but production and service problems would worry most manufacturers to death. The W.A.S.P: Air Lines mail 'plane which travels over the Sydney-Broken Hill route twice a week is the latest to be fitted with a special receiver to enable the pilot to use the aural radio beacon established recently by A.W.A. at North Brighton, adjoining Mascot aerodrome. The beacon sends out four beams practically at right angles, and a 'plane approaching or travelling away from Mascot can pick up the signals and "ride the beam" to the aerodrome in any kind of weather-even through fogs, storms, or darkness. A receiver is also being fitted to provide entertainment for the passengers during flights. This picture shows Mr. Menzies (centre) Australia's Attorney-General, standing on the steps of the Philips factory at Eindhoven, Holland, during his recent visit. He is accompanied by some of the directors. ==P.4 - "Air-Commodore" Has High Gain and Selectivity== "AIR-COMMODORE DUAL -WAVE . F I V E" HAS HIGH GAIN AND SELECTIVITY Per.ior1nance to that o.i Six-valve is equal many Models READERS who are planning to build the "Air-Commodore Metal-Valve Dual-Wave Five," described in the June "Radio World," will be interested in the following report on tests made with the kit subsequent to its description. Three Different Localities . In order. to get a comprehensive idea of the set's behaviour under different conditions, it was given a thorough tryout in three different and widely varying locations. The first test was made in the heart of the city, where although the noise interference was high, all the main interState stations could be received quite comfortably after three o'clock in the afternoon. London and Paris were also received at full volume, but were badly interfered with by local electrical noises. Even under these conditions, however, the "Air Commodore" showed a better signal-to-noise ratio: than three other A.C. receivers (two five-valve superhets and one six-valve) tested at the same time. 7 4 Broadcast Stations The second test was made in the Eastern Suburbs, with a tram line (continued on page 56) ==P.5 - Radio Makes the Airways Safe== Radio Makes the Airfilays Saie Radio aids to navigation have been perfected to such an extent that it is now possible for a pilot to take off on a flight . and land again without . taking his eyes from the instrument panel. How this is accomplished is explained in the following article. By DOUGLAS N. LINNETT RECENT years have seen a great advancement in the application of radio aids to increase the safety element in flying, until to-day blind flying, or flying 'by instruments, is an accomplished fact. Pilots can now rely implicitly upon their directional radio equipment, and fly into any sort of weather without the slightest fear of straying off their course. Radio ·Beacons Are Invaluable By riding the waves of radio beacons, pilots can make safe landings without watching the ground or the horizon. They can guide their 'planes merely by watching the dials on the instrument board and listening to signals of marker beacons through the headphones; while they can land in a fog, at night or in the teeth of a blizzard without any fear of hitting the ground too hard or running into any hangars or sheds. Already there is one radio beacon installed in Australia, but this guides the 'plane only to a point 'above its destination. If the airport is hidden by rain or sleet, the 'plane might crash. Radio, however, has overcome the blind lq_ncling hazard by a system of The instrument panel of the dualcontrol Stinson passenger monoplane Lismore, operated by Airlines of Australia. The 'plane has just been fitted with a special radio . receiver, enabling the pilot to use the new aural radio beacon at Mascot aerodrome. directive beams which consist of runway beacon, marker beacons and a landing beam. All these provide continuous and accurate information on the position of the aeroplane in three dimensions, as it approaches and reaches the instant of landing. Exact Position Given The runway beacon gives indication of the directional position of the aeroplane with respect to the airport, and ensures keeping the aircraft directed to and over. the desired landing runway. Longitudinal position of the aircraft as it approaches the airport is given by a combination of the signals from a distance indicator with the aural signals received from two marker beacons. The distance indicator, operated from the beacon receiver, reads field intensity of the runway beacon and may be calibrated approximately in miles from the beacon (say, 0-5 miles). Absolute indication of the longitudinal position when near the airport is given by aural signals from two 5-watt marker beacon transmitters. One signal is heard when the 'plane is within 2000 feet of the airport, and the other when it is over the field boundary. Vertical guidance is given by a horizontally polarized ultra-high-frequency landing beam, which has the necessary direction in the vertical plane while spreading the beam out in the horizontal plane to afford service in the 40-degree sector. On the aircraft, a simple ultra-high-frequency receiver is used; but the sensitivity is so adjusted that the line of constant received signal below the inclined axis of the beam marks out a landing path which is suitable for the aircraft and the airport. The horizontal index line across the face or the combined instrument represents the half.scale deflection, and corresponds to the proper landing path. The horizontal pointer represents the position of the aircraft relative to this path. The vertical and horizontal index lines of the combined instruments intersect in the centre of the instrument dial. The point of intersection, indicated by a small circle, represents the proper landing path, so by keeping the pointers crossed over the small circle, a suitable landing path is followed down to the point of landing, and the system requires a minimum of manipulation on the part of the pilot. Landing A 'Plane By Radio. In practice, the pilot follows the main radio beacon by listening to the blend of dots and dashes in his headphones. As he nears the airport, the signals get stronger and .stronger until suddenly they stop. This marks the "blind spot" directly over the beacon itself and so the pilot knows he has reached his destination. Re-tuning his receiver to the local runway beacon frequency, he swings the 'plane into a wide . clock-wise turn and ·presently the earphones and instrument dial pick up beacon signals again. The 'plane is now following the runway beacon, which is simply a miniature of the big airway beacon. Now the ingenious landing beam begins its work. Crossing the vertical needle on the beacon dial is a horizontal needle which swings up and down. If the 'plane is too high for its proper glide, the needle swings up· but if the 'plane is too low, down go~s the needle. Next, the highpitched signals from the first marker are heard in the headphones. These give the warning that the 'plane is 2000 feet from the field boundary and so the engine should be throttled down. While the pilot is still following the landing beam by watching the instrument board, the low-pitched signals of the second marker beacon are heard. This indicates that the 'plane is over the edge of the field, and gives the warning to cut the motor. By this time, the pilot could see the ground in any kind ·of weather. Flying Solely By Radio. The complete practicability of this radio landing system has been amply demonstrated in making safe landings under conditions of zero visibility; while it has made possible blind flying in which radio is the sole means for navigation and for landing. So the technique of radio has made possible flying by instruments and. this has immeasurably increased the safety element in commercial aviation. The .only limitation from the radio point of view is that the radio range over the main course gives only the direction towards the destination without any indication of the actual height above ground. The Barometric Altimeter now used gives the height above sea level, and can be adjusted to give the height above the starting point; but its limitations are obvious. For instrument flying, therefore, equipment to give the actual height above ground level is urgently required over certain types of country. Several systems have been suggested; but the one which makes use of the phenomena known as "radio echo" seems to have the greatest possibilities. Dr. E. F. W. Alexanderson, consulting engineer of the General Electric Company, is reported to have proved experimentally the feasibility of the "Radio Altimeter" ; while Professor Gun, of the Belle View Naval Research Laboratories. is said to have developed a system of radio altitude measurements for 'planes in flight. The object is to measure the distance that a radio wave after leaving the 'plane and being reflected back to it again from the earth beneath, travels. Indications may be oral, graphic, visual, or in the form of a warning that will call the pilot's attention when certain limiting values have been reached. As far as navigation is concerned, the only further information that the pilot requires is his exact position along the course he is flying. This is supplied by marker beacons of short transmitting range that are placed along the course, and which send out a characteristic signal to indicate the approximate position of the 'plane. Then, if there is a change from one radio range to another, similar marker beacons indicate the turning point, and give warning that the receiver must be re-tuned for the new direction. ==P.6 - Pedal-Driven Teleradio== P~dal-driven Teleradio · Boon to Isolated Districts THIS month's front cover illustration shows the ingenious way in which the engineers of Amalgamated Wireless (A'sia) Ltd. have solved the problem of providing power for portable radio transmitting equipment used in inaccessible districts. The pedal-driven generator shown on the right is the solution. When the transmitter is needed, a native boy mounts the machine and "rides." As the "bicycle" has no wheels, the boy gets nowhere, but the transmitter does, because the energy generated in this way provides all the power necessary to establish communication over distances of 200 miles and more. The complete equipment weighs about 1 cwt., and can be carried in sections. The Archbold Expedition at present exploring North-west Papua kept in constant touch with the A.W.A. station at Port Moresby by means of one of these Teleradio sets, as they are called, during their journey of 560 miles up the Fly river. Incidentally, a member of the party who became ill during the trip was treated daily by radio from Port Moresby. The symptoms were described by radio to a doctor there, who radioed instructions back to the explorers. Assists Distressed Ketch Another illustration of the utility of the Teleradio set was provided several months ago, when an expedition was despatched from Port Moresby by the ketch Veimauri. One of the A.W.A.'s pedal sets had been fitted for the trip, which was expected to occupy twenty days. · On the second day out from Port Moresby very bad weather was encountered in the Gulf of Papua. The engine of the Veimauri stopped when the ketch was 50 miles from land, and as the boat was very heavily laden, the position became. serious. The wireless was brought into action, and communication was established with Port Moresby Radio, the result being that a relief boat with an engineer and spare parts was despatched within an hour to the assistance of the ketch. On this occasion the boy on the "bike" must have been something of a trick cyclist, to stick on and keep the machine going while the boat was rolling and plunging in the heavy seas. Popular In Isolated Districts Teleradio sets have proved particularly valuable in Papua and the Mandated Territory of New Guinea, where no fewer than 36 of them are in use. They are employed by Government officials on their journeys into places remote from settlement, thus enabling constant touch to be maintained with headquarters. Planters and gold mining companies have lately learned of the value of this type of instrument, a call through which might save a journey of scores of miles over trackless territory. Teleradio sets are admirable also as feeders of the main wireless lines of communication between New Guinea and the outside world. Thus an owner will transmit a message from his own locality to Rabaul or Moresby, to be sent on to a business firm perhaps in Sydney or other Australian capital. From the point of view of the owner of a small transmitter the traffic is good business, as the sender, instead of paying 2d. per word to get his message to the main station, has the right of retaining ld. for acting as his own telegraphist. ==P.7 - "Empire Shortwave Three"== The • •• ••Empire Shortwave Three'' A three-valve battery-operated shortwaver using a 1C4 r.f. stage1 1 C4 detector, with electron-coupled regeneration, and 1 04 output pentode. The photograph on the right shows the finished receiver. The three lower controls are (left to right) rheostat, on/ off switch, and regeneration control. THIS three-valve battery shortwaver was designed primarily for simplicity of . construction and operation, but also for high efficiency and low cost. The parts used are all standard;· in fact, many set-builders will have quite a few of them on hand already. While the "Empire Shortwave 'l'hree" is simple both in circuit and layout, it is a great distancegetter, and is of a type that is very popular among shortwave enthusiasts in America to-day. The r.f. ::;tage, using a 1C4 screen-grid pentode, not only gives plenty of gain, but, what is just as important, it effectively isolates the aerial from the detector, eliminating the danger of ''dead spots'' on the detector dial, due to aerial damping. Electron-Coupled Regeneration Another 1C4 is used as leaky-grid detector. By connecting a shortwave r.f. choke in the positive leg of the detector filament, and returning the negative side of the filament to a small reaction winding · [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 23:21, 23 May 2020 (UTC), , ';'.) .. • I ·1 I as shown in the circuit, electron-coupled regeneration has been obtained. This method of obtaining feed-back giYes excellent stability, with negligible de-tnning effect on the received signal when the regeneration control is advanced or retarded. Peed-back i::; controlled by using a potentiometer to vary the voltage applied to the detector screen-a method which gives velvetsmooth control, without the slightest sign of '' ploppiness.'' Separate Tuning Controls A pair of 23-plate midget variable coJtclensers (.0001 mfd. capacity) are used for tuning the r.f. and detector circuits. 'l'hese conclellSers could have been ganged and only one main tuning control used. but the construction would have been complicated by so doing. Also, as it is hopeless to expect home-wound coils to track perfectly, especially on shortwaYe, it would have been necessary to include a trimmer across the r.f. section of the two gang condenser. This means that two tuning controls are needed, even with ganged condensers, so the latter might just as well be separately~operated. Sketch A (left) shows dimensions for preparing the front panel, B and C, for the aluminium shield partitions, while D gives details of the bracket for mounting the r.f. valve under the chassis. All flanges shown should be ~in. wide. The chassis layout is shown elsewhere. In pi'.actice{{typo help inline|reason=similar to accite|date=September 2022}}, the setting of the r.f. dial. is not at all critical. To keep the plate and grid leads to the r.£: valve short, the latter has been mounted horizontally under the chassis, as shown in the under-chassis photograph. The result is that there is little or no "pulling" of one tuning circuit by the other; in fact, after a station has been tuned in, the r.f. dial can be rotated through the full 180 degrees without upsetting regeneration in the slightest. It acts merely as a volume control. Impedance Coupling Used To ensure highest gain, the detector has been impedance-coupled to the 1D4 output pentode. Resistance coupling could be used instead, but there would be less gain and also smooth regeneration over every waveband would be difficult to obtain, due to low detector plate voltage. To prevent any tendency towards threshold howl, and also to level up the frequency response, a .25-megohm resistor is connected across the choke. As regeneration takes place between screen and filament of the 1C4 detector, there is no need to include an r.f. choke in the plate circuit . . The .0005 mfd. by-pass condenser prevents any r.f. present from passing to the grid of the 1D4, though if a trace of it does get through it is by-passed by the .005 mfd. condenser shown connected from plate to screen of. the output pentode. This condenser also cuts out much of the "mush" that generally accompanies signals that have travelled half-way around the world. D.P.D.T. On/Off Switch A double-pole double-throw rotary on/off switch has been used, one section breaking the filament circuit when the set is switched off, and the other/ the potentiometer circuit. When the set is turned on, there is a very slight current passing through the potentiometer. It amounts only to a fraction of a mill., but if it were present all the time the life of the "B" batteries would be shortened by a few weeks. Hence provision has been made to stop this drain when the set is turned off. The simplest, cheapest and most satisfactory method of obtaining bias for a set of this type is to use automatic bias. To do this, a 500-ohm R.F.C01L DET.COIL ---- The method of winding the coils, and the connections, are shown in this sketch, resistor is connected between earth and B --. The "B" current taken by the set, in passing through this, causes a voltage drop that is utilised for bias for the 1D4. The 30-ohm rheostat has been provided so that either a 2-volt accumulator or two H-volt dry cells can be used for filament supply. Goat shields have been used for both screen-grid valves as being the most suitable for a set of this type. This is particularly the case for the horizontally-mounted r.f. valve, as the shield is clipped on to it and is firmly held. The circuit of the "Empire Shortwave Three." The "Empire Shortwave Three" is powerful enough to provide plenty of volume for operating a speaker on many shortwave stations, but 'phones will be found very handy for extreme DX work and for dial-searching generally. Parts Should Be Chosen Carefully. The parts needed to build the "Empire Shortwave Three" are listed elsewhere. While they are all standard and are readily obtainable everywhere, they should be chosen with care if best results are to be obtained. The vernier dials are particularly important, as they make all the difference to the ease with which the set can be operated. There should be no trace of noise or back-lash. The next essential is a smoothworking potentiometer for the regeneration control. When the moving arm is rotated, the increase in screen voltage should be both smooth and gradual, and also no scraping noise should be evident in the 'phones. Potentiometers provided with wire contacts mounted on the resistance element are useless for the purpose, because as the moving arm shifts from one contact to another so the voltage increases or diminishes in steps, resulting in "ploppy" regeneration. With the correct type of poten- ....................................................... ==P.14 - A Simple Five-Metre Battery Receiver== ==P.16 - Palec Vacuum Tube Voltmeter== Useful Service Instrument A soundly-designed vacuum tube voltmeter, such as that marketed by the Paton Electrical Instrument Company, is one of the most valuable instruments that any set designer or serviceman can have on hand. One of the most serious source's of error in instruments of this type lies in the large input capacity that exists between the cable leads, one of which runs to the grid of the valve. In the Palec V.T. voltmeter, however, this drawback has been ingeniously over- come by mounting the valve.,-a 6J7 J)letal type-at the end of the flexible cable, as illustrated in the photograph above. In this way the grid cap can be placed in direct contact with the source of e.m.f. to be measured. Another advantage of the 6J7 is that the current drawn by it is substantially constant over a fairly wide range of plate voltages, with the result that minor variations in line voltage have no effect on the calibration. · Has Built-In -Power Supply. The instrument is a portable laboratory type weighing eight August l, 1936. pounds, and is housed in a black leatherette case measuring 8lin. x 9hn. x 5~in. It is equipped with its own power supply operating on 200-250 volts A.C. Valves used in the standard model are an 80 rectifier and a 6J7, but for ultra high frequency work a special model using an · Acorn type 954 valve can be supplied. Directly Calibrated Micro-Ammeter. The measuring instrument is a 150· micro-ammeter carrying individual direct reading scales for all vacuum-tube voltmeter ranges. An additional feature is that the instrument can be used as a high resistance D.C. voltmeter (6,600 ohms per volt), with two ranges, 0-10 and 0-100 volts. There are five switch positions. No. 1 provides a line check, in that by bringing the meter pointer to a marked position on the dial, all supplies to the vacuum tube voltmeter can be checked and set. Other ranges are as follows:- No. 2-0-3h. Peak A.C., 0-2v. D.C. No. 3-0-lOv. Peak A.C. and D.C. No. 4-0-50v. Peak A.C. and D.C. No. 5-Ext. D.C. volts, 0-10, 0-lOOv. ==P.17 - Adding Class B to the "Sky-Cruiser Battery Four"== ==P.19 - Radio Ramblings== '''Hanging QSL Cards''' This is a good way to mount verification cards on the wall, without filling it with tacks. Get a large piece of cardboard; hang it on the wall, and then attach the cards to it with drawing pins. Another way is to get some paper tape (adhesive tape can be bought very cheaply), and cut it into one-inch pieces. Stick the bottom of one "veri" on to the top of the next, and so on. With one tack, 8 or 10 verifications can be hung. When taken down, the cards can be stacked tidily, just as though they were separated. -Jack Glew (AW13DX), Bentleigh, Vic. '''Simple Polarity Indicator.''' After buying a fair number of American and English DX magazines, I have always hoped that some day Australia could boast one of its own. Now, after reading your July issue, I find that the magazine I have wanted is here. I especially like your S.W. section, and hope that you continue to supply plenty of S.W. dope. Here is a small hint for the "Radio Ramblings" page, that I trust will be of some use to others. I suppose there are readers who, like myself, have wanted some gadget for determining the poles of an accumulator or battery. Well, here is a simple yet effective instrument. A short length of 1/2 in. glass tubing is fitted at both ends with a cork, through which a short length of copper wire has been forced. The tube is three-quarters filled with a solution of 10 grains of phenolphthalein, 1/4 oz. sulphate of soda, and enough water to give the right volume. Shake the solution well before filling the tube. When placed across a battery the negative pole will turn a reddish colour, which will disappear when the solution is shaken. -Harry D. Hibberd (Bendigo, Vic.). '''"Transocean" Gives Great Results.''' There is no doubt that a magazine such as the "Radio World" was wanted throughout Australia. There have been many books, but they give all their space to the programmes and too little to amateur matters. Even the layman is interested in the strictly amateur side of the game. A friend of mine recommended the book and I am glad to say I got it, and it was No. 1, too. I will not miss one issue. Your articles on broadcast dxing are very interesting and helpful, and I have no doubt are appreciated throughout Australia. I have not had very much experience in dxing of the broadcast band, but on short waves have had a fair amount. I have had a small two-valve all-wave battery set for some years; my best on that was ZL's on 'phone about QSA4, R6-7. It was after seeing the description of the "Transocean" in the "Radio World" that I purchased the kit and built it. I have had excellent results on S.W. Last Sunday afternoon W's were teeming in on 20 m. Only picked out a few W6's and 7's, also XE2. Heard more, but got only the tail end of their addresses - missed the calls - worse luck. The XE2. was QSA5, R7-8; had to retard the volume, it was so loud. Tuning is done on an indoor aerial, and reception is on the speaker (Amplion dynamic). My outdoor aerial is, well, terrible - but will put up a doublet when I get the poles.-R. A. McGhee (Brisbane). '''"Master Five" Steps Out!''' The "Dual Wave Master Five" described in the June "Radio World" is an excellent performer. Sensitivity and selectivity are both very good. Tone is full and pure, right up to full volume, which is ample for any home. By using a variable resistance control in the oscillator plate supply of the 1C6 valve, in place of the 25,000 resistance, weak signals on the short- wave band can be brought up to fine volume and the performance improved considerably. Reproduction on pick-up is also very pleasing. Wishing your magazine every success.-Lindsay Smith (Horsham, Vic.) it Original DX Reports Bring Good Results Have readers ever considered this aspect of dxing? Quite frequently over 2UW I have heard re-broadcasts from New York Radio City, British B.B.C., and hosts of American and Continental stations. These 2UW broadcasts come in from midnight to dawn by courtesy of A.W.A. interception department at La Perouse (N.S.W.). I have written to the stations concerned and told them of their overseas reception being re-broadcast. I usually send details of 2UW's 24-hour schedules and a few clippings from newspapers and local post-card views. Very often I have sent an Australian commemoration stamp, and as there are generally stamp collectors on radio stations, this is a greatly appreciated courtesy. A local radio magazine or a newspaper sent to foreign radio stations is also appreciated, also match box labels, or tram, train or 'bus tickets. For best results, dxers should make their reports as interesting and original as possible. Send your photograph, a packet of flower or vegetable seeds, or perhaps a visiting card anything to make your report a little out of the ordinary. If possible, include some of your local tourist bureau folders or maps. Again, when sending a DX report to U.S.A. or Canadian radio stations, always advise them that reliable and authentic publicity can be had from the Australian National Travel Association, Hotel Clark, Los Angeles, Calif., U.S.A. Any New Zealanders or Australians wanting a local DX session should write to Mr. Henry Gregory, c/o Stat10n 2.UW, State Shopping Block, 49 Market Street, Sydney, ==P.20 - Systematic Servicing Brings Best Results== Syste111ati~ Servi~i11g Brings Best Results Thorough Set Overhaul Gi,Tes Most Satisiactio1• By "SERVICEMAN" IN servicing receivers, a definite system of tracking down faults should always be followed. "Hit or miss" methods should not be tolerated, as in nine cases out of ten they mean high charges and low profits. A well-equipped and properly-run service department can not only show a good return, but also it is a valuable aid in building goodwill. The system for service procedure outlined below is perhaps more thorough than that generally used by servicemen, but it certainly gets results. Suppose, for example, a radio comes; in for service, and after a few minutes with the voltmeter the serviceman finds it has a shorted screen by-pass condenser. Most service- men would replace that condenser with an equivalent unit and· return the receiver as O.K" Methods like this do more to increase the cost of service than anything else, because, while the charge may be low in the first instance, the chances are ten to one that there are more leaky condensers and perhaps weak valves in the set which will necessitate another call a few weeks later. If such a case occurs, the owner not ·only pays for two calls, but he may also begin to doubt the ability ·of the serviceman. The system developed by the writer includes rigid inspection and test of nearly all parts of a radio chassis and speaker. For the sake of clarity, each test is numbered, described, and details of the test equipment used are given. · Test No. 1 really includes the service call. It is useless for a service- man to rush into a home, collect the radio set, and rush it back to the N.S.W., Australia. Mr. Gregory will put on DX programmes any night, midnight-to-dawn hours. 2UW is getting out very well in U.S.A., India and England, and they invite DX co-operation. Their New Zealand breakfast session from 4 to 5 a.m. E.A.S.T. is well worth listening to. Another station that broadcasts regular DX programmes- for New Zealand- is amateur station VK2QY, 45 Oxford Street, Paddington, N.S.W. Gilbert S. Hayman (Bronte, N.S.W.). workshop, because the trouble might easily be a faulty aerial wire, a shorted lightning arrester, a blown fuse, a break in the power flex, or a slipping knob or dial. A service call should include a rigid inspection of the aerial and earth system-and of the power circuit if the receiver fails to light up. If it lights but will not work, valves should be tested and re- placed if necessary. If the fault is apparently in the chassis itself, •the set should be brought in to the workshop for repair. This procedure applies to sets located within a limited radius. If any great distance has to be covered it is wise to treat the case as a special one and endeavour to repair the set on the job. In Test No. 2 it is assumed that the receiver has been brought in for repair. The best procedure is to re- move it from its cabinet and clean ·the dust out of cabinet and chassis. Then connect the receiver to a power outlet and hook up the aerial and earth. If there is still no reception, make a careful test of the valves. The power transformer may smoke, which indicates a short or a breakdown. The rectifier plates may get red hot, indicating a short, probably in a filter condenser. Of course, in the case of a faulty transformer or condenser, the unit must be replaced before further tests can be made. Test No. 3 includes the checking of all condensers and resistors. Faulty condensers are among the commonest causes of breakdown. For this test use a good condenser analyser capable of measuring leakage and capacity. Any doubtful condenser should be discarded, particularly if high voltage is applied across it. Many "call-backs" are eliminated if proper attention is given to the condensers ,and it should be remembered that radio owners do not like their sets going out of action about once a month. Condensers. should also be checked for capacity and while making this test it is as well to pull gently on the pigtails to make sure the condenser does not open intermittently. Resistors should be checked with an accurate ohmmeter or bridge, and anything showing a tolerance greater (Continued on page 54.) Systematic Servicing (continued from page 2C) than + or - 10 per cent. should be discarded. Volume and tone controls are included as resistors, and should be checked and replaced if faulty. Test No. 4 includes an accurate check on all voltages and currents. This is best done with a multi-range meter, with. plate break adapters for measuring plate current. It is of course important, especially with non-A.V.C. sets, to have the volume control full on. This test ·should -take· very litt~e · · time, because by now it is established that valves, condensers and.,-resjstor,..s are in perfect order. , : · Test No. 5 is purely a loudspeaker test. Intermittent faults are sometimes caused by a break in the field coil or a break in the primary of the matching transformer. For the speaker test, use a 400-volt power supply, with a 0-100 m.a. meter and 10,000-ohm heavy duty potentiometer in series, and pass a heavy current through the field coil and transformer primary. Any intermittent fault should show up immediately; The speaker should now be tested for rattles, using a good baffle for the purpose. If there is even the slightest rattle, dismantle the speaker, clean out any dust or dirt, re-assemble it, and re-centre the cone. Elusive rattles may sometimes be cured by applying a thin coat of glue over the voice coil and its assembly. Also inspect voice coil connections for breaks. The speaker should be in perfect order before it is returned to the cabinet. Test No. 6 includes a complete line ~ up of the receiver. An all-wave signal generator is necessary for this test, preferably one with its output calibrated in microvolts so that the actual sensitivity of a receiver may be measured and passed as normal for a receiver of the type. Alignment should be perfect; and if the dial is frequency calibrated, the stations should come in on the correct readings. When sensitivity and calibration are finished, the receiver should be passed to test No. 7. Test No. 7 is for the purpose of checking. The receiver should be checked for tonal quality, sensitivity, selectivity, dial calibration, speaker rattles, and for a slipping dial, as well as for other loose parts about the chassis. When passed as O.K. it should be replaced in the cabinet, checked again for dial position and loose knobs, and the cabinet polished. Test No. 8 is merely running the receiver for a period of time-preferably as long as possible, on a line voltage slightly higher than that to which it is accustomed. Country areas, particularly, have high line voltages, and this test is really more of a check on all the parts, to make sure that none will break down. The writer uses a transformer having a 230 v. primary and tapped secondary up to 270 v. (To be continued next month.) ==P.21 - Stromberg-Carlson Ad== From a whisp~r ... TO CONCERT Hi-'\LL VOLUME ! WIDE TONAL RANGE You'11 quickly understand the amazing popularity of the Stromberg-Carlson 1936 Console Grand, once you have actually seen the magnificent cabinet and heard Such as you',,e ne,,er heard before! the unrivalled tone of this modern· as-the-minute Radio! Tune it down to a whisper, or increase its volume to concert hall strength ... in every note of the tonal range you enjoy that same faithful reproduction. The Console Grand cabinet is 33% heavier than the average, and thus entirely eliminates cabinet resonance. Here are some of the marvellous features of this wonder set:- 7 valves. Short wave covers 16-51 metre hands (which includes 5 short wave reception channels). Broadcast covers 194-555 (all Australian stations). Tone compensation. 6 watt undistorted power · output. Specially designed speaker. Tone control. World-wide range. Mammoth chassis. Selectorlite dial which revolutionise!! tuning. 3-way isolation switch (broadcast, short wave and pick-up). · New non - microphonic condenser. Full automatic volume control. Try the Stromberg-Carlson Console Grand for really remarkable DX. London, Paris, Berlin, etc., as clear as locals. Hundreds of other shortwave stations heard. All Australian, New Zealand, etc., ·on broadcast band. Ask your nearest StrombergCarlson dealer to demonstrate to you in your home. Other Stromberg- Carlson models from 14 guineas-there's one to suit every personal preference. CONSOLE GRAND-MODEL 736-39 GUINEAS Stromberg-·Carlson Wholesale Distributors in Australia and New Zealand. N.S.W.: Bennett & Wood Ltd., 284 . Pitt Street. Sydney, and at Lismore. Wagg3. Wireless Distributors, Box 93, Wagga. Heiron & Smith (Salonola), 91 Hunter Street, Newcastle. Queensland: Noyes Bros. (Sydney) Ltd., Burton House, Elizabeth Street, Brisbane. Lawrence & Hanson Electrical Co~ Ltd., 87 Elizabeth Street, Brisbane. S.A.: Savery's Pianos Ltd., 29 Rundle Street, Adelaide. Radio Wholesalers, James Place, Adelaide. Victoria: Warburton Franki (Melb.) Ltd., 380-382 Bourke Street, Melbourne. M. Brash & Co. Pty. Ltd., Elizabeth Street, Melbourne; Vealls Pty. Ltd., 243-249 Swanston Street, Melbourne. Tasmania: Hobart: Findlays Pty. Ltd., 80 Elizabeth Street; La1mceston: Wills & Co. Pty. Ltd., 7 The Quadrant; Devonport: Findlay & Wills Pty. Ltd. ; Burnie: Findlays Pty. Ltd. W.A. : Musgroves Limited, Lyric House, Murray Street, Perth. N.Z. : Goull'h, Goull'h & Hamor M<I., Cbrlatdiur cti, ==P.22 - "Simplified D.W. Battery Money-saver"== The Radiokes ~~siJDplified Dual-Wave Battery Moneysaver'' Five of the latest metal-clad high,-gain battery valves, together with improved dualwave coils and iron-cored l.F. transformers, are combined in an up-to-date circuit to make this battery kit-set one of the "star" receivers for 1936. ·················································································~ A YEAR or so ago it was impossible to design a battery receiver that would give results comparable with· those obtained from an a.e. operated set using· an equivalent number of valves. To-day, however, with the introduction of new high-gain 2-volt valves, this is no longer true. Radiokes engineers claim that this battery version , of their '' Moneysaver'' described last month can not only out-perform any other set in its class, but also, is the first receiver of its size and economy of operation capable of bringing in shortwave and broadcast stations at the same volume as a modern a.c. dual-waYe superhet. That this claim is not an exaggeration has been borne out by actual tests, which proved that for sensitivity, selectivity, tone and volume, the battery "Moueysaver" compares very favourably with the best of five-valve a.c. dual-wavers. Latest Valves An Important Feature. Five of the new battery-type valves recently released in the Philips and Mullard makes are used in the kit. Three of them are metal-clad, and all use the new universal '' P'' base. The mixer-oscillator is a KK2 Octode, which while similar in design to earlier converters of its type, . embodies several important imprnverne11ts that result in better performance. Independent A.V.C. and diode detection, together with high audio gain and good fidelity, are all provided by the '' P'' base KBCl, working in conjunction with a KC3 driver and KDDI "B" class output valve. 'l'his latter valve has a maximum power output of nearly 2 watts-more than ample for any home. 'rhe· quality of reproduction is very good, but builders who would like to take advantage of the ·wide range audio transformer supplied, and who do not mind slightly lower audio gain, can substitute a 30 driver and 19 output valve for the K03 anCl KDDI. The resultant fidelity is excellent, thongl1 the total "B" current consumption increases from approximately 11 m.a. to 15 or 16 m.a. lron-Cor.e I.F. 's Give High Gain. Both selectivity and gain are exceptionally high in this receiver-due largely to the use of Litzwound iron-core intermediates. The dual-wave aerial and oscillator coils are not only very compact -both sets of windings are in each case housed in a single can-but also, improved design has resulted in much higher efficiency, . with perfect tracking. The padding condenser for broadcast, by the way, Above: An unrler-cfwssis view of the completed kit, showing the simplicity of the assembly and wiring. Right: This plan view shows the well-spaced layout. The special iron-cored J.F.'s m·e housed in attractive square cans. is pre-set at the factory to the correct capacity and needs little, if any, adjustment. Stromberg-Carlson Gang and Switch The two-gang condenser supplied with the kit is a Stromberg-Carlson type "F," which has a new patented construction making it over 90 per cent. non-microphonic. The wave-change switch is also a new Stromberg-Carlson product. Each bank has three sections of three silver-plated contacts, mounted on very low-loss stamping material. Two-Colour Tuning Dial The "Colourvision" aero dial is calibrated in metres for both wr.<ve-bands, and has automatic colour . switching. When the set is tuned to the broadcast band, the broadcast scale is illuminated in green. When the wave-change switch is turned to shortwave the green fades out, and the shortwave scale is illuminated in red. The principal Australian stations and the international wave-bands are clearly indicated. Doublet Aerial and Pick-up. Though an ordinary "L" type aerial will bring in dozens upon dozens of shortwave and broadcast stations at full volume, maximum results will be obtained if a doublet aerial with transposed lead-in is used. Provision is made for an aerial of this type, and as well, pick-up terminals are provided, both additions being taken care of· by the two sets of three terminals mounted on the ·rear wall of the chassis. An All-British Kit As in the a.c. "Moneysaver" described last month, every part supplied with the kit is of British manufacture, and is of guaranteed quality. Construction Described in Detail Space does not perll).it this month of a detailed description of the kit's assembly. However, this is covered in a pamphlet that will be supplied by Radiokes Ltd. free on request. The assembly is covered down to the last detail in step-by-step instructions' given so fully and clearly that success is assured, even to those who have never tackled set-building before. The description is lavishly illustrated with photographs, and as well there is a full-size wiring diagram with every connection clearly shown on it. ;A Few Don'ts for Dxers Don't. report to any station unless you are positive you heard it. Don't be impetuous. If your verification does not arrive per return post, remember that stations have other important work to do. Don't send a second report until reasonable time has elapsed. Don't try to be technical unless you ARE. Don't resort to fulsome flattery; it will avail you nothing. Don't forget to enclose return postage or coupon, especially to amateurs. Don't use ordinary writing paper; the official report form lends prestige. Don't take any notice of these hints if you do NOT want verificatiop.s. ===Kit of Parts=== Radiokes "FIVE-VALVE SIMPLIFIED BATTERY MONEYSAVER" DUAL-WAVE Kit of Parts 1 RKS-SB chassis (sprayed) . 1 Stromberg-Carlson 2-bank switch (special) same as RKS-8. 1 Radiokes D. W. ~rial coil in can. 1 Radiokes D. W • . oscillator coil in can. 2 Radiokes SIC-465B I.F. Transformers (Nos. l and 2). Radiokes AFB audio tran~former. 1 Radiokes DC-1 "Colourvision" dial. RESISTORS. 3 Erie l meg. resistors. 1 Erie .5 meg. resistor. 2 Erie .1 meg. resistors. 1 Erie .05 meg. resistor. I .5 rneg, volume control, with switch. 1 Radiokes 20,000 ohm volume control (sensitivity control) with insulating washers. CONDENSERS. Stromberg-Carlson 2-gang condenser, . · type "F," without trimmers. 2 Radiokes 2-gang MEC trimmers without mounting holes. 1 .5 mfd. condenser. 3 .1 mfd. condensers. 1 .01 mfd. condenser. 2 .001 mfd. condensers. 1 .02 mfd. condenser. 1 .005 mfd. mica condenser. 2 . 00-01 mfd. mica condensers. 1 Radiokes 7-plate padder (peaked on oscillator). SOCKETS. "P" sockets (must be numbered). 4-pin socket. 7-pin socket (small). 7-pin plug. SUNDRIES. 4 Radie>kes knobs. 1 Ra,diokes T-33 panel ~ompletely wired with l'h" pillars. 6 bakelite terminals (2 red, 4 black). 3 large grid clips. 4 2.5 volt pea lamps. } yard. copper braiding. 5 yuds hook-up wire. 3 yards 16 gauge tinned copper wire . 1 ya,rd 7-way battery cable. 15 %" x 1t'S" R.H. brass screws. 12 :tAa." x 1;5" R.H. brass screws. 2 :%," x %" R.H. brass screws. 3 14" x 1,4" brass spacers with :t;S" hole. 30 '.l/s" hex. nuts. 12 lock washers, ~" hole. 12 solder Jugs, plain single end. 3 yards 2 mil. spaghetti. VALVES REQUIRED. lfKK2; 1/KFB; 1/KBCl; l/KC3; 1/KDDl (Philips, Mullard). SPEAKER REQUIRED. Permanent magnet dynamic, input trans- former to match KDDI (Amplion -"Star" type 05). type 05). BATTERIES REQUIRED. 3/45-volt ' heavy duty or triple duty, each tapped at 221;2 volts; 1/41/:,-volt "C" battery tapped at 3 V. (Ever-Ready), 1/2-ve>lt 100 amiJ. hour accumulator. ==P.27 - The ABC of Multi-Range Meter Design== The ABC Of Range · Multi· Meter Design By using a 0-1 milliammeter as a basis and adding shunts and multipliers to extend current and voltage ranges, a multi-range meter can be made up that will be found invaluable both in set-building and ·troubletracking. This article explains how the necessary resistance values are calculated. A SET-BUILDER without a meter of some sort is as helpless as a ship without a rudder. Like the ship, he can travel a certain distance but never for long in any one direction, and his chances of finally reaching his destination are very small. High accuracy, flexibility, and low cost are the three main requirements of a meter designed for radio use. All three are fulfilled by employing a high-grade moving coil 0-1 m.a. meter as a basis, and extending voltage and current ranges by means of multipliers and shunts (series and parallel resistors). How a Moving-coil Meter Works The bare essentials of a moving coil meter are illustrated in fig. 1. M is a U-shaped permanent magnet with soft iron pole pieces PP. A cylindrical iron core, C, is clamped so as to leave a small, uniform air gap. Encircling the iron core and travelling in the gap is a light framework of aluminium or copper, carrying a coil of fine silk-covered wire, and pivoted so that it earl rotate over the whole of the arc covered by the pole pieces, the movement being controlled by two springs, one above and one below. These also serve to conduct the current to and from the moving coil. When a current passes through the latter, the resultant magnetic field set up interacts with that of the permanent magnet, and the coil (together with the pointer X) turns until the restraining influence of the springs brings it to a stop. The coil frame not only acts as a support for the wire which carries the current to be measured, but. also damps the motion owing to the eddy currents induced in it . by the permanent magnet. The coil, over the whole of its arc of movement, will be travelling across a field of constant and uniform flux density produced by the permanent magnet, and ·the torque, or turning force, that the coil experiences will be proportional to the current in the coil. Thus, readings over the whole scale are uniform. High Sensitivity Essential Regarding it first as a currentmeasuring device, the sensitivity of a meter is best expressed as the current at full-scale deflection. If this current is 1 milliampere, then such is the sensitivity. · In most voltage measurements in radio, it is essential that the current taken by the measuring instrument be kept as low as possible, to avoid the danger of obtaining misleading readings. For this reason, a voltmeter taking 1 m.a. at full scale deflection has higher accuracy than one taking 2 m.a., · and much higher than one taking 5 m.a. The sensitivity, which can be regarded as a good indication of the accuracy of such a meter, can be obtained by dividing the full scale deflection in amperes into 1-in other words, it is the reciprocal of the full scale current in amperes. The result is given in ohms per volt; in this 1 case, it is --, or 1000 ohms per volt. .001 A 0-2 and 0-5 m.a. meter would have sensitivities of 500 and 200 ohms per volt respectively. Extending Current Range Every meter has a resistance of its own, which for a 0-1 milliammeter is generally round about 30 ohms. In fig. 2, this is represented by R. If a current of 1 m.a. were flowing through the meter, the needle would register full scale deflection. If a resistance equivalent to that possessed by the meter were then connected across the terminals of the latter, half the current would :flow through each, and the meter would register .5 m.a. Thus the currentineasuring capacity of the meter has been doubled by the addition of the shunt, as a current of 2 m.a. is now needed to register full-scale deflection. This explains the way that the current ranges are extended. To take a general case, let the resistance of the shunt be S ohms, the main current I m.a., and the branch cur- rents I, and I, (see fig. 1). With S across it, the meter will be capable of measuring a current of say N times the full scale deflection. We now have:- 1 = Ii + I, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (a) NI,= I .. .. .. .. .. ... . . .... (b) Next, substituting for I in (a), we get NI,= I,+ I, Therefore I, (N - 1) = J, . . (c) The potential difference across the meter equals RI,, and that across the shunt, SI,. Both must be equal, as they are potentials from A to B. Thus we have RI, = SI,. Therefore, substituting for I, (from ( c)) RI, = SI, (N - 1) R giving S = -- . . . . . . . . . . . (d) N-1 Thus if we had a 0-1 m.a. meter of, say; 30 ohms resistance, and we wanted to measure 10 m.a. full scale, the value of the shunt required could be found as follows:- 10 R = 30 ohms, and N = - = 10 ohms. 1 30 30 From (d), S = -- = - = 3.333 ohms 10-1 9 With a shunt of this resistance across the meter, current at full scale deflection would be 10 m.a, with proportionate intermediate readings. In this case, actual readings given by the meter should be multiplied by 10 to obtain the true reading. Measuring Voltages To measure voltages, a series instead ·of a parallel resistor is used. The meter is still purely a current _indicator; it measures voltages only because of the resistance in series with it. In fig. 3, R, is used to, limit the current passing through the meter at the maximum voltage to be measured to 1 milliamp. Thus, if R is the meter resistance and E the maximum voltage to be measured, from Ohm's Law, the current l=--- R+ R, 1 As I = 1 m.a. = -- ampere. 1000 1 E 1000 R + R, giving R + :R, = 10010 E. As mentioned before, R is usually only about 30 ohms. If E is 20 volts, R + R, = 20,000, and com- pared with R,, R is very small, and for practical purposes can be neglected. This leaves R, equal to 1000 E, which means that the value in ohms of the required series resistor is equal to the maximum voltage the meter is required to measure, multiplied by 1000. Thus, for ranges of 20, 200, and 500 volts, series resistors 20,000, 200,000, and 500,000 ohms are required. If the meter required 5 m.a. to give full-scale deflection, then R, would equal 200 E, and for the voltage ranges given above the necessary series resistors would have values of4,000, 40,000, and 100,0'00 ohms respectively. Resistance Measurements Fig. 4 shows the set-up for a singlerange ohmmeter, still using a 0-1 milliammeter. The current that will flow is given by the formula: E I - . . . (a) R,+ R, (where R, is the unknown). If E = 4.5 volts and R, is fixed, maximum current will flow when R, = 0 ohms. But the meter will read up to 1 m.a. only, and so-- the minimum value that 't'iiE AUSTRALAStAN RADiO woR.tb R, should be to restrict the current passing to this value can now be obtained by substituting in (a). 1 4.5 I = 1 m.a. = -- amp. = 1000 R1 + 0 Therefore R, = 4500 ohms. In practice, R, is made up of a fixed and a variable resistance connected in series, in order to compensate for any voltage drop in the battery. With the test prods shorted, the resistance is adjusted until the meter gives exact full-scale deflection, thus ensuring that the current passing with zero external resistance M I RI E. '-------tl---------111--------' :FIG. 4 I'IG. 5 is 1 m.a. In this way the accuracy is fully preserved, even though · the voltage of the battery drops with use. Now, suppose that the unknown resistance has a value of 1500 ohms. In this case the current reading of the meter will be: 4.5 1000 I = X -- m.a. 1500 + 4500 1 .75 m.a. From similar calculations, corresponding readings for unknowns of, say, 4000, 20,000, and 100,000 ohms are .53, .18, and .045 m.a. respectively. Using these and other intermediate values, a graph can be easily plotted so that the resistance of an unknown corresponding to any current reading can be instantly read off. Obtaining Different Ranges. Usually a 0-1 m.a. meter has a scale divided into 50 divisions, each August 1, 1936. division thus representing a current of 0.02 m.a. With the meter needle "dead on" the first division, a current of .02 m.a. is flowing. This represents roughly the maximum value of resistance that can be measured using the values assumed for R, and E ( 4500 ohms and 4.5 volts). From (a), we find that E-IR X=--- 1 4.5 - ( .00002 x 4500) .00002 = 220,000 ohms, approximately. For the other extreme, the 49th division on the 50-division scale represents a current of .98 m.a. Substituting in the above equation, we find that this represents a resistance of roughly 100 ohms. So the resistance range that is covered is from 1001 to 220,000 ohms. Now, if R, and E in fig. 4 arc doubled, each extreme of the original range is doubled, so the new range is from 200 to 440,000 ohms. Values read from the graph should now be multiplied by 2. If R1 and E are increased to 45,000 ohms and 45 voltsten times their former values-the range extends from 1000 ohms to 2.2 megohms. Measuring Low Resistances As regards measurement of low resistances, the method given above is accurate enough for most purposes. Occasionally, however, the need arises for high accuracy, and in such cases the method shown in fig. 5 can be used. The ohmmeter test ·prods are shorted, and the resistance R, is adjusted to give exact full-scale deflection. The unknown R, is then shunted across the meter as shown. This diverts part of the current flowing through the meter, the amount depending on the resistance of R,. For example, if it is the same as the internal resistance of the meter, the latter will show a halfscale reading. When the reading has been taken, the value of R, is calculated from the formula RX I R,=------ Imax.-I where R is the meter resistance, I the current reading, and I max. the full-scale deflection current. With this method, highly accurate measurement of resistance from about 2000 ohms down to 20 ohms is possible, and reasonable accuracy is still obtained down to as low as .5 ohm. ==P.29 - A Nine-Range D.C. Multi-Meter== A Nine-Range D.C. Multi-Meter The principles underlying the design of multi-range meters are fully explained in the preceding article. In that following, the construction of a multi-range tester that set-builders and servicemen will find invaluable is outlined. J T was pointed out in the previous article that high accuracy, flexibility, and low cost are the main requirements of a meter designed for radio use.. All three are possessed by the multi-range meter now to be described. High accuracy has been ensured by using a high-grade 0-1 milliammeter as a basis for the circuit, and by using laboratory-tested shunts and multipliers to give the various current and voltage ranges. As for flexibility, no less than nine ranges are incorporated-four voltage (0-10, 0-50, 0-250, and 0-500 volts) three current (0-1, 0-10, and 0-100 mills.) and two resistance (0-10,000 and 0-100,000 ohms). · The last consideration, that of cost, is as important as any, as few setbuilders can afford more than ongood meter. This point has been carefully watched in this tester, with the result that the complete kit of parts, including an engraved and readydrilled panel, can be purchased for A sub-pwwl view of the testei·, only £4. Alternatively, anyone who has a 0-1 milliammeter already on hand can use it and merely buy the balance of the kit. A meter of any resistance up> to 100 ohms can be used, as will be explained later. Features of The Kit The complete kit of parts for A photograph of the completed mnl.ti-meter, showing the nine ranges it covers engraved on the panel. tester is shown elsewhere. The basis of the instrument is a Palec 0-1 mil- liammeter - a precision-built, high- grade meter that can be depended on to give high accuracy and trouble-free service. Reads A.C. As Well The meter is fitted with a universal scale, and as it is calibrated both for A.C. as well as D.C., it can be easily converted for A.C. operation as well by adding a four-pole double~throw switch and a small copper oxide rectifier unit. The conversion will be described in a future issue of the "Radio World." Sockets Simplest and Best Nine sockets of a special positive contact type have been used for the various ranges. A multi-contact switch could have been used instead, but on practically all counts the sockets are preferable. A switch that will give trouble-free operation for all time is both expensive and difficult to obtain. In the current ranges especially, the switch contacts must have zero resistance-even a small fraction of an ohm could mean serious error in readings. As well, a multi-contact switch is not easy to wire, but sockets are simple. The two test leads supplied are each fitted with a plug at one end and test prod at the other. The leads are rubber-covered, and, unlike 29 those sometimes supplied with commercial testers, will stand up to plenty of wear . . Assembly Is Straight-Forward The panel is supplied ready drilled and engraved, and all that builders have to do is to mount and wire the parts, when the tester is ready for operation. The multipliers for the four voltage ranges are guaranteed accurate to within 1%, and are specially treated against humidity. -- The leatherette-covered case and carrying-handle, as shown in the photographs, is supplied as an extra. Alternatively, builders could make up a wooden box >in which to house the completed meter. The Circuit Explained Figures 1 (a), (b), and (c) show how the circuit of the tester is built up around a 0-1 m.a. meter. The resistors for the four voltage ranges are calculated from the simple formula given in the previous article: 25'0,000"' 250 v. C::· .-.-.AAJV\JV\/V'tJ"----1 so~n.~~'-AIV'""vv""'rv~---1 IO~n..~JV'VVVVVVVVV-~-t ls ll·llw le 11·11 (&) 400w 400c.> ~~. 4·5v. L,1111J±:<? . COMMON. 10 SCALE 10 THE AUSTRALASIAN ·RADIO WORLD Rl = 1000 E, where Rl is the seriesnresistor and E, the maximum voltage to be measured in each case. Thus, for ranges of 0-10, 0-50, 0-250, and 0-500 volts, series .resistors of 10,000, 50,000, 250,000, and. 500,000 ohms are required. . A sensitivity of 1,000 ohms per volt is obtained on all voltage readings. In -1 (b) is shown the three-range milliammeter circuit, the ranges being O•l, 0-10, and 0-100 m.a. The 70-ohm resistor shown in series with the meter has been included for two purposes. ·Firstly, because of its addition, the resistance of the meter can be regarded as 100 ohms (70 ohms + 30 ohms internal resistance of -meter) . . This means that the resistance of each shunt required is over . three times greater than that needed if the 70-ohm resistor were not included. For instance, - without this resistance the value of the shunt needed for the · 0-10 m.a. range would . be equal to R where R is the meter N-1, resistance, and N the maximum cur- rent (in mills.) to !;>e read. Substituting, this equals 30 = 3.333 ohms. 10-1 Regarding the meter resistance as 100 ohms, however, the shunt value is 100· 10-1 = 11.01 ohms. · Shunts are difficult to wind correct to a tiny fraction of an ohm, and so by using the series resistor any slight deviation from the calculated value is rendered much less important than if the resistor were omitted. This applies particularly · to the 0-100 m.a. range, where without the 70-·ohm ·resistor, a shunt of only .3 of an ohm would be needed. The second reason why this resistor has been included is one that will appeal to· set-builders who have 0-1 milliammeters on hand, possibly of different values of internal resistance to that of the Palec meter used in the kit. By replacing the 70-ohm resistor with one equal in value to l()O ohms minus the internal resistance of the meter on hand, the latter, providing it is a dependable make, can be used equally well, and without any further alteration to the circuit values. Special resistances for this purpose; up to 100 ohms in value, can be obtained from the Paton Electrical · Instrument ·Company. It will be noticed that the connections to the. 10 and 100 m.a. sockets are "open" . until the. test leads are plugged in. __ The same is true for the "Scale 7- 10'.'_ socket of the ohmmeter circuit. . . _ . There are two resistance ranges: 0-10,000 ("Scale + 10"} and 0 0-100,000 ohms ("Scale"). A glance at the circuit will show that, for the latter range, the maximum --resistance that volts August 1, 1936. Z50,ooow ZSOO--'\IV\l\f\l\f\l\r[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]])-j 50,000W MILLS. ~ 70w r-' COMMON Scale+10 Scale (0-10,000..,) (0-100,0~ [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 01:01, 24 May 2020 (UTC)y I OHMS Fig. 2.-The separate circuits shown in figs. 1 (a), 1 (b), and l (c) for the various voltage, current, and resistance ranges are combined above to give the complete circuit used in the tester. can be included in circuit equals 3800 + 70 + 30 + 400 + 400 ohms, = 4,700 ohms. When the 3-cell battery is new, the voltage is approximately 4.65 volts, so when the test prods are shorted, a resistance of 4,650 ohms is needed to give exact full-scale deflection on the meter ( 1 m.a.). In practice, this adjustment is made by shorting the test prods, and setting the 400-ohm potentiometer to full scale reading. Resistances of up to 100,000 ohms can then be read off directly on the meter scale, which has been calibrated on the assumption that a 4.5-volt battery will be used. For the "Scale + 10" range, the 10 m.a. shunt is brought in circuit across the meter. The current that now flows when the test prods are shorted divides into two branches, 1-lOth passing through the 100-ohm branch, and 9-lOths through the 11.11- ohm shunt. The equivalent series resistance of these two resistors in parallel equals 10 ohms. For a cur- rent of 10 m.a., a resistance of 465 ohms is needed to show full scale deflection on the meter (assuming the battery voltage to be 4.65 volts). This value of resistance is obtained by adjusting the potentiometer until a reading of 1 m.a. is registered on the meter. Now, if the meter shows a certain reading, in ohms, when the value of an unknown resistance is being tested, the correct value is obtained by dividing the scale reading by 10, because actually only one-tenth of the current flowing through the resistance is passing through the meter. As the battery ages, its internal resistance increases, and the voltage drops. The potentiometer compensates for this, so that at all times exact readings can be obtained. After six or nine months' use, however, the voltage will fall to about 4.4 volts, and the battery should then be re- placed. Otherwise, resistance readings obtained will not be reliable. The three circuits shown. in figures 1 (a), 1 (b), and 1 (c) are combined in· figure 2 to give the circuit of the multi-range tester. Assembling the Tester The panel is supplied with the sockets already mounted on it, and with the spring contacts of the 10 mill., 100 mill., and "Scale -;- 10" sockets already insulated from the sockets themselves by means of insulating washers. The potentiometer can next be mounted, followed by the meter. Next, the shunts and multipliers, and other fixed resistances, should be mounted on the bakelite resistance panel as shown in the photograph and sketch of the wiring. The panel is next bolted to th~ meter, and wired up. The battery can be mounted last of all, by means of the aluminium strap provided, THE AUSTRALASIAN RADIO WORLD Full details of the wiring arc shown in Jig. :J. . Use fairly heavy gauge push-back, and be careful to make every soldered joint as perfect as possible by tinning all contacts before soldering, and using a hot, clean iron. When the wiring is finished and checked, the meter can be mounted in its case and the panel screwed down. The meter needle is then accurately set to zero by rotating the small milled knob mounted on the instrument. Finally, the test leads are plugged into 'the "Common" and "Scale" soc- kets for resistance measurement, the ends shorted by holding the · test prods together, and the potentiometer knob rotated until an · exact fullscale reading is obtained: The instrument is then ready for use~ ===Kit of Parts=== Nine-Range D~C. Multi~ Meter-Palec Kit of Parts. 1 0-1 m.a. meter, ao ohms internal resistance, with univ<'rsa,l sea le (Palec). 1 10,000 ohm multiplier. I 50,000 ohm multiplier.· I 250,000 ohm multiplier; 1 500,000 ohm multiplier. 2 .shunts (1.01 ohms and 11.11 ohms). 1 70 ohm resistor. 1 3,800 ohm resistor. 1 400 ohm resistor. 1 400 ohm vernier potentiometer with knob. · 1 bakelite resistor panel. 1 ·engraved ebonite panel. 12. sockets (spring type ) .. Pair of test prods, with lead~ · and 'Plugs. 1 4.5v. torch battery (flat type), with .mounting 'strap. · Hook~up wire, nuts· and . bolts. 1 leatherette-covered case. with carrying handle (optional). ==P.31 - Some Don'ts for S.W. Listeners== Some s.w. D9n'ts For Listeners By "Megacycle''.. TUNING a set is an entirely different matter from tuning a regular broadcast receiver. The main reason for this is that short 31 waves have characteristics unlike lho~c of medium waves. Here is a short list of DON'TS which should be of interest to all those who have not had much experience of shortwave DX work. Don't' tune for shortwave stations in the same way as you would tune for broadcast. By rotating the tuning knob quickly you may pass over several stations. The reason for this is due to the exceedingly sharp tuning of the short wavelengths. Don't tune in indiscriminately on the short waves, or you will probably get nothing. Most sets are calibrated in metres or megacycles. Therefore, use a reliable list showing frequencies and schedules of the principal stations, and search for each one in turn. Don't' tune in at the wrong time. Most stations come in only at certain times of the day as well as at certain times of the year. Don't expect to pick up shortwave stations easily. It requires careful tuning to bring in the very distant stations. ==P.31 - Palec Ad== "PALEC" TESTING EQUIPMENT Dependable, Profitable MULTITESTER-AN AL YSER-SELECTOR-V AL VE TESTER- . - ALL~WAVE OSCILLATOR-VACUUM-TUBE VOLTMETER. The above instruments cons'iitute a most complete outfit for the service m1&n or radio laboratory. All units the same size: 7l/2in. x 8%,in., panel 6in. deep. Available singly or in black leatherette covered cases of two or three Units as illustrated. (A) MULTITESTER. DC, AC volts. Current,· resistance, capacity, inductance, impedance, electrolytic condenser capacity and leakage. Power supply built in. 22 ranges. Price ... £13/ 10/-. (B) ANALYSER-SELECTOR. For current, volt~ge, resistance ANALYSIS from any valve socket. Price . . . . . . £2/19/ 6 (C) VALVE TESTER. Tests all American, English and Dutch tubes, including· au 'latest types . . Tests for ·MICRO-LEAKS on HEATED VALVE. Easy read- . jng ·valve tesf chart. Price . . . . . . -. . . . £11/5/- (D) ALL-WAVE OS.CILI;ATOR: I;F . to highest . R.F. by 5 bands of fundamentals. Precision Dial with vernier scale. Attenuates to microVolts ·by new riaduated capacity attenuator; Battery operated. Perfectly shielded. Price . . . . £11/10/- (E) VACUUM-TUBE VOLTMETER.· Reads 50 c.s. to high R.F., a lso D.C. on multi-range direct reading dial. · ls equipped with 150 microamp. meter. Metal measuring tube on 3ft. flexible lead. - No grid leads- no pick-up. Power supply built in. Most advanced design _av;iilable anywhe;re. Price ........ ... . . ... . ... . . £11/ 10/- . AU . Prices are Subject to Sales Tax. Combinations: A & B, £16/1~ -; A, B & C, £26/10/-; A, B & D, £26/10/-, all plus sale8 tax. Other Combinations can be supplied, prices on application. Write for illustrated catalogue of RADIO & CATHODE RAY TEST EQUIPMENT to THE PATON ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT CO. 90 VICTORIA STREET, ASHFIELD, SYDNEY. Telephone: UA 1960. Distributors.- Sydney : Bloch & Gerber, Fox and MacGillicuddy: Lawrence & Hanson. Melbourne: A. H. Gibson (Electrical) Co. Pty. Ltd. New Zealand: The Electric Lamp House Ltd., Wellington. ==P.32 - Radio Step by Step (3)== Radio Step By Step • • • 3 DIRECT AND AL TERNATIN.G CURRENTS The differences between direct and alternating currents are explained in this article-the third of a special series for beginners. So far only one kind of current, that known as direct current, has been considered. There is another variety-alternating current-that is just as important as d.c., if not more so, because the principles governing radio transmission and reception depend on its action. Direct current flows in one direction only, i.e., is uni-directional. Fig. 1 shows a graphical representation o1 a steady direct current of 2 amperes. The time is taken from the moment the switch controlling the circuit in which the current flows, is turned on. Because neither the voltage nor the resistance changes, then from Ohm's E Law (I = -) the current must remain the same, and so it is represented by the straight line "XY." Under certain conditions the current might not remain constant, but no matter how much it fluctuates, as long as it always flows in the same direction, it is still direct current. A.C. Changes Direction Regularly Alternating current, just as its name implies, alternates, or changes its direction of flow from -time to time. Its action can also be best explained graphically. At the point "0" on figure 2, both time and current values are at zero. Starting at this point, the current steadily increases until it attains a maximum value "I," and then it decreases at exactly the same rate until at t]:ie point "X" on the "Time" axis it has fallen to zero. Now it changes its direction and flows the other way. This is shown on the graph by drawing the curve representing its progress below, instead of above, the "Time" axis. Once again, the current . steadily builds up to a maximum value "I," but in the opposite direction this time -and returns to zero again (at the point "Y"). From this point on the whole process is repeated again and again until the circuit is broken. Each completed operation-current starting from zero, building up to maximum, returning to zero, reversing direction and again building to maximum and returning to zero-is termed ii. cycle. If the time taken from "O" t'o "Y" is 1 .second, then the frequency of the current is 1 cycle· per second. If, as shown in the lower portion of the sketch, 5 complete cycles are performed in the 1 second, then the frequency is 5 cycles per second. Most alternating current mains supplies have a frequency of 50 cycles per second. Audio and Radio Frequencies So far we have dealt only with low frequencies, which are measured in cycles. Low frequencies, or audio frequencies as they are often called in i·adio, extend upwards to the upper limit of audibility, which is about 18,000 cycles per second. Frequencies much greater than this are spoken of as high, or radio frequencies, though there is no clear-cut line of division between the two. High frequencies such as those used in radio are measured in kilocycles (thousands of cycles) or megacycles (millions of cycles) per second. Thus station 2FC, transmitting on a frequency of 610 kilocycles per second, has no less than 610,000 cycles of high frequency alternating current flowing in its transmitting aerial every second. Wavelength and Frequency There is a simple relationship between wavelength and frequency that will become obvious after figure 3 has been studied a little. · The length of one complete wave is shown in figure 3(a), where the frequency is one cycle per second. In 3 (b), where the frequency is 5 cycles per second, the wavelength must obviously be one-fifth of what it is in 3(a). It is clear that the more waves there are every second (the greater the frequency, in other words) the shorter is the wavelength. In fact, the two are inversely proportional double one and the other is halved. Speed of Radio Waves All radio waves travel at the same speed-that of light. This is 186,000 miles per second, which is approximately equal to 300,000,000 metres per second. It now becomes clear that if a station operates on a frequency of 1,000 kilocycles per second, which equals 1,000,000 cycles per second, the length of each wave in metres must equal the distance covered in one second divided by the number of cycles per second - in this case, 300,000,000 -7- 1,000,000, which equals 300 metres. So we see that the frequency with which the waves are created governs the wavelength, and if either wave- length or frequency in cycles is known, the other can be found by dividing the known quantity into 300,000,000. (If the frequency is in kilocycles, then 300,000 is the figure to use.) Measuring A.C. Some further qualities of alternating current will ·now be considered. First of all, as a.c. is always changing in value, it is measured in terms of its average, or Root Mean Square, value. This gives in amperes the current which would be required with d.c. to provide the same heating effect. The R.M.S. value of an alternating current is approximately .707 of the peak value. The voltage of an a .c. supply, which alternates in the same way as the current and at the same frequency, is measured in exactly the same way. ;A.C. Superior to D.C. The main advantage of a.c. over d.c. for a mains supply is that it can be easily transformed to any desired voltage. By stepping it up to a high voltage and low current, it can be transmitted over long distances with little loss. Where required, it is easily stepped down again to a lower voltage by a transformer. How a Transformer Works If a direct current is passed through a length of wire, a magnetic field surrounding it is set up, as shown in figure 4(a). This field can be strengthened greatly by winding the wire in the form of a coil, as shown in 4 (b). The lines of force SUI'l'ounding the coil remain steady until the current is cut off, when they collapse and disappear. If a.c. is applied to the winding instead of d.c., it can be seen that the magnetic field will build up and collapse twice for every cycle of the, alternating current, because the a.c. itself builds up and returns to zero twice during every cycle. Now, if we were to place another winding in .close proximity to the first, as shown m 4 ( c), it would be found that the fluctuating magnetic field in the first coil would induce an alternating E.M.F. or voltage in the second. This action is known as mutual induction. The amount of transfer that takes place depends on the degree of coupTHE AUS'rRALASiAN RADlO WORLD ling that exists between the two windings. This can be greatly increased by providing both coils with an iron core, as is done in audio and power transformers. If both coils have the same number of turns, then theoretically the voltage induced in the second will equal that applied to the first. If 250 volts a.c. be put across the primary, which is always the winding across which the voltage is first applied, and the secondary has twice the number of turns the primary has, then a voltage of 500 will be available across the terminals of the secondary. Of course, this is assuming that there are no losses; actually a transformer has an efficiency of about 85 per cent., which means that if a voltage is required to be stepped up b twice its value, slightly more than twice the number of primary turns are needed for the secondary to allow for loss during the transfer. Next month: Inductance and Capacity ==P.33 - The Lighter Side of DX== Some Tit-Bits Of Ham Humour By Leon S. Stone THE following examples of radio humour were culled during DX listening to amateur stations. Some equally funny incidents have happenec'. at times during broadcasts from commercial stations, but unfortunately, I have not recorded them. The hams, naturally, provide the most unintentional humour over the air, owing to the more personal touch in their broadcasts, and to the habit most of them have of absent-mindedly leaving their microphones open to the wide world. DX From Next Door! An amateur station in one of the Sydney suburbs was going full blast belting out a transmission of gramophone records for hours on end late one Sunday evening, in the days when "ham" stations were allowed on the broadcast band before midnight on Sunday. Next day his bellicose neighbour hailed him over the back fence: "Do you know I got six new stations on my set last night?" "Really," replied the "ham" innocently, "what were they?" "Youyou ---," replied a very annoyed listener. Talk about "double spotting"! What's This . "CQ" Station? An N.S.W. ham got a good laugh out of a report from a listener in Queenstown, Tasmania. Verbatim, with original spelling and all, it read: "Sir-I was listening the other night on the shortwave at 9.15 p.m. and I picked up over the waves at such strength that I am curious to know what power you were using. It was coming in at such strength that I had to cut back the volume for good reception. It was as good as 3LO on broadcast. Can you tell me what wave- length CQ is mdng [!] which I heard you callii1g nearly evel'y amateurs I pick up are call for CQ. I remain, yours sincerely, --" Some report! 73 es 88 de YL! Romance is not yet dead, even in the serious (?) atmosphere of amateur experimental stations. Tuning in on the 80-metre band to an N.S.W. ham announcer, I heard: "Stand by, old man, a YL [and any dxer knows what that cryptic couple of letters means!] here wants to speak to you." YL's voice is then heard: "Is that 3 XX? A YW here-one young woman, you know." A nervous little laugh follows. "I can hardly believe you love me." Knowing hams as I do, neither can I! A New Kind Of DX Special. While on the subject of romance (if any) in amateur radio. A married ham operating an experimental station gave himself away properly to the YF. A receiving set is installed in her bedroom so she can comfortably listen to hubby's programmes. During the early hours of one morning one of his girl friends rang the station. Racy conversation between the two continued for close on an hour. The ham (in more senses than one) had blissfully forgotten he had the station "mike" switched on, with the result that the edifying conversation was broadcast to hundreds of listeners as well as to his wife in the next room, who was fuming. It was a very chastened hubby who told himself he would be rather more discreet in future with station 'phone calls particularly from attractive YL's ! A "Low" Station. A Sydney ham has never been allowed by the rest of his fraternity to forget that one morning he announced to another experimenter: "My station is a lower one than youl's". Omission of "wavelength" caused the damage. ==P.34 - Prize-Winning Transmitter Has Worked All Continents== Portable Tests: 5-Metre Schedules: Lakelnba Radio Club Notes and News By W.J.P. THE transmitter shown above is owned and operated by Mr.' Bert Dimmock (VK20W), of Hurlstone Park, and succeeded in winning first prize in the transmitting section at the recent Amateur Radio Exhibition organised by the Wireless Institute of Australia. The transmitter is a conventional four-stage, crystal-controlled job, using a 59 oscillator in a tritet circuit, 46 frequency doubler-buffer; 210 buffer and two 210's in push-pull in the final. The oscillator and doubler power supply is obtained from a 300-volt pack, with a separate supply of 400 volts for the buffer, and a 500-volt pack for the final. Separate filament transformers are used for all the valves in the R.F. side. The popular link coupling is used, both in the intermediate stages. and to the aerial. The aerial is a single wire-fed multiband matched impedance. With this transmitter all continents have been worked (W.A.C.), while all parts of the British Empire have also been contacted (W.B.E.). Genemotors for Country and Portable Work. A party of members of the Lakemba Radio Club, including 20D, 20W, Messrs. Taylor and Langley, recently paid a visit to Mr. J. Buchanan (VK2ABT), a new country amateur at Yerrinbqol, N.S.W. The object of 'the visit was--to test out the efficiency of a genemotor for portable work, and also to investigate the possibilities of 5-metre communication with Verrinbool. Contact was made with 2ABT from a position on the Great Southern Highway, per medium of a portable 40-metre 'phone transmitter. It was most interesting to learn that 2ABT was also using a :genemotor for the power supply, because results were so good that the- car party thought that he was using crystal · control in the transmitter, so pure was the carrier. For the operation of these genemotors a large 6-volt battery is usually required the current drain on the battery being from 1 to 5 amps., ·depending on the type and power output of the genemotor. On the return trip to ,Sydney, the transmitter was kept ''ifr--operatiOn most of the way down. ·'Jt' was noted that the output dropped slightly when it became necessary to switch on the car headlamps, due to the extra load on the battery. However; from tests conducted, indications were that genemotors should prove very popular for portable and country work. Breaking Into 5 Metres. VK20D suggests that for those ·who are breaking into five metres, considerable care -should be taken with the tuning of_ -the receiver, and attempts ·should -be- made to locate harmonics from ·-telephony stations who may be operating on the higher wave- bands. With reference to the receiving aeria-J,-it is a good plan to arrange it in a well elevated position, but to those who"are not so fortunately situated, it is suggested that they try the aerial in various available positions, because - 5-metre signals- have a habit of turning up in the most unexpected places. Should signals be . rather weak on the 5-metre aerial, a good standby is to use a single piece of wire strung vertically for the greater part of its length, which may be up tO 60 feet, attached to the aerial coil, which may be tuned by a 5-plate midget con- denser in a similar way to that described by 2EH elsewhere in this issue. 20D also recommends the new- comer to the ultra-high frequencies to experiment carefully with various aerial systems, once he has his re- -cei ver operating correctly. Further Freak Reception. It was revealed in last month's issue of "Radio World" how the code signals from a ship could be heard through the talkie equipment of a Sydney theatre. According to a club member, Mr. W. G. Picknell, similar "reception" was obtained at Inverell, N.S.W. Patrons of the local picture theatre were astounded to hear, "Hullo CQ! Calling CQ!"-coming from the talkie speakers. Eventually, it was traced to Harry Hutton (VK2HV), whose station was in operation on telephony nearby! How NOT To Send DX Reports. The following is a copy of a DX report received by VK2DL. Reports such as these often cause station operators to literally "tear their ha1r" with rage! The Direct cir, Station VK2DL, April 26, 1936. I am an ardent - listener to shortwave, and often listen to radio broadcasts from foreign stations. At about 7.30 p.m. E.S.T. I tuned in your station and I heard many songs and musical selections- and talks. This is the first time I have heard your station. I hope to be able to pick you up again on my shortwave receiver. The reception was clear and loud. It was satisfactory. I will thank you in advance for a verification card from your station. Good luck to your station. (Signed) Mr .... . ........ , New York, U.S.A. The above report might possibly be satisfactory for reporting to a focal station, but the essential points so necessary for long distance reporting are missing. The time does not state whether it is American or Australian E.S.T., the wavelength is not given, the type of music, titles or announcements have been omitted, also the type of receiver used. Yet reception was clear and loud! ==P.36 - Choosing and Using a Vacuum-Tube Voltmeter (2)== last month the principle upon which the vacuum tube voltmeter operates was - explained, and the features necessary in an instrument designed for service work outlined. In the concluding instalment below, a few of the varied uses of a V.T. voltmeter are indicated. Specially written for the "Radio 'World" by A. H. MUTTON, .B.E. Paton Electrical Instrument Company. JN last month's article, the essential features of a vacuum tube voltmeter designed for radio use were discussed in detail. They can L2 summed up as follows:- (a) The instrument should not require more than about one microwatt of power to operate it, so as to avoid dropping the voltage in the circuit un<l2r test. · (b) It must measure a wide range of voltages to be able to check stage gain. ( c) It must read voltage, independent of frequency. ( d) Its input capacity must be kept at an absolute minimum. Many other features are desirable, but not so important as those above. Fig. 3, which is reproduced from last issue, shows a suitable vacuum tube voltmeter circuit. 6J7 Offers Important Advantages . An improvement consists in using a pentode such as the 6J7. This gives readings independent of plate voltage, which is a great feature for A.C. operation. Also, this metal valve can be located at the end of a flexible lead, so that no wires need be attached to the grid for introducing the voltage to be measured. This keeps input capacity down to that of the valve itself. R2 is a 5-megohm resistance, used solely for maintaining D.C. continuity to the grid, ·so that a bias is supplied to it even when the circuit under test would not do so. It will be assumed in what follows that the vacuum tube voltmeter in use is similar to that qbove, i.e., that it has an input capacity of about 5 mmfd., an input resistance of a very high figure, and a range of measurable voltage, .1 v. to 50 v. The whole secret of using a vacuum tube voltmeter successfully consists in being sure of what is measured. This must be particularly stressed in receiver use. A good vacuum tube voltmeter will measure any voltage supplied to it, R.F., I.F., A.F., or D.C., so it is necessary for the user to see that only that voltage required to be measured reaches it. Isolating the Needed Voltage ·· ' To stop D.C. reaching the voltmeter is simple. Connect a condenser of reasonable size (say, .001 mfd. for R.F. working, and .1 mfd. for A.F. and 50-cycle working) in the lead to the measuring valve's grid-see fig. 4 (a). Ee sure the insulation of this condenser is excellent, or a progressive change in the voltage reading will result, as the leak charges up the grid. To measure A.F. in a circuit containing, say, D.C., A.F., and R.F.-see fig. 4(b)-use a blocking condenser and a low pass filter circuit of the usual type. A 2 m.h. choke with, i CIRCUIT 0'°"'----11 GRID o.· . ! CONTAININC. I I v. T i THE REQD. V · M 1 VOLTAGE ! AND D.C- EARTH (A) :c1Rc.un : .._._.~RIOG ~ i CONTAININC. V. T :o.c.,A+ V·M. L[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]])-~'.L .. I I E_ ARTHT I iroHEA~UR.E.0 0 : THE A•F I (B) i 1CO~TAINING CIRCUIT ~I r ~G - -,~ I o.c., A-F. V·T 1-;;;N~fA[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]])E.·-I EARTH I Y·M ! THE R·F . I (C) FIG.4 .0001 mfd. condensers across the circuit from either side of this choke will be suitable. To measure R.F. where A.F. is present is not so simple, but can be done by stopping the A.F. with a tuned A.F. ·choke, the tuning condenser of which allows the R.F. to pass to the vacuum tube voltmeter-see fig. 4(c) Usually one finds no need for more than a D.C. blocking condenser, as the R.F. or A.F. can generally be stopped elsewhere. Now for some uses. Stage Gain. This is one of the most important of the vacuum tube voltmeter's many uses. As an· example, consider the measurement of I.F. stage gain in a superhet. Fig. 5 will be taken as a normal type of circuit. Proceed as follows: Connect an output meter across the speaker and supply an unmodulated input signal to the set. Tune in the set, using the "mush" of the signal or by temporarily modulating it in some way. Next, connect the vacuum tube voltmeter's grid to . "Y" and its other lead to the chassis. Set the input signal to obtain a small readable signal on the voltmeter. Re-tune the trimmer C2 to see if the voltmeter's capacity is upsetting the circuit. This will be immediately evident on the output meter, which will alter its reading when the vacuum tube voltmeter is connected. Obtain the original reading by re-tuning C2. Next measure the low value unmodulated signal across C2. Now remove the vacuum tube voltmeter and obtain the same output by re-setting C2 to its original value. Next, connect the vacuum tube voltmeter between "Z" and earth, placing- a blocking condenser in the grid ·1ead to the vacuum tube voltmeter. R~-set C4 if necessary to get the same output reading, and measure the amplified voltage. It will be noticed that the gain is not measured by connecting across C4. This is because the voltmeter lead; if attached to the lower side of C4, would introduce extra capacity from this point to earth, and would possibly upset other circuits not shown in this skeleton circuit. Also, it is easier to connect to earth. This connection introduces two extra D.C. voltages between "Y" and the earthed lead of the meter, but the blocking condenser prevents their being effective. A.F. stage gain is much simpler to measure. Simply connect the vacuum tube voltmeter across the input and output of the stage or stages, taking steps to prevent D.C. operating the meter, and measure a constant input signal as found at these two points. If required, various frequencies may be used and a "response curve" of the stage or stages obtained. A.V.C. Voltages. The vacuum tube voltmeter measures these with ease. Before testing, it is wise to remove the 5- megohm grid . resistance from the meter's input circuit as it is not now required and parallels the A.V.C. resistor, effectively reducing its value. There is little to be said about this test. No precautions against unwanted voltages are required. Osciliator Voltages. Connect the meter across the oscillator coil or between the elements of the valve, taking care that D.C. cannot enter the meter's circuit. The capacity · of the vacuum tube voltmeter will alter the frequency slightly, but unless other things in the circuit necessitate it, this need not be allowed for, as the oscillator's output voltage will not be affected. Percentage Modulation Measurements. It is sometimes interesting to know the percentage modulation of a signal arriving at the second detector. It checks the first detector's action and gives a rough check on the source of modulation, i.e., whether the signal TltE AUSTRAtAStAN ltADtO \VOitLt> generator is deeply modulated or not. Connect the voltmeter across the diode resistance in the second detector's circuit and measure the voltage there when the input signal is unmodulated, and also when modulated. The percentage modulation is then given by Percentage modulation = r Voltage (modulated) l I -1 I xlOO l Voltage (unmodulated) J Hum Measurements These can be made at a great many points in the circuit of a receiver, such as across the voltage divider, across the speaker transformer, across the automatic bias resistor of the power valve, and at the input to the power valve. OUT~ PUT METE;R_ FIG. 5 In all cases be careful to prevent D.C. operating the meter, and as far as possible always measure between some point in the circuit and earth. This latter statement might almost be regarded as a law in receiver work. Generally one then finds several voltages sent along to the meter, but one can usually "stop out" the unwanted ones. As an example· of incorrect procedure, consider the measurement of hum at the speaker transformer. Do not connect the vacuum tube voltmeter directly to the transformer's terminals. It is much better to con- nect from the plate side of the transformer to earth, making sure, if necessary, that one is not also measuring the hum in the "B" supply by checking this. If it is large allow for it. Other Receiver Uses Every voltage in the receiver can be checked with a vacuum tube voltmeter, with the aid of a few condensers and resistors. Even the H.T. secondary winding on the power transformer can be tested, by simply using a high resistance voltage divider. For instance, if the vacuum tube voltmeter has an input resistance of 5 megohms and a full scale deflection (Continued overleaf) of 50 volts, it will read to 500 . volts when a 45-megohm resistor is connected in the lead to its grid, since the valve then has applied to it a voltage of one-tenth that applied across the series resistor and the 5- megohm grid resistance. If these values are inconveniently high, lower ones such as input grid resistance of .1 megohm and a series resistance of . 9 megohm may be used. Filament voltages, screen grid voltages, detector voltages-all can be measured with ease. When once one learns to take a few precautions, it is soon found the vacuum tube voltmeter is invaluable as a time-saving service and laboratory aid. ==P.38 - Six-Valve All-Wave Ultimate== Has Many Attractive Features IN New Zealand, locally built receivers share the market not only with Australian-made sets, but also with leading American makes. It is undoubtedly a fine achievement that the Auckland firm of Radio Ltd., in the face of this keen competition, has in the past few years established such a reputation for Ultimate receivers that now they rank with three or four imported makes as best-sellers in New Zealand. Produced in one of the most modern factories in Australasia, Ultimate radios are not only up-to-the-minute in design, but as well are precision built throughout of high quality components. A little over a year ago these sets were introduced into Australia by Messrs. Geo. Brown and Company, of Sydney, and have sold consistently well. Six-Valve All-Wave Model A fairly wide range of A.C. and battery Ultimates is available, including a recently-landed 11-valve twin chassis de luxe model that is attractillg widespread interest. One of the most popular receivers in the A.C. range is the six-valve all- wave model illustrated above. It can be supplied in three different style console cabinets, that shown being the "Baby Grand." To ensure plenty of gain and high selectivity, an r.f. stage has been incorporated. There are three wave- bands instead of- the usual two, giving complete coverage of the short waves from 16 to 130 metres as well as of the broadcast band. Incidentally, this is the model· on which 603 broadcast band stations were logged by J. R. }fain, a New Zealander, in a recent DX . competition conducted in that country.. · · · · The Five Controls The controls (left t'o right) are:- . Combined on/off switch and volume THE AtJS'rRAtAStAN. RADiO WOlttO control, quiet tuning control (for usein localities where power interference is prevalent), main tuning control, three-position wave change switch, and tone control. The tuning control not· only operates . the conventional double-ended pointer, but also a special "logging hand" as well. This hand is a single-ended auxiliary pointer which rotates 16 times faster than the main indicator . By its use, tuning is made both simple and accurate, particularly on shortwave. Three-Colour Dial The dial is illuminated in red on the broadcast band, in blue on the medium shortwave band, and in green on the short waves. For the first band, the dial is calibrated in kilocycles, and in metres for the remaining two. Other Features Among other attractive features of this model can be included the volume and tone control colour indicators; an effective A.V.C. system; high-gain r.f. and i.f .. transformers; and a wave- change switch with additional contacts to short out the unused coils, resulting in a complete elimination of "dead spots" on the dial. ==P.38 - The Month on Shortwave== By '''Alan H. Graham''' RECEPTION during the past month has been fair, conditions being much better in the morning and afternoon than at night. Taken on the whole, stations on the 31-metre band are the most consistent, and almost any morning quite a number can be logged at good speaker strength. Naturally, the Daventry (GSB) and Zeesen (DJA and DJN) transmitters are outstanding - the two last-named having been extremely good this month around 8 a.m. Not far behind comes W2XAF, which is usually quite good until mid-morning, when very bad fading spoils signals. The other Americans are not nearly so good, though W1XK made a welcome re-appearance at reasonable strength on several mornings this week. Another regular on the band is the Rome transmitter 12RO, which is usually at speaker strength. Other stations heard include PRF5, which occasionally comes in splendidly with an entertaining programme of South American music (incidentally, they usually have an English session at 8.30 a.m. on Tuesdays); LKJ1, which is unfortunately heterodyned by W2XAF; HBL and CT1AA. '''Swedish Station Best 20m. Catch.''' The 20m. amateur band is still a source of enjoyment for DX enthusiasts, as splendid "catches" may be made even at the most unexpected times. Generally speaking, the best time for reception is in the late afternoon, although on June 16 four English amateurs (G5VL, G5NI, G6XR and G2NH) were heard on 'phone around 8 a.m. SM5SX, located at the Royal Technical University, Stockholm, Sweden, was the best catch last month - the usual quota of W's, K6's, XE's, VE's, CO's, etc., being logged. The 25m. band is rather unexciting as the usual stations are the only ones audible - Paris (TPA3 and TPA4), Daventry, W8XK and RNE all being fairly regular. '''Zeesen Best on 19 Metres.''' On 19 metres the best reception has been from the Zeesen transmitter, DJB, during the mid-morning period, when they are regularly heard at good speaker strength. W2XAD were also unexpectedly heard on several occasions, at quite fair strength for them, both before and after midday. By the way, reports on this station are eagerly sought after by the station engineers. '''Verifications From America.''' Finally, the last American mail brought a most interesting batch of verification cards. They included the following:- W9XAA. - Frequencies 17,780, 11,830 and 6,080 k.c. Address: 666 Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Ill. "The Shortwave Voice of Labor and Farmer." 20m. amateurs.- HI2K, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic; CO2KC, Habana, Cuba; CO7CX, Central Florida, Cuba; VE50T, Vancouver, Canada; and the Americans W3AHR, W3DPC and W5BEE. 10m. amateurs ('phone).- W3CWG, Lake Hopatcong, N.J.; and W5ERV, Shreveport, Louisiana (operated by Mr. S. H. Powell, who is, in his own words, "65 years young"). ==P.39 - More About the 6L6 Beam Power Amplifier== More About The6L6Beam Power Amplifi~~ In the June issue of the " Radio World" advance details were given of the new 6L6 beam power amplifier. The theory of its operation is covered in the article below published by courtesy of the Amalgamated Wireless Valve Company1 Ltd. - - THE Radiotrori 6L6 is -a n~w type of tetrode intended for use in the power output stage of an A.F. amplifier. Unlike most earlier double grid valves, the 6L6 does not exhibit any secondary emission effects at low plate and control grid voltages; p Gz flG. 20 t Ec2 o:--00:48, 24 May 2020 (UTC)--"=-..,.....,..-=::;;.J 1~-~-~-=""""',,,_~aJ-M_'--M~--<~ flG. io ·GRID ----- SCREEN FIG. 3 SKETCH SHOWING FORMATION BY GRID WIRES OF BEAM SHEETS its characteristics, therefore, resemble those of the usual power output pentodes. Some unique features of the 6L6 are high power output, high efficiency, and high power sensitivity. The Pentode Suppressor Grid. When the plate voltage of the usual tetrode is less than the screen voltage, an appreciable number of secondary electrons, which are emitted from the plate be- cause of bombardment by primary electrons, are attracted to the screen. The plate current, therefore, is greatly reduced. For this reason, the plate voltage of the usual tetrode should not swing below the screen voltage if the output is to be substantially free from distortion. A zero potential suppressor grid (G,), positioned between screen (G,) and plate (P), serves to prevent the loss of plate current due to -secondary emission. Hence, in a pentode, the plate voltage (Eg) can be made less than the screen voltage (Eg,) without appreciable secondary emission effects. The manner in which a suppressor prevents secondary emission loss in plate current can be explained by fig. lA. When the suppressor is connected to the cathode, the potential of the suppressor wires is zero, and the potential of the spaces between the wires is positive by an amount depending upon the geometry of the valve and the applied. voltages. The effect is, therefore, to reduce the potential at all points between the screen and plate. Fig. lA shows the approximate potential distribution between the screen and plate of a pentode for various plate voltages. When Eb is greater than a certain critical value (Eib) a potential minimum is formed in the vicinity of the suppressor. When the difference between the plate voltage and the potential at the suppressor (Eb'-Eb11 ) is great enough, secondary electrons from the plate are not attracted to the screen, but return to the plate. Consequently, for all values of Eb greater than Eb1 there is no appreciable loss in plate current due to secondary emission. Under these conditions the plate current is nearly independent of plate voltage. Fig. lB shows the plate characteristic of a typical pentode. The knee between Eb and Ebr is rounded, due mostly to the. non-uniformity of the field around Ga, giving no definite value of Ebr where the plate current begins to become independent of plate voltage. There are several other factors which govern the sharpness of the knee, such as the shapes, sizes and uniformity of the grids and cathode. Much of the distortion of the field occurs at the grid side rods. The ideal curve (dotted in fig. lB) would have a greater usable range of plate voltage, with reduced third-harmonic distortion. The 6L6 dispenses with a physical suppressor in order to reduce secondary emission effects. Suppression is obtained by creating a potential minimum between G, and plate by space charge effects. The electron stream to the plate is confined to a beam whose electrons have nearly uniform path lengths and velocities. Such a design results in a plate characteristic that has a relatively sharp knee at low plate voltage. The Virtual Cathode. If we had a valve in: which each electron traversed the same distance in the same time on its journey from cathode to plate, many of the pentode difficulties could be obviated. Consider s'ijcl1 a tetrode. Apply a 6 5 "' .... >- < ~ I >- " 0.4 >- " 0 a: w ~ 0 a. 3 -;;;- 10~ - "' ,_ ..J 0 > 5 ~ z " • 14 >- 12z w u 0~ a. ' z 8 0 >- a: 0 6 >- !':! 0 4 0! z 0 ::; a: 2 <( :r iii 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 LOAD RESISTANCE - OHMS 6 7 voltage to its screen, and a lower voltage to its plate. Shifting the plate further from the screen under those conditions gives a set of potential grade curves as in fig . 2A. After a distance D,, there is found to be a point of minimum potential between screen and plate, which tends to repel secondary electrons, preventing their passage to the screen. In simpler words, the cloud of electrons set free by bombardment of the plate has been moved out beyond the reach of the screen grid's positive field. If, then; the plate voltage is increased, the cloud extends further inward toward the grid, but owing to the increased intensity of the plate's positive field, it is not sufficiently negative to set up a current from plate to screen, but simply retards the normal flow of plate current, making it practically independent of plate voltage. Below t he critical voltage, at distances of either D, or D, (figs. 2B, 2C), the cloud is not present in any large extent, its electrons being drawn to the screen grid by its positive potential. Thus there is a sharp falling-off of plate current at a critical voltage, after which a negative current may flow. By increasing the distance to D:i (fig. 2D), it. is found that a region of minimum potential (Mi, M, P min.) exists for all values of plate potential, and that the cloud of electrons is always present, even at very low values of plate potential. Thus the field between the plate and screen has a region of low potential which effectively ·prevents the production of further secondary electrons, in much the same way as t he suppressor of a pentode. The resulting tetrode, however, has a much sharper knee at Eb1 in fig. 2D than has a pentode. The cloud of electrons near t he positively-charged plate is, in ,effect, a virtual cathode, the position of which is changed by varying the control grid voltage or the plate potential. With the correct screen t o plate distances, the potential of P min. can. be made just enough to suppress secondary emission effects. The plate then acts as a diode plate, which reaches a saturation current when its potential reaches · Eb1, after which there remains an almost constant potential grade between the virtual cathode and plate. If the screen volta$·e is i'edu·ced, 01° the control grid voltage made more negative, the density of the cloud of electrons becomes less, and the diode saturates at a lower value of plate voltage. The voltage at which the knee occurs depends either on the screen voltage or the control grid bias. Radiotron 6L6. To simulate the ideal conditions of the hypothetical valve discussed above, the electron streams must be focussed into some form of parallel "beams." In the 6L6 this has been done by carefully winding the two grids with the same pitch, and even more carefully aligning them so that each turn of the screen grid lies exactly outside that of the control grid along a line perpendicular to the cathode. In pentode valves, the grid side rods do much to disturb the field near the plate. To overcome such effects in the 6L6, two side plates, called "beam forming plates," have been placed at the sides of the grids in the plane of the virtual cathode, as shown in fig. 3. Being held at cathode potential, these plates effectively screen the plate from the field of the side rods of the screen grid, and deflecting the "beams" into paths very nearly perpendicular to the axis of the cathode after passing the screen. Fig. 3 illustrates the combined effect. 1'Ht AUS'ftlALASlAN tlADlO WOtlLD It must be noted that the screen current is greatly reduced, as few electrons flying from the cathode are caught by its field. A saving of overall power input thus results, and the efficiency is high. The careful design of the valve generally, coupled with the large cathode, . has given a very high value of mutual conductance-4,300 micromhos, at 175 volts screen and a negative control grid bias of 12.5, and 250 volts plate potential. The sensitivity for this reason is very high, and only small grid swings are necessary for high output under most conditions. While the overall distortion for a given output is less with Radiotron 6L6 than a single 42 type pentode, at higher outputs, which would seriously overload the latter valve, the predominant harmonic produced by the 6L6 is the second. When used in push-pull this can be nullified, and far greater outputs at low distortion are !JOssible when the valve is operating along its optimum load line. Operation of Radiotron 6L6. In Table I are given a number of operating conditions, both for single valve and push-pull. Conditions Nos. 1, 2, 6 and 7 are those most likely to be used by receiver manufacturers, who must necessarily consider the required power input to plate. The power supply is most generally the limiting factor. · TABLE 1 August l, 1936. Condition 6, giving 14.5 watts output with 2 % distortion and with a grid swing of 32 volts peak, should prove of service in any large receiver. Where fidelity is required, there must always be a reserve of output power. Radiotron 6L6 offers a method of obtaining that without resorting to abnormally high voltages. The other conditions, Nos. 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, should prove very useful to the maker of P.A. equipment or cinema sound equipment. ==P.42 - For Radio Mechanics== Special Training Class THE Marconi School of Wireless, conducted by Amalgamated Wireless at 97 Clarence Street, Sydney, has organised an intensive course of instruction for youths who wish to become radio mechanics. The course comprise,s a daily lecture on the theory of electricity and radio, with special application to receiving sets, the rest of the day being devoted to practical work. Students will be instructed in assembling, wiring and testing, and also in the use of tools. The intention is to start the class on August 3 and to terminate in February, 1937, when the busy season of radio manufacture is about to commence. The Marconi School has recently been enlarged in order to accommodate the increasing number of students in various classes. ==P.43 - The All-Wave All-World DX News== '''The All-Wave All-World DX News''' '''Official Organ of the All-Wave All-World DX Club.''' '''Club Is Proving Highly Popular.''' Every DX fan in Australia must have wanted a DX Club to join, and a DX Contest to take part in, if the letters that have been rolling in lately from all parts of the Commonwealth are anything to go by! This letter, from Leon S. Stone, of Gordon, N.S.W., is typical of dozens more:- "I must say the Membership Certificate is certainly a neat one. I must also compliment you on the badge, which I consider exceptionally striking and effective. It looks and is a high-class job that anyone would be proud to wear. It is really much superior to what I expected. "Re the Club. It is a worthy organisation of great value to the dxer to run hand in hand with A.R.W., and I am sure it is going to be - if not already - most popular. "Thanks for the specimen report form - a very useful idea indeed and a wonderful time-saver for any dxer. It is also very handy, as it sets the seal of an 'Official' report on any sent to stations, with an increased chance of getting an acknowledgement. For this reason the idea of giving each member an Official Receiving Station Call Sign is an excellent one, of which I heartily approve." '''The Right One At Last.''' Another reader, writing from Ipswich, Queensland, says: "The All-Wave All-World DX Club is just what has been needed in Australia for a long time. I have wasted no end of money in buying different magazines and at last I have come across the right one. I can say it is very popular here in Ipswich. I have been praising it to everyone I see or talk to about dxing, and have given my newsagent a permanent order for it." It goes without saying that support as enthusiastic as this is always highly appreciated, not only because it proves that a magazine like the "Radio World" was badly needed in Australia, but because the more support that is forthcoming, the greater is the service that can be given to readers. '''More Members Wanted.''' This applies particularly to the All-Wave All-World DX Club. Every application for membership that is received means that just a little more can be done for those who have already joined. If every dxer who has joined or who is about to join persuaded several friends to send in applications too, the Club would have a thousand or more members in no time. With the membership at this figure, there would be no end to the competitions and little "stunts" that could be arranged for members. '''All-Wave DX Contest.''' In the conditions governing the Contest, published last month, it is stated that "the Contest is an all-wave one, but broadcast stations only count - not commercials or amateurs." A correspondent asks whether the word "commercial" includes "B" class stations, which are run along commercial lines. The term does not apply in this case - what is meant are stations whose broadcasts are purely commercial in character, such as ship and aeroplane stations, etc. ===Application for Membership=== ALL-WAVE ALL-WORLD DX CLUB Application for Membership The Secretary, All-Wave All-World DX Club, 214 George Street, Sydney, N.S.W. Dear Sir, I am very interested in dxing, and am keen to join your Club. The details you require are given below: Name.......................................................... Address....................................................... [Please print both plainly.] ................................. .............................................................. My set is a................................................... [Give make or type, number of valves, and state whether battery or mains operated.]............................................ I enclose herewith the Life Membership fee of 3/6 [Postal Notes or Money Order], for which I will receive, post free, a Club badge and a Membership Certificate showing my Official Club Number. (Signed) ................................................... [Note: Readers who do not want to mutilate their copies of the "Radio World" by cutting out this form can write out the details required.] ==P.44 - DX Champion Logs 600 Stations in Five Years== Following a recently-held New Zealandwide DX contest, Mr. J .. R. Bain, of Marton, was declared DX champion of N.Z. In the following article, written specially for the "Radio World," he tells readers how he built up his 600-station log. A reception report from the author to this station at Wilnu, Poland, brought this photograph in return as a vel"ification. I first started dxing early in 1931, just after purchasing my first set- a four-valve t.r.f. Ultimate. It was a battery-operated model, as I was living in the backblocks of Taranaki then, where mains power was not available. Valves used were a 442 screen-grid r.f. stage, 415 detector, 409 first audio, and 443 power valve. , The aerial was an inverted "L", 100 feet long, 45 feet high, and running north to south. The earth consisted of a five-foot pipe driven well down into moist soil. As is usual with the owner of a .new set, I was keen to see what my new four-valver would do, and after logging all the New Zealand and most of the Australian stations, I concentrated on the weaker signals. To avoid disturbing other members of the household when I was dxing late at night, 'phones were sometimes used. After several months, I started dxing in earnest. My first overseas report was sent to KFOX, Long Beach, California, and the next two to 3KZ and 3GL in Victoria. From then on I was kept busy making out reports, and looking forward to the arrival of overseas mails. Most of the world's broadcast stations are located in U.S.A., and my locality must have been a good . one for them, because in six months I had sent reports to 100. On occasions, when conditions were good, I would stay up all night to pick up Eastern stations or other stray ones that might have been testing, or on a special programme. I would consider it a very poor night's dial-hunting if I didn't get at least three or four new Joggings. Towards the end of 1933 I shifted to Marton, an inland town about 200 miles north of Wellington. ·Mains power was available here, so I bought a six-valve a.c. Ultimate superhet, and . carried on dxing. Like the battery set, this also gave excellent results, so that last year I was able to win the "N.Z. Radio Record" DX Challenge Cup with a verified log of 603 overseas stations. Previously, while operating the battery set, I won the "N.Z. Radio Times" Battery Cup twice. Some Hints for Newcomers After one becomes keenly interested in dxing, one soon finds which months of the year are most suitable for the reception of stations in each country. For instance, during the winter months the Americans are heard at good volume from 4.30 till 7.30 p.m., but in the summer they are heard better from 11.30 p.m. till 3 a.m. European stations come in well during the spring and autumn, but at other times of the year they arc hardly worth bothering about. On the other hand, the Eastern stations are heard practically all the year round, so it will be seen that one can be on the lookout for new loggings all the year round. When reporting to stations, to ensure a verification one must give every detail that will be of interest to the station engineers, and I can advise nothing better than the use of the All-Wave All-World DX Club report forms. These forms cover everything, and the station officials can see at a glance just how the transmission was received. If is always advisable to enclose return postage to the New Zealand and Australian stations. In the case of more distant stations, I have sent an I.R.C. only on very rare occasions; in fact, several stations have returned the coupon, saying that they did not accept postage when a detailed report was sent, as they were only too pleased to know how their transmissions were getting out. Then again, one must not be disappointed if an occasional station fails to acknowledge a report, as several circumstances must be taken into consideration. For instance, a powerful station such as KFI has a daily mail running into thousands of letters. Is it any wonder if one gets overlooked? Or, in the case of a foreign station, a letter may be lost in transit, or perhaps no one at the station can read or write in English. Then again, there are one or two stations that definitely refuse to "verify reception"; but these, I am pleased to say, are few and far between. I have found it a good idea to enclose a folder or booklet of views with THE AUSTltALASiAN llAJJl() WORLD each report. Distant stations are always interested in anything of this nature, and very often send in return some photos or views of their station or locality. I have built up a very fine collection of cards, letters, and photos, all received from B.C. stations.· In addition to the pleasure I have had from dxing I have also made many friends in all parts of the world, and regularly receive letters from them. Also, I have built up a fine collection of stamps. In conclusion, to be a successful dxer and build up a good log, one must have a good receiver and a good locality, plenty of patience and a tolerant family. Anyone seeking information on broadcast band stations need only drop me a line at 97 Princess Street, Marton, N.Z., and I will do all in my power to assist them. ==P.46 - "Card-Hunting" is Not Sole Aim of Dxing== By M.T.H. IN the early days of radio, a broadcasting station was very seldom heard at a distance greater than some 500 miles. Under such circumstances the"· owners of radio stations were very interested in receiving information concerning both strength and the steadiness of reception at distant points. It enabled them to determine the extent of their "area of effective service," and also, the effect of atmospheric conditions upon this service. It can be readily seen from these considerations that the tireless efforts of early enthusiasts were of great importance to the success of radio entertainment. To-day, the supplying of such information is a hobby which yearly gains more enthusiastic adherents. Mo~t broadcasting stations send a "Reception Verified" card to all those who give them helpful information, and the <:ol!ection of such cards has become a matter of keen competition. Reports Must be Complete There is a danger to-day, however, that this hobby may degenerate into a form of tai·d collecting, and nothing more,, 'As an instance, :;;tations occasionilly rel'eivc report;; running :;omethinir like thi~: "I heard your station last night; it was coming in like a local. Please send me a card, ., ., ' etc." Needless to say, this sort of thing debases the hobby, and could ultimately lead to its extinction. It is necessary, therefore, that every report sent to stations should be of service to them and to radio as a whole. This is the whole aim of dxing. The verification card is a reward for service rendered, and should not be regarded as the sole object of dxing. Preparing a Report Intelligent and accurate reports are undoubtedly of great assistance in determining the occurrence and duration of fading, the intensity of signal strength, and, perhaps, most important of all, the quality of speech and music. In forwarding reports to distant stations there are several essentials to be borne in mind. 1. Set down the time and date of reception, and also the frequency if possible. It is quite unnecessary to give every item you hear, but make sure you get at least half a dozen if conditions permit. If possible, quote titles in preference to saying that a "piano item" was heard, "a lady was singing," or "a band was playing," etc. Station engineers prefer to get the name of the item itself, the name of the orchestra, the composer, or the artist which enables them to verify definitely. 2. Next comes the readability (QSA) and strength of signals (R), as well as the quality. Many are apt to exaggerate when giving these particulars. Do not tell a station you heard them at RS, when in reality they were only R4. Misleading re- · August l; 1936. ports concerning strength are useless. The object of a report is not to let the engineers know what a wonderful receiver you have for DX, but to inform them how their signals are getting out. Weak and disturbed signals may not be due to your receiver, but to several other things; e.g., the time at which you hear the station or the · 1ocal climatic conditions. Both these factors affect reception to some ex- tent, hence the importance of stating as nearly as possible the volume and clarity of signals. 3. Pay particular attention to fading, and mention whether the carrier wave is steady or swinging at the same time, being careful to make sure your own aerial is not swinging. 4. Describe as accurately as you can the weather conditions at the time of reception, giving temperature and barometer readings (if available), direction of wind, and other details. If dxers follow the above instructions and give some details as to the set used, length and height of aerial, etc., they will have the satisfaction of knowing their report is a helpful one. Postage should be enclosed where possible. Some Shortwave DONT'S. Don't expect to log all the stations in the world the first day you have your set. You must become used to your receiver and know just how to tune it, and this takes time and patience. It is best to try for the more powerful stations first, as they will be the easiest ones to pull in. Don't expect to receive the same station every day, as conditions in the upper reaches of the earth's atmosphere cause reception conditions to change constantly. There are occasions when you will pick up a station with excellent volume, but perhaps a few days later you will not be able to bring in the station at all. Don't expect to get stations instantly. A station may be coming in well one minute, but during the next you may scarcely hear it. This is one reason why · patience and slow tuning are necessary. Don't use a make-shift aerial. Only the best and most carefully-installed types will bring in shortwave stations satisfactorily. A doublet is always well worth while on the short waves. Don't become discouraged. Every new shortwave listener, before he has become familiarised with the vagaries of short waves, is apt to become disheartened when trying out a new set. ==P.47 - Identifying Shortwave Stations== Chimes, bells, horns, cuckoo calls-these are just a few of the many and varied interval signals used by shortwave stations throughout the world to enable listeners to identify their transmissions easily. A list of these signals used by the more powerful stations is given below. By H. I. JOHNS. LISTENERS often find it difficult to identify foreign shortwave stations, especially those where. the English language is very little used. For instance, some of the South American stations do not announce their actual call-signs in English, but in Spanish. Similarly, French and Russian stations use their own languages when announcing. Fortunately, however,· most of these stations now use what are known as interval signals which enable listeners to identify them easily. A list of these signals used by the more powerful stations will now be given. From the Empire stations (Daventry) a tuning whistle is sounded for at least fifteen minutes before the opening announcement. Next, Big Ben will be heard, and then the announcer will inform listeners . that "This is London calling you." These well-known stations, which always close with "God Save the King," will be found on the 19, 25 and 31-metre bands. When tuning into a German station one will hear chimes, consisting of eight notes of an old German folk song, frequently repeated, for about fifteen minutes before the station's announcements. Then follows: "Dear friends and listeners abroad." These stations also announce in Spanish, and close down with the German national anthem and Nazi hymn. Finally, the chimes will be heard once again. · The French station, "Radio Coloniale" (FY A) and now known as TP A2, TP A3 and TP A4, always opens up with the "Marsellaise." The call-sign will not be heard, but instead the announcement, "lei Paree, Radio Coloniaie." The station closes with "Bon soir mesdames, bon soir, mademoi- sell~s bon soir, messieurs," followed by the "Marsellaise." From -Paris we go to 2.RO, Rome, which announces "Radio Roma Napoli." This is given by a lady an- nouncer, the interval signal being a nightingale singing. The station closes with the Fascist hymn. Another station in Rome is HVJ, Vatican City, which opens with a metronome beating for five minutes. Then will be heard the striking of the bells ·of St. Peter's, followed by the announcement, "Pronto Radio Vaticano. Wave length 50.26 metres. Laudetur Jesus Christus." The station remains on the air for fifteen minutes only. A well-known station in Portugal is CTlAA, Lisbon, which uses three cuckoo calls as an interval signal. The announcement is, "CTlAA, Radio Coloniale." This station can be heard on Wednesdays, Fridays and Sundays, on the 31 m. band, but only during the winter. Turning next to Switzerland, we have HBL and HBO, which together with several other stations are known as "Radio Nations," Geneva, Switzerland. Announcements are made in English, Spanish and French. ORK, Belgium, which transmits interesting programmes heard daily in the early morning, is known as "Belradio." The announcement is,, "lei Bruxelles emission s·pecials pour la Congo par Ia station de Ruysselede,'' and the station closes with "La Brabaconne." Station OER2 in Austria can also be heard in the early morning. The an- nouncement is, "Hello, Hier Radio Wien," and also "Hello, hello, this is radio station OER2, Vienna, Austria." A metronome is used for the interval signal. Station EAQ (30.4 m.) in Spain, announces in English and Spanish after every item, the announcement in Spanish being-"Estacion Ay-Ah-Coo (EAQ), Madrid, Espana!' This station is on the air daily, but is heard only during the winter. Perhaps the best-known station throughout the world to shortwave listeners is PHI, Holland. Announcements are made in English, Dutch, Malay, German, French, Spanish and Portuguese, all by the same announ- cer. Listeners will hear, "Hullo, hullo, PHI, Holland," also "This is Huizen." This station, which is known as the "happy station" among shortwave listeners, closes with the Dutch national anthem. PRF5, in Brazil, is known as "La Presse Nacional," the announcement being "You are listening to shortwave station PRF5-F for Friday." They also give the station's longitude and latitude. RNE, the Russian station, on 25 metres, always opens and closes with the playing of the "International." You will hear, "This is Moscow calling on a wave length of 25 metres, 12,000 kilocycles, Workers of the World." All American stations can be identified by the prefix "W." The callsigns are given every fifteen minutes, preceded in nearly all cases by the striking of three gongs. Shortwave stations in America which operate from or in conjunction with a broadcast station, give announcements as follows: "Westinghouse stations WBZ, WBZA and shortwave station WlXK." W2XAF on 31 metres is known as "The Voice of Electricity,'' the an- nouncement being, "This is WGY and W2XAF." Each programme is opened with a broadcast from the noise of a discharge of 10 million volts. \VSXAL's announcement is, "The Nation's Station, WLW, and short- wave station WSXAL." W9XF-"Your station is W9XF, Chicago, Illinois, operating on 6,100 kilocycles." The call-sign, etc., is also given out in several different languages. VK2M:E, Australia, is known a s THE AUSTRALASIAN RADIO WORLD "The Voice of Australia,'' the identifying signal being the well-known laug·hter of the kookaburra, Australia's famous bird. The station always closes with "God Save the King." VPD has no interval signal, but the announcer will be heard to say, "Hullo listeners, this is station VPD, Suva, Fiji,'' before almost every item. VK3ME opens with clock chimes and closes with "God Save the King." The South American stations are the hardest to identify, as the ma- jority do not give their call-signs in English but only in Spanish. HJlABB is known as "La Voz de Barranguilla," the call-sign in Spanish being "Acha hota und ah bey, bey." The interval signal consists of three chimes. HJ2ABA will be heard as "La V oz de! Rais." HJ3ABD-the name of this station is "Ecos de Calle," and the announcement is "Atcha kah effch." The identifying signal consists of strokes on a gong. August 1, 1936. HJ5ABD's call will be given by the announcer as "Achay jay sinks ah bay day." HCJB, which is heard daily broadcasting in English and Spanish, _ is "Le Voz de los Andes" (the Voice of the Andes). It can be identified by a two-tone chime. HC2RL, known as "Quinta Riedad,'' calls "Hullo America" both in English and Spanish. It closes with the Ecuadorian national anthem. OAX4D is heard well on Thursdays and Sundays on 51 metres. The announcement, "La Voz de Peru, Radio, D.U.S.A." is given in English and Spanish. XEBT is another well-known station and can be easily identified by the blowing of a motor horn, like very fast cuckoo calls, repeated twice. Also listeners will sometimes hear a siren blowing, similar to that on a fire engine. The station signs off with that beautiful sacred song, "Ave Maria." ==P.48 - Universal Time Conversion Indicator== How to Assemble and Use It EvERY radio enthusiast will find the Radiotron Universal Time Conversion Indicator issued as a free supplement to this issue, invaluable in obtaining time differences between various parts of the world. To assemble it, the large circle should be carefully cut out around its outside edge. The small circle is also cut out, just inside the red line forming the circumference. Two discs of fairly heavy cardboard are also re- quired, of the same diameters as the cut-out circles. The latter are then glued to the discs, the smaller one placed evenly over the larger, a paper fastener passed through the centre, and the Indicator is ready for opera- tion.· Alternatively, both discs can be fastened to a convenient spot on a wall with a drawing-pin passing through their centres. Using the Indicator To obtain the time in any country when it is, say, 8 p.m. in Sydney, set "N.S.W." opposite 8 p.m., and then times in othe1· parts of the world can be read off. For example, the Indicator shows it is t hen 7.30 p.m. in South Australia and Northern Territory, 7 p.m. in Japan, 6 p.m. in West Australia, and 9.30 p.m. in New Zealand. The only country of any importance from a radio point of view that is ahead of Sydney in regard to time is New Zealand, which is H hours ahead during winter. During summer, when Daylight Saving is in force, the time difference increases to 2 hours. Some Further Examples In big continents there are several divisions of time. In the United States there are four belts-Pacific, Mountain, Central and Eastern. These arc 18, 17, 16, and 15 hours behind Sydney time, respectively. Australia has three belts, Western Australia and Central Australia being two hours and half an hour respectively behind Sydney time. All these differences are shown by the Indicator. Allowance For Summer Time Summer time is observed in some countries, notably Argentine, Belgium, Brazil, France, Great Britain, Holland, Portugal, and Roumania. During the Australian winter, the time in these countries is advanced one hour, fo1· which due allowance should be made. ==P.49 - All-Wave DX Contest Arouses Widespread Interest== List of Prizes Give11 Below Ineludes Kit-Sets, Multi-Range Teste1• and Aerial K.its. T IIE announcement of the All-\Vave DX Contest in last month's "Radio World" has brought in dozens of letters from readers anxious to take part in the competition. Judging by their enthusiasm, station officials in all parts of the world are going to have a busy time during the next few months checking up on reports and · sending back verifications ! Thanks to the generosity of leading advertisers in the ''Radio vVorld," over thirty pounds' worth of prizes have already been donated for distribution among the winners. 'rhere will be two sedions in the Contest, one for Australian and one for New Zealand dxers. Details of the prize list are as follows:- AUSTRALIAN SECTION. First Prize : . . .... . .. ... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Radiokes "Moneysa ver" Kit-Set (value £9/17/ 6). (Kit donated by Radiokes Ltd., except /01· condenser gang an(l wave-change switch, given by Stroniberg-Carlson (A'sia) Ltd.) Second Prize: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' l.936 Master Five'' (Complete Velco kit of parts, value £6) . (Donated by .Messrs. A. J. Veall Pty. Ltd., Melbourne .) Third Prize: .... . .. . . . ...... .. . Palec Nine-Range D.C. Multi-Tester (value £5). (Donated by the Paton Electrical Instrnment Company, Sydney.) Fourth Prize: . .. . .. ... . . ..... .. Noisemaster All-Purpose Aerial Kit (value 52/6). (Donated by Antenne:x; (A'sia) Agenc1:es, Sydney.) NEW ZEALAND SECTION. First Prize : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kit of parts for complete receiver (type will be published next month). (Donated by Messrs. F . J. W. Fear & Co., Wellington, N.Z.) Second Prize: ..... . .. ... . . ... . . Noisemaster AllPurpose Aerial Kit (value 52/6). (Donated by Antennex (A'sia) Agenc·ies, Sydney). Further additions to both prize lists may be published next month. . Every prize-winner will also receive an Award Certificate in twocolonrs, printed on parchment, while six Certificates of Merit will be awarded for the six best logs entered, apart from those of the prize-winners. ==P.50 - DX News and Views== '''A page for letters from DX readers.''' '''Wants To Exchange QSL Card''' I would like to congratulate you on your fine paper "Radio World." I look forward to getting my copy of it every month. I have a QSL card of my own, and would like to exchange it with anyone anywhere. Wishing the "Radio World" every success in the future.- '''C. R. Landrigan''' (Camperdown Road, Terang, Vic.). '''Fine 10-Metre DX''' Following is a list of loggings for the past week - mostly on 14 m.c. (20 metres) c.w.:- W6CXW, W6ITH ('phone Q5, R9), W6LDP, WE1EA, W7BUB, W9POS, OZ2M, J2CL, UK3AA, PACE, G5RS, G60S, U9MF, KA1SP (7 m.c.), XU3RY, OH5MR, OZ5BK, EI8B, W2LU, KA1ER (7 m.c.), W2HSD, U2ME, PAHG, W6HR, K6AKP, W410, F8NY, W9KJP, K6LBH. Some time ago I heard the following on 28 m.c. (10 metres):- ZL1GX, W6GZU, ZL3AB, VK3YF, AS1H, VK6SA, HJ3AJH, J2HJ, and VK6MN. Also, VK6FO used to be regular, but have not heard him for some time. My total log, including VK's and ZL's, must be around about 1,000 stations. I have not sent many reports out, but have about 30 cards. I have received from ZBW, Hong Kong, a very nice card, showing views of the studio, station and transmitter.- '''Len. Burston''' (Wangaratta, Vic.). '''Airways Station Heard''' The stations which I have heard with my 4-valve battery set, with an aerial 60 feet long and 30 feet high, are as follows:- Daylight stations: 3AR, 2FC, 5CK, 2CO, 7NT, 5CL, 2BL, 3LO, 3GI, 5RM, 2GB, 3UZ, 3BO, 2UE, 2GZ, 3HA, 2KY, 3DB, 2CA, 2UW, 2WG, 3KZ, 2CH, 2NC, 2WR, 2SM, 3AW, 2GN. Night: 2YA, 1YA, 4YA (New Zealand from about 5 p.m. onwards), 6WF, 4QG, 5DN, 6AM, 5PI, 7LA, 2HD, 4MK, 3TR, 6IX, 4BK, 5AD, 2MO, 2KO, 3XY, 4CA. These are the stations which I have noted down as having heard their calls since I bought the set in September last. Amateurs I have received include VK2YW, Wagga; VK2EI, Leeton, and VK2KD, Temora. Recently I picked up a station on about 5PI's wavelength. I heard a male announcer asking- "How long before you will be landing? Over, over." A little later- "You will be landing in about 15 minutes; see you later; OK, ---," a name which l could not get; possibly the name of the machine. A few days later I saw by the papers that an Airways 'plane had to return to Cootamundra aerodrome on account of bad weather, so, possibly, that's what I heard. Also, a station has been heard near 2FC - I think it is KZRM, Manila. I picked it up on Sunday night at about 10.45 p.m.; it was QSA4 and R6, for about half an hour. No call was given, but the announcer spoke with an American accent.- '''C. D. Moller''' (Coolamon, N.S.W.). '''Two-Valve Battery Shortwaver''' My receiver is a two-valve battery s.w. receiver, 30 detector, 32 output, using resistance coupling. It is of my own construction. The antenna is of the inverted "L" type - 25-foot lead-in around the skirting-board, and a 25-foot flat top, 10 feet high, pointing to N.W. I use no earth. Since winding the 20-metre coil three days ago I have heard several stations, the best being VPD (22.94 m.) and W7ALZ calling 4JU and W6FQY. W6FQY can generally be heard at 4.20 p.m. The W6's come in best here. I use "cans" for s.w. reception. Wishing your excellent radio journal all the best.- '''Jack Harrower''' (Seddon, Melbourne, Vic.). '''500 Stations In Six Weeks''' I have received over 500 stations in the past six weeks - mostly amateurs on 20 metres, but including a couple of Japanese stations, XGOA, and KZRM on broadcast band. I wish to congratulate you on the '"Radio World," and here's hoping you keep up the good work. It is the best radio book I have seen, and I have a standing order for it at my newsagent.- '''W. Pearson''' (Malvern, Victoria). '''Foreign Stations On 49 Metres''' "I wish to acknowledge having received my Club Certificate and Badge, and to commend you on the smart design of both badge and certificate. Also, the Report Forms are just what the DX fans have looked for for ages. Well, the most notable items in the DX line here lately have been on the short waves. XE2AH, Mexico, W6ITH and W6MGJ, California, W6BY, Whittier, California, have all been heard on 20-metre 'phone at R8-9 QSA4-5. They can be heard around 4 p.m. till 5 p.m. South Australian Time. There is a station on approximately 49 metres which plays all the latest recordings with vocal refrains in English, and also a lot of Hawaiian music and songs, but announces in a foreign language. It does not give a call-sign, and is on the air from about 7.30 p.m. till 2 a.m. At intervals a chime is heard. This station comes in at R9, QSA5. I have just received a verification and programme from Russia with the information that all reports will be answered, and that programmes may be obtained in any language on request. All reports should be addressed to the Editor, Inna Marr, Radio Centre, Moscow.- '''R. H. McColl''' (Semaphore, S.A.). '''Sixty-Foot Aerial Mast''' Just a few short lines to let you know how I am getting along in the way of dxing. So far things have not been the best, on the broadcast band it certainly has been very hard, the trouble being local interference. Though during June I received 80 odd cards from Australian stations, and hope to have a good collection in a very short time. So far I have only sent cards to TPA4, DJQ, GSB, VBD and to a few American hams. I have tried various forms of aerials here, because conditions here in the North are not so good. At present I have under construction a sixty-foot three-corner lattice mast and will gladly send photo of same when completed. Wishing the "Radio World" and DX Club every success.- '''C. Watts''' (Bowen, Q'land). '''Interested In 5-Metre DX''' I have just bought the June issue of your remarkable magazine, which is certainly one of the best, and I enclose P.N. for one shilling and stamps to cover postage of the May issue. I have had a radio since 1925 - you know the days of knobs, dials and squeals. At the present time I am very interested in 5 metres and would like to suggest that the "Radio World" publish as soon as possible a 5-metre receiver. By doing this you would give those of us who are interested on this side of the Tasman a chance to hear the first signal from Aussie on a "Radio World" receiver; what could be better? I will in the near future join the "All-World DX Club." I take this opportunity of wishing the "Radio World" the best of success - and it is a success.- '''Vince Hanstock''' (Denniston, N.Z.). [Details of a.c. and battery 5-metre receivers are published in the July and August issues. Best of luck in your 5-metre DX work. Glad you like "R.W." - Ed.] '''Logged Nearly 3,000 Stations!''' I have an eight-valve all-wave job, and only operate it on an indoor aerial at present but in the near future I intend to erect two 60-foot poles, so I ought to drag them in. I am in a very bad locality owing to the Railway Rock, and two sets of high powered mains pass in the next street. I have had the set about 16 months and have logged near the 3,000 mark of world-wide stations. I received a card yesterday from OA4R, Peru. I would also like to mention I have my own card and have sent out dozens and dozens to different VK's, but have got about one dozen in return. I have never missed including return postage and thought I might be doing these chaps a good turn, but they evidently do not appreciate reports.- '''C. E. Neill''' (Ipswich, Queensland). [Congratulations on your card - a very neat job. Hard to understand your not getting replies from "hams," who generally are only too pleased to send a card if postage is included.- Ed.l '''"Glorious Fourth" Celebrations Heard''' Have had a Stromberg-Carlson D.W. only for five or six weeks, but have logged a number of overseas stations and also many amateurs. GSD and GSB, Daventry, from about 2 p.m. till 4.30 p.m., have been excellent on 25 and 31 metres - but cannot get them above a whisper on the 20-metre band. Radio Colonial, Paris, from 10 a.m., and I2RO, Rome, on 25 metres, were very good from 1.15 a.m. early in July. Also, at between 9 and 10 a.m. on the same day I heard I2RO give their "American Hour" request numbers in English. On July 4 at 10.20 a.m. on 25 metres, I heard part of celebration at the United States Great Hall, Paris, of the "Glorious Fourth." Readability was fair to good, but there was some fading. I can recognise only the French and German languages (and perhaps Spanish and Italian), so unless the call is heard, it is difficult to tell what station one is listening to.- '''Mrs. E. M. A. A. Heathorn''' (Smithton, Tasmania). [The list of interval signals published this month will help you considerably in identifying s.w. stations.- Ed.] ===Photo of George Notley, Moonah, DX Den=== The "Radio World" certainly seems to be popular in this DX den, which belongs to '''George Notley''', of Moonah, Tasmania. Mr. Notley is a very keen dxer, and has logged plenty of S.W. and broadcast stations on the battery three-valver shown in the photo. ===Photo of 1YA Auckland Mast=== This aerial mast belongs to lYA, Auckland, which operates on 650 k.c. with a power of 10 k.w.- '''Jack M. Flower''' (Tauranga, N.Z.). ==P.51 - Logging South American Stations== During any Sunday afternoon dxers in good locations can, by careful searching, pick up quite a few South American broadcasters at good volume. In the article below over two dozen of the more powerful stations are listed, together with frequencies, powers, and best times to look for them. This high.powered broadcaster at Breslau, Germany, can generally be heard at fine volume in ·the spring and autumn. During the early morn· ing is the b.est time of the day to try for him. Frequency is 950 k .c., By D. N. ADAMS and power, 100 k.w. THERE are quite a few powerful stations in the Argentine, which can sometimes be heard in Australasia during the winter from about mid-day onwards. Sunday is a good day to try for them. Some go off the air at about 1.30 p.m., but others carry on, and these would probably be the best for Australian dxers to search for. Published on this page is a list of the more powerful of the South Americans together with the approximate times (E.A.S.T.) at which they close down. Try for them before the more powerful of the U.S.A. stations start to come in, or there will be plenty of heterodynes with which to contend. A good way of ensuring a verification from any of these stations you may pick up is to send a copy of your report to Mr. Hector Rivola, c/o Radio Station LR8, Radio Paris, Buenos Aires, Argentine, and ask him if he would mind seeing the management of the station in question regarding a verification for your report. Enclose some used or unused Australian stamps for his collection and he will be pleased to help you out. I have received back several verifications through his kind assistance. Other stations in South America which have been heard here are: TGK, Guatemala City, Guatemala, on 1,210 k.c., 10,000 watts. Broadcasts DX programmes on Sunday nights till about 6 p.rrL E.A.S.T. CX26, Montevideo, Uruguay, on 1,050 k.c., 2,000 watts, is often heard on DX broadcasts. CX24, Montevideo, Uruguay, on 1,010 k.c., 10,000 watts, is often heard on DX broadcasts. CP4, La Paz, Bolivia, on 1,040 k.c., 10,000 watts, is sometimes heard on till 6 p.m. with DX broadcasts. CE76, Valparaiso, Chile, on 765 k.c., 10,000 watts, is heard on Sundays tm the U.S.A. stations come in. A very good station. Listed below are the ·stations in South America which have verified my reports. This will give dxers a good idea of the stations to report to, providing, of course, they are picked up: Argentine: LS2, LS8, LR3, LR5, LR4, LR8, LSlO, LT3, LU7, LVL Uruguay: CX26. Bolivia: CP4. Venezuela: YVlBC. Argentine Broadcast Stations. Station LSlO LV2 LS3 LS4 . LS1 LR7 LTl LRlO LR5 LR6 LR2 LR3 LR4 LR9 LRl LT3 LS5 LRS LS2 LSS LU7 LS9 LS7 LS6 Freq. (K.C.) 590 620 630 670 710 750 780 790 830 870 910 950 990 1,030 1,070 1,080 1,110 1,150 1,190 1,230 1,240 1,270 1,310 1,350 Power (Watts) 6,000 2,000 5,000 7,000 5,000 15,000 4,000 10,250 29,000 26,000 12,000 31,000 12,000 9,000 50.000 4,500 5,000 7,000 30,000 20,000 2,000 6,000 10,000 6,000 Rema.rks Heard till 3 p.m. Sundays, sometimes after that. Has been heard till 3 p.m. (E.A.S.T.). Heard till 3 p.m. Sundays. Closes at 3 p.m. Sundays. Closes about 3.30 p,m. Sundays. Heard on Sundays till U.S.A. stations drown it, which would be about 4 p.m. (E.A.S.T.). Closes about 4 p.m. Sundays. Is heard on Sundays till U .S.A. stations drown it out; very good station. Is heard till 3 p.m.- sometimes later-on Sundays. A won- derful station. Heard on Sundays till U.S.A. stations drown it. Wonderful volume last winter. Closes at 2 p.m. usually, but has been heard later and is a good stat ion to log. This is one of the best. Is heard until 4 p.m. Sundays and verifies }>romptly. This is another good station-is like LR3. Heard best on Saturdays till 3 p.m. Wonderful station. Heard till U .S.A. stations drown it out on Sundays. Closes at 2 p.m. (E.A.S.T.). Heard on Sundays at good volume till U.S.A. stations come in. Heard on Sundays at good volume till U.S.A. stations drown it. Welcomes reports and verifies all that are correct. This is usually the first S.A. station to be heard. On till after 4 p.m. on Sundays. Is easily R6 here at 2 p.m. your time Sundays. Is heard on Sundays till U.S.A. stations drown it. Comes in well and verifies promptly. Is also heard on Sunday at good volume, but will not verify . Another station which is heard well. Should al~o be heard, but it has not verified reports. ==P.52 - Frequency Re-Shuffle For Japanese Broadcasters== Frequency Re-shuffle for Japanese Broadcasters New Stations: Higher Powers By our Japanese Correspondent THE operating frequencies of many Japanese stations will be changed soon, the new allocations being given below. At the present time these stations are on the air on their new frequencies for test after 10 p.m. J.S.T. It is expected that the new frequency allocation will become effective after July 1, 1936. Two new stations - JBBK1 and JBBK2 -are located at Heijo, Chosen (Korea). They are now testing with 50 watts, but power will be increased to 500 watts soon. Also, the power of JODK2 will be increased to 50 k.w. soon. The transmitter is already completed and will be on the air after autumn. New transmitters for JOAKl, JOAK2, JOJ~ JOKG, JOL~ JONG and JOOG are now under construction. They may be on the air this year. The new station at Shinkio (Hsinking) is MTCY2; it will be opened this year. The antenna power is 10 k.w. ·Two transmitters will'be established at Seishin, Chosen (Korea). The an- tenna power of them is 10 k.w. each. -Akifusa Saito (Kumamoto, Japan). K.C. CALL. LOCATION. POWER. (K.W.) 560 MTCY Shinkio (Hsin580 590 600 610 630 640 650 670 674 680 690 700 710 720 720 730 740 7.50 760 770 780 790 JFCK JOAKl JONG JOJK JOKK JODG JOUK .TOTK MTFY JOVK JOBIKl JOCG JODK2 JORK JFBK JOCKl JOSK JFAK JQAK JOHK JOPK JOGK king) , Manchukuo 100 Taichu, Formosa 1 Tokio* 10 Miyazakit .5 Kanazawa 3 Okayama .5 Hamamatsu .5 Akita .3 Matsue .5 Harbin, Manchukuo 3 Hakodate .5 Osaka 10 Asahigawa .3 Keijot 10 Kou chi .5 Tainan, Formosa 1 Nagoya 10 Kokura 1 Taihoku, Formosa 10 Dair en .5 Sendai 10 Shizuoka .5 Kumamoto 10 800 810 820 . 830 870 JOKG JOIK JB1BK2 JOFK JOAK2 Koufut Sapporo Heijo, Korea~ Hiroshima Tokio* .5 10 .5 10 10 This photograph of Mr. Akifu.sa Saito, the "Radio World's" Japanese correspondent, was taken with one of JOGK's masts in the background. Mr. Saito is a noted Japanese radio engineer, and so knows the kind of news that dxers want. 890 JOLG Tottorit .5 890 MTBY Hoten (Mukden), Manchukuo 910 JOLK Fukuoka 920 JOQK Niigata 930 JOAG Nagasaki 940 JOBK2 Osaka 950 JONK Nagano 970 JODKl Keijo, Korea 980 JOXK Tokushima 990 JOCK2 Nagoya 1000 JOBG Maebashi 1020 JOFG Fukui 1030 JBAK Fusan, Korea 1040 JOJG Yamagatat 1050 JOHIG Kagoshima 1060 JOIG Toyama 1070 JOOK Kioto 1080 JOOG Obihirot 1090 JBBKl Heijo, Korea§ 1 .5 .5 .5 10 .5 10 .5 10 .5 .3 .15 .5 .5 .5 .3 .5 .5 * Will be increased to 150 k.w. this year. t Will be opened this year. § Already opened. t Will be increased to 50 k.w. this autumn. ==P.53 - Visiting DX Stations (3)== ==P.55 - China to have High-Power S.W. Station== '''China to have High-Power S.W. Station''' - '''Some Shortwave News Flashes''' By A. B. McDonagh + '''Africa Launching Out - ''' A new building of eight stories, and with 13 studios - the most ambitious radio building outside of Daventry - is now being erected. Look for ZSR, 9.18 m.c., and the shortwave relay station of ZTJ on 6.09 m.c. '''China's Contribution - ''' The Administration of Chinese Broadcasting has placed an order with the Marconi Co. for a shortwaver of higher power than that used by the B.B.C. It will relay the 75,000-watter XGOA, and advice states it will take two years to build. Meantime, Chinese radio engineers will study at the Marconi College in England, and also in America, to learn modern shortwave technique. '''New Venezuelan Station - ''' Caracas, Venezuela, is going to have a new station on 6.27 m.c.- YV14RC. YV7RMO is on 6.07 m.c., and is located at the end of Lake Maracaibo nearest the sea. ''''Plane and Police Stations - ''' Just a shade under 5 m.c. at about 11 p.m. N.Z.S.T., an aeroplane station may be heard. Some of the U.S.A. police stations, which are above 100 metres, can be heard round about 9 p.m. N.Z.S.T. '''Shortwave Jottings - ''' RAN (?), Moscow, 31.6 metres, is testing daily from midnight G.M.T. This is the same transmitter as used for the 9 p.m. G.M.T. sessions. Java (said to be PMO) is on approximately 26 metres with the same programme as YDB on the 31-metre band. It is hinted that New Zealand's proposed shortwave station may be erected alongside the 60-kilowatt national station now being built near Wellington. Higher in frequency, and about a degree from the 6.5 megacycle mark, a rapid foreign voice is often heard about 11 p.m. N.Z.S.T. I heard the call as JTAS, calling WWV and others. This is evidently a Japanese ship, as several of them use telephony when nearing U.S.A. Many people do not know that Moscow has an English session on 25 metres (12 megacycles) between 2.30 and 3.30 a .m. N.Z.S.T. on Monday mornings. It will ease the minds of Australian listeners to know that Shanghai has been heard in N.Z. at midnight on the 31-metre band. A new station, with speech in Italian, is on Abyssinia's wavelength of 25 metres. Watch Geneva for different relays; they test at odd times. + Australian listeners who wish to be introduced to pen pals in New Zealand should write A. B. McDonagh, Secretary N.Z. Short Wave Club, 4 Queen Street, Wellington, E.1, New Zealand. The same applies to exchange of QSL cards or stamps. Kindly enclose a penny stamp for reply. ==P.55 - "Simplified Moneysaver" Is Fine Performer== Son•e · Reports from Readers That the Radiokes a.c. "Money· saver" described last month is one of the finest receivers of its class for DX listening it would be possible to de· sign has been proved conclusively by tests carried out in several locations since publication of last month's is.- sue. On each occasion, the "Money· saver" pulled in dozens of DX sta-· tions with the ease and selectivity of many. modern commercial sets using one and even two valves more. Some Amazing Reports Already some fine reports on the set's performance have come to hand from "Moneysaver" builders. One reader in Bulli gives a glowing account of the set's DX capabilities, his list of stations logged including nearly every broadcast station in Australia and New Zealand, as well as a Chinese station. On the short waves he has logged practically all the principal in· ternational shortwave stations as well as many amateurs iri all parts of the world. The report concludes: "The set shows absolutely uncanny selec· tivity, separating without the least difficulty some of the most distant 'B' class stations." Another reader states·: "When I first tried the set out, I was amazed at the number of stations I could re• ceive. · I didn't think there were so many on the air." . It is certain that anyone buildingthe receiver from the Kit-Set should not have the least difficulty in duplicating these performances. . The construction is made easy by the instruc· tions and diagrams; the- alignment is easily carried out, very little adjustment being necessary. To assist the amateur builder, the intermediate transformers and padder h-ave been tested under operating conditions and set to the correct alignment positions at the facory. Iron-Cored I.F.'s Used An important fact not mentioned in the descriptive article last month is that the latest Radiokes iron-cored intermediate frequency transf9rmers (type SIC-465) are supplied with the kit. These new intermediates are highly efficient, and their use in both the a.c. and battery "Moneysavers" is largely responsible for the exceptional gain and high selectivity that are outstanding features of both models. ==P.56 - All-Wave All-World DX Club-List of Members== All-Wave All-World DX Club List of Life Members Club No. - Name and Address AW1DX - Graham Cumming, Meyer St., Donald, Victoria. AW2DX - F. H. Stacey, c/o Mrs. H. Murphy, 80 Princess St., Petrie Terrace, Brisbane, Queensland. AW3DX - Noel Jenkins, 80 Bannister St., Masterton, N.Z. AW4DX - Robert E. Foothead, Newlands, Johnsonville, Wellington, N.Z. AW5DX - J. Bisceop, Allison Road, Cronulla, Sydney. AW6DX - F. G. Richards, 15 Dalley St., West Kogarah, N.S,W. AW7DX - H. M. Downes, Bell Street, Penshurst, Victoria. AW8DX - H. C. Major, 45 Nirvana Ave., Malvern, S.E. 5, Victoria. AW9DX - C. G. Arnold, McDowall Street, Roma, Queensland. AW10DX - Ken Scott, 12 Mitchell St., Stockton, N.S.W. AW11DX - E. Davison, Box 4, P.O., The Entrance, N.S.W. AW12DX - W. L. Barry, c/o J. Hall, Esq., 11 Gloucester Street, South Brisbane, Queensland. AW13DX - Jack Glew, 203 Centre Road, Bentleigh, S.E. 14, Victoria. AW14DX - Eric K. Webb, 297 Mitcham Road, Mitcham, Victoria. AW15DX - A. T. Baxter, Casterton, Sandford, Victoria. AW16DX - Frank Keirsnowski, Acheson Street, Rockhampton, Queensland. AW17DX - James Laing, 85 Moncur Street, Woollahra, Sydney. AW18DX - Douglas Pearsall, 512 Macauley Street, Albury, N.S.W. AW19DX - '''Jack M. Flower''', Norris Street, Tauranga, N.Z. AW20DX - R. H. McColl, 32 Esplanade, Semaphore, South Australia. AW21DX - E. A. Glenie, 41 Ashworth Street, Albert Park, Victoria. AW22DX - C. T. Frost, P.O. Box 44, Seymour, Victoria. AW23DX - V. Smith, 350 Wellington Street, Collingwood, Melbourne, Vic. AW24DX - F. C. Collins, Hot Springs Hotel, Te Aroha, N.Z. AW25DX - James Brooks, "Athelstan," Wamberal, N.S.W. AW26DX - R. P. Veall, 38 Eildon Road, St. Kilda, S. 2, Melbourne, Victoria. AW27DX - B. Beauchamp, 83 Ira Street, Miramar, Wellington, N.Z. AW28DX - R. C. Watts, Box 91, Pode Street, Bowen, North Queensland. AW29DX - Cecil Howard, 219 Ellena Street, Maryborough, Queensland. AW30DX - Len R. Burston, 93 Rowan Street, Wangaratta, Victoria. AW31DX - F. J. Davis, Mount Battery Station, Mansfield, Victoria. AW32DX - W. H. Emanuel, 109 Bathurst Street, Hobart, Tasmania. AW33DX - G. L. Ford, 129 Curzon Street, North Melbourne, Victoria. AW34DX - A. Spriggins, Navy Wireless Room, Victoria Barracks, Melbourne, Victoria. AW35DX - J. T. Jarvey, 520 Elizabeth Street, Albury, N.S.W. AW36DX - J. M. Burke, Lyster Street, Coff's Harbour, N.S.W. AW37DX - Dave Adams, 35 Bowker Street, Timaru, N.Z. AW38DX - C. Jarlett, 23 Queens Road, Hurstville, N.S.W. AW39DX - G. Billings, Wattle Bank, 251 Murrumbeena Road, Murrumbeena, S.E. 9, Victoria. AW40DX - G. Notley, 37 Main Road, Moonah, Tasmania. AW41DX - F. C. White, 24 Prentice Street, Elsternwick, Victoria. AW42DX - '''A. M. Branks''', 67 Robertson Street, Invercargill, N.Z. AW43DX - '''E. R. Service''', 81 Ettrick Street, Invercargill, N.Z. AW44DX - D. Morath, Box 11, P.O., Narromine, N.S.W. AW45DX - K. Morehead, Chatsworth Street, Mt. Druitt, N.S.W. AW46DX - E. Morehead, Chatsworth Street, Mt. Drtiitt, N.S.W. AW47DX - N. W. Lumby, 228 Oberon Street, Coogee, Sydney. AW48DX - G. F. Thompson, 104 Bambra Road, Caulfield, S.E.8, Victoria. AW49DX - F. H. Hagedorn, Ambrose, North Coast Line, Queensland. AW50DX - K. Moyes, Mani Arm, Mullumbimby, N.S.W. AW51DX - A. H. Graham, 258 Lower Plenty Road, Rosanna, N.22, Melbourne, Victoria. AW52DX - R. Doyle, 24 Baden Powell Street, Rockhampton, Queensland. AW53DX - William H. Pearson, 10 Soudan St., Malvern, S.E.4, Victoria. AW54DX - Clive Holland, 32 Railway Crescent, Maryborough, Victoria. AW55DX - M. Temby, 1 John St., Mordia1loc, S.12, Victoria. AW56DX - Jack Reedy, Scarba St., Goff's Harbour, N.S.W. AW57DX - Sidney Hayward, Wimble St., Seymour, Victoria. AW58DX - Ron Gurr, c/o Port Stephens Canning Co., Pindimar, N.S.W. (To be continued next month.) {{BookCat}} ce1tze6x1hpi919s6avqis57uebjnqb 0 415993 4632700 4585679 2026-04-27T10:55:48Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|talk]]) to last version by WereSpielChequers 4423800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{incomplete}} {{TOC right|limit=3}} ==P.02 - Editorial Notes== '''Editorial Notes . . .''' Nil ==P.02 - Contents Banner== '''The Australasian Radio World''' Incorporating the '''All-Wave All-World DX News''' Managing Editor - '''A. Earl Read''', B.Sc. Vol. 4. - JANUARY, 1940 - No. 8. ==P.02 - Contents== '''CONTENTS:''' The Daventry Dual-Waver . . . . 3 The Story Of R.C.S. Radio (2) . . . . 6 Five-Band Communications Superhet . . . . 8 Service Equipment (3) . . . . 10 Vulcan Pre-Selector Unit . . . . 13 Choosing A Microphone . . . . 15 "Radio World" All-Wave Oscillator . . . . 17 Waverley Radio Club Notes . . . . 25 What's New In Radio . . . . 26 New Headquarters For Marconi School . . . . 28 "Communications Eight" A Fine Performer . . . . 30 Shortwave Review . . . . 31 Broadcast Band DX Notes . . . . 37 ==P.02 - Publication Notes== The "Australasian Radio World" is published monthly by '''Read Publications.''' Editorial offices, 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W. Telephone FL2842. Cable address: "Repress," Sydney. Advertisers please note that copy should reach office of publication by 14th of month preceding that specified for insertion. Subscription rates: 1/- per copy, 10/6 per year (12 issues) post free to Australia and New Zealand. Printed by Bridge Printery, 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W., for the proprietors of the "Australasian Radio World," 117 Reservoir St., Sydney (Footnote P.40) ==P.03 - The Daventry Dual-Waver== ==P.06 - The Story Of R.C.S. Radio (2)== ==P.08 - Five-Band Communications Superhet== ==P.10 - Service Equipment (3)== ==P.13 - Vulcan Pre-Selector Unit== ==P.15 - Choosing A Microphone== ==P.17 - "Radio World" All-Wave Oscillator== ==P.25 - Waverley Radio Club Notes== ==P.26 - What's New In Radio== ==P.28 - New Headquarters For Marconi School== ==P.30 - "Communications Eight" A Fine Performer== ==P.31 - Shortwave Review== '''Shortwave Review''' CONDUCTED BY '''ALAN H. GRAHAM.''' Summer Conditions: Night Reception IBest * Many New Stations Reported * Latest News of Projected Stations and Schedule Changes * Amateur Bands and UHF Notes * Full List of the Month's Loggings. Random Jottings. Review Of C<>nditions. With the close of the year, summer conditions become more and more evident, with a definite falling off in morning reception; with conditions during the forenoon and early afternoon very poor; with an ever-increasing noise-level making things difficult on the lower frequencies; and, finally, with evening reception splendid. From about 8.30 p.m. conditions on all bands between 13 and ·31 metres are really excellent. Signals on 13 and 16 metres are worth some attention, their clarity being a convincing proof that it is possible to find real entertainment on the shortwave bands. New Stations Listed. Included in the list of the month's loggings readers will find many new stations. Located in every quarter of the globe, many of these new stations are of outstanding interest to keen dx-ers. Fears expressed in some quarters that the outbreak of war would result in drastic curtailment of shortwave transmissions are now shown to have been quite groundless. As a matter of fact, the tendency is definitely in the other direction. Each month readers of these columns will have noted details of projected transmitters, and many of these will take the air early this year. With the development of shortwave broadcasting as a means of spreading -propaganda, few countries can afford to remain silent, and governments throughout the world are hastening to ensure that their views will be aired to the world at large. An interesting development in this direction is the inauguration of an Australian short- wave service, full details of which are given elsewhere in these columns. Overcrowding On The Shortwave Channels. This considerable increase in the number of shortwave transmitters now on the air, whilst providing SWL's with much interesting DX, also has very obvious drawbacks. For some time past listeners have been concerned at the overcrowding on some of the shortwave broadcast bands. At the present time, the 30-31 metre band is most adversely affected, as there are many more stations operating on these frequencies than can be comfortably accommodated. Moreover, there has been a veritable stampede to acquire frequencies on the newly-announced .J.1-metre broadcast band, on which over 30 station:; have already made reservations, despite the fact that the band only covers lOOkc. At present the higher frequency bands are not crowded, but ., definite tendency by many European and American stations to utilise allocations on 13, 16 .and 19 metres will soon alter that. Amateurs Still Interest. Despite the number of amateur stations compulsorily off the air because of the war, interesting 20-metre DX is still reported by many readers who are mainly concerned with amateur band loggings. A full list of countries in which amateur transmitters are still permitted to operate is given in the Amateur Review section. News (?) Broadcasts. Since the first novelty of the war has worn off, and the full weight of the censorship regulations have been felt, the majority of the news broadcasts lack interest. At times they are merely boring, consisting chiefly of futile and inevitably incorrect speculation, endless repetition of the same items, and fantastic propaganda. Even the American sessions lack spice. Details of news broadcasts and weekly war talks from Daventry are worth noting. Full news bulletins are given at the following times (the transmitters shown are beamed towards Australia) :-At 2 a.m. (GSJ, GSF, GSG); &t 3.30 a.m. (GSD); at 7.45 a.m. (GSD); at 10.30 a.m. (GSC); at 4.15 p.m. (GSD, GSB); at 7 p.m. (GSD); at 9.30 p.m. (GSJ, GSF, GSG) and at ll.15 p.m. (GSJ, GSF, GSG). Interesting programmes heard regularly from Daventry include "London Log," with the well-known B.B.C. personality, Howard Marshall, at 5.30 p.m. on Saturdays and at 1.1·5 and 8.45 a.m. on Sundays; "Back- ·ground to the News" on Tuesdays and Fridays at 1.15 and 10.15 a .m. and 4.45 p.m.; "In England Now," on Wednesdays and Saturdays, at 1.15 and 8.45 a.m. and 6.15 p.m.; "Matters of Moment," on Thursdays, at 1.15 a.m. and 2.30 and 7.30 p.m. Official Observers. A word of very heartfelt praise to · the Official Observers who contribute so much to the success of this short- wave section of the "Radio World." We regret to record the resignation of two of our West Australian Observers, Messrs. George La Roche and Cyril Anderson. Our best wishes to both, especially to 0.M . .Cyril, who is now serving with the 2nd A.I.F. Readers Repor>ts Requested. Readers are requested to write the Shortwave Editor on any matters concerning these columns. Reports of reception conditions are especially appreciated; all such reports will be acknowledged. Enquiries on any matters relating to shortwave reception will be answered by mail. Addres~ all letters to Alan H. Graham, 258 Lower Plenty Rd., Rosanna, N22, Victoria. * Latest Station Changes And Schedules Andorra. Another new country for the keen dx-er. Reports from overseas indicate that "Radio Andorra" has been testing on .the 2·5-metre band. Exact frequency is a bit obscure, being given variously as 11850kc. and 11835 kc. For those readers whose geography is a little rusty, we might mention that Andorra is in the Eastern Pyrenees, being a small, semiindependent State of 190 square miles, which pays a small tribute to France and Spain as joint suzerairn;. 'I'he chief industry is smuggling. Hi. Australia. The new Australian station in Perth, VL W, has been reported testing on both 48 and 25 metres. VL W is one of the stations to be used In the Australian shortwave service, which will have come on the air by the time these notes appear in print, the opening date being December 22. Full schedule for these transmissions are:- For Europe, through VLQ, 9615kc., 31.2m.: In German, Dutch, French and English. From 5 to 7 p.m. For Southern Europe, through VLQ2, 11870kc., 25.25m. In Turkish, Italian, Spanish, English and Arabic. From 5.30 to 6.30 p.m. For North America, through VLQ. In English. From 7 to 8 a.m. For North America and the Pacific, through VLQ. In English. From 7.·30 to 8.30 a .m. For India, through VLQ. In English. From 11.15 to 11.45 p.m. For South America, through VLQ. In English and Spanish. From 9.30 to 10 p.m. For Africa, through VLW3, 11830 kc., 25.36m. In Engl.ish and Afrikaans. From 3.30 to 4.30 p.m. For the East, through VLR, 958CJ kc., 31.32m. In English and Dutch. From midnight to 12.30 a.m. Through VLR3, 11880kc., 25.23m. In Engfo,h. From 9.30 to 10 a.m. Algeria. Plans for a powerful shortwave transmitter are now being considered. It is hoped to start transmissions at the end of this year. Belgian Congo, The new 250-watt .3tatio!l at Leor,ddville operates under the call, OQ· 2AA, on either 9525 or .l5170k.?., :n.49 or 19.77m. However, its present schedule, 10.25 a.m. till noon, make~ n :ception in this country rather improbable for the present, ar, !e:ist. China. No appearance of the "Shortwave P.eview" seems complete these days without news of additional Chinese stations. The latest transmitter i~; reported as being on 7970kc., 38.3m. Located in Shanghai, the call of this station, already reported in New Zealand, is thought to be XHHB. Some details re XPSA recently received may be of interest. Located at Kweiyang, XPSA operates on 7010kc., 42.2m. (official frequency is given as 6.970kc., but that is definitely wrong). Power is lOkw.; and the station ir;; on the air from 6-9 a.m., and from 8.30 p.m.-1.·30 a.m. News in English is ·broadcast at 11.30 p.m. Reports are greatly appreciated. Cuba. Further information regarding the new station at Santa Clara, COHI, indicates that it will also transmit 011 the 25-metre band, on approx. 11800 kc. (Radex). Latest alterations in frequencies of Cuban stations are as follow:-COCE, on 12230kc., 24.53m.; COCX, on 117.53 kc., 25.52m.; COCA, on 9700kc., 30.93 m.; and COBC, on 9350kc., 32.08m. France. The new lOOkw. stations are gradually coming on the air. At present two of these are operating on 9680kc., 30.99m., and 11843kc., 25.35m. No calls have yet been assigned, the stations merely being in the experimental stage as yet. Latest official schedules from Paris show a change in call-sign for the 11885kc., 25.23m., transmitter; it now operates with the calls TPB-11 and TPB-12 (not TPA-3 and TPB-7, as before). French lndo-China. Apart from "Radio Saigon.'' there has been considerable activity by . other stations in F.J..C. "Radio Vol· onte," in Saigon, is reported as operating regularly on 7100kc., 42.25m., commencing a recorded programme at 11.30 p.m. with the "Marseillaise." In addition, "Radio Boy-Landry" is transmitting on three frequencies, namely, 6215kc., 967.Gkc., and 11685 kc., or 48.27m., 31.0lm. and 25.68m. Hawaii!. It is reported that the '·Voice of Hawaii" programmes are being re- layed through KHB, Kahuku, on 17120kc., 17.5m., from 10-10.30 a.m. on Sundays (QSA-5). Eire. The latest available schedule for the Irish station at Athlone is:-On 17840kc., 16.82m.: Daily 3.30-5 a.m.; odd days of the month, 7.30-11.30a.m.; even days of the month, 7.30- 8.30 a.m. On 9595kc., 31.27m.: Eve;-, days of the month, 9.30-11.30 a .m. and 12.30-1 p.m. Luxembourg. "Radio Luxembourg," recently heard on 25 metres, have been testing on 6090kc., 9527.5kc., 11782 .. 5kc. and 15330kc. ( 49.26m., 31.49m., 25.46 m. and 19.56m.). Whether these experimental transmissions are still being carried on is obscure, as "Radio Luxembourg" has not been reported in this country for some weeks now. QRA for reports is Wireless Publicity Ltd., Electra House, Victoria Embankment, London, WC2. (Tune-In). Mauritius. VQSJM, Port Louis, is reported from several sources as broadcasting irregularly on 7190kc., 41.7m. (Radex, Tune-In). Paraguay, ZP-8, Asuncion, to operate Ol• 11850kc., 25.32m., with a power of 500 watts, is a new station (Universalite). Switzerland. The Swiss transmitters of the League of Nations are again on the air. HBO, HBL and HBP are all operating for North America around 10 a.m., whilst HBF, 18450kc., 16.2m., transmits a programme for the Orient on Saturdays from 4.45 to 6.45 p.m. Syria. It is understood that a new station at Damascus is now transmitting on 12295kc., 24.4m. U.S.S.R. A feature of the past few weeks has been the number of new Russian stations heard. No calls are available for these stations, but full details of frequencies and times of tranmission are given in the list of the month's loggings. Yugo-Sl'avia. Full details of the Belgrade stations are now available. YUB (this is understood to be new call for station previously listed as YUA) on 6100kc., 49.18m.; YUC, on 9505kc., 31.57m.; YUE, on ll 735kc., 25.57m.; and YUF-YUG, on 15240kc., 19.6.Sm. (Universalite). * Ultra-High-Frequency Notes. Conditions Disappoint. The promise of some good U.H.F. reception during December was not fulfilled. After a good period at the end -of November, the unsettled weather in our locality resulted in almost a complete "black-out" during December. The police bunds were most affected, and, at the time of writing, no signals have been heard on 8 and 9 metres for the past fortnight. Conditions on 10 and 11 metres are very little better. Police Bands. Towards the end of November conditions were quite good, and one or two additional loggings were made. Police stations definitely identified this year are:- WPDS, St. Paul, 33800kc., 8.9 m. KQCI, Glendale, 33800kc., 8.9 m. KQBH, Kansas City, Kansas, 3-3100 kc., 9.06m. KQAN, Fort Worth, 33100kc., 9.06m. WRBH, Cleveland, 33100kc., 9.06m. KQAO, Long Beach, 33100kc., 9.06m. KQ-, National City, 33100kc., 9.06m. KQBV, Los Angeles, approx. 9.4m. WQIE, Newark, 30700kc., 9.7m. KQBR, Alameda, 30700kc., 9.7m. WQKB, Evansville, 30700kc., 9.7m. 11-M'etre Band Loggings. Only WSXNU remains a regular on 11 metres, and signals from this station are now very poor. The other stations listed below were heard in the last week of November. W4XA, 26150kc., ll.47m., Nashville: Only very occasionally now; usually with football descriptions on Sunday mornings. WSXNU, 25950kc., ll.56m., Cincinnati: Very good at end of November; heard regularly still, but signais weak and hard to copy. W9XA, 26100kc., ll.49m., Kansas City: Frequency altered again from 26000kc. Seldom heard. W9XH, 26050kc., 1L51m., South Bend: Heard once at end of November; closes 9.30 a.m. W9XJL, 26100kc., ll.49m., Superior: Heard, with bad QRM from W9XA, late in November. Signals weak. W9XPD, 25900kc., ll.58m., St. Louis: Very weak, but heard at times just above WSXNU. 9-Metre Band Notes. No sign yet of the 31600kc. broad- cast stations. Even if this band does open up, it will probably be of little value, as the latest information available shows over 30 American stations licensed to use this frequency. The harmonic of KGEI on 9.78m. has been heard very well indeed in New Zealand, though it seldom exceeded R4 in our locality. Amateur Bands * Review. The following list -of countries in which amateur stations are still permitted to transmit is as accurate as is possible under the circumstances. Incidentally, readers will have noted that Cuban amateurs are no longer on the air. The war is not the reason for this ban imposed by the Director -of Radio. Countries in Which Amateurs Still Operate: South America: Colombia, Chile, Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina, Ecuador, Peru, Paraguay, Uruguay, Venezuela. Central America: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Canal Zone. West Indies: Puerto Rica, Dominican Republic, Haiti. Europe: Belgium, Holland, Portugal, Spain. Africa: Belgian Congo, Tangier International Zone. Oceania: Hawaii, Philippines, Dutch East Indies, American islands. Asia: Japan, China. North America: United States, Mexico, Alaska Calls * Heard. (Reports for 20 metres from Messrs. Bantow, Hastings, Cushen; Taylor and Chapman. For 10 metres, from Mr. Taylor and the S.W. Ed.) 10 Metres. South America: CE3AC (Chile). Oceania: KA- lER, lGX, lME, lLZ, (Philippines); K6- BAZ, GQF, MVV, OJI, PIT, PLZ, QLB, QRD, QXU, QXY, ROJ, RRM, PIR (iHawaii). United States: W- lCND, lBBX, lHDQ, lLMB, 2LIR, 2FXB, 2CJ A, 2CQX, 2AIH, 2KAX, 3BBA, 3GNA, 3A WX, 3GRO, 4FUM, 4MV, 4EDD, 5IJM, 6FFN, 6FZD, 6IEF, 6IMI, 6KYL, 6MIW, 6NWG, 6P Ai, 6PMJ, 6QHE, 6QPH, 6DUC, 6RCT, 60XV, 6QUZ, 6CDO, 6HGN, 6AWV, 6QMJ, 6NKF, 60AK, 6FVM, 6RRU, 7FVO, 7GFK, 7GMV, 7GUI, 7HCD, 7HCS, SSOE, 9BRZ, 9JUI, 9KDA, 9RGT, 9ZIX, 9DLC, 9EW, 9ZN A, 9LMX, 9YZK, 9ARK, · 9NWN, 9CXV. 20 Metres. South America. Venezuela: YV5AK. Ecuador: HClFG. Argentina: LU4DM. Peru: OA- 4L, 4C, 4AI, 4R. Chile: CE- lAR, lAO, 3EW, 3CZ, 3CG, 3AC, 3BK, 3CE, 3AG, 4AC. Brazil:. PY- 2AR, 2SN. Central America. Costa Rica: TI2RC. Africa. Tangier International Zone: EKlAF. Belgian Congo: OQ5AB. Pacific. Guam: KB6- OCL, ILT. Canton Is.: KF6- JEG. Baker Is.: K6- LEJ, NYD, OJI, OQE, MVA, QHU, CGK, MZQ, ILW, OCM, BNR. The East. China: XU- lA, lB, 5W, 6PL, 7HV, SAM, SRB, SZA, SRJ, SRP, SMY, OA. Japan: J- 2CS, 2NG, 2KN, 2NQ, 2XA, 7CB. D.E.I.: PK- lDM, lMF, lOG, 2LZ, 3GD, 3MP, 3RP, 4KS. Philippines: KA- lFG, lCS, lCM, lCW, lAC, lAG, lAP, lJP, lGC, lGX, lDL, lAF, lLZ, lGS, lME, lKF, lOZ, lJG, lBB, lBH, lER, lGE, ISM, 3BW, 3KK, 3RA, 4RF, 4LH, 7EF, 7FV, 7RF. Reports Acknowledged. * Mr. W. M. Chapman (Kensington, N.S.W.): Many thanks for very comprehensive report. Yes, that reference in the last issue to South African amateurs remaining on the air after November 1 was wrong. The new Russian stations are certainly difficult to follow. Will see what can be done about those mystery stations you mention. Mr. A. · T. Cushen (lnvercargill, N.Z.): Report to hand. Will look forward to some real DX loggings from you in the new year when you instal that new receiver. Mr. W. E. Bantow (Edithvale, Vic.): Pleased to receive such an interesting report. Would be pleased if you will check up on station on 6110kc., listed as VUC, Calcutta, as we believe this transmitter is not in use at present. Mr. 0. G. Washfold (Camberwell, Vic.): Your report was most certainly Page 34 of some use, and we hope to hear from you regularly. M.r. !D. J. Hastings (Brisbane, Ql'd.): Despite that QRM you seem to have little difficulty in logging some very fine DX on 2-0 metres. OQ5AB, PY2AR and PY2SN are certainly real catches. Mr. J. C. Taylor (Hurstville, N.S.W.): Many thanks for list of 10 and 20 metre loggings. Your Sunday morning sessions on 10 are getting .results, CE2AC being a fine logging. Mr. J. Ferrier (Coleraine, Vie.): Many thanks for photo. of shack. U.H.F. conditions have certainly been most disappointing. Mr. H. I. Johns (Nelson, N.Z.): Thanks for yet another fine report. Conditions in N.Z. seem a good deal better than they are in our locality, especially on 49 metres in the afternoon. The Month's * Loggings. In future, stations not listed in this section in the previous issue will be indicated by an asteri;;k (*). South America. Peru. *OAX4T, 9556kc., 3.i..38m., Lima: This station is heard occasionally opening at 11 p.m., but, more often than not, it is inaudible on account of Q.RM. OAX5C, 9·350kc., 31.95m., lea: Now heard only on Sundays; better signal in N.Z. OAX4J, 9340kc., 32.12m., Lima: Heard fairly regularly still; early mornings around 7 a.m., and on Sunday afternoons till closing at 4 p.m. OAX4Z, 6.077kc., 49.3'/m., Lima: Heard in the late afternoons in N.Z.; also believed to have been testing around 9 p.m. Ecuador. HCJB, 12460kc., 24.08m., Quito: This well-known station has had a fresh lease of life and is again putting in a very fine signal around 10 p.m. (Chapman). *HC2('W, 9135kc., 32.84m., Guayaquil: This unusual station is being heard in N.Z., closing after 3 p.m. Colombian Republic. "HJFK, 9740kc., 30.8111., Pereira: New South American station heard with good signal from 10 p.m. As is usual with these stations, the first half-hour's transmission is mainly news in Spanish. Chile. CB-960, 9600kc., 31.25m., Santiago: Heard quite well from 10 p.m. nightly. Brazil. *PRA-8, 6015kc., 49.87m., Pernambuco: Although this station has not been heard here lately, it is reported from N.Z., opening at 7 a.m. with a fair signal. Argentine. *LRA-1, 9690kc., 3o.96m., Buenos Aires: Still heard weakly on some mornings; best when it opens earlier at 7 a.m. on Saturdays. Uruguay. CXA-8, 9640kc., 31.12111., Colonia: Only Uruguayan station reported this month. ;Heard weakly on Sundays both afternoon and evening. Central America And West Indies. Guatemala. TGW A, 15170kc., 19.78m., Guatemala City: Now being heard at good strength in the early mornings-best around 7 a.m. on Mondays (Washfold). TGW A, 9685kc., 30.96m., Guatemala City: Best during special DX programmes on Sunday afternoons. Also on weekdays, closing between 2.30 and 3 n.m. (Washfold, Johns). *TGWB, 6486kc., 46.25m., Guatemala Gitv: Now harder to log on Sunday afternoons on account of high noise-level. *TG-2, 6195kc., 48.4m., Guatemala City: Another Sunday afternoon station; best around 5.15 p.m. Costa Rica. TIPG, 96I.5kc., 31.21m., San Jose: Still very strong from 10 p.m. TIL8, 6.165kc., 48.66m., San Jose : Also opens at 10 p.m., but not nearly as good as a few weeks ago. Panama. HP5A, 11700kc., 25.64m., Panama City: Still very erratic, nut sometimes at good strength after 10 p.m. (Chapman). HP5J, 9590kc., 31.28m., Panama City: Fair signal from 10 p.m. *HP5K, 6005kc., 49.96111., Panama City: Good old regular, opening with waltz. Cuba. (Once again we would remind you that the following frequencies were correct at time of writing, hut will probably be out of date by the time they appear in print). *COGF, 11800kc., 25.42m., Matanzas: Heard weakly from 11 p.111. and sometimes in the early morning. COCM, 9850kc., 30.46m., Habana: Heard irregularly from l1 p.m. COCH, 9437kc., 31.Sm., Habana: Weakly at nights,. but spoilt by morse QRM. COBC, 9·350kc., 32.08m., Habana: As is mentioned elsewhere, this station has changed its frequency. Back to old channel from 99S.5kc. Opens with fair signal at 9.55 p.m. COBZ, 9030kc., 33.32m., Habana: Irregular; a weak signal on occasions around 11 p.m. OOCQ, 8850kc., 33.9m., Habana: Perhaps the best of the Cubans at present; from around 9.50 p.m . . *COJK, 8685kc., 34.54m., Camaguey: Heard once or twice of late, opening just before 10 p.m. Dominican Republic. *HllN, 12486kc., 24.03m., Trujillo City: Heard just below HCJB, but not nearly as loud as that station. Scheduled to open at 9.40 p.m. North America. Mexico. *XEWW, 15160kc., 19.79m., Mexico City: Heard with a fair signal on Sunday afternoons. (Chapman). XEWW, 9503kc., 31.57m., Mexico City: Very reliable station. Heard daily till around 4 p.m. with fairly strong signal. *XEBT, 6000kc., 50m., Mexico City: Reported at good strength in N.Z.; Sundays, till closing at 4.30 p.m. (Johns). United States. WCBX, 21570kc., 13.9lm., New York: Fairly strong signal on some nights around midnight. (Chapman). WPIT, 21540kc., 13.93m., Pittsburgh: Heard occasionally at night around 10 p.m., though GSJ and GST tend to blot it out. WNBI, 17780kc., 16.87m., Bound Brook: Very nice signal in the early morning, best between 7 and 8 a.m. Also heard during forenoon, but hard to follow because of bad fading. (Bantow, Johns). *WRCA, 17780kc., 16.87m., Bound Brook: Not heard in our locality but reported from Sydney with weak signal from 11 p.m. (.Chapman). WGEA, 15330kc., 19.56m., Schenectady: Good early morning station, with steady signal till 8 a.m. (Chapman, Bantow). KGEI, 153·30kc., 19.56m., San Francisco: Very weak now and erratic; around noon. *WCAB, 15270kc., 19.65m., Philadelphia: Another early morning station, heard best around 8 a.m. (Chapman). *WRUL, 15250kc., 19.67m., Boston: Heard on some mornings around 7 a.m.; used alternatively with WRUW, 15130kc. WCBX, 15270kc., 19.65m., New York: Still another early morning American station, closing M 6.30 a.m. Erratic, but signals very strong on some mornings. WPIT· 15210kc., 19.72m., Pitts- burgh: Fairly strong signal around midnight. "'WRUW, 15130kc., 19.83m., Boston: Nice strong signal on some mornings, with same programme as WRUL on 25 metres. Closes at 8 a.m. (Chapman). KKZ, 13690kc., 21.91m., Bolinas: Used for special relays to Hawaii on Sunday afternoons. KKQ, 11950kc., 25.lm.,Bolinas: Also used for special relays on Sundays, and sometimes on week days around 3 p.m. (Chapman). WPIT, 11870kc., 25.?6m., burgh: Regular mormng around 7 a.m., with good (Bantow). P1UFstation signal WCBX, 11830kc., 23.36m., New York: Very strong signal from 7-9 a.m.; news in severni languages. WRUL, 11790kc., 23.43m., Boston: Good signal till closing at 8 a.m. (Chapman). WRUW, 11730kc., 25 58rn., Boston: Used on some :nr,rning-,;; opening with a fairly strong signal :it 8.30 a.rn. (.Cushen). WRCA, 9670kc., ~~ l 0 3m , Hound Brook: Heard with weak signal in the afternoons, closing· a.; 4 p.m. (Chapman). WCAB, ;:)590ke, 31.2>\m., Philadelphia: Fair signal t1!l closing '~ .5 p.m.; news just before signing off. (Chapman, Washfold). WBOS, 9570kc., 31.35m., Boston: Strong afternoon station; closes at 5 p.m. WGEA, 9550kc., 3l.41m., Schenectady: Barely audible in the mornings from 8.15 a.m. WGEO, 95·30kc., 31.48m., Schenectady: Opens at 6 a.m. with strong signal. (Chapman, Bantow, Johns). KGEI, 9530kc., 31.48m., San Francisco: Heard from 4 p.m.; and also from 10 p.m. when QRM from JZI is bad. (Chapman). *WPIT,__ 6140kc., 48.86m., Pittsburgh: Reported with excellent signal from 3-4 p.m. Sundays in N .Z. Very weak in our locality. (Johns). WCBX, 6120kc., 49m., New York: Weakish signal till 5 p.m. WLWO, 6060kc., 49.5m., Cincinnati: Heard fairly well on some afternoons; best on Sundays when on till .5.30 p.m. Also at night around 10 p.m. *WBKM (ex-W4XB), 6040kc., •:19.65m., Miami Beach: Reported from N.Z. with strong signal on Sundays at 3.30 p.m. (Johns). *WRUL, 6040kc., 49.65m., Boston: Reported from N.Z. on special test with TG-2, Guatemala. (Cushen). AFRICA. Kenya Colony. VQ7LO, 6083kc., 49.31m., Nairobi: Consistent early morning station; heard best towards close after 5 a.m. (.Chapman). Ethiopia. 12AA, 9650kc., 31.09m., Ababa: Good signal around call was previously IABA. Canary Is. Addis 2 a.m EAJ-43, 10360kc., 28.96m., Teneriffe : Hard to log now; at times just audible around 6 a.m. Algeria. TPZ-3, 8960kc., 33.48m., Algiers: Quite a good signal until closing at 7 a.m. Mozambique. *CR7BH, 11718kc., 25 6m., Lourenco Marques: Reported at good strength from N.Z.; from 8 p.m. on Sundays, with religious service. (Johns). Madagascar. *Radio Tananarive, 9695kc., 30.95 m., Tananarive : Quite good on 1-2 a.m. transmission, opening, of course, with the "Marseillaise." *Radio Tananarive, 6060kc., 49.5m., Tananarive : Same time and same programme as the 9695kc., transmitter. South Africa. *ZRO, 9752kc., 30.77m., Durban: Have found this station difficult to log after midnight. *ZRL, 96.06kc., ·31.23m., Klipheuval: Also heard only once or twice, around 2 a.m. *ZRK, 6097kc., 49.2m., Klipheuval: Fairly good signal from 3 a.m.; closes at 7 a.m. on week-days. *ZRH, 6007kc., 49.94m., Roberts Heights: Just fair till closing at 6.30 a.m. ' *ZNB, .5900kc., 50.85m., Mafeking, British Bechuanaland: May be heard daily except Mondays, 4-5.30 a.m. OCEANIA. New Caledonia. FK8AA, 6122kc., 49m., Noumea: Still heard at good strength in the late afternoons. AUSTRALIA. YLR-3, 11880kc., 25.z:>m., Lyndhurst: Used in - the mornings and afternoons. (Washfold). *VLW, 11830kc., 25.36m., Perth: New station heard testing at good strength; to be used in new overseas service. (Washfold). VLR, 9580kc., 31.32m., Lyndhurst: Replaces VLR-3 for night session. (Washfold, Johns). *VLW, 6130kc., 48.94m., Perth: Tests heard on this frequency. (Washfold). THE EAST. Philippine Is. *KZRH, 9660kc., 31.06m., Manila: New frequency for KZRH; heard at good strength; scheduled from 7 p.m.- 1 a.m. (Bantow, Washfold). KZRM, 9570kc., 31.35m., Manila: Good night station; very reliable and excellent signal. (Chapman, Washfold, Bantow). KZIB, 9500kc., 31.58m., Manila: Also a good signal from 8 p.m.; widely reported at good strength. (Washfold, Bantow, Chapman). I\ZRM/KZEG,/KZRF, 6140kc., 48.86m., Manila: Still heard well; this transmitter uses all of the calls mentioned. (Chapman, Bantow, Washfold). KZRH, 6110kc., 49.lm., Manila: Also heard at night. (Chapman). KZIB,.. 6040kc., 49.6.7m., Manila: Not as loud as other P.L stations on this band. (Chapman). Mafaya. ZHP, 9690kc., 30.96m., Singapore: One of the most reliable signals to be heard; best between 10 and 11 p.m. (Bantow, Chapman, Washfold) . . · ZHJ, 6080kc., 49.3m., Penang: Hard to hear now; but from N.Z. it is re- ported at good strength. Announces in English from 9.-30-11.30 p.m.; power increased to lkw. (Johns). India. VUD-3, 15290kc., 19.62m., Delhi: Heard on occasions after mid-day and in late afternoon. (Bantow). VUD-18, 4960kc., 60.48m., Delhi: Very good indeed at present. from 10.30 p.m.; maintains strength till close at 3.30 a.m. (Bantow, Chapman). VUD18, 4960kc., 60.48m., Delhi: Note new call. News at 10.30 (Chapman). VUM-2, 4920kc., 60.98m., Madras: Just fair .. (Chapman). VUB-2, 4880kc., 61.48m., Bombay: Jm;t audible. (Chapman). VUC-2, 4840kc., 61.98m., Calcutta: Fairly strong. (Chapman). Page 36 Burma. XYZ, 6007kc., 49.94m., Rangoon: Not very strong now, best in the early a.m. (Chapman). French Indo-China. Radio Saigon, .. 11780kc., 25.47m., Saigon: Exceptionally strong signal from 9 p.m. Replaces the 49m. transmi.tter as regular evening station. Power increase to 12kw. re- ported. (.Chapman, Bantow, Washfold, Johns). *Radio Boy-Landry, 9680kc., 30.99 m., Saigon: Testing on new frequency. Heard nightly till after midnight. *RadiO Volonte, 7100kc., 42.25m., Saigon: Reported weakly in N.Z. from 11.30 p.m., opening with the "Marseillaise." Radio Saigon,.. 6.116kc., 49.05m., Saigon: Believed .to have gone off the air on December 10; replaced by 25- metre station. (Bantow, Johns). Hong Kong. ZBW-3, 9525kc., 31.49m., Hong Kong: Regular strong signal at night. (Chapman, Bantow, Washfold). China. XGOX, 15190kc., 19.75m., Chungking ( ? ) : Excellent signal at night. XGOY, 11900kc., 25.21m., Chunking (?) : Very reliable station; heard early morning and at night. (Cushen, Chapman, Bantow, Washfold). XMHA, 11850kc., 2.5 .32m., Shanghai: Quite good at night. XGOK, 11820kc., 25.38m., Canton: Fairly regular at night. XP.SA, 7000kc., · 42.Sm., Kweiyang: Good signal nightly. (Bantow). XO.TD, 6880kc., 43.6m., Hankow: Still some doubt as to call, but majori.ty of overseas sources favour XO.TD and not XJOD. *XHHB, 7970kc., 88.5m., Shanghai: Call doubtful; heard in N.Z. Mnm~hukuo. MTCY, 11775kc., 25.48m., Hsinking: Good morning session from 7 a.m. (.Chapman). MTCY, 6125kc., 48.98m., Hsinking: Used at night. (Bantow). Thailand. HSSPJ, 9510kc., 31.55m., Bangkok: Not on the air every night, but always good signal when logged. *HS6PJ, 19020kc., 1·5.77m., Bangkok: Used on Mondays from 11 p.m.; heard weakly on occasions. Taiwan. · JIE-2, 9695kc., 30.95m., Tyureki: Same programme as JFO, relaying JF AK. Hard to hear. JFO, 9635kc., -31.13m., Taihoku: Never very loud, but usually audible at night. · · .TIE, 7295kc., 41.13m., Tyureki: Fair signal around midnight. (Chapman). Japan. JZK· 15160kc., 19.79m., Tokyo: Good strong signal; best at night. (Chapman). JZI, 11800kc., 25.42m., Tokyo: Best from 10 p.m. at night. (Chapm<:c Johns). JVW-3, 11720kc., 25.6m., Tokyo: Fair from 8 p.m. (Chapman, Bantow, Washfold). JLG-3, 11705kc., 25.63m., Tokyo: Also heard at night. JZI, 953.5kc., 31.47m., Tokyo: At night from 10 p.m.; but makes a good job of interfering with KGEI. JVW, 7258kc., 41.3,1m., Tokyo: This new station is still heard well fron: 6-7 a .m. (Chapman). !Dutch East lndi'es. YDC, 15150kc., 19.Sm., Bandoeng: This station puts on a really entertaining programme at night. (Chapman, Cushen, W ashfold). PLP, llOOOkc., 27.27m., Bandoeng: Relays YDC; fair. (Chapman, Washfold). PMN, 10260kc., 29.24m., Bandoeng: As PLP; fair. (Washfold). YDB, 9550kc., 3l.41m., Bandoeng: Quite good at midnight. YDX, 7220kc., 41.55m., Medan: Strong, native programme. PMH, 6720kc., 44.64m., Bandoeng: Very loud, native programme. (Chapman). YDD, 6.045kc., 49.63m., Bandoeng: Fair some nights. EUROPE. Sweden. SBP, 11705kc., 2.5.63m., Motala: Heard some mornings; and reported from N.Z. as heard at 8 p.m. on Sundays. (Johns). SBT, 15155kc., 19.79m., Motala: Reported with good signal around 7 a.m. in South Australia. Yugo-Sfavia. *YUG, 15240kc., 19.68m., Belgrade: New frequency for Belgrade; reported from N.S.W. and Qld. in early morning. YUC, 9505kc. ,3L56m., Belgrade: Not as loud as formerly in early mornings. (Chapman). Turkey. TAP, 9465kc., 31.7m., Ankara: Heard well every morning; also now on the air from 10 p.m. on weekcrn'ls. (Bantow). Portugal. CSW-6, 11040kc., 27.17m., Lisbon: Good signal till 6 a.m. or 7 a.m. (Chapman). · CSW-7, 9740kc., 30.0Sm., Lisbon: Seems to be opening at either 6 or 7 a.m., with nice, clear signal. Belgium. ORK, 10330kc., 29.04m., Ruysselede: Regular signal in early morning till 6 a.m. (Chapman). Holland . PCJ-2, 15220kc., 19.71m,, Huizen: Best in special session for Australasia, Tuesdays, 6 p.m. · PC.J, 9.590kc., ·3l.28m., Huizen: Fair ~ignal at 6 a .JY.. (.Chapman). ·PHI-2, 17770kc., 16.88m., Hu1zen: Fair signal some nights. Spain. . EAQ, 9860kc., 30.43m., Madrid: Only weak in early morning. The Australasian Radio World, January 1, 1940. Norway. LKV, 15170kc., 19.78m., Osio: Still heard . from about 2 a.m.; weakens a good deal by 6 a.m. (Chapman). Switzerland. ¥HBO, 1l402kc., 26.32111., Geneva: Th~s League station is again on the air; heard one Sunday at 7 p.m. (Chapman). Vatican City. *HVJ, 15120kc., 19.84m., Vatican City: May be heard at times just before midnight. U.S.S.R. · .*New station, call and location un- known, on 9680kc., 30.97m. Scheduled from midnight-6.20 a.m.; very loud on opening. (Chapman). *New station on 11640kc .. 25.77m. Used irregularly; very loud. (Chapman). *New station on approx. 5710kc., 52.4m. .Heard nightly at good strength. *RKI, 7520kc., 39.89m., Moscow: Not used regularly; heard sometimes at midnight. Also logged: RV-96, on 19.47, 19.75, 31.51 and 49.75m.; RAN, RNE and RKI, 19.95m. France. *Paris · Mondial. 11843kc., 25.35m., :Paris: New lOOkw. station; strong signal in early morning. (Bantow). Paris Mondial, 9680kc., 30.99m., Paris: Much weaker now in afternoons. (Bantow). *TYA-2, 9040kc., 33.19m., Paris: Now heard again in late afternoons. Also logged: TPA-2, TPB-3, TPB-6, TPA-4, TPB-11 (41.21 and 25.23m.) and TPB-12. Italy. *2R0-15, 11760kc., 25.5m., Rome: New station, heard testing at 1 a.m.; very strong. *2R0-5, 15170kc., 19.78m., Rome: Also a new station, testing around midnight. Also logged: 2R0-3, 2R0-4, 2R0-9, 2R0-6, 2R0-8, 2R0-12, IRF, IQY, IQA. England. The best stations on the Daventry transmissions are set out below:- Transmission 1: Early, GSD; after 6 p.m., GSF and GSD. Transmission 2: Before midnight, GSJ; after midnight, GSF. Transmission 4a: GS.O. Transmission 4b: GSB and GSD. Transmission 5: Signals from all ~tations poor. ,,rans mission 6: Very poor Letter~Box Sectiort. Joseph A. Bull, Caron, W.A.: Thank you for interesting letter and kind offer of assistance. Have written you re latter matter. H. Whyte-Meach, Sydney, N.S.W.: Pleased to hear your views on con- test. Am writing you further re matters mentioned. Tom Cowls, Timaru, N.Z.: Received your cheery note. Am forwarding information required. Eric W. Watson, Christchurch N.Z.: Pleased to get your views o~ club management. Sorry I could not ~ssist with publicity. Will write you m near future. R. A. KeUy, .. Wellington, .. N.Z.: Thank you for notes. Have sent you information by separate letter. M. E. Tribe, Inglewood, N.Z.: Sorry to hear about your set. Write again. G. E, Notley, Moonah, Tas.: That is the sort of letter I want. Send me a monthly list of loggings. Merv. A. Branks, Invercargill', N.Z.: Merv. is B.C. Editor of the N.Z. "DXtra." Thanks for letter, Merv. Not€d source of QRM. Especially bad at nights, they tell me. Hi! Hi! Ray Simpson, Concord, N.S.W.: Can't agree B.C. DX is difficult. Write again. * Inter-Club Notes. N.Z. DX 9lub: We are much indebted to this club for its kind offer of assistance from time to time and all members of this cluub are eligible to compete .f ?r the Pacific Trophy. Persons reqmrmg further information should write to Merv. A. Brank>; 5 Dublin Street, Invercargill, N.Z. ' * Best Stations Of The Month. Owing to the poor reception from Asia at the moment, it is proposed to publish a European list in three parts. Anyone desiring information should write to me C/- 188 Chapel Street, Prahran, Victoria. Return postage is unnecessary. ,. Here is Part I. of the European 11st:- 536kc., lOkw., Bolzano,. litaI•y: Identifies with whistle or song of a nightingale. 536kc., 50kw., Wilno, Poland: Signal was call of cuckoo and, if relaying from Warsaw, they superimposed the letter "W" over the programme being relayed. Signal now, if still on air, would probably be same as German stations. 546kc., 120kw., Budapest, Hungary: Interval during programmes; a phase of nine notes in two-part harmony, four notes repeated, followed by initial notes, thus: G sharp, BABG sharp, BABG sharp. Call, "Hallo. Itt Radio Budapest," followed by "Hallo! Hier Budapest" and "Voici le poste radiophonique, Budapest, Hongrie." 556kc., lOOkw., Beromunster, Switzerland: Interval signal: Cl·ock ticking. Male announcer. "Hallo, hier Schweizerischer Landessender, Beromunster." Relays to other Swiss stations. 565kc., lOOkw., Athlone, Eire: Dual announcements in Gaelic and English. Identification signal not known. 565kc., 3kw., Catania, Italy: See Bolzano, 536kc. 565kc., lOkw., Klaipeda, Lithunia: Not known to make English announcements. Identification signal unknown. 565kc., 3kw., Palermo, litaly: See Bolzano, 536kc. 574kc., lOOkw., Stuttgart, Germany: Uses a metronome (ticking 200 times per minute) during intervals in programme. Signs with "Heil Hitler." 583kc., 20kw., Alpes-Grenoble, France: Announces only in French. ldentification signal unknown. 583kc., 50kw., Madona, Latvia: No information available. Should be loggable in Australia. 592kc., lOOkw., Vienna, Germany: Same as Stuttgart, 574kc. 60lkc., 15kw., Athens, Greece: No particulars available. 601kc., lOkw., Sunsdvall, Sweden: See Stockholm, 704kc. 610kc., 20kw., Florence, Italy: See Bolzano, 536kc. 620kc., 15kw., Brussells, Belgium: All announcements in French. Gall "Ice, Bruxelles, emissions d'essais," repeated between sessions and most items. 625kc., lOkw., Kourbyshev, U.S.S.R.: Does not feature English ses~io11. Closes with "Internationale." 629kc., 20kw., Christiansand, Norway: No information available. 629kc., 20kw., Lisbon, Portugal: English sessions unlikely. 629kc., 20kw ., Trondelag, Nor way: No information available. 638kc., 120kw., Prague, Germany: Announcer mys, "Halo! Radio Praha Vygila" in Czech, German, French and English. 648kc., lOkw., Petrozavodsk, U.S.S.R.: See 625kc. 658kc., lOOkw., Cologne, Germany: See Stuttgart, 574kc. 668kc., 70kw., North Regional, Gt. Britain. 677kc., lOOkw., Sottens, Switzerland: Male and female announcers. "Allo ! Allo ! lei Radio Suisse Roman de Sottens". ("Geneve," "Lausanne"). Page 38. 686kc., 20kw., Belgrade, Yugo8lavia: Announces in German and in Italian, as well as in Croat. G95kc., 120kw., Paris, France: Identification signal unknown but announces frequently as "Radio Mondiale." 704kc., 55kw .. , Stockholm, Sweden: Call, "Stockholm Rundradio," or "Stockholm Motala," if Motala i3 relaying. Call is repeated. Relays to r.everal stations throughout Sweden. 713l;:c., 120kw., Rome, Italy: Signal, belis{{typo help inline|reason=similar to belies|date=September 2022}} of Rome and whistle of birds. Announcer says, "Radio Roma," or "Radio Roma-Napoli." 722kc., lkw., Frederikstad, N orwa·y : No information available. 722kc., 17kw., Hilversum 2, Hol- ;1,md: Gall, "Hier, Hilversum, Holland," coupled with name of broadcasting company providnig the broadcast. 722kc., lOkw., Kharkov, U.S.S.R.: See 625kc. 73lkc., 3kw., Madrid, Spain: No information available. 73lkc., 5kw., Seville, Spain; No information available. 7 40kc., lOOkw., Munich, Germany: See 574kc. H9kc., lOOkw., Marseilles, France: No information available. 7-19kc., lkw., Pori, Finland: See Hel!"inki, 895kc. 758kc., 120kw., Katowice, Poland: Very doubtful if still on air. 767kc., 60kw., Burghead, Great Britain. 776kc., 250kw . ., Sortavala, Finland: See 895kc. 776kc., lOkw., Italino, U.S.S.R.: See 625kc. 776kc., 120kw., Toulouse, France. 785kc, 120kw., Leipzig, Germany: See 574kc. 795kc., 7.5kw., Barcel'ona, Spain: No information available. 79·3kc., 50kw., LwG•W, Poland: Probably off air now. 80,Jkc., 5kw., Penmon, Anglese;;, Great Britain. 804kc., 70kw., Welsh Regional, Great Britain. 814kc., 50kw., Milan, Italy: See Bolzano, 536kc. 823kc., 12kw., Bucharest, Roumania: Uses metronome (160 beats per minL1te ). 832kc., 35kw . ., Kiev 2, U.S.S.R.: See 625kc. 832kc., 400w., Rueil-Malmaison, France. 832kc., lOkw., Stavanger, Norway: H::>.s been verified by Australian dx-ers. 841kc., lOOkw;, Berlin, Germany, See 574kc. 850kc., lkw;, Porsgrund, Norway, 850kc., -, Saragossa, Spain.· 850kc., lOOkw., Sofia, Bulgaria.; 850kc., 3kw., Valencia, Spain. 859kc., lOkw., Simferopol, US.S,R.: See 625kc. 859kc., lOOkw., Strasbourg, France. 868kc., 50kw., Poznan, Poland: Probably off air now. 877kc., 70kw., London Regional, Great Britain. 886kc., 15kw., Graz, Germany: See · Stuttgart, 574kc. 886kc., 15kw., Linz, Germany: As for Graz. 895kc., lOkw., Hel'sinki, Finland: Male and female announcers. All an- nouncements and calls given in Swedish and Finnish. May not be transmitting now. Most Finnish stations relay Helsinki. 895kc . ., 1.5kw., Limoges, France .. Should any reader be able to furnish further information regarding stations listed above, we would be very grateful to receive such information. * Review Of Conditions and Listening Times; The American and Europeans are now booming in. Best times for DX are:-·11 p.m.-1 a.m. (Yanks) and 2.30 to 6. a.m. (Europeans). The changeover to summer conditions has proved rather trying because of the static barrage. DX, however, has been exceptionally good, and many FB catches have been re- ported. DX is better than in January, 1939, and it looks like a bumper year for Europeans between now and early April, because many stations are opening earlier and closing later be- cause -of present European politics. We may yet again hear the broadcast of the bombing of cities by air, such as we experienced during the Spanish conflict in 1936. QSL Exchange Bureau. The following readers would like to exchange QSL cards with members of the All-Wave All-World DX Club:- A. E. Watson, Lloyd St., Murtoa, Victo1fa. John H. Lilburne (AW.541DX), Post Office, M urtoa, Victoria. Percival Roy Horan (AW531DX), George St., Bowen, Nth. Q'land. L. R. J. Knighton (A W298DX), 245 Armagh St., Christchurch, New Zealand ==P.37 - Broadcast 'Band DX Notes== '''Broadcast Band DX Notes''' Conducted by '''Kevin A. Crowley''' '''Station Notes And News.''' Australia: The P.M.G.'s Department has notified us of the following changes:-2RG, Griffith, to 1070 kc., power increase to 200 w.; 2XL, Cooma, to 920kc.; 3UL, Warragul, to 880kc.; 4VL, Charleville, to 920 kc.; 5MU, Murray Bridge, to 1460kc.; 7DY, Derby, to 1450kc.; 7UV, Ulverstone, to 900kc.; 2BH, Broken Hill, to 570kc.; 4AY, Ayr, to 970kc.; 2DU, Dubbo, power to 150w.; 4RO, Rockhampton, power to 200w. America: List of new call signs and frequency changes will be published next month. '''Specials.''' American stations are the best midnight scoops at the moment. Listen for them between 11 p.m. and 1 a.m. Listen for these. They are very easy loggings at present:- 600kc., KFSD, San Diego. 610kc., KFRC, San Francisco. 640kc., KFI, Los Angeles. 680kc., KPO, San Francisco. 780kc., KEHE, Los Angeles. 790kc., KGO, San Francisco. 900kc., KHJ, Los Angeles. 1010kc., KQW, San Francisco. 1050kc., KNX, Los Angeles. 1300kc., KSL, Salt Lake City. '''Contest Notes.''' The Editor of "Radio World" has kindly donated three twelve-month subscriptions to "R.W.'' as additional prizes in the Pacific Trophy contest. Dx-ers will best show their thanks by entering wholeheartedly into the contest. Allocations of these prizes is as follows:-(1) Best Australasian log; (2) best Indian log; (3) best Chinese log. Receiver, location and time of reception will all be considered in awarding these prizes. {{BookCat}} pjeqdj8ba92jvukks5h2wq9ys7y9ms9 0 416585 4632701 4585802 2026-04-27T10:56:19Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|talk]]) to last version by 1234qwer1234qwer4 3761974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{incomplete}} {{TOC right|limit=3}} ==P.03 - Contents Banner== '''The Australasian Radio World''' Devoted entirely to Technical Radio and incorporating '''All-Wave All-World DX News''' Vol. 8 - JANUARY, 1944 - No. 8 ==P.03 - Publication Notes== Proprietor - '''A. G. HULL''' Manager - Dudley L. Walter Secretary - Miss E. M. Vincent Short-wave Editor - '''L. J. Keast''' For all correspondence: City Office - 243 Elizabeth St., Sydney - Phone MA2325 Office Hours - Week-days: 10 a.m. - 5 p.m., Saturdays: 10 a.m. - 12 noon Editorial Office - 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney Subscription Rates - 6 issues 5/3, 12 issues 10/6, 24 issues £1, Post free to any address Service Departments - Back Numbers, 1/- ea., post free; Reply-by-mail Queries, 1/- each Printed by Bridge Printery Pty. Ltd., 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W., for the proprietor of the "Australasian Radio World," 117 Reservoir St., Sydney (Footnote P.28) ==P.03 - Contents== '''CONTENTS:''' '''CONSTRUCTIONAL -''' Simple Vacuum Tube Voltmeter . . . . 5 Hi-Fi Gramophone Pick-up . . . . 9 N.Z. All-Wave Two . . . . 13 Ribbon-Type Microphone . . . . 17 '''TECHNICAL -''' Measurement of Inductance . . . . 7 Radio Nails for Plywood . . . . 14 Band Pass and Pre-selector Unit . . . . 15 Review of "Radio World" . . . . 19 '''SHORTWAVE SECTION -''' Short-wave Review . . . . 20 Short-wave Notes and Observations . . . . 21 New Stations . . . . 20 Loggings of the Month . . . . 23 '''THE SERVICE PAGES -''' Answers . . . . 26 ==P.03 - Editorial Notes== '''Editorial''' Lunching recently with Captain Knock (you would know him as Don Knock, radio editor of the "Bulletin" and a frequent contributor to "Australasian Radio World" in the good old days) the discussion veered to the influence of war on the future trends in radio set design and construction. It is very evident that the present demands in the matter of tropic-proofing will ensure that the commercial sets of the future will not be affected by humidity. Radio sets for the forces are tested by operating them with a hose playing on them. An army receiver is built in anticipation of being thrown overboard into saltwater, dragged up the beach on the end of a rope and then operating to perfection as soon as it is switched on! Country readers will be pleased to hear that the shelf life of batteries has been vastly increased through improved construction methods for providing better internal insulation. Post-war batteries should last nearly twice as long as previously. Australian technicians are also gaining valuable experience in handling communications-type receivers, some of the latest jobs being available "in official circles." It is expected that these designs will be studied intently and their best features digested so that Australian enthusiasts can hope to be catered for adequately with sets of a type which have previously existed only as pictures in American magazines. - '''A. G. HULL.''' ==P.05 - Constructional - Simple Vacuum Tube Voltmeter== ==P.07 - Technical - Measurement of Inductance== ==P.09 - Constructional - Hi-Fi Gramophone Pick-up== ==P.13 - Constructional - N.Z. All-Wave Two== ==P.14 - Technical - Radio Nails for Plywood== ==P.15 - Technical - Band Pass and Pre-selector Unit== ==P.17 - Constructional - Ribbon-Type Microphone== ==P.19 - Technical - Review of "Radio World"== ==P.20 - Shortwave Section - Short-wave Review== '''Shortwave Review''' conducted by L. J. Keast '''NOTES FROM MY DIARY -''' '''YES, WE HAVE NO BANANAS -''' Yes, and we have no Fiji broadcasts either. Just after conducting a series of tests and producing a splendid signal from 4.55 till 9 p.m. on 6.13 mc., VPD-2 faded out as quickly as it came. But I am told the withdrawal is only for a short period. I am sure their return will be welcome, particularly if they continue to relay the favourite American transcriptions. '''ARTHUR CUSHEN -''' Mr. '''Arthur Cushen''', of Tnvercargill, writes me that he received a fine card from KGEI verifying his report on their 7.25 frequency. He says the card shows Transmitter House, and a new Box Antennae. Arthur's total of veris. must now nearly reach that of Flying Officer Ray Simpson. Talking of KGEI reminds me they are back again on 15.53 mc., 19.57 m. I do not know their schedule, but when closing at noon it is given in full. '''BY KILLARNEY'S -''' I almost said, Lakes and Fells, but read on: No! all that timber you see at Killarney, Queensland, is not for an American Military Hospital. That, together with those many coils of wire, those boxes of insulators are for the listening-post of '''Dr. Gaden''', who, from the flat in the west (and later a flat in Brisbane) has moved to the hills of Killarney, and from 1700 feet above sea level will send to this magazine news of the Cubans, Central and South Americans and those other hard-to-getters. '''AMERICAN NEWSLETTER -''' Prepared by Columbia Broadcasting System and read by Dave Hamilton, this is a nice start for the day. It is at present coming through very well on either WCRC 11.83 mc., 25.36 m., or WCBX 15.27 mc., 19.64 m. at 7 a.m. I prefer the former for signal strength and clarity. '''NEW YEAR RESOLUTIONS -''' Notwithstanding all the good resolutions for what we trust will be Peace Year, I must complain of the very poor quality of the BBC Radio News Reel. I am not referring to the subject matter, but the processing. Sometimes almost half of it should have been scrapped as it is nigh impossible for even a regular listener to follow it. Sounds to me as though some substitute for the old record base is being used. And while on the BBC, have you noticed the metronome that appears to be in the background when the 10 p.m. news is read? '''A BREATH OF THE PAST -''' An air mail letter from Flying Officer '''Ray Simpson''' reached me on Christmas Eve. As usual very brief (only time he is verbiose is when sending a report overseas for verification), but it was great to hear from him. I am sure we all hope this year will see he and all other soldiers home, and for good. '''SHOULD WE COMPLAIN? -''' And another soldier who was a great DX-er writes. I have not the least idea where he is, but Sgt. '''Raymond K. Clack''', in a most interesting letter, gives some idea of listening conditions presumably under the sheltering palms. Amongst other things this is what he says, "Listening conditions here are terrific. It may not be so bad on frequencies above 7.5 mc., but below that one has to rely on VLQ and VLQ-2 for anything of entertainment value, although GRM, 7.12 mc., in the Pacific Service is not so bad at times. "Noise level is terrific. Just try and take as a comparison the 49 metre band at its noisiest in Sydney and multiply that noise by three or four times and you'll have some idea of the noise level here on frequencies between 7.5 and 3.5 mc. Add to that a high atmospheric moisture content, which, by affecting coils, etc., causes a receiver to drift, and one has another difficulty with which to contend." Should WE complain? ==P.20 - Shortwave Section - New Stations== '''New Stations''' KWIX, 'Frisco, 11.87 me., 25.27m.: First heard December 2. Another outlet for the Associated Broadcasters and from opening at 6.30 p.m. when it joins its sister station, KWID, in French, puts in a very fine signal untily about 8.40. At that hour VUD- the new All India Radio Station in Delhi, switches on his carrier, sometimes a little earlier, and being on the same frequency it is a fight for best signal. Odds are in favour of KWIX and they can be generally copied till closing at 9.15. Report are asked for, so, you veri.-hunters, get busy. AFHQ, Algiers, 18.025 me., 16.64 m.: This further outlet for The United Nations Radio is mentioned by Mr. Matthew'!< of Perth. They open in good strength at 1 u.20 p.m. AFHQ, Algiers, 11.883 me., 25.24m: Mr. Ted Whiting (Radio & Hobbies) tells me of this one. Opens at 7.57 p.m. with anthems. A BBC relay is given at 8.15. WRUA, Boston, 7575 kc., 39.6m.: At time of making this note I have not heard the new transmitter for the World Radio University. When listening to WRUA on 26.92 m. the other morning I heard the announcer say on closing at 7.30 they would re-open in fifteen minutes on 7575 kilocycles.-L.J.K. VWY, Kirkee (India) 17.94 me., 16.72m. : This is another new one submitted by Mr. Matthews, of Perth. He heard them at 1 0.30 p.m. calling the BBC. VWY, Kirkee, 9.045 me., 33.16 m. : This has not been heard here yet, but is reported in "The Broadcaster" as audible ot 9 a .m. HER-, Berne, 18.45 me., 16.26 m.: This is the trequency of the old League of Nations station, HBF. It was brought into use on December 18, for use in parallel with HER-5, 25.61 m., in the Austra lian service. Signal is only fair, reaching R4 Q3 on the occas- ions I listened. Schedule is Tuesdays and Saturdays from 6.30 till 8 p.m. with English on Tuesdays and the National languages on Saturdays. British Mediterranean Station.: Have hesitated to mention this one before, but they have now apparently settled down to regular schedule and are to be heard on three frequencies at times, viz. : 9.67 me., 3 I .02m.; 11.71 me., 25.62 m.; 7.215 me., 41.58 m.; Opens at 11 p.m. with musical note. 1 I .45 Italian. Midnight YUigos lavian. At 12.15 announces, "For Balkan Military Forces." Then goes into Roumanian. At 12.30. German. At 12.45 announces, "Next news in Germon at 19.30 Central European Time (5.30 a.m. Syd) on 3 1.02 .and 41.58 m. Signal is very good on 31 .02 m. The a bove remarks refer to 31.02 and 25.62 m. I om not sure of 41.58 m. schedule, but it opens at 5.30 o.m. in German. (Mr. Cushen, N.Z., mentions Mediterranean Station heard on 9.90 me., 30.30 m. from 5-5 .30 a.m. and on 9. 19 me., 32.64 m from 4 pm). AFHQ, Algiers, 6.04 me., 49.67 m.: This one is reported by Mr. Lindsay Walker of Applecross, W.A., and Mr. Arthur Cushen of N.Z. Heard at 5 a.m. with news from Algiers and at 6 o.m. with "Voice of America" news at 6 o.m. Very good signal till closing at 10 a .m. WCRC, .New York, 6.12 me., 49.02m: Mr. Cushen reports hearing this one at 5.45 p.m. GWJ, London, 9.53 me., 31.48 m. : Heard irre.gularly for some t ime, but schedule is now 8-11.45 p.m.; midnioiht-1.30 a.m. GWI, London, 7.25 me., 41.38m.: This is a new one and is heard 5 a.m.-2 p.m.; 3.45- 8.15 p.m. GWK, London, 6.165 me., 48.66m.: Another new BBC outlet. See schedule list. GWH is coll sign of 11.80 me., 25.42 m. And here ore some new London transmitters that have been given a call sign, but whose schedules are not yet known:GWG, 15.06 me., 19.92 m. GWQ, 11.84 me., 25.34 m. GWW, 9.66 me., 31.06 m. heard at 11.30 p.m.) GWO, 9.62 me., 31.17 m. GWN, 7 .28 me., 41.21 m. GWL, 7.20 me., 41.64 m. GWM, 6.09 me., 49.26 m. ==P.21 - Shortwave Section - Short-wave Notes and Observations== '''Shortwave Notes and Observations''' AUSTRALIA In the second transmission to the British Isles, VLI-2 has been replaced by VLI-8, 17.80 me., 16.85 m. This is fortunate as it leaves the new KWIX in the clear for an additional 15 minutes, excepting that our friend VUDin Delhi, puts his carrier on long before 8.45 p.m.- L.J.K. VLG-2, 9.45 me., 31.45m. closes at about 2.38 p.m. with "Star Spangled Banner" and "God Save the King."L. J.K. OCEANIA New Caledonia FK-8AA, Noumea, on 6.20 me., 48.39 m., is still going great guns in the two schedules of an evening.-L.J.K. FIJI VPD-2, Suva, on both 25.22 and 48.94 m. seems to have closed; not heard since 29th November.-L.J.K. AFRICA Algeria AFHQ, Algiers, 18.025 me., 16.64 m. Good on opening at 10.20 p.m. and also later with BBC. (Matthews). AFHQ, Algiers, 9.53 me., 31.46 m. Heard at quite good level from 5 a.m. when news is broadcast, and until just before 6.15 a.m. (Cushen.) Announces as "The United Nations Radio coming to you from Algiers." L. J.K.) AFHQ, Algiers, 11.883 me., 25.24rn. Opens at 7.57 p.m., relays BBC at 8.15 (Whiting). Belgian Congo RNB, Leopoldville, 9.78 me., 30.66 m.: Terrific signal in afternoon (Gaden). Booming in here (Perth) . Announces as either "Radio Diffusion Belge'', or "Radio N ationale Beige." At 2.30 a.m. they rebroadcast a special "V. of A." programme in Afrikaans and English. Close at 3 and re-open at 4.15 a.m. in French (Nolan). (Best signal from RNB, in Sydney, is from opening at 4 till closing at 5.45 p .m., whilst around 7 a .m. till closing ·at 7.30 it is fair.-L.J.K. ) H ave you heard the Kissantzi at 2.30 a .m. ?-it's terrific here. (Matthews, Perth). (Yes, and it is good here also. -L.J.K.). OPL, Leopoldville, 17.77 me., 16.88 m., comes in well at 9.45 p.m. At 10 p.m. t here is an announcement in Flemish and then in English, "This is Leopoldville directed to Africa and the Far East, on 17, 770 kc., 16.88 m. Here is the news and war headlines." - L.J.K. Egypt Heard SUV, 10.05 me., 29.84, m. from about 5.30 till 6.15 a.m. in Arabic. Strength of "Radio Cairo" is excellent (Nolan, Matthews) . Ethiopia Heard Addis Ababa opening at 2.30 a.m. on 9.625 me., 31.17 m. with, "This is Addis Ababa calling," then followed a musical programme (Nolan) . French Equatorial Africa FZI, Brazzaville on 15.56 me., is coming in at terrific strength at night now. They open at 10.15 in French. At 11.30 t here is a programme in English until closing at 12. 15 a.m. (Nolan, Matthews). (Since December 15 t hey have been t esting on 15.595 me., 19.2.5 m. from 10.15 t ill 10.4,5 p .m.So far I have not heard them, but am told they were heard at 11.1 5. Another test thev are making is from 4.30 t ill 5 p .m. on ·11.97 m.c., 25.06 m. Noise and morse, here, makes listening very unpleasant.- L.J.K. Mr. Nolan, of Perth, reports Brazzaville as audible on 6.16 me., 48.70 m. in French at 3 a.m. Kenya VQ7LO, Nairobi, 6.08 me., 49.32 m., is excellent in early morning and on 10.73 me., 29.96 m. is good (Nolan) . Portuguese East Africa CR7BE, Lourenco Marques, 9.88 me., 30.38 m. Good signal on opening at .5.30 a.rn. (Nolan) . Mr. Matthews reports CR7BE on 98,65 m., opening at 2 a.m., one Monday night >dth a relay of "Command Performance." AMERICA U.S.A. vVL\VO, C'nnati, 17.80 me., lG.85 m.: News at 5 a.m., signal poor (Cushen). KROJ, 'Frisco, 17. 76 me., 16.89 m. from noon till closing at 1 p.m., is not as good as it used to be. (Nolan, Perth) . (Signal is actually improdng over here.-L.J.K.) KMI, 'Frisco, 17.09 me., 17.50 m. Scheduled from 2-5 a.m. Is anyone hearing t his station ? \Vould appreciate prompt reply.-L.J.K.) · KKR, Bolinas, 15.46 m.c., 19.4 m.: This one I fancy at 1 (Gaden) . K\VU, 'Frisco, 15.35 me., 19.53 m. : My favourite (Gaden). Is as mercurial as the weather down here.-L.J.K. ) KGEI, 'Frisco, 15.33 me., 19.57 m.: Heard on December 17 closing at noon. Jack Paul was giving station particulars and schedules, but noise was too bad to copy same.-L.J.K. \VRUS, Boston, 15.13 me., 19.83 m. : Closes at 7.30 a.m. re-opening on 9.57 at 7.4.5. I thought \VRUA was call sign for 31.35 m., but with A's, L' s, S's, \V's, and \VL \ \' with L' and O's - OH, 'ELL.- L.J.K. \VLWO, C'nnati, 11.71 m.c., 25.62 m.: Good at 10 p .m. (Cushen). \VRUA, Boston, 11.B me., 2'6.92 m. Has been good for some time, has usual V of A programmes and news in English at 5, 6 and 7 a .m. (Cushen ) . Very fine signal (Gaden). (WRUA closes at 7.30 a .m. and re-opens as WRUA on 7575 kc., 39.6 m. at 7.45 a.m.- L .. J.K.) WRUA is heard from 11 p .m. and signal is fair at 12.30 a.m. (Matthe>rn) . KES-3, 'Frisco, 10.62 me., 28.25 m. Opens at 4 p.m. (Cushen) . Carries same programme as KGEI till closing at 9.15 p.m.-L.J.K.) kWi:X, ;Frisco, 9.57 rric., 31.35 m. Good at 4 and 11 p.m. (Cushen). KGEI, 'Frisco, 7.25 me., 41.38 m.: Appears to be spoilt around late afternoon by the new BBC transmitter, GWI, on exactly the same frequency. GWI is directed to Europe and is on till about 8 p.m.-L.J.K. WKTM, New York, 6.38 me., 47.01 m.: Good at 6 p.m. (Cushen). WGEO, Schenectady, 6.18 me., 48.47 m.: Signs off at 6.15 p.m. (Cushen). WCBX, New York, 6.17 me., 48.62 m.: Good when signing at 6 p.m. (Cushen). THE EAST China XGOY, Chungking, 6.13 me., 48.92 m.: Good signal when giving overseas programme at 4.45 a.m. (Cushen). XGOY has been heard on 15.20 me., 19.73 m., testing for an American channel between 6 and 8 p.m. for a week. Signal was good, but modulation like that on 25.21 m., very poor.L. J.K. India VUD-, 11.87 m.c., 2.5.27 m.: Heard in French at 9.45 p.m. and News in English at 11 p.m. (Matthews, Nolan). VWY, Kirkee, 17.94 me., 16.72 m.: Heard at 10.30 p.m. calling the BBC. (Matthews). VWY, Kirkee, 9.045 me., 33.16 m.: Reported in "The Broadcaster" as a new station heard around 9 a.m. (That would be 6 a.m. in W.A., I doubt if 33.16 would be audible here at 9 a.m. -L.J.K. Great Britain 13 metre band. A letter from my friend, Ted Whiting, who conducts the Short Wave pages of "Radios and Hobbies'', tells me he heard 3 transmitters on this band on December 13, and believed two of them to be BBC outlets. I have not caught any yet, and am afraid the band, like my Christmas Bush, is a little slow in colouring up. GSF, 15.14 me., 19.82 m.: Heard in General Overseas Service at 10.30 p.m. (Matthews). (They open at 10 p.m. for Near and Middle East and East Africa.-L.J.K.) GWC, 15.07 me., 19.91 m.: All evening is the tops (Matthews). GVX, 11.93 me., 25.15 m.: Good at 9.25 p.m. (Nolan). GWH, 11.80 me., Heard at 9 p.m. in European Service (Cushen). Excellent at 9.45 in English -L.J.K.). GVZ, 9.64 me., 31.12 m .. Great signals at 1 a.m. (Matthews). GWU, 9.62 me., 31.17 m.: English at 2 a.m. (Matthews). GWJ, 9.53 me., 31.48 m.: English at 2 a.m. (Matthews). GSW, 7.23 me., 41.49 m.: Home news at 4 a.m. (Cushen). GWI, 7.25 me., 41.38 m.: The blighter that puts KGEI out of step from 4 till 8.15 p.m.-L.J.K. GSU, 7.26 me., '41.32 m.: Used in Pacific service from 4.45 till 7.15 p.m. Page 22 -L.J.K. GRM, 7.12 me., 42.13 m.: Same remarks as GSU. GWF, 9.49 me., 31.61 m.: Excellent in News for Clandestine Press at 9.45 p.m.-L.J.K. GRU, 9.45 me., 31.75 m.: Great signal at 1 a.m. in G.O.S. (Matthews). U.S.S.R. -, Moscow, 15.22 me., 19.7. Very good when closing at 2.30 p .m. (Cushen). - , Moscow, 8.94 me., 33.54 m.: This new Russian heard at 10.20 p.m. Nice, clear and loud signal (Cushen). MISCELLANEOUS Iran -, 8.11 me., 36.99 m.: Heard around 4 a.m. in French. (Matthews). Switzerland The Swiss broadcasts on 6.34 me., 47.28 m., can be heard at very good strength at 6 a.m. (Cushen). (Now only a fair signal at 6.30 and almost impossible to hear the news at 7.53- L.J.K.). Sweden SBO, Stockholm, 6.06 me., 49.46 m. : Good at 8 a.m. (Matthews, Nolan). Turkey TAQ, Ankara, 15.195 me., 19.75 m.: Splendid in Turkish at 1.1 p.m. (Nolan). Very good when closing at 11.15 p.m. (Matthews). TAP, Ankara, 9.465 me., 31. 70 m.: Excellent from 2.30 a.m. (Matthews). Madagascar -, Antananarivo, 6.16 me., 48.62 m.: Closes at 3 a.m. (Matthews) . Mexico XEWW, Mexico City, 9.50 me., 31.58 m.: Good signal when opening at 1 a.m. and good also at 10 a.m. (Matthews.) (Has been coming in here well, in the late afternoon, but is fading out now.-L.J.K.) '''TOO LATE FOR CLASSIFICATION''' EQB, Teheran, 6.155 me., 48.74 m. These people advise by letter their schedule is 2.30-7.30 a.m. (Walker, W.A.) RNB, Leopoldville, 9.785 me., 30.66m., open at 2.30 a.m. with programme for South Africa. Definitely the strongest African I have heard (Walker, W.A.) . Great signal around 5 p.m. (Hallett). WRUA, Boston, heard on two new channels, 9.57 closing at 10.30 a.m. on Sundays and on 7.565 opening at 10.45 a.m. (Walker, W.A.). (I have an idea now, correct call of 9.57 me. is WRUS. Announcer the other· morning was very hesitant when giving call-signs, but this is what I took him to mean.L. J .K.) FZI, Brazzaville. Good here on 25.06 m. in transmission to Madagascar in French from 3-4 a.m. (Hallett). Algiers on 31.46 m. may be followed in relay of BBC calling Europe between 1 and 2 a.m. (Hallett). Radio Aigiers heard iiciW ufi i:hrl!e frequencies in the morning: on 6.04 me., 49.67 m. (very good); 8.96 me., 33.48 m. (fair) and 9.54 me., 31.46 m. (good at 5 and until 6.15 a.m. when WGEO blots them out. News in English at 5 a.m. from Algiers and V of A 6 a.m. (Cushen). WCRC, New York, heard on 6.12 me., 49.02 m., till closing at 5.45 p.m. (Cushen). WCBX, New York, good on 6.17 me., 48.62 m.; signs at 5.45 p.m. (Cushen). WLWO, Cincinnati, News in English at 5 a.m. on 17.80 me., 16.85 m. (Cushen). WLW K, 6.08 me., 49.34 m. Good till closing at 7.30 p.m. (Cushen). KWIX heard now on 11.87 me., 25.27 m. Very good, but interfered with by Delhi on same frequency from 8.45 p.m. (Walker, Cushen). WRUA, Boston. Good on 26.92 m. in the morning, heard also at 10 p.m. .(.C.u..s.h.e.n.).. . Dcihi on 11.87 me spoilt at 8.45 p.m. when giving news by KWIX, but at 11 p .m. reaches RS (Cushen) . Reaches R9 here- L.J.K. XGOX, Chungking, 15.20 me., 19.73 m. Heard from 12.30-1.30 p.m. in programme to America. Announces, "This is the Chinese International Broadcasting Station XGOX, Chung- king."-L.J.K. SBP, Motala, 11.705 me., 25.63 m. Opens at 10 p.m.- goo<l signal- L.J.K. AFHQ, Algiers, 11.883 me., 25.24 m. Mr. ·walker of vV.A. says, "vVhen closing on 49 .. 67 m. at 10 a .m. announce "they will be back at 10.00 GMT (9 p .rn. Syd.) on 25.2 m." KWV, 'Frisco, 10.8 me., 27.68 m. the 8-10 p.m. sched. is for Latin America· (Cushen). HCJB, Quito, 12.45 me., 24.11 m. and 9.958 me., 30.12rn. Both open at 11 p.m.-L.J.K. CS"W-7, Lisbon, 9.735 me., 30.82 m.: Have not heard in the morning for some time, but CSW-6, 27.17 m. was audible at 7.36 a.m. on Sunday, December 19.- L.J.K. ==P.23 - Shortwave Section - Loggings of the Month== ==P.26 - The Service Pages - Answers== {{BookCat}} au9zusmrn60jvubkuhex544fqmt172a 0 417712 4632698 4595002 2026-04-27T10:39:49Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|talk]]) to last version by WereSpielChequers 4539780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{incomplete}} {{TOC right|limit=3}} ==Link to Issue PDF== [https://worldradiohistory.com/index.htm| WorldRadioHistory.com's] scan of Australasian Radio World - Vol. 01 No. 04 - August 1936 has been utilised to create the partial content for this page and can be downloaded at this link to further extend the content and enable further text correction of this issue: [https://worldradiohistory.com/AUSTRALIA/Archive-Australian-Radio-World/30's/Australasian-Radio-World-Vol-01-No-04-1936-08-01.pdf| ARW 1936 08] In general, only content which is required for other articles in this Wikibook has been entered here and text corrected. The material has been extensively used, inter alia, for compilation of [[b:History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies| biographical articles]], [[b:History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Clubs| radio club articles]] and [[b:History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations| station articles]]. ==Front Cover - Front Page== <!-- <blockquote><ref></ref></blockquote> --> WIRELESS WEEKLY Broadcast Programmes a Week in advance VOLUME 11 Registered at the G.P.0., Sydney, for transmission by post as a Newspaper. NUMBER 22 Ul‘éé’gbfiyodc‘d 81‘s ■ iT?Ml3rl Friday, March 23, 1928 Price Threepence ==Inside Front Cover - Philips Industries Ad== fi 0 a # II <!<> tii II I ; ACCUMULATOR CHARGER •' M \\\ • • • • ••• • • Si VvV AHV v\\Wv \\ \W L »»• * AND now comes still another Philips Battery Charger —this time to aid the man who has both accumulator “A” and “B” Batteries. We make no sensational claims for the No. 1009, but merely say that it is an honest to goodness Charger that will keep both accumulators in first-class trim, —year in, year out. Of course all the features of the by-now famous “FOUR-FIFTY” are incorporated. A unique switching device, by which at a turn of the wrist, “A” or “B” battery is charged at will , lends simplicity to its other sterling qualities. Let your nearest Radio Dealer give you further ticulars. SOLD BY EVERY RADIO DEALEr V 2 PH 111 lILIII > RADIO APPARATUS ==P.01 - Metropolitan Electric Ad=== RADIOKES SHORT WAVE KITS are the undisputed leaders in their held. Are used and specified by all who know. Have a wide tuning range and only cost 55/- per kit. RADIOKES RADIO FREQUENCY CHOKES Are specified for the Foursome Receiver described in this issue, and are moderately priced at 8/6 each. RADIOKES NEW_ MARCO FOUR KIT For 'he excellent Receiver in last week’s issue of this journal— an excellent kit priced at 30/- All RADIOKES NEW KITS will be on display at our stam No. 20 (Great Hall ) Radio Exhibition next week. DON’T FAIL TO VISIT US METROPOLITAN ELECTRIC CO. LTD 27-29 KING STREET, SYDNEY ==P.02 - Harrington's Ad== lb e m l mum m II m LILFILLfIN Console On view at the Radio Exhibition March 21-31, at Stand No. 1 right hand side of the vestibule, Town Hall, Sydney. has arrived JUST PLUG INTO THE LIGHT SOCKET and switch on the current. A 5 Valve Genuine Neutrodyne Set that is unsurpassed in simplicity, selectivity and beauty. It looks like, sounds like—and IS “The Rolls Royce of Radio The all Electric Gilfillan Console can be purchased on remarkably Easy Terms. Wet or Dry Batteries Accumulators Trickle Chargers Price complete with accessories including Loud Speaker £69/10/- U! “Goodwill built on Public Confidence since 1889.” 386 George Street, Sydney Wholesale Warehouse : 213 Clarence St., Sydney Also at: Katoomba, Newcastle, Melbourne, Brisbane. Adelaide, Wellington (N.Z.), Auckland (N.Z.) ==P.03 - Editorial== WIRELES WEEKLY VOL. 11. No. 22. FRIDAY, 23rd MARCH, 1928. Criticism, Selfish and Otherwise EVER since the commencement of wireless broadcasting criticism of some kind or other has been directed against every broadcasting station the world over. Much has been well-intentioned, some ill-intentioned, and most of it positively selfish. What I mean is that the critic usually approaches things from his own individual point of view and consequently it behoves those responsible for the broadcasting services not to take him over seriously, seeing that they have to please many hundreds of thousands of other listeners of varying tastes. However, the critic who is kindly and constructively disposed is always heeded by enterprising broadcasters, for from him many hints are gleaned, but, unfortunately, this class of critic is all too rare. It is only by comprehensive study of average tastes and by psychological research that the broadcasting companies can gauge the requirements of listeners. The absolute futility of pleasing everyone at any one time is recognised by even the most unreasonable. It is not in human nature to do so, and it is the broadcasters’ duty, therefore, to please as many as possible, as long as possible, : and everybody as much as possible. Heigho! do you envy them the task? That 3LO, Melbourne, succeeds remarkably well in their attempt in this direction is evidenced by the unprecedented popularity of their services, and also by the favorable financial position of broadcasting in Victoria. No proof could be more conclusive, and no answer to adverse criticism more emphatic. Of course, it is only natural that at some time or other during the 12 hours daily broadcasting by 3LO every listener would, if he or she listened-in the whole of the time, find something that failed to please; but, who wants to listen-in for 12 hours a day, even if time permitted? In carefully analysing the programmes I find that, they are arranged so that every reasonably-minded and normal listener-in is well catered for. I have before me a resume of recent newspaper letters and critiques and this shows conclusively that if the broadcasting authorities deleted from the programmes the items selfishly objected to by certain critics there would be nothing left to broadcast. One objects to jazz, another to church services, some to sporting items and others to bands, community singing, classical music, theatres, talks and so on right through the whole gamut of broadcasting. Verily we should say one to the other, “Save us from ourselves.” ==P.04 - Catching Up with the Wireless World== Catching Up with the Wireless World. By R. E. CORDER. A COMPLETE receiving set in a band ring is being marketed in America, priced at 5/-. Headphones are unnecessary. DURING 1927, 200,000 licenses were issued in Canada, which brings the total of licensed listeners in that country up to 1,000,000. AILSA CRAIG, the island rock at the mouth of the River Clyde, England, where most of the good curling stones come from, is to be equipped with a transmitter and receiver. Apart from the keepers of the lighthouse, the only other occupants are myriads of sea birds. DURING the last few weeks, reception has not been too good owing to weather conditions. The first man to find a reliable method of forecasting reception conditions, particularly with regard to the shorter waves, will be doing what is probably the greatest service since De Forest added the grid to the valve. A RADIO MESSAGE received by the steamer Ruapehu, off Pitcairn Island, from the freighter Westmoreland, asked for medical assistance for a cadet who was seriously ill with appendicitis. An eight-hour voyage was necessary before Doctor Hudson, a passenger on the former boat, reached the Westmoreland, and performed a successful operation, despite heavy seas. THE NUMBER of licensed listeners in Germany reached 2,000,000 on December 15th, 1927. The number at the end of September was 1,757,683, and the increase which is partly due to the removal of the Inter-Allied restrictions in the Rhine and Ruhr districts and the opening of the Rhineland high-power station at Langenberg has exceeded expectations. A further rise in the license fee, now 24 marks, will, it is thought, be necessary, and it is even possible that later on the amount of the fee may be reduced. “I’M GOING out to-night, dear,” said father. Mother lookei across at him sternly. “One dial control,” murmured father to himself as he changed his mind about that appointment; WMHA, the New York station, is owned by Troop 707 of the Boy Scouts’ Association, of Washington Heights. The wave length is 230 metres, and a power of 30 watts is used. THE NEW radio inspector meant business. “Show me your licence,” he demanded of the washerwoman. “I ain’t got no car,” she said; “what d’yer take me for?” “Don’t twaddle with me, woman,” said the inspector, haughtily; “where’s your wireless licence?” “Me? I ain’t got no wireless; I ain’t a millionaire, y’know!” “What’s that aerial for then?” he queried artfully. “Aerial?” she replied, scornfully, “that’s me blinkin’ washin’ line!” ANOTHER AIR TRAGEDY. By “Mintie.” There once was a 3LO fellow, Who sang in a voice sweet and mellow; By a tragedy strange, He fell over his range, And they hurried him home in a Yellow. FRANCE IS to have a Communist broadcasting station. M. Vaillent Couteurier, Communist Deputy, is the donor of the station, which is to known as the Red Star. A NEW type of valve has been invented by H. J. Round, England, which has the grid element wound outside the valve, which resembles a cotton reel. A LADY ORGANIST applying for a broadcasting contract in America said she knew 8000 tunes by heart. The lady in question also offered to play continuously for 24 hours without a break, and with no repeated numbers. ALMOST every circuit in American radio publication is now arranged for A.C. power for plate, filament, and grid voltage. Dr. Lee Forest commented recently that Australia and Great Britain have not progressed as rapidly in radio as America, but we have not reached our peak yet. SCIENCE has turned a curious eye on the effect of the northern lights on radio transmission, and first steps have been taken by the National Research Council of Canada to determine just what is the effect. Following a meeting held in Ontario of the Associated Committee on Physics and Engineering of the Council, research work has been undertaken. It is known that conditions in the upper atmosphere have a very marked effect upon the transmission of messages by radio. * BROADCASTING stations in America are endeavoring to do away with the numerical call sign and jumble of letters, suggesting that a name would be more suitable. The argument is that if ships were identified same as broadcasting stations, we should need a reference library if our friend told us he would be sailing for Great Britain on the 465,958,857. Certainly ships have license numbers, but they have names also, and they are known and recognised by their names. ALARM. Fiction about radio seldom interests radio enthusiasts. Perhaps it is because listeners live in an atmosphere of reality; pei'haps it is because they generally know more about the subject than the author. The exception is the short story, ALARM! in the March issue of “RADIO.” Illustrated in two colors by Townshend, it is the best thing of its kind yet published in Australia. You must read it. ==P.05 - Radio Exhibition== Wednesday to Friday Week you must not miss visiting this year's Radio Exhibition— the largest yet organised here. You will see every latest development of the science there from new receivers and loudspeakers to screened grid valves. Wednesday, Ivfarch 21, the greatest Radio and Electrical Exhibition yet held in this State is to start. This Exhibition has grown to such an extent in the past three years that the committee has had to take both the Great Hall and the Lower Hall of the Sydney Town Hall to stage the display. Radio has become such a popular part of the average individual’s existence that there are now in New South Wales alone probably more than 100,000 receiving sets in action, it not on every day or night in the week, at least occasionally. Here, at the Town Hall, are to be seen the latest models, the most advanced receivers and accessories, each in competition with the other. Every radio manufacturer watches jealously the products of his rivals in business, and at the annual exhibition the public. in an two, can gauge for themselves which meet their requirements best. There are many attractions at this Exhibition. The amateur set builders, who are competing with each other, are putting up some remarkable exhibits, and, doubtless, to this section of the Exhibition a very large proportion of visitors will be drawn two most striking displays are the Electric Home and the Public Authorities exhibit. The Electric Home {? a . fall^ lze bungalow cottage, built %* xton and Sons, on the floor of the Town Hall. It is being equipped with electrical labor-saving devices of many kinds—electric cleaner, cooking range, washing machine, bath-heater, electric iron, electric kettle, electric jugs, and so on— appliances which have turned the life of many a housewife from drudgerv to comfort. 3 b i S Home is no mere model, but the type of bungalow in which hundreds of thousands of every-day citizens live. Incidentally, it. has no chimney—none is needed in an electric home—a fact means a saving of from £5O to building. The exhibit of the Public Authorities—Railways and Tramways, Public Works* University, and Institution of Engineers is expected to create something of a sensation. An electric railway carriage has been built upon rails and sleepers in the Lower Hall (the floor of the upper hall would never have carried it), and visitors may see for themselves Just how the electric current works the train. A collection of signalling gear has also been installed, and a couple of model trains show how the signals work for themselves, n * ~ . +• ° ne I the features of the Exhibition will be available to the general Han*’ S*" the k° W ” 1“ > These will be heard, day and night, se . nd j? lg ' out Programmes of music, re- PL"? 11 * - all . and sundry that the Ex ' n£ht°V S “ pr ° gl ? ss - , On a clear mUes 6 h6ard ° Ver y ‘ There are many owners of broad-cast receivers who care nothing about the scientific side of their hobby. They keep a radio set in the house just as others keep a piano-player simply for what it brings them. They are interested in the personalities of the artists who, from the broadcasting stations, supply daily and nightly programmes. For these broadcasting stations 2FC and 2BL have arranged to give a programme each afternoon and evening, from the platform of the Town Hall. The modest admission fee of one shilling (children half price, and free on Saturday afternoons, if accompanied by adults), covers not only the Exhibition, but a concert programme which could hardly be excelled in Australia. The broadcasting stations have saved up their best artists, and the concert programmes from the Exhibition will certainly be a very great draw. And those who are not at the Exhibition have simply to tune in their receivers, and hear it in their own homes. The Radio and Electrical Exhibition will be open continuously, from J; to 10 P-m., from March 21 to 01, and all the indications are that the attendances will break all records. It is too early yet to disclose what each exhibitor is preparing for his stand. That the Exhibition will completely outclass its predecessors is certain, and the fact that the committee has arranged with Mr. Augustas Aley, architect, for uniformity of stands and signwriting, and has let one contract for the erection of all the stands, indicates that the Exhibition will present a symmetry of appearance which will make a wonderful effect on visitors. All the floor space is now booked, except for a space which has been retained for seating accommodation. At the moment of writing, however, further inquiries are being made, and’ it seems likely that the committee will have to sell the last inch of space that can be used for an exhibit. Following are the exhibitors:— # Harringtons. # Lawrence and Hanson (radio). # Bennett and Wood. 3a. Mick Simmons. 4. Australian General Electric Co. 5. Lawrence and Hanson (electrical). 6. Clyde Engineering Co. 7. The Ever-Ready Co. (Great Britain). 8. Cossor Valves. 9. Noyes Bros. (Sydney). 10. W. H. Wiles and Co. 11. Amalgamated Wireless. 12. Australian Wireless Co. 13. New System Telephones. 14. Anthony Hordern and Sons. 15. W. G. Watson and Co. 16. Standard Telephones and Cables. 17. Philips Lamps. 18. Keogh Radio Supplies. 19. Stromberg Carlson. 20. Metropolitan Electric Co 21. Manufacturers’ Products, 22. Australian Westinghouse 23. Burgin Electric Co. 24. Colville-Moore Wireless Supplies. 25. Hecla Electric. 26. Amateur Competitions. 27. Amplion (Australasia). 28. Mullard Wireless Service Co. (Continued over leaf.) RADIO EXHIBITION REVIEWED. Before you go to the Radio Exhibition, glance through the f preliminary notices of the exhibits in the March “RADIO.” A summary of the new apparatus shown at most of the stands is given, for the benefit of those country folk who will be unable to visit the Exhibition, and the city listener will find therein an index to the important exhibits. 29. Railways and Tramways, Public Works, Institution of Engineers, University. 30. Listeners-in. 31. Burt Goldsmid (Turbinet Cleaners). Sla. Dangar Gedye. 32. Eureka Cleaners. 33. A. G. Healing and Co. 34. United Distributors. 34a. Federal Radio Distributors. 35. G. C. Beardsmore. 35a. John Danks and Sons. 36. Hoover (Aust.), Ltd. 37. Wireless Newspapers, Ltd. 38. C. W. Winterbotham. i AMATEUR COMPETITIONS. The amateur competitions are likely to be very successful. Numbers of clubs and individual enthusiasts have informed the organiser that they are working hard on their exhibits, and the Radio Transmitters League will have a transmitting set in operation. Radio dealers are again reminded to use their influence to induce the “hams” to prepare an exhibit. Following is the prize list:— 1. Best amateur designed and built short-wave receiver, covering the band from 10 to 80 metres, and suitable for reception of both international telegraphy and telephony: Ist prize, £4/4/; 2nd prize, £l/1/. 2. Best flexible lower-power trans-l mitter, covering amateur wave band: Ist prize, £7/7/; 2nd prize, £3/3/. 1 3. Best amateur designed end constructed piece pf radio apparatus, submitted by an amateur radio organisation ; limited to one entry from each competing organisation. Prize: Cup, valued at £lO, presented by “Wireless Weekly.” 4. Best home-constructed piece of apparatus, other than a complete transmitter -or receiver, submitted by an individual: Ist prize, £3/3/; 2nd prize, £l/1/. 5. Most novel crystal set: Ist prize, £2/2/; 2nd prize, 10/6. 6. Most novel valve set: Ist prize, £3/3/; 2nd prize, £l/1/. The committee retains £7/7/, for special prizes, and Mr. A. Carter offers as a special prize a set of Cossor valves, to be awarded as the judges decide in section (1) or (6). CONDITIONS. For the purpose of these competitions, an amateur is defined as any person who is not considered by the committee to be the proprietor of a radio establishment, or who, on December 1, was not the holder of a dealer’s license. All exhibits shall be bona-fide work of the competitor in whose name they are entered. All exhibits shall be in the hands of the Exhibition Committee of Control by 4 p.m. on Monday, March 19, 1928, at a place to be announced. No exhibit shall be removed from the hall until the conclusion of the Exhibition. A receipt shall be given to each competitor when he hands in his exhibit, and exhibits shall be returned only on surrender of receipt. The decision of the judges, and any- ruling of the Committee of Control, shall be final. AUGUSTUS ALEV. M.I.A. ARCHITECT FOR EXHIBITION. ==P.07 - The Safety Valve== The Safety Valve Readers are urged to express their opinion on matters pertaining to broadcasting. If you have some grievance, if you haik some constructive criticism to offer, here is your chance for expression—your safety valve. The editor assumes no responsibility for statements made by readers and Published on this page, as opinions of correspondents do not represent our editorial Policies or beliefs. Anonymous letters are not considered. , A.W.P. AND L.L. H Dear Sir, —Apropos the experience | of W., Young (“W.W.”, 17/2A28) ['and the Listeners’ League, jr About three or four months ago, I heard of the League, and being desirous of helping in any movement I for the benefit of listeners, went to la lot of trouble to ascertain the secretary’s address. 2FC referred me Itpthe Radio Broadcast Bureau. Thdy jvery kindly supplied the address, and H wrote asking for particulars. Months went by, until last week I received a printed slip, bearing an lad. for batteries, giving object find Membership fee, and address. Not even a word of explanation for the I long wait. k However, my enthusiasm having (cooled by the long wait, I’ll keep the 12/6, and put it towards the price of II new valve. Yours, etc., A. W. PATTERSON. P’Punchbowl. Im, * * * ' | MORE ENTERTAINERS. Dear Sir, —Don’t you think it is time we had a change of programme? I am, like the others, complaining of too much singing, and I think it is > over the odds to have to listen to five records running, and some of them played over again; also request numbers. I What about putting on more en- | tertafners and less of picture show music, as there is nothing in listening to a lot of laughing ? I don’t wonder people get tired of wireless. One time we had theatre acts from 2BL Studio. All my friends say they pi enjoyed them; but even they are taken off. I suppose the fights are put on instead. We know they can- not please everybody, but it is time they gave us better programmes than what they give us at present. | Another bad practice is to stop music, etc., to give out race results, etc. It looks like if wireless is only for the sporting class. I Where are the minstrel bands and I think they will have to have a change soon, or they will find they are talking to the air. Yours, etc., M. NORTON. I Leichhardt. SMOKE CLOUDS. Dear Sir, —To quote a correspondent in your last issue: “According to these traditions (sc. ‘our British traditions’ from previous sentence), when a man had sunk to the vilest depths (as Rev. R. B. S. Hammond’s work clearly shows) and recaptures all that he had lost, and more through Divine intervention—(Query: If ‘Divine intervention’ does the trick, why bother about the rev. gentleman)—and realises that there are others in a .position as bad as he was, and further realises that he can be the means of uplifting some, surely under heaven it is no crime to try and do so.” The italics are mine. 7 Further Comment"is* superfluous. It is obvious that Mr. Moon has wandered as far from the British traditions as the object of his “savage indignation.” In Mr. Moon’s case, however, it was in a praiseworthy endeavor to despatch a sentence which had gradually assumed the sinuous complexities of Laocoon’s serpent, and which was threatening, to assimilate him. Being, as Mb'. Moon, correctly suspicious, unblessed with a Rudyard Kipling _ cum playing-fields of Eton upbringing, I am forced, in all fairness, to add that logical presentation of ideas is essential to debate. Also, "being rather more tickled by my sobriquet than I am ashamed of my perversities, I must continue to veil my identity in a cloud of tobacco-smoke. Yours, etc., THREE CASTLES. Darlinghurst. CAPPOS AGAIN. Dear Sir, —As the letter by “Three Castles,” which Mr. Spencer O. G. Moon reviews in your issue of 2nd March, was in support of mine, in an effort to improve Sunday programmes, I trust you will find space for the “Capstan” again. Mr. Moon will, no doubt, make the same suggestion to “Capstan” as he did to “Three Castles” in the matter of a nom-de-plume. This latter I regard as a very weak point in an otherwise instructive letter, but perhaps Mr. Moon is a non-smoker. Assuming that Mr. Moon’s figures are correct (and he appears to be a mathematician of no little skill), we have indeed taken a great step forward since the days of, say, a couple of years ago. I don’t know definitely if Mr. Moon was endeavoring to prove that the. B.C. companies have realised that the general public demand something more than the noises produced in churches, and are gradually improving their Sunday programmes, but it appears to me that, if such was his motive, he has adequately proved his case. Progress must be the watchword of the successful B.C. company, and it is of interest to note here that only lately 3LO have commenced a series of recitals of the world s most famous records during Sunday afternoon. Now, I venture to say that 3LO has made a bigger effort than any other Australian station , to accurately gauge the wishes of listeners, and the fact that they have improved their Sunday programmes in this manner indicates the progress made, not by 3LO alone, but by the listening public also. 3LO are making great strides In cultivating in their listeners the due appreciation of the world’s best music on all days of the week, and there is a very noticeable improvement in many other stations, and if this upward trend is continued, Mr. Moon, ere long, will be able to produce a schedule showing a still greater improvement in Sunday programmes. Yours, etc., j CAPSTAN. I Darlington Point. AN ARCHBISHOR ON BROADCASTING. Have you been following the Safety Valve controversy on Sunday 'programmes? Yes! Then you will be interested to read Archbishop Lee’s ideas about religious broadcasting, in the March issue of “RADIO” Just a short article, from the eminent Melbourne ecclesiastic. Also a statement by Archbishop Wright, of Sydney. FIFTY MILLION. Dear Sir, —Any household—any morning—with a set. Mum: “Seven o’clock, George; get up at once.” George: “S’only ten to; clock’s fast.” Mum: “Excuse me, I just heard the G.P.O. on the wireless; it’s s-e-v-e-n. Now, Ethel, put down those earphones, and get dressed.” Ethel (excitedly): “Mum, mum, he’s back—Mr. Halbert’s back—hoo- ray.” Mum: “Well, I never; I’m glad. I thought he’d gone to Melbourne, or somewhere.” Flapper Daughter: “Oo! how thrilling to think he is back again. Perhaps he’s been sick.” Schoolboy Jack: “Huh! been to a *nebriates’ home, more like it. ‘Mike’ said they drink whisky, those announcers.” George the Knut: “Cut it out; don’t you know “Mike” only pulls legs 7 Why, if he was serious, they could have him up for libel.” Dad (putting down earphones): “How much lower are those shares going to fall, I wonder; wish to the devil I’d sold out long ago.” Mum: “Oh, is that the honeyman? Good morning, one pound of honey, please. What? Tuppence more than last week. I’ll have you know that the wholesale price is exactly the same this week, for I heard it over the wireless. What? I should think you have made a mistake. Thank heaven for Mr. Marconi; he’s saved me many a penny. Now, then, Dad, don’t go without your umbrella.” Dad: “Why, there’s not a cloud in the sky.” Mum: “Uncle Bas says rain prophesied before mid-day.” To schoolboy Jack: “Will you go to school? Perhaps you would like your ’phones glued to your ears.” 5.8. J.: “Oh, but, Mum, I know all of “‘Fifty Million Frenchmen” except the last verse.” (Spank spank.) 5.8. J.: “Ooh! crumbs, you can hit, Mum; and now they’ve closed down, and I’ve missed it; talk about a nark.” Mum: “Thank goodness, he’s gone; and now I c&n get those sweet peas in without delay. Mr. Lockley says I’ll be a ‘gonner’ if I don’t.” Oh, good morning. An "inspector? “Oh, yes, certainly, we’ve got our license; it will be up next month. Going to renew it? Well, I should say so; we can go without lots of things, but will never be without our wireless set.” “Good morning.” Yours, etc., Greenwich. ROSTAND. ♦ MORSE KEY. The Morse message on the opposite page reads: —There will be a special issue of “Radio” for March. Watch out for our Grand Exhibition Number. BOTH SIDES. Dear Sir, —In reference to the discussion that is now being carried on, in the “Safety Valve,” where listeners-in are discussing the advantages or disadvantages of too much church on Sundays, I would like to add my voice to the appeal of anti-church-goer. Perhaps I should not put that down in such a crude fashion, because, perhaps, there are plenty of church-goers who do not want it “canned,” but who still go to their churches on Sundays. There, in that word “canned,” lies my whole contention in regard to broadcast sermons. I wish to maintain that broadcast services do not, and never will, have the spiritual meaning that the sermons themselves would have if delivered in a House of God. It is only the living personality of the minister that can really feed the soul. To those who advocate broadcast services, I would like to ask them a question Do you feel the same after a broadcast service as you do when you come out of a church? Do you feel the same spiritual upliftment? No, definitely no. How anyone could seems to me to be amazing. How could you feel the same, when, in the general course of events, the service is listened to in an armchair, or some other comfortable seat? Sometimes you smoke —I know I do — and all around you cannot take the same interest, or give the reverence that a spiritual matter deserves. If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well; so here I say, and always will say, that if you want church, go to church, by all means, but do not try to be a kill-joy. There are other people who have sets, besides you, who are not interested in church services. Still, for the cake of invalids, and those folks who are right out in the backblocks, and who never get a chance to go to church, I would like to advocate, say, one church service from each main station. What I am against are the class who, before broadcasting started, would only go to church once on Sundays, but now advocate for religious services from dawn to dark every Sunday from the broadcasting stations. Perhaps the stations are to blame, more than anyone. The continual services on a Sunday wears away one’s patience, as continual dripping of water wears away the stone. If there is any more harm in listening to a little light music on a Sunday than in going surfing, or playing tennis, or golf, then I stand to be corrected. 2JW and 2UE, although only B class stations, have stepped out from ti e more conservative class, and have proved that light music is liked and appreciated on Sundays. It is time that the A class stations woke up. One can quite agree with the P.M.G., when he states that the programmes are not up to the mark. Sundays, to these stations, seems to be a day when they can put over anything without getting justified complaints. Thank goodness that the great majority of sane listeners are beginning to wake up, and demand a little return for their hard-earned license money. Not only Sunday programmes. but the whole week of entertainment from the A class stations leaves much to be desired. Time was when one could have sat down to one’s set at night with a reasonable chance of being entertained. But now even the station who never let us down, i.e., 3LO, seems to find pleasure in giving us rotten programmes. Talks, then some more talks, then few more talks, by way of a change. The whole thing through seems to me to be a case of indirect advertising. What is becoming of our money that we pay in so regularly a question that may seem embarrasing for some of these stations to answer. I do not wish to commit myself in any way, but I think that even for the stations themselves, it y;ould be better if the stations could issue some sort of a monthly account, so that the listeners could see just where their money was going. In the meantime, there is the present question of church all day Sunday; church half of Sunday; or not church at all on Sunday. The most agreeable way, I really think, that this could be settled on both hands, would be to compromise, by letting each station put over one service each Sunday. The other stations, in the meantime, while not putting over absolute jazz, could easily enough find plenty of other music, besides sacred songs, that we would find entertaining. I would welcome reports from other listeners in regard to my statements. It is, after all, only by controversy that we can get to the bottom of things, and get every one satisfied. Before I close, I would like to thank the gentleman who first brought this interesting discussion to light, and would like to commend those who have taken what I consider as the only sane view of the matter, and who advocate church services in moderation. Yours, etc., “FAIR GO.” Stanmore. THE SPIRIT OF RADIO. Watch for the spedial cover of the March issue of “RADIO” on the bookstalls this week. It is an attempt to define the Spirit of Radio. It is the head of a strange woman, yet as different from the 'usual type of pretty-girl cover as you could imagine. It has a queer mystic quality truly of Radio. ==P.09 - Is Your Letter Here?== Is Your Letter Here ? Recent Correspondence at 2FC and 2BL 2FC always have a large mail from U.S.A., and busy typewriters are going for days after their receipt, Germany and Holland also have interested listeners to 2FC, and in the former country lives Karl Nister, a regular correspondent. It is noteworthy to remark on the exceptional good English of some of 2FC’s foreign correspondents, and though sometimes letters from Japan, Germany, France, Holland, and other foreign countries are written most quaintly; as a general rule, the English rivals that of many of our own countrymen. Yet it is surprising to find that grammatical and spelling errors are prevalent in American letters in the majority of cases. Nearly every letter received from that country has several bad spelling errors, apart from Americanisms. On the whole, foreigners are much more careful about their English. They are very careful about the use of capitals, and endeavor to write their letters in the most interesting manner possible, whereas our American cousins do just the opposite. American Stations Our Call Signs. A letter just received by 2FC from one of their regular listeners in U.S.A. reads: “On January 22nd between II and 12 p.m. Central Standard time I heard your station very plainly. I have heard you on several occasions before, and never could get tuned in just right. Can it be that some of our stations are using your call letters and trying to fool the public ? “Telling friends about my reception, and advising wireless papers only brings me the ‘Hee Haw,’ but if there is any chance of my having heard you at that hour, I hope to be able to substantiate my claims if you would kindly let me know.” There is no error about the reception of 2FC in America, each mail from that country bringing hosts of letters for 2FC, most of which describe fully the programme most accurately. The Prodigal Son. Many letters are received by 2FC from mothers whose sons have been lost in wide Australia, and often relatives request 2FC to make enquiries regarding some long lost brother, sister, aunt, great grandmother, etc., etc., but it is impossible to accede to these requests unless the information and particulars come direct from the police. The following letter received from Mr. George Booth, of Chicago, is an example of this type:— “Gentlemen, —My brother, Arthur Pearson Booth, left Melbourne a little more than a year ago for Sydney, but we have no information as to whether he ever got there. Naturally his relatives, widowed mother, and sisters are very worried over his disappearance. The mother lives at Wingletye Lane, Hornchurch, Essex, England. “I wonder if it would be too much to ask you to broadcast the news and ask him to write to his mother at once, or for other people who know of him to communicate to you and thru’ you to his mother. I will be glad to defray any expenses involved. “He is about 38 years old, either slightly deaf, or fully so, served in France, Verdun, two years artillery, was shell shocked, and invalided home for some time, then went to Melbourne, where he lived at 18 Jolimont- street, Jolimont, Melbourne. He was an expert toolmaker and worked at Footscray, is about 5ft. Bin. high, about 150 1 b. weight, has a slight moustache, is rather retiring. “It is quite possible due to his experiences in the War and his affliction that he may have lost his identity for the time being. “Please do what you can in the matter, and ask other agencies to help A MORSE MESSAGE TO READERS. (For key, see opposite page.) if you know of any,—and advise his mother first if you get news of him. Yours very truly, GEORGE BOOTH. Though 2FC regret that in matters like this they cannot do anything, they request that readers who are aware of any such person as Arthur Pearson Booth would be good enough to correspond with Mrs. Booth in England immediately to alleviate her distress. Cow Robber Explains. Dear Sir,—A couple of nights back I heard “Mike” (the young rascal) skiting about the good programmes that 2FC puts on the air. Well they do, but I must say that a lot of it is “high-brow” and passes over the heads of “us waybacks” and “Cow robbers.” “Frinstance! Mr. Cochrane (may his elbow never weaken) says that Professor So and So will now play “Allegro tout Suite in a B flat” and some bloke sits down (or I suppose he does) and drags out some notes at the rate of about 60 hours a mile, and as my Crystal Set can only get 2FC (when it is on the air the others are drowned out). I have to listen in or wait for the next item. “Well, I like the other bloke to have his bit of pleasure, if that is what he calls it, but couldn’t you give us some more Banjo, Mandolin or Steel Guitar items ? I have heard people who claim to know, say that such music is “low class.” Well, if they heard Mr. Harrison White play “The Pilgrim’s Chorus” as we did from 2FC one night, I think they would alter their tune. How about at least 6 Banjo Mandolin, or Guitar items every night or four times a week? I am not greedy, and it needn’t be “Naughty Eyes” or “Nighty Nights” too often. “Also could you beg, order or request Mr. Chappie to treat us to a lot more solos, on the organ in the studio? I think it has a splendid tone, and is a treat to listen to. Such pieces as “The Lost Chord,” “Crossing the Bar,” “The Pilgrim’s March” and “The Grand March,” and hosts of others, that I’ll bet Mr. Chappie knows, would be very thankfully received and as often as you like. Well you thanked me once for what you termed the interest I took in your programmes, so I’m hoping you won’t be annoyed with this humble effort. Cheerio, Yours truly, , (Sgd). W. M. MARSHALL. P.S. The mosquitoes (Cripes! I nearly swore then, and me a Digger too) are bad round here and make it hard to listen in at times but still we struggle on. W. M. M. Penrith. STARS. There is an impressive list of contributors in the March issue of “RADIO.” Among the writers, there are, Brasso, M. C. Mahood, A. S. Cochranne, Ray Allsop, Don. B. Knock, U. R. Ellis, Archbishop Lees, Martin P. Rice, R. G. Walker, Gordon Bland, C. C. Faulkner. And the artists include: Jack Waring, G.K. Townshend, Unk. White, M. C. Mahood, Alex. Gurney, R. Whitmore. ==P.10 - Notes and News from 4QG== Notes and News from 4QG By the Station Correspondent “CHANGING OVER.” Most listeners who hear a big- broadcasting station announce that it has completed its transmission from some place or other, and that it is “changing-over” to some other point, hardly ever stop to realise with what smoothness the whole system works, and how quickly the changes are made. It is very seldom that any hitch in a change-over occurs, especially in a modern station such as 4QG. Some few nights ago, however, 4QG had a rather sad experience in its changes, and this experience resulted in at least one member of its staff having to do some strenuous work. The station was effecting transmission of a description of motor-cycle races, from the Davies Park Speedway, and, after finishing several races, announced that it would charge over to Lennon’s Ballroom. The change was made, quite in order, but the orchestra had just finished a strenuous dance, and had stopped for a “breather.” There was no music, so the engineer-in-charge switched back to the Speed-way, and asked for more motor-cycle races. The announcer there had had a heavy three-quarters of an hour, but he willingly obliged, and gave further descriptions. Then another change was made to the Ballroom, only to learn that supper was on, and still no music was ready. There w-as nothing to do but change back again to the Speedway, and a very dry-throated announcer was compelled to give more descriptions, meantime silently envying those w'ho w-ere more fortunately placed than he was, and w’ho were having supper at Lennon’s. It was with feelings of relief that he concluded his extra task, and announced “Changing-over” to the Studio. S.O.S. CALLS. Every listener has, at some time or other, heard a broadcasting station give some urgent call, requesting any listener knowing the w-hereabouts of some person or other to communicate with the police. Such calls are termed “SOS” messages at the broadcasting stations, and very few people realise the tremendous number of requests which are made for the inclusion of such messages- in the transmissions. At 4QG, never a day passes by without several such requests being made. The management of the station is at all times in a difficult position in regard to these requests. It does not, for one moment, desire to refuse a request, the granting of which w r ill mean much to the inquirer, but, at the same time, it cannot possibly grant the space to all requests made. Were it to do so, the programmes would become filled with such calls, and the license-holder would receive very little for his money. Station 4QG therefore takes as “SOS” calls only messages which are extremely urgent, and, even then, refers the inquirer- to the Police Department, and demands that the message be perused by police officers. It has been found necessary of late to quite firmly refuse to broadcast from 4QG inquiries for missing friends, unless these are submitted in the form of advertisements, to be included in the regular advertising sessions. The station does not desire to make money out of any personal misfortune, but of late it has been receiving so many requests to broadcast messages, to try and trace missing cousins, aunts, uncles, etc., many of whom were last heard of fifteen or twenty years ago, that in fairness to its customers —the listeners—it has been compelled to “put its foot down with a firm hand.” QUICK ACTION. Some idea of the quickness of thought and action required in the conducting of a large broadcasting station may be gained from the transmission of the civic reception to Bert.Hinkler, at Bundaberg, the night the famous airman arrived at that city. Extensive arrangements had previously been made to broadcast a description of his arrival, and these had been carried out very successfully. Prior to his arrival, however, it had been very difficult to secure definite information regarding functions, and it was not until the afternoon he landed in Bundaberg that it was definitely known that at such and such a time a welcome would be accorded to him in the Town Hall. A programme had been arranged at 4QG, but everything went by the board when Hinkler was considered. Trunk lines were busy, and messages flew backwards and forwards, between 4QG and Bundaberg. With lightning-like haste, the Town Hall was connected by landline, and portable gear was installed. Then, at a few minutes’ notice, the studio programme was cancelled, and a change-over was made to Bundaberg. By virtue of the extreme courtesy displayed by the Postmaster-General’s Department, and the excellent line facilities provided, the speeches came over with the utmost clarity. It was not known how long the welcome would take, and a jazz band was, therefore, kept in attendance at 4QG. Shortly after nine o’clock the welcome ended, and 4QG then changed back, and gave a programme of dance music from the studio until closing down time. It was not possible, of course, to warn the public beforehand of the Station’s intention to effect the relay, and many people who listened in at eight o’clock, expecting to hear dance music, were surprised to hear Hinkler’s welcome at Bundaberg. Judging by the countless congratulatory telegraph, telephone, and written congratulations the Station received, everybody was delighted with the last minute arrangements. 4QG’S RACING ANNOUNCER COINCIDES WITH JUDGE. The Welter Handicap of the Queensland Turf Club’s February meeting wa's responsible for one of the most thrilling finishes witnessed at Eagle Farm racecourse for some years, when Civetta, Perfect Night. Tigrinum, and Sheila’s Lad flashed past the winning-post almost in line with three others a short margin away. 4QG’S ANNOUNCER singled out Civetta and Perfect Night, but declared that the finish was so close that he could not separate them. When the numbers were hoisted, the judge declared a dead-heat between Civetta and Perfect Night! MISS THELMA CHAMPION, who has written several radio plays, which have been produced from time to time by Station 4QG, is now at work on a radio drama, “Rio Ferber on Trial,” which will be broadcast from the studio on the night of Friday, March 30th. The cast will be taken by a number of well-known artists, who have successfully played in previous interludes written by Miss Champion. “Rio Ferber on Trial” will be the first drama yet attempted by these players from 4QG. THERE SHE BLOWS! Most readers cherish recollections of the whaling yarns of their earlier years —Moby Dick and other novels, which still have a great attraction. But whaling has changed a great deal since those days. It has become a business, and in the March number of “ RADIO ,” R. G. Walker tells of how wireless is making that business an exact science. He tells of the Nielson Alonso, and the other whalers, operating south of Tasmania. ==P.11 - Bert Hinkler and Irene Vanbrugh== Bert Hinkler and Irene Vanbrugh Hear One Another Speak Through London Hinkler (newest Mike), standing before hie 'plane on his arrival. Determined that such small things as atmospherics and jamming were not to be allowed to interfere with residents in the British Isles hearing him speak, Bert Hinkler made his second appearance at th 6 Studios of 2FC on Tuesday morning, March 13. On this occasion, he was not only relayed; and heard with the greatest clarity throughout Great Britain, but those present in the Sydney studios also heard him relayed back to Australia. Irene Vanbrugh, also imbued with the true spirit, spoke again this morning, and joined in the thrilling experience of talking round the world to Bert Hinkler. Whilst the famous airman spoke in one studio, Miss Vanbrugh listened to his voice coming back from London in another studio. The positions were then reversed, and Mr. Hinkler listened to the speech of the eminent. English actress under similar conditions. Owing to jamming, which interfered with the previous transmission on the 28.5-metres wave-length, the 8.8. C., London, got in touch with 2FC, Sydney, and suggested that an alteration should be made in the wave-length. The engineers of A.W.A. at once fell in with the suggestion, and it was arranged for this morning’s programme to be transmitted on a wave-length of 31.5 metres. Punctually at 6.25, Sydney time, corresponding with 8.25, London time, 2LO, London, called as follows: “Hello, 2FC, Sydney; hello,. 2FC, Sydney. Conditions are favorable, and if they remain so, we will re- broadcast you at 2035, G.M.T.” The London station then continued to transmit, through SSW, Chelmsford, a short musical programme, and then the following announcement was heard, at 6.34:—“London calling. We are now crossing over to Australia, to hear Captain Hinkler’s speech, from 2FC, Sydney.” At 6.35, Bert Hinkler delivered a short five-minute speech, followed, at 6.40, by Irene Vanbrugh, who spoke for the same period. At 6.47, the following message came through on the air:— “London calling. We will now resume our evening programme, from the point where it was interrupted. You have been listening to Captain Hinkler’s speech, from 2FC, Australia.” At 6.51, the following message was sent from sSW:—“Hello,, 2FC; hello, 2FC, Sydney, Australia. We relayed your full message from Captain Hinkler at 2035 GMT; also Miss Vanbrugh.” At 6.53, the London night programme was continued, with orchestral selections from the 2LO Studio. Both Bert Hinkler and Irene Vanbrugh felt that they had been fully rewarded for their efforts in coming to the 2FC Studios at such an early hour, after their previous disappointment. ==P.12 - 3LO Sporting News== 3LO Sporting News THERE is a glamor and thrill about Big Public Schools Cricket that is not found to such a degree in any other sphere of this sport. The keen, healthy rivalry of youth, playing for the honour of their school, is enjoyed by “cricket” enthusiasts who regard it as the true spirit of the great game. The progress results on March 22nd and 23rd between the Big Public Schools will be broadcast by 3LO during the afternoons, and final results will be given at 7 p.m. each day. Old boys all over the Commonwealth and in New Zealand will want to know how their schools are faring, and will listen in when the results are broad- cast. Randwick Autumn Carnival Broadcast. The A.J.C. Autumn Racing Carnival will open at Randwick on Saturday, April 7th—and 3LO will be there to give racing enthusiasts in all parts of the Commonwealth full ac- counts of the racing. The Doncaster Handicap and the A.J.C. Sires Produce Stake are the two main events on the programme, and each event promises keen racing. Racegoers have long learnt to rely upon 3LO for full and accurate re- ports of race meetings in all parts of Australia. The turf has been in- vested with a new interop as a re . suit of 3LO’s broadcasting service. Stawell’s Famous Athletic Carnival. The Stawell Athletic Club’s carnival to open at Central Park, Stawell, on Saturday, April 7th, will attract the leading runners of Australia, and all Australia will be interested in the results of the elimination heats of the big event, the Stawell Gift. 3LO has arranged to broadcast full reports of the carnival events in this, one of the biggest professional running meetings in the world. The possibility of new champions being discovered is always present, and if they are, well, all Australia will want to know about it at once. 3LO will provide this service. Frank Beaurepaire’s Advice to Swimmers. There is no one in Australia to-day better qualified to give advice to swimmers than the Australian champion, Frank Beaurepaire. Winner of a long string of championships in a period of over 30 years of active participation in front rank events. Beaurepaire has amassed a wealth of practical knowledge that no theoretical training can approach. 3L0 listeners will therefore he glad to learn that Beaurepaire will talk from the studio on Tuesday, April 3rd, on the subject, “Long Distance Swimming, and How to Prepare for It.” Hints from such an unrivalled authority on the sport at a time when long-distance swimming is so popular should be of particular interest. Green Mill Roller Cycling Results. The results of the Green Mill roller cycling championships of Victoria Frank Beaurepaire, champion swimmer, Who is to broadcast a talk from SLO on the technique of swimming . will be broadcast from 3LO on the nights of Monday and Wednesday, April 2nd and 4th. These one mile events are attracting considerable attention because of their novelty, and the fact that a large measure of skill is required of the contestants. 3LO’s announcements are being awaited eagerly by the thousands interested in the out- come of the contests. AIREALITIES (By “Rados.”) A Vagary of Time. SUCH is one of Time’s vagaries that Monday’s news is known in London on Sunday night. The news broadcast by 3LO, Melbourne, during the early morning short-wave session is listened to or* the other side of the world 10 hours previously, and incidents are known chronologically before they happen. On the other hand, British news, although transmitted and received simultaneously, is ten hours late when It arrives in the Antipodes. The simplicity of the explanation does not rob the peculiarity of its Interest, and to the child mind it is a source of endless thought, besides being an object-lesson in chrono- logical reckoning. Science and Radio. The Spectrum of the Sun and Stars can be dissected, one color from the other, until their virtues or disad- vantages for use of mankind can be accurately analysed and calculated. It can be ascertained from the color of the light of the stars what mine- rals they contain. Their weight and distance can be measured, and their movements calculated with precision. Such is the march of science. Soon the phenomena of wireless will be known, fading and distortion will be overcome, and the way opened up for contiuonus telephonic communication the world over. 3LO, Melbourne, is doing much to elucidate these prob- lems. by conducting a regular short- wave broadcasting service every Mon- day morning, between 4.30 and 6.30 (corresponding to 18.30 to 20.30 G.M.T., Sunday). They are also carrying out exten- sive fading and distortion tests, be- sides endowing special research at the Melbourne University. Much valuable data has already been col- lected, and the importance of the ultimate results cannot be foretold. Sufficient for the day is the satisfac- tion of taking its place with the foremost wireless stations in the world* with the optimistic hope that It will discover the cause of the bug- bears standing in the pathway of radio advancement. ==P.13 - It 's All in the Air== '''It 's All in the Air''' Coming Features in the Broadcasting Programmes INCLUDED in the programme to be broadcast from 3LO on Sunday night, April Ist, will be community singing from the Welsh Church. “THE SILVER KING” is to be re- peated by special request, by the H. W. Varna Company at 2FC Studio on evening of 28th March. RAYMOND ELLIS: Has arranged his farewell recital from 2FC on Wed- nesday, 28th March, when he will in- clude request songs, from his many listeners in a number of well selected items. THE METHODIST Church Choir, Nicholson Street, will broadcast the inspiring “Olivet to Calvary,” on the night of Wednesday, April 4th. The Choir will visit the studio for the oc- casion. PETER GAWTHORNE, English baritone, is appearing at 2FC on the evening of Sunday, 25th March. Mr. Gawthorne is a man of many parts, and will long be remembered by Syd- ney theatregoers for his masterly interpretation of The Examiner in “Outward Bound.” THE STUDIO Orchestra, under the baton of Mr. J. Sutton Crowe, will broadcast the opera, “II Trova- tore,” from 3LO on the night of Mon- day, April 2nd. This orchestra specialises in this type of classical music, and listeners are advised to make a special note of the date and time of this performance. ANOTHER OF the popular So- nora Sunday afternoon concerts will be broadcast from 3LO, from 2 till 3 p.m., bn Sunday, April Ist. Speci- ally selected records are used in these concerts, and include a wide variety of selections. The best records are chosen from latest releases, and gramophone owners are thus assisted very materially in the choice of their new records. N.S.W. BLINDED SOLDIERS AS- SOCIATION : An entertainment on behalf of this Association has been or- ganised by Captain Fred Aarons, and will be held at the Pavilion Cafe on Saturday night, 24th March. The pro- gramme, which will be broadcast by 2FG, includes old favorites of Sydney’s listening public, viz., Charles Law- rence, Cliff Arnold, Brunton Gibb, Borman McLennan and Louise Hom- frey. Dinner Music will be from the Cafe on the same evening. THE SCOTS’ Church Choir will render “The Crucifixion” on Tues- day night, April 3rd, and 3LO has arranged to broadcast it. SADIE GRAINGER BROAD, who has not been heard by listeners for some time, will sing from 2FC Studio on Wednesday, 28th March. ROSEHILL will be broadcast by 2FC on Saturday afternoon, 24t*h March, when the popular Racing Com- missioner, M. A. Ferry, will describe the meeting in running. “ON WENLOCK EDGE,” Vaughan Williams’ whimsical song cycle, has been chosen by William Dallison for his appearance at 2FC Studio on Mon- day evening, 26th March, which will be presented with string quartette and piano accompaniment. ON TUESDAY night, April 3rd, BLO will broadcast a special West Country programme, on the occasion of the convention of the Devon, Corn- wall and Somerset Associations of Victoria. The president of the asso- ciation will also deliver a short ad- dress on Cornwall. RADIO EXHIBITION: The pro- grammes at the Radio Exhibition at the Town Hall are to be supplied by 2FC on the afternoon and evening of Friday, 23rd March. In the afternoon, the artists include Daisy Sweet, Harry Whyte, Sammy Cope, Clara Hartge and William Bowyer. At night Len Maurice, Gabriel loffe, Ernest Archer, Eileen Boyd and Cyril Coy’s Dance Orchestra will appear. Enid Connellv is the accompanist in the afternoon, and Horace Keats at night. J. Ernest Sage, the celebrated con- ductor and baritone, who is to broad- cast from 3LO shortly. A CONCERT under the auspices of the Australian League of Nations will be given in the Great Hall, Sydney University, on the evening of 26th and will be broadcast by 2FC. A very enjoyable programme has been arranged, to which Moore McMahon, the British Music Society Quartette, and the Royal Sydney Apollo Club will contribute. ADVANCE ANNOUNCEMENTS. Features of 3LO programmes dur- ing the week of April 2nd till 7th will be musical interludes by the Four Colored Emperors of Harmony and the Hawaiians, Frank and Francis Luiz. The colored performers will mingle the latest popular hits with dreamy plantation lullabies, and the Hawaiians will transport listeners to the moonlit isles of the Pacific, with their quaint and appealing songs and guitar music. Both features should be popular. REALISING that the possibilities that attend such a session as the “Women’s Hour,” broadcast each morning from 3LO, are tremendously far reaching, no pains are being spared to make this session as all em. bracing as possible, and fresh fea- tures are being added weekly. Apart from the lecturettes that have a direct bearing on the home life, cook- ing, dressmaking, etc., the series of “Health Talks” (with exercises), given by Mrs. Clarence Weber, are proving of more than usual interest, and, through this medium, hundreds of country women are engaged in the fascinating process of not only “get* ting” but “keeping” fit. BRASSO. Have you met Brasso?—the hard-bitten, worldly-wise brass- pounder, who is writing of his wartime experiences as chief op. with transports and tramps , and other submarine-boat prey in “RADIO.” Then read the rattling good adventure yarn he tells in the next issue. It has to do with the rum-running in radio, an industry not unfa- miliar to the author. Illustrated by Jack Waring. LISTENERS will be interested to learn that final arrangements have been made to broadcast the com- munity singing from Ballarat on Fri- day, March 30th. This is always a popular feature with every class of listener, and not only will it afford additional pleasure to old Ballarat re- sidents living in Melbourne to hear Items broadcast from their own home town, but, as it justly claims to be one of the “Homes of Song,” com- munity singers of Melbourne will be busily engaged in comparing notes, and possibly trying to glean a few hints from their country cousins. ANYTHING that enables the aver- age listener, especially the house- wife, to cast aside the cares and worries of the day, is especially wel- come, and the evensong service broadcast each Thursday evening by BLO, from St. Paul’s Cathedral, is a peaceful interlude in the wear and tear of daily routine. But for this thousands of country listeners would never have an opportunity of hearing the famous Cathedral choir, with its beautiful boy sopranos and the equally famous organ. LISTENERS are reminded that on March 26th, “The Boy Comes Home,” a delightfully humorous ' and enter- taining playlet, will be broadcast from 3LO. The play is being re- hearsed and produced by Terence Crisp, who will give a good account of the principal role, and has been chosen with a special view to effec- tive radio appeal. Mr.. Crisp, who has been associated with the Reper- tory movement for some considerable time past, has little to learn in the art of acting and production, and listeners may look forward to a most artistic and enjoyable performance. FEW ENTERTAINER lecturers are more popular over the air than Charles Nuttall, who has been dispensing much humour and wisdom during the past two years from 3LO, and whose fund of amusing anecdotes seems endless. “A little episode comes to my mind in connection with a railway journey from New York up country,” he says, “my .fellow pas- senger being a gentleman who had just arrived from the Old Country. This was his first trip since landing, and he had apparently forgotten that meals were not included in the fare, so gave himself a thoroughly good time. He had an immense capacity, and ordered portion after portion,, no- thing seemed to satisfy him, and huge steaks followed each other as easily as peanuts. However, he was speedily brought to his bearings, when the waiter presented the bill, 32/6 for breakfast. I felt distinctly sorry for him, more especially when I discovered he was a Scotsman, for I knew then how deeply he must have felt the shock.” THAT VERY popular contralto, Madoline Knight, is again broadcast- ing from 3LO, her perfect diction and enunciation much enhancing the enjoyment of listeners. And thereby hangs a tale. “When I was training,” she said, ‘my singing master was al- ways particularly strict about my enunciation, and, being very enthusi- astic, I followed his instructions im- plicitly. On one occasion I was Kinging at a church gathering, ancr, after the congregation had left the building, being anxious to discover what kind of an impression my songs had made, I asked the old verger twho was dusting the pews and put- ting the books away) if he thought the people had heard my words dis- tinctly. He looked at me a few moments and said, ‘Yes, missie, you're the plainest singer we’ve had here for many a long day.’ ” A MUSICAL TREAT is in store for listeners on Saturday, March 31st, when the “colourful” song- cycle, “In a Persian Garden,” will be broadcast from Studio 3LO. The arrangements are in the hands of Madame Ella Kingston, the well- known soprano from Collins Street Baptist Church, who had already firmly established herself in the good graces of listeners, and who will ren- der the soprano solos in her cus- tomary artistic manner, whilst the choir, under • her capable baton, will give an excellent account of the ensemble numbers. “THE BELLE of Ney York,” though by no means one of our latest musical comedies, never seems to lose its charm of appeal, and, in response to repeated requests for a “further edition,” arrangements have been made for another performance of the musical numbers, which will be broadcast from 3LO, on Wednesday, 28th, and once again the tuneful melodies, “Lucky Jim,” “Try again, Johnnie” and “The Belle of New York” will delight hundreds of listeners. “IT WAS THE MORNING of Hink- ler's broadcast to England,” said Mr. Oswald Anderson, Manager of 2FC, “and I was on my way to the Studio for the preliminary tests at 5 a.m. As the punt crossed the Harbor, I frankly indulged in a little day dreaming. Sixteen days to accomplish a six weeks journey, and now through radio Hinkler’s spoken word would cover the distance in 1/15 of a second. “In a very few years, Empire broad- casting will be quite common, but as yet we are experiencing the thrill of pioneering. Blase as we pretend we are, we still stand a little in awe of the microphone—‘Mike’ of 2FC,” he added, laughing. “As we drew near Fort Macquarie, a voice at my elbow said: ‘Got time to give me a lift ? ’ I invited the brawny son of toil to jump in, and along de- serted Pitt Street he waxed confiden- tial. ‘I catch that punt every morn- ing (4.30_L but most times I have to walk to the station. Guess this is my lucky day.’ “At his destination he gripped my hand with wincing earnestness. ‘Don’t know who you are, but it was mighty good of you,’ he said, ‘l’ll have to get “Mike” of 2FC to thank you!”’ 2FC’S SHORT-WAVE BROADCAST ON 28.35 METRES. “WE HEARD this station clearly, also the announcement of their wave- length. This station came through very strong, and both voice and music were received with clarity. The quality was in no way inferior with Philips. At 6.10 till 8.50 p.m. a musi- cal programme was received consist- ing of orchestral items which 'in- cluded ‘Always,’ and ‘lt’s a Long Way to Tipperary,’ concluding atT 8.50 with the National Hymn. Power R 9, using a detector and two stages of audio . no stages of radio frequency.” TELEGRAMS were received from the stations who rebroadcast 2FC’s description of Hinkler’s landing at Bundaberg. A few of them read as follows: “Your studio transmission short- wave excellent. Bundaberg poor stop. Summary’ of events as given from studio after conclusion of broadcast from Bundaberg very clear and steady stop. Many thanks for your courtesy in this. Laws, 7ZL.” “We successfully rebroadcast your Hinkler reception from Bundaberg. Please accept our many thanks. SCL.” “Reception extremely difficult but could follow enthusiastic proceedings at Bundaberg stop. Resume of events appreciated. Again many thanks. 6WF.” Telegrams were also received-from listeners all over Australia congratu- lating 2FC on their initiative in re- broadcasting these historical events oh short waves. SUPER-POWER. Network Broadcasting. What is the next development in Australian Broadcasting? What are the great powers con- sidering just now? Is it Super- Power and Chain Broadcast- ing? F. R. Leppard, in the March issue of “RADIO,” be- lieves that it is. Analysing the present situation, in view of the Royal Commission's findings, he cannot see anything else but the establishment of super-power stations and the linking-up of relay stations. The name Lep- pard is a psuedonym concealing a well-known identity in broad- casting whose position makes him specially qualified to write on this subject. ==P.15 - The 3LO Childrens Page== '''The 3LO Childrens Page''' THE WIRELESS FAIRY’S GIFT. | (By Ruby Sykes Lyon.) THE Studio at 3LO was very quiet, as “Billy Bunny” sat in ■ his big chair, sorting his birth- day letters for the “Children’s Hour,” * then the Wireless Fairy (whose real same is Twinkletoes) jumped from , the microphone on to “Billy Bunny’s” desk, and whispered to him, “Don’t forget to tell the children about the fairy gift of -lovely garden seeds you lave for the birthday little folk.” [‘Til tell them,” said “Billy Bunny.” ( “I wonder if they know that a lovely little fairy lives in each flower that will blossom when those seeds are properly cared for and watered?” 'asked the fairy. “I wonder,” said “Billy Bunny.” “They may not even how that in that one packet of seeds they will have, if they are good little [gardeners, seeds, plants, and blossoms for years. That is the reason that I call them fairy gifts, for fairy gifts [always multiply,” the fairy said. (“You’re a very nice person, Twinkle- ’ toes,” “Billy Bunny” said, “and I [shall certainly tell the children what you say.’’ iTwinkletoes flew three, times round the microphone (that is the way she shows she is pleased), and then left ‘“Billy Bunny” to tell the children that a packet of garden feeeds is being ®nt by 3LO to every boy and girl rwhose birthday is recorded there. So, children, those, of you who have not [sent in your birthdays to 3LO, so as ‘you may receive one of these fairy [gifts, dot. so, for where could you get a gift that got better and better the [more you used it but from a fairy? [Besides, think of the joy of bringing [“Billy Bunny” a nice bunch of fairy Blossoms, that you have grown all by pourself, from the birthday fairy gift from 3LO. THE PAST. (By “Mintie.) Where was a time when Pa went out, WArtd left Ma home to sew; l utthat was ere, the wireless came; I There was no 3LO. mere was a time when Mother said f The house was dull and slow; m that was ere the wireless came; (There was no 3LO. mere was a time when Grandpa m snored, vAnd led the folk a dance; bit that Avas ere the wirelesdj came, \ And brought our Norm. McCance. Vow home is quite d different place, \And no one cares to stray; |'hey listen in to 3LO, And tfiat’s th.e happy way. FAIRY FLOWERS. (By “Micky the Sprite.”) Once upon a time (most fairy stories commence that way), when there were no ' Faity Flowers on earth, a sweet little Fairy, who was very sad at all the sorrow and sick- ness among little children, thought how beautiful it would be if she could fill the world with love and gladness, and if she could cheer the little sick children with sweet perfumed Fairy Flowers. She called all the Love Fairies, together, and told them what she. wanted to do, and they clapped their hands with joy. They decided to make a big garden, and bring in seed from. the deserts tnd'the forests, and put into them fairy magic, to make, them grow sweet, and more beautiful than -ever before. The gar- den grew, and grew, and grew, and the Fairies breathed into the flowers, and when the seed came, they scat- tered it to the four corners of the earth. The mortal children grew to love the Fairy 'Flowers, and the world was filled with love and joy and beauty. After many years the Flower Fairies came to 3LO with their gar- den seeds, and in every envelope going to all the children with birth- day cards they now slip-in quietly a packet of seed. . The children are overjoyed to receive these gifts, and they are all making gardens like the fairies did many years ago, so that they will grow more and more fairy flowers to. give to their loved ones, and the little children in hospitals, and the dear old folk, who are not able to make a garden for themselves. Don’t you think. this is a beautiful thing to do, children? and if you would like to do your share of scat- tering the seed of joy and love and” sunshine, just have your birthday put in the big birthdav book at 3LO, and the fairies will do the rest. SUNDAY SONORA RECITALS SOUGHT AFTER. 3LO’s Feature Success. There were some who predicted failure for the broadcasting of gramophone records, when 3LO mooted the Sunday afternoon concerts some time ago, but then they were not to know the quality of the concerts 3LO intended to provide. The Sunday afternoon sonora concerts have proved one of SLO’s most successful and most appreciated ventures. Scores of let- ters of commendation have been re- ceived. The concerts are given from 2 p.m. till 3 p.m. on Sundays, and the programmes are always specially selected'. Bayreuth Festival Records. Bayreuth Festival records wera used for the concert on Sunday, March 18. Bayreuth is a small town in Bavaria, and ;s not only the Mecca of all Wagnerites, but also of all lovers of opera. It is the shrine of Wagner. Nowhere in the world are the operas of Wagner to be seen and heard in such magnificent productions as at Bayreuth. The members of the or- chestra at this famous theatre, which is shaped like a fan, having unique acoustic properties, are each a profes- sor of his instriiment. They are actu- ated not by the high rate of pay, but by the honor and distinction of being selected to play at the Wagner festival. Wonderful Records. The records, then, are of distinct beauty and appeal. On the 18th March programme will be played Parsifal, in 15 parts, Siegfried, in three parts, Rhinegold, in two parts, and Valkyrie, in two parts. It is an opportunity for music lovers to hear a particularly good programme. The records, when broadcast, are enriched in tone and color until the listeners are almost made to believe that they are listening, eyes closed, to the art- ists in the flesh. MARY GUMLEAF. ' (By “Mintie.”) j Did the Fairies send you, Mary, ’ From their magic land of light? ' / can hear the Fairy whispers, When you speak to us, at night. Birthdays were not half so jolly, Till we knew the Wireless Bird;. John and Jean , and Jim and Polly Scamper when their name is heard. Did the Fairies really send you, From their land to 3LO? Mary Gumleaf,, tell me truly, ’Cos I’d really LOVE to know. HELLO! THE HELLO MAN. Yes, he's writing for the Mctrch “RADIO” An article on the serious aspect of the Bedtime story. He makes you think more of the value of the children’s session, and after reading this article, you feel confident that the story-teller’s influence is a great one, and in the case of 2FC, is in the rigfit hands. It is only one of rthe outstand- ing features of this issue.' ==P.16 - The Economic Radio Stores Ad== WE SELL IT FOR LESS *" SATISFACTION 5 SPECIAL BARGAINS Parts for “THE FOURSOME TWO” this issue Cost £4 12/1 r 1 Polished Radion Panel, 12 x 7 x 3/16, cut true 5 3 1 E.C.O. .0005, one hole fixing straightline Condenser . 10 0 1 E.C.O. .00035, one hole fixing straightline Condenser 7 6 2 B.M.S. Vernier Dials, Bakelite, with logging windows, 6/6 13 0 1 Bakelite Former, Cut True, 3x3 1 0 1 ilb. 26 D.C.C. wire 110 1 Crescent 6to 1 Audio Transformer 13 6 1 Philmore Midget Condenser 4 3 1 De Jur, 400 ohm. Potentiometer 4 6 1 Philmore “Certified” 30 ohm. Rheostat 2 0 1 Brachstat Ballast, to suit Valve 4 9 1 Radioakes Radio Frequency Choke 8 6 3 Wetless Mica Condensers, .001, .002, .00025, at 1/6 4 6 1 Philmore 2-meg. leak and holder 2 0 1 Fuller li volt “Inert” dry cell 1 0 1 Everready 4£ volt “C” Battery 2 9 1 B.M.S. Push-pull Battery Switch 1 0 1 Fantail Single Circuit Jack 1 ? 9 Engraved Binding Posts, 4d - 3 JJ 1 Bakelite Strip, for terminal board 0 b Guaranteed against burn-out for one year. “ Crescent ” Audio Transformer Ratios, 6 to 1 and Sh to 1 13/6 COUNTRY CLIENTS.—Our parts are absolutely guaranteed to give satis- faction. Send your orders to us conditionally that your money is refunded if you are not satisfied with the goods upon receipt of same. Goods must be returned to us within ten days. We Pay Carriage on all Orders of 10/- and over, except on Speakers, Cabinets, Batteries, and Value Payable Post Parcels. Terms Cash with Order, or Valuable Payable Post. No discounts. Valves —no responsibility unless fragile postage rates are paid by purchaser. For QUICK SERVICE address Mail Orders to ECONOMIC RADIO STORES, 492 George Street, SYDNEY “YOURS FOR LOWER PRICES AND SERVICE THAT SATISFIES” THE ECONOMIC RADIO STORES PARR VMATTA: Cor. Macquarie and Church Sts. ’Phone: UW 9601. SYDNEY: 25 NEW ROYAL ARCADE, ’Phone: M 6138. NEWCASTLE: No. 13 Union St. ’Phone: New. 1622. ==P.17 - The Foursome Two== '''The Foursome Two''' THE heading “Foursome Two” may sound ambiguous, but a glance at the diagrams will show why this receiver is so styled. Many readers have written us from time to time, asking for details of a circuit making use of Tetrode valves. Until recently it has been a difficult matter to obtain four electrode valves which were really worth the use thereof from an economical and efficiency view-point, but now it is possible to design a receiver of extreme economy and yet retain the quality of volume combined with all other requisite features; by the use of suitable Tetrodes. The word Tetrode, as the reader will conclude, is the term applicable to the four electrode valve. Many readers will probably “stall” at the idea of breaking new ground, and may consider the Tetrode something beyond their ken until they have sufficiently mastered the ins and outs of the three electrode valve, or Triode. There are differences, of course, which are material, but these will not pass beyond comprehension for those who are sufficiently conversant with the function of the Thermionic valve. The main outstanding feature of the four electrode valve is that it may be used with a considerably lower plate voltage than is possible with a three electrode valve. A Tetrode of suitable design will also give a much higher amplification for a given B supply them with the Triode. Evidence of the efficiency of the Tetrode is in the fact that the commercial long and medium wave receiver used for telegraphic communication on ships whose wireless installations are designed by one of the world’s leading wireless companies, uses a single Tetrode valve. The penetrating power of short waves is now well known and trans-world communication established daily; yet the writer remembers well that uncanny feeling when listening in Sydney harbour to signals emanating from GBL Leafield, in England, a few years ago. The wavelength was in the region of 22,000 metres and the signal perfectly readable using a Tetrode detector and a separate heterodyne oscillator. The receiver, as described here, is illustrative of and well adapted to the use of Tetrodes. It will be found perfectly simple to control, highly sensitive, and above all, the last word in economy. A glance at the theoretical diagram will show that there is nothing terrifying to the novice about it. The arrangements of the components is quite straightforward, and mainly because it is thought that the enthusiast who builds such a set as this will want to find out something about its “modus operandi,” more controls are provided than are really necessary. The tuning coil used is centre tapped as shown, although this tapping need not be electrically central. Here is one immediate advantage of this receiver, which is that it is easily adaptable to a highly sensitive and' easily controllable short-wave receiver. In this case, it will, of course, be necessary to materially reduce the capacity of condenser Cl, which is normally .0005 mfd. for the broadcast band. The value of the inductance naturally will also require LIST OF PARTS FOR THE FOURSOME TWO. Although the parts listed below and mentioned throughout the articles were those actually used by us in the receiver described, it must be pointed out that it is not absolutely essential that they be rigidly adhered to. Other parts of similar quality and technical values should function quite satisfactorily. 1 Dilecto formica or hard rub- ber panel 12 x 7 x 3-16 in. 1 Baseboard li x 10 x lin. 1 .0005 variable condenser (Ge- cophone). 1 .00035 variable condenser (Gecophone). If alternative makes, two good quality vernier dials. 1 3in. former, three inches long. 1 Small reel 26 D.C.C. wire. 1 5 to 1 ratio transformer. 1 50 mfd. midget variable con- denser. 1 400 ohms potentiometer. 1 30 ohm rheostat. 1 Amperite or Brachstat. 1 R.F. choke (Radiokes). 1 .001 fixe£ condenser. 1 .00025 grid condenser. 1 .002 fixed condenser. 1 Two meg. leak, with clips. 1 li volt dry cell. 1 41 volt C battery. 1 Battery switch. I Single circuit jack, 9 Terminals. Wood screws, 16 tinned cop- ped wire, etc. Valves recommended, two Philips A 441. reduction. A centre tapped coil for short wave work will render tuning quite easy with a fairly large value of variable capacity in shunt. Note, however, that if this receiver is adapted for short wave work, that the micro variable condenser C 3 in the aerial lead must not under any circumstances be omitted. This is invaluable for the avoidance of “dead spots” where oscillation ceases owing to harmonics from the aerial-earth system. For the present, however, we will discuss the receiver as used on the broadcast band of wavelengths. It is interesting to note that if the inner grid of the detector valve and the inner grid of the amplifier to the connections marked G 1 and G 2 were omitted, then the circuit is virtually an ordinary three electrode arrange- ment which would require a mucn higher value of B voltage. We are indebted to our British con- temporary. the “Wireless World,” for the original idea of this receiver, vide that well-known writer, Mr. Castel- lain, B.Sc., and it will be noted that in accordance with the original circuit a potentiometer is provided as a means of~ controlling the grid poten- tial of the detector valve. A 11 volt cell is provided in series with the potentiometer arm and the grid leak. The only actual advantage of this potential differentiation, is that both methods of rectification may be used. This provides an interesting means of comparison of the respective advan- tages or disadvantages of leaky grid or “anode bend” rectification. It is possible to change over from one to the other by simply rotating the potentiometer control. By using various settings of the potentio- meter, the most efficient conditions of signal strength may he noted There is nothing complicated about the cir- cuit which we will now go over in detail. Condenser Cl is a .0005 variable condenser which should be of the straight line frequency type. Con- denser C 2 is also a good quality con- denser with a capacity of .00025 to .00035 mfd. C 4 is a grid condenser of .00025, C 5 is a fixed condenser of .002, although almost any higher capacity will do in this position. Con- denser C 6 has a fixed capacity of .001, C 3 is a midget variable con- denser with a maximum capacity of 50 mfd. This is invaluable as an aid to selectivity and is most impor- tant as a means of overcctming “dead spots.” The grid leak has a value of 2 megs, and the potentio- meter of 400 ohms. R.F.C. is the radio frequency choke, which in this case is a “Radiokes,” but may be of any other good make or construction. The inter-valve transformer should preferably have a ratio of 5 to 1, and should also be of good manufacture. The one used in the receiver described is an A.W.A. The filament rheostat on the detector has a maximum value SHORT-WAVE SUPER- HETERODYNE. The outstanding article in the March “RADIO” is by Ray Allsop, chief engineer of 2BL, in which he describes the con- struction and operation of his special Relay Short-Wave Su- perheterodyne. No radio enthusiast or experi- menter should ?niss this article. of 30 ohms, and the amplifier valve is controlled by an automatic ballasting resistance of the Amperite type. It will be noted that A negative and B negative are linked together and the filament switch placed in the A nega- tive lead. The tuning coil should consist of 50 turns of No. 26 D.C.C. wire on a 3 inch former three inches long, and centre tapped, as shown. This may be mounted permanently on the baseboard or sub panel, but if the reader desires to use this receiver for short wave reception, then it is quite a simple matter to construct a suit- able mounting, having three pins so that various plug in coils may be used. A little experimentation will be necessary with the number of turns for short wave work, as the reader will probably use a condenser of far too high a capacity. The con- denser used for broadcast reception will be quite suitable provided that it is controlled by a very fine reduction vernier. For this reason, the Geco- phone slow motion SLF condenser is recommended, as it was found quite easy to control the receiver on the short wave bands by the use of this condenser. Here it is well to mention that the regeneration condenser C 2 should also be provided with a very fine control if the receiver is to be used for short waV€ work. A single circuit jack is provided for use with the headphones or the loud speaker, but it should be thoroughly understood that this receiver is not designed for loud speaker reproauc- tion, although this is possible to a certain degree on strong signals. Al- though inter-State stations are aud- ible on the headphone, do not expect loud speaker reproduction on long distance signals. Before proceeaing- any further, it is necessary to say a little about the valves used with this receiver. Two Philips A44l’s were used and found highly satisfactory. These valves have a filament voltage of 3-4 volts with a filament current consumption of .06 ampere. The plate voltage is from 2 to 20 volts and the amplification factor 4i. The filament, pl&te, and outer grid con- nect in the usual manner with the valve socket, but the inner grid is connected with the body of the valve and terminates with a connector on a small strip of springy brass. These valves may be used with any set em- ploying three Bleotrode valves, by simply connecting the inner grid to the B positive of the B battery. Full details of these valves are supplied in the carton and they are highly re- commended by the writer as a most economical and efficient production. By obtaining Tetrodes of this nature, the reader will not subject himself to any loss, as there are many applica- tions in which they may be employed. There are various aspects R.F. amplification to which a TeLode is particular’y suited. A will be required measuring 12 x Tin. with a baseboard measuring 11 x lOin. Layout and mark off the panel, in accordance with the mea- surements given in the template dia- gram. There are two main tuning controls, consisting of condenser Cl and C 2 respectiyely. In the receiver used, these condensers were of Geco- phone manufacture, but any good con- densers may be substituted. The condenser C 2 is the regeneration con- trol and has a capacity of .00035 mfd. Below this condenser is placed the single circuit jack. Condenser Cl is located on the left of the panel and has a capacity of .0005 mfd. Be- low this is placed the battery switch. The two knobs in the centre of the panel are raspectively the 30 ohm rheostat and 400 ohm potentiometer. Mount the panel components first, having attached the baseboard and then layout as shown in the back of panel diagram. The C battery and the Is volt cell are both mounted on the baseboard with the components. Nine terminals are required and are mounted in the usual way with a strip of dilecto on the back edge of the baseboard. A negative and B nega- tive are linked together. It will be noticed in the wiring diagram that terminals G 1 and G 2 are shown with arrows indicating the connection to the inner-grids of the two valves. This may be done by means of a short length of flex, but if the reader so desires he may arrange a small spring clip on the baseboard close to each valve, so that when the valve is placed in the socket, the terminal of the inner-grid will connect with the clip. To avoid confusion, it is best to make these two connections last of all. Commence the wiring with the filament circuit. From B negative, A negative take a lead to one side of the filament switch, and to the nega- tive filament terminal of both valve sockets. The positive terminal of the volt C battery is also connected to the negative filament supply. • Con- nect up one side of condenser C 6 and the potentiometer to the negative filament supply and continue to the earth terminal. From A positive join to one side of the ballasting resist- ance, controlling the second valve and also to one side of the potentiometer. From the aerial terminal run a con- nection to one side of the 50 mfd. variable condenser, and the other side of this condenser to the rotor plates of the tuning condenser Cl. The rotor plates of this condenser are also connected to one end of the coil. Join up one side of condenser C 4, which is the grid condenser with the rotor plates of Cl and the other side of the grid condenser to the grid terminal of the first valve socket. The two meg- ohm grid leak is connected to this grid also, and thg other side to the negative terminal of the 1 h volt bat- tery and one side of C 5 as shown. The other side of C 5 is connected to the negative filament. The positive terminal of the 1£ volt cell is con- nected to the moving arm of the potentiometer. Now connect up the centre tap of the coil with the earth, and the stator plates of condenser Cl with the other end of the coil and the stator nlates of the regeneration condenser C 2. From the rotor plates of C 2, a connection is made to the plate of the first valve and one side of the R.F. choke. The other side of this choke is connected to . ter- minal P of the primary of the inter- valve transformer, and also to the other side of the by-pass condenser C 6. Terminal B of the primary of the inter-valve transformer is con- nected to the B positive D terminal on the mounting strip. Terminal G of the transformer secondary is con- nectcd to he grid terminal of the second valve socket in the usual way, and terminal F to the negative ter- minal of the 41 volt C battery. From one side of the single circuit jack, take a lead to the plate of the second valve and the other side to the B positive A terminal on the strip. The other side of the 30 ohm rheostat is connected to the positive filament terminal of the first valve, and the ballasting resistance to the positive filament terminal of the second valve. Place the valves in the sockets and join up the two terminals G 1 and G 2 by means of a length of flex with the terminal on the cap of each valve. A four volt accumulator or dry cells will be required with a B battery hav- ing intermediate tappings up to zO volts. The voltage on the inner grid of each valve should be from 2 to 4 volts, but the reader will soon find the best potential to apply. Connect up the batteries and the aerial and earth and plug in the telephones. The tuning will be found exactly similar to a Reinartz receiver, and the strength of signals equal to a two valve receiver using Triodes with the normal higher B voltage. The first test of this receiver was made with an extremely long aerial in an un- screened position, and owing to this the variable midget condenser was found to be a valuable asset toward selectivity. Rotate condenser Cl until a station is tuned in and then increase the capacity of C 2 until maximum volume is obtainable with- out oscillation. Vary the setting of the potentiometer, and note the dif- ference in the control of oscillation. It will be found that reaction is per- fectly smooth, and that there is no bangsring into oscillation and out again. Inter-State stations were easily received on the headphones, and 2BL, 2FC and 2GB well audible in a medium sized loud speaker. Sub- sequently the coil was changed for a short wave coil, and the receiver proved itself admirably suited for re- ception at the higher frequencies. For this reason, Gecophone con- densers were used owing to their ex- tremely fine control. By using a centre tapped coil the higher capacity of the condensers was not seriously detrimental to tuning. The receiver proved itself intensely interesting, being efficient and, above all, ex- tremely economical. OVER FIFTY Inverell residents accepted the invitation of their Dis- trict Hospital committee to attend the official opening of the hospital radio set, the installation of which was completed three weeks ago. The night was ideal for the occa- sion, and reception could not have been much clearer. Shortly after 8 o’clock a message of congratulation came over the air from 2FC, Sydney: “Hello, Inverell. We congratulate the committee of your hospital on its decision to install wireless, and the successful conclusion of its efforts. We also congratulate the generous people of Inverell and district who have made possible the installation. If they desire any thanks, we ask them to look to-night at the smiling faces of Doreen Jarrett, Jackie Hoey, and George Truman, in the children’s ward.” Following this message, the gather- ing listened for an hour to pro- grammes broadcast from stations in Sydney and Melbourne. Mr. McKie, president of Tingha Hospital, said he hoped the time was not far distant when his hospital would also have a radio installation. Ho remarked that wireless was one of the finest things that could be in- stalled in any hospital. The cost of the installation was £l6O. The set is a Bremer Tully. There are 27 pairs of head-’phones for patients, as well as three loud- speaker points in the wards. There is also a loud-speaker point in the nurses’ quarters and the matron’s room. ♦ JAZZ NIGHTS. The regular Wednesday jazz nights are proving very popular at 4QG, and messages, reporting appreciative re- ception of the music by Alf. Feather- stone and his Studio Syneopators, continue to reach the station. It has been the practice lately to include humorous items between dance num- bers, and this, too, has been greatly appreciated. + __ WIRELESS IN FLOOD TIME. The very heavy rains of the past week, resulting in flooding through- out the State, brings home the value of wireless to those living in low- lying areas. 4QG makes a point of broadcast- ing the fullest information, as sup- plied by the Weather Bureau and the newspapers, so that those whose lives may be in danger by flood shall receive ample warning of an impend- ing rise in the water-courses to dan- ger level. To country residents es- pecially, wireless is a necessity, for when mails are held up through im- possible roads, they are supplied through the ether with the latest news and .weather bulletins. WHAT IS A HAM? Ever thought how the word “Ham” came to be applied to Amateur Radio Experimenters? The dictionary does not mention the connection. Few Hams themselves can give you an au- thentic account of its deriva- tion. 2ZY does so, though , in the March “RADIO.” All en- thusiasts should read this amus- ing skit on radio fanatic. ==P.21 - Wireless Sought as Aid to Sport== '''Wireless Sought as Aid to Sport.''' '''Its Worth Recognised''' ONE of the surest evidences of ignorance is fear. Only a few months ago sporting organisa- tions, chief among them racing clubs, were clamoring for a ban on the broadcasting of fixtures. They thought it would keep people away. To-day these same people welcome with open arms the broadcasting of sporting fixtures, knowing wireless as the greatest advertising medium the world has ever known. Confidence is one of the most reliable indications of knowledge. 3LO’S Big Part. 3LO has played a big part in bring- ing about this change of attitude. It has taught sporting bodies to regard wireless not as an enemy, but as an ally. It has done this through service —service to sporting organisations and to the public of Australia. Its successful descriptions over the air of important sporting fixtures in all branches has done much to bring about a tremendous uplift in the standard of Australian sport. Aus- tralian swimmers, cyclists, runners, and tennis players, to mention a few, have done things which none thought they could accomplish. Why?' Be- cause wireless, 3LO particularly, has created a new public interest in these men, and as a consequence a new de- sire to excel in the men themselves. Services Paid for Overseas. Such is the demand for wireless publicity from various sporting bodies that 3LO has found it impos- sible to accede to their requests al- ways. This is evidence of the general appreciation of the usefulness of wireless as a means of popularising and making known a particular sport The experience of broadcasting com- panies overseas has been the same as that of 3LO. The difference is, however, that sporting organisations in other countries, notably America,, often offer the companies large sums of money to broadcast their fixtures, realising that they can reach far more people in the best possible way than by any other means. Wireless, in sport, has become indispensable. Sustaining Interest. What wireless really does for sport Is this. It sustains interest among those who follow a sport, it enlight- ens others on what is doing, and it keeps all right up to the minute with his or her favorite sport so that there is little likelihood of interest waning, and supporters of any sport falling off. Wireless is daily creating new fans. Overwhelming evidence in support of these statements is found in every branch of sport. Wrestling was never spoken of in more than a hundred Melbourne homes until wire- less descriptions of the Stadium matches were broadcast. What was the result? The wrestling fever spread and one of the biggest wrest- ling booms the Commonwealth has ever known ensued. Tennis and Cycling. Tennis and cycling have never en- joyed such wide popularity as they do to-day in Australia. The attendances at tennis matches Were, until recently, notoriously small. Even international matches failed to awaken much in- terest. Then the matches were broadcast, and the result—Kooyong not large enough to hold the crowds which wanted to see the last cham- pionships there. The newspapers at the time commented upon this new in- terest, speaking of the sudden de- velopment of the “fan” in tennis— an individual to take a place with the football and cricket fan armies. Cycling, too, has benefited immeasur- ably from the publicity given it by ac- counts broadcast by 3LO from the motordrome. It was largely due to the interest created in our cyclists that Australia was able to send away her Tour de France team. That *s generally conceded. Cricket and Racing. Of cricket is has been said that it cannot be adequately described over the air. But the interest which broad- cast accounts of big matches creates, has been reflected in the big attend- ances at Sheffield Shield matches this year. When Ponsford was making his record score against Queensland re- cently the crowds flocked out to see him. They had heard of it on the wireless. Again, when things looked black for Victoria in the match against New South Wales here, the crowds flocked to the M.C.C. to watch the struggle. 3LO had told of the fight in progress. The broadcasting of horse races is undoubtedly a big factor in maintaining interest. Men, and women too, are able to follow form almost as well as if they were watching the races. Nothing can compare, of course, with the actual thrill of watch- ing a race, but then, only wireless could fill the gap, as it were, for those who are unable to go some Saturday. Gustav Froelich to Attack Back Stroke Record. The performances of the German swimmer, Gustav Froelich, since his arrival in Australia have stamped him as among the world’s foremost swim- mers. At the Y.M.OA. baths on Thursday, March 15, Froelich will at- tack the world’s 100 yards back stroke record. The attempt will be described by 3LO, and should prove of absorbing interest to swimmers all over the Commonwealth, ft will be< remem- bered that it was at the Y.M.C.A. baths last year that Ivan Stedman made an onslaught on the 220 yards breast stroke record in an effort Ko win the 3LO cup, given to an athlete who breaks an Australian record. Stedman was successful, and was pre- sented with the cup. Roller Cycling Championship. An account of the Green Mill roller cycling championship of Victoria will be broadcast by 3LO on the night of March 19. Interstate School Cricket. 3LO has made arrangements to broadcast results of the triangular State school cricket matches between Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland to be played in Sydney on March 22nd and 23rd. Thousands of school children in all States, and in the three States concerned particularly, will be eager to hear the accounts of the doings of their champions. Frank Beaurepaire to Talk. Holder of 120 championship titles, Frank Beaurepaire is undoubtedly en- titled to the honor of Australia’s most famous swimmer. “Boy” Charlton and other young performers have brought renown to Australia with their feats, but Beaurepaire’s remarkable consistency has won for him a distinction which younger exponents cannot yet lay claim to. Included in Beaurepaire’s 120 championships are 20 championships of Australia, 14 of England, five of France, three of Belgium and four of Finland. Frank is recognised, therefore, as an authority on swimming, and it is with particular pleasure that 3LO announces that he will speak from the studio on the night of March_2o on the subject of “General Swimming Technique.” Beaurepaire has been swimming for nearly 30 years, and only this year won the 880 yards championship otf Victoria—a wonderful performance for a swimmer who was opposed to youths just getting into their swimming stride. In all those years of active participation on champion:«hips the world over Beaurepaire has assimilated a fund of knowledge on all swimming points imaginable. The popular saying, “What he does not know about it is not worth knowing,” might aptly be applied to Frank Beaurepaire. March 20 offers an exceptional opportunity for swimmers to learn some helpful points on swimming. ==P.22 - Radio in ANZ Ad== Have The March ( Radio ’ Delivered To Your door See Also Subscription Form on Page 62 LTERE is your opportunity of 1 1 making sure of receiving a copy of the special exhibition issue of ‘ RADIO ’ delivered free to your home. You should not miss this issue even if you do not get ‘ RADIO ’ regular- ly, for it contains, in addition to the two leading technical articles of the year, short stories of merit, humorous articles illustrated by the best artists and numerous other features, both important and interesting to radio enthusiasts. PLEASE send post free to the follow- ing address, one copy of the Special Exhibition Number of “RADIO,” for March 21, 1928, for which I enclose 1/1 in stamps.* Name . . . . ? . ... ..... .r.?.-. . . . Add reSS > .' • • *•» .... . f*T»l . • !«X.' . • • . . • « v • >? •Note. —This places me under no obligation rhatever to subscribe regularly to “Radio.” Fill in, clip oat, and forward this coupon to the “Circulation Department, Wireless Newspapers, Ltd., 51 Castlereagh-street, Sydney,” enclosing 1/1 in stamps. A copy of the Special MARCH Issue of “Radie” will be posted to you by return mail. ==P.23 - BROADCASTING PROGRAMMES== BROADCASTING PROGRAMMES for the COMING WEEK Friday, March 23 2FC, SYDNEY. Farmer’s Broadcasting Service. Wave Length, 442 Metres. EARLY MORNING SESSION. 7 a.m. to 8 a.m. MORNING SESSION. 10 a.m.—“Big Ben” and announcements. 10.5 a.m.—Studio music. ,10.15 a.m.—“Sydney Morning Herald” news service. 10.30 a.m.—Studio music. 10.35 a.m.—A reading. • 10.45 a.m.—Studio music. 11 a.m.—“Big Ben.” Studio music. 11.5 a.m.—A.P.A. and Reuter’s Cables. 11.10 a.m.— Studio music. 11.15 a.m.—A talk on Home Cooking and Recipes by Miss Ruth Furst. MIDDAY SESSION. 12 noon.—“ Big Ben” and announcements. 12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange, first call. 12.3 p.m.—Official weather forecast, rainfall. 12.5 p.m.—Studio music. 12.10 p.m.—Summary of “Sydney Morning Herald” news service. 12.15 p.m.—Rugby wireless news. 12.20 p.m.—Studio music. 1 P-m. “Big Ben.” Weather intelligence 1.3 p.m.—“Evening News” midday news 'ser- vice. Producers’ Distributing Society’s Report. 1-20 p.m.—Studio music. 1.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange, second call. 1.30 P-m. Eileen Moreau, soprano. 1-34 p.m.—Studio music. 1-55 p.m.—Eileen Moreau, 60Drano. 2 P-m.—“ Big Ben.” Close down. AFTERNOON SESSION. 3 p.m. Big Ben” and announcements. p.m.—Thelma Mitchell, mezzo: “Big Lady Moon” (Coleridge Taylor). 3.7 p.m.—Popular records. 3.15 p.m.—Kathleen Colls, mezzo. 3.19 p.m.—Studio music. 3.26 p.m.—Thelma Mitchell, mezzo: “That’s All”” (Brahe). 3.30 p.m.—From the Sydney Town Hall, on the occasion of the Radio Electrical Exhibi- tion, a programme by 2FC artists: Harry Whyte, novelty pianist: (a) “My Pet” (Confrey). (b) “Bluin’ the Black Keys” (Schutt). 8-38 p.m.—Daisy Sweet, contralto: Sk !l,? Ummer Night” (Thomas). (b) Still, as the Night” (Bohm). Platf ° rm of the Sydney Town 3.46 p.m.—Sammy Cope, instrumental novel- ties: “Stars an Stripes for Ever” (Sousa). 3.54 p.m. William Bowyer, basso: “Sea Haven” (Anderson). 3.59 p.m.—Claire violinist: “Concerto” (de Beriot). 4.5 p.m.—Daisy Sweet, contralto- ihl °f, Ve ” (de P^yvaal). (b) My Rose” (Langtry). 4.11 p.m.—Sammp Cope, instrumental novelty: “Because I Love You” (Berlin). 4.18 p.m.—William Bowyer, basso: “All a Merry Maytime” (Ronald). 4.21 p.m.—Claire Hartgs, violinist: “Midnight Bells” (Kreisler). 4.2 G p.m.—Harry Whyte, novelty pianist: “Pianoflage” (Lange). 4.30 p.m.—From the Studio: Kathleen Colls, mezzo. 4.35 p.m.—Studio music. 4.47 p.m.—Results of the Cricket Match, played in New Zealand to-day: Australia versus New Zealand. 5 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down. EARLY EVENING SESSION. 5.40 p.m.—The chimes of 2FC. 5.45 p.m.—The “Hetyo Man” talks to the chil- dren. 6.15 p.m.—Story tipie for the young folk. 6.30 p.m.—Dinner music. The 2FC Racing Commissioner will give the latest Sporting Information. 7.10 p.m.—Dalgety’s market reports (wool, wheat and stock). 7.18 p.m. Fruit and vegetable markets. 7.26 p.m.—“Evening News’’ late news service. NIGHT SESSION. 7.40 p.m.—Programme announcements. <•45 p.m.—S. Gordon Lavers talks on the “Music Teachers’ Conference”: 8 p.m.—“Big Ben.” “A Seat in the Park.” 8.10 p.m.—From the platfoqp of the Sydney Town Hall, or the occasion of The Radio Electrical Exhibition, A programme by 2FC a.-tists: Cyril Coy’s Dance Band: (a) “Red Lips Kiss My Blues Away” (Bryan Movaco Wendling). (b) “My Idea of Heaven” (Johnson Sher- man Tobias). 8.18 p.m.—From the Sydney Town Hall: Eileen Boyd, contralto; (a) “Still as the Night” (Bohm). (b) “Soul of Mine” (Burns). 8.26 p m.—Eden and Jack Landeryou, enter- tainers : (a) “Ain’t that too bad.” (b) Piano solo, Selected. 8.34 p.m.—Cyril Coy’s Dance Band: (a) “Blue Room” (Rodgers). (b) “The Girl Friend” (Rodgers). 8.42 p.m.—Wally Baynes, well-known come- dian in Drolleries. 8.52 p.m.—Ernest Archer, tenor: (a) “The Message” (Blumenthal). (b) “Dolorosa” (Montague Phillips). 9 p.m.—Cyril Coy’s Dance Band: (a) “I won’t kiss ycu Good-night” (Tucker Moore). (b> “Russian Lullaby” (Berlin). 9.10 p.m.—From the Studio: >A talk on Sport by ,T. H. Fay: “Secrets of the World’s Jumpnig Cham- pions.” 9.25 p.m.—Eileen Boyd, contralto: !!™ e Silver Ring ” (Chaminade). (b) When all was Young” (Gounod). 9.33 p.m.—Ernest Archer, - tenor • “My Beloved Queen” (Fabian 'Rose) 9.3 < p.m.—Cyril Coy’s Dance Band • (o) “Yesterday” (Wilhite). (b) “My Regular Girl” (Warren-Green). 9.47 p.m.—Ernest Archer, tenos: "The Message" (Bkimenthal). 9.51 p.m.—Eden and Jack Landeryou, enter- tainers : (a) “You can’t walk back from an aer*“’'l‘** ride.” (b) Banjo novelty. 10 p.m.-—“Big Ben.” Coy’s Dance Band: (a) “Grand and Glorious” (Yellen-Ager). (b) ‘Doll Dance” (Brown). 10.12 p.m.—Wally Baynes, comedian: (a) "When Banana Skins are Falling” (Mil- ler).’ (b) “The Railway Porter” (Scott). 10.20 p.m.—Cyril Coy’s Dance Band: (a) “Me and My Shadow” (Dreyer). “ Just like a Butterfly” (Dixon Woods). 10.30 p.m.—Late weather forecast. 10.31 p.m. C>ril Coy's Dance Band: (a) “There's a something nice about you” (Wendling). tb) “A Night in June” (Friend). 10.57 p.m.—To-morrow’s programme and late news. 11 P-m. —“Big Ben.” Cyril Coy’s Dance Band: Popular numbers. 11.45 p.m.—National Anthem 2BL, SYDNEY Broadcaster’s Ltd. Wave Length, 353 Metres. FRIDAY, MARCH 23rd, 1928. EARLY MORNING SESSION. 8 to 9 am. MORNING SESSION. 10 m° a m ~ G -P O. Clock and chimes. Musical programme from the Studio. 10 p^r?af” NeW8 fr ° m the Da ‘ ,y Te,egra P h IO.SO a.m.—Musical programme from the otuaio. 11 a.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Women’s Session. Talk on “Croquet,” by Miss Gwen Varley. Broadcast r’s Women’s Sports Authority. Social Notes. Replies to Correspondents. Talk on “heeding the Family,” by Mrs. Jordan. 12 noon. G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Spec.a l ocean, forecast and weather report, o, p : m —Musical programme from the otuaio. 12.8 P.m. -Information, mails, shipping, and port directory. 12.11 p.m.—Boats in call by wireless. 12.13 p.m.—Fruit market report. 12.16 p.m.—Vegetable market report. L pm ' London metal market report. 12-19 p.m.—Dairy farm and produce market report. 12.22 p.m.—Forage market report. 12.24 p.m.—Fish market report. 12.26 p.m.—Rabbit market report, toon P-m * —Stock Exchange report. 12.30 p.m.—-H.M.V. Gramaphone recital. J on p,m '— Stock Exchange report. 1.30 p m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Talk to nu-Vj en • an £ special entertainment for Children in Hospital. 2 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Close down. AFTERNOON SESSION. Racing information broadcast immediately after each race by courtesy of the "Sun” Newspapers. 8 p.m. —G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Women’s Session. Talk by Mrs. Jordan. 3.15 p.m.—Civil Service Stores Trio, direc- tion, Miss de Courcey Bremer. 3.30 p.m. —G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Talk on “Sweets,” by Miss Kathleen Jor- dan. 4 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Civil Service Stores Trio. 4.15 p.m.—Talk on "The Women of Ancient Rome.” 8.35 p.m.—Pianoforte Recital from the Studio. 4.50 p.m.—News from the “Sun.” 4.55 p.m.—Features of evening’s programme. 4.59 p.m.—Racing resume. 5 p.m. —G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Close down. EARLY EVENING SESSION. 6.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Children’s Session. SPECIAL COUNTRY SESSION. 6.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Australian Mercantile Land and Finance Co.’s report. Weather report and forecast by courtesy of Government Meteorologist. Producers’ Distributing Fruit and vegetable Market report. Stock Exchange report. Grain and Fodder report (“Sun”). Dairy Produce Report ("Sun.”). N.R.M.A. Talk. 6.45 p.m.—Country news from the “Sun.” f p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Gulbransen Dinner Music. f. 30 p.m.—Talk on "Gardening Science,” by Mr. Cooper. Park Superintendant City Council. 6 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Dance Night. Anne Henderson's Happiness Girls in Dance Numbers. 6 p.m.—The Sporting Editor of the “Sun” will talk on the prospects of Saturday's racing. 6.15 p.m.- Romano’s Restaurant dance orches- tra, under the direction of Mr. Merv Lyons, broadcast from Romano’s. 6.25 p.m.—From the Studio: Mr. Gordon Ireland (songs at the Piano). 9.30 p.m.—Romano’s Restaurant dance orcbes- tra. 8.42 p.m.—From the Studio: Mr. Douglas Graham (Scotch Comedian). 8.49 p.m.—Romano’s Restaurant dance orches- tra. 9.59 p.m.—From the Studio: Mr. Gordon Ireland. 10.6 p.m.—Romano’s Restaurant dance orches- tra. 10.16 p.m.—From the Studio: Mr. Douglas Graham. 10.23 p.m.—Resume of following day’s pro- gramme. Weather report and forecast by courtesy of Mr. C. J. Mares, Government Meteorologist. 10.30 p m. —Romano’s Restaurant dance or- chestra, under the direction of Mr. Merv. Lyons. During intervals between dances, “Sun” news will be broadcast. 11.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimea. National Anthem. 2GB, SYDNEY Theosophical Broadcasting Service. Wave Length, 316 Metres. FRIDAY, MARCH 23rd, 1928. MORNING SESSION. 10 a.m. —Music. 10.10 ajn.—Happiness Talk by Alfred E. Bennett. 10.20 a.m. —Music. 10.30 a.m. —Women’s Session by Miss Helen J. Beegling. 11 a.m.—Close down. AFTERNOON SESSION. 2 p.m.—Music. 2.7 p.m.—Address. 2.22 p.m.—Music. 2.37 p.m.—Address by Miss Needham. 3 p.m.—Close down. EVENING SESSION. 5.30 p.m.—Music and Childrens’ Session by Uncle George. 7 p.m.—The Joys of Wireless. 7.15 p.m.—Music. 7.30 p.m.—Address by Arthur Beaufoy. 7.45 p.m.—Music. 8 p.m.—Opening Chorus. 8.2 p.m.—Violin Sonata by Mr. Dan Scully and Mr. Leonard Brewer. 8.15 p.m.—Address. 8.30 p.m.—2Gß Vocal Quartette: Miss Ethel Jones, Miss Eva Casimir, Mr. Thomas Hall, Mr. Clement Hosking. 8.38 p.m.—Flute solos by Mr. Leslie Sproule. 8.45 p.m. —Songs by Miss Eva Casimir. 8.62 p.m. —Pianoforte solos by Miss Molly Jones. 9 p.m.—Recital by Mr. Heath Burdock. 9.20 p.m. —2GB Vocal Quartette. 9.27 p.m. —Violin Duets by Mr. Dan Scully and Mr. Leonard Brewer. 9.35 p.m.—Songs by Miss Ethel Jones. 9.42 p.m. —Flute Solos by Mr. Leslie Sproule. 9.50 p.m.—Songs by Mr. Clement Hosking. 10 p.m.—Close down. 3LO, MELBOURNE. Broadcasting Co. of Aust. Wave Length, 371 Metres. FRIDAY, MARCH 23rd, 1928. EARLY MORNING SESSION. 7.15 a.m. —Morning Session. 7.20 a.m.—PHYSICAL CULTURE EXER- CISES (to music). 7.27 a.m. —Morning Melodies. 7.33 a m.—Weather forecast for all States. Mails. 7.40 a.m. —News. 8 a.m. —Melbourne Observatory Time Signal. 8.1 a.m. —Morning Melodies. 8.5 a.m. —News. Sporting information. Shipping. Stock Exchange fluctuations. 8.13 a.m. —Morning Melodies. MORNING SESSION. 11 a.m.—3EO’S CULINARY COUNSELS, or how to create creature comfort* with a minimum of cash. HOME-MADE SOAP. 3Vs-lbs. fat (use all burn or waste fat from kitchen). 5 quarts water, %-lb. resin. 1 tin caustic soda (small), 3 tablespoons borax. Clarify fat (if burnt or discolored) by boiling it in 1-pint water. Pour it into a the sedment off the bottom of the fat. tin and allow it to set. Next day scrape • Melt fat and allow it to become warm. Dissolve caustic soda in the water, mix in the fat, soa, resin and borax. Stir until well mixed. Put on to the fire and str until boiling. Boil two hours. Pour into a box lined with a wet cloth. Next day cut into blocks and allow to dry. It is a splendid laundry kitchen soap. 11.5 a.m.—MRS. EWAN LITTLEJOHN: “A Talk to the Mothers of Girl Guides and those who wish to join.” 11.20 a.m. —Musical interlude. 11.25 a.m.—"AU FAIT.” l 11.40 a.m.—Musical interlude. 11.45 a.m.—Under the ausices of the Public Health Deartment, DR. VERA SC-ANTLE- BURY will speak on: “Summer Dangers to Infants.” AFTERNOON SESSION. 12 noon. —Melbourne Observatory Time Signal. 12.1 p.m.—Metal prices received by The Aus- tralian Mines and Metals Association from the London Stock Exchang e this day. British Official Wireless news from Rugby. Reuters’ and The Australian Press Asso- ciation cables. “Argus” news service. 12.20 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S QUARTETTE: “Rus:et and Gold” (Sanderson). 12.30 p.m.—VICTOR BAXTER, tenor: “The Blind Ploughman” (Clarke). “I Pitch my Caravan” (Coates). 12.37 p.m.—Stock Exchange information. 12.40 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN, violin: “Hullamzo Ballaton” (Hubay). 12.47 p.m.—ALMA HORLOCK, soprano: "There are Fairies at the Bottom of th* Garden” (Lehman). “If no one ever marries me (Lehman). 12.54 a.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S QUARTETTE: “Lonely Hours” (English). “Contra Dance” (Beethoven). 1 p.m.—Melbourne Observatory Time SignaL 1.1 p.m.—VICTOR BAXTER, tenor: “Verti La Giubba” (Leoncavallo). “Requiem” (Homer). 1.8 p.m.—Meteorological information. Weather forecast for Victoria, Tasmania, New South Wales and South Australia. Ocean forecast. River reports. FOUNDATIONS OF MUSIC. 1.15 p.m.—DOROTHY ROXBURGH will con- tinue her Viola Recitals. To-day she will give “Concerto for Alto Viola,” 2nd movement (Garl Stanitz). 1.25 p.m.—ALMA HORLOCK, soprano: "Nicaela’s Aria” (Carben). “Le Roi D’ys” (Lale). 1.32 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S QUARTETTE: “Jevington Suite” (Loughborough). "Nocturne” (Crest). 1.45 p.m.—Close down. 2.15 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA : Selection, "The Boy” (Monckton). “Siamese Patrol” (Lincke). 2.30 p.m.—BOBBY PEARCE, baritone: “The Temple Bells” (Finden). "Marguerita” (Lohr). 2.37 p.m.—THE KNOCKABOUTS: Those Scintillating, Syncopating Sentiment- alists, in: “You guess—and see who is right.” 2.44 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA: "La Sera Melodie” (Gounod). 3 p.m.—FRANCES FRASER: “TRAVEL, LITERATURE AND ART, AND THEIR CORRELATION. ‘Home Keep- ing youths have ever lonely wits,' was the way in which Shakespeare indicates the value of travel, and Bacon followed by writ- ing an essay full of advice to those about to travel; but merely travelling about from one place to another place is not an educa- tion, nor is it even a pleasure, unless the eyes are open to see, the ears to hear and the mind to receive impressions of the life of various nations, as it is expressed in their customs, their music, their art, and their literature.” 3.15 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA: "Andante Cantabile” (Tschaikowskj). "March Characteristique Orientale” (Mar- key). 3.26 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, Soprano: "A thrush’s Love Song” "Music When Soft Voices Die' (Bishop). 3.33 p.m.—GILBERT BISHOP, violin aolo: Selected. 3.40 p.m.—HUXHAM’S SERENADERS: Hugh Huxham, Renn Millar, Edith Huxham, Dolly Burdett. Quartette: "Smiling Eyes,” The Quartette. Solo, “Go to Sea,” Rann Millar. Chas. McFee, Tenor Sax —Selected. Eastern Quartette, “Cairo,” Edith Huxhara and Company. Humorous item, “ Vs Wonder Why,” The Quartette. Ned Tyrrell, Banjo—Selected. Operatic Quartette, “The Waltz Song,” from “Romeo and Juliet,” Serenader Quartette. 4 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA: ‘ Andante Cantabile from the First Sym- phony” (Beethoven). 4.10 p.m.—BOBBY PEARCE, baritone; “Non e Ver” (Nattei). ’“The Adjutant” (Fischer). 4.17 p.m.—THE KNOCKKABOUTS, in more “Scintillating, Syncopating Sentimentalism” 4.24 p.m.—THE STATION CRCHESTRA: “Dance of the Egyptian Maidens.” “March of Triumph,” “Enlry of the Gladiators” (Fuick). *•- 4.34 p.m.—MOLLY V A OKAY, soprano: “Pipes of Pan.” “The Cuckoo” (Lehmann). 4.41 p.m.—PERCY CODE, Cornet solo: Selected. 4.45 p.m.—Special Weather report from Adelaide. Weather report fc .* Mildura district. 4.46 p.m—THE STATION ORCHESTRA: “Adagio Sosteni.to” (Be. thoven). Selected. 5 p.m.—“Herald” news ervice. Stock Exchange information. EVENING SESSION. 6 p.m.—Answers to Letters and Birthday Greetings by “BILLY BUNNY.” 6120 p.m.—CAPTAIN DONALD MacLEAN, “The Spanish Conquests—“ How the Dons discovered the treasures of the World.” 6.35 p.m.—“BILLY BUNNY”: "Stories of the Australian Bash.” NIGHT SESSION. 7 p.m.—Official report of Newmarket Stock Sales by the Associated Stock and Station Agents, Bourke-street, Melbourne. 7.5 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Weather synopsis. Shipping movements. 7.12 p.m.—Stock Excharge information. 7.17 p.m.—Fish Market reports by J. R. Bcr- rett. Ltd. Rabbit prices. 7.19 p.m.—River report*-. 7.21 p.m.—Market reports by the Victorian Producers’ Co-operative Co., Ltd. Poultry, Grain, Hay, Straw, Jute, Dairy Produce, Potatoes, and Onions. Market reports of Fruit by the Victorian Fruiterers’ Association. Retail prices. Wholesale prices of Fruit by the Wholesale Fruit Merchants, Association. Citrus fruits. 17.30 p.m.—Under the Auspices of the r DEPARTMENT OF ACRICULTURE, J. BRAKE, Senior Inspector of the Agriculture Department, will speak on “Wheat Cultivation in New Malle ? Country.” 7.45 p.m.—COLLINWOOD CITIZENS’ BAND: March, “Gladiator’s Farewell.” Novelty March, “Awake” (Handel). 7.55 p.m.—ERNEST SAGE, baritone: “The Erl King” (Schubert). “Vulcan Song” (Gounod). 8.2 p.m.—H. K. LOVE: '‘Technicalities.* Mr. Love will be glad to attend to your wireless difficulties, and we ask you to write to him for any advice that you may require. 8.12 p.m.—COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS’ BAND: “Soldiers' Chorus” (“Fiust”). 8.19 p.m.—MOLLY MACXAY, soprano: "Musetta’s Song.” “Wind Song” (Rodgers). 8.26 p.m.—ERIC AKINS will speak on “To-morrow’s Events at the Motordrome.” 8.36 p.m.—COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS’ BAND: Trombone solo, “The Tyrcban.” (Soloist, A. Thorn. “Selected.” 8.46 p.m.—ZRNEST SAGE, baritone: “O, lhank Me Not” (A. ] lallinson). “Over the Westeri. Sea.” “Sing, Break into ; ong.” 8.53 p.m.—COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS* BAND: Selection from Comic Opera. 9.3 p.m.—HUGH HUXHAM’S SERENADERS. Quartette: “Isle of Bim Bam Boo,” The Quartette. Solo, ”c,mile Through Y'.ur Tears”: Dolly Burdett. contralt . LES RICHMOND, Piano: “Selected.” Humorous item: "the Silv’ry Sea,” The Quartette Quartet, “The Yale Flues,” The Quartette. TASMA TIERNAN; ’Cello, “Selected.” Operatic Quartette: “Companiona,” from “Ernani,” The Quar- «etu. 9.„0 p.m.-COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS* BAND: Selected. 9.30 p.m.—PROGRAMME OF GIPSY MUSIC arranged by MISS MARY CAMPBELL, of the Albert Street Conservatorium. MARY KINGSTON and DAWN HARDING. Duets: “Know Ye, Loved One” (Brahma). “From Woods Around” (Korbay). IDA SCOTT. Piano: “Hungarian Dance” (Brahms). DAWN HARDING, Songi “o*er the Lit ic Lily” (Koj jay). “My Brown Boy” (Korbay). MARY GASKIN, violin: “Hungarian I.'ance No. 5, G Minor” (Brahms-Hu bay). MARY KINGSTON, songs- “ Sun Brown J r.d is Leading” (Brahma). “Rosebuds T 1 rc " (Brahms* IDA SCOTT, Piano; “Spanish Gipsy Dance” (Mowrey). DAWN HARDING. Songs: “Songs My Mother Taught Me” (Dvorak). “Cloudy Heights of Tatra” (Dvorak). MARY GASKIN, Songs: '“Down in the Valley,” Hungarian Folk Songs. “Gipsy Music.” “The Gipsy’s Price.” IDA SCOTT. Piano: “Hungarian Dance” (MacDowell). J. TOWARD KING, baritone i “Fad a Horse” (Korbay). Vihepherd, see thy horse’s foaming mane” (Korbay). Accompaniste: Ida Scott. 10.27 p.m.—“Argus” news service. Meteorological information. Road notes. BritishOfficial wireless news from Rugby. IslandShipping notes. The Royal Automobile Club of Victoria’s SAFETY MESSAGE for Today is for MOTORISTS: “Always carry a spare bulb for your headlights, the same as you do a spare tyre.’ - 10.30 p.m.—“CARDIGAN” (Mr. H. A. Wolfe) will speak on tomorrow’s races. Results of Triangular State School Cricket between Victoria, N.S.W. and Queensland, played at Sydney. 10.53 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA: Selection, “Battling Butler” (Braham). 11 p.m.—OUR GREAT THOUGHT: “Let no man be sorry he has done good ; because otherr. concerned with him have done evil. If a man acted right, he has done well, though alone; if wrong, the sanction of all mankind will not justify him.” —Fieldi ig. 11.1 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS. 11.40 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING. 3AR, MELBOURNE Associated Radio Co. J Wave Length, 484 Metres. FRIDAY, 23rd MARCH, 1928. j 11 a.m. to 12 noon. 3AR, Melbourne, —Friday, March 23, 1928. MORNING NEWS SESSION. MIDDAY CONCERT SESSIOTT.* Transmitted from Panatrope House, 258 Collins Street (by exclusive permission of Wills and Paton, Ltd.), on the Brunswick Panatrope. MATINEE SESSION. ORCHESTRAL DANCE CONCERT. 2 p.m—Ayarz Dansonians. A half-hour Dance Session by Melbourne’s favorite Dance Band. All the latest popular hits, each one announced prior to its presentation. 2.30 p.m.-‘-Melbourne Concert Orchestra* Suite: “The Fragrant Year” (Ewing>, 2.44 p.m.—Miss Vera Thomson, soprano* 2.53 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra* 3.8 p.m.—Miss Ethel Brearley, piano: “Duetto” (Mendelssohn). 3.12 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians. 3.30 p.m.—lnterval announcements. 3.35 p.m.—lnterval Talk on Cookery in the House. 3.45 p.m.—Miss Vera Thomson, soprano. 5.53 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra. 4 p.m.—-G.P.O. Clock says “Four.” 4.1 p.m.—Second weather forecast. 4.3 p.pi.—Mr. Alan Adcock, humorous entertainer : v “My Word. You Do Look Queer” (Weston and Lee). 4.10 p.m.—Mtlbourne Concert Orchestra: “On Jheluua River” (Amy Woodforde-Finden). 4.26 p.m.—Mr. Robert Adams, trumpet: “Macushla" (Margetson). 4.30 p.m.—Mr. Alan Adcock humorous entertainer : “The Market" (Wilcocfc). 4.38 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians. 4.55 p.m.—To-night’s Entertainment. Announcements. 6 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says "Five.” God Save the King. CHILDREN’S SESSION. 6.30 p.m.—3AR’S Cousin Peter. EVENING SESSION. BALL ROOM AND CONCERT HALL. 7.15 p.m.—Health Session : Mr. George Beattie, Principal of the Beattie College of Physical Culture, on “Physical Fitness.” 7.30 p.m.—Sport Session: “Harlequin” presents his budget of news and comments on Sport of the day. 7.50 p.m.—Macnamara’s Stock Reports. 8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Eight.” 8.1 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra: “L’Arlesienne, Part 2” (Bizet). 8.18 p.m.—Miss Diane Lovell, soprano. 8.26 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians._ 8.42 p.m.—Mr. C. Richard Chugg, flute: “Elegie,” unaccompanied (Donjou). 6.46 p.m.—Mr. Norman Carter, entertainer* Some more Snapshots. 8.53 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Qrchestr#, 9.9 p,m.—Miss Diane Lovell, soprano. 9.16 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians. 9.30 p.m.—lnterval announcements. 0.45 p.m.—Melbourne Concert. Orchestra : Selection: “The Cabaret Girl” (Kern). 10 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Tep.” 10.1 p.m.—Semi-final weather forecast, specially for our country listeners. 10.3 p.m.—Mr. Michael Connolly, Irish baritone. 10.11 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra. 10.27 p.m. —Mr. Michael Connolly, Irish baritone. 10.35 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians. 10.50 p.m.—“Age” News Bulletin, exclusix s to 3AR. 11 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Eleven.” GodSave the King. 4QG, BRISBANE. j Queensland Radio Service Wave Length, 385 Metres. FRIDAY, 23rd MARCH, 1928. MORNING SESSION. 10.30 a.m. to 11.30 a.m. MIDDAY SESSION. 1 p.m.—Market reports ; weather information ; “The Daily Mail” and “The Daily Standard” news. 1.30 p.m.—Lunch hour music. 1.58 p-m.—Standard time signal. 2 p.m.—Close down. AFTERNOON SESSION. 8.30 p.m.—Mail train running times. 3.31 p.m.—A programme of music. 4.15 p.m.—“The Telegraph” news; weather news. 4.30 p.m.—Close down. EARLY EVENING SESSION. € p.m.—Mail train running times: “Daily Standard” news; weather information; announcements. 6.10 p.m.—Dinner music. 6.30 p.m.—Bedtime stories by “The Sandman.” 7 p.m.—Special news service; market reports; stock reports. 7JO p.m.—Weather news ; announcements. 7.43 p.m.—Standard time signal. 7.45 p.m.—A review of to-morrow’s racyvg. NIGHT SESSION. The first portion of the programme will comprise a radio novelty. Station 4QG has received from Palings the full parts for a choral number. These have not been seen by any person and have been placed in a sealed package. At eight o'clock the station will change across to the Brisbane Scho«d of Arts, where the Brisbane Eisteddfod Choir (Conductor, Mr. Robinson), will be at work. 4QG's Announcer will hand the sealed package to the conductor of the choir before the microphone and he will open it, distribute the parts and immediately commence a rehearsal. The conductor of the choir has promised that by half-past eight the' choir will give a first-class rendering of the number which neither he nor any of the choristers have seen. 8 p.m.—From the Brisbane School of Arts. Radio Novelty—The Brisbane Eisteddfod Choir at Rehearsal. PART 11. In response to numerous requests, particularly from returned soldiers, the third of the three diggers' plays which were broadcast last year—“ The Battalion Reunion” —will be repeated. The first and second of the three “Off Duty” and “Homeward Bound” were repeated in January and February. “The Battalion Reunion” is a radio play in ■which the adventures of four diggers who meet at a Smoke Concert after twelve months in civil life are related. Cast: Dad Mr. Tom Mullar Bill Mr. H. Gilroy Snowy Mr. Ray Bruce Long ’Un Mr. J. P. Cornwell Yvonne Miss Thelma Champion The Colonel Mr. G. Williamson Speaker Mr. A. Rees Officers. Chairman, comrades, etc., by members of the “Studio Orpheans.” The Musical Numbers will include soldier songs and choruses. 8.30 p.m.—FROM THE STUDIO: Digger Play—“ The Battalion Reunion.” 10 p.m.—FROM THE STUDIO: “The Daily Mail” news; weather news; close down. SCL, ADELAIDE. Central Broadcasters, Ltd. Wave Length, 395 Metres. FRIDAY, MARCH 23rd, 1928. MIDDAY SESSION. 12 noon.—G.P.O. Chimes. 12.1 p.m.—“Advertiser” news service. 12.30 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio “Recreator.” 12.50 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Exchange Intelligence. 12.57 p.m.—Meteorological information. 1 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. 1.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the studio “Recreator.” 1.57 p.m.—Meteorological information. 2 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. AFTERNOON SESSION. 3 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. j 3.1 p.m. Musical numbers on the studio “Recreator.” 3.30 p.m.—Menu talk by “Homelover.” 3.45 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio “Recreator.” 4.57 p.m.—S. C. W’ard and Co.’s Stock Exchange Intelligence. 5 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. EVENING SESSION. 6 p.m.—G.P.O.. Chimes. 6.1 p.m.—Children’s entertainment—Amscols Half-hour. 6.30 p.m.—Dinner Music on the Studio “Recreator.” 6.55 p.m.—General market reports by A. W. Sandford and Co.. A .E. Hall and Co., Dalgety and Co., S.A. Farmers Co-operative Union, Taylor Bros., Retail Grocers Association, Interstate Fruit and Produce Market Co. Ltd. 7 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. 7.1 p.m.—Stock Exchange Intelligence. 7.8 p.m.—“Windbag’s” Sporting Service. 7.15 p.m.—Talk by Nurse Grigg, of Nestle— Anglo-Swiss Condensed Mil Co. (Australia) Ltd. —“The Feeding of Infants.” 7.30 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra. 7.35 p.m.—Baritone solo. Syd. Morrell. 7.40 p.m.—Selection. Studio Orchestra. 7.50 p.m.—Quartette, Apollo Quartette. 7.55 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra. 8 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. 8.1 p.m.—Relayed from Malcolm Reid's showrooms—orchestral selections by Malcolm Reid’s Orchestra. 7.15 p.m.—Baritone solos, Syd. Morrell. 7.20 p.m.—Selections, Malcolm Reid’s Orchestra. 8.30 p.m.—Quartette. Apollo Male Quartette. 8.35 p.m.—Selections, Malcolm Reid’s Orchestra . 8.45 p.m.—Baritone solos, Syd. Morrell. 8.50 p.m.—Selections, Malcolm Reid’s Orchestra. 9 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. 9.1 p.m.—Meteorological information. 9.2 p.m.—Dalgety’s Wheat report. 9.3 p.m. —Station announcements. 9.5 p.m.—Quartettes, Appollo Male Quartette. 9.10 p.m.—Selection. Studio Orchestra. 9.20 p.m.—Operatic Recital. Antonio Molinari. 9.30 p.m.—Talk by Mr. S. B. Opie, (Field Officer) “Tobacco Growing.” 9.45 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra. 9.52 p.m.—Operatic recital, Antonio Molinari. 10 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. 10.1- p.m.—“Advertiser” News Service. 10.15 p.m.—Selections, Studio Orchestra. 10.25 p.m.—Relay from the Maison de Dance, Glenelg, Dance Music. 10.55 p.m.—Saturday’s programme and me- teorological information. 11 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and National Anthem. 6WF, PERTH Westralian Farmer’s. Wave Length, 1250 Metres. FRIDAY, 23rd MARCH; 1928- morning SESSION. 12.30 p.m.—Tune in. 12.35 p.m.—Markets, news, and cables. 1 p.m.—Time signal. 1.1 p.m.—Weather notes supp <1 by the Me- teorological Bureau of We.. ; Au ralia. 1.2 p.m.—Studio Quintette, conducted by Mr. Val Smith. 2 p.m.—Close down. AFTERNOON SESSION. 3.30 p.m.—Tune in. 3.35 p.m.—Orchestral music played by Hoyts Orchestra, . conducted by Mr. Harold Par- tington, relayed from Hoyts Regent Theatre, William Street. Vocal interludes from the Studio. 4.30 p.m.—Close down. EVENING SESSION. 6.45 p.m.—Tune ih. The Evening Transmission is broadcast on 104.5 metres as well as the usual wave- length. 6.50 p.m.—Stories for the Kiddies by Uncles Henry, Bertie and Duffy. , 7.20 p.m.—Stocks, Markets, News. 7.45 p.m.—Racing talk by the Sporting editor of “Truth” Newspaper Coy. 8 p.m.—Time signal. 8.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me- teorological Bureau of Western Australia. Station announcements such as alterations to programmes, etc. 8.3 p.m.—Popular Night. Musical programme from the studio, includ- ing vocal and instrumental artists. Items by the Misses Mason and De Boulay, Instrumental Duo of the s.s. Katoomba. 9.35 p.m.—Health talk by Mr. H. S. Hatton, Principal of Hatton’s Physical Culture School. 10 p.m.—Late news items by courtesy of “The * Daily News” Newspaper Co., Ships within range announcement; Weather report and forecast. 10.30 p.m.—Close down. 104.5 METRE TRANSMISSION. Simultaneous broadcast on 104.5 metres of Programme given on 1250 metres, commen- cing at 6.45 p.m. 7ZL, HOBART Tasmanian Broadcasters, Ltd. Wave Length, 516 Metres. FRIDAY, MARCH 23rd, 1928. MORNING SESSION, 11 TO 12 NOON. AFTERNOON SESSION. 3 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes the hour. 3.1 p.m.—Musical Selections. 3.5 p.m —Hobart Stock Exchange quotations. Weather forecasts. Items of interest. 3.15 p.m.—Musical Selections, continued. 4.15 p.m.—Educational Talk. 4.30 p.m.—Close down. EARLY EVENING SESSION. 6.30 p.m.—Children’s Corner, with the Radio Lady. 7.15 p.m.—Young Folks’ gardening chat, by Mr. George Nation. NIGHT SESSION. 7.30 p.m.—Fruit, Poultry, and Prodcue re- ports, through the courtesy of Roberts and Co., Ltd. 7.35 p.m.—Gardening Talk by Mr. George Nation, Glen Nurseries, Cascades. 8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes the hour. BALKITE RADIO POWER From the Light Socket BALKITE TRICKLE CHARGER NEW PRICE £3/10/ A SENSATIONAL REDUCTION RAULAND-LYRIC TYPE R5OO Now 45/- Radio Music for the Critical The Rauland-Lyric is a laboratory grade audio transformer. Music critics agree that truer reproduction cannot be found than that obtained when these Super-quality instruments are em- ployed. Low bass notes, high harmonics, delicate overtones—all these are amplified with un- equalled beauty. RIGHT OUT ON ITS OWN. The World famous BALKITE “B" ELIMINATOR Announcing the New BALKITE “B,” the noiseless, tubeless, per- manent light socket, “B” power supply. MODEL 8.W., for Sets with 5 Valves (201 A Type) or less £ll/10/-. MODEL 8135, for Sets with 8 valves, and up to 135 volts. £l4/10/-. DILECTO BAKELITE The ORIGINAL Genuine Bakelite Panel Material LOOK HERS for Ik* RED STRI c & o Sole Agent: O. H. O’BRIEN (Sydney) 37-39 Pitt Street, Sydney. 654 Bourke Street, Melbourne. W. E. Peterman, 160 Edward Street, Brisbane 8.1 p.m.—Broadcast, by direct wire, from Lyceum Club, Hobart: Weekly Lecture. 9.30 p.m.—Cricket Chat by Mr. A. O’Leary. 9.40 p.m.—British Official Wireless News. 6.50 p.m.—“Mercury” special interstate news service. Ships within wireless range. Tas- manian district weather reports. 9 p.m. weather reports. Travellers’ week-end in- formation. Tasmanian district weather re- ports. Station announcements. Saturday’s programme. 10 p.m.—Close down. Saturday, March 24 2FC, SYDNEY EARLY MORNING SESSION. 7 a.m. to 8 a.m. MORNING SESSION. 10 a.m.—“Big Ben” and announcements. 10.5 a.m. —Studio music. 10.15 a.m.—"Sydney Morning Herald” news service. 10.30 a.m. —Studio music. 10.35 a.m.—A reading. 10.45 a.m. —Stjdio music. 11 a.m. —"Big Ben.” Studio music. 11.5 a.m.—A.PA. and Reuter’s Cables. 11.10 a.m. —Studio music. 11.15 a.m. —A talk on Home Cooking and Recipes by Miss Ruth Fnrst. 11.30 a.m. —Close down. MIDDAY SESSION. 12 noon.—“ Big Ben” and announcements. 12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange. 12.3 p.m.—Studio music 12.20 p.m.—"Sydney Morning Herald” news service. 12.25 p.m.—Rugby wireless news. 12.30 p.m.—Studio music. 1 p.m.—"Big Ben.” Weather intelligence. 1.3 p.m.—“Evening News” midday news ser- vice. AFTERNOON SESSION. NOTE: During the afternoon the Racing Events at Rosehill will be described by the 2FC Commissioner. Musical items will incllde: From the Studio: Howard Leighton, novelty pianist. From the Ambassadors: At intervals between 3.30 p.m. and 5 p.m.: “The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra, con ducted by A 1 Hammet. From the Crystal Palace Theatre. George Street. Sydney: The Crystal Palace Orchestra, oonducted by Harry Cross. 4.45 p.m.—Complete sporting resume, includ- ing scores .of the Cricket Match, played in New Zealand to-day: Australia versus New Zealand. 6 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down. 5.40 p.m.—The chimes of 2FC. 6.45 p.m.—The "Hello Man” talks to the chil- dren. 6.15 p.m. —Story time for the young folk. 6.30 p.m.—From the Pavilion Cafe: Dinner music by the Pavilion Orchestra. 7 p.m.—“Big Ben.” From the Studio: Late Sporting News. 7.15 p.m.—Weather intelligence. 7.18 p.m.—“Evening News” late news service. 7.28 p.m.—Studio music. NIGHT SESSION. 7.40 p.m.—Programme announcements. 7.45 p.m.—Studio music. 8 p.m.—“Big Ben.” From the Hay market Theatre.: The Haymarket Operatic Orchestra, under the baton of Stanley’ Porcer. 8.20 p.m.—From the Pavilion Cafe, in connec- tion with the New South Blinded Soldiers’ Association : A Concert by 2FC Artists to the N.S.W. Blinded Soldiers: Brunton Gibb, elocutionist: “Bertram on Business” (Rutherford). 8.30 p.m.—Cliff Arnold, novelty pianist. 8.40 p.m.—Louise Homfrey, lady baritone. 8.48 p.m.—Norman McLennan, baritone» (a) “The Irish Fusilier” (Squire). (b) “Tommy Lad” (Margetson). 8.56 p.m.—-Charlie Lawrence, entertainer. 9.5 p.m.—From the Haymarket Theatre: The Haymarket Operatic Orchestra. 9.15 p.m.—From the Studio: Late weather forecast. 9.16 p.m.—Dr. T. J. Henry: A talk on “Harlem—the Negro Metropolis. ’ 9.30 p.m.—Eden and Jack Landeryou, enter- tainers : Popular numbers. Banjo novelty. 0.38 p.m.—From the Pavilion Cafe: Further items from the Concert to the N.S.W. Blinded Soldiers. Cliff Arnold, novelty pianist. 9.40 p.m.—Brunton Gibb, elocutionist: “The Transformation of Mary” (Spencer,. 9.46 p.m.—Norman McLennan, baritone: “Ben the Bo’sun” (Adams). 9.49 p.m.—Charlie Lawrence, entertainer. 9.55 p.m.—Louise Homfrey, lady baritone. 10 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Eden and Jack Landeryou, entertainers: Popular numbers. 10.8 p.m.—From the Ambassadors: The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra, con- ducted by A 1 Hammet. 10.15 p.m.—From the Studio: Eden and Jack Landeryou, entertainers. 10.22 p.m.—Late weather forecast. 10.23 p.m.—The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra. 10.57 p.m.—From the Studio: To-morrow’s programme and late news. 11 p.m.—“Big Ben.” The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra. 11.45 p.m.—National Antneui. Close down. 2BL, SYDNEY. ft SATURDAY, MARCH 24th, 1928. EARLY MORNING SESSION, 8 to 9 a.m. MORNING SESSION. 11 a.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Social Notes by Mrs. Jordan. Talk on "Simple Cooking for Children,” by Mrs. Jordan. 12 noon. —G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Special ocean forecast and weather report. 12.3 p.m.—Musical programme from the Studio. 12.20 p.m.—News from the “Sun.” 12.25 p.m.—Sporting and athletic fixtures. 12.30 p.m.—Musical programme from the. Studio. 12.40 p.m.—News from the “Sun.” 12.50 p.m.—Musical programme from the Studio. 1 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Close down. AFTERNOON SESSION. 2 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Musical programme from the Studio. 2.15 p.m.—News from the “Sun.” 2.30 p.m.—Pianoforte Recital from the Studio. 2.45 p.m.—Musical programme from the Studio. 3 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. News from the “Sun.” 3.10 p.m.—Musical programme from the Studio. 3.20 p.m.—News from the “Sun.” 3.30 p.m.—CONCERT BROADCAST FROM THE RADIO AND ELECTRICAL EXHIBI- TION AT THE SYDNEY TOWN HALL. Broadcaster’s Instrumental Trio. 3.37 p.m.—Miss Nellie Ravens, Contralto. 3.44 p.m. —Mr. Warwick McKenzie, violinist 3.51 p.m.—Mr. Leslie Mc;Calium, baritone. 3.58 p.m.—broadcasters, instrumental Trio. 4.5 p.m.—Miss Nellie Ravens. 4.12 p.m.—Mr. Warwick McKenzie. 4.19 p.m.—Mr. Leslie McCallum. 4.26 p.m.—Broadcasters Instrumental Trio, Accompanist: Mr. G. Vern Barnett. Announcer: Mr. B. W. Kirke. 4.30 p.m.—From the Studio. News from the “Sun.” 4.40 p.m.—Musical programme from the Studio • 4.45 p.m.—Resume of Races held during the afternoon. 5 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Close down. EARLY EVENING SESSION. 5.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Children’s Session. 6.30 p.m.—News from the “Sun.” Racing resume and results of day’s sport- ing. 7 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Dinner Music. 7.30 p.m.—Talk on “The Aborigines,” by “Bringa.” B p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. 8.1 p.m.—Mr. Roger Jones, baritone. 8.8 p.m. —Mr. Reg. Harrison, comedian. 6.15 p.m.—Broadcast from the Radio Exhi- bition at the Sydney Town Hall. The Cheer-oh girls under the direction <fi Mrs. S. Bennett White. <3.15 p.m.—From the studio: Mr. Roger Jones. 9.22 p.m.—Broadcasters Instrumental Trio. 0.29 p.m.—Miss Mab Fotheringham, soubrette. 0.36 p.m.—M. Reg. Harrison. 9.43 p.m.—Miss Phyllis Atkinson. 9.50 p.m.—Broadcasters Instrumental Trio. 9.57 p.m. —Miss Mab Fotheriugham. 10.4 p.m.—Miss Phyllis Atkinson. 10.11 p.m.—Resume of following day’s Pro- gramme. 10.15 p.m.—The Wentworth Cafe Orchestra under the direction of Mr. S. Simpson broad- cast from the ballroom of the Wentworth. 11.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. National Anthem. 3LO, MELBOURNE SATURDAY, MARCH 24th, 1928. EARLY MORNING SESSION. 7.15 a.m. —Morning melodies. 7.20 p.m.—PHYSICAL CULTURE EXER- CISES. 7.33 a.m. —Weather forecasts for all States. Mails. 7.40 a.m.—NEWS. 8 p.m.—Melbourne Observatory time signal. 8.1 a.m. —Morning melodies. 8.5 a.m.—NEWS. Sporting information. Shipping, Stock Exchange fluctuations. 8.13 a.m. —Morning melodies. 8.15 a.m.—Close down. MORNING SESSION. 11 a.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA: Suite, “Merchant of Venice.” 11.15 a.m. —MOLLY MACKAY, soprano: “Thou Art Like a Lovely Flower” (Schu- mann). ‘ “Les Cloches” (Debussy). 11.22 a.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA: “Songs of India from the Legend Sadka” (Rimsky-Korsakov). “Spanish Rhapsody.” 11.32 a.m.—HUXHAM’S SERENADERS : Song, “I Don’t Like Being Tickled by a Fly" The Quartette. Song. “ In the Land.” Hugh Huxham. Percy Code. Cornet, “Selected.” Special Exhibition a RADIO 59 Don’t miss the Special Exhibition Number of “RADIO." The best issue yet published. Strong in technical matter, rich in interest, and light with humour. Printed in two colours and profusely illustrated. The features include: RAY ALLSOP’S SHORT-WAVE SUPERHETERODYNE How to make a super-heterodyne which will tune in any short-wave broadcasting stat.on ,n the world at good loud-speaker strength. A description by the Chief Engineer of 2BL (Ray Ailsop, 2YG), of the remarkable shortwave receiver used to pick up and relay the British and foreign stations heard from 2BL. You must see this circuit—it’s the best and latest. THE 1928 BROWNING-DRAKE A newly-developed and more efficient Browning-Drake of two valves-a regenerative detector and one stage of K.F. as a complete unit with a single control panel arrange- ment Separate amplifier units employing either transformer or resistance coupling Will be described. By Don B. Knock (2NO). ADVENTURE YARN BY “BRASSO” Something new. Hi-Jackers and rum-running in the Atlantic. An Aussie brasspounder, a Yank, and the short waves. Best thing yet written by Brasso. SHORT STORIES HUMOUR ARTICLES Alarm! A short story about a broadcasting studio-a woman's intuition-warning- and bush fires. Also, “The Echo of Eden News Service,’’ and “How Noah Got His Weather Reports During the Flood.’’ Humorous drawings by Jack Waring, Mark White, and others. A. S. Cochrane (Hello Man 2FC) on the Bedtime Story. The ideal wavelength for International Broadcasting. Watch for Special Cover on Bookstalls On Sale March 19®* Duet, “The Garden Wall.” Edith and Hugh Huxham. Solo, “The Open Road.” Renn Millar. Gilbert Bishop. Violin, “Selected.” Quartet, “The Inflammatus,” from “Stabat Mater.” 11.52 a.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA: Fox trot, “By the Shalimar” (Mazine). “Marcheta” (Schertzinger). MIDDAY SESSION. 12 noon. —Melbourne Obesrvatory time signal. 12.1 p.m.—Australian Mine sand Metals Asso- ciation from the London Stock Exchange this day. British official wireless news from Rugby. Reuter’s and the Australian Press Association cables. “Argus” news service. “NOTES THAT RIPPLED WAVE ON WAVE.” 12.20 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA: “Plantation Melody” (Farwell). Who is Sylvia?” (Schubert). “Siamese Patrol” (Linke). 12.30 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano: “Se Saran Rose” (Arditi). “Saper Voreste” (Verdi). 12.38 p.m.—Stock Exchange information. 12.41 p.m.—HENRY TROMPF, baritone: London Silhouettes —“The Fortune Hunter." “Up ’Lugate Hill” (Willoughby). 12.48 p.m.—NED TYRRELL, banjo: “Selected.” 12.53 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA: "Hymn to the Sun from The Golden Cockerel” . 1 p.m -Meloburne Observatory time signal. 1.1 p.m. —Meteorological information. Weather forecast and rainfall for Victoria. Tas- mania, South Australia and New South Wales. Ocean forecast. River reports. 1.8 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA: “The Land of the Rose” (Gilbert). THE FOUNDATION OF MUSIC. 1.15 p.m.—DOROTHY ROXBURGH, viola, will to-day give specially selected items from the works of the masters. 1.25 p.m.—HENRY TROMPF, baritone: “Salaam" (Mary Lang). “A Spirit Flower” (Tipton). 1.32 p.m.-THE STATION ORCHESTRA: “In a Chinese Temple Garden” (Ketelby). Bolero, "Spanish Dance’’ (Moszkowski). “Les Serenata de Argentina” (Olsen). 1,45 p.m.—Close down. 2 p.m.—Description of Yannathan Trial Hurdle, 2 miles, run at MOONEE VALLEY, by “Musket,” of the ‘Sporting Globe.” 2 5 p.m.—Description of PENNANT CRICKe/T —Semi-finals. * AFTERNOON SESSION. 2.15 p.m.- HARRY SIIUGG’S BAND I Selection. “Gipsy Love” (Lehar). 2.30 p.m.—Description of Calliope Handicap. 5 furlongs, MOONEE VALLEY RACES, by "Musket,” of the "Sporting Globe.’’ 2.35 P-m. —OeScription of PENNANT CRICKET —Semi-finals. 2.50 p.m.— HARRY SHUGG’S BAND: •Minuet in G” (Beethoven). Idyll. My Syrian Maid” (Rimmer). 8 p m.—Description of Quality Handicap, 6 furlongs, MOONEE VALLEY RACES, by “Musket,” of the “Sporting Globe.” 8.5 p.m.— HARRY SHUGG’S BAND: Waltz, “The Druids’ Prayer” (Dayson). “Selected.” 3.15 p.m. —Description of PENNANT CRIC- KET —Semi-finals. 8.30 p.m.-HARRY SHUGG’S BAND: Overture, “Prince and Peasant (Round). “Selected.” f. 40 p m. —Description of Moonee Ponds Handi- cap, 1)4 miles, MOONEE VALLEY RACES, by “Musket,” of the “Sporting Globe.” 3.45 p.m.—Description of PENNANT CRIC- KET —Semi-finals. 4 p.m.—HARRY SHUGG’S BAND: Selection, “The Maid of the Mountains” (Simson). Selected. 4.20 p.m.—Description of Trial Mile, MOONEE VALLEY RAQES, by “Musket,” of the “Sporting Globe.” 4.25 p.m. —Description of PENNANT CRIC- KET —Semi-finals. 4.40 p.m.—HARRY SHUGG’S BAND: Fox Trots, “My Blue Heaven” (Danoldson). “Me and My Shadow” (Jolson). 4.45 p.m.—Special weather report from Ade- laide. Weather report from the Mildura \ is- trict. 4.50 p.m.—Description of Sherwood High- weight Handicap, 7 furlongs. MOONEE VALLEY RACES, by “Musket,” of the “Sporting Globe.” 4.55 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Stock Ex- change information. 6.10 p.m. —Close down. 6.50 p.m.—Sporting results. EVENING SESSION. g p.m.—PENNANT CRICKET—Semi-finals. Stump scores. 6.1 p.m.—Answers to letters and birthday greetings by “LITTLE MISS KOOKA- BURRA.” 6.20 p.m. —Musical interlude. 6.25 p.m.— LITTLE MISS KOOKABURRA: "A story for the Little Ones.” 6.35 p.m.—Musical interlude. 6.40 p.m.— LITTLE MISS KOOKABURRA: “A Story for the Older Children.” NIGHT SESSION. 7 p.m.—Sporting results. Acceptances for Werribee Races, Wednesday, 28. 7.5 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Weather synopsis. Shipping movements. 7.12 p.m. -Stock Exchange information. 7.17 p.m.—River reports. 7.20 p.m. Market reports by the Victorian Producers’ Cooperative Co., Ltd. Poultry, grain, hay. straw, jute, dairy produce, pota- toes and onions. Market reports of fruit by the Victorian Fruiterers’ Assocation, retail prices. Wholesale prices of fruit by the Wholesale Fruit Merchants’ Association. Citrus fruits. 7.30 p.m.—E. E. PESCOTT will speak on: “Australian Pine Trees and other Conifers.” 7.45 p.m.—Dr. J. A. LEACH will speak on “Black Cocoktoos.” 8 p.m.—Speeches from the Trades Hall Dinner. Toast, “The Day We Celebrate.” Proposed by Mr. C. J. Holloway, Sec. of the Trades Hall Council, with song at interval by Mr. J. Clinton. FROM THE STUDIO. 8.30 p.m.— SOUTHEY’S MANDOLINE BAND: Fox trot. “Drifting and Dreaming” (Schmidt). Waltz Song, “Honolulu Moon” (Lawrence). 8.40 p.m.- MOLLY MACKAY. soprano: “Nymphs and Sylvans” (Bemberg). “The Hoot Owl.” 8.47 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA: Selection, “The Orcid” (Monckton). 8.57 p.m.—Description of events at the Motor- drome by “Olympus.” 9.7 p.m.— SOUTHEY’S MANDOLINE BAND: Selection, “Operatic Melodies” from Caryll, Monckton and Suulivan’s Operas (Arr. A. C. Southye). Song, “I passed by your window.” ©l7 D m .—HUXHAM’S : Song, “I never wronged an Onion —The Quartette. Solo, “Land of Hope and Glory’ —Len Mil- lar. Will Page, xylophone solo, selected. Duet, “Hunting,,—Hugh and Edith Hux- ham. Quartette, “Faraway Bells”—The Quartette. Harold Moschetti, tenor, Sax. —Selected. Quartette, “Dream of Home” —Serenade? Quartette. 0.37 p.m.—Description of to-night’s Stadium event by NORMAN McCANCE. At the con- clusion of the match, NORMAN McCANCE will give a resume. 1C p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA: Selection from “Li’ Lombardi” (Verdi). 10.7 p.m.—ERNEST SAGE, baritone: “A Ballad of Gretna Green” (Brahe). “Bonnie Dundee.” 10.14 p.m.—SOUTHEY’S MANDOLINE BAND Song, “Mother Machree” (Olcott and Bell). Intermezzo, “Swing Song” (Zameacnik). Song, “Sometimes in Summer” (Bennett).- 10.24 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano: “Mimi’s Song” (Puccini). “A de a oiseaux” (Hiie). 10.31 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA* Selection, “The Rise of Rosie O’Reilly.” 10.41 p.m.—ERNEST SAGE, baritone: “The Wanderer” (Schubert). “The Garden of Allah” (Chas. Marshall). 10.48 .pm.—Late sporting news. 11 p.m.—OUR GREAT THOUGHT: “Oh wad some power the gif tie gie uf To see oursel’s as others see us ! It would frae monie a blunder free ut And foolish notion. Burns —to a Louse. 11.1 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS. 11.40 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING. 3AR, MELBOURNE SATURDAY, MARCH 24th, 1928. MORNING NEWS SESSION. 11 a.m. to 12 noon. MIDDAY CONCERT SESSION. 12 noon to 1.54 p.m. Transmitted from Panatrope House, 252 Collins Street (by exclusive permission of Wills and Paton. Ltd.), on the Brunswick Panatrope. MATINEE SESSION. ORCESTRAL DANCE CONCERT. Sports Results. During the afternoon, the results of the Moonee Valley races will be broadcast, immediately after each race is run, together with other information. 2 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians. A half-hour Dance Session by Melbourne’s favorite Dance Band The latest popular hits, each .one announced prior to its presentation. 2.30 p.m. —Melbourne Concert Orchestra : “Schumann Songs” (Ar. Roberts). 2.46 p,m—Miss Stella Challen, soprano: “I Love the Moon” (Rubens). “Still as the Night” (Bohm). 2 53 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra. p.m.—Mr. Ernie Pettifer, clarinet: “La Militaire” (Raymond). 3.13 p.m.—Miss Stella Challen, soprano* “Ave, Maria” (Cooper). “If My Songs Were Only Winged (Hahn). 8.21 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra: “A Hillside Melody” (Phillips). 8.30 p.m. —Interval announcements. 3.40 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestral “La Source” Ballet Suite (Delibes). Suite: “Andalusia” (Miramontes). 4 p.m— G.P.O. Clock says “Four.” 4 1 p.m. —Second weather forecast. 4 ; 3 p.m.—Mr. Alan T. Eddy, bass baritene: “The Erl King” (Schubert). “The Still Room” (Arundale). 4.11 p.m:—Melbourne Concert Orchestral “Canzona del Violino” (Schebek). “Three Famous Pictures” (Wood). 4.26 p.m.—Mr. C. Richard Chugg. flute: “Claire de Lune” (Debussy). 4 30 p.m.—Mr. Alan T. Eddy, bass baritones “I Want to be Ready” (Negro Spiritual). “Swing Low,/ Sweet Chariot” _ (Negr# Spiritual). The Milliard Master - Valve with the Wonderful P.M. Filament with English or U.X. Base Remains the Same Price - - - - 13/6 BUT WHILE THE STOCKS LAST the following previous types will be sold at reduced prices HF and LF Bright Filament . . . . . . 2/- each D SERIES .., ~. . . . . . . 6/- each DFA SERIES.. 7/6 each with English or U.V. Base CHARACTERISTICS AS PER THIS TABLE. Ml Also from the-MASTER. - VALVE W. & G. Genders. Launceston and Hobart — Every Va ' Ve is guaranteed to function perfectly OBTAINABLE FROM EVERY RADIO DEALER IN AUSTRALIA * 4.37 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra : “Musical Gems of Tschaiwowsky” (Ar. Langey). “Consolation” (Wood). 4.55 p.m.—To-night’s Entertainment. An- nouncements. 5 p m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Five.” God Save the King. CHILDREN’S SESSION. 6.30 p.m.—Uncle Mac.’s Entertainment. EVENING SESSION. 7.30 p.m.—Sport Session. “Harlequin” pre- sents his budget of up-to-d.to news and comments on Sport of the day. 7.45 p.m.—Every Man’s Garden. Special week-end talks by Mr. W. R. Warner, Pre- sident of the Nurserymen’s and Seedsmen’s Association of Victoria. 8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Eight.” 8.1 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians. 8.16 p.m.—Mr. Leslie Williams. humorous entertainer: “It’s Lucky I Keep My Temper” (Grain). "Flappers” (Hylton). 8.24 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians. 8.40 p.m.—Miss Jessie Shmith. contralto: "Don’t You Mind the Sorrows” (Cowles). “I Love You Mqre” (Dorothy Lee). 8.47 p.m.—Mr. Ernie Pettifer, saxaphone: “Saxarella” (Wiedoeft). 8.50 p.m.—Announcements. 9.2 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians. 9.18 p.m.—Mr. Leslie Williams, humorous en- tertainer : "Dude Patter” (Manuscript). “I’m Burlington Bertie from Bow” (Har- greaves) . 9.26 p.m—Ayavz Dansonlana 9.42 p.m.—Miss Jessie Shmith, contralto: “Sometimes in my Dreams” (d’Hardelot). “Dedication” (Franz). 9.50 p.m.—Announcements. 10 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Ten.” 10.1 p.m.—Semi-final weather forecast, speci- ally for our country listeners. 10.3 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonirns 10 1 p.m—Mr. Herbert Pettifer, violin: “Bolero” (Bohm). 10.23 p.m.— Ayarz Dansorians. 10.33 p.m.—Mr. Robert Adams, cornet: I'Killamey” (Balfe). 10.37 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians. 10.50 p.m.—To-morrow’s Entertainment. An- nouncements. 10.58 p.m.—Final weather forecast. 10.59 p.m.—Our Australian Good-night quote is taken from the poem. “Out ol the Si- lence.” by George Essex Evans. 11 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Eleven.” God Save the King. 4QG, BRISBANE SATURDAY. MARCH 24th, 1928. NO MORNING TRANSMISSION. NO MIDDAY TRANSMISSION. AFTERNOON SESSION. TATTERSALL’S RACES. The Tattersall’s Club Race Meeting will be described direct from the Ascot Racecourse. The commencement of transmission will depend upon the starting time of the first race, and will a 3 usual be announced from the studio at 7.45 p.m. on the evening preceding the meeting. , FROM ASCOT —Tattersall’s Club Meeting. 6 p.m.—Close down. EARLY EVENING SESSION. 6.30 p.m.—Bedtime stories by “Uncle Ben.” 7.15 p.m. —Racing results. 7.20 p.m.—To-day’s sporting news described. 7.30 p.m.—Sailing Notes by Fred Smith. NIGHT SESSION. 8 p.m.—Orchestral Music by the Tivoli Opera- tic Orchestra, under the baton of Mr. C. Groves. 8.45 p.m.—FROM THE SPEEDWAY: Motor Cycle Races. 9.30 p.m.—FROM LENNON’S BALLROOM: Dance Music. 10 p.m. —“The Sunday Mail” News. Weather news. Close down. SCL, ADELAIDE SATURDAY, MARCH 24th, 1928. MORNING SESSION. 11 a.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. 11.1 a.m.—“Advertiser” News Service. 11.30 a.m. —Musical numbers on the Studio “Recreator.” 12 noon.—G.P.O. Chimes and close down. AFTERNOON SESSION. 1.15 p.m. (Approx).—Relayed from the Gaw- ler Racecourse, a running description of events by Mr. Arnold Treioar, interspersed with musical numbers and interstate re- sults from the studio. 5.10 p.m. ( Approx).—Close down. EVENING SESSION. 6.50 p.m.—Summary of the afternoon’s racing results.. 6 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. 6.1 p.m.—Children’s entertainment. 6.40 p.m.—Dinner Music on the Studio “Rec- reator.” 7.5 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Exchange Intelligence. 7.16 p.m. —Talk on Mission Heroes. 7.30 p.m.—“Books and Bookman” by C. G. Riley. 7.45 p.m.—Resume of local and interstate sporting results. 8 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. 8.1 p.m.—Final Judging of SCL Bonniest Baby Competition and musical demonstra- tion arranged by SCL at the Adelaide Town Hall. 10.30 p.m.—Local and interstate sporting re- sults. 10.40 p.m.—Relay from the Maison de Danse, Glenelg—Dance Music. 10.55 p.m.—Sunday’s programme. 11 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and National Anthem. 6WF, PERTH. SATURDAY, MARCH 24th, 1928. MORNING SESSION. 12 noon. —Tune in. 12.5 p.m.—Musical Programme, including pianoforte selections by Miss Evelyn Wills, A.R.C.M. 12.47 p.m.—Markets, news, and cables. 1 p.m.—Time signal. 1.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me- teorological Bureau of Western Australia. 1.2 p.m.—Close down. 1.55 p.m.—Tune in. AT ASCOT. Running commentary of the following Racing events relayed from Ascot Race- course, Ascot. 2 p.m.—Maiden Plate (One Mile). 2.40 p.m.—Armidale Handicap (six furlongs). 3.2op.m.—Harvest Handicap (five furlongs). 3.30 p.m.—FROM THE STUDIO: Musical programme, including vocal and in- strumental artists. Progressive cricket scores. 4 p.m. —Summer Plate (One Mile). 4.40 p.m.—Charity Handicap (One mile and a Quarter). 5.20 p.m.—Kalamunda Handicap, Welter (Seven furlongs). 5.30 p.m.—Close down. 6.45 pjn.—Tune in. The evening transmission is broadcast on 104.5 metres as well as the usual wave- length. 6.50 p.m.—Birthday greetings for the Kiddies by Uncles Henry, Bertie and Duffy. 7.10 p.m.—Sports results. 7.20 p.m.—Markets, News and Cables. 7.20 p.m.—Markets, news, and cables. 7.45 p.m.—Talk. 8 p.m.—Time signal. 8.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me- teorological Bureau of Western Australia. Station announcements such as alterations td programmes, etc. 8.3 p.m.—Music and song. Musical programme from the studio, in- cluding vocal and instrumental artists. Motor cycling events described in detail relayed from the Claremont Speedway. 9 p.m.—Talk on the J?olo Tournament by Mr. Lawson Weir. 10 p.m.—Late news items by courtesy of “The Daily News” Newspaper Co. Ships within range announcement. Weather report and forecast. Sports results. 10.30 p.m.—Close down. 104.5 METRE TRANSMISSION. Simultaneous broadcast on 104.5 metres of Programme given on 1250 metres, commen- cing at 6.45 p.m. , 7ZL, HOBART SATURDAY, MARCH 24th, 1928. MORNING SESSION, 11 TO 12 NOON. AFTERNOON SESSION. 3 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes the hour. Broadcast from the T.C.A. Ground, descrip- tion by Mr. A. O’Leary of the cricket match, Newtown v. Sandy Bay. Progress racing and sporting results from the Studio. EARLY EVENING SESSION. 8.30 p.m.—Uncle Hector’s Corner. NIGHT SESSION. 7.30 p.m.—Musical Selections. 7.50 p.m-—“Mercury” special Tasmanian news service. Weather forecasts. Hobart Stock Exchange quotations. Sporting results. 8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes. 8.15 p.m.—Dance numbers b ythe Pavilion Dance Band from the City Hall, Hobart, in- terspersed with items from the Studio. 10.20 p.m.—British Official Wireless news. Weather information. Station announce- ments. Sunday’s Programme. Close down. Sunday, March 25 2FC, SYDNEY. MORNING SESSION. 10.40 a.m.—PrograriilW announcements. 10.45 a.m. —From the Christ Church, St. Laur- ence: The Morning Service. Organist, Christian Hellemann. 12.10 p.m.—From the Studio: Musical items and news service. 12.30 p.m.—Close down. AFTERNOON SESSION. 2.30 p.m.—Programme announcements. 2.35 p.m.—"Broadcasting conditions in Eng- land” : A talk by Frank E. Buckel. 2.50 p.m. —From the Congregational Church, Pitt Street, Sydney: An Organ Recital by Lilian Frost, recently returned from a tour abroad. 4 p.m.—“Big Ben.” From the Band Rotunda, Coogee Beach: The Randwick Municipal Band: (a) Fantasia, “Knight Errant” (Trussell). (b) Waltz, “Donan Wellen” (Ivanicur). (c) Selection, “Gems of Sullivan” (Sullivan). (d) Selection, “Down South” (Ketelby). (e) March. “Underhill House” (Moorhouse). Conductor, E. P. Kerry. 5 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down. 4 7/ m V Only the Best in Radio will ever Satisfy You! MOST of us have possessions that originally cost us a little more than we per- haps liked to pay. But what satisfaction we have had from those things. You’ll fee] the same satisfaction with your Model 100 A, finding lasting enjoyment in its full, clear tone . . . for its powers of reproduction are as per- manent as its handsome heavy, dull bronze case. Long after you have bought yours it will sing to you in the same rich- timbred tones that first de- lighted you. What other speaker has all these 8 refinements A new type corrugated and treated cone rattles and is entirely weatherproof. A magnetic strength that will not decline with age nor decrease in sensitiveness as is the case with some Loudspeakers. A new type of step-up lever arm that provides efficient low frequency reproduction. An electrical filter that removes distortion produced by high- frequency harmonics and summation tones. A large size permanent magnet of special alloy steel that gives great sensitivity and volume throughout the entire range. * A Loudspeaker case that, acting as a baffle plate, preserves the deep, full tones. Felt enclosure that destroys resonance effects and gives uniform response to all tones. Extra heavy pole pieces and armature that enable great volume without saturation. RCA (oudspeakerlQOA AUSTRALIAN GINKRAL©& ELECTRIC General tUetric Company, Ltd 93-95 CLARENCE STREET SYDNEY 53 King St., NEWCASTLE. Civic Centre, CANBERRA. 611 Dean St., ALBURY, EVENING SESSION. 6 p.m.—“Big Ben” and programme ments. 6.5 p.m.—Captain Fred Arrons will deliver a talk on “The Humors of History.” 6.18 p.m.—Kenneth Hunt, tenor: (a) “God that madest Earth and Heaven” (Sanderson). (b) “A Legend” (Tsi haikowskyj . (c) “How many hired servants,” from “The Prodigal Son” (Sullivan). 6.27 p.m.—From ;the Petersham Congregational Church: An Organ, Orchestral and Vocal Recital: Organ: (a) “Light Cavalry” (Suppe). (b) Overture, “Egmont” (Beethoven). Ambrose F. Gibbs, L.L.C.M. 6.41 p.m.—Orchestra: (a) “Rouseasu’s Dream.” (b) “Et Incarnitius” (Haydn). (c) “Sun of my Soul.” (d) “Stand up for Jesus.” (e) “Gloria” (12th Mass) (Mozart). 6.56 p.m.—Vocal: J. Prior: Two selected items. 7 p.m.—Orchestra: (a) “Palestine.” (b) “Agnus Dei” (Mozart). (c) “St. Arin’s.” (d) “I love to hear the Saviour’s voice.” (e) “Only an armour bearer.” (f) “Holy, holy, holy,” from “Elijah.” 715 p.m.—The Evening Service from the Petersham Congregational Church: Minister, Rev. A. P. Doran: Invocation and Lord’s Prayer. Hymn, “O fir a thousand tongues to sing.” Lesson. Anthem, “There is a Green Hill” (Gounod). Lesson. Hymn, “I heard the voice of Jesus say.” Prayer. Violin duet, “Ave Maria” (Mascagni). Mr. Roy Scott and Matter Gorden Scott. Anthem, “Seek ye the Lord” (Bradley). Hymn, "Lead, Kindly Ligl t.” Sermon. Hymn, “Guide me, O Thou Great Jehovah.” Benediction. 8.80 p.m.—From the Band Rotunda, Coogee Beach: The Randwick Municipal Band, conducted by E. P. Kerry: (a) Selection, “Classical Favorites” (Rim- mer). (b) Waltz, “Dreams of Ocean.” (c) Selection from “Rose Marie” (Friml). (d) Morceau, “Lea Cloekes St. Etienne” (Hume). (e) Selection. “Echoes of Opera” (arr. Sed- don). (f) March, “Washington Poet" (Sousa). ©.30 p.m.—From the Studio: Peter Gawthome, baritone: (a) “Three Shakespeare Songs” (Roger Quilter). (b) "Two American-Indian Songs” (Charles Wakefield Cadm an). i. 42 p^n. —Alexander Sverjensky, pianoforte solos: (a) "Adagio from C Minor Sonata—Pathe- tigue” (Beethoven). (b) “Largo from D Major Sonata—Pathe- tique” (Beethoven). 8.52 p.m.—Peter Gawthorne, baritone: “Jnst So.” Stories by Rudyard Kipling. (Music by Edward German.) 10.5 p.m.—Alexander Sverjensky. pianoforte solos: (a) “Hum Wesque” (Rachmaninoff). (b) “Lotus Land” (Scott). (c) “Gavotte Joyeuse” (Mozart-Boscoff). 10.15 p.m.—National Anthem. Close down. 2BL, SYDNEY SUNDAY, 25th MARCH, 1928. MORNING SESSION. 1.045 a.m.—Special news service. 11 a.m. —Service broadcast from Chalmers Presbyterian Church. AFTERNOON SESSION. 2 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Special session for Children in hospitals. 2.15 p.m.—H.M.V. Gramaphone Recital. 2.45 a.m.—Special information service. 8 p.m.—Music from the studio. 4 p.m.—Organ recital broadcast from Chal- mers Presbyterian Church. 6 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes National Anthem EVENING SESSION 6.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Children's Session. 7 p.m.—Service broadcast from St. Jude’s Church of England, Randwick. 6.30 p.m.—Broadcasters Instrumental Trio. 6.37 p.m. Miss Millie Hughes, soprano 8.44 p.m.—Miss Dulcie Blair, violinist. 6.51 p.m. Mr. Cyril James, baritone. 8.58 p.m.—Miss Norah Alexander, elocutionist 9.8 p.m.—Mr. Bryce Carter, ’cellist. 0.15 p.m.—Miss Linda Hartge, contralto. 0.22 p.m. —Broadcasters Trio. 0.29 p.m.—Miss Millie Hughes. 0 36 p.m.—Miss Dulcie Blair. 0.43 p.m.—Mr. Cyril James. 0.50 p.m.—Mr. Bryce Carter. * 0.57 p.m.—Resume of following day's pro- gramme. Weather report and forecast by courtesy of Mr. C. J. Mares, Govt. Meteorologist. 10 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. 10.1 p.m.—Miss Linda Hartge. 10.8 p.m.—Broadcasters Instrumental Trio. 10.15 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes National Anthem. 3LO, MELBOURNE. SUNDAY. 25th MARCH, 1928. MORNING SESSION. 10.30 a.m.—Bells from St. Paul’s Cathedral. 10.45 a.m.—Express train information. British Official Wireless news from Rugby. News from yesterday’s papers 11 a^?o"^ MORNING SERVICE FROM BAP- -IIST CHURCH, COLLINS STREET MELBOURNE. Preacher: REV. W. D. JACKSON BA Choir Director: MADAME ELLA KING- STON. Sanctus. Call to ' Prayer and Lord’s Prayer (sung). Hymn, “Welcome, Happy Morning.” Scripture. Philippians, IV., 10-23. Children’s Talk. Quartette. “Lowley Kneel We in Submission.” (Gounod). Notices. Offertory. Offertory Prayer. Anthem. “From the Throne of His Son” (Stainer). Prayer. Hymn. “I Do Not Ask, O Lord.” SERMON: “The Secret of Contentment and Power.” Hymn, “Peace, Perfect Peace.” Benediction. The Choir of the Collins Street Baptist Church is well 'known for its skilful work in the production of oratories not often heard in Melbourne On Wednesday, March 28, at 8 p.m. it will be rendering Gounod’s “Mors et Vita.” 12.15 p.m.—Giose down. AFTERNOON SESSION. “Methinks in thee some blessed spirit doth speak —This powerful sound within an organ weak.” SONORA RECITAL OF THE” WORLD’S MOST FAMOUS RECORDS. 2 p.m.—PIANO SOLO: “Sonata in F Minor for Pianoforte, Op. 5” (Brahms). Played by Percy Grainger. Part 1. Allegro maestoso. Part 2. Allegro maestoso. Part 3. Andante. Part 4. Andante. Part 5: Intermezzo (Retrospect). Part 7. Allegro moderato ma rubato. Part 8. Allegro moderato ma rubato. SONGS— Norman Allin, bass: “The Jewess—Tho’ Faithless Men” (Halevy). “Little Cattle, little' Care” (Waugh and Jackson). ORCHESTRAL— Overture, “Der Freischutz,” Part 1 and 2 (Weber). State Opera Orchestra, Berlin, conducted by Dr. Leo Blech. 3 p.m.—PLEASANT SUNDAY AFTERNOON FROM CENTRAL MISSION, LONS- DALE STREET, MELBOURNE. Chairman: Rev. J. H. CAIN. Hymn No. 112, “Ye Servants of God.” P-rayer, Rev. C. Irving Benson. Orchestral selection, Mr. G. M. Williams, Conductor. Hymn No. 81: “There’s Not a Friend.” Solo, Mr. -J. M. Hill, “Gipsy Dan” (Russell) Orchestra. Solo, Mr. J. M. Hill, “The Chapel in the Woods” (Bennett). Notices. Offering. \- Orchestra. ADDRESS. National Anthem. Benediction. Orchestra. 4.30 p.m.—J. HOWLETT ROSS: “The Passion Pay at Ammwgau.” 4.45 p.m.—Close down. EVENING SESSION. CHILDREN’S HOUR. Storyteller, “BROTHER BILL.” 6 p.m.—Answers to letters and birthday greetings by “BILLY BUNNY.” 6.25 p.m.—“BROTHER BILL.” “Strike While the Iron is Hot.” 6.45 p.m.—Bells from St. Paul’s Cathedral. NIGHT SESSION. 7 p.m.—EVENING SERVICE FROM ST PAUL’S CATHEDRAL. Exhortation. General Confession. Absolution. The Lord’s Prayer. Versicles and Responses (Ferial). Psalm—sl. Ist Lesson. Magnificat (Tarrant in Mode 10). 2nd Lesson. Nunc Dimittis (Tarrant in Mode 10.). The Apostles’ Creed. Collects. Anthem, “Blessed Jesus” (Dvorak). Prayers. Hymn (A. & M.) 200, “We Sing the Praise of Him Who Died.” SERMON, BISHOP GREEN. Hymn 520, “Love Divine, All Love Excelling.” « Benediction. FROM THE STUDIO— -8.30 p.m.—Birthday Greetings and announce- ments. Island shipping movements. 8.32 p.m.—Song Feature of the Week. 8.35 p.m.—BRUNSWICK CITY BAND: Overture, Arc” (Wright). Test Piece, British Trade Exhibition. Con- test. Championship of Victoria, March 15, 1928. 8.47 p.m.—VIOLET JACKSON,_ Soprano (by permission of J. C. Williamson, Ltd). “A Brown Biid Singing” (Haydn Wood). “Morning” (Oley Speaks). 8.54 p.m.—BRUNSWICK CITY BAND: v > Selection, “111 Crociato in Egitte.” 9.6 p.m.—STORIES OF OPERAS, Part 1. 9.3 6p.m.—BRUNSWICK CITY BAND. Hymns, “Edwinston.” “Rutherford.” 9.43 p.m.—VIOLET JACKSON, soprano: Selected. 9.50 p.m.—“Argus” news service. Announce- ments. ROYAL AUTOMOBILE CLUB OF VIC- TORIA’S SAFETY MESSAGE FOR TO- DAY IS:— “If you expect other people to avoid in- juring your children, you should take care not to injure the children of others.” I 'A H r# 2 r* Another VIKING arrives in Australia ! TO join that other famous “Viking”—the Audio Fre- quency Transformer now comes the “Viking” Vernier Dial. Here it is on the right, and it’s yours for 5/-. Handsome, isn’t it? And gives you velvet control. On the left is illustrated the “Viking” Transformer. Gives you tons of volume, but no distortion. Price, 10/6. Ask your dealer v for both “Vikings.” c >o n The VIKING of RADIO PARTS Nothing Cheaper WHOLESALE DISTRIBUTORS FOR N.S.W. Fox & Macgillycuddy Ltd., Sydney Harringtons Ltd. - - - Sydney A. G. Healing Ltd. - - - Sydney Weldon Electric Supply Co. Ltd. Sydney Nothing Better!” 10 p.m.—OUR GREAT THOUGHT: “The world makes way for a resolute soul, obstacles get out of the way of a deter- mined man who believes in himself.” 10.1 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING. 3AR, MELBOURNE SUNDAY, 25th MARCH, 1928. MORNING CHURCH SESSION. 11 a.m.—Morning Service from St. John’s Church, Melbourne. Minister: Archdeacon Lamble. AFTERNOON SESSION. Anniversary Service of the Kensington Methodist Church, broadcast from Ileming- ton Town Hall. Minister: R»v. Geerge F. Dyson. Choirmaster: Mr. Fred. Harry. CHILDREN’S SESSION. 8 pan.—Special Children's Hour. EVENING CHURCH SESSION. T p.m.—Evening Service from the Brunswick Methodist Church, Brunswick. Minister: Rev. E. Lewis. EVENING SESSION. 5.30 p.m.—Brunswick Panatrope Entertain- ment, broadcast from Pauatrope House, 252 Collins Street, Melbourne (by exclusive per- msision of Wills and Paton, Ltd.), under the direction of the Panatrope Committee. 9.31 p.m.—The B.B.C.Wireless Symphony Or- chestra : e Overture: “The Barber of Seville” (Ros- si in two parts. 8.39 p.rir—Signor Giuseppe Danise. baritone: “La Paloma” (Yradier). “Thorna a Surriento” (de Curtis). 8.47 p.m.—J. H. Sqjire Celeste Octet: “Love’s OW, Sweet Song” (Molloy). “Poem” (Fibich). •.53 p.m.—Mr. W. H. Sqnire, ’cello: “La Provengale” (Mari-Marias). “Sleepy Song” (Jeanjean). 8.69 p.m.—The Regimental Band of His Ma- jesty’s Grenadier Guards: “The Battle of Waterloo” (Ar. H. Echerg- berg), in two parts. 9.7 p.m.—Mr. Leopold Godowsky, pianoi “Polonaise in A Flat' (Chopin). “Marche Militaire” (Schubert). • 15 p.m.—Miss Elizabeth Rethberg, soprano: “Ye Wand’ring Breezes, Hear Me,” Act JI. from,Lohengrin (Wagner). *'Oh, Hall of Song,” Act 11. from Tann- hauser (Wagner). 8.21 p.m.—Mr. Frederic Fradkin, violin: “Schon Rosmarin” (Kreisler). “The Last Rose of Summer" (Moore). 8.27 p.m.—The Regimental Band of His Ma- jesty’s Grenadier Guards: Selections from Rigoletto (Verdi), in two parts. 8.83 p.m.—Mr. Mario Chanlee, tenor: “Racconto di Rodolfo” from La Boheme (Puccini). **Ah, fuyez douce image,” from the opera Manon (Massenet). 8-14 pan.—The Sevoy Havana Band, at the Savoy Hotel. London: "Valse Bleue” (Margis). ‘‘Blue Danube” (Strauss). 8.49 pan.—The Regimental Band of His Ma- jesty’s Grenadier Guards: “Triana. Spanish March” (Lopez). “The Voice of the Guns” (Alford). it. 54 pan.—The, “Age” News Bulletin, exclu- sive to 3AR. 9.58 p.m.—Weather forecast. 9.59 p.m.—Our Australian Good-night qnote is from the poem, “Delilah,” by Adam Lind- say Gordon. 10 p.m.—Uod Save Che King. 4QG, BRISBANE. SUNDAY, 25th MARCH, 1928. MORNING SESSION. The complete Morning Service will be relayed from the Albert Street Methodist Church. 11 a.m.—FROM ALBERT STREET METHO- DIST CHURCH: Morning Service. 12.39 p.m.—Close down. AFTERNOON SESSION. BAND CONCERT. The Concert by the Brisbane Federal Band (Conductor: Mr. W. H. Davies) will be relayed from the Botanic Gardens. 3.15 p.m.—Band Concert. 4.30 p.m.—Close down. NIGHT SESSION. The complete Evenin g Service will be re- layed from the Albert Street Methodist Church 7 p.m.—FROM ALBERT STREET METHO- DIST CHURCH: Children’s Service. 7.30 p m.—Evening Service. At the conclusion of the Church Service, the Concert by the Brisbane Municipal Con- cert Band will be relayed from Wickham Park. Band Concert. 9.30 p.m.—Close down. SCL, ADELAIDE. SUNDAY. 25th MARCH, 1928. MORNING SESSION. 10.45 a.m.—Carillon of bells from St. An- drew’s Church, Walkerville. 11 a.m.—r—G.P.O. Chimes. 11.1 a.m.—Relay from Rose Park Congre- gational Church, Divine Service. 12 noon.—G.P.O. chimes and close down. AFTERNOON SESSION. 3 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. 3.1 p.m.—Sacred concert from Rose Park Congregational Church. 4 p.m.—Close down. EVENING SESSION. 6.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. 6.31 p.m.—Carillon of bells from St. Andrew’s Church, Walkerville. 6.37 p.m.—Sunday story for children by “Bird Lady.” 7 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. 7.1 p.m.—Relay Archer Street Methodist Church, Evening Divine Service. 8.10 p.m.—Sacred concert by Archer Street, Methodist Church choir. 9 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. 9.1 p.m.—Relayed from Henley Beach Rotunda —Holden’s Silver Band. 9.30 p.m.—Talk by Mr. P. H. Nicholls on “A Deaf Man Hears.” 9.45 p.m.—Talk by Mr. A. L. Brown on “Adelaide’s Churches.” 10 p.m.—Monday’s Programme and meteoro- logical information. 10.5 p.m.—National Anthem and close down. 6WF, PERTH. SUNDAY, 25th MARCH, 1928. MORNING SESSION. 10.45 p.m.—Tune in. 11 a.m.—Morning service relayed from Church of Christ, Lake Street, Perth. Preacher, Rev Chas. Schwab. , 12.15 p.m.—Close down. AFTERNOON SESSION. 3.30 p.m.—Tune in. 3.35 p.m.—From the Studio. Musical programme, including vocal and in- strumental artists. 4.30 p.m.—Close! down. EVENING SESSION. 7 p.m.—Tune in. The evening transmission is broadcast on 104.5 metres as well as the usual wave- length. 7.5 p.m.—Children’s bedtime stories. 7.30 p.m.—Evening Service relayed from St. George’s Cathedral, St. George’s Terrace, Perth. 8.45 pan.—A Relay. Concert by the Perth City Band, conducted by Mr. L. M. Price, and items by vocal as- sisting artists, relayed from the Govern- ment Gardens, Perth. 10.5 p.m.—Close down. 104.5 METRE TRANSMISSION. Simultaneous broadcast on 104.5 metres of Programme given on 1250 metres, commen- cing at 7 p.m. t 7ZL, HOBART SUNDAY, 25th MARCH, 1928. 11 a.m.—Church Service from Melville Street Methodist Church, Hobart. Preacher; Rev. Robert Williams. Close down. AFTERNOON SESSION. 3.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes the hour. 3.31 p.m.—Conct-* from the Studio. 4.30 p.m.—Close down. EARLY EVENING SESSION. G. 30 p.m.—Children’s Corner, with the Sun- day Lady. NIGHT SESSION. 7 p.m.—Church Service from Chalmers Pres- byterian Church. Hobart. At conclusion of Church Service, Band Concert form St. David’s Park, or Studio Concert. 9.40 p.m.—British Official Wireless News. “Mercury” special interstate news service, British Official Wireless News. Ships within wireless range. 9 p.'m. weather forecasts. Station announcements. Mon- day’s Programme. Close down. Monday, March 26 2FC, SYDNEY EARLY MORNING SESSION, 7 a.m. to 8 a.m. MORNING SESSION. 10 a.m.—‘‘Big Ben” and announcements. 10.5 a.m.—Studio music. 10.15 a.m.—‘‘Sydney Morning Herald” news service. 10.30 a.m.—Studio music. 10.35 a.m.—Last minute racing information by the 2FC Commissioner. 10.45 a.m. —Studio music. 11 a.m.—“Bfg Ben.” Studio music. 11.5 a.m. —A.P.A. and Reuter’s Cable Services. 11.15 a.m.—A reading. 11.30 a.m.—Close down. MIDDAY SESSION. 12 noon.—“ Big Ben” and announcement*. 12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange, first call. 12.3 p.m.—Weather forecast, rainfall. 12.5 p.m.—Studio music. 12.10 p.m.—Summary of “Sydney Morning Herald” news service. 12.15 p.m.—Rugby wireless news. 12.20 p.m.—Studio music. 1 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Weather intelligence. 1.3 p.m.—“Evening News” midday news ser- vice. Producers’ Distributing Society’s Report, 1.20 p.m.—Studio music. 1.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange, seiond call. 1.30 p.m.—Margaret Grimshaw., mezzo. 1.34 p.m.—Studio music. 1.55 p.m.—Margaret Grimshaw, mezz% 2 p.m.—“Bljj Ben.” Close down. o 1 & m as ~rr" CLt& ZnJ&U&G&L. iwc. MiteteWtaui Scfatu&^k&fi&cxt. ; &Wulg£Lv<i CONFIDENCE in a battery is measured up by its ability to live up to the varying demands of everyday usage—its capacity to deliver over long periods that extra kick required by a heavy load. The CLYDE battery long ago acquired its reputation for staying power under hard working conditions. 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CLYDE AFTERNOON SESSION. 8 p.m.—“B g Ben” and anr^punceme.’its. 3.3 p.m.—From the Lyric Winter Garden Theatre: Jimmy Elkins’ Jazz Bana. 3.15 p.m. —From the Studio: Betty Armstrong, soprano: “Serenade” (Toselli). 3.20 p.m.—Pianoforte solo. 3.28 p.m.—Thelma Lansdowne, mezzo! • “Swing low, sweet chariot” (Burleigh). 3.32 p.m.—From the Lyric Winter Garden Theatre, Sydney: Jimmy Elkins’ Jazz Band. 3.55 p.m.—From the Studio: Claire Fothergi'l, mezzo. 4 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Pianoforte solo. 4.10 p.m.—Betty Armstrong, soprano: “Lovers in the Lane” (Lehmann). 4.14 p.m.—From the Lyric Winter Garden Theatre, Sydney: Items by Jimm/ Elkins’, Jazz Band. 4.30 p.m.—From the Studio: Thelma Lansdowne, mezzo: “The Sweetest Flower that 31ows” (Hawley). 4.35 p.m.—A reading. 4.45 p.m.—Stock Exchange, Uiird call. 4.47 p.m.—Claire Fothergill, mez. o. 4.50 p.m.—From the Lyrit W.nier Garden Theatre, Sydney: Jimmy Elliins’ Jazz Band. 4.68 p.m.—From the Studio: Results of the Cricket Match, played in New Zealand to-day: Australia versus New Zea- land. 4 5 p.m.—"Big Ben.” Close down. EARLY EVENING SESSION. 5.40 p.m.—The chimes of IFC. 6.45 p.m.—The "Hello Mai. ’ talks to the chil- dren. 6.15 p.m.—Story time for the yoyng e. 30 p.m.—Dinner music. 7 p.m.—"Big Ben.” Late sporting new, 7.10 p.m.—Dalgety’s market reports (wool, wheat and stock). 7.18 p.m.—Fruit and vegetable markets. 7.22 p.m.—Weather and shipping news. 7.26 p.m.—“Evening News” late news service. NIGHT SESSION. 7.55 p.m.—Programme announcements. 7.40 p.m.—Edgar Warwick and Eileen Dawn in a Domestic Sketch: “Turning the Tables” (Warwick). 7.55 p.m.—“On Wenlock Edge” (Vaughan Wil- liams): A cycle of six songs for tenor voice, with accompaniment of String Quar- tette and I'iano (words by A. E. Housraan). Sung by William Dallison: (a) “On Wenlock Edge”—The Storm. (a) “From far, from eve and morning.” (c) “Is my team 1 loughing.’’ (d) “Ch, when I was in love with you.” (e) “Bredon Hill.” (f) “Clun.” 6.20 p.m.—From the Great Hall. Sydney Uni- versity ,on the occasion of the function in connection with »the Australian League of Nations’ TTriion. The British Music Society String Quartette. 8.27 p.m.—Statement by the President of tTie Union. Rev. A. H. Garnsey. M.A. 8.32 p.m. -Address by the Premier of N.S.W.: The Hon. T. R. Bavin, M.L.A. 8.47 p.m —Address by the Hon. E. A. McTier- nan. 9.2 p.m.—The British Music Society String Quartette. 9.10 p.m.—From the Studio: Late weather forecast. 9.11 p.m.—Edgar Warwick and Eileen Dawn, in a sketch entitled: “Mrs. ’lggins at the Booksellers” (Warwick). 9.21 p.m.—The 2FC Studio Orchestra, conducted by Horae? Keats: (a) Overture, “Norma” (Bellinij. (b) “Cairo Memories” (Armandola). 9.40 p.m.—Mavis Deaiman, contralto. 9.17 p.m. —The 2FC Studio Orchestra: (a) Selection, “In a Persian Garden” (Leh- mann). (b) “Danse Rnstique” (Godard). 10 3 p.m—Goodie Reeve will continue her series of talks: “Behind the Scenes at Hollywood.* 10.16 p.m.—Tl y 2FC Studio Orchestra, con- ducted by Horace K ’ats : “Gilbert and Sullivt n Memories." 10.30 p.m.—Late weather forecast. 10.31 p.m.—Len Maur.ce, popular bariton*. 10.45 p.i l. —The 2FC Studio Orchestra: (a) “Nenna Nanna’ (Amadei). (bi Overture, “Le Nozze de Figaro*' (Mozart). 10.58 p.m.—To-morrow’s programme and* late news. 11 p.m.- “Big Ben.” National Anthem. Close down. 2BL, SYDNEY. MONDAY, 26th MARCH, 1928. EARLY MORNING SESSION. 8 a.m. to 9 a.m. MORNING SESSION. 10.30 a.m. —G.P.O. Clock agd chimes. Musical programme from studio. 10.40 p.m. -News from the “Daily Telegraph” Pictorial.' 10.60 a.m. —Musical programme from the studio. ll a.m.—G.P.O. Clock and Chimes. Talk on “Tennis” by Miss Gwen Varley, Broadcasters Womens Sports Authority. Social Notes —Replies to correspondents. Talk on “Breakfast Cereals” by Mrs. Jordan. t 2 no<Th.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Special Ocean Forecast and weather report. 12.3 p.m.—Musical programme from the studio 12.8 p.m.—lnformation, Mails, Shipping, and port directory. 12.12 p.m.—Boats in call by wlteiess. 12.14 p.m.—Fruit Market report. 12.16 p.,m.—Vegetable Market report. 12.18 p.m.—Dairy Farm and Produce Market report. 21.22 p.m.—Forage Market report. 12.24 p.m.—Fish market report. 12.26 p.m.—Rabbit Market report, 12.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange report. 12.30 p.m.—H.M.V. Gramaphone Recital. 1.27 p.m.—Stock Exchange report. 1.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Talk to children and special entertainment for Children in Hospital. 2 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimea. Close down. AFTERNOON SESSION. Racing information broadcast immediately after each race by courtesy of the “Sun” newspapers. 8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimea. News from the “Sun.” 3.10 p.m.—Musical programme from the studio. 3.20 p.m.—News from the “Sun.” 8.30 p.m.—Concert broadcast from the Radio Exhibition at the Sydney Town Hall. The Pacific Trio. 6.37 p.m.- Miss Bertha Waters, soprano. 3.44 p.m.- Miss Mary Charlton, pianist. 3.51 p.m.—Mr. Cecil Chaseling, baritone. 3.58 p.m.- The Pacific Trio. 4.5 p.m.—Miss Bertha Waters. 4.12 p.m.—Miss Mary Chalton. 4.19 p.m. Mr. Cecil Chaseling. 4.26 p.m.—The Pacific Trio. 4.30 p.m.—The Dungowan Dance Band, broad- cast from Dungowan Cabaret. 4.50 p.m.—News from the “Sun.” 4.57 p.m.—Features of evening’s programme. 4.59 p.m.—Racing resume. 5 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Close down. EARLY EVENING SESSION. 5.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Child- ren’s Session. SPECIAL COUNTRY SESSION. * 6.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and* chimes. Australian Mercantile Land and Finance Co.’s report. Weather report and forecast, by courtesy of Government Meteorologist. Producers’ Distributing Society’s fruit and vegetable market report. Stock Exchange report. Grain and Fodder report (“Sun”). Dairy Produce report (“Sun”). 6.45 p.m.—Country news, from the “Sun. 7 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Gulbransen dinner music. f. 30 p.m.—Talk on “The Motor Car, and its Idiosyncrasies,” by Mr. Martin. EVENING SESSIONS. 8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. 8.1 p.m.—Mr. Alfred Wilmore, tenor: 8.8 p.m.—’The Wurlitzer Organ, broadcast from the Arcadia Theatre. Chatswood. Or- ganist: Mr. N. Robins. 8.15 p.m.—Broadcast from the Radio Exhi- bition, at the Town Hall: Tooth’s Brewery Band. 6.22 p.m.—Mr. Clement Q. Williams, bari- tone. . 8.29 p.m.—Mr. Michael O’Connell, elocu- tionist. 8.36 p.m.—Miss Madge Clague, contralto. 9.43 p.m.—Tooth’s Brewery Band. 8.50 p.m.—Mr. Alfred Wilmore. 8-57 p.m.—Miss Helena Stewart, soprano. 9.4 p.m.—Tooth’s Brewery Band. 9.15 p.m.—From the Studio: Mr. Clement Q. Williams. 9.22 p.m.—Broadcasters’ Instrumental Trio. 9.29 p.m. —Miss Madge Clague. 9.36 p.m.—Mr. Michael O’Connell. 9.43 p.m. —Miss Helena Stewart. 5.50 p.m.—Broadcasters’ Instrumental Trio. 9.57 p.m.—Duet: Miss Helena Stewart and Mr. Alfred Wilmore. 10.2 p.m.—Resume of following day’s Pro- gramme. Weather report and forecast, by courtesy of Me. Mares, Government Meteorologist. 10.7 p.m.—The Wurlitzer Organ, broadcast from the Arcadia Theatre, Chatswood. 10.20 p.m.—.Romano’s Restaurant Dance Or- chestra, under the direction of Mr. Merv. Lyons, broadcast from Romano’s. During intervals between dances, “Sun” news will be broadcast. 11.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. National Anthem. 3LO, MELBOURNE MONDAY, 26th MARCH, 1928. EARLY MORNING SESSION. 7.15 a.m. —Morning Melodies. 7.20 a.m. —PHYSICAL CULTURE EXER- CISES (to music). 7.27 a.m. —Morning melodies. 7.33 a.m.—WEATHER FORECAST for all States. Mails. 70.40 a.m.—NEWS. 8 a.m. —Melbourne Observatory time signal. 8.1 a.m. —Morning melodies. 8.5 a.m. —NEWS. Sporting information. Ship- ping. Stock Exchange information. 8.13 p.m.—Morning melodies. 8.15 a.m. —Close down. MORNING SESSION. 11 a.m.—3LO’S CULINARY COUNSELS, or how to create creature comforts, with a minimum of cash— HOME-MADE SELF-RAISING FLOUR. 81b. flour, l%oz. bicarbonate of soda, 4oz. cream of tartar, 2 teaspoons sugar. Mix all ingredients together and sift, then put in flour bag ready for use. 11.1 a.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN: Keep yours Bright with Fragrant Flowers. “All the hardiest annuals attain the greatest perfection when sown in early Autumn, be- cause they have a longer season to grow. They attain greater development, and con- sequently flower the stronger, but tender sorts must not be sown until the Spring. Sow now Verbenas, Violets, Violas and Vir- ginian Stock. 11.5 a.m.—MISS E. NOBLE—GAS COOKING: “Preparing Cold Sweets —Jellies and Creams.” 11.20 a.m. —Musical interlude. 11.25 a.m. —“DOMINA” will speak on: “Journalism as a Career for Women.** Part 11. 11.40 a.m. —Musical interlude. 11.45 a.m.—Capt. Donald Mac Lean? "Great Women of History.” now! booner or later you will fit these latest Emmco products to your receiver. One-touch tuning complete elimination of batteries better and further reception. These are all offered to you at prices which are within the reach of all. Make your receiver a 1928 model. Sooner or later you will why not now ) X Two Dial ContxoL THE EMMCO DRUM CONTROL. A back panel view shewing: complete Chassis. Better and more selective tuning. The drum controls for the Emmco satis factory distribution of stations. T l A A a ” ds#me embos ( s « d bakelite face plate ready to be filed on the face of any type of panel is provided. The condensers are mounted on a strong, rigid chassis, the cone bearings assuring perfect and Uieal en * !•“ j S / re /T®7 lded for the eas - v mounting of coils or the soldering of The templates FOR 7-H \^/r^ n V'n\fpi 0 i r Ti. r, h ,jl\. 0 x t -,.i h ,‘i h * ,es for makin S openings for the drum. THRKE CONDE - NSERS AND bakelite dials for «/!#/. mm EMMCO “B” BATTERY ELIMIN- ATOR, particularly for sets up to five valve*. Suitable for any type ® f valves. Beautifully finished with liai. elite top and enclosed in a neat metal case. Measures B}£m. i Sin. x weighs 14-lb. Fitted with the well-known Raytheon Valve. Especially constructed for use with the Australian A.C. Mains. Thou- sands are in use throughout Australia and New Zealand. PRICE, Complete, with Card and Adaptor .... £IO/1»/- Kit containing Transformer and Chokes, in one aluminium frame, &4/1V- EMMCO ABC 85 mil ltam p. (.#« valve) type. Designed for use with sets employing .96 type valves. Supplies A B and C current direct from the light socket. No Batteries. PRICE: Complete, including B.H. Raytheon Valve, cord and adaptor £l5/15/- Same, complete with amplifying unit, £l7/17/- AT ALL DEALERS fades 'fa}/n*nco izfaactUca cfahe&o ofatuev farvLfr Made by Electricity Meter Mfg. Co. Ltd. EMMCO SUPER POWER ELIMIN- ATOR, handsomely finished with a neat metal case and Bakelite top. Especially designed for use with multi-valve sets. Built locally foi the exact require meats of Aastra- ls 11 A-C. Electric Lighting mains. No acids or batteries. Requires no changes in the wiring of your receiver. Noiseless, permanent power. PRICE, including B.H. Raytheon Valve £l2/12/- (Complete with Cord and Adaptor.) Kit of Transformer and Chokes, in separate aluminium frames. - £6/10/- MIDDAY SESSION. 12 noon. —Melbourne Observatory time signal. 12.1 p.m.—British official wireless news from Rugby. Reuter’s and the Australian Press Association cables. “Argus” news service. “LISTEN TO ME, AND THEN IN CHORUS GATHER.” 12.15 p.m.—Community singing transmitted from the Assembly Hall, Collins Street, Mel- bourne. (Conductor, G.* J. MACKAY, as- sisted by BERTHA JORGENSEN’S QUAR- TET. Soloists. GRACE JACKSON, contralto: “Cornin’ Through the Rye” (Old Scotch). “Little Brown Cottage” (Dickson). VICTOR BAXTER, tenor: “You in a Gondola” (Clarke). “Spring Flowers” (Johnson). 1.45 p.m.—FROM THE STUDIO: Meteoro- logical information. Weather forecast and rainfall for Victoria. Tasmania, South Aus- tralia and New South Wales. Ocean fore- casts. River reports. Announcements. S p.m.—Description of Ardmillan Hurdle Race, two miles, MOONEE VALLEY, by “Mus- ket,” of the "Sporting Globe.” 2.5 p.m.—HARRY WITTY, General Secretary of the Commercial Motor Vehicle Users’ As- sociation, will speak on “Motor Omnibus Act.” AFTERNOON SESSION. 2.15 a.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA: Suite, “Othello” (Coleridge-Taylor). 2.30 p.m.—Description of Hollymont Handicap, MOONEE VALLEY, by “Mu?ket,” of the “Sporting Globe.” 2.35 p.m.—JACK DUNNE, baritone (by per- mission of J. C. WILLIAMSON. “The Smoking Room” (Arundale). “The Old Flagged Path” (Arundale). 2.42 p.m—STATION ORCHESTRA: Funeral March, “Humpty Dumpty” /Brand- era). |47 p.m —FRANCES LEA, soprano: “O, Lovely Night” (Landon Ronald). “Babe o’ Mine” (J. Shmith). 2.54 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA: ‘Traumerei” (Schuman). “Romanze” (Schuman). 8 p.m.—Description of Roth well Steeplechase, MOONEE VALLEY, by “Musket," of the “Sporting Globe.” SJ» p.m.—NORMAN BRADSHAW, tenor: "Alice, Where art Thou?” (Aseher). "Spring” (Raymond). i. 12 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA: “Songs from Eliland” (F. von Fieltz). 2.20 p.m.—ONE-ACT PLAY. SCENE FROM “THE SCHOOL FOR SCANDAL” (Sheridan). Played by LOUISE MOORHEAD and J. HOWLETT ROSS. 8.35 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA: “I Know of Two Bright Eyes,” from Songs of the Turkish Hills (Clutsam) . 8.40 p.m.—Description of Eight Hour Handi- cap. IVi miles, MOONEE VALLEY, by “Musket,” of the “Sporting Globe.” 8.45 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY. soprano: “Air in Variations” (Froeh). 0 “I’ve Been Roaming” (Old English). 8.52 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA: “By the Mill Stream” (G. Smith). “A Lover in Damascus” (Finden). 4 p.m.—JACK DUNNE, baritone: “Young Tom o’ Devon” (Russell). “The Little World is Mine” (Deppen). 4.7 p.m.—HAROLD MOSCHETTE, tenor sax: “I Wonder What Became of Sally.” 4.11 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano: “Caro Nome” (Verdi). Selected. 4.18 p.m.—Announcements. 4.20 p.m.—Description of The Knoll Handicap, one mile, MOONEE VALLEY, by “Musket,” of the “Sporting Globe.” 4.25 p.m.—Description of One Mile Amateur Cycling Championship of Victbria, from the Amateur Sports Ground, by “Olympus.” Also results of Eight Hours Day Sports. 4.40 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA: Waltz, “Spanish Moon” (Teress). 4.45 p.m.—Special weather report from Ade- laide. Weather report for Mildura district. 4.46 p.m.—FRANCES LEA, soprano: “Moon Dear” (Whiting). 4.50 p.m.—Description of Macedon Welter, six furlongs. MOONEE VALLEY RACES, by “Musket,” of the “Sporting Globe.” 4.55 p.m.—FRANCES LEA, soprano: “My Hero”—“The Chocolate Soldier.” 5 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Stock Ex- change information. 5.15 p.m.—Close down. EVENING SESSION. CHILDREN’S HOUR. 6 p.m.—Answers to letters arid birthday greet- ings, by “BILLY BUNNY.” 6.20 p.m.—CAPTAIN DONALD MacLEAN: “The Spanish Conquest.” How the Dons discovered the treasures of the world. 6.35 p.m.—Concert for the children arranged by Mr. Fritz Hart, of the Albert Street Conservatorium. Some Old French Music. EDNA LAIRD will sing: “My Heart Longs for You” (Orlando de Lassus). “La Romaneses.” “Menuet.” MURIEL CAMPBELL, violinist will play: "Sarabanda” (Mondonvillea). “La Girouette” (Francois du Val). “Sailors’ Dance” (Marais). IDA SCOTT, pianist: “Le Rossignol.” “Giga” (Corelli). “Minuet and Trio” (Rameau). Accompanist: IDA SCOTT. NEWS AND MARKET REPORTS. 7 p.m.—Official report of Newmarket stock sales by the Associated Stock and Station Agents. Bourke Street, Melbourne. Number of sheep and cattle drawn for week’s sales. 7.5 p.m.—"Herald” news service. Weather synopsis. Shipping movement**. 7.12 p.m.—Stock Exchange information. 7.17 p.m.—Fish market reports by J. R. Bor- rett, Ltd. Rabbit prices. 7.19 p.m.—River reports. 7.21 p.m.—Market reports by the Victorian Producers’ Co-operative Co., Ltd. Poultry, grain, hay, straw, jute, dairy produce, pota- toes and onions. Market reports of fruit by the Victorian Fruiterers’ Association. Re- tail prices. Wholesale prices of fruit by the Wholesale Fruit Merchants’ Association. Citrus fruits. NIGHT SESSION. 7.30 p.m.—E. C. H. Taylor will talk to young Australia on “School Life and School Sport.” 7.45 p.m.—Under the auspices of the DEPART- MENT OF AGRICULTURE, W. J. YUILLE, Senior Inspector of Agriculture, will speak on “Influence of Green Crops on Milk Pro- duction Costs.” 8 p.m.—R. CHALMERS, Australian Team Coach at Inter-Allied Games, Paris, will speak on: “Relay Racing." “Athletics for Women.” 8.15 p.m.—Birthday Greetings and Programme Announcements- Girl Guide Notes. BAND AND ORCHESTRAL CONCERT. 8.18 p.m.—VICTORIAN PUBLIC SERVICE MILITARY BAND: March, “The Governor’s Own” (Adams). 8.25 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano: “Charming Chloe” (German). Selected. 8.32 p.m.—VICTORIAN PUBLIC SERVICE MILITARY BAND: Selection, “H.M.S. Pinafore” (Sullivan). 8.42 p.m EDWARD HOCKING, tenor: “Oh, Moon of My Delight” (Lehman). "Songtime and Dawning” (Bayton Power). 8.49 p.m.—VICTORIAN PUBLIC SERVICE MILITARY BAND: Medley Selection of Plantation Airs (Couterns). 8.55 p.m.—DONALD McBEATH, violin: “Ave Maria” (Gounod). “Vienna Waltz” (Keeper). 9.2 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA: Selection, “Pirates of Penzance” (Sullivan). 9.12 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano: “Gretchen at the Spinning Wheel” (Schu- bert) . “Synnoves Song” (Kjerluf). 9.19 p.m.—VICTORIAN PUBLIC SERVICE MILITARY BAND: Slavonic Rhapsody (Friedermann). 9.26 p.m.—ONE ACT PLAY: “THE BOY COMES HOME.” A Comedy in One Act by A. A. Milne. Produced by Terence Crisp. CAST: Uncle James Eric Donald Aunt Emily Louise Moorehead Philip Terence Crisp Mary Phyllis Orford Mrs. Higgins Betty Rae Scene: A room in Uncle James’ house in the Cromwell-road, London. TIME: The day after the war. 9.56 p.m.—DONALD MacBEATH, violin I “The Old Refrain” (Kreislerj. “Mazurka” (Wieniawski). 10.3 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA: “Egmont” (Beethoven). 10.10 p.m.—Results of Triangular School Cric- ket Match, Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland, played in Sydney. 10.11 p.m.—J. HOWARD KING, baritone: “My lodging is the cellar here” (Old Ger- man). “Youth” (Allitsen). 10.18 p.m.—VICTORIAN PUBLIC SERVICE MILITARY BAND: “Waltz, “Girlie” (Robyn). 10.25 p.m.—WILL PAGE, xylophone: Selected. 10.30 p.m. —EDWARD HOCKING, tenor: “Eleanor” (Coleridge-Taylor). “Why do I love you so?” (Schwartz). 10.37 p.m.—“Argus” news service. Meteoro- logical information. British official wireless news from Rugby. Island steamer* move- ments. The Royal Automobile Club of Victoria’s SAFETY MESSAGE for to-day is for MOTORISTS: “Never turn the steering wheel while the car is standing still. This puts a severe and unnecessary strain on all steering parts and is bad for tyres.” 10.47 p.m.—J. HOWARD KING, baritone: “The Two Grenadiers” (Schuman). “Dedication” (Franz). 10.54 p.m. —Results of Green Mill Roller Cycling Championships. 10.55 p.m.—OUR GREAT THOUGHT: THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN: Keep yours bright with fragrant flowers: “The man who wants a garden fair Or small or very big, With flowers growing here and therqf Must bend his back and dig. The things are mighty few on earth That wishes can attain whate’er we want of any worth We’ve got tc work to gain. It matters not what goal you seek Its secret here reposes; You’ve got to dig from week tp weeii To get results or roses.” 10.56 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS. 11.40 p.m.—God Save the King. 511 cheaper in price than any yet 9 hut still peerless in performance! ORMOND are already famed in every quarter of the globe for their apparently unique ability to combine first-class British workmanship with bedrock prices, but here is a new ORMOND Variable Condenser that will entirely revolutionise all existing ideas of Condenser values. The New ORMOND No. 3” S.L.F. Condenser is in every way a typical ORMOND product—highly finished, highly efficient The demand for it, needless to say, will t* tremendous. wmmmmmvi sim&rmmmsm WHOLESALE DISTRIBUTORS FOR VICTORIA: A. G. Healing: and Co. Pty., Ltd., 354-361 Post Office Place, Melbourne. Harringtons Ltd., 266 Collins Street, Melbourna FACTORY REPRESENTATIVE: John Arnold, Box B 71. Degraves Street, Melbourne. 199-205 Pentouville Road. Factories: W his kin Street and Hardwick Street, Clerkenwell, London, England. Complete With Plain Dials. .10025 11/6 ea. .00035 .... 12/- ea. .•005 12/6 ea. m m mm •uiii 'll giB l King’s Cross, London, England. Telegrams: " Ormondengi, Kincross." A BRITISH PRODUCT—BETTER AND CHEAPER 3AR, MELBOURNE MONDAY, 26th MARCH, 1928. MORNING NEWS SESSION. 11 a.m. to 12 noon. MIDDAY CONCERT SESSION. 12 noon to 1 p.m. Transmitted from Panatrope House, 252 Collins Street (by exclusive permission of Wills and Paton, Ltd.), on the Brunswick Panatrope. MATINEE SESSION. Sport. During the afternoon, the results of the Moonee Valley races (Eight Hours Meeting), together with other information, will be given immediately each race is run. 2 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians. A half-hour Dance Session of the latest popular dance hits, by Melbourne’s favorite Dance Band. Each one announced prior to its presentation. 2.30 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra. 2.45 p.m.—Miss Beth Corrie, contralto. 2.52 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra. 3.9 p.m.—Mr. Ernie Pettifer, saxaphone: “Danse Hongroise” (Ring Hager). 3.13 p.m.—Miss Beth Corrie, contralto. 3.20 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians. 3.30 pjn.—lnterval announcements. 3.40 j/m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra. 4 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Four.” 4.1 p.m.—Second weather forecast- -4.3 p.m.—Mr. Charles Duncan, baritone. 4.11 pjn.—Ayarz Dansoniar.s. 4.20 p.m.—Mr. C. Richard Chugg, flute: "Chanson” (Whittaker). 4.24 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra : “Savoy Scottish Medley” (Somers). "Neapolitan Nights” (Zamecnik). 4.31 p.m.—Mr. Charles Duncan, baritone : "Lolita” (Buzzi Peccia). “The Barber of Turin” (Russell). 4.39 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians. 4.50 p.m.—To-night’s Entertainment. 4-55 p.m.—Special Racing: Acceptances and barrier positions for the Werribee races, by “Daybreak.” f p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Five.” God Save the King. CHILDREN’S SESSION. BJ3O p.m.—3AR’S Cousin Peter. EVENING SESSION. EVERYBODY’S CONCERT. 7.15 p.m.—Book Session. Mr. Alfred Firman, Chief Librarian of Mullen’s, presents rapid reviews on books of yesterday, to-day, and to-morrow. 7.25 p.m.—Hobby Session. Mr. W. S. Corfield, of Harrington's, will speak on "Photography for Beginners.” 7.35 p.m.—Sport Session. “Harlequin” pre- sents his budget of up-to-date news and comments on Sport of the day. 7.50 p.m.—Macnamara’s Stock Report. 8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Eight.” 8.1 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra: “Martial Moments” (Ar. Winter). 8.12 p.m.—Miss Vera Thomson, soprano: “Rosebuds” (Araiti). “A Heart that’s Free” (Robyn). 8.20 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians. 8.36 p.m. —Mr. Robert Adams, cornet: “Flower Song” from Faust (Gounod). 8.40 p.m.—Mr. Alan Eddy, bass baritone: “Go Down, Moses” (Negro Spiritual). “The Old Kitchen” (Arundale). 8.48 p.m.—Announcements. 9 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra : Suite Espagnole: “La Ferin” (Lacome). “Tschaikowsky Fantasie” (Urbach). 9.22 p.m.—Miss Vera Thomson, soprano: “Magdalen at Michael’s Gate” (Liza Lehmann). “The Lark” (Rubinstein). 9.30 p.m.—"Harlequin.” : Sports Results. 9.38 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians. 9.50 p.m.—Announcements. 10 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Ten.” 10.1 p.m.—Semi-final weather forecast, speci- ally for our country listeners. 10.3 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestras Selection: “No. No, Nanette” (Youmans). “March of the Dwarfs” (Moskowski). 10.17 p.m.—Mr. Herbert Pettifer, violin: “Humoreske” (Dvorak). 10.21 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians. 10.30 p.m,—Mr. Alan Eddy, bass baritones “Tally Ho” (Flegier;. “A Page’s Road Song” (Novetfo). 10.38 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestras “Introduction from Eugen Onegin” (Tschai- kowsky). 10.45 p.m.—“Harlequin”': Sport Results. 10.52 p.m.—“Age” News Bulletin, exclusive to 3AR. 10.58 p.m.—Final weather forecast. 10.59 p.m.—Our Australian Good-night quote is from the poem, “The Man’s Way,” by Mary Gilmore . 11 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Eleven.” God Save the King. 4QG, BRISBANE MONDAY, 26th MARCH, 1928. MORNING SESSION. 10.30 a.m. to 11.30 a.m. MIDDAY SESSION. I p.m.—Market reports; weather information supplied by the Commonwealth Weather Bureau; news services supplied by “The Daily Mail” and “The Daily Standard.” 1.20 p.m.—Lunch hour music. 1.58 p.m.—Standard time signal. t p.m.—Close down. AFTERNOON SESSION. 8.31 p.m.—A programme of music from the Studio. 830 p.m.—Mail train running times. 1.15 p.m.—“The Telegraph News.” 4.30 p.m.—Close down. EARLY EVENING SESSION. 6 p.m.—Mail train running times, “Daily Standard’ news, Weather information an- nouncements. 6.10 p.m.—Lecturette: A French talk —the eighth of a series—“ Word Binding and Tonic Accent” —story, “Le Corbeau at Le Renard”—-by Dr. E. A. D’Edgerley. 6.30 p.m ; —-The Children’s Session: Stories by “The Sandman.” f p.m.—Special news service; market reports; stock reports. f. 30 p.m.—Weather news; Standard” news; announcements. L 43 p.m.—Standard time signals. T. 45 p.m.—Lecturette: “The Children’s Music Corner,” conducted by “The Music Man.” NJGHT SESSION. 6 p.m.—From the Studio: A programme arranged by Mr. Erich John. Part I. Grand Opera: Instrumental, “Prelude” and “Siciliana” from “Cavaleria Rusticana”) (Mascagni). String “Trio. “Hark the Distant Hilla” (from “Martha* —Flotow). Quartette. Duet, “In This Solemn Hour” (from “Force of Destiny”—Verdi). Messrs. Geo. Williamson (tenor) and Albert Falk (baritone). “Here We Rest” (from “The Sleepwalker” —Bellini). Quartette. Instrumental. “La Lisaniera” (Chamlnade). String Trio. Song of North American Indians: Duet, “Where the Sad Waters Flow.” Messrs. Albert Falk (baritone) and Tom Ryan (bass). Solo, “By the Waters of Minnetonka” (Lieurance). Mis 3 Mildred Bell (contralto). (a) “A Mountain Madrigal from the Yel- lowstone.” (b) “Where Drowsy Waters Steal.” Quartette. Instrumental, "Indian Intermezzo”, (Lauren- dean). String Trie. Sacred: Solo, *’Ave Maria” (Hoben). Miss Mabel Maiouf (soprano). Duet, “Love Divine” (from “Daughter of Jarius”—Stainer). Miss Audrey Bell (contralto) and Mr. Jack Lord (tenor). Anthem, “Praise the Lord O My Soul* (Burnham). Quartette. Instrumental, “Berceuse” (Gounod). String Trio. PART 11. Classical: “A Red, Red Rose” (Schumann). Quartette. Duets, (a) “Lullaby*’ (Brahms). (b) “The Blacksmith” (Brahms). Miss Mabel Maiouf (soprano) and Mr. Geo. Williamson (tenor). Song, “When Lydia Would Leave Me” (Beethoven). Mr. Albert Falk (baritone). “Parting and Meeting” (Mendelssohn). Quartette. Piano solo, “Rigoletto Paraphrase” (Verdi- Liszt). Mr. Rees Morgan. Characteristic —Songs of the Bells: “Evening Bells” (Michael Croger-Ericb John). Mr. Geo. Williamson (tenor). Duet, “The Belfry Towel-” (Hatton). Misses Mabel Maiouf (soprano) and Mildred Bell (contralto). “The Legend of the Bells” (Planquette). Quartette. Instrumental, “Serenade” (Toselli). String Trie. Light Opera: “Chorus of Quakers and Villagers” (from “Quaker Girl” —Monckton). Quartette. Solo, “With a Welcome For All” (from “Dorothy”—Collier). Mr. Tom Ryan (bass). Duet, “Galloping” (from “FLorodora”— Stuart). Miss Mildred Bell (contralto) and Mr. Albert Falk (baritone). “Now the Merry Vintage” (opening chorus from “La Mascotte” —Andran). Quartette. Instrumental, “Sons La Feuille” (Thome). String Trio. (0 p.m. —“The Daily Mail” news. Weather news. Close down. SCL, ADELAIDE. MONDAY, 26th MARCH, 1928. MIDDAY SESSION. 12 noon. —G.P.O. Chimes. 12.1 p.m. —“Advertiser” news service and Bri- tish Wireless news. 12.30 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio “Recreator.” 12.50 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.'s Stock Ex- change Intelligence. 12.57 p.m.—Meteorological information. 1 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. 1.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio “Recreator.” 1.57 p.m.—Meteorological information. 2 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and close down. AFTERNOON SESSION. 3 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. 3.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio “Rec- reator.” • 3.30 p.m.—Menu talk Iby “Homelover.” 3.45 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio “Recreator.” 4.57 p.m.—S. C. "Ward and Co’s Stock Ex- change intelligence. 5 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and close down. EVENING SESSION. 6 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. 6.1 p.m.—Children’s time with the SCL Radio Family. 6.30 p.m.—Dinner Music on the Studio “Rec- reator.” 7 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. 7.1 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex- change Intelligence. 7.8 p.m.—General Market reports by A. W. Sandford and Co., A. E. Hall and Co., Dal- gety and Co., S.A. Farmers Co-operative Union, Taylor Bros., Retail Grocers Asso- ciation, Interstate Fruit and Produce Mar- ket Co., Ltd. 7.15 p.m.—Talk by Miss Thompkinson of the Aborigines Protection League. 7.30 p.m.—“The care of the clothes” a talk arranged by Ford Bros. 7.40 p.m.—Entertainment and address for the SCL Boys Club —“The Treasure Hunt” con- tinued. —Progress report of Air Patrols and other information. 8 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. 8.1 p.m.—Overture Studio Orchestra. 8.10 p.m.—Quartette, Lyric Male Quartette. 8.15 p.m.—Comedy, Hubert Mullins. 8.20 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra. 8.30 p.m.—Novelty Turn —Listeners should have a pack of cards ready—Geo. Quin wil] demonstrate card tricks. 8.40 p.m.—Quartette, Lyric Male Quartette. 8.45 p.m.—Comedy, Hubert Mullins. 8.50 p.m.—Selections, Studio Orchestra. 9 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. 9.1 p.m.—Meteorological information. 9.2 p.m.—Dalgety’s Wheat report. 9.4 p.m.—Quartette, Lyric Male Quartette. 9.10 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra. 9.15 p.m.—Comedy, Hubert Mullins. 9.20 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra . 9.25 p.m.—Novelty card turn by Geo. Quin. 9.35 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra. 9.40 p.m.—Baritone Solo, Harry Worden. 9.45 p.m.—Selection, Studio Orchestra. 9.50 p.m.—Comedy, Hubert Mullins. 9.55 p.m.—Baritone Solo, Harry Worden. 10 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. 10.1 p.m.—British Wireless News. 10.8 p.m.—“Advertiser” News Service. 10.10 p.m-—Selection, Studio Orchestra. 10.20 p.m.—Baritone solo, Harry Worden. 10.25 p.m.—Relayed from Maison de Danse, Glenelg—Dance music. 10.55 p.m.—Tuesday’s programme and meteo- rological information. 11 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and National Anthem. 6WF, PERTH. MONDAY, 26th MARCH, 1928. MORNING SESSION. 12.30 p.m.—Tune in. 12.35 p.m.—Markets, news, and cables. 1 p.m.—Time signal. 1.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me- teorological Bureau of Western Australia. 1.2 p.m. —Lunch Hour Music. Brunswick Panatrope Hour relayed from Messrs. Musgrove’s Limited, Concert Hall, Murray Street. 2 p.m.—Close down. AFTERNOON SESSION. 3.30 p.m.—Tune in. 3.35 p.m.—Afternoon Tea Concert relayed from the Carlton Cafe, Kay Street. Vocal interludes from the Studio. 4.30 p.m.—Close down. 6.45 p.m.-—Tune in. The evening transmission is broadcast on 104.5 metres as well as the usual wave- length. 6.5# p.m.—Stories for the Kiddies by Uncles Henry, Bertie and Duffy. 7.20 p.m.—Stocks, Markets, News. 7.45 p.m.—Talk by Lieut. Col. Le Souef, Direc- tor of the Zoological Gardens, South Perth. 8 pun.—Time Signal. 8.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me- teorological Bureau of Western Australia. Station announcements such as alterations to programmes, etc. 8.3 p.m.—Concert Night. 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Weather report and forecast. 10.30 p.m.—Close down. 104.5 METRE TRANSMISSION. Simultaneous broadcast on 104.5 metres of Programme given on 1250 metres, commen- cing at 6.45 p.m. 7ZL, HOBART MONDAY, 26th MAR£H, 1928. MORNING SESSION. 11 TO 12 NOON. AFTERNOON SESSION. 3 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes the hour. 3.1 p.m.—Musical Selection. 3.6 p.m.—Hobart Stock Exchange quotations. Weather information. Items of interest. Announcements. 8.15 p.m.—Musical elections, continued. 4.15 p.m.—Fashion Talk by Aunt Edna, of Brownells, Ltd. 4.30 p.m.—Close down. EARLY EVENING SESSION. 6.30 p.m.—Funny Man talks to the children. 7 p.m.—Uncle Hector talks to the children. NIGHT SESSION. 7.30 p.m.—Musical Selection. 7.35 p m.—News Bulletin from the Depart- ment of Markets and Migration. 7.50 p.m.—“Mercury” special Tasmanian news Bervice. Railway auction produce sales. Weather forecasts. Hobart Stock Exchange quotations. 8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes. 5.1 p.m.—Band Selections by Risdon EZ. Rand; conductor. Mr. E. Bryce. 9.40 p.m.—British Official Wireless News. 9.50 p.m.—“Mercury” special interstate news service. Tasmanian district weather re- ports ; 9 p.m. weather forecast ; weather re- port from Australian capital cities. Sta- tion announcements. Tuesday’s Programme. Tuesday, March 27 2FC, SYDNEY EARLY MORNING SESSION. 7 a.m. to 8 a.m. MORNING SESSION. 10 a.m. —“Big Ben” and announcement*. 10.5 a.m. —Studio music. 10.15 a.m. —“Sydney Morning Herald” news service. 10.30 a.m.—Studio music. 10.35 a.m. —Last minute racing information by the 2FC Commissioner. 10.45 a.m.—Studio music. 11 a.m. —“Big Ben” and studio music. 11.5 a.m. —A.P.A. and Reuter’s Cable Services. 11.15 a.m.—A Cooking talk by Miss Ruth Furst. IL3O a.m.—Close down. MIDDAY SESSION. 12 noon. —“Big Ben” and announcements. 12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange, first call. 12.3 p.m. —Official weather forecast, rainfall. 12.5 p.m.—Studio music. 12.10 p.m.—Summary of “Sydney Morning Herald” news service. 12.15 p.m.—Rugby wireless news. 12.20 p.m.—Studio music. 1 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Weather intelligence. 1.3 p.m.—“Evening News” midday news ser- vice. Producers’ Distributing Society’s Report. 1.20 p.m.—Studio music. 1.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange, second call. 1.30 p.m.—Studio music: Gladys Aubin, soprano: “Dearest, I love the Morning” (Haydn Wood). 1.34 p.m.—Studio music. 1.55 p.m.—Gladys Aubin, soprano: “Voi Che Sapete” (Mozart). 3 p.m.—“Big Ben.’ Close down. AFTERNOON SESSION. 3 p.m.—“Big Ben” and announcements. 3.3 p.m.—Popular records. 3.15 pan.—Ester Herford, soprano: “If my songs were only winged” (Reynolds). 3.20 p.m.—A reading. 3.27 p.m.—Esther Herford, soprano: “Bonnie Wee Thing” (Burns). 3.30 p.m.—From the platform of the Sydney Town Hau, on the occasion of The Radio Electrical Exhibition: A programme supplied by artists from 2FC: Tom Foggitt, novelty pianist: (a) “Forgive me.” (b) “High, high, high up in the Hills.” 3.36 p.m.—George Veevers, baritene: (a) “To-morrow” (Keel). (b) “I Love Thee’ (Grieg). 3.42 p.m.—Sammy Cope, instrumentalist: (a) “Blaze Away” March (Holzmann). (b) “The Rosary.” 3.50 p.m.—Frank Leonard, entertainer: (a) “Sara Alice” (Weston Lee). (b) “I migt marry you” (Weston Lee). 8.58 p.m.—Eileen Boyd, contralto: (a) “The Dream Child” (Rawle). (b) “The Enchantress” (Hatton). 4.6 p.m.—Tom Foggitt, novelty pianist: (a) “The Girl Friend.” (b) “Blue Room.” At the Piano: Enid Conley. 4.12 p.m.—George Veevers, baritonei "Soul of Mine” (Barns). 4.15 p.m.—Sammy Cope, instrumentalist: “Russian Lullaby” (Berlin). 4.19 p.m.—Frank Leonard, entertainers “The Ford Car” (Russell). 4.23 p.m.—Eileen Boyd, contralto: “The Hills of Donegal” (Sanderson). 4.27 p.m.—Tom Foggitt, novelty pianist: “Mountain Greenery.” 4.30 p.m.—From the Studio: Studio music. 4.45 p.m.—Stock Exchange, third call. 4.47 p.m.—Studio music. 6 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down. EARLY EVENING SESSION. 5.40 p.m.—The chimes of 2FC. 6.45 p.m.—T>ie “Hello Man” talks to the chil- dren. 6.15 p.m.—Story time for the young folk: Fairy Tales told by “Aunt Eily.” 6.30 p.m.—Dinner music. 7 p.m.—“Big Ben." Late sporting news. 7.10 p.m.—Dalgety*s market reports (wool, wheat and stock)* 7.18 p.m.—Fruit and vegetable markets. P.D.S. Poultry Reports. 7.22 p.m.—Weather and shipping news. 7.26 p.m.—“Evening News” late news service. NIGHT SESSION. 7.40 p.m.—Programme announcements. 7.45 p.m.—Jack Wright, novelty pianist, and W. G. McGraigh, banjoist: Double Act: Popular numbers. 7.55 p.m.—A talk by Dr. T. J. Henry* “Aspects of London Life.” 8.10 p.m.—From the platform of the Sydney Town Hall, on the occasion of the Radio Electrical Exhibition: A programme by 2FC artists The New South Wales State Military Band (conductor, Charles King) : March, “Entry of the Gladiators” (Fuick). 8.25 p.m.—The Sydney Harmonic Choir, con- ducted by William Bourne: Part Songs, (a) “The Singers” (McKenzie). (b) “The Bells of St. Michael’s Tower” (Stewart). (c) “The Dance” (Hungarian Highlands) (Elgar). 8.35 p.m.—Douglas McKinnin, concertina: (a) “Poet ard Peasant” (Suppe). (■b) “Under the Double Eagle,” March (Wag- ner). 8.43 p.m.—The N.S.W. State Military Band: “Grand Operatic Medley” (Bentley). 8.50 p.m.—Charles Armand, celebrated English basso (first broadcast appearance in Aus- tralia), late of the “Carl Rosa and Moody Manners” Opera Company: “Invictus” (Huhn). 8.58 p.m.—The Sydney Harmonic Choir, con- ducted by William Bourne: Ladies’ Chorus, (a) “The Snow” (Elgar), “The Two Clocks” (Rogers). 9.4 p.m.—The N.S.W. State Military Band: March, “The Great Little Army” (Alford), At the piano: Horace Keats. 9.10 p.m.—From the Studio: Late weather forecast. 9.11 p.m.—Douglas McKinnon, concertina: Popular chorus selection. 9.17 p.m.—Charles Armand, basso: (a) “Qui adegno” (Magic Flute) (Mozart). (b) “Si les filles d’Arles” (Mirelle) (Gounod). 9.25 p.m.—Jack Wright, novelty pianist, and W. G. McGraigh (banjo): Popular numbers. 9.35 p.m.—The Sydney Harmonic Choir, con- ducted by William Bourne: (a) “Pilgrims’ Chorus” (Tannhauser) (Wag- ner). (b) “Gondoliers’ Serenade” (Schubert). 9.45 p.m.—The N.S.W, State Military Band: Overture, “Macßeth” (Hatton). 9.58 p.m.—The Sydney Harmonic Choir: (a) “Ring out, wild bells” (Fletcher). (b) “The old folks at home” (Negro melody). 10.8 p.m.—The N.S.W. State Military Band: Selection, “The Mikado” (Sullivan). 10.25 p.m.—Late weather forecast. 10.26 p.m.—From the Ambassadors: The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra, con- ducted by A 1 Hammet. 10.57 p.m.—From the Studio: , To-morrow’s programme and late news. 11 p.m.—“Big Ben.” The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra. 11.45 p.m.—National Anthem. Close down. 2BL, SYDNEY. TUESDAY, 27th MARCH, 1928. EARLY MORNING SESSION 8 a.m. to 9 a.m. MORNING SESSION. 10.30 a.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Musical programme from the Studio. 10.40 a.m.—News from the “Daily Telegraph Pictorial.” 10.50 a.m.—Musical programme from the Studio. 11 a.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Women’s Session. Social Notes. Replies to correspondents. Talk on “Toilet Hints” by Mamselle Viv- kowska. 12 noon.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Special ocean forecast and weather report. 12.3 p.m.—Musical programme from the Studio, 12.8 p.m.—lnformation, mails, shipping, and port directory. 12.11 p.m.—Boats in call by wireless. 12.13 pjn.—Fruit Market report. 12.15 p.m.—Vegetable Market reoprt. 12.17 p.m.—London Metal Market report. 12.19 p.m.—Dairy Farm Produce Market re- port. 12.22 p.m.—Forage Market report. 12.24 p.m.—Fish Market report. 12.26 p.m.—Rabbit Market report. 12.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange report. 12.30 p.m.—H.M.V. Gramophone Recital. 1.27 p.m.—Stock Exchange report. 1.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Talk to children, and special entertainment for children in hospitals. 2 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Close down. AFTERNOON SESSION. Race results broadcast immediately after each race, by courtesy of the “Sun.” S p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. News from the “Sun.” 3.15 p.m.—Civil Service Stores Trio, direction Miss d.e Courcey Bremer. 3.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. News from the “Sun.” 8.40 p.m.—Pianoforte recital from Studio. 3.50 p.m.—News from the “Sun.” 4 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Civil Service Stores Trio. 4.15 p.m.—Talk on “The Women of Ancient Rome.” 4.35 p.m.—Musical programme from the Studio. 4.50 p.m.—News from the "Sun.** 4.55 p.m.—Features of evening s programme. 4.58 p.m.—Producers’ Distributing Society’s Poultry report. 4.59 p.m.—Racing resume. 6 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Close down. EARLY EVENING SESSION. 5.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Children’s Session. SPECIAL COUNTRY SESSION. 6.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Australian Mercantile Land and Finance Co.’s report. Weather report and forecast, by courtesy of Government Meteorologist. Producers’ Distributing Society’s fruit and vegetable market report. Stock Exchange report. Grain and Fodder report (“Sun”). Dairy Produce report (“Sun”). 6.45 p.m.—Country News, from the "Sun.” 7 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Dinner Music. 7-.30 p.m.—Talk on “First Aid,” by Mr. Wil- kinson, Dist. Superintendent, St. John’s Ambulance. 8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Broadcasters’ Topical Chorus. 8.3 p.m.—Broadcasters’ Instrumental Trio. 8.10 p.m.—Miss Eileen Shettle, contralto. 8.17 p.m.—Mr. Bryce Carter, ’cellist. 8.24 p.m.—Miss Joan Shorter, soprano. 8.31 p.m.—Mr. Ellis Price, elocutionist. 8.38 p.m.—Tooth’s Brewery Band. 8.58 p.m.—Weather report and forecast, b courtesy of Mr. C. J. Mares. Government Meteorologist. 9 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. 9.1 p.m.—Mr. H. Nevill Smith, baritone. 9.8 p.m.—Broadcasters’ Instrumental Trio. 9.15 p.m.—Miss Eileen Shettle. 9.22 p.m.—Mr. Bryce Carter. 9.29 p.m.—Miss Joan Shorter. 9.36 p.m.—Tooth’s Brewery Band. 9.56 p.m.—Resume of following day’s pro- gramme. 10 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. 10.1 p.m.—Mr. Ellis Price. 10.8 p.m.—Mr. H. Nevill Smith. 10.15 p.m.—The Wentworth Cafe Orchestra, under the direction of Mr. S. Simpson, broadcast from the ballroom of the Went- worth. During intervals between dances, "Sun” news will be broadcast. 11.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. National Anthem. 3LO, MELBOURNE. TUESDAY, 27th MARCH, 1928. EARLY MORNING SESSION. 7.15 a.m.—Morning Melodies. 7.30 a.m.—PHYSICAL CULTURE EXER- CISES (to Music). 7.27 a.m.—Morning Melodies. 7.33 a.m.—WEATHER FORECAST for all States. Mails. 7.40 a.m.—News. 8 a.m.—Melbourne Observatory Time Signal 8.1 a.m.—Morning Melodies. 8.5 a.m.—NEWS. Sporting information. Shipping. Stock Exchange fluctuations. 8.13 a.m.—Morning Melodies. 8.15 a.m.—Close down. MORNING SESSION. 10.30 a.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN Keep yours bright with fragrant flowers. “Great gardens have a glory though it does not come my way. The lure of little gardens is a grace for every day; w a 'o*o*o o n c? ■ The “ Air-7,one ” The Popular Camping Set The attributes of a portable set are compactness, portability, a minimum of weight; reliability, and efficiency. Farmer’s “ Air-Zone” Portable represents the combination of these advantages with the addition of beauty. The whole set, aerial, batteries, loud speaker and controls, fit into a handsome leatherette case weighing no more than 27 pounds, and no larger than an ordinary suitcase. Here, indeed, is the embodiment of the ideal. The set is ab- solutely ready for use —immediately it is opened the set auto- matically switches on, and only requires tuning to the station desired. The aerial is installed in the lid as it is r~\n /j A / used. Price, with all accessories A>^//IU/- Philips* “B ” Battery Eliminator Philips’ “ B ” Eliminator gives an in- exhaustible “ B ” Battery supply with a milliampere output of 55 Milliamps. It may be connected with an ordinary house lighting socket, thus giving a permanent high tension current. A rectifying valve converts the alternating current, and the power supply is “ smoothed out ” by rn/i r; very efficient condensers. & O/ ID/ “ Reliable Accessories of Sound Make Headphones by all prominent makers ; “ N & K,” strong, durable quality. Price, per pair .. .. .. .. ..17/6 “Peerless.” Price, per pair .. .. .. .. .. 21/- “ Radiola.” Price, per pair .. .. .. .. 35/^ New double-reading Voltmeter, 0-10 and 0-100. Price, each, 12/6 FARMER’S WIRELESS DEPT., GROUND FLOOR, NEW BUILDING In the white radiance of the dawn, the tenderness of dusk, There’s magic in the Mignonette and witchery in the Musk.” This week be sure to plant Foxgloves, Freesias, Larkspurs, Lobelias, Mignonette and Musk. AUTUMN GARDEN WEEK. TREE PLANTERS’ CONFERENCE—OFFI- CIAL OPENING BY THE RIGHT HON. THE LORD MAYOR (SIR STEPHEN MORELL), transmitted from Wirths’ Park. 11 a.m.—3LO’S CULINARY COUNSELS—or how to create creature comforts with a minimum of cash. APPLE FLEUR. good short crust. pint cream or white 2 eggs. Stewed apples nicely flavored Angelica and few crystallised cherries. Method. —Roll paßtry into nice round, and fit it on cold shelf round fleur ring or in sandwich tin. Bake in hot oven 20 minutes. Rub apples through sieve. Fill case with apples. Beat up cream and white and sweeten. Pile high on top of apples. Pipe round if liked. Cut up angelica and cherries, and sprinkle over. Serve cold as a sweet. 11.5 a.m. —MRS. J. S. FRASER. Senior Presi- dent of Victoria League, will speak on its “Aims and Object.” 11.20 a.m.—Musical Interlude. I. a.m.—MRS. DOROTHY SILK: “Homecrafts.” 11. a.m.—MISS R. G. HARRIS. Publicity Officer of the Free Kindergartens of Vic- toria, will describe— “A Morning in a Free Kindergarten.” MIDDAY SESSION. 12 noon.—MELBOURNE OBSERVATORY TIME SIGNAL. 12.1 p.m.—Australian Mines and Metals Asro. elation from the London Stock Exchange this day. British Official Wireless news from Rugby. Reuter’s and The Australian Press Association Cables. “Argus” news service. 12.20 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S QUARTETTE: “Piano Quartette” (Beethoven). 12.80 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contraltei “Christina’s Lament” (Dvorak). “The Silver Ring” (Chaminade). 12.37 p.m.—Stock Exchange information. 12.40 p.m.—DOROTHY ROXBURGH. Viola: Rondino. “The Sailor” (Marais). "Musetta.’ * 12.47 p.m.—LILIAN CRISP, soprano (by per- mission of J. C. Williamson, Ltd.) : “The Violet” (Mozart). “Take, Oh Take Those Lips Away” (Parry). 12.64 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S TRIO: Trio (Beethoven). 1 p.m.—MELBOURNE OBSERVATORY TIME SIGNAL. 1.1 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contralto; “Open Thy Blue Eyes” (Massenet). “Bless You” (Ivor Novello). 1.8 p.m.—Meteorological information. Weather forecast and rainfall for Victoria, Tasmania. South Australia, and New South Wales. River reports. Ocean forecasts. FOUNDATIONS MUSIC. 1.15 p.m.—AGNES FORTUNE will give in- terpretations of the works of Beethoven. 1.25 p.m.—LILIAN CRISP, soprano: “Porgi Amor” (Mozart). “Vadrai Farino” (Mozart). 1.32 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S QUARTETTE: “Water Music” (Handel). 1.45 p.m. —Close down. AFTERNOON SESSION. 2.15 p.m.-’fHE VAGABONDS: “When I am With You.” “There’s Just One You.” “Consolation.” 2.24 p.m.—FRANCES LEA, sopea-o. “Pale Moon” (Logan). “The Little Hills” (Gleeson). 2.31 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS: “Doctor Jazz” (Oliver). “Millenburg” (Joys). “Lock a little Sunshine in Your Heart” (Marby). 2.40 p.m.—THOMAS GEORGE, bass: “Prince Ivan’s Song” (Allitsen). “The Old Navy” (Davies). 2.47 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS: “Cross your Heart” (Gensler). "Baby feet go pitter patter” (Kahn). “Sweet and Low Down” (Gershwin). 2.56 p.m.—Announcements. 8 p.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN. OFFICIAL OPENING OF GARDEN WEEK AT WIRTHS’ PARK, Princes Bridge, Melbourne, by HIS EXCELLENCY THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL. (LORD STONE- HAVEN). 3.15 pun.—THE VAGABONDS: “When Day is Done” (Katscher). “Shanghai Dream Man” (Davis). “Persian Rosebud” (Nicholls). 3.24 p.m.—MADOLINE KNIGHT, contralto: In Old-Time Melodies: “What Might Have Been.” “Come, Sing to Me.” 3.31 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS: “Just Around the Corner” (Henscher). “Sweet Yvette” (Davis). “Twilight Rose’> (Corbell). 3.40 p.m.—CHAS. NUTTALL: "Afraid of Life.” 3.55 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS: “Dearest Isle” (Thompson). “Shady Tree” (Donaldson). “Put Your Arms Where they belong” (Davis). 4.4 p.m.—FRANCES LEA, soprano: ■ Love's Garden of Roses” (Haydn V/ood). “Waiti Poi” (Alfred Hill). 4.11 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS: “I Wonder How 1 Look when I’m Asleep” (De Sylva). ”Chloe“ (Kahn). “Just a Little Sunshine in Your Heart.” 4.20 p.m.—THOMAS GEORGE, bass: “Tangi” (Hill). “Song of the Toreador” (Bizet). 4.36 p.m.—MADOLLNE KNIGHT, contralto, in more Old-Time Melodies: “Daddy.’ * “There let me rest.” 4.43 p.m.—Weather report from Adelaide. Weather report from Mildura district. 4.44 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS: “The Dance of the Tinker Toys” (Collins). “Me and My Shadow” (Alberts). “Tampeekoc” (Schobel). 4.53 p.m.—GILBERT BISHOP. Violin: Selected. 5 p.m.—"Herald” news service. Stock Exchange information. 6.15 p.m.—Close down. EVENING SESSION. 6 p.m.—Answers to Letters and Birifiday Greetings by “BILLY BUNNY.” 6.20 p.m—LT.-COL. J. W. M. CARROL: “Training a Dog” 6.35 p.m.—BOBBY BLUEGUM : “We are singing the best song ever was sung. And it has a rousing chorus” (Hilaire Belloc). COME TO THE STUDIO AND JOIN US. NEWS AND MARKET REPORTS. 7 p.m.—Notes on Lacrosse Game by H. R. Balmer, hon. general Secretary of the Lacrosse Association. Acceptances for Mor- nington races. Official report of Newmarket Stock sales by the Associated Stock and Station Agents. Bourke-street. Melbourne. 7.10 p.m. —“Herald” news service. Weathe? synopsis. Shipping movements. 7.12 p.m. —Stock Exchange information. 7.17 p.m—Fish Market reports by J. R.' Bor- rett, Ltd. Rabbit prices. 7.19 p.m.—River reports. 7.21 p.m.—Market report by the VictJrlan Producers’ Co-operative Co., Ltd. Poultry, grain, hay, straw, jute, dairy produce, potatoes and onions. Market reports of Fruit by the Victorian Fruit-growers’ Asso- ciation. Retail prices. Wholesale prices of Fruit by the Wholesale Fruit Merchants’ Association. Citrus fruits. NIGHT SESSION. 7.30 p.m.—Under the auspices of the UNI- VERSITY EXTENSION BOARD, P. D. PHILLIPS, M.A., LL.B., Lecturer in Modern Political Institutions at the Uni- versity, will speak on “Disarmament.” 7.45 p.m.—E. M. PASCOE will speak on “Bowls.” 6 p.m.—THE GLORY QF THE GARDEN. Sow the seeds of Cornflowers, Daisies, Freesias, Godetias, Hollyhocks, and Iberis. 8.1 p.m.—MR. J. H. MARTIN, vice-president State Branch R.5.5.1.L.A., will speak on Combined Reunion and Anzac Pilgrimage. 8.15 p.m.—Birthday greetings and programn* announcements. BRIGHT MUSIC AND MELODIOUS SOUND. 8.16 p.m.—BRUNSWICK CITY BAND: “Three Dale Dances” (Wood). 8.26 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON (contralto) : “Hame o’ Mine” (Murdock) . “Arise, O Sun” (Craske Day). 8.33 p.m.—“THE DARKEST HOUR,” SCOTS CHURCH CHOIR, transmitted from Scots Church, Collina-street, Melbourne. MANS"- LEY GREER, organist and director. “THE DARKEST HOUR,” a Passion Can- tata, by Harold Moore. SOLOISTS: ANNIE CADDELL, soprano. MADAME GREGOR WOOD, contralto: COLIN THOMSON, tenor. GORDON PEART, baritone. LESLIE PAULL, bass. ERNEST SIMMON, bass. PROLOGUE. Chorus, “Now, my Soul, Thy Voice Up- raising.” > - Recitative (Narrator). Solo (Jesus) and Chorus: “Then Jesus Took Unto Him the Twelve.” Solo (soprano and chorus): “God so Loved the World.” SCENE I.—Gethsemane. Recitative (Narrator), “Then Cometh Jesus with Them.” Solo (Jesus). Hymn, “In the Lord’s Atoning Grief.” SCENE ll.—The Trials, before Caiaphas and Pilate. Recitative (Narrator). Solo and chorus: “And they th*t had laid hold on Jesus.” SCENE 111. Professional March. Chorus, "Surely He Hath Borne Our Griefs.” Solo, baritone and soprano, “And He, Bearing His Cross.” SCENE IV.—Calvary. Narrator, solo and chorus: “And when They were Come to a Place.” Chorus and solo, “It is Finished.” EPILOGUE. Solo, contralto and chorus. “Let This Mind be in You.” Hymn, “At the Name of Jesus.” FROM THE STUDIO: 9.23 p.m.—BRUNSWICK CITY BAND: March, “Honest Toil” (Rimmer). March, “The Storm Fiend” (Greenwood). 9.33 p.ui.—ERNEST SAGE, baritone: “The Rose Eternal” (Derwood). “The Standard on the Braes o’ Mar” (Lady John Scott). 9.40 p.m.—FRANK E. BEAUREPAIRE will speak on “Art of Sprint and Middle Distance Swim- ming.” 9.50 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano; “Chanson de Florian” (Godard). “The Rosary” (Nevin). 9.57 p.m.—‘‘Herald” news service. British Official Wireless news from Rugby. Sport- ing Notes by “Olympus.” Announcements. Island shipping notes. THE ROYAL AUTOMOBILE CLUB OF VICTORIA’S SAFETY MESSAGE FOR TO-DAY IS: “A driver should assume that every child on or near the street may dash suddenly in front of his car. You cannot tell by looking at a child what it is going to do. You should therefore drive slowly, and have absolute control of your car.” Results of Trangular School Cricket Match, Victoria, New South Wales and Queens- land, played in Sydney. 10.9 p.m.—BRUNSWICK CITY BAND: Cornet Polka, “The Cornet King” (Green- wood). Soloist, A. McEwan. Selected. 10.19 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contrarlto: “My Land of Dreams” (Jessie Winne). “My Dear Soul” (Sanderson). 10.26 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA: “Kamennoi Ostrow (Rubinstein). “Dream Days of Seville” (Bratton). * 10.36 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano: “Les Cloches” (Debussy). Selected. 10.43 p.m.—BRUNSWICK CITY BAND: Air Varie, “Hanover” (Round). Selected. 10.55 p.m.—ERNEST SAGE, baritone: Songs from “A Lover in Damascus” (Florence Aylward). 11 p.m.—GREAT THOUGHT: “There is no philosophy by which a man can do a thing when he thinks he cann</ ’ 11.1 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS W 11.40 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING. 3AR, MELBOURNE TUESDAY, 27th MARCH, 1928. MORNING NEWS SESSION. 11 a.m. to 12 noon. MIDDAY CONCERT SESSION. •12 noon to 1 p.m. Transmitted from Panatrope House, 252 Collins Street (by exclusive permission of Wills and Paton, Letd.), on the Brunswick Panatrope. MATINEE SESSION. ORCHESTRAL DANCE CONCERT. 2 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians: A half-hour dance session by Melbourne’s favorite dance band. All the. latest popu- lar hits, each one announced prior to its presentation. 2.30 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra: Second selection from “Lilac Time” (arr. Clutsam). “The Savoy American Medley” (Somers). 2.45 p.m.—Miss Jessie Smith, contralto: “Prelude” (Landon Ronald). “Boat S9ng” (Harriet Ware). 2.52 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra : “Ballet Music” from Gioconda (Ponchielli). “Berceuse Slave” (Neruda). 3.7 p.m.—Miss Ethel Brearley, piano: “Jet t’aime” (Greig). 3.11 p.m.—Ayarz Dansoj»ians. 3.22 p.m.—Miss Jessie Smith, contralto: “Love came calling” (Lee). “I’m a’, longing for you” (Hathaway). 3.30 p.m.—lnterval announcements. 3.35 p.m.—“Madamoiselle Jeynesse” : Interval talk on timely topics of interest to our lady listeners. 3.45 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra: Suite, “Tales of Moonlight” (Thomas). “Menuett” (Mozart). 4 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Four. 4.1 p.m.—Second weather forecast. 4.3 p.m.—Mr. C. Richard Chugg, flute: “Nightingale” (Beckett). 4.7 p.m.—Mr. Robert Allen, alto: “Lackaday” (Crampton). “The Rosary” (Nevin). 4.14 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra: Suite, “Four Selected Pieces” (Friml).’ “Cavatine” (Raff). 4.30 p.m.—Mr. Robert Allen, alto: “Sapphic Ode” (Brahms). “Red Devon by the Sea” (Clarke). 4.38 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians: Fox Trot, “Look in the Mirror” (Stept) Fox Trot, “Who-ee? You-ool” (Ager). 4.44 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra: “Norwegian Scenes” (Matt). 4.55 p.m.—Announcements. To-night’s entertainment. 5 p.m.—"G.P.O. clocks says Five. God Save the King. I2E A “Single-Dial” Masterpiece. The “D.J. Super-Six” This most easily controlled set is becoming more and more popular in the home, because of its simplicity of operation. A gentle turn of the one dial, and station after station can be brought in, enabling you to make a wide choice of programme. If you have not yet heard this “Single-Dial Masterpiece” come along to our Demonstration Room. Compare it with any other set you have ever heard ! Notice the purity of Tone ; the volume; the selectivity. Test its day-time reception, and come again on Friday evening to listen to its night-time reception. The “D.J. Super-Six” is a King quality Super- Neutrodyne, and is supplied fully equipped with high-grade accessories. It is therefore guaranteed bv David Jones’! There is no need to delay any longer ! You can acquire this remarkable set on payment of /4/10/- deposit, and 17/3 weekly for twelve months. Radio Department on the Lower Ground Floor . Demonstration Room on the Fourth Floor . f Open till 9 o’clock on Fridays.' DAVID JONES’ For Service CHILDREN’S SESSION. 6.30 p.m-—Uncle Mac’s entertainment. An hour of music, song and story for all Uncle Mac’s nephews and nieces all over Australia and New Zealand. “Blue Bell” is here, too. EVENING SESSION. ORCHESTRAL CONCERT. 7.20 p.m.—Dr. Floyd, organist and choir- master at St. Paul’s Cathedral, Melbourne, will talk on “The Art of Listening to Music.” 7.30 p.m.—A broadminded and up-to-date short talk by “Friar Tuck”: “Self Decep- tion.” 7.35 p.m.—Sport Session. “Harlequin” pre- sents his budget of up-to-date news and comments on sport of the day. 7.50 p.m.—Macnamara’s stock report. 8 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Eight. 8.1 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra; Overture, “Zampa” (Herold). 8.9 p.m.—Mr. Alan Adcock, humorous enter- tainer : “Any dirty work to-day” (Weston and Lee). 8.17 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians. 8.33 p.m.—Mr. Ernie Pettifer, clarinet: “Nocturne” (Chopin). 8.37 p.m.—Mr. Alan Adcock, humorous enter- tainer: “Our little garden subbub” (Weston and Lee). “That’s a good girl” (Berlin). 8.44 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra: “Edera” (Carosio). “Violin solo from Sylvia” (Delibes). 8.50 p.m.—Announcements. 9.2 p.m.—Radio play: “An Old Time Melody” (Danvers Walker). 9.15 pm.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra: “Der Zarewitsch” (Lebar). 9.30 p.m.—“Harlequin.” Sports results. 9.38 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians. 9.50 p.m.—Announcements. 10 p.m. —G.P.O. clock says Ten. 10.1 p.m.—Semi-final weather forecast, speci- ally for our country listeners. 10.3 p.m. —Melbourne Concert Orchestra: “Remembrance of Joseph Strauss” (Fetras). Suite, “From India” (Popy). 10.26 p.m.—Mr. Robert Adams, cornet: “Believe me if all those endearing young charms” (Moore). 10.30 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians. 10.45 p.m.—“Harlequin.” Sports results. 10.62 p.m.—The “Age” news bulletin, exclu- sive to 3AR. 10.68 p.m.—Final weather forecast. 10.59 p.m.—Our Australian Good-night Quote is taken from the poem, “Cito Pede Pre- terit Aetas,” by Adam Lindsay Gordon. 11 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Eleven. God Save the King. 4QG, BRISBANE. TUESDAY, 27th MARCH, 1928. MORNING SESSION. 10.30 a-m. to 11.30 a.m. MIDDAY SESSION. I p.m.—Market reports; weather Information supplied by the Commonwealth Weather Bureau; news services supplied by "The Daily Mail” and “The Daily Standard.” 1.20 p.m.—Lunch hour music. 1.58 p.m.—Standard time signal, t p.m. —Close down. AFTERNOON SESSION. 1.80 p.m.—Mail train running times. 1.81 p.m.—A programme of music from the Studio. 4.15 p.m.—"The Telegraph News.” 4.30 p.m.—Close down. EARLY EVENING SESSION. 6 p.m.—Mail train running times; “Daily Standard” news; Weather information an- nouncements. 6.10 p.m.—Dinner music. 6.30 p.m.—The Children’s Session. 7 p.m.—Special news service; market re- ports ; stock reports. 7.30 p.m.—Weather news; announcements. 7.43 p.m.—Standard time signals. f. 45 p.m.—Lecturette : “Queensland Overseas: Exhibition Impressions” (last of a series), by Mr. H. W. Mobsby, F.R.G.S. (Govern- ment Artist and Photographer). NIGHT SESSION. A programme by the Silkstone Apollo Club (conductor, Mr. T. Westwood). 6 p.m.—Opening Chorus, “Awake, Aeolian Lyre” (Danby). Tenor solo, “Until.” Mr. T. S. Westwood. Chorus, “The Name of France” (Rodgers). The Apollo Club. Baritone solo, Selected. Mr. A. E. Little. Humorous solo and chorus, “Camptown Races” (Foster). Mr. G. Jones and Apollo Club. Chorus, "The Image of a Rose” (Reichardt).. The Apollo Club. Musical monologue. Selected. Mr. D. Owen. Quartette. “The Little Church” (Becker). “The Royals.” Bass solo, Selected. Mr. Vic. Morris. Chorus, “Anchored” (Wgtson). The Apollo Club. Solo, Selected. Mr. D. Griffith. Humorous chorus, “Quibbles Cocoa” (Har- per). The Apollo Club. Tenor solo, Selected. Mr. A. Elliott. Plantation melodies. “Poor Old Joe” (Fos- ter), “Good Old Jeff” (Griffin). TTie Apollo Club. Baritone solo, “The Veteran’s Song.” Mr. J. A. R. Thompson. Chorus, “John Peel” (Arr. Fletcher). The Apollo Club. Musical monologue, Selected. Mr. D. Owen. Chorus, “Crusaders” (Protheree). The Club. 10 p.m.—“The Daily Mail” news. Weather News. Cloee down. SCL, ADELAIDE TUESDAY, 27th MARCH, 192& MIDDAY SESSION. 12 noon. —G.P.O. Chimes. - 12.1 p.m.—“Advertiser” news service and Bri- tish Wireless news. 12.30 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio “Recreator.** 12.50 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex- change Intelligence. 12.57 p.m.—Meteorological information. 1 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. 1.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio “Recreator.” 1.57 p.m.—Meteorological information. 2 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and close down. AFTERNOON SESSION. 3 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. 3.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio “Rec- reator.” 3.45 p.m.—Talk by Rev. G. E. Hale, B.A. 4 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. 4.1 p.m. —Musical numbers on the Studio “Rec- reator.” 4.57 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex- change intelligence. 5 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and close down. EVENING SESSION. 6 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. 6.1 p.m.—Children’s time with the SCL Radio Family. 6.30 p.m.—Dinner Music on the Studio “Rec- reator.” 7 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. 7.1 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex- change Intelligence. 7.8 p.m.—General Market reports by A. W. Sandford and Co., A. E. Hall and Co., Dal- gety and Co., S.A. Farmers Co-operative Union Taylor Bros., Retail Grocers Asso- ciation, Interstate Fruit and Produce Mar- ket Co. Ltd. 7.15 p.m.—Extracts from "News Bulletin,” supplied by Minister for Markers and Mi- gration. 7.30 p.m.—Gardening Talk by Lasscocks Nur- series, Lockleys. 7.40 p.m.—Entertainment for the SCL Girls’ Club. 8 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. 8.1 p.m.—Quartette, Haydn Male Quartette. 8.5 p.m.—Selection, O. Durnell’s Orchestra. 8.15 p.m.—A One-act Play, by Steve Dunks and Gwen Hone. 8.20 p.m.—Quartette, Haydn Male Quartette. 8.35 p.m.—Selections, O. Durnell’s Orchestra. 8.35 p.m.—Soprano Solo, Yvonne Heaslip. 8.54 p.m.—Musical Monologue, Gwen Hone. 9 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. __ 9.1 p.m.—Meteorological information. 9.2 p.m.—Dalgety’s Wheat Reports. 9.3 p.m.—Station Announcements. 9.5 p.m.—Selections, O. Durnell’s Orchestra. 8.15 p.m.—Novelty card turn, by Geo. Quin. 9.30 p.m.—Soprano Solo, Yvonne Heaslip. 9.34 p.m.—A One-act Play, by Steve Dunks and Gwen Hone. 9.40 p.m.—Selections, O. Durnell’s Orchestra. 9.45 p.m.—Popular Songs. Noel Tapp. 9.50 p.m.—Selection, O. Durnell’s Orchestra. 9.55 p.m.—Popular Songs, Noel Tapp. 10 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes 10.1 p.m.—British Wireless News. 10.9 p.m.—“Advertiser” News Service. 10.13 p.m.—“Windbag’s” Sporting Service. 10.18 p.m.—Relayed from the Maison de Danse, Glenelg. Dance Music. \0.55 p.m.—Wednesdays Programme and me- teorological information. 11 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and National An. hem. 6WF, PERTH. TUESDAY, 27th MARCH, 1928. MORNING SESSION. 12.30 p.m.—Tune in. 12.35 p.m. —Markets, News and Cables. 1 p.m.—Time signal. 1.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me- teorological Bureau of Western Australia. 1.2 p.m.—Studio Instrumental Trio. 1.30 p.m.—Close down. AFTERNOON SESSION. 3.30 p.m.—Tune in. 3.35 p.m.—Organ music relayed from the Grand Theatre, Murray Street. Vocal interludes from the Studio. 4.30 p.m.—Close down. EVENING SESSION. 6.45 p.m.—Tune jn. The Evening transmission is broadcast on 104.5 metres as well as the usual wave- length. 6.50 pun.—Stories for the Kiddies by Uncles Henry, Bertie and Duffy. 7.20 p.m.—Stocks, Markets, News. 7.45 p.m.—Talk Iby Dr. J. S. Battye, 8.A., LL.B. 8 p.m.—Time signal. 8.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me- teorological Bureau of Western Australia. Station announcements such as alterations to programmes, etc. 8.3 p m.—Orchestral Night. Concert by 6WF’s Station Orchestra, con- ducted by Mr. Ronald E. Moyle, A.T.C.L. Vocal assisting artists. 10 p.m. —Late news items by courtesy of ‘The Daily News” Newspaper Co. Ships within range announcement. Weather report and forecast. 10.30 p.m.—Close down. 104.5 METRE TRANSMISSION. Simultaneous broadcast on 104.5 metres of Programme given on 1250 Metres, com- mencing at 6.45 p.m. 7ZL, HOBART TUESDAY, 27th MARCH, 1928. MORNING SESSION, 11 TO 12 NOON. AFTERNOON SESSION. 3 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes the hour. 3.1 p.m.—Musical election. 3.5 p m.—Hobart Stock Exchange quotations. Weather information. Items of interest. Announcements. 3.15 p.m.—Musical Selections, continued. 4.15 p.m.—Educational Talk.. 4.30 p.m.—Close down. EARLYY EVENING SESSION. 6.30 p.m.—Cousin Mac talks to the children. 7 p.m.—Uncle Hector talks to the children. NIGHT SESSION. 7.30 p.m.—Musical Selection. 7.35 p.m.—Literary Lapses and Library Lists, by Mr. W. E. Fuller. 7.50 p.m. —“Mercury” special Tasmanian news service. Railway auction produce sales. Weather forecasts. Hobart Stock Exchange quotations. 8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock chimes the hour. 8.1 p.m.—Broadcast, bv direct wire, from Strand Theatre, Hobart: Selections by Strand Orchestra; conductor. Mr. Ben. Corrick. Items from the Studio, by Miss Beryl Scetrine, soprano. Miss Elsie Lampkin. soprano, Miss Ruby Piesse, accompanist. 9.50 p.m.—British Official Wireless News. “Mercury” special interstate news service. Shins within wireless range. Tasmanian district weather reports. 9 p.m. weather forecasts. Weather reports from Austra- lian capital cities. Station announcements. Wednesday’s Programme. 10 p.m.—Close down. Wednes., March 28 2FC, SYDNEY EARLY MORNING SESSION. 7 a.m. to 8 a.m. MORNING SESSION. 10 a.m.—"Big Ben” and announcements. 10.5 a.m. —Studio music. 10.15 a.m.—“Sydney Morning Herald” news service. 10.30 a.m. —Studio music. 10.35 a.m. —A reading. 10.45 a.m. —Studio music. 11 a.m.—“Big Ben.” Studio music. 11.5 a.m. —A.P.A. and Reuter’s Cable Services. 11.15 a.m.—A talk on Home Cooking and Re- cipes by Miss Ruth Furst. 11.30 a.m.—Close down. MIDDAY SESSION. 12 noon.—“ Big Ben” and announcements. 12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange, first call. 12.3 p.m.—Official weather forecast, rainfall. 12.5 p.m.—Studio music. 12.10 p.m.—Summary of “Sydney Morning Herald” news service. 12.15 p.m.-»-Rugby wireless news. 12 20 p.m.—Studio music. 12 40 p.m.—Annie Sedger, mezzot (a) “Autumn” (Mallinson). (b) “To-morrow morning” (Tennent). 12.48 p.m.—Studio music. 1 p.m.—‘Big Ben.” Weather intelligence. 1.3 p.m.—‘Evening News” midday news ser- vice. Producers’ Distributing Society’s Report. 1 20 p.m.—Studio music. 1 28 p.m.—Stock Exchange, second call. 1.30 p.m.—Studio music. 2 p.m.—‘Big Ben.” Close down. EVERYTHING (JJb/GU ) ELECTRICAL guarantee^ Obtainable in English and U.X. Bases They’re Here! with Ike New Filament Make other Valves hopelessly out of date THE exclusive features of the new OS RAM VALVES are that they consume less current, are non-micro- phonic, exceptionally robust; uniformity of perfor- mance is guaranteed, and the initial performance is main- tained throughout a long life. THE NEW OSRAM RANGE OF VALVES. Literature and all information from BRITISH GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. LTD., 104-114 Clarence Street, Sydney. And all States. AFTERNOON SESSION. 3 p.m.—“Big Ben” and announcements. 3.3 p.m.—From the Lyceum Theatre, Pitt Street, Sydney: Items by the Lyceum Theatre Orchestra. 2.15 p.m.—From tho Studio: Hilda Nelson, soprano: “Just Love Me” (Lyail Phillips). 3.19 p.m.—Nancye McGiJchrist, violinist: (a) “Lullaby” (Cyril Scott). (bj “Brahm's Waltz in A” (Brahms). 3.27 p.m.—Netta Mullarkey, mezzo i “At Dawning” (Cadman). 3.30 p.m.—From the Lyceum Theatre, Pitt Street, Sydney: Orchestral items. 3.45 p.m.—From the Studio* • Rita Head, mezzo: “Poigi, Amor” (Mozart). 3.50 p.m.—Nancye McGilchrist, violinist: (a) “Somewhere a voice is calling” (Tate). (b) “Chant” (White-Kreisler). 3.63 p.m.—Aileen Bear, mezzo: “I told my love to the roses” (Newton). 4.2 p.m.—From the Lyceum Theatre: Orchestral music. 4.15 p.m.—From the Studio; Hilda Nelson, soprano: “In a Monastern Garden” (Ketelbey). 4.20 p.m.—Popular records. 4.28 p.m.—Netta Mullarkey, mezzo: “Sapphic Ode” (Brahms). 4.32 p.m.—From the Lyceum Theatre: Orchestral music. 4.45 p.m.—From the Studio: Stock Exchange, third call. 4.47 p.m.—Rita Head, mezzo: “Convien Partir” (Donizetti). 4.50 p.m.—Aileen Bear, mezzo: “The rose will blow” (Wilton King). 4.54 p.m.—Studio music. 6 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down. EARLY EVENING SESSION. 5.40 p.m.—The chimes of 2FC. C. 45 p.m.—The "Hello ’ talks to the chil- dren. 6.15 p.m.—Story time for the young folk. 6.30 p.m.—Dinner music. 7 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Lat 9 sporting new*.’ 7.10 p.m.—Dalgety’s market reports (wool, wheat and stock). 7.18 p.m.—Fruit and vegetable markets. 7.22 p.m.—Weather and shipping news. 7.26 p.m.—“Evening News” late news service. NIGHT SESSION. 7.40 p.m.—Programme announcements. 7.45 p.m.—Studio music. 7.53 p.;n.—Sadie Grainger Broad, soprano. 8 p.m.—“Big Ben.” The 2FC Orchestra, conducted by Horaee Keats: (a) “Rhapsodie Russe” (arr. Nausebaum). (b) “Egmont Overture” (Beethoven). 8.18 p.m.—Raymond Ellis, English operatic baritone (last broadcast appearance prior to his departure for Melbourne). 8.27 p.m.—The 2FC Studio Orchestra: (a) “San Toy” Selection (Jones). (b) “The Prize Song” (Wagner). 8.48 p.m.—Sadie Grainger Broad, soprano. 8.52 p.m.—Fred Philpotts, cornet solo: “Kathleen Mavourneen” (Crouch). 8.58 p.m.—Raymond Ellis, English operatic baritone. 9.12 p.m.—Late weather forecast. 9.13 p.m.—The 2FC Studio Orchestra: (a) “The Aftermath” (Marillier). (b) Fantasie, “The Bartered Bride.” 9.35 p.m.—Sadie Grainger Broad, soprano. 9.40 p.m.—Fred Philpotts, cornet 6olo: “O ! Star of Eve” (Wagner). 1.45 p.m.—H. W. Varna and his Company—by special request—will repeat the production of “The Silver King,” by Henry Arthur Jones: Cast: Wilfred Denver, H. W. Varna. Captain Skinner (The Spider), William Hume. Father Christmas, Charles Curran. Cripps (a Locksmith), Paul Robertson. 'Enery Corkett, F. Fisher. Oliver Skinner (The Spider’s Wife), Felix Clark. Cissy Denver (Denver’s Daughter), Cleo Glover. Nellie Denver, Meg Service. Part I.: Scenes 1. Geoffrey Ware’s Room. 2. Denver’s House. 3. Outside the Cheker’s Inn. 10.10 p.m.—lncidental music" to Part 11. of “The Silver King.” 10.13 p.m.—Part 11. of “The Silver King.” Scenes 1. Nellie Denver’s Home. 2. Gardens of “The Grange.” 10.43 p.m.—lncidental jnusic to Part 111. of “The Silver King.” 10.45 p.m.—Part 111. of “The Silver King,” Scenes 1. “The Wharf—Rotherith. 2. Gardens of “The Grange.” 11 p.m.—“Big Ben.” National Anthem. Close down. 2BL, SYDNEY WEDNESDAY, 28th MARCH, 1928. EARLY MORNING SESSION. 8 a.m. to 9 a.m. MORNING SESSION. **n?'!?* G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Talk on “Camping,” by Miss Gwen. Varley, Broadcasters’ Women’s Sports Authority.' Social Notes. Replies to correspondents. Welfare Talk by Mrs. Jordan. * AFTERNOON SESSION. Racing information broadcast immediately after each race is run, by courtesy of the Sun. * 2 o no °?' —G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Special ocean forecast and weather report. 12.3 p.m.—Musical programme from the Studio. 12.8 p.m.—lnformation, mails, shipping and port directory. 12.11 p.m.—Boats in call by wireless. 12.13 p.m.—Fruit Market report. 12-15 p.m.—Vegetable Market report. 12.17 p.m.—London Metal Market report. 12.19 p.m.—Dairy. Farm and Produce Market report. 12.22 p.m.—Forage Market report. 12.24 p.m.—Fish Market report. 12.26 p.m.—Rabbit Market report. 12.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange report. 12.30 p.m.—H.M.V. Gramophone recital. 1.27 p.m.—Stock Exchange report. 1.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Talk to children, and special entertainment for children in hospitals. 2 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Racing resume. 2.6 p.m.—Musical programme from the Studio. 2.20 p.m.—News from the “Sun.” 2.30 p.m.—Musical programme from the Studio.. 2.45 p.m.—Talk on “Celtic Mythology.” 3 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes, ftacing resume. 3.10 p.m.—Pianoforte recital from Studio. 3.20 p.m.—News from the “Sun.” 3.30 p.m.—Concert, broadcast from the Radio Exhibition, at the Sydney Town Hall. The Ahad Duo (steel guitars). 3.37 p.m.—Miss Capiille Alder, soprano. 3.44 p.m* —Mr. Haagen Holenbergh, pianist. 3.51 p.m.—Mr. Donald Woodrow, baritone. 3.56 p.m.—The Ahad Duo. 4.5 p.m.—Miss Camille Alder. 4.12 p.m.—Mr. Haagen Holenbergh. 4.19 u.m.—Mr. Donald Woodrow. 4.26 p.m.—The Ahad Duo. ■4.30 p.m.—Dungowan Dance Band, broadcast frqpi Dungowan cabaret. 4.50 nun.—Features of evening’s programme. 4.52 p.m.—Racing resume. 6 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Close down. EARLY EVENING SESSION. 5.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Children’s Session. SPECIAL COUNTRY SESSION. 6.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Australian Mercantile Land and Finance Co.’s report. Weather report and forecast, by courtesy of Government Meteorologist. Prodders’ Distributing Society’s fruit and vegetable market report. Stock Exchange report. ’ Grain and fodder report (“Sun”). Dairy Produce report (“Sun”). 6.45 p.m.—Country News from the “Sun.” I p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Dinner Music. 7.30 p.m,—Talk on “Astrology,” by Miss J. Charlton Smith. 8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. 8.1 p.m.—Mr. W. E. Lewis, baritone. 8.8 p.m.—Miss Dorrie Ward, soprano. 8.15 p.m.—From the Radio Exhibition, at the Town Hall: The Whichello Trio. 8.22 p.m.—Mr. Norman Wright, tenor. 8.29 p.m.—Miss Beryl Scott, songs at the piano. 8.36 p.m.—Miss Dorrie Ward. 8.43 p.m.—The Whichello Trio. 8.50 p.m.—Mr. W. E. Lewis. 8.57 p.m.—Miss Beryl Scott. 9.4 p.m.—Mr. Norman Wright. 9.11 p.m.—Duet: Miss Dorrie Ward and Mr. W. E. Lewis. 9.15 p.m.—From Baker’s Hall, Campsie: The Canterbury District B'and. 9.35 p.m.—Deal and Maynard, entertainers. 9.55 p.m.—Broadcasters’ All-Sports Expert will talk on General Sporting. 10.10 p.m.—Resume of following day’s pro- gramme. Weather report and forecast, by courtesy of Mr. C. J. Mares, Government Meteorolo- gist. 10.15 p.m.—Romano’s Restaurant Dance Or- chestra, under the direction of Mr. Merv. Lyons. During intervals between dances, “Sun” news will be broadcast. 11.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. National Anthem. 3LO, MELBOURNE. WEDNESDAY, 28th MARCH, 1928 EARLY MORNING SESSION. 7.15 a.m.—Morning Melodies. 7.20 a.m.—PHYSICAL CULTURE EXER- CISES (to music). 7.33 a.m.—WEATfIER FORECAST for all States. 7.40 a.m.—NEWS. 8 a.m. —Melbourne Observatory Time Signal. 8.1 a.m.—Morning Melodies. 8.5 a.m.—SPORTING INFORMATION. Shipping. Stock Exchange fluctuations. 8.13 a.m.—Morning Melodies. 8.15 a.m.—Close down. MORNING SESSION. II a.m.—3LO’S CULINARY COUNSELS, or how to create creature comforts with a minimum of cash: WORCESTER SAUCE. 1 pint treacle, 1 oz. ground pepper, %oz. bruised cloves, % oz. powdered mace, % oz. cayenne, %oz. garlic, onions (peeled), 2 qts. vinegar, 1 teaspoon sugar. Method —(1) Put all into earthenware jar, and allow to stand for two weeks. (Stir well once a day.) (2) Beil all together for ..20 minutes. (3) Strain through mus- lin. N (4) Bottle. 11.1 a.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN. Keep your garden bright wi,th Fragrant Flowers. 11.5 a.m. —S. SHELDON. Household Laundry Problems. “Some Short Cut Methods of Doing the Washing.” 11.20 a.m. —Musical interlude. 11.25 a.m.—MRS. M. CALLAWAY MAHOOD. Difficulties in Decoration. ‘“Balance and Bowej Birds.” 11.40 a.m. —Musical interlude. 11.45 a.m.—MISS FRANCES FRASER: “Books fti the Home” —the Novel. MIDDAY SESSION. 12 noon.—Melbourne Observatory Time Signal 12.1 p.m.—Metal prices received by The Aus- tralian Mines and Metals Association from the London Stock Exchange this day. British Official Wireless news from Rugby. Reuter’s and The Australian Press Associa- tion cables. “Argus” news service. 12.20 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S QUARTETTE: Gavotte, “Woman’s Heart” (Holst). Gavotte, “Louis XIII.” (Holst). 12.30 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contralto: “Thank God for a Garden” (Del Riego). “Will Ye No Come Back Again” (Old Scotch). 12.37 p.m.—Stock Exchange information. 12.40 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S QUARTETTE: “Cleopatra Suite” (Dehmler). <2.50 p.m.—JOHN D. FRASER, baritone: “Serenata” (Toselli). “The Empty Nest” (Mason). 12.57 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN, Violin: “Slow Movement Concerto” (Mendelssohn). 1.8 p.m.—Meteorological information. Weather forecast for Victoria, Tasmania, New South Wales, and South Australia. Ocean forecast. River reports. FOUNDATIONS OF MUSIC. 1.15 p.m.—AGNES FORTUNE, Pflano, will continue with selections from the works of Beethoven. 1.25 p.m.—JOHN D. FRASER, baritone: “A Castillian Lament” (Del Riego). “Evening Song” (Blumenthal). 1.30 p.m.—Speeches from the Rotary Cju» Luncheon, transmitted from the Town Hall, Melbourne. 2 p.m.— Close down. AFTERNOON SESSION. 2.15 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA: Selection, ‘Y’ou’re in Lovei’ (Friml). “Tomanza Sanza Parole” (Soro). 2.30 p.m.—Description of Trial Handicap, 6 furlongs, WERRIBEE RACES, by “Musket,” of “he Sporting Globe.” 2.35 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano: “Love and Sleep”r (Gambogi). “The New Umbrella” (Besley). 2.42 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA: “The Arabian Dances” (Ring). “Elegy” (Massenet). 2.47 p.m.—VICTOR BAXTER, tenor: “E Lucevan Le Stelle” (Puccini). “Ma Little Banjo” (Dichmont). 2.54 p.m.— PERCY CYODE, Comet: “Selected.” 3 p.m.—Description of Jumpers’ Flat Race, 9 furlongs, WERRIBEE RACES, by “Mus- ket,” of “The Sporting Globe.” 3.5 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano: “Bells” (Hurlstone). “Darkness” (Hurlstone). “Selected.” 8.12 p.m.—Announcements. 3.14 p.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN. This Month Sow the Seeds of Cornflowers, Calliopsis, Candy Tuft, Cabbages and Carrot*. 3.15 p.m.—AUTUMN GARDEN WEEK. Transmission from Wirth’s Park, E. G. M. Gibson, of “The Acgus” and “Australasian,” will speak on “Vegetable Culture.” 8.30 p.m.—Description of Werribee Handicap I V* miles, WERRIBEE RACES, bv ••Mus- ket,” of “The Sporting Globe.” FROM THE STUDIO— -8.35 p.m.—3>TATION\ ORCHESTRA : Largo from New World Symphony” (Dvorak). X Selected. ) 8.50 p.m.—JEAN HAMBLETON, contralto: “Down by the Sally Gardens” (Hughes). “The Heart Worship?” (Holst). 3.57 p.m,—LES RICHMOND, Piano: Selected. 4 p.m.—Description of Welter Handicap, 7 furlongs, 65 yards. WERRIBEE RACES, by “Musket,” of “The Sporting Globe.” 4.5 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA: “Dance of the Serpents” (Bocalani). 4.10 p.m.—VICTOR BAXTER, tenors “Celeste Aida” (Verdi). “Request Number.” Look for the name “EVER-READY” and this TRADE-MARK Do YOU use an “Ever-Ready?” In addressing this to you, we feel we are talk- ing to the aver- age owner of a radio set, and not to a second Marconi. Ask your Dealer, or write us, for an in- teresting colered folder about “Ever-Ready” Radio Batteries. It illus- trates all the “Ever- Ready” types, and con- tains many valuable hints for “B” Battery users* STAND No. 7 Radio Exhibition, Town Hall, March 21 to 31. Your motor car would not run at all well if you used oil instead of petrol. No Sir! Same thing in radio. If you want continuous, perfect reception, you must cater for it by using not merelythe right type of “B” Battery, but one which has an unexcelled repu- tation for reliability, long life and economy. Sir, you guessed right. You’d use an “Ever-Ready.” Wire one in now, and hear the difference. THE EVER-READY CO., 163 Pitt Street, Sydney. € On the left are shown the two new "Ever-Ready” H.T. 45 volt “B” Batteries, speci- ally designed for use with Multi-valve sets of the Neut- rodyne and Super-Hetero- dyne types. Type H.D., 45 valt Type S.S., 45 volt . 22/S 26/- Here is illustrated the “EVER- READY,” 63 Volt W.P. Type H.T. “B” Battery. The com- plete range of “B” batteries is listed below. Small size, type W.P., 31.5 volt., 9/6 Small size, type W.P., 42 volt, 12/6 Small size, type W.P., 63 volt, 18/- Large size, type X.P., 60 volt, 31/6 4.17 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA: Selection from “The Quaker Girl” (Monckton). 4.30 p.m.—Description of Rockleigh Plate, 5 furlongs, WERRIBEE RACES, by “Mus- ket,” of “The Sporting Globe.” 4.35 p.m.—JEAN HAMBLETON, contralto: “The Hawk” (Clarke). “Life and Death” (Taylor). 4.42 p.m.—Announcements. 4.45 p.m.—Special Weather report from Ade- laide. Weather report for Mildura district. 4.46 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA: “Medley Overture Ace High” (arr. Brockton). 6 p.m.—Description of Rockleigh Purse, 7 furlongs and 65 yards, WERRIBEE RACES, by “Musket,” of “The Sporting Globe.” 6.5 p.m.—“Herald” News Service. Stock' "Exchange information. 6.15 p.m.—Close down. Results of Boort Races will be given hourly during the afternoon. EVENING SESSION. 6 p.m.—Answers to Letters and Birthday Greetings by “MARY. MARY.” 6.20 p.m.—Musical interlude. 6.25 p.m.—“MARY, MARY”: “A Fairy Story for the Little Ones.” 6.40 p.m.—Musical interlude. ••45 p.m.—“MARY, MARY”: A Story of Robin Hood. NEWS SESSION. 7 p.m.—Official report of Newmarket Stock Sales, by The Associated Stock and Station Agents, Bourke-street, Melbourne. 7.5 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Weather synopsis. Shipping movements. 7.12 p.m.—Stock Exchange information. 7.19 p.m—River reporta 7.21 p.m.—Market reports by the Victorian Producers’ Co-operative Co., Ltd. Poultry, grain, hay, straw, jute, dairy produce, potatoes and onions. Market reports of fruit by the Victorian Fruiterers’ Associa- tion. Retail prces. Wholesale prices of fruit by the Wholesale Fruit Merchants’ Association. Citrus fruits. Swimming notes. NIGHT SESSION. 7.80 p.m.—Under the auspices of the DE- PARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, R. CROWE, Exports Superintendent, will speak on “Marketing Methods.” 7.45 p.m.—CAPTAIN C. H. PETERS: "Books, Wise and Otherwise.” 8 p.m.—AUTUMN GARDEN WEEK: Keep your garden bright with fragrant flowers. This month be sure to plant: Foxgloves, Freesias, and Phlox Drumnjondi. Transmission from Wirth’s Park. J. OLIVER, Curator of Essendon Gardens, will speak on “Trees for Avenues.” FROM THE STUDIO— -8.16 p.m.—KALLMA DUO, Hawaiian instru- mentalists : “La Paloma.” “Yackahula.” 8.23 p.m.—An Australian Novelty. 8.28 p.m.—J. ALEXANDER BROWNE, bari- tone: “The Drum Major” (Newton). “The Muleteer of Malaga” (Trotere). 8.35 p.m.—THE STATION ORCHESTRA • Selection: “The Rainbow” (Gershwin). 8.45 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano: “The Little Dustman” (Brahms). “The Little Blue Bonnet” (Schuman). 8.52 p.m.—STUDIO PRESENTATION OF “THE BELLE OF NEW YORK” (Musical numbers only). “A Musical Comedy in Two Acts.” Music by Gustave Kerker. Words by Hugh Morton. Musical Director. MADAME ETHEL ASHTON. ACT 1. Scene 1. Opening Chorus, “When a Man is “Twenty- One.” Bong and Chorus, “When I was Born the Stars stood still.” Song, “Little Sister Kissie.” Song, “Teach Me How to Kiss.” Chorus, “We Come this Way.” Song, “The Anti-Cigarette Society.” Song and Chorus, “Wine, Women and Song.” SCENE 2. Song, “La Belle Parisienne.” Song, “My Little Baby.” SCENE 9. Chorus, “Pretty Little China Girl.” Song, “They follow me.” Song and Chorus, “We’ll stand and die together.” Song, “She is the Belle of New York.” Finale, Act 1, “Your life, my little girl’.' ACT 2." Scene 1. Opening Chorus, “Oh, Sonny.” Duet, “When we are Married.” Song and Chorus, “The Purity Brigade.” Song and Chorus, “I do so there.” Scene 2. Chorus, “For the twentieth time we’ll drink.” Song, “At ze naughty Folies Bergere.” Finale, “Two in the Field.” 10.7 p.jn. —“Argus” news service. Britisn Official Wireless news from Rugby. An- nouncements. Meteorological information. Island shipping information. THE ROYAL AUTOMOBILE CLUB OF VICTORIA SAFETY MESSAGE FOR TO-DAY IS FOR MOTORISTS: *'Do not allow anyone to ride on the running board, rear tire, or bumper of your car.” 10.17 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA: Suite, “From India” (Francis Popper). 10.27 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano: “Nymphs et Sylvans” (Bemberg). “The Hoot Owl.” 10.34 p.m.—KALIMO DUOt "Isles of Paradiie.” “Popular Airs Medley.” 10.40 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA,' “Light Cavalry Overture” (Suppe). “In the Tavern” (Jensen). 10.49 p.m.—J. ALEXANDER BROWNE, baritone: “O Flower of all the World” (Woodforde- Finden). “All the Fun of the Fair” (Martin). 10.36 p.m.—Announcements. 11 p.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN. Keep yoursbright with fragrant flowers. '“No garden, however Email, should) be devoid of Roses, for, as has been well said:—‘A garden without a rose is like a sky without a sun.’ Sow the seeds now of Dianthus, Mimulus, PolyantKffs and Schezanthus.” HI p.m.—THE VAGABONDS: 11.40 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING. 3AR, MELBOURNE WEDNESDAY, 28th MARCH, 1928 MORNING NEWS SESSION. MIDDAY CONCERT SESSION. Transmitted from Panatrope House, 252 Collins Street (by exclusive permission of Wills and Paton Ltd.), on the Brunswick Panatrope. MATINEE SESSION. ORCHESTRAL DANCE CONCERT. SPORT. During the afternoon, results of the Werribee Races together with other information, will be broadcast immediately each race is run. 2 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians: A half-hour Dance Session, by Melbourne’s favorite Dance Band. The latest popular hits, each one announced prior to its pre- sentation. Broadcasting from “The Venetian Court,” Hotel Australia. 2.30 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra: Suite, “Ballet Suite” (Gretry-Mottl). “Romeo’s Farewell to Juliet” (Baron). 2.45 p.m.—Mr. Ernie Pettifer, Saxaphone: “Valse Hilda” (Doer). 2.49 p.m.—Miss Ruth Phillips, soprano: “The Love Song of Har Dyal” (Batten). “Japanese Love Song” (Thomas). 256 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra: “Three Pictures from Syria” (Ring).- “Spanish Dances, No. 1 and 2.” (Moszkow- ski). 3.11 p.m.—Miss Ruth Phillips, Soprano: 3.19 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians : 3.30 p.m.—Announcements. 3.35 p.m.—Dr. George Payne Philpots, President of the Food Education Society of Victoria, and Editor of the National Magazine of Health. 3.45 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra: Selection, “Popy” (Samuels). “Valse Poudree” (Popy). 4 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Four.” 4.1 p.m.—Second weather forecast. 4.3 p.m.—Mr. Bernard Thomas, tenor: “Rose of My Heart” (Lohr). “At Dawning” (Cadman). 4.10 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra^ “By the Lake of Geneva, Part I.” “Polly” (Zamecnik). “The Savoy English Medley” (Somers). 4.26 p.m.—Mr. Herbert Pettifer, violin: “Elegie” (Ernst). 4.30 p.m.—Mr. Bernard Thomas, tenor : “Thank God for a Garden” (Teresa del Riego). ‘T Know of Two Bright Eyes” (Clutsam). 4.37 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians: 4.55 p.m.—Announcements. To-night’s entertainment. 5 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock says “Five.” God Save the King. CHILDREN’S SESSION. 6.30 p.m.—3Aß’s Cousin Peter. EVENING SESSION. CONCERT FROM BENALLA. FROM THE STUDIO. 7.15 p.m.—Our Boy Scouts. Commissioner W. D. Kennedy, Deputy Camp Chief of Victoria, will give his interesting weekly notes and news on the Scout Movement. 7.35 p.m.—Sport Session. “Harlequin” presents his budget of up-to-date ne\ys and comments on sport of the day. 7.50 p.m.—Macnamara’s stock reports. 8 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Eight. FROM BENALLA. 8.1 p.m.—Orchestra: Overture, “Poet and Peasant” (Suppi). Benalla Musical Society, chorus: “Carnovale” (Rossini). Mrs. Blait, contralto: “My Ships” (Barrat). Mr. M. Tough, baritone: “Mountain Lovers” (Squire). Mr. J. McNamara, humorous recital* “The Liver Wing Testimonial.” Miss Findley and Mr. Senior, with male choir: Duet and chorus: “Miserere and Tower Song,” from Trovatore. Miss M. Rahilly, violin: “Legende” (Wieniawski). Miss E. Beale, soprano: “Golden Bird” (Haydn-Wood). Miss Gallaher, Mrs. Machin, Mr. H. Williams, and Mr. S. Machin, quartette: “You swear to be good and true,” from Gelliers Dorothy. Mr. R. Senior and Miss Rahilly, tenor solo, with violin obligato. “Angels Guard Thee” (Goddard). Orchestra: “Prelude” (Rachmaninoff). Benalla Musical Society: Chorus, “Regular Royal Queen” from the Gondoliers (Sullivan). Mrs. Blair and Miss Rahilly, contralto, with violin obligato: “Ave Maria” (Gounod). Marangan Lodge Choir: Male chorus, “The Old Banjo” (Scott Gattys). Miss E. Findley, soprano: “One Fine Day” (Puccini). Mr. J. McNamara, recital: “After the Ball.” Mr. T. Hughes, tenor: “Songs of Araby” (Clay). Genaila Musical Society: Chorus, “To the Death” (Alfred Wheeler). p.m.—“Age” news service, exclusive to 3AR. 10.58 p.m.—Final weather forecast. 10.59 p.m.—Our Australian Good-night Quite is taken from the poem, “The Dominion,” by Brunton Stephens. 11 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Eleven. God Save the King. 4QG, BRISBANE. WEDNESDAY, 28th MARCH, 1928 EARLY MORNING SESSION. 6.30 a.m. to 7 a.m. MORNING SESSION. 10.30 a.m. to 11.30 a.m. MIDDAY SESSION. 1 p.m.—Market reports: weather information supplied by the Commonwealth Weather Bureau; news services supplied by “Thd Daily Mail” and “The Daily Standard.” 1.30 p.m.—Lunch hour music. 1.58 p.m.—Standard time signal. 2 p.m.—Close down. AFTERNOON SESSION. 8.30 p.m.—Mail train running times. 8.31 p.m.—A programme of music from the Studio. 4.15 p.m.—“The Telegraph News.” 4.30 p.m.—Close down. EARLY EVENING SESSION. 6 p.m.—Mail train running times; "Daily Standard” news; weather information announcements. 6.15 p.m.—Dinner music. 6.30 p.m.—The Children’s Hour: Stories 'by “Little Miss Brisbane.” f p.m.—Special news service ,* market reports ; stock reports. f .30 p.m.—Weather news ; announcements. 7.43 p.m.—Standard time signals. 7.45 p.m—Lecturette: “Orchard Ills and Their Diagnosis,” by Mr. J. W. Howies (Queens- land Agricultural High School and College). NIGHT SESSION. A programme of dance music by Alf. Featherstone and his Studio Syncopators, including: Fox-trots: (a) “You Gave Me Your Heart” (Snyder). (b) “In a Tent” (Roehler). Fox-trots: (a) “Barbara” (Silver). (b) “Dancing Tambourine” (Polla). Fox-trots: (a) “Out Where the Blue Begins” (Grant). (b) “Oh! Miss Hannah” (Deppen). Jazz Waltzes: (a) “Nightingale” (Brockman). (b) “Night of Love” (De Sylva). Rhythmic Paraphrase: (a) “Russian Fantasy” (Lange). Medley One-Step: (a) “Yank o’ Mania” (Rudolph). Fox-trots: (a) “The Birth of the Blues” (Henderson). (b) “Rose of Sunny Italy” (Chapman). Fox-trots: (a) “My Mammy Knows” (Be Costa). (b) “Would You Cry” (Spencer). (p) “Love is Just a Flower” (Schonberg). Fox-trots: (a) “Spanish Shawl” (Scheebel). (b) “Through Eternity I’ll Dream of You” (Baker). Between dances the following will be re- layed: A CERTAIN REMEDY When your reception weakens and you cannot get the usual volume your “A” battery is generally found to be the trouble. This can easily be remedied by charging your own batteries at home just when necessary, and will assure your set ready for action at all times. Keogh Radio Supplies Manufacturers of the famous KEOGH RADIO SET Tungar A & B 2 Amp. Charger £B-10-0 Cash Term* : 32/- Dep. 5/- per week. Positively a most reliable charger—fool-proof and constant in operation. EMMCO 2.5 AMP. CHARGER Max. Charging Rate 2\ Amp.. No Valves. No Acid. Cash £4/15/- Terms: 17/6 Deposit; 5/ per week. RECTOX TRICKLE CHARGER Something New to Charge, 4 or 6 Volt, from .8 to 1 Amp. con- tinuous. No valves. No acid; foolproof. Cash £5/10/ Terms: 20/- Deposit; 5/- per week. BALKITE TRICKLE CHARGER Max. Charging Rate, J Amp. Can be used while set is working. Cash £3/10/- Terms: 19/6 Deposit; 5/- per week. Our Time Payment applies to ACCUMULATOR, A. & B. LOUDSPEAKERS BATTERY CHARGERS. COMPLETE SETS BATTERY ELIMINATORS. GRAMOPHONES, ETC. Terms Within Reach of All. REMEMBER! Our Engineer, Chas. W. Slade, is always available and may be consulted on any trouble you are experiencing in your receiver. Call and let us help you. We are Super Heterodyne Experts. KEOGH RADIO SUPPLIES 40a PARK STREET (Between Castlereagh and Pitt Streets) Open till 9 p.m. Fridays Soprano solos: <»> ‘‘ Two Little Bluebirds” (Hern) (b) “Lovely Night” (Ronald). Miss Jean Naylor. Baritone solos, Selected. Mr. D. Daniels. Lauri, the Enterainer. Baritone solos, Selected. Mr. Fred Homer. 10 p.m.—Special Bi-weekly News Bulletin for distant listeners. t 0.30 p.im—“Daily Standard” news; weather news. Close down. SCL, ADELAIDE WEDNESDAY, 28th MARCH, 1928 MIDDAY SESSION. 12 noon.—G.P.O. Chimes. S *"'“ “ d 12 ‘^Recreator^* USiCal numbers on the Studio 12 ch an P ; m Tf-,r C - Ward and Co -’ s Stock Exchange Intelligence. 12.57 p.m.—Meteorological information. 1 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. 1 “Recreator” Cal numbers on the Studio 1.57 p.m. Meteorological information. 2 Chimes and close down. AFTERNOON SESSION. * p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. ' “Recreator! ”* ° n the Studio 8.30 p.m.—Menu Talk by ‘‘Homelover.” 8 - 4 c s o p - m —Fashion Talk, by J. Craven and 4 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. 4.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio JRecreater.” Ward and C°/. Stock Ex- change Intelligence. 5 p.m—G.P.O. Chimes and close down. EVENING SESSION. 6 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. H£ m ;r? hildren ’ s Entertainment, by the oL/li JRadio Family. .6.30 p.m.—Dinner Music on the Studio “Re- ■ creator.” 7 P.m. —G.P.O. Chimes. 7.1 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex- change Intelligence. 7.8 p.m.—General Market Reports, by A. W. Sandford and' Co.. A. E. Hall and Co., Dal- gety and Cq., S.A. Farmers’ Co-operative Union, Taylor Bros. Retail Grocers’ Asso- ciation, Interstate Fruit and Produce Mar- ket Co., Ltd. 7.15 p.m.—Extracts from ‘‘News Bulletin ” ■upplied by Minister for Markets and Mi- gration. 7.30 p.m.—Boy Scouts’ Corner. 7.45 p.m.—Talk on “Current Topics.” 8 p.m.—G.P.O, Chimes. •'I/" I'—:lnstrumental 1 '— : Instrumental Concert, relayad from Henley Beach Rotunda: Holden’s Silver Land, ini selections, interspersed with solos by Elsie Weolley (mezzo), Mrs. Hubert James (piano), and Herbert King (tenor). 9 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. 9.1 p.m.—Meteorological information. 9.2 p.m.—Dalgety’s Wheat Report. 9.3 p.m.—Station. Announcements. 9.4 p.m.—lnstrumental Concert, continued. 10 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. 10.1 p.m.—British Wireless News. 10.8 p.m.—“Advertiser” News Service. 10.15 p.m.—Relayed from the Maison de Danse, Glenelg, Dance Music. teorological information. 11 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and National An- them. 10.55 p.m.—Thursday’s Programme and me- 6WF, PERTH. WEDNESDAY, 28th MARCH, 1928 MORNING SESSION. 12.30 p.m.—Tune in. 12.35 p.m.—Marketa, News, and Cables. 1 p.m.—Time signal. 1.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me- teorological Bureau of Western Australia. 1.2 p.m.—Studio Quintette, conducted by Mr Val Smith. 2 p.m.—Close down. 3.30 p.m.—Tune in. 8.85 p.m.—Talk: “Fashions” by Junette. 3.55 p.m.—Orchestral music played by Hoyts Orchestra, conducted by Mr. Harold Parting- relayed from Hoyt’s Regent Theatre, William street. Vocal interludes from the Studio. 4.30 p.m.—Close down. EVENING SESSION. 6.45 p.m.—Tune in. The Evening transmission is broadcast on 104.5 metres as well as the usual wave- length. 6.50 p.m.—Stories for the Kiddies by Uncles Henry, Bertie and Duffy. 7.20 p.m.—Stock, Markets, News. 7 45 p.m.—Sporting talk. 8 p.m.—Time signal. 8.1 p.m.—Weather notes supplied by the Me- teorological, Bureau of Western Australia. Station announcements sucvh as alterations to programmes, etc. 8.3 p.m.—Variety night. Musical programme, including vocal and in- strumental artists. Orchestral nusic played by Harold Parting- ton and his seventeen piece orchestra, re- layed from Hoyts Regent Theatre, William street. 10 news items by courtesy of “The Daily News” Newspaper Co. Ships within range announcement. Weather Report and forecast. 10.30 down. 104.5 METRE TRANSMISSION. Simultaneous broadcast on 104.5 metres of Programme given on 1250 Metres, commen- cing at 6.45 p.m. Thurs., March 29 -2FC, SYDNEY. EARLY MORNING SESSION. 7 a.m, to 8 a.m. MORNING SESSION. 10 a.m.—“Big Ben” and announcements. 10.5 a.m.—Studio music. 10.15 a.m. —“Sydney Morning Herald” news service. 10.30 a.m.—Studio music. 10.35 a.m.—Last minute sporting information by the 2FC Racing Commissioner. 10.45 a.m.—Studio music. 11 a.m.—“Big Ben.” Studio music. 11.5 a.m.—A.P.A. and Reuter’s Cables. 11.10 a.m.—Studio music. 11.15 a.m.—A reading. 11.30 a.m.—Close down. MIDDAY SESSION. 12 noon.—" Big Ben” and announcements. 12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange, first call. 12.3 p.m.—Official weather forecast, rainfall. 12.5 p.m.—Studio music. 12.10 p.m.—Summary of “Sydney Morning Herald” news service. 12.15 p.m.—Rugby wireless news. 12.20 p.m.—Studio music. 1 p.m. “Big Ben.” Weather intelligence. 1.3 p.m.—“Evening News” midday news ser- vice. Producers’ Distributing Society’s Report. 1.20 p.m.—Studio music. 1.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange, second call. 1.30 p.m.—Dorothy Benbow, contralto: “O Western Wind” (Brahe). 1.34 p.m.—Studio music. 1.50 p.m.—Dorothy Benbow, contralto! “Country Folk” (Brahe). 1.55 p.m.—Late sporting information, told by the 2FC Racing Commissioner. * 2.5 p.m.—Close down. AFTERNOON SESSION. 3 p.m.—“Big Ben” and announcements, 3.3 p.m.—Muriel Watt, contralto: “God touched the Rose” (Borwn), 3.7 p.m.—-Popular records. 3.15 p.m.—G. F. Brewer, baritone. 3.19 p.m.—Muriel Watt, contralto. 3.23 p.m.—Popular record 3. 3.30 p.m.—From the Sydney Town Hall, on the occasion of the Radio Electrical Exhibition a programme b 2FC artists: The 2FC Dance Trio, conducted by Bee. Mor- rison : (a) “No more, worryin’ ” (Hahn), (b) “Just again” (Donaldson). 3.38 p.m.—Frank Botham, baritone: “The Red Star of Romany” (Sanderson). 3.45 p.m.—Jean Gerrard, solos on the Melo piano: (a) “Little town in the old County Down” (Sanders). (b) Ain t that a grand and glorious feel- ing” (Yellen). 3.52 p.m.—The 2FC Dance Trio, conducted by Cec Morrison: (a) “Yesterday” (de Sylva). (b) “One Summer Night” (Coslow). 4 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Peggy Dunbar, contralto: “Still as the Night.” At the piano: Enid Conley. 4.7 p.m.—The 2FC Dance Trio: “Gonna get a Girl” (Lewis). 4.12 p.m.—Frank Botham, baritone: "Land of Delight” (Sanderson). 4.16 p.m.—Jean Gerrard, solos on the Melo Piano: (a) “Saxophone Waltz” (Mingo). (b) “Fifty Million Frenchmen can’t be wrong” (Rose). 4.20 p.m.—Peggy Dunbar, contralto: “Homing” (Del Reigo). 4.23 p.m.—The 2FC Dance T*io, conducted by Cec. Morrison: (a) “Who, maybe it’s you” (Berlin). (b) “Forgive me” (Ager). 4.30 p.m.—From the Stiadioj G. F. Brewer, baritone! 4.35 p.m.—Popular records. 4.42 p.m.—Genevieve Eppel, soprano: “Leto” (Chaminade). 4.45 p.m.—Stock Exchange, third call. 4.47 p.m.—Studio music. 4.56 p.m.—Genevieve Eppel, soprano* Open thy blue eyes” (Massenet).’ 5 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down. EARLY EVENING SESSION. 5.40 p.m.—The chimes of 2FC. 5.45 p.m.—The “Hello Man” talks to the chil- dren. 6.16 p.m.—Story time for the young folk. 6.30 p.m.—Dinner music. 7 p.m.—“Big Ben.” A short talk by the 2FC Racing Commis- sioner. 7.5 p.m.—Sporting news. 7.10 p.m.—Dalgety’s market reports (wool wheat and stock). P-™-— Frt >it and vegetable markets. P.D.S. Poultry Reports. 7.22 p.m.—Weather and shipping news. 7.26 p.m.— Evening News” late news service. NIGHT SESSION. T. 40 p.m.—Programme announcements* P -“^ he „ Ja “ eteki Trio ’ instrumentalists', o p.m.— Bis Ben/* G. J. Lockley will deliver a talk on Wen* worth Park, B 'T„w' m^ r ° M the platform of the Sydney lown Hall: a programme by 2FC artists in connection with the Radio Electrical Exhibi- tion. The Metropolitan Band, conducted by John .Palmer: (a) ' n March of Triumph.” (b) “Entry of the Gladiators" (Facik). 8.20 p.m.—Alfred Cunningham, baritone: (a) “Even bravest heart,” Cavatina, “Faust” (Gounod). (b) “The Merry Monk” (Bevan). . 8.28 p.m. —Charles Lawrence, entertainer in song and humour. 8.34 p.m.—Madame Lilian Gibson, contralto: (a) “Softly awakes my Heart” (Saint Saens). (b) “Homing.” 8.42 p.m.—The Metropolitan Band: Selection from “Faust” (Gounod). 8.58 p.m.—The Sydney Male Voice Choir: (a) “The song of the Jolly Roger?” (b) “It’s Oh, to be a Red Rose” (Elgar). (c) “Ring out, wild bells” (Fletcher). At piano: Horace Keats. 9.10 p.m.—From tile Studio: The Janetski Trio, instrumentalists. 9.25 p.m.—Alfred Cunningham, baritones (a) “To Mary” (White). (b) “Song of the Clock” (Burchell). 9.32 p.m.—The Metropolitan Band, conducted 'by John Palmer: (a) March, “Nawortk Castle” (Ord Hume). (b) Selection, “The Arcadians” (Monckton- Talbot). 9.49 p.m.—Mde. Lilian Gibson, contralto: (a) “Ave Maria” (Mascagni). (b) “Hame” (Davies). ’ 9.56 p.m.—Charles Lawrence, entertainer. 10.5 p.m.—The Metropolitan Band: (a) Two Step, “Belle of Woolloomooloo” (Lithgow). (b) Fantasia, “Scotland” (Lee). 10.20 p.m.—From the Ambassadors: The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra, con- ducted by Al Hammet. 10.85 p.m.—Late weather forecast. 10.36 p.m.—From the Studio: The Metrc-politan Band: (a) Waltz, “Echoes of the Danube’’ (arr. Satson). (b) March, “The Ndrth Star” (Rinsmer). 10.47 p.m.—From the Ambassadors : The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra. 10.57 p.m.—From the Studio: To-morrow’s’ programme and late news. 11 p.m.—“Big Ben.” The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra. 11.45 p.m.—National Anthem. Close down. 2BL, SYDNEY. THURSDAY, 29th MARCH, 1928. EARLY MORNING SESSION. 8 a.m. to 9 a.m. MORNING SESSION. 10.30 a.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Musical programme from Studio. 10.40 a.m.—News from the “Daily Telegraph Pictorial.” 10.50 a.m.—Musical programme from the Studio. 11 a.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Women’s Session. Social Notes. Replies to correspondents. Talk on “Architecture,” by Mr. Brogan. 12 noon.—G.P.O. Clock and’chimes. Special ocean forecast and weather report. 12.3 p.m.—Musical programme from the Studio. 12.8 p.m.—lnformation, mails, shipping, and port directory. 12.1 i p.m.—Boats in call by wireless: 12.13 p.m.—F'ruit Market report. 12.15 p.m.—Vegetable Market report. 12.17 p.m.—London Metal Market report. 12.19 p.m.—Dairy, Farm and Produce Market report. 12.22 p.m.—Forage Market report. 12.24 p.m.—Fish Market report. 12:26 p.m.—Rabbit Market report 12.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange report. 12.30 p.m.—H.M.V. gramophone' recital. 1.27 p.m.—Stock Exchange report. 1.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Talk to thildren, and special entertainment for children in hospitals. 8 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Close down. Just , r Jna/7 on your Switch Here's a 180 volt ’B Eliminator at a pricey ou don 't mindpaying Acme Socket power provides constant radio powe* at the , cost of a few pence per month. Added to economy is conven- ience. Just a snap of the switch and ‘ it’s on. No trouble —no fuss ! Acme rec- tifies and filters ordinary house lighting current to specially suit your set. Wholesale : New System Telephones Pty. Ltd., 280 Castlereagh St., Sydney 181-3 King St., Melbourne Charles St., Adelaide. ACME SOCKET POWER Acme Facts Supplies up to 180 volts Tappings for A.F., R. F. & Detector Uses Raytheon Tube as Rectifier A filter removes all hum It is neat and compact Three types are available May be bought on easy terms. ALL RELIABLE DEALERS For any number of valves an ACME AFTERNOON SESSION. Racing information, broadcast immediately after each race, by courtesy of the “Sun” newspapers. 3 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. News from the “Sun.” S.lO p.m.—Musical programme from the Studio. 8.20 p.m.—News from the “Sun.” 3.30 p.m.—Musical programme from the Studio. 8.40 p.m.—Dungowan Dance Band, broadcast from Dungowan Cabaret. 4 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. News from the “Sun.” 4.8 p.m.—Musical programme from the Studio. 4.15 p.m.—Talk on “The Women of Ancient Rome.” 4.30 p.m.—Dungowan Dance Band. 4.50 p.m.—News from the “Sun.”* 4.57 p.m.—Features of evening’s programme. 4.59 p.m.—Racing resume. 6 p.m.—G.P.O Clock and chimes. Close down. EARLY EVENING SESSION. 8.45 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Children’s Session. SPECIAL COUNTRY SESSION. 6.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Australian Mercantile Land and Finance Co.’s report. Weather report and forecast, by courtesy of Government Meteorologist. Producers’ Distributing Society’s fruit and vegetable market report. Stock Exchange report. Grain and Fodder report. Dairy Produce report (“Sun”). Weekly Traffic Bulletin. 6.45 a,sa. —Country News, from the “Sun.** 7 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Dinner music. 7.30 p.m.—News from the “Sun.” EVENING SESSION. B p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. Broadca;ters’ Topical Chorus. §.3 p.m.—Programme arranged by Messrs. E. F. Wilks and Co. 10.15 p.m.—Resume of following day’s p gramme. Weather report and forecast, by courtesy of Mr. C. J. Mares. Government Meteorolo- gist. 16 20 p.m.—The Wentworth Cafe Orchestra, under the direction of Mr. S. Simpson. During intervals between dances. “Sun” news will be broadcast. 11.30 p.m.—G.P.O. Clock and chimes. National Anthem. 3LO, MELBOURNE. THURSDAY, 29th MARCH, 1928. EARLY MORNING SESSION. HERALD BREAKFAST HOUR. 7.15 a.m.—Morning Melodies. 7-20 a_m. —Physical Culture Exercises (to music). 7.27 a.m.—Morning Melodies. 7.33 a.m.—Weather forecast for all States. Mails. 7.40 a.m.—News. 8 a.m.—Melbourne Observatory time signal. 8.1 a.m.—Morning Melodies. 8.6 a.m.—News. Sporting information. Ship- ping Stock Exchange information. 8.13 a.m.—Morning Melodies. 8.15 a.m.—Close down. MORNING SESSION. 11 a.m.—3LO’s CULINERY COUNSELS, or how to create comforts with a minimum of cash: — NUTTIES. 1% cups of flour. L>-cup butter. %-cup sugar. 1 egg. Little Cinnamon. %-cup chopped dates. %-cup chopped walnuts %-teaspoon carbonate soda. 1 tablespoon boiling water. Cream butter and sugar, add egg, beat well, add flour and cinnamon, sifted, then the soda dissolved in the boiling water, then the dates and nuts. Place in small pieces on a greased oven tray and bake 10 to 15 minutes. H I a.m.-THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN: Keep yours bright with fragrant flowers. 11.5 a.m.—ELECTRICITY IN THE HOME, MR. JOHNSTON: “Lighting the Home.” 11.20 a.m.^ —Musical interlude. 11.25 a.m.—SISTER PURCELL: “Mothercraft.” 11.40 a.m.—Musical interlude. 11.45 a.m.—MRS. HENRIETTA C. WALKER: THE ART OF BEING A SETTLER. The Lighter Side: The Question of Enter- taining. MIDDAY SESSION. 12 noon.—MELBOURNE OBSERVATORY TIME SIGNAL. 12.1 p.m.—Metal prices, received by the Aus- tralian Mines and Metals Association from the London Stock Exchange this day. British Official wireless news from Rugby. Reu- ters and the Australian Press Association cables. “Argus” news service. COMMUNITY SINGING. 12.15 p.m.—COMMUNITY SINGING, trans- mitted from the Assembly Hall, Collins street. Melbourne. Conductor, G. J. MAC- KAY BERTHA JORGENSEN’S QUARTETTE: SOLOISTS: MOLLY MACKAY, soprano: “Rire Toujours” (Massenet). Selected. GRACE JACKSON, contralto: “Three Fishers” (Hullah). “Don’t Take Away My Little Honey Boy** (Elliott). 1.45 p.m.—Meteorological information. Stock Exchange information. 1.55 p.m.—Close down. 2.10 p.m.—Result of Handicap Trial Hurdle, Race, Two miles. MORNINGTON RACES. AFTERNOON SESSION. 2.15 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA: Selection, “The Girl from Utah” (Jones). 2.80 p.m.—LILIAN CRISP, Soprano (by per- mission J. C. Williamson Ltd.) : “Batti Batti” (Mozart). “Poppies for Forgetting” (Clarke). 2.37 p.m.—PERCY CODE, cornet: Selected. 2.40 p.m—STATION ORCHESTRA: “Cobweb Castle” (Lehmann). Reverie, “Ecstacy” (Canne). 2.55 p.m.—VICTOR BAXTER, tenor: “Thank God for a Garden” (Del Riego). “Now Sleeps the Crimson Petal” (Qiulter). 3.2 p.m.—Result of Handicap Maiden Plate, six furlongs, MORNGINGTON RACES. 3.3 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA: Selection, “Floradora” (Stuart). 3.15 p.m.—AUTUMN GARDEN WEEK: DR. GEORGE E. PAYNE PHILPOTS will speak on “Fruits and Vegetables—Their Food and Health Qualities,” transmitted from Worth’s Park. EDUCATION HOUR. 3.30 p.m.—DR. LOFTUS HILLS: "Topics of the Week.” 3.45 p.m.—WM. G. JAMES will speak to Students of Music. 4 p.m.—REV. WILLIAM BOTTOMLEY will give a series of Lectures on “THE IDYLLS OF THE KING.” Tennyson—l. “The Coming of Arthur.” SPORTING NOTES. 4.15 p.m.—Results of MORNINGTON RACES. LIGHT MUSIC. 4.16 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA: “Honolulu Moon” (Laurence). “In the Tavern” (Jansen). 4.25 p.m.—LILIAN CRISP, soprano: “Jeunes Filettes” (Bergerette). “Smilin’ Through” (Penn). 4,32 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA: Selection, “Going Up” (Hirsch). 4.42 p.m.—VICTOR BAXTER, tenor : “The Blind Ploughman” (Clarke). 4.45 p.m.—Special weather report from Ade- laide. Weather report for Mildura district. 4.46 p.m.—EVENSONG from ST. PAUL’S CATHEDRAL. 5.30 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Stock Exchange information. Result of Welter Handicap MORNINGTON RACES. 5.40 p.m.—Close down. EVENING SESSION. CHILDREN’S HOUR. 6 p.m.—Answers to letters and birthday greetings by “MARY GUMLEAF.” 6.20 p.m.—MONSIEUR SONORA: Musical interlude. 6.25 p.m—“MARY GUMLEAF:” Stories for the Little Ones. “Dreamy Sue.” “Building Cattles.” 6.30 p.m.—Musical interlude. 6.35 p.m.—“MARY GUMLEAF” and her Students will give a Little Play “ALICE’S ADVENTURE.” NEWS AND MARKET REPORTS. 7 p.m.—Official report of Newmarket stock sales by the Asociated Stock and Station Agents, Bourke street, Melbourne. 7.5 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Weather synopsis. Shipping movements. 7.12 p.m.—Stock Exchange information. 7.17 p.m.—Fish market reports by J. R. Bor- rett Ltd. Rabbit prices. 7.18 p.m.—River reports. 7.22 p.m.—Acceptances for Epsom races on Saturday. Market reports by the Victorian Producers’ Co-operative Co. Ltd.—Poultry, Grain, Hay, Straw, Jute, Dairy Produce! Potatoes and Onions. Market reports of fruit by the Victorian Fruiterers’ Asocia- tion. Retail prices. Wholesale prices of fruit by the Wholesale Fruit Merchant’s Association. Citrus fruits. Ballarat pig market reports by the Ballarat Stock and Station agents. NIGHT SESSION. 7.30 p.m.—A talk on Foreign Affairs, by as Australian. 7.45 p.m.—STRELLA WILSON, now appear- ing in the Gilbert and Sullivan Opera Com- pany, at His Majesty’s Theatre, will speak to you from her dressing room, by permis- sion of J. C. Williamson Ltd. 8 p.m.—AUTUMN GARDEN WEEK, trans- mission from Wirth’s Park. E. GRAY, Curator, Kyneton Garden, will speak on “Trees for the Altitudes.’* FROM THE STUDIO. 8.15 p.m.—Birthday greetings and programme announcements. 8.16 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS: “Yesterday” (Harrison). “There will come a time” (Garren). “The Magic of Music and Love” (Hajor) s 8.25 p.m^—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano: “Chanson Indoue” (Korsakov). 8.28 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS: “Down Kentucky. Way” (Gamble). “There’s a Garden in Loveland” fcHajor). “Red Lips Kiss My Blues Away” (Bryan), 8.37 p.m.—Talk on the War Memorial. 8.42 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS: “There’s Just one For You” (Ganner)* “Sing me a Baby Song” (Kahn). “I’ve Got a Yes Girl” (Souvaine). 8.51 p.m.—SYD. EXTON, tenor: “Anchor’s Weighed.” 8.54 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS: “What’ll You Do” (Miller). “Maybe You’ll Ibe the One” (McKiernan), “All on My Ownsome” (Kahn). 9.3 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contralto: “Kentucky Babe” (Geibel). 9.6 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS: “Egyptian Echoes” (Black). “Are You Happy?” (Ager). “Who’s Loving You To-night?” (Davis), 9.15 p.m.—HENRY TROMPE, baritone: “Adieu Marie” (Adams). 9.1.8 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS : “Following you Around” (Kahn). “Moonlight Waters” (Friend). “Underneath the Stars with You” (Stept). 9.27 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano: “Charlie is my Darling” (Old Scotch). 9.30 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS: “Go Home and Tell Your Mother” (Baen). “Rang Tang” (Trent). “Take your Finger out of Your Mouth” (Yellman). 9.39 p.m.—SYD. EXTON, tenor: “Ailsa Mine.” 9.42p.m.—THE VAGABONDS: “To-night you belong to iqe” (Costlow). “So Blue” (De Sylva). “At Sundown” (Donaldson). 9.51 p.m.—GRACE JACKSOI4. contralto: “Lacaday” (Crampton). 9.54 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS: “Broken Hearted” (Lombardo). “That Night in Araby” (Synder), “From Now On” (Friend). 10 p.m.—“Argus” news service. British official wireless news from Rugby. Meteoro- logical information. Anouncements. Sport- ing notes by “Olympus.” Island shipping movements. Results of Triangular State School cricket match betwen Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland, played in Sydney. ROYAL AUTOMOBILE CLUB OF VIC- TORIA’S SAFETY MESSAGE FOR TO- DAY IS:— “Persons on bicycles, scooters or in carts should not be permitted to hitch to your car.” 10.15 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS: “Till the end of the world with you.” “My Heart is Calling” (Garden). “The Spell of the Moon” (Kahn). 10.24 p.m.—HENRY TROMPE, baritone: “Wayfarer’s Night Song” (Martin). 10.27 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS: “How Can you Be So Mean to Me.” “My Idea of Heaven” (Johnson). “Golden Memories of Hawaii.” 10.36 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano: “The Fuchsia Tree” (Quilter). 10.39 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS: “Night time is Love Time” (Davis). “Wondering Why” (Ash). “How Long Must I Wait For You?” (Still- well). 10.48 p.m.—SYD. EXTON, tenor: “Audacity.” 10.51 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS: “Slow River” (Myers). “What are You Waiting For Now?” (Cos- low). “I’d Leave Ten Men” (Farrar). 11 p.m.—OUR GREAT THOUGHT: “Woodman, spare that tree, Touch not a single bough, In youth it sheltered me, And I’ll protect it now. ’Twas my forefather’s hand That placed it near his cot. There, woodman, let it' stand, Thy axe shall harm it not.” George P. Morris. 11.1 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS: 11.40 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING. 3AR, MELBOURNE THURSDAY, 29th MARCH, 1928. MORNING NEWS SESSION. 11 a.m. to 12 noon. HIDDAY CONCERT SESSION. Transmitted from Panatrope House, 252 Collins Street (by exclusive permission of Wills and Patori, Ltd.), on the Brunswick Panatrope. MATINEE SESSION. ORCHESTRAL CONCERT. Sport. During the afternoon results of the Mornington Races, together with other in- formation, will be given immediately each race is run. 2 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians: A half-hour dance session by Melbourne’s favorite dance band. The latest hits, each one announced prior to its presentation. 2.30 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra. 2.45 p.m.—Miss Jean Lewis, contralto: “A Pearl for every tear” (Liddle). “The way home” (Liddle). 2.53 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra. 3.8 p.m.—Mr. C. Richard Chugg, flute: “Arabesque” (De Bussy). 3.12 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra: “Fantasie Espagnole” (Hosmar). 3.23 p.m.—Miss Jean Lewis, contralto: “Thou art so like a flower” (Liszt). “A bunch of violets” (Mena Raymond). 3.30 p.m.—lnterval announcements. 3.40 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians. 3.56 p.m.—Miss Ethel Brearley, piano: “Valse Mignonne” (Palmgren). 4 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Four. 4.1 p.m.—Second weather forecast. 4.3 p.m.—Mr> George dSverest, tenor: “Parted” (Tosti). “The Devon Maid” (Frank Bridge). 4.11 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra. 4.26 p.m.—Mr. George Everest, tenor: “Maire my Girl” (George Aitken). “I know a lovely garden” (Guy d’Hardelot). 4.34 p.m.—Ayarz Dansonians. 4.55 p.m.—Special racing report. Acceptances and barrier positions for Saturday’s races by G.F.R. 6 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Five. God Save the King. CHILDREN’S SESSION. 6.30 p.m.—Uncle Mac’s entertainment. EVENING SESSION. SONG AND DANCE. 7.15 p.m.—Hobby Session. Mr. A. G. Kelson, Vice-President of the 3AR Stamp Club. 7.25 p.m.—“Early Victorian History.” Mr. F. A. Currie’s interesting talk this week will deal with “William Buckley—the Wild, White Man.” 7.35 p.m.—Sport Session. “Harlequin” pre- sents his budget of up-to-date news and com- ments on sport of the day. 7.50 p.m.—Macnamara’s stock reports. McPhail Anderson’s pig market. 8 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Eight. 8.1 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra: “A Derwish Chorus” (Sebek). “Invitation of the Waltz” (Weber-Berlioz). 8.17 p.m.—Miss Jean Tunnecliffe, contralto: “The Three Fishers” (Hullah). “Coming Home” (Hullah). 8.24 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra : “Pious Bach” (Urbach). 8.39 p.m.—Mr. John Hobbs, bass baritone: “Myself when young” (Liza Lehmann). “Wander Thirst” (Landon Ronald). 8.47 p.m.—Mr. Ronald Brearley, ’cello: “Arabian Song” (Vogrich). 8.50 p.m.—Announcements. 9.2 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra : “Looking Backward” (Finck). 9.18 p.m.—Miss Jean Tunnecliffe. contralto: “The Little Silver Ring” (Chaminade). “Jock O'Hayeldene” (Loder). 9.26 p.m.—“Harlequin.” Sports results. 9.34 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra : 9.50 p.m.—Announcements. 10 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Ten. 10.1 p.m.—Semi-final weather forecast, speci- ally for our country listeners 10.3 p.m.—Miss Ruth Phillips, soprano: “Should he upbraid” (Bishop). “Drink to me only” (Traditional). 10.11 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra: “Indian Summer” (Lake*. 10.21 p.m.—-Mr. John Hobhs, bass baritone: “The Border Balad” (Cowen). “Tributes” (Fisher). 10.28 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra: “Indian Summer” (Lake). 10.34 p.m.—Miss Ruth Phillips, soprano: “Impatience” CSchrbeU). “Caller Herrin” (Old Scotch). 10.42 p.m.—Melbourne Concert Orchestra: “Am Meer” (Schubert). 10.45 p.m.—“Harlequin.” Sports results. 10.62 p.m.—“Age” news bulletin, exclusive to 3AR. 10.58 p.m.—Final weather forecast. 10.59 p.m.—Our Australian Good-night Quote is taken from the poem, “Spell Oh!” by W. E. Carew. 11 p.m.—G.P.O. clock says Eleven. God Save the King. What I See & Hear Looking Backward When I sit by the sad sea waves and let the sands of time blow over me, do I remember with regret the dear school days? I do not! They leave the same happy memory as an attack of ptomaine poisoning from eating bad sardines. All my life I have been haunted by the clammy atrocities printed in the old-time school books. Thjey have clung to me as th& tendrils of jelly fish. There were four in particular. The first was about an old arm chair and it had a tipsy refrain: “I love it, I love it, and who shall dare, “To chide me for loving that old arm chair!” If anyone in my class had caught the writer the latter would have yelled for a hospital stretcher instead of an arm chair. Number 2 described the expiring gasps of some girl who was to be Queen of the May before she pegged out. “Call me early, mother dear,” was her chief stock in trade. Why she didn’t buy an alarm clock, no- body could ever understand. More entertaining was the loss of the Royal George which sank with “twice four hundred men.” I suppose eight hundred men would not rhyme. She was “overset” by a land breeze— must have been a top-heavy tub! Last and worst was a dirge, “Thy father is passing away!” The symptoms of the expiry would have stocked a small medical book. For two years I mourned for my poor Dad, until one day I broke a window with my shanghai. The following ten minutes with him left me very sore in body, but greatly relieved re- garding his early grave. What an infinite blessing it was that we did not have radio in those days. Fancy the glorious Burgess Batteries being employed to turn out such unadulterated dribble as the stuff in those old books. Instead of an affectionate regard for New System Telephones Pty., Ltd., I should hate to think of 280 Castle- reagh-street, Sydney, as the sob centre of “The Old Arm Chair,” or “Thy Father is Pegging Out.” 4QG, BRISBANE THURSDAY, 29th MARCH, 1928. MORNING SESSION. 10.30 a.m. to 11.30 a.m, MIDDAY SESSION. 4 p.m.—Market reports ; weather information supplied by the Commonwealth Weather Bureau ; news services supplied by “The Daily Mail” and “The Daily Standard.” 1.20 p.m.—Lunch hour address. 1.58 p.m.—Standard time signal. t p.m.—Close down. AFTERNOON SESSION. 8.30 p.m.—Mail train running times. 8.31 p.m.—A programme of music from the Studio. 4.15 p.m.—“The Telegraph” news. 4.30 p.m.—Close down. EARLY EVENING SESSION. 8 p.m.-—Mail train running times; “Daily Standard” news; weather information an- nouncements. 6.15 p.jn.—Dinner music. 6.30 p.m.—Bedtime stories by “The Sandman.” 7 pjn.—Special news service; market re- ports ; stock reports. 7.30 p.m.—Weather news; “Daily Standard” news; announcements. 7.43 p.m.—Standard time signals. 7.46 p.m.—Lecturecte: A talk on Books by Mr. Doyle (McLeod’s). NIGHT SESSION. A semi popular and classical concert, arranged by Mr. Scott MacCalfum. • p.m.—String Quartette : Popular numbers by the “Melody Players.” Bass Solo. Mr. H. Phillips. Soprano solo, Selected. Miss Nancy Muirhead. Violin soTd, "Plevna Fota” (Hubay). Mr. H. Scott MacCallum. Humorous and Dramatic Cameos by Miss Pearlie McKenzie. T4nor sjlo, “Where’er You Walk” (Handel). Mr. J. Land. String Quartette, “In a Canoe” (Zamecnik). “Melody Players.” Contralto sole. Miss Ella Howie. Baritone .solo, “The Garonne” (Acfims). Mr. H. E. Higginbotham. A few minutes of mirth and melody by “Black ar.d White.” String Quartette. “Ole South” (Zamecnik). “Melody Players.” • p.m.—Metropolitan weather forecast. String Quartette. Popular numbers. “Melody Players.” Contralto solo. Miss Ella Howie. Tenor solo, “Why is Sylvia.” Mr. Jack Land. Pianoforte solo, "Rustle of Spring” (Sind- ing). Mrs. Hilda Woolmer. Mirth and Melody by “Black and White.” Soprano solo, Selected. Miss Nancy Muirhead. Duet, “I Was Dreaming.” Mr. Jack Land (tenor) and Mr. H. E. Higginbotham (baritone). •Cello solo. Selected. Miss Petropolus. Baritone solo, “Friend of Mine” (Sartder- •on). Mr. H. E. Higginbothany String Quartette, “Blue Bells” (Zamecnik). “Melody Players.” Humorous and Dramatic Cameos by Miss Pearlie McKenzie. Bass solo. Mr. H. Phillips. String Quartette, “Star of the Orient" (Zamecnik). > “Melody Players.” p.m.—“Daily Mail” news. Weather news. Close down. SCL, ADELAIDE. THURSDAY, 29th MARCH, 1928. MIDDAY SESSION. 12 noon. —G.P.O. Chimes. 12.1 p.m.—“Advertiser” news service and Bri- tish Wireless news . 12.30 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio “Recreator.” 12.50 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex- change intelligence. 12.57 p.m.—Meteorological information. I p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. 1.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the studio “Rec- reator.” I. p.m.—Meteorological information. « 2 p.m. -G.P.O. Chimes and close down. AFTERNOON SESSION. 8 p.m,—G.P.O. Chimes. 3.1 p.m. Musical numbers on the Studio “Rec- reator.” 3.45 p.m.—Cheer-Up talk by Rev. C. H. Nield. 4 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. 4.1 p.m.—Musical numbers on the Studio “Rec- reator.” 4.57 p.m.—S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex- change Intelligence. 6 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and close down. EVENING SESSION. 6 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. 6.1 p.m.—Children's Entertainment by the SCL Radio Family. 6.30 p.m. Dinner Music on the Studio “Rec- reator.” 7 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. 7.1 p.m.; —S. C. Ward and Co.’s Stock Ex- chansfe. 7.8 p.m.---General market reports by A. W. Sandford and Co., A. E. Hall and Co., Dal- gety and Co.,* S.A. Farmers Co-operative Union Taylor Bros., Retail Grocers Asso- ciation, interstate Fruit Produce Market Co., Ltd. 7.15 p.m.—Popular Science Talk. 7.30 p.m.—Talk on "Better Homes” by Slaters (Furnishers) Ltd. 7.40 p.m.—Poultry talk by Mr. A. M. Whitten- bury. 8 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. , 8.1 p.m.—Novelty Broadcast. 8.20 p.m.—Concert arranged by Rev. Keith Steward, relayed from Black Forest Baptist Church Hall. 9 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. 9.1 p.m.—Meteorological information. 9.2 p.m.— Dalgety’s wheat report. 9.3 p.m.—Station Announcements. 9.5 p.m -Talk on “Sheep and Wool” by Mr. C. H. Blagg. 9.15 p.m. Relay from Black Forest continued. 10 p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes. 10.1 p.m.— British Wireless News. 10.8 p.m.—“Advertiser” news service. 10.13 p.m.—“Windbag’s” Sporting Service. 10.18 p.m. Relayed from the Maison de Danse Glenelg Dance Music. 10.55 p.m Friday’s programme and meteo- rological information. II p.m.—G.P.O. Chimes and close down. Friday, March 30 2FC, SYDNEY. EARLY MORNING SESSION. 7 a.m. to 8 a.m. MORNING SESSION. 10 a.m. —“Big Ben” and announcements. 10.5 a.m. —Studio music. 10.15 a.m. —“Sydney Morning Herald” news service. 10.30 a.m. —Studio music. 10.35 a.m.—A reading. 10.45 a.m.—Studio music. 11 a.m.—“Big Ben.” Studio music. 11. a.m.—A.P.A. and Reuter’s Cables. 11.10 a.m. —Studio music. 11.15 a.m.—A talk on Home Cooking and Re- cipes by Ivliss Ruth Furst. 11.30 a.m. —-Close down. MIDDAY SESSION. 12 noon.—“ Big Ben” and announcements. 12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange, first call. 12.3 p.m.—Official weather forecast, rainfall. 12.5 p.m.—Studio music. 12.10 p.m.—Summary of Sydney Morning Herald” news service. 12.15 p.m. -Rugby wireless news. 12.20 p.m.—Studio music. 1 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Wea'her intelligence. 1.3 p.m.—“Evening News ' midday news ser- vice. Producers’ Distributing Society’s Report. 1.20 p.m.—Studio music. 1.28 p.m.—Stock Exchange, second call. 1.30 p.m. — Eileen Moreau, soprano: “Thinking of Y>x” (Coates*. 1.34 p.m.—Studio music. 1.55 p.m.-—Eileen Moreau, sopraao: “Down Here” (Brahe). 2 p.m.—“Big Ber..” Close down. AFTERNOON SESSION. 3 p.m.—“Big Ben” and announcements, 3.3 p.m.—The 2FC Instrumental Trio. Leader, Ewart Chappie. 3.13 p.m.—Aldyth Hern, soprano; “Sing, Sing, Blackbird” (Montague Phillips). 3.17 p.m.—Carmen Frey, pianoforte solo. (Pupil of Miss Iris de Cairos Rego.) 3.24 p.m.— t'nillipa Alston, soprano: “Morning” (Spe./j). 3.27 p.m.-*-The 2FC Instrumental Trio. Leader, Ewart Chappie. 3.37 p.m.—Joyce Gillespie, soprano: “Lackaday” (Crampton). 3-.40 p.m.—Carmen Grey, pianoforte solo. (Pupil of Miss Iris de Cairos Rego.) 3.45 p.m.—Aldyth Hern, soprano: “The Market” (Molly Carew). 3.49 p.m.—The 2FC Instrumental Trio, Leader, Ewart Chappie. 4 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Popular records. 4.10 p.m.—Joyce Gillespie, soprano: “Over the Meadow” (Carew). 4.14 p.m.—Carmen Frey, pianoforte «oli* (Pupil of Miss Iris de Cairos Rego.J 4.20 p.m.—Phillipa Alston, soprano: • “Beyond the Dawn” (Sanderson). 4.24 p.m.—The 2FC Instrumental Trio. Leader, Ewart Ch&pple. 4.35 p.m.—Popular records. 4.45 p.m.—Stock Exchange, third call. 4.47 p.m.-—Results of the Cricket Match played in New Zealand tc-day: Australia versus New Zealand. Studio music. / 5 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down. EARLY EVENING SESSION. 5.40 p.m.—The “Hello Man” talks to the chil- dren. 6.15 p.m.—Story time for the young folk. NOTE: During the Children’s Session the Juvenile Pupils of Madame Ada Baker will give the following items 1. Duet, “I Know a Bunk” (Horn)« Bruce and Leslie Penman. 2. Song, “Sun FlsfJkes” (Phillips). Mary Wilson. 3. Monologue, “Peter” (Scott-Gatty)* Roma Farrer. 4. Song, “Sonny Mine” (Herbert de Pinna). Jessie Cope-Clegg. 5. Recitations. Little Joan Punch. 6. Song, “Keep on Keeping On” (Long- staffe). Leslie Penman. 7. Recitation, “Little Froggie Face.” Madge Emerson. 6.30 p.m.—Dinner music. 7 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Late sporting news told by the 2FC Racing Commissioner. 7.10 p.m.—Dalgety’s market reports (wool, wheat and stock). 7.18 p.m.—Fruit and vegetable markets. 7.22 p.m.—Weather and shipping news. 7.26 p.m.—“Evening News" lato news service. NIGHT SESSION. 7.40 p.m.—Programme announcements. 7.45 p.m.—Cyril Monk will describe the Music Teachers’ Conference to be held in Sydney at Easter. 8 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Prom Her Majesty’s Theatre, Pitt Street, Sydney (by permission of J. C. Williamson, Ltd) : The First Act of the Musical Comedy: “The Girl Friend,” produced by Frederick Blackman, featuring Annie Croft. Musical numbe;rs: Scene 1; Overture. Opening chorus, “Step on the Track.’* Scene 2: “Blue Room,” Annie Croft and Quartette. Scene 3: Opening Chorus, “Boys of Hagerstown.” “The Girl Friend,” Lorna Helms and Leo Franklyn. “J Travel the Road,” Annie Croft. “We must discover that Girl,” Gus Bluett, Reginald Sharland and Frank Leighton. Scenes: 1. A Railway Siding on the Canadian Paoific Railway. 2. In the Dining Car. 3. Lounge of the Hotel Wendell (Evening). 9.12 p.m.—From the Studio: •Late weather forecast. The Sydney Instrumental Trio (Lionel Law- son, violin; Gladston Bell, ’cello; and Lindley Evans,, piano) : (a) “Allegr(Arensky;. (b) “Scherzo” (Arensky). 9.22 p.m.—“A Seat in the Park.” 9.32 p.m.—Gladstone Bell, ’cello solos. 9.39 p.m.—A. G. Ellis, baritone: Two numbers from the Song Cycle: “In a Brahmin Garden”: (a) “Ganges Boat Song” (Knlght-Logan). (b) “Krishna’s Lament” (Knight-Logan). 9.46 p.m.—Lindley Evans, pianoforte solos: (a) “The Cathedral under the Sea” (De- bussy). (b) "Sequidillas” (Albeniz). 9.55 p.m.—Glady Evans, soprano: (a) Aria from “La Cena delle Beffe” (Gior- dano). (b) “Autumn” (Landon Ronald). 10.3 p.m.—Lionel Lawson, violinist. 10.12 p.m.—A. G. Ellis, baritone: (a) “The Elfin King” (Clutsam). (b) “To the Western Wind” (Clutsam). 10.20 p.m.—The Sydney Instrumental Trio: (a) “Lento” (Arensky). (b) “Finale” (Arensky). 10.30 p.m.—Late weather forecast. 10.31 p.m.—Gladys soprano: (a) “A Song Remembered” (Coates). (b) “Sing, J >yous Bird” (Phillips). 10.38 p.m.—2FO Dance Band, conducted by Cec. Morrison. 10.57 p.m.—To-morrow’s programme and late news. 11 p.m. —“Big Ben.” The 2FC Dance Band (Cec. Morrison, con- ductor). 11.45 p.m.—National Anthem. Close down. 3LO, MELBOURNE. • FRIDAY, 30th MARCH, 1928. EARLY MORNING SESSION. 7.15 a.m.—Morning Melodies. 7.20 a.m.—PHYSICAL CULTURE EXER- CISES (to music). 7.27 a.m.—Morning Melodies. 7.33 a.m. —Weather forecast for all States. 7.40 a.m.—News. 8 a.m.—Melbourne Observatory time signal. 8.1 a.m.—Morning Melodies 8.5 a.m. —News. Sporting information. Shp- ping. Stock Exchange information. 8.13 a.m.—Morning melodies. 8.15 a.m. —Close down. MORNING SESSION t 11 a.m.—3LO’s CULINARY COUNSELS, or how to create creature comforts with a • minimum of cash. _ FURNITURE POLISH. linseed oil. V> pint turpentine. J /4 pint methylated spirit. *4 pint vinegar. Put all ingredients into a bottle, keep well corked, and shake before using. 11.1 a.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN Keep yours bright with fragrant flowers. “There are few joys in the world equal to the joy of a garden, and a garden sets off a home as an appropriate frame does a picture.’’ —Gene Stratton Porter. THIS MONTH BE SURE TO PLANT: Pansies, Petunias, Iceland poppies, polyan- thus, primrose, and pyrethrum. 11.10 a.m.—VEGETARIAN COOKING, MATRON BARTLETT will give hints on the cooking of vegetable dishes. 11.20 a.m.- Musical interlude. 11.25 a.m. —“AU FAIT:” “Feminine Fancies.” 11.40 a.m. —Musical interlude. 11.45 a.m.—Under the auspices of the Health Association. DR. FEATONBY will speak on “Serums and Toxins,” Part 2. MIDDAY SESSION. 12 noon.—Melbourne Observatory time signal. 12.1 p.m.—Metal prices received by the Aus- tralian Mines and Metals Association from the London Stock Exchange this day. British Official wireless news from Rugby. Reuter’s and the Australian Press Associa- tion cables. “Argus” news service. 12.20 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN’S QUAR- TETTE : “Scenes from the Prophets” (Bath). 12.30 p.m.—J. D. FRASER, baritone: “My Mary Sweet and Brown” (Kilner). “Molly” (Herbert). 12.37 p.m. Exchange information. 12.40 p.m.—BERTHA JORGENSEN, violin: “Cradle Song” (Ter Aulin). Waltz. 12.50 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano: “The Carnival of Venice” (Benedict). “The Spinning Wheel” (gcottisn;. 12.67 p.m.—HILDA BRENNICKE, ’cello: “Sous le douceur despins” (Jongeus). 1.4 p.m.—Meteorological information. Weather forecast for Victoria, Tasmania, South Aus- tralia and New South Wales. Ocean fore- cast. River reports. FOUNDATIONS OF MUSIC. 1.11 p.m.—AGNES FORTUNE will to-day continue her petite concerts with a further selection of the works of Beethoven. 1.21 p.m.—J. D. FRASER, baritone: ‘II Balem” (Verdi). “My Heart’s Desire” (Coningßby-Clarke). 1.28 p.m.—BERTIIAH JORGENSEN’S TRIO: “My Wild Irish Rose” (Obrott). “My Rosary for You” (Ball). 1.38 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, Boprano: “Se Saran Rose” (Arditi). “Saper Vorreste” (Verdi). 1.45 p.m,—Close down. AFTERNOON SESSION. Results of Public School Cricket. 2.15 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA: “Othello Suite” (Coleridgc-Taylor). 2.30 p.m.—ELLA RIDDELL, contralto: “The Auld Scotch Songs” (Leeson). “The Briar Bush” (Maxfield). 2.37 p.m.—TASMA TIERNAN, ’cello: “Nocturne” (Chopin). 2.44 p.m.—FRANCES FRASER: "Travels with the Argonauts.” 3 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA: Selection, “Rainbow” (Gershwin). Selected. BURGESS RADIO BATTERIES are Chrome - Built m Chrome is I Din iPfl patented in BURGESS Batteries. Used in finest metal, leather and paint CHROME strengthens and preserves. lt does the same for Burgess Batteries, giving them months more service and twice the power of ordinary dry batteries. Ask for BURGESS CHROME Batteries at any high-class dealers. NEW SYSTEM TELEPHONES PTY. LTD., 280 CASILEREAGH STREET, SYDNEY. 181-183 King Street, Melbourne Charles Street, Adelaide. Queensland Agents : Canada Cycle & Motor Agency (Q.) Ltd Creek & Adelaide Sts., Brisbane. 8.13 p.m.—AUTUMN GARDEN WEEK: Transmission from Wirth’s Park. W,. R. President of Garden Week Committee, will speak on “Novel Garden Features.” 8.25 p.m.—FROM THE STUDIO. MARION LIGHTFOOT, banjo: “Volga Boatmen.” “Kilties.” “Oddity.” 8.32 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA: “Prelude in G Minor” (Rachmaninoff). “Dance of the Serpents” (Boccalare). 3.42 p.m.—ELLA RIDDELL, contralto: “Rothsay Bay” (Old Scotch). “Cornin’ Thro’ the Rye” (Burns). 8.49 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA: TRIO fot violin, cello and piano. “Nina Pergolse.” “Minuet.” 8.53 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano: “Blossoms.” Selected. 8.59 p.m.—Results of Public School CHcket. 4 p.m.—HAROLD MOSCHETTI, tenor sax: Selected. 4.5 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA: Selection, “The Quaker Girl.” Waltz, “Spanish Moon.” Selected. 4.27 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY. soprano “The Rose Enslaves the Nightingale” (Rimsky-Korsakov). Request item. 4.34 p.m.—MARION LIGHTFOOT. banjo: “Drum Major.” “Patrol Eccentrique.” 4.41 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA: Selected. 4 45 p.m.—Special weather report from Ade- laide. Report from Mildura district. 4.46 p.m.—Joseph Bailie, flute: Selected. 4.50 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA: “Oxford Symphony in G Major” (Hayden). 6 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Stock Ex- change information. 8.15 p.m.—Close down. EVENING SESSION. 8 p.m.—Answers to Letters and Birthday Greetings by “BILLY BUNNY.” 6.20 p.m.—CAPT. DONALD MacLEAN: “The Spanish Conquests—How the Dons dis- covered the Treasures of the World.” 6.35 p.m.—Musical interlude. 6.40 p.m.—“BILLY BUNNY:” “Stories of the Australian Bush.* * THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN. Keep your garden gay with a kaleidoscope of GODETIAS. CURRENT CHRONICLES. Results of Public School Cricket. 7 p.m.—Official report of Newmarket stock sales by the Asociated Stock and Station Agents. .Bourke Street, Melbourne. 7.5 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Weather synopsis . Shipping movements. 7.12 p.m.—Stock Exchange information. 7.17 p.m.—Fish market reports by J. R. Bor- rett Ltd. Rabbit prices. 7.19 p.m.—River reports. 7.21 p.m.—Market reports by the Victorian Producers’ Co-operative Co., Ltd. Poultry, Grain, Hay, Straw, Jute, Dairy Produce, Potatoes and Onions. Market reports of fruit Iby the Victorian Fruiterers’ Associa- tion. Retail prices. Wholesale prices of fruit by the Wholesale Fruit Merchants’ Association. Citrus fruits. NIGHT SESSION. 7.86 p.m.—Under the auspices of the DE- PARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, A. J. GILL, Senior Herd Tester, State Depart- ment of Agriculture, will speak on “Factors Affecting Milk Tests.” 7.45 p.m.—COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS’ BAND: March, “Never Despair.” Quartette, “Old Robin Gray.” 7.52 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, soprano: “A Thrush’s Love Song.’ ’ “Music When Soft Voices Die” (Bishop). 8 p.m.—H. K. LOVE: "Technicalities.” Mr. Love will be glad to attend to youi wireless difficulties, and we ask you to write to him for any advice you may require. 8.10 p.m.—COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS’ BAND: “liOving Smile of Sister Kind” —Faust. 8.17 p.m.—HENRY TROMPE, baritone: “Sapphic Ode” (Brahms). “Like to the Damask Rose” (Elgar). 8.24 p.m.—ERIC AKINS will speak on “To-morrow’s Events at the Motordrome.” 8.34 p.m.—TRANSMISSION FROM BALLAR- AT. COMMUNITY SINGING SOCIETY. President, Cr. W. Elsworth. Conductor, Mr. Bert Humphries. Pianist, Mrs. Simons. Secretary, Mr. Frank Braden. Opening Chorus by the Ballarat Community Singers Short Address by the Chairman, Mayor Cr. A. MacKenzie. CHORUS. “Mother Machree ” “My Bonnie is Over the Ocean.” “Bye. Bye. Blackbird.” MISS A. HIGGINS, soprano: “Rosebuds” (Ardite). CHORUS. “Ballarat.” “Sailing.” “Nancv Lee.”* t MR. J. HAYMES, violin* Selected. CHORUS. “Killarney.” “Soldier’s Farewell.” “Cornin’ Thro’ the Rye.” MRS. RITCHIE, contralto: “Three Fishers” (Hull-h). CHORUS. “Massa’s in the Cold, Cold Ground.” “My Old Kentucky Home.” “Polly Wollv Doodle.” STAN ANDREWS. Mouth Organ Solo: “Annie Laurie.” CHORUS. “Oh, For a Thousand Tongues to Sing.” “Love’s Old Sweet Song.” “ T and of Hope and Glory.” RAY PITTS tenor: “Serenade” (Schubert). CHORUS. “Till we Meet Again.” “Down Hawaii Way.” “Some Folks Do.” “Love is Just a Little Bit of Heaven.” “Tipperary.” FROM THE STUDIO. 10 p.m.—“CARDIGAN” (Mr. H. A. Wolfe) will speak on to-morrow’s races. 10 9 p.m.—Results of Triangular State School Cricket Match between Victoria. New South Wales and Queensland, played in Sydney. 10.10 p m —COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS* BAND: Overture, “The Golden Sceptre.” 10.17 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contralto: “In a Monastery Garden” (Ketelby). “Just a Cottage Small.” 10.24 p m.—COLLINGWOOD CITIZENS’ BAND: “La Paloma.” 10.31 p.m.—HENRY TROMPE, baritone: “Go, Lovely Rose” (Ouilter). “My Lady's Bower” (Temple). 10.38 p.m.—“Argus” news service. Meteorolo- gical information. Road notes. British ' official wireless news ftom Rugby. Island shipping news. The Royal Automobile Club of Victoria’s SAFETY MESSAGE for to-day is for MOTORISTS: — “Do not unnecessarily or suddenly squawk your horn. Pedestrians may (be easily frightened and temporarily ‘Paralysed.’ ” 10.50 p.m.—COLLINGWOD CITIZENS’ BAND: Selection. “Dixie Land.” 11 p.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN. Keep your garden gay with a Kaleidoscope of Calliopsis, Campanula, Candytuft, Canter- bury Bells, Chrysanthemum, Cornflowers, and Clarkia. OUR GREAT THOUGHT— “And he gave it for his opinion that whoever could make two ears of corn, or two blades of grass, to grow upon a spot of ground where only one grew before, would deserve better of mankind, and do more essential service to his country, than the whole race of politicians put together.” Swift. J 11.1 p.m.—THE VAGABONDS: 11.40 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING. 5 aturday, March 31 2FC, SYDNEY. ' EARLY MORNING SESSION. 7 a.m. to 8 a.m. MORNING SESSION. 10 a.m.—'“Big Ben” and announcements. 10.5 a.m.—Studio music. 10.15 a.m.—’’Sydney Morning Herald” news service. 10.30 a.m.—Studio music. 10.35 a.m.—A talk by the 2FC Racing Com- missioner. 10.45 a.m.—Studio music. 11 a.m.—“Big Ben.” A.P. A. and Reuter’s Cable Services. 11.5 a.m.—A talk on Gardening by “Redgum” J. G. Lockley. 11.30 a.m.—Close down, MIDDAY SESSION. 12 noon.—“ Big Ben” and announcements. 12.2 p.m.—Stock Exchange. 3 2.3 p.m.—Studio music. 12.20 p.m.—“Sydney Morning Herald” news service. 12.25 p.m.—Rugby wireless news. 12.30 p.m.—Studio music. Ip m. —“Big Ben.” Weather intelligence. 1.3 p.m.—“Evening News” midday news ser- vice. NOTE: During the afternoon race results from Warwick Farm will be described by the 2FC’s Racing Commissioner. Between 3.30 p.m. -and 4.30 p.m. the follow- ing musical items will be given from the platform of the Sydney Town Hall, on the occasion of the Radio Electrical Exhibition: 8.30 p.m.—2FC Dance Trio, conducted by Cyril Coy: (a) “Lucky Day” (Henderson). (b) “Charmaine” (Pollack). 8.40 p.m.—Heather Harding, soprano: “One Fine Day” (Puccini). 3.44 p.m.—Douglas McKinnon, concertina: (a) “Le Chevalier Breton” (Herman). (b) March, “Dominion of Canada” (May #iU). C. 52 p.m.—Cyril Coy’s Dance Trio: (a) “Just say good-night” (Nelson). (b) “Take your finger out of your mouth.” 4 p.m.—Lionel Lunt, English baritone, late of the “Carl Rosa” Opera Company of England: (a) “Prologue” (Leoncavallo). (b) “Tommy Lad” (Margetson). 4.8 p.m.—From the Sydney Town Hall: Cyril Coy’s Dance Trio: (a) “As long as I have you” (Lewis Simon). (b) “Red lips kiss my blues away.” 4.16 p.m.—Lionel Lunt, English baritone: “Harlequin” (Sanderson). 4.21 p.m.—Heather Harding, soprano: “Waltz Song,” from “Tom Jones” (Gei> man). 4.25 p.m.—Cyril Coy’s Dance Trio: “Me and My Shadow.” Accompanist, Enid Conley. 4.30 p.m.—Further race results and studio music. 4.45 p.m.—Complete sporting resume, includ- ing the result of the Cricket Match, played in New Zealand to-day: Australia versus New Zealand. 6 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Close down. EARLY EVENING SESSION. 6.40 p.m.—The chimes of 2FC. 6.45 p.m.—The “Hello Man” talks to the chil- dren. 6.15 p.m.—Story time for the young folk. 6.30 p.m.—Dinner music. 7 p.m. “Big Ben.” Late sporting news. 7.15 p.m.—Weather intelligence. 7.18 p.m. “Evening News” late news service. 7.28 p.m.—Studio music. NIGHT SESSION. 7.40 p.m.—Programme announcements. 7.45 p.m.—Studio music. 7.55 p.m.—A talk by Dr. T. J. Henry: “A Trip to Tia, Juana, Mexico.” 8.10 p.m.—From the platform of the Sydney Town Hall, the concluding programme by 2FC artists on the final night of the Radio Electrical Exhibition. A Russian Orchestra in native costumes. A combination of 14 players playing the Rus- sian national instrument, “The Ballalaika”: (a) “Longing for Homeland,” March (Dobrokotoff). (b) “All is quiet in the fields” (Aureef) (c) “Outoushva” (Aureef). 8.20 p.m.—Elsie Peerless, soprano: (a) “The bird that came in Spring” (Bene- dict). (b) “Lovely Spring” (Cowen). 8.28 p.m.—Harrison White’s Banjo Band: (a) “Romping Rosie” (Rossiter). (b) ‘‘Selection of Scotch Airs” (arr. White). (c) “Look in the Mirror” (Stept). 8.38 p.m.—Alex. Whitson, baritone: (a) “Beware of the Maidens” (Day). (b) “A Song of the Ren” (Charles)! 8.45 p.m.—The Russian “Ballalakia” Orches. tra: (a) “On the River Volga” (Ivanoff). (b) “So went our little .Lassies” (Andreeff). 6.55 p.m.—Elsie Peerless, soprano, and Alex. Whitson, baritone: Duet, “The Magic of Your Voice.” 0.4 p.m.—The Russian “Ballalaika”' Orches- tra : (a) “Folksong” (Andreeff). (b) “Polianka” (Privaloff). At the piano: Horace Keats. 0.10 p.m.—From the Studio: Late weather forecast. 9.11 p.m.—r'irst appearance with this station of the distinguished pianist, Henri Penn: (a) “Scherzo No. 2 (Chopin). (b) “Liebestraume” (Liszt). 9.28 p.m.—Elsie Peerless, soprano: “Passion-Flower” (Coates). 9.32 p.m.—The Russian Ballalaika Orchestra: (a) “Dreamy Garden,” Waltz (Andreeff). (b) “Katenka” (Andreeff). (c) Folksong (variations) (Privaloff). 9.42 p.m.—Ernest Archer, tenor: “Friend.” 9.45 p.m.—The Russian “Ballalaika* Orches- tra : (a) “In Moscow” (Fantasy) (Ivanoff). (b) “Moldavian Song” (arr. Snurnoff). 9.55 p.m.—Elsie Peerless, soprano: “The String of Pearls” (Phillips). 10 p.m.—“Big Ben.” Henri Penn, pianoforte solos: (a) “Chanson” (Friml). (b) “Ballade No. 1” (Chopin). (c) “Toccata” (Debussy). 10.12 p.m.—Ernest Archer, tenor: “A Rose and You” (Stoneham). 10.16 p.m.—Harrison White’s Banjo Band: (a) “A Night in June” (Friend). (b) “Yesterday,” Waltz (Brown). (c) “Moonlit Waters.” 10.26 p.m.—Late weather forecast. 10.27 p.m.—From the Ambassadors : The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra, con- ducted by A 1 Hammet. 10.37 p.m.—Studio items. 10.40 p.m.—The Ambassadors Dance Orches- tra. 10.57 p.m.—From the Studio: To-morrow’s programme and late news. 11 p.m.—“Big Ben.” The Ambassadors Dance Orchestra. 11.45 p.m.—National Anthem. Close down. 3LO, MELBOURNE SATURDAY, 31st MARCH, 1928. EARLY MORNING SESSION. 7.15 a.m. —Tonic Tones. 7.20 a.m.—PHYSICAL CULTURE EXER CISES (to the tonic tones). 7.33 a.m. —Weather forecasts for all States. Mails. 7.40 a.m.—News. 8 a.m.—Melbourne Observatory tjme signal. 8.1 a.m.—Tonic Tones. 8.5 a.m.—NEWS. Sporting information. Shipping. Stock Exchange fluctuations. 6.13 a.m.—Tonic Tones. 8.15 a.m.—Close down. MORNING SESSION. 11 a.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA: “Heart of Her” (Cadman). “At Dawning” (Cadman). “Indiau Summer Suite” (Lake). ILIS a.m.—BOBBY PEARCE, baritone: “The King’s Minstrel” (Pinsuti). “The Little Irish Girl” (Lohr). 11-22 a.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA: “A Lover in Damascus” (Finden). 11.34 a.m.—MOLLY MAC.KAY, soprano: “Mu3etta’s Song.” “Wind Sonfi” (James Rogers). 11.41 a.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA; “Kamennoi Ostrow” (Rubinstein). MIDDAY SESSION. 12 noon.—Melbourne Observatory time signal. 12.1 p.m.—Metal prices received by The Aus- tralian Mines and Metals Association from the London Stock Exchange this day. British Official Wireless news from Rugby. Reuter’s and The Australian Press Associa- tion cables. “Argus” news service. “HENCE LOATHED MELANCHOLY.- 12.20 a.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA: “Three Arabian Dances” (Ring). 12.28 p.m.—WILL PAGE, Xylophone: “Sparks.” 12.32 p.m.—MOLLY MACKAY, sopranoj “Depuis le jour” (Chaxpentier). “Request number." 12.39 p.m.—Stock Exchange information. ' 12.40 p.m.—ROGER SMITH. Trombone solo- “Berceuse de Jocelyn” "(Godard). With orchestral accompaniment. 12.47 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA : “In a Clock Store.” “Selected.” * £- m - —Melbourne Observatory time signal. THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN. Keep your garden gay with a kaleidoscope of Ageratum, Alyssum, Chrysanthemum, Antirrhinum and Delphinium. GRACE JACKSON, contralto: “When the Dream is There” (D’Hardelot). I Love You Truly.” 1.7 p.m.—Meteorological information. Weather report of Victoria, Tasmania, New South Wales and South Australia. Ocean reports. River reports. 1.17 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA- Songs from ’Eliland’ ” (F. von Fieltz). L 24 p.m.—BOBBY PEARCE, baritone: Your eyes have told me so” (Hardy). “I Wonder if ever the Rose” (Slater). 1.31 p.m.— STATION ORCHESTRA: “Romanza Sanza Parole” (Sora). “The Mill Stream” (G. Smith). 1 '^ T ,f!-“— GRACE JACKSON, contralto: 111 Smg to You” (Thompson). A Bowl of Roses” (Coningsby Clarke). 1.45 p.m.—Close down. 2 P-m-—Description of Trial Hurdle, Two c EP SOM RACES, by “Musket,- of The Sportmg Globe.” Results of Public School Cricket. 2.5 p.m.—Description of PENNANT CRICKET—Semi-finals. NOT A LUXURY BUT A NECESSITY OF LIFE All onr sets are built and designed on this principle. They therefore deserve the name riven to them by the public itself. Loewe Popular Sets You ret a perfect set operating without disturbance, consuming: a minimum of current, and one that can be handled even by a child. Ask your Radio dealer to demon- strate one of our sets—there is no obligation on your part. 4, Fountayne Road, Tottenham, London, N 17 SLINGSBY. COLES Ltd. 486 PITT STREET, SYDNEY Headphones and Load Speakers Repaired and Rewound. 3 £ - II \ UNDER CENTRAL STATION. We are City Agents for United Distributors Products. WONDERFUL PRICES! Something new, something good. The “Canberra” A. and B. Battery Charger. We are able to demonstrate under the same conditions as you would use it in your own home. Charges 4-6, or 100 Volt Batteries. Price, £6/10/. Call and see us about it. The Pollock line of tuning coils. Quality and price cannot be beaten. Reinartz Tuners 3/9 R.F. Chokes 3/9 Neutrodyne Kits 13/6 Cash or Terms 12 ISSUES DELIVERED POST FREE for one year “RADIO” is the only reliable and ' up-to-date technical wireless journal in Australia. Latest amateur experimenter news, short stories, topical articles. Finely printed, profusely illustrated. u IN AUSTRALIA & NEW. ZEALAND iocorpanatUig wuLAlr* SUBSCRIPTION FORM To the Editor “Radio,” 51 -Castlereagh Street, Sydney. Please forward “Radio” for a period of for which I enclose for (Add Exchange to Country Cheques.) 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AFTERNOON SESSION. 2.15 p.m.—JOHNSTON’S STUDIO BOYS: “Selections from Grand Opera.” 2.30 p.m.—Description of Two-Year-0 Id Handicap, 4 furlongs, 200 yards, EPSOM RACES, *by “Musket,” of “The Sporting Globe.” 2.35 p.m.—Description of PENNANT CRICKET—Semi-finals. 2.50 p.m.—JOHNSTON’S STUDIO BOYS: “Selections from Comic Opera.” 3 p.m.—Description of Brush SUeepLe, two miles, EPSOM RACE’S, by "Musket,” of “The Sporting Globe.” 3.5 p.m.—JOHNSTON’S STUDIO BOYS: “Selections from English l Opera.” 3.15 p.m.—Descriptio nof PENNANT CRIC- KET—Semi-finals. 3.30 p.m.—Description of Epsom Handicap, I*4 miles, EPSOM RACES, by “Musket,” of “The Sporting Globe.” 3.35 p.m.—JOHNSTON’S STUDIO BOYS: Selection, “Fox-trots.” 3.50 p.m.—Description of PENNANT CRICKET—Semi-finals. 4 p.m.—Description of Epsom Pilate, six furlongs, EPSOM RACES, by “Musket,” ot “The Sporting Globe.” Results of Public School Cricket. 4.5 p.m.—JOHNSTON’S STUDIO BOYS: Selection, “Waltzes.” 4.15 p.m.—Description of PENNANT CRICKET—Semi-finals. 4.30 p.m.—Description of Epsom Purse, one mile, EPSOM RACES; by “MoskeV' of “The Sporting Globe.” 4.35 p.m.—JOHNSTON’S STUDIO BOYS: Selection, “Marches.” 4.45 p.m.—Weather reports of Adelaide. Weather reports from Mildura district. 4.46 p.m.—JOHNSTON’S STUDIO BOYS: Selection, “Fox-trot.” 4.55 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Stock Exchange information. 5.15 p.m.—Close down. EVENING SESSION. 5.50 p.m.—Stumps Cricket Sporting results. 6 p.m.—Answers to Letters and Birthday Greetings by “LITTLE MISS KOOKA- BURRA” : 6.20 p.m.—Musical interlude. 6.25 p.m.—“LITTLE MISS KOOKABURRA”: “Baby Ducks Adventure.” 6.34 p.m.—THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN. Keep yours gay with kaleidoscope of Mig- nonette, Mimulus and Myosotis. 6.35 p.m.—Musical interlude. 6.40 p.m.—’'"LITTLE MISS KOOKABURRA”: Another Episode from “Penrod.” CURRENT CHRONICLES. 7 p.m.—Stumps scores. Sporting results. Results of Public School Cricket. 7.5 p.m.—“Herald” news service. Weather synopsis. Shipping movements. 7.12 p.m.—Stock Exchange information. 7.17 p.m.—River reports. 7.20 p.m.—Market reports by the Victorian Producers’ Co-dperative Co., Ltd. Poultry, grain, hay, straw, jute, dairy produce, potatoes, and onions. 'Market reports of fruit by the Victorian Fruiterers’ Associa- tion. Retail prices. Wholesale prices of fruit by the Wholesale Fruit Merchants Association. Citrus fruit. NIGHT SESSION. 7.30 p.m.—FREDERICK CHAPMAN, A.L.S., F.G.S., National Palaeontologist, of the National Museum, will speak on: “Ferns and Fernlands of the Past.” 7-45 p.m.—Dr. J. A. LEACH will speak on “Black Cockatoos.” 8 e'^xrTT 8 ™ 010 presentation op the SONG CYCLE, “IN A PERSIAN GAR- DEN,’ by Liza Lehman. Cast; Soprano ELLA KINGSTON Contralto GERTRUDE HUTTON . Te nor VAL. -yOFP Bass ERNEST SAGE Musical items: Quartet. ‘ Wake, for the sun who scatter'd into flight.” Tenor: "Before the phantom of false morn- ing died.” Bass: “Now the New Year reviving old desires.” Tenor: Tram indeed is gone with all his rose.” Quartette: “Come, fill the cup, and in the fire of Spring.” Bass: “Whether all Naishapur or Babylon.” Contralto: “Ah, not a drop that from our cups we throw.” Soprano and Tenor: “A book of verses underneath the bough.” Bass: “Myself when young did eagerly frequent.” Contralto: “When you and I behind the veil are past.” Soprano: “But if the souKcan fling the dust aside.” Tenor: Alas, that Spring should vanish with the rose.” Contralto: “The world's hope men set their hearts upon.” Soprano: “Each morn a thousand roses brings you say.” Quartette: “They say the lion and the lizard keep.” Tenor: “Ah, fill the cup, what boots it to repent.” Bass: “As then the tulips for her morning 6up.” Quartette: “Alas ! that Spring should vanish with the rose.” 9 p.m.—Description of events at the Motor- drome by “Olypmus.” 9.10 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA: Suite, “Cobweb Castle” (Lehman). “Largo” from “New World Symphony" (Dvorak). x 9.30 p.m.—Description of to-night’s Stadium event by PERCY TAYLOR. At the conclu- sion of the match, Mr. TAYLOR will give a resume. 10 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA: “Humpty Dumpty Funeral March” (Brandeis). 10.5 p.m.—ERNEST SAGE, baritone: “Could I but find a Garden” (Nellie Simp- son). • “Bianca” (Tito Mattei). 10.12 p.m.—BRASS QUARTETTE* “Perfect Day” (Carrie Bond). “Love’s Old Sweet Song” (Taylor). 10.19 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contralto; “Good Morning Brother Sunshine” (Lehman). “I’ll Sing to You” (Thompson). 10.26 p.m.—STATION ORCHESTRA. Reverie, “Ecstasy” (Ganne). 10.33 p.m.—ERNEST SAGE, baritone: “Maxwellton Braes are Bonnie” (Lady John Scott). “The De’ils awa wi’ tsh’ Exciseman” (Lady John Scott). 10.40 p.m.—Late Sporting News. 10.50 p.m.—GRACE JACKSON, contralto: “Little Miss Melody” (Monckton). “Punchinello” (Molk>y). 10.57 p.m.—THE GLORY .OF THE GARDEN. Keep yours gay with a kaleidoscope of GaillardTa, Geum, Godetia and Gypsophylla. 10.58 p.m.—THOE. VAGABONDS: 11.40 p.m.—GOD SAVE THE KING. WHY POWER AUDIO IS BEING EMPHASIZED. Manufacturers of the more expen- sive radio receivers are placing so much emphasis upon power that the uninitiated are at a loss for a reason, they can remember when the three va £ e regenerative receiver provided sufficient volume to operate a loud speaker more or less satisfactorily, making the use of six or seven valves probably seem unnecessary. , .A Parallel is found in the automo- bile industry. Salesmen to-day place emphasis upon speed. One naturally wonders why, when forty miles an hour is probably the maximum that the average driver can make with the congested roads of to-day. The answer is that it is more com- fortable to ride at thirty-five or forty miles an hour in a car capable of doing sixty or seventy. The same reasoning holds true with a radio receiver. It is more comfort- able, measuring comfort in pleasing tone quality, to listen to a radio re- ceiver operated at half or three-quar- ters its total capacity than it is to listen to a smaller receiver which has to be operated at its greatest ampli- fication point to produce the same volume. This means longer valve life, better tone quality, and an abundance of re- serve powfcr that could not be obtained otherwise. ===Manufacturers Products Ad=== Manufacturers Products Pty. Ltd. IMPORTED SETS Agents for all Styles of Radio Products, including Clyde Batteries ARMAX BATTERIES Elec. Meter Mfg. Co. “Emmco” Renrade Condensers, Leaks. ASTOR SETS G & R SETS Airzone Coils and Loops. BALDWIN SPEAKERS Neutron Crystals Prompt shipments from Sydney Surplus Stocks sold Interstate. H. J. HAPGOOD Challis House, Martin Place SYDNEY Tel.: BW 1328 ==P.64 - Reader's Queries== All Readers' Queries Answered Here DYNE (ALBURY). —A.: I have received your letter and regret that owing to a mis- take your query was not previously answered. Whilst the UX2OIA is an excellent general purpose valve, yet trouble is often experienced with neutralisation when using in a radio frequency stage. I suggest that you try another valve of the same type you are now using in the second stage. This should over- come the difficulty. Your Solodyne receiver is apparently functioning well if you are receiv- ing the 4 principal New Zealand stations with ease. The broadness of tuning is un- doubtedly due to non-neutralisation of the first R.F. stage. The first thing to do is to make sure of neutralisation, otherwise the R.F. stages will become detrimental pas- sengers in the set. J.G.D. (EUMUNGERIE). —The reason you suddenly tuned in 2BL when using your short-wave adaptor recently, is because that station is now experimenting with short-wave transmission, using a wavelength of 32.55 metres. This is being done for the purpose of overseas transmission. C.S. (SYDNEY). —The B eliminator you have constructed should be quite suitable for use with the Extraordinary one valve set. The Te Ka De Pentatron Reinartz receiver recently described uses one Pentatron valve, which in effect takes the place of two valves by combining the detector and audio stages in one. It is quite a simple matter to add an extra stage of audio amplification in the usual way. The receiver would then be actu- ally comprised of three valves in effect. J.E. ( MASCOT). —The circuit diagram you have outlined will be quite suitable for the charging of A and B batteries. A valve which will be particularly suitable for use as a rectifier is the Osram RSV. These valves are very robust and are obtainable from the British General Electric Co., Clarence Street. Only a small charging rate will be obtainable, and in effect the charger 'will be of the Trickle type for A batteries. The rate may be varied to a certain degree by controlling the filament of the rectifier. SUBSCRIBER (BETHUNGRA).—The air- line distance of Manilla from Sydney is ap- proximately 4,000 miles. You should receive the Indian and Japanese stations at about the same time you are receiving KZRM. C.A.S. (MAITLAND). —Thank you for your appreciation of the Armstrong Circuit. The short wave telegraphy stations you hear In the vicinity of 32 metres are mostly Australian and New Zealand amateurs. Your interest in short wave reception will be greatly en- hanced if you teach yourself the Morse code. International broadcasting stations are at pre- sent rather spasmodic, and only a few have any regular hours of transmission. You will find SSW, England, on 24 metres, from about 11 p.m. and again in the morning about 7 a.m., Sydney time. —2XAD, U.S.A., is also to be found on 22 metres from about 5 a.m. to 8 a.m. E.P. (WALLSEND). —The result of having your loud speaker leads connected the wrong way around, without any intermediate filter circuit or other protection, would be the gradual demagnetisation of the unit wind- ings. If a filter circuit is included, then it is immaterial which way the speaker is con- nected. The positive terminal of the speaker is usually connected to the B positive side of the B battery. It is fairly easy to tell the correct way of connection by a simple ear test. If the speaker is connected the wrong way a slight amount of distortion will be pre- sent. R.F.A. (BALLIMORE). —A.: I am at a loss to understand your explanation that when you use a short-wave adaptor, with your super Neutrodyne, you cannot cut out the Sydney stations. No interference should be possible in any way from the broadcast band, when using an adaptor on the short wave bands. It is possible, however, that you are receiving harmonics of the Sydney A class stations, but these should not be powerful to any extent. AMATEUR (ARMIDALE).—The two Geco- phone audio transformers of 2 to 1 ratio would be suitable for use with your solodyne receiver, but would result in a slight loss of amplification. It would be better to use a 5 to 1 ratio transformer for the first stage and the 2 to 1 for the second stage. A grid leak valve of 3 megohms should be quite suit- able. Although a valve of 2 megohms is pro- bably specified, it is always advisable to test more than one leak of the same value to suit your detector valve, as many leaks as sold are, unfortunately, not of the value specified unless they are of reputable manufacture. Loud speaker results on various inter-State stations should be possible at times with the Solodyne during the day time in Armidale. J.K. (HURSTVILLE). —A simple method of valve rejuvenation is to leave the filament circuits of your receiver switched on and to reverse the B battery connections to the set. Allow the filaments to run for an hour or so under these conditions. N.J.K. (BANKSTOWN).—WhiIst a short wave adaptor is quite efficient in operation I recommend that wherever /possible, an en- tirely separate short wave receiver should be used for best results. In order to reduce the wave length range of your three valve Rein- artz receiver, it will be necessary to either reduce the capacity or inductance in the de- tector valve circuit. Try reducing the num- ber of turns on the grid portion of your Reinartz coil, but if this is a commercial production, it will probably be simpler to reduce the capacity of the tuning condenser by removing one or two plates. G.F. (LITHGOW). —It would be quite pos- sible to construct an efficient Browning Drake coil kit by making the coils of the Lorenz or basket weave type. The secondary of the R.F. transformer would require approxi- mately 60 turns 3 inches in diameter with a variable capacity of .0005. The prim should consist of, say, 20 turns, and the- Tickler 30. The R.F. coil would need 50 turns. R.O.S. (GUNDAGAI). —The reason you heard 2BL on your short wave is because that station is now testing on 32.55 metres. I strongly advise you to stick to the speeifica- tions given with the “Go-Getter” short wave receiver for best results. This receiver is capable of very good performance if properly constructed. W.G. (SYDNEY).—The best method of stepping down your 240 volt supply to 120 volts is by means of a step-down transformer. Alternatively a suitable variable resistance would have the same effect. « ===THE USE OF WIRED WIRELESS=== as a means of distributing pro- grammes over the telephone or electric light wires, instead of through the ether, appears to be increasing both in America and on the Continent. It offers the most practicable scheme for ensuring a choice of alternative programmes in large towns where selectivity upon a wireless receiver is rendered difficult by the presence of the local B.C. transmitter. Several programmes are fed simultaneously into the same conducting wires on a common carrier wave, and are separa- ted out at the receiving end, simply by plugging in the appropriate filter circuit. The currents so received are enormously stronger than the wireless waves picked up on the outside aerial. ===RECEIVERS=== OLD Sets adjusted or rebuilt. NEW Receivers built to order. I receiver built to suit your conditions s cheapest in the end. C. A. JENKINS, B.Sc., B.E. Ramsgate Av., Bondi. Phone FW2747 ===TRANSFORMERS=== Built up to a specification and wound, lamination iron cut to any size from stock. Prices and estimates on appli- cation. O'DONNELL, GRIFFIN & CO., LTD., 53 Druitt Street. SYDNEY. 'Phones: C 4545 and 4546. ==Inside Back Cover - Ad AWA== NEWS! Now available in Australia - p * w\ r % Ss* The Westlnghouse “REC-TOX” Battery Charger Made by "WESTINGHOUSE” incorporating new Rectifying principle. ABSOLUTELY DRY— No acid or bulb to replace. REQUIRES NO ATTENTION— No vibrating parts to get out of order. LIFE OF RECTIFYING ELEMENT practically unlimited. OBTAINABLE FROM ALL RADIO DEALERS. £5-10-0 A™lqamated;^^Wir«less ——' ~~^ < LAu7trnima uaJ WHITE TO-DAY Amalgamated Wireless (A/sia) Ltd. 47 York St., Sydney. Please send me your illustrated folder on Rectox Trickle Chargers. Name Address REC-TOX TRICKLE CHARGER it Manufactured wisTinCHOust eceCTRu e Mrc. co Sili wmmpnnnnj 0 G ==Back Cover - Amplion Ad== aMPLJOn CONE SPEAKER Jacobean Oak Type AC7— £7 : 15 :0 Other Amplion Cones from £2:15:0 h[AVE you heard one of the new Amplion Cones yet? If not, then you do not realise how delightfully natural radio reproduction can be. There is no artificial accerv tuation of the bass notes— no undue stress on the treble —it is just real. AMNION Cone Speakers are not merely put on the market to meet a sudden demand. They have to sustain a reputation built up in 40 years of manufacturing sound-repro- ducing devices. I 111:\ embody all the most recent improve- ments in Cone design, and are free from the defects so common to many Cone speakers. They utilise the finest type of electromagnetic unit, and a Cone made of seamless fabric, which is acoustically cor- rect and unsusceptible to atmospheric changes. have been designed to be as pleas- ing in appearance as in performance, and each is backed by the famous Amplion guarantee of satisfaction and service. u ,, The Natural T0116 Speaker w ."dI'f. nf Amp/inn, (Ans/rainsin), Limiter]. Sydmw and Mrlbourne. {{BookCat}} 12oicd444k3jhm4tpp9nx9ynffwbzza 0 423084 4632699 4585685 2026-04-27T10:40:15Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|talk]]) to last version by WereSpielChequers 4351914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{incomplete}} {{TOC right|limit=3}} ==Link to Issue PDF== [https://worldradiohistory.com/index.htm| WorldRadioHistory.com's] scan of Australasian Radio World - Vol. 01 No. 04 - August 1936 has been utilised to create the partial content for this page and can be downloaded at this link to further extend the content and enable further text correction of this issue: [https://worldradiohistory.com/AUSTRALIA/Archive-Australian-Radio-World/30's/Australasian-Radio-World-Vol-01-No-04-1936-08-01.pdf| ARW 1936 08] In general, only content which is required for other articles in this Wikibook has been entered here and text corrected. The material has been extensively used, inter alia, for compilation of [[b:History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Biographies| biographical articles]], [[b:History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Clubs| radio club articles]] and [[b:History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Stations| station articles]]. ==Front Cover== '''Amateur Radio''' Published in the interests of "Amateur Radio" by the Wireless Institute of Australia (Vic. Div.) official organ of the Royal Australian Air Force Wireless Reserve. (Logo - Royal Australian Air Force Wireless Reserve) (Logo - Wireless Institute of Australia) Price 6d October, 1933 ==Inside Front Cover - Radiotrons Ad== New SUPER-PHONIC Radiotrons TYPES 57—77 Triple Grid—Detector—Amplifier TYPES 58—78 Triple Grid Super Control Amplifier. TYPES 2A7—6A7 Pentagrid Converter TYPES 2B7—6B7 Duplex Diode Pentode TYPES 2F7—6F7 Triode—Pentode TYPE T—V Half Wave Rectifier Vacuum Type (Heater Cathode 6.3 volts) Ask for the Radiotron Characteristic Data Chart A COMPLETE RANGE TO MEET EVERY PURPOSE TO SUIT EVERY PURSE EQUIP YOUR RECEIVER WITH THE AMAZING NEW SUPER-PHONIC RADIOTRONS RADIOTRONS ASSOCIATED GENERAL ELECTRIC SUPPLIES CO. LTD. 93-95 CLARENCE STREET, SYDNEY. Corner QUEEN and LITTLE COLLINS STREETS, MELBOURNE, C.l. AMALGAMATED WIRELESS (A/SIA) LTD. 47 YORK STREET, SYDNEY 167/9 QUEEN STREET, MELBOURNE. (Advertisement of Amalgamated Wireless Valve Company Ltd.) ==P.01 - Vealls Ad== Pay Cash and Pay Less You can save good, hard cash when you deal with VEALLS, make it a habit—ALWAYS TRY VEALLS FIRST for All Your Radio & Electrical Requirements. Visit any one of our Four Big Stores —each packed with thousands of items of interest. If you cannot call—write for big Free 74 Page Catalogue. It contains over 500 illustrations and is essential to every Radio enthusiast. Arthur J-Veall VEALLS Pty* Ltd. 4 Big Cash Stores 168-127 Swanston Street, 243-249 Swanston Street, Melbourne. Melbourne. 299-301 CHAPEL STREET, PRAHRAN. 3-5 RIVERSDALE ROAD, CAMBERWELL. Cent. 2058 (5 lines); 10524 (2 lines); Wind. 1605; W-5160. 1st October 1933 ==P.02 - Noyes Bros Ad== "^XmjCutlccA. (ZoxLLCT <Sf/ 1st October, 1933 Dear Radio "Ham," Allow us to wish you every success in this, your new venture, may same be the means of bringing all interested in Amateur Radio into closer and better co-operation. Yours faithfully, " FERRA NOYES " SOLE COMPLETE AGENTS. STOCKS. 1st October, 1933.' ==P.03 - Contents Banner== "AMATEUR RADIO" Published by the Wireless Institute of Aust. Victorian Division. Vol. 1 — No. 10. October, 1933. ==P.03 - Index== '''Index.''' Editorial . . . Page 5 "Read, Mark, Learn" . . . Page 6 Simple Crystal Control . . . Page 7 Key Section Notes . . . Page 9 Phone Section Notes . . . Page 10 Victorian Railway Institute . . . Page 11 RAAF W.R. Notes . . . Page 12 Reserve Takes an Airing . . . Page 13 Radio Picture . . . Page 14 A.R.R.L. Test, 1933 Results . . . Page 15 Q.S.L. Bureau . . . Page 15 Antennae Wire . . . Page 15 Short Wave Notes . . . Page 16 W.J.A. Dinner . . . Page 17 Meetings . . . Page 17 Five Point Relay . . . Page 18 Identification Discs . . . Page 18 Country Notes . . . Page 19 Beru Notes . . . Page 19 Hamads . . . Page 20 North Suburban R.C. . . . Page 20 ==P.03 - Office Bearers== WIRELESS INSTITUTE OF AUSTRALIA. OFFICE-BEARERS 1933. President: Mr. GEO. THOMPSON, (VK3TH) Vice-Presidents: Mr. W. SONES, Mr. HOWDEN (VK3BQ), Mr. C. JOHNSON. Council: Mr. W. GRONOW, Mr. V. MARSHALL, Mr. R. DALTON, Mr. O. HOLST, Mr. I. HODDER. Secretary: Mr. G. DOUGLAS (VK3YK) Treasurer: Mr. S. BENNETT. Auditor: Mr. S. A. EMBLING, VK3DC Key Section Rep.: Mr. H. KINNEAR, VK3KN Short Wave Group Rep.: Mr. F. REES. R.A.A.F. W.R. Rep.: Mr. V. MARSHALL (VK3UK) QSL Bureau: Mr. R. JONES (VK3RJ) Traffic Manager: Mr. R. CUNNINGHAM (VK3ML) ==P.03 - Publication Notes== All communications concerning this Magazine and all Mss. to be forwarded to the Editor, "Amateur Radio," c/o Box 4540, G.P.O. Melbourne Subscription to "Amateur Radio" is 6/- per annum post free (paid in advance) but is offered at reduced rates to members of the Wireless Institute of Australia. ==P.04 - Philips Ad== '''THIS SECTION NOT YET TEXT CORRECTED''' PHILIPS TRANSMITTING VALVES THE PHILIPS transmitting valves indicated below are excellently adapted for use by amateurs. Most of these valves have an oxide-coated filament; this gives great mechanical strength and a high thermionic emission, notwithstanding the very small filament wattage. By reason of their special construction with anode and grid ter­minals on the bulb, Philips 5-watt, 10-watt and 75-watt triode trans­mitting valves will generate waves down to less than 5 metres. Owing to their steep slope, Philips transmitting valves can very easily be made to oscillate. These valves for amateurs will give a high output at a comparatively low anode voltage. Thanks to their excellent vacuum, the valves can withstand a tem­porary overload without sustaining any serious damage. Triodes Screen-Grid ValveB TYPE TC TC TC TB QC QB 03/5 04/10 1/75 2/250 05/15 2/75 Filament voltage 4.0 4.0 10-0 11-0 4-0 10-0 V Filament current* 0.29 1 1-6 3-8 1 3-25 A Saturation current* 100 400 1,500 2,000 400 2,000 mA Anode voltage 150-300 200-500 800-1,500 1,000-2,000 400-500 2,000 V Screen-grid voltage — 75-125 300-500 V Max. anode dissipation 6 10 75 150 15 75 W Anode dissipation on test .. 10 20 100 200 20 100 W Max. screen-grid dissipation — 3 15 W Amplification factor* 6 25 25 25 225 200 Mutual conductance (slope)* 2.3 2.0 5 4 1-4 1-4 mA/V Int. resistance* 2,503 12,500 5,000 6,000 160,000 150,000 R Anode-grid capacity — .001 .02 mra/F Call or Write for our Transmitting Valve Folder. (Gratis) TRANSMITTING DEPT. PHILIPS LAMPS (AUSTRALASIA) LTD. 354 POST OFFICE PLACE, MELBOURNE. ==P.05 - Editorial== '''EDITORIAL.''' '''W.I.A. (Vic.). President (Geo. Thompson Esq.) Introduces "Amateur Radio."''' With this, the first issue of "Amateur Radio," a long-felt want is being satisfied. It is a far cry from our old Magazine which appeared in 1921 to the present time, and during the intervening years, many and varied attempts have been made to offer the army of radio enthusiasts in Australia something worth while, which would be of real interest, value and help. It is the intention of the magazine committee, the council, and all concerned, to see that every section of our vast radio community is catered for in these pages. With that object in view, pithy news of general interest will regularly find space in its pages. To all members of the W.I.A., especially those of the Victorian Division, the R.A.A.F.W. Reserve, and all radio enthusiasts, we confidently look for wholehearted support in this undertaking. This magazine is the official organ of the Victorian Division, every financial member of which will receive a copy post free, and every Ham should see that they receive one. We have in Victoria approximately 300 members and three affiliated clubs, but there are quite a number of holders of the A.O.P.C. who have not yet enrolled. In view of the fact that the officials of the Institute do an enormous amount of work voluntarily (not only in the interests of our members but also of the non-members), it is not in keeping with the Ham spirit to take a share of the advantages which the other fellows' fees and energy provide. Our ranks are open to anyone who is genuinely interested in the science of Wireless, irrespective of their knowledge of the subject, and a hearty welcome is assured to all members with a definite promise of assistance and help, in any desired direction within our scope. The country experimenter will now be in closer touch with the city enthusiasts and will be kept informed of all Institute activities right up to the minute. The Institute, in a general sense, is divided into four sections (with a possible fifth to be formed later). Of these, the chief is, of course, the Executive, known as the Council, which consists of the President, Secretary, Treasurer and ten full members elected annually, whose duty it is to shape the destiny of the Division, control its funds and do all such acts and deeds which are essential for the successful functioning of the whole, within the limits of the constitution. The Short Wave Group, which is the latest section, is devoted to the Experimental side of short wave transmitting and receiving, and much good work is being done by this very enthusiastic body. The "Key" Section, probably the largest numerically of all the sections, is a very active group whose work largely constitutes filling the atmosphere with "dits and dahs," burning much midnight Yallourn energy, and in general communication with the uttermost ends of the earth, with as low power as possible. It is largely from this group that the Royal Australian Air Force Wireless Reserve was recruited, and so successful has been the experiment, that it has now been officially accepted as an indispensable unit of our country's Defence Forces. The "Key" Section is largely responsible, in conjunction with other Amateurs the world over, for the successful pioneering of the many frequencies or wavelengths which were at one time considered impossible, but which are now in general use. The Telephone Section, which is undoubtedly the best known to the general body of listeners, is also very live, energetic and enthusiastic. Their work generally needs no amplification — the very high standard of their transmissions, excellent arrangement of programmes from a purely listener's viewpoint and the high entertainment value of their labours, are a real asset not only to the W.I.A., but to the Government and the Radio Trade generally. There are 22 Country and 24 Metropolitan Amateur Stations actively engaged in entertaining listeners during non-broadcast hours on week nights and Sundays. In many cases in the country, they provide the only programmes that can be received decently owing to atmospheric conditions, particularly during daylight. Mention should be made of the Technical Development Section, a small committee of highly trained technicians who control the Instrument Library of the Institute, and who are always ready and willing to offer the benefit of their greater knowledge to their less advanced fellow members. The possible fifth section to be known as the Super Het Club, depends largely upon the public response to the suggestion and, if formed, will be open to everyone. Interesting competitions with valuable prizes for the logging of distant stations, advice on constructing efficient receivers, short wave converters, interesting lectures, a portion of this magazine devoted entirely to their interests, participation in our social life, and a host of other interesting and entertaining features will be arranged, the cost being practically reduced to subscription to this publication. There is several hundred pounds worth of highly efficient gear, such as broadcast and short wave transmitters and receivers, meters of all kinds and technical publications at the disposal of our members and it is the earnest desire of the Council that the fullest possible use be made of them. This first editorial would not be complete without reference to the wonderful assistance and courteous consideration that we have received from the Department of the Chief Inspector of Wireless at all times. To Mr. J. Malone and his staff, Messrs. Martin, Dobbin, Conry, Greig and Dunne, do we express our cordial greetings and thanks. We have every confidence that, in this journal, our many transmitting and receiving radio friends will find news of interest of other people's doings and at the same time have a forum in which to place their own ideas pertaining to Amateur Radio. ==P.06 - THE EDITOR'S CQ== '''THE EDITOR'S CQ.''' Our President has introduced us in no uncertain manner. Concise, without any "padding," he has laid bare the workings of the W.I.A. To him we offer our sincere thanks: to our members, for their approval, we offer "Amateur Radio." With this first issue, it is most necessary to mention our various advertising friends. These people are the very life blood of "Amateur Radio," inasmuch as their dues in no small way contribute to allaying our printing costs. You can believe us when we tell you that selling advertising space is no easy matter. We appeal to you to support our advertisers, and when you buy any parts to make that new set, we want you to mention that you saw their ad. in "Amateur Radio," thus making Goodwill for the magazine with the surety of renewal of contracts. We cannot stress this point too strongly. So this is "Amateur Radio!" If you don't like it, tell us; if you do, tell your friends.— '''THE EDITORS.''' ==P.06 - "Read, Mark, Learn —"== There's a brotherhood of radio Right throughout our land to-day All experimenting, testing Banded by the W.I.A. Live in shacks and such like places Wotting not of things around Caring not for mundane matters Long as D X may be found. Nought to 'them if markets vary While their tubes and "batts" are sound, Though the exchange rate's a problem When subscription date comes round. When they meet in solemn conclave, Things of moment are discussed; Questions of the day propounded; How the foreign cards are rushed! Since that VK3's suggestion That they start a magazine Was considered and adopted Great discussions there have been. Send along your contributions, All can help to make it go, Pull your weight, and get behind it — Here's to "Amateur Radio." '''(Mrs.) L. E. HUTCHINGS, (VK3HM).''' ==P.07 - Simple Crystal Control== '''SIMPLE CRYSTAL CONTROL''' '''By MAX HOWDEN (VK3BQ)''' There are two main reasons given as objections to the use of C.C. and one of these really includes two others. The first is that several stages must be used and this makes the cost too high and makes the outfit too bulky. The second is that it is supposed to be impossible to change the frequency when QRM is bad. We will dispose of the latter argument in a few words by stating that a piece of mica, approximately the same shape as the crystal and about seven mills thick, placed with the crystal in the holder, will increase the frequency enough to clear the signals from any reasonable QRM. To go back to the first item and its two riders — some experiments were carried out at 3BQ a few weeks ago and the eighty metre transmitter that will be described now is the result. The advantages of the penthode as a CO. have been dealt with at some length in QST and other journals, but none of these seem to have made any mention of the higher power that can be used without any risk of damage to the crystals. The first tube that was tested was an E443N with 60 volts battery bias, 150 volts on the space charge grid and gradually increased plate voltage. At 400 the input power was eight watts with the aerial taking the load and a good deal of local work has been carried out with this arrangement. The actual crystal current was so small that it could hardly be measured and as any good crystal will stand up to some 100 ma. of R.F. in its actual circuit (that is, as measured by the thermo couple milliameter at M) it was thought safe to increase the voltage up to 600. With this the input increased to 24 watts with a hardly perceptable increase in the crystal current. The E443N showed no signs of strain so 1000 volts were tried. At that the crystal current was about 25 ma showing that the crystal would be safe with anything up to 16 times the power. The input with 1000 volts on the plate was 55 watts and with the aerial taking the load the valve did not heat but when a 247 was tried in its place it flashed over at the pinch at the first touch of the key. At 600 volts the 247 behaved in a similar manner to the 443. Eventually it was decided to see what effect 1400 volts would have on the valve. Nothing drastic happened although that aerial ammeter needle hit the far end and the valve thought it had been mistaken for a neon sign. The input was 90 watts and the valve still functions normally but what was most satisfactory was that the crystal current was only 42 ma. which showed that with a suitable valve or valves in parallel to handle the power, the crystal would not object to a couple of hundred watts anyway. It would seem that a couple of F443's or QG 5/15's in parallel would go nicely but they have not been tried as yet. The next step was the introducing of automatic bias which worked very well and gave the valve a fair chance with the higher voltages. Several PM24B's were tested at 1000 volts and except for slightly lower input they functioned the same as the 443 except that they did not glow noticably. The inductances were rather too large to tune down to the forty metre band so half of each was shorted out when the 7 m.c. harmonic crystal was tried. The efficiency seemed to be just the same as on eighty metres so with eight turns of heavy wire of small tubing in each coil shunted by a .0005 condenser both bands can easily be covered, by simply switching in the other coil and retuning with the condensers. For twenty metre work, those who have twenty metre crystals are welcome to test them to any power they like, and others who have not a crystal of this frequency are recommended to replace the crystal holder by a .002 mfd. condenser and to insert a small diameter coil of about 25 turns of fine wire at M and so turn the outfit into a TNT rig. If after testing, etc., no results have been obtained, it is then advisable to short out the automatic bias and everything should be OK. This is the reason for the 25,000 ohm. grid leak in place of the more usual grid choke across the crystal. The other R.F. chokes consist of some four inches of ¾in. tubing close wound with 32 DSC wire. One of these chokes can be used across the crystal for those who prefer to utilise some other type of set for twenty metre work. The keying in the HT neg. lead is quite satisfactory and very clean with good active crystals but one or two have been tried that would not respond fast enough and for them it was necessary to key the space charge grid by inserting the key and filter at X. A very nice noise is created when the key is used in this position with 1000 volts on an active crystal, but it is difficult to copy on account of the strong backwave caused by the tube still oscillating feebly. At 400-600 volts this back wave is hardly noticeable and the keying excellent. For these relatively low powers all the key filter need consist of is a small inductance such as the secondary of an audio transformer and a half mike condenser across both key and choke together with a .1 mfd. condenser across the key itself. For higher powers about double values should be used with anything up to 30 henries in the choke and a 400 ohm. resister in series with the small condenser if the arcing at the key is bad. The voltage divider used to break the space charge grid voltage down to a reasonable value is not at all critical but it seems to be advisable to use a high value in this position rather than a normal resistance and higher bias on the control grid. The reason for this is that the space charge grid is not capable of handling much power and is likely to be melted if too much pressure is applied to it. Using it in conjunction with a straight SG detector and penthode all AC receiver, stations up to within 100 KC of the crystal in use, can be heard with the key down and of course with the key up there is no blanketing at all. Several good break-in QSO's have been held with interstate stations with no trouble at all while local work can be carried on indefinitely. One word of warning to those who think that anything is near enough. It will be noticed that the aerial coil is coupled to the filament end of the tank coil and that the live end is the furthest from the tank and this should be followed. With other methods keying will be sluggish and very wide spacing will be necessary before the crystal will oscillate at all. Nothing has been said so far concerning push-pull because it was not intended to make this transmitter any more complicated than necessary and little if anything could be gained except by those who are lucky enough to possess a couple of QC 2/75's or something even bigger in the way of screen grid valves. These should work well in push pull with even half a kilowatt input without damage to the crystal provided that the aerial is coupled and tuned before the full power is applied. Several years ago two 210's were tried in push-pull at 3BQ with 40 watts input on the 40 metre band. Many Yanks were worked and the crystal, a forty metre fundamental slab, is still intact. Heissing modulation has been tested on the present outfit and is quite satisfactory provided that the crystal is not worked too near the cut-off point. '''(GRAPHIC TO BE INSERTED)''' ==P.09 - Key Section Notes== '''Key Section Notes.''' NOTICE:— The next meeting of the Key Section will be held on Tuesday, 3rd October at 8 p.m. As this is by far the most important of our notes, in this issue we give it pride of place. At the last meeting an increase of nearly 50 per cent in attendance, including 7 new members, speaks eloquently for the interest with which the boys look forward to meeting nights. Nearly every newly licenced ham makes his debut as a pounder of brass and we should be fully aware that his first and most lasting impressions are gained in our ranks. Let us strive to make them very pleasant ones, for who of us can look back to the time when he started without realising that a little encouragement and patience will earn the gratitude of the newcomer and convince him that the ham spirit is really existent. However, let me give a word of warning concerning illegal operating. By all means help a man who is keen to get his "ticket," but don't condone his installing and operating a transmitter until he has an A.O.P.C. The authorities are getting more strict on this breach of regulations and detection not only prejudices his chances, but also renders you liable to proceedings. DX conditions on 'forty' are now looking up and some of the boys have done excellent work recently on this band. Unfortunately DX has its bad points. Have you ever searched the band from end to end in the hope that you will find someone with whom you can have a yarn — in vain? Has it ever struck you that DX is not now the wonder that it was a few years ago? And do you ever realise that indulgence in DX to the exclusion of the other branches of the grand old radio game is the surest way to kill the ham spirit. Let us but realise that DX is not an achievement in these days, that our licences were granted primarily to encourage experimental work, that if we are to EXIST in the not so distant future, it is only by fostering the brotherhood of amateurs by banding together in a strong organisation and putting the very best we can into it that we can hope to keep the privileges that we now enjoy. Believe me, we have a lot to do to justify our existence. Let us pull together with the Wireless Institute as our protecting organisation and we CAN do it. With all that off our chest, let us now consider something which will interest us all. The Federal Executive is staging a five point relay contest in October. This will be the first of a series of six contests, the winner of each of which will receive a handsome trophy. It rests with the gang to show them that not only the winner but also second, third and fourth at least live in VK3. In addition to the trophies already mentioned, there is a trophy for the State which obtains the highest aggregate score over the six contests and is known as the "Fisk Shield." Now here is a chance to show your team spirit, gang. Every entry means another man in the team, and ~very man means more points to VK3. We want that trophy and we have just got to get it. The details and rules of the contest will be found elsewhere in this issue. Read them up now and put your station in order for the big fight. It is a surprising fact that portables have not found very much favour in this country, but with summer and the holiday season fast approaching, a fine opportunity for progressive hams to do a bit of thinking along these lines is presented. What is wanted is a portable which is primarily cheap, efficient, really portable, and lastly, reliable. Don't forget, however, that permission to operate a portable station must first be obtained from the P.M.G.'s Department. This page is for your use; it is up to all members of the Key Section to give all the suggestions and helpful criticism you can; and to help you do this VK3XR and VK3PS will be on the air, calling "CQ MAG," on schedules given below to take any 'dope' you care to shoot along. VK3PS — 7050 KC, Wednesday and Thursday, 1930 MMT. VK3PS—3525 KC, alternate Sundays, 11.30 MMT. VK3XR—7280 KC, Monday and Friday, 1930 MMT.; Sunday, 1230 MMT. Finally we would like to welcome the following new members to the ranks of the Key Section: VK3HQ, VK3OP, VK3PQ, VK3ZQ, VK3QJ, VK3FJ, VK3FG and VK3KC. '''J. H. WINTON, VK3XR.''' ==P.10 & 11 - Phone Section Notes== '''Phone Section Notes''' At the meeting of the above Section held on Tuesday, September 12, office-bearers were selected for the coming year. Chairman: Mr. R. M. Dalton (3UI). Secretary: Mr. I. Morgan (3DH). Assistant Secretary: Mr. W. Fitzpatrick (3WF). In addition to these we have the allocation Committee as follows:— Mr. Manning, Mr. J. Kurley, Mr. Lahiff, and Mr. L. Richards. This number is one more than with which we have previously worked, but it was unanimously decided that since these gentlemen are fairly well spread out geographically, everyone should have a better chance of getting a fair observation. Now first and foremost the subject of publicity for the Institute. This matter was dealt with to a certain extent at our last meeting, and has, as a matter of fact, been discussed at meetings for some time. We cannot stress too heavily the importance of letting everyone, not only active amateurs or interested experimenters, know that they can achieve little or nothing unless they are members of this body. Anyone who has just a slight interest in radio reception should join the W.I.A. The benefits which would be theirs are worth as much as their gear or knowledge, be it large or small. The Phone Stations can do more than their share to make these people realise they should be members. By virtue of the fact that the 'phone section members are in direct contact with the Broadcast Listeners, the "Superhet Club," (details of which will be found in our President's Editorial) must be made known to everyone in Melbourne, at least, who listens to Amateur transmissions either by design or accident. This brings us to an important point. Repeating what was said at the meeting, our channels, given us for use on Sundays MUST be utilised 100 per cent.—they are one of our most valuable assets, and we cannot afford to lose them, which may possibly be the case if they are not given full use. If you cannot go on the air yourself, always remember to communicate with the other chap with whom you share your frequency allocation. With regard to the doings of the "Phone Hams" the writer attempted to collect information, but most of them appear to be rebuilding or installing larger or more tubes to get out further (?) with the same power, but no very technical information was forthcoming. VK3CB particularly, seems to be building a large frame for a new transmitter, which will be, he says, water cooled (the frame only) also the house has been repainted and the radiation (?) has increased by 100 per cent. When 3CB was asked by the allocation Committee if he wanted a wave length, since there was no application in, he said "Yes,— same wave length, same time," and 3BY was heard to remark — "and same rotten transmissions." By the way, can you find the new call sign attached to a certain gentleman's name on our Index page? There are probably quite a number of chaps working on "Phone" who have been, or are, specialising in some particular branch of "Phone Work" such as, tubes for speech amplifier work, microphones, pickups, and methods of coupling microphones, tubes and pickups. Also modulation systems, and a score of other branches. Now why can't we have an article from at least one member of our gang in every issue of "Amateur Radio." There are enough items to last for years, and since every man has probably a different opinion on each subject, we should have an unlimited supply. There seems to have been an increase in the amount of "duplex rag-chewing" going on, in the last couple of months. The period of the winter months, when one prefers to remain at home, may have something to do with it; at any rate the value of this work is quite high. Getting back to the subject of publicity once more; in this direction we could perhaps commence this part of the performance earlier in the evening; then about 12 p.m. on Sundays, and by suitable arrangements, have a "National Hookup," as it were, and all stations could broadcast the same programme simultaneously, consisting of some W.I.A. propaganda. Apart from the possible subject of the material broadcast, the mere fact of its being a novelty would make the public sit up and take more notice. This scheme was brought up by Mr. G. F. Thompson at a "Phone Meeting" some months ago, and since nothing has been done regarding the matter there is an obvious necessity for more co-operation. There are no real difficulties attached to the stunt from a technical point of view. Most of us are able to work duplex with a few stations and all that is necessary is a receiver capable of picking up another station and rebroadcasting it on one's own frequency. There also is a simple and interesting means of making the "Phone Section" Notes contain some real ideas worth swopping. The writer will be "on the air" each Sunday at about 12 p.m. (after 3BY has closed down) to receive information for publication in "Amateur Radio." It is much easier to yarn about your ideas than make up an article, so let's have one or both. A chat on the above notes at our next meeting on Tuesday, 10th October, would be appreciated. Country members of this section please note that their permits are now due for renewal, and they are advised to communicate with the Department immediately. New Frequency allocations for the country are in the hands of Mr. G. Thompson, c/o W.I.A., to whom you are advised to write. '''IVOR MORGAN (VK3DH).''' ==P.11 - Victorian Railways Institute (Wireless Club)== '''VICTORIAN RAILWAYS INSTITUTE (Wireless Club)''' Since the Victorian Railways Institute Wireless Club's first provisional Committee of nine met in June, 1926, steady progress in activity has been registered, there now being approximately 300 members on the books. During this period, owing to the depression, rationing and dismissals in the Railway Department a loss of membership was felt, but at the end of this financial year the Club is comparatively as sound as at its inception. From a modest beginning the experimental station, VK3RI has in a matter of a little over seven years assumed quite respectable proportions and now ranks with the foremost amateur stations as is testified by the hundreds of appreciative letters on file in the Club Room, many of these from so far afield as New Guinea, New Zealand and Western Australia. Nearly 5000 applications have been received from listeners for Q.S.L. Cards in the last six years. Not so long ago, broadcast experiments were being conducted by our enthusiasts, using very crude apparatus, the power for which was derived from a few "B" batteries, but the indifferent results obtained in no way damped their ardour. Since that time, however, gear to the value of nearly £500 is now in regular use at the Club, including some very fin® laboratory apparatus. At the last Annual Meeting held on 24th August, the following office-bearers were elected for ensuing year: President: Mr. T. Ramsay. Vice-Presidents: Mr. A. Galbraith, Mr. G. Massey. Council: Mr. W. Smart, Mr. E. Greer, Mr. J. McBain, Mr. E. Milligan, Mr. N. Hienrichsen, Mr. W. Harrison, Mr. K. McCarthy (3FX), Mr. H. Byrne (3HB), Secretary: Mr. W. E. Brennan (3RO) Treasurer: Mr. W. I. May. Assist. Secretary: Mr. C. H. Harris. A Smoke Social followed the Annual Meeting and the guests of honor were Messrs. G. Thompson, "Goke" Dalton and G. Douglas of the W.I.A. VK3RO proposed the toast of the W.I.A. and George Thompson responded in a manner suitable to the occasion. ==P.11 - Harmonics== '''"HARMONICS"''' During the summer, 3UK and 3ML are going away, one week-end each month and will be carrying out some special tests. Three transmitters will be taken, one for 80 mx, one for 40 mx and 20 mx and one for 10 mx and 5 mx. Full details of dates and schedules will be in next issue. '''"HARMONICS"''' When at school in 1912, VK3BY used to work out the answers to his home lessons with his school pals via the air with a spark transmitter. We think what we heard the other night was a couple of young chaps talking trig, in a new continent for W.A.C. called Algebra! ==P.12 - Royal Australian Air Force Wireless Reserve== '''ROYAL AUSTRALIAN AIR FORCE WIRELESS RESERVE - VICTORIAN NOTES''' It is a very happy feeling to pick up pencil and paper, to write the Reserve notes for the inaugural issue of "AMATEUR RADIO," because we know our magazine is going to fill a long felt want in the W.I.A. It will serve to draw closer together the various sectionalised activities of the Institute and provide a medium, through which each of us will know just what the other man is doing. Briefly, the Royal Australian Air Force Wireless Reserve was designed to utilize the services and equipment of licensed amateurs in the following directions:— (a) To facilitate communication between Air Force stations and detached aircraft. (b) To co-operate in the observation of tests of Air Force W/T equipment. (c) To foster interest in the Air Force and aviation in general, with particular regard to communication as an auxiliary to ground organisation. (d) To provide the basis of an emergency communication system to be used in the event of permanent communications breaking down. (e) To facilitate the collection of weather reports. (f) To train amateurs generally in the correct RAAF W/T procedure for the expeditious handling of traffic. The Reserve in Victoria is divided into sections of six stations each, including a Section Commander. Each station holds office as Section Commander for a two monthly period, thus every man has control of his section for eight weeks each year. Trophies are given annually fob the best section, the best Section Commander and the best traffic handler in Victoria, and these are presented at the Reserve Convention which is held in Melbourne each September. Our second Annual Convention has just finished and we have had one of the happiest, busiest and most tiring weeks of our lives! On Monday, September 4th the balloon — sorry — the plane went up, and, as a curtain-raiser for the big week, we had a dinner followed by a theatre night. Tuesday saw the serious work commence when the country members were medically examined and duly enlisted in the re-organised Reserve. Under the new organisation, our section of the W.I.A. becomes the Wireless Section of the RAAF Reserve, thus all members must enlist in the Reserve in the normal manner. On Tuesday evening our first meeting was held at 3Z1 (3UK). After the District Commander had opened the Convention and touched on the main points of interest during the past year, Wing Commander Wrigley presented the Trophy to this year's crack traffic handler 3D4 (30R), and a cup to last year's winner 3A5 (3OW). Flight-Lieutenant Wiggins gave a very interesting talk on the Reserve and its future, and after a great deal of discussion (but no yarns, hi!) the evening broke up, everyone looking forward with the keenest anticipation to the Wednesday and Thursday, for they were the BIG days of the week. Wednesday dawned fine but windy and after meeting at the Barracks, the whole gang left for two days, in Plane to ground W/ T training at Laverton and Pt. Cook. The whole story of the two great days is told by Doug 3C5 (3YK) below. Wednesday night was "half time" so all had an early night, except a few indefatiguables who "did the shows"! Thursday and Friday nights were devoted to discussions on procedure, arranging new contests and, in general, forming our domestic policy for the coming year. Then on Saturday night the country members were the guests of the W.I.A. at one of the biggest, brightest and best dinners and smoke nights we have ever had. They say all good things must come to an end — perhaps it makes us appreciate them all the more while they last — but it was with a feeling of genuine regret that we left 3D6's (3YL's) on Sunday night for we realised it was writing 'Finis' on the Convention for yet another year. We all had a great night there, thanks to our charming hostesses, and it seemed a fitting end to a great week. Monday saw the departure of most of the country boys and on Monday night the old familiar signals appeared again on 3.5MC. With old friendships renewed and new ones formed, with the ties that bind us all into one unit, stronger than ever, this coming year bids fair to far surpass any of its predecessors. If we can feel at the end, that we have accomplished something for our country, through our Hobby, we will be more than satisfied. '''THE ROYAL AUSTRALIAN AIR FORCE WIRELESS RESERVE''' '''THE RESERVE TAKES AN "AIRING"''' '''By 3C5 (3YK)''' Each year, at our Annual Reserve Convention, a period of training in plane to ground radio work will be carried out at Laverton. This year the BIG days were Wednesday and Thursday, 13th and 14th September. Wednesday was rather blowy, but fine and all were in great spirits, when they met at 0930 in front of the RAAF HQ. Transport was arranged by Tender and a hilarious trip down was made. As the Tender was shod with solid rubber tyres, a little QSX by some of the gang was excusable! On arrival at Laverton, the boys were divided into two sections; Nr. I, which consisted of those who had been medically examined and duly enlisted on the previous day, and Nr. 2, who still had to undergo the test. The first item on the program was an inspection, by both sections, of Nr. I. Aircraft Depot. Those of the gang who had a leaning towards engineering, were especially interested in the overhauling of the aero engines, which of course, is a very frequent and important event for each machine. The interest intensified on arrival at the parachute room and, as Nr. I. section was to fly in the afternoon, the more imaginative must have had visions of joining the Caterpillar Club! This inspection over, the journey was continued to Pt. Cook for lunch in the Airmen's Mess, where some surprising quantities of food were put away, by those who had no qualms of what the afternoon would bring forth (or up!), through airsickness. After lunch, the sections divided, Nr. 2 repairing to the Ward Room for Medical examination and enlistment. Nr. I. section was split up into three subsections; A. went to the pier-head and the W/T equipped Southampton, in which the days flying was to be carried out, B, went to the receiving station and C to the transmitting rooms. The ground transmitters are remotely controlled from the receiving rooms, so, while sub-section C examined the transmitting equipment, B held two-way communication with A. After about three-quarters of an hour's flying, the Southampton alighted, and the sub-sections changed around. Later, a third change was effected, thus, each had a period of working the ground from the air, the air from the ground, and also examining the origin of the "hefty wollop" known as VJP. Meanwhile section 2 had been put through its paces in the ward room and had also had a very instructive and entertaining! lecture, on Procedure in traffic handling. Both sections re-united at about 1700 hours, and, after several false starts, when various members were reported missing, the gang left for VIM. Next morning, a baby gale was blowing and a few of Nr. 2 section, whose turn it was for flying, wished they had been allotted to Nr. 1 and had had their plane training on the previous day! One member failed to turn up and in the end the Tender had to leave with him. Whilst passing through the city, however, a frantic CQ was heard and the missing one was sighted, doubling "hell for leather" through the traffic. Apparently he wasn't used to being punctual; after all, what is an hour or two in the country? hi hi. After a desperate chase, he was eventually hauled on board, nearly dead to the world! On arrival at Pt. Cook, a demonstration of message picking up from the ground, was given by a Wapiti. This was followed by light signalling between plane and ground. After lunch, section 2 was divided into sub-sections, as Nr. 1 had been on the previous day. As the weather was bad, a Wapiti was used instead of the Southampton. This, of course, necessitated the members going up singly, instead of in subsections as on the Wednesday. All the gang realised, that operating from the observer's cockpit of a Wapiti is not conducive to good keying, especially in the boisterous weather experienced. The writer lost a pair of goggles from about 2000 feet and was well stung by the driving rain, which was falling rather heavily whilst he was having his flip. Nevertheless, a report and some traffic was exchanged with the ground station quite OK. Each sub-section, when inspecting the transmitting rooms, found its ideas, on various well-known components, somewhat upset by the gigantic proportions, of some of them. The tank coil of one of the long wave transmitters, could have conveniently served as a cage for a couple of tigers and, some of the stand-off insulators, might have done duty for gate-posts. 1700 hours found us regretfully realising that the two great days were over. We piled into the Tender for the return journey, tired, but all sparking well and whiled away the trip back, by some very bright reminiscences (note 'reminiscences' is not spelt Y-A-R-N-S!!). They had been two very enjoyable days and our thanks are due to all at Laverton and Pt. Cook for their efforts on our behalf. There are still a few vacancies in the sections, for both town and country stations. Here is a real opportunity for doing something of tangible usefulness with your hobby. Even apart from the Patriotic standpoint, enlistment in the Reserve carries with it many advantages from the Amateur point of view. All Hams interested write immediately to District Commander, RAAF W.R. 3rd. District, 5 Fordholm Road, Hawthorn, E.2. ==P.20 - Systematic Servicing Brings Best Results== Syste111ati~ Servi~i11g Bri11gs Best Results Thorough Set Overhaul Gi,Tes Most Satisiactio1• By "SERVICEMAN" IN servicing receivers, a definite system of tracking down faults should always be followed. "Hit or miss" methods should not be tolerated, as in nine cases out of ten they mean high charges and low profits. A well-equipped and properly-run service department can not only show a good return, but also it is a valuable aid in building goodwill. The system for service procedure outlined below is perhaps more thorough than that generally used by servicemen, but it certainly gets results. Buppose, for example, a radio comes; in for service, and after a few minutes with the voltmeter the serviceman finds it has a shorted screen by-pass condenser. Most service- men would replace that condenser with an equivalent unit and· return the receiver as O.K" Methods like this do more to increase the cost of service than anything else, because, while the charge may be low in the first instance, the chances are ten to one that there are more leaky condensers and perhaps weak valves in the set which will necessitate another call a few weeks later. If such a case occurs, the owner not ·only pays for two calls, but he may also begin to doubt the ability ·of the serviceman. The system developed by the writer includes rigid inspection and test of nearly all parts of a radio chassis and speaker. For the sake of clarity, each test is numbered, described, and details of the test equipment used are given. · Test No. 1 really includes the service call. It is useless for a service- man to rush into a home, collect the radio set, and rush it back to the N.S.W., Australia. Mr. Gregory will put on DX programmes any night, midnight-to-dawn hours. 2UW is getting out very well in U.S.A., India and England, and they invite DX co-operation. Their New Zealand breakfast session from 4 to 5 a.m. E.A.S.T. is well worth listening to. Another station that broadcasts regular DX programmes- for New Zealand- is amateur station VK2QY, 45 Oxford Street, Paddington, N.S.W. Gilbert S. Hayman (Bronte, N.S.W.). workshop, because the trouble might easily be a faulty aerial wire, a shorted lightning arrester, a blown fuse, a break in the power flex, or a slipping knob or dial. A service call should include a rigid inspection of the aerial and earth system-and of the power circuit if the receiver fails to light up. If it lights but will not work, valves should be tested and replaced if necessary. If the fault is apparently in the chassis itself, •the set should be brought in to the workshop for repair. This procedure applies to sets located within a limited radius. If any great distance has to be covered it is wise to treat the case as a special one and endeavour to repair the set on the job. In Test No. 2 it is assumed that the receiver has been brought in for re- pair. The best procedure is to re- move it from its cabinet and clean ·the dust out of cabinet and chassis. Then connect the receiver to a power outlet and hook up the aerial and earth. If there is still no reception, make a careful test of the valves. The power transformer may smoke, which indicates a short or a breakdown. The rectifier plates may get red hot, indicating a short, probably in a filter condenser. Of course, in the case of a faulty transformer or condenser, the unit must be replaced before further tests can be made. Test No. 3 includes the checking of all condensers and resistors. Faulty condensers are among the commonest causes of breakdown. For this test use a good condenser analyser capable of measuring leakage and capacity. Any doubtful condenser should be discarded, particularly if high voltage is applied across it. Many "call-backs" are eliminated if proper attention is given to the condensers, and it should be remembered that radio owners do not like their sets going out of action about once a month. Condensers. should also be checked for capacity and while making this test it is as well to pull gently on the pigtails to make sure the condenser does not open intermittently. Resistors should be checked with an accurate ohm meter or bridge, and anything showing a tolerance greater (Continued on page 54.) Systematic Servicing (continued from page 2C) than + or - 10 per cent. should be discarded. Volume and tone controls are included as resistors, and should be checked and replaced if faulty. Test No. 4 includes an accurate check on all voltages and currents. This is best done with a multi-range meter, with. plate break adapters for measuring plate current. It is of course important, especially with non-A.V.C. sets, to have the volume control full on. This test ·should -take· very litt~e · · time, because by now it is established that valves, condensers and.,-resjstor,..s are in perfect order. , : · Test No. 5 is purely a loudspeaker test. Intermittent faults are some- times caused by a break in the field coil or a break in the primary of the matching transformer. For the speaker test, use a 400-volt power supply, with a 0-100 m.a. meter and 10,000-ohm heavy duty potentiometer in series, and pass a heavy current through the field coil and transformer primary. Any intermittent fault should show up immediately; The speaker should now be tested for rattles, using a good baffle for the purpose. If there is even the slightest rattle, dismantle the speaker, clean out any dust or dirt, re-assemble it, and re-centre the cone. Elusive rattles may sometimes be cured by applying a thin coat of glue over the voice coil and its assembly. Also inspect voice coil connections for breaks. The speaker should be in perfect order before it is returned to the cabinet. Test No. 6 includes a complete line ~up of the receiver. An all-wave signal generator is necessary for this test, preferably one with its output calibrated in microvolts so that the actual sensitivity of a receiver may be measured and passed as normal for a receiver of the type. Alignment should be perfect; and if the dial is frequency calibrated, the stations should come in on the correct readings. When sensitivity and calibration are finished, the receiver should be passed to test No. 7. Test No. 7 is for the purpose of checking. The receiver should be checked for tonal quality, sensitivity, selectiv~ty, dial calibration, speaker rattles, and for a slipping dial, as well as for other loose parts about the chassis. When passed as O.K. it should be replaced in the cabinet, checked again for dial position and loose knobs, and the cabinet polished. Test No. 8 is merely running the receiver for a period of time-preferably as long as possible, on a line voltage slightly higher than that to which it is accustomed. Country areas, particularly, have high line voltages, and this test is really more of a check on all the parts, to make sure that none will break down. The writer uses a transformer having a 230 v. primary and tapped secondary up to 270 v. (To be continued next month.) ==P.21 - Stromberg-Carlson Ad== From a whisp~r ... TO CONCERT Hi-'\LL VOLUME ! WIDE TONAL RANGE You '11 quickly understand the amazing popularity of the Stromberg-Carlson 1936 Console Grand, once you have actually seen the magnificent cabinet and heard Such as you',,e ne,,er heard before!the unrivalled tone of this modern·as-the-minute Radio! Tune it down to a whisper, or increase its volume to concert hall strength ... in every note of the tonal range you enjoy that same faithful reproduction. The Console Grand cabinet is 33% heavier than the average, and thus entirely eliminates cabinet resonance. Here are some of the marvellous features of this wonder set:- 7 valves. Short wave covers 16-51 metre hands (which includes 5 short wave reception channels). Broadcast covers 194-555 (all Australian stations). Tone compensation. 6 watt undistorted power · output. Specially designed speaker. Tone control. World-wide range. Mammoth chassis. Selectorlite dial which revolutionise!! tuning. 3-way isolation switch (broadcast, short wave and pick-up). · New non - microphonic condenser. Full automatic volume control. Try the Stromberg-Carlson Console Grand for really remarkable DX. London, Paris, Berlin, etc., as clear as locals. Hundreds of other shortwave stations heard. All Australian, New Zealand, etc., ·on broadcast band. Ask your nearest StrombergCarlson dealer t~ demonstrate to you in your home. Other Stromberg- Carlson models from 14 guineas-there's one to suit every personal preference. CONSOLE GRAND-MODEL 736-39 GUINEAS S tromh erg-·Carlson Wholesale Distributors in Australia and New Zealand. N.S.W.: Bennett & Wood Ltd., 284 . Pitt Street. Sydney, and at Lismore. Wagg3. Wireless Distributors, Box 93, Wagga. Heiron & Smith (Salonola), 91 Hunter Street, Newcastle. Queensland: Noyes Bros. (Sydney) Ltd., Burton House, Elizabeth Street, Brisbane. Lawrence & Hanson Electrical Co~ Ltd., 87 Elizabeth Street, Brisbane. S.A.: Savery's Pianos Ltd., 29 Rundle Street, Adelaide. Radio Wholesalers, James Place, Adelaide. Victoria: Warburton Franki (Melb.) Ltd., 380-382 Bourke Street, Melbourne. M. Brash & Co. Pty. Ltd., Elizabeth Street, Melbourne; Vealls Pty. Ltd., 243-249 Swanston Street, Melbourne. Tasmania: Hobart: Findlays Pty. Ltd., 80 Elizabeth Street; La1mceston: Wills & Co. Pty. Ltd., 7 The Quadrant; Devonport: Findlay & Wills Pty. Ltd. ; Burnie: Findlays Pty. Ltd. W.A. : Musgroves Limited, Lyric House, Murray Street, Perth. N.Z. : Goull'h, Goull'h & Hamor M<I., Cbrlatdiur cti, ==P.22 - "Simplified D.W. Battery Money-saver"== The Radiokes ~~siJDplified Dual-Wave Battery Moneysaver'' Five of the latest metal-clad high,-gain battery valves, together with improved dualwave coils and iron-cored l.F. transformers, are combined in an up-to-date circuit to make this battery kit-set one of the "star" receivers for 1936. ·················································································~ A YEAR or so ago it was impossible to design a battery receiver that would give results comparable with· those obtained from an a.e. operated set nsiug· an equivalent number of valves. To-day, however, with the introduction of new high-gain 2-volt valves, this is no longer true. Radiokes engineers claim that this battery version , of their '' Moneysaver'' described last month can not only out-perform any other set in its class, but also, is the first receiver of its size and economy of operation capable of bringing in shortwave and broadcast stations at the same volume as a modern a.c. dual-waYe superhet. That this claim is not an exaggeration has been borne out by actual tests, which proved that for sensitivity, selectivity, tone and volume, the battery "Moueysaver" compares very favourably with the best of five-valve a.c. dual-wavers. Latest Valves An Important Feature. Five of the new battery-type valves recently released in the Philips and Mullard makes are used in the kit. Three of them are metal-clad, and all use the new universal '' P'' base. The mixer-oscillator is a KK2 Octode, which while similar in design to earlier converters of its type, embodies several important imprnverne11ts that result in better performance. Independent A.V.C. and diode detection, together with high audio gain and good fidelity, are all provided by the '' P'' base KBCl, working in conjunction with a KC3 driver and KDDI "B" classmoutput valve. 'l'his latter valve has a maximum power output of nearly 2 watts-more than ample for any home. 'rhe· quality of reproduction is very good, but builders who would like to take advantage of the ·wide range audio transformer supplied, and who do not mind slightly lower audio gain, can substitute a 30 driver and 19 output valve for the K03 anCl KDDI. The resultant fidelity is excellent, thongl1 the total "B" current consumption increases from approximately 11 m.a. to 15 or 16 m.a. lron-Cor.e I.F. 's Give High Gain. Both selectivity and gain are exceptionally high in this receiver-due largely to the use of Litzwound iron-core intermediates. The dual-wave aerial and oscillator coils are not only very compact -both sets of windings are in each case housed in a single can-but also, improved design has resulted in much higher efficiency, . with perfect tracking. The padding condenser for broadcast, by the way, Above: An unrler-cfwssis view of the completed kit, showing the simplicity of the assembly and wiring. Right: This plan view shows the well-sp~ced layout. The special iron-cored J.F.'s m·e housed in attractive square cans. is pre-set at the factory to the correct capacity and needs little, if any, adjustment. Stromberg-Carlson Gang and Switch The two-gang condenser supplied with the kit is a Stromberg-Carlson type "F," which has a new patented construction making it over 90 per cent. non-microphonic. The wave-change switch is also a new Stromberg-Carlson product. Each bank has three sections of three silver-plated contacts, mounted on very low-loss stamping material. Two-Colour Tuning Dial The "Colourvision" aero dial is calibrated in metres for both wr.<ve-bands, and has automatic colour . switching. When the set is tuned to the broadcast band, the broadcast scale is illuminated in green. When the wave-change switch is turned to shortwave the green fades out, and the shortwave scale is illuminated in red. The principal Australian stations and the international wave-bands are clearly indicated. Doublet Aerial and Pick-up. Though an ordinary "L" type aerial will bring in dozens upon dozens of shortwave and broadcast stations at full volume, maximum results will be obtained if a doublet aerial with transposed lead-in is used. Provision is made for an aerial of this type, and as well, pick-up terminals are provided, both additions being taken care of· by the two sets of three terminals mounted on the ·rear wall of the chassis. An All-British Kit As in the a.c. "Moneysaver" described last month, every part supplied with the kit is of British manufacture, and is of guaranteed quality. Construction Described in Detail Space does not perll).it this month of a detailed description of the kit's assembly. However, this is covered in a pamphlet that will be supplied by Radiokes Ltd. free on request. The assembly is covered down to the last detail in step-by-step instructions' given so fully and clearly that success is assured, even to those who have never tackled set-building before. The description is lavishly illustrated with photographs, and as well there is a full-size wiring diagram with every connection clearly shown on it. A Few Don'ts for Dxers Don't. report to any station unless you are positive you heard it. Don't be impetuous. If your verification does not arrive per return post, remember that stations have other important work to do. Don't send a second report until reasonable time has elapsed. Don't try to be technical unless you ARE. Don't resort to fulsome flattery; it will avail you nothing. Don't forget to enclose return postage or coupon, especially to amateurs. Don't use ordinary writing paper; the official report form lends prestige. Don't take any notice of these hints if you do NOT want verifications. ===Kit of Parts=== Radiokes "FIVE-VALVE SIMPLIFIED BATTERY MONEYSAVER" DUAL-WAVE Kit of Parts 1 RKS-SB chassis (sprayed) . 1 Stromberg-Carlson 2-bank switch (special) same as RKS-8. 1 Radiokes D. W. ~rial coil in can. 1 Radiokes D. W • . oscillator coil in can. 2 Radiokes SIC-465B I.F. Transformers (Nos. l and 2). Radiokes AFB audio tran~former. 1 Radiokes DC-1 "Colourvision" dial. RESISTORS. 3 Erie l meg. resistors. 1 Erie .5 meg. resistor. 2 Erie .1 meg. resistors. 1 Erie .05 meg. resistor. I .5 rneg, volume control, with switch. 1 Radiokes 20,000 ohm volume control (sensitivity control) with insulating washers. CONDENSERS. Stromberg-Carlson 2-gang condenser, . · type "F," without trimmers. 2 Radiokes 2-gang MEC trimmers without mounting holes. 1 .5 mfd. condenser. 3 .1 mfd. condensers. 1 .01 mfd. condenser. 2 .001 mfd. condensers. 1 .02 mfd. condenser. 1 .005 mfd. mica condenser. 2 . 00-01 mfd. mica condensers. 1 Radiokes 7-plate padder (peaked on oscillator). SOCKETS. "P" sockets (must be numbered). 4-pin socket. 7-pin socket (small). 7-pin plug. SUNDRIES. 4 Radie>kes knobs. 1 Ra,diokes T-33 panel ~ompletely wired with l'h" pillars. 6 bakelite terminals (2 red, 4 black). 3 large grid clips. 4 2.5 volt pea lamps. } yard. copper braiding. 5 yuds hook-up wire. 3 yards 16 gauge tinned copper wire . 1 ya,rd 7-way battery cable. 15 %" x 1t'S" R.H. brass screws. 12 :tAa." x 1;5" R.H. brass screws. 2 :%," x %" R.H. brass screws. 3 14" x 1,4" brass spacers with :t;S" hole. 30 '.l/s" hex. nuts. 12 lock washers, ~" hole. 12 solder Jugs, plain single end. 3 yards 2 mil. spaghetti. VALVES REQUIRED. lfKK2; 1/KFB; 1/KBCl; l/KC3; 1/KDDl (Philips, Mullard). SPEAKER REQUIRED. Permainent magnet dynamic, input trans- former to match KDDI (Amplion -"Star" type 05). type 05). BATTERIES REQUIRED. 3/45-volt ' heavy duty or triple duty, eact tapped at 221;2 volts; 1/41/:,-volt "C" battery tapped at 3 V. (Ever-Ready), 1/2-ve>lt 100 amiJ. hour accumulator. ==P.27 - The ABC of Multi-Range Meter Design== The ABC Of Range · Multi· Meter Design By using a 0-1 milliammeter as a basis and adding shunts and multipliers to extend current and voltage ranges, a multi-range meter can be made up that will be found invaluable both in set-building and ·troubletracking. This article explains how the necessary resistance values are calculated. A SET-BUILDER without a meter of some sort is as helpless as a ship without a rudder. Like the ship, he can travel a certain distance but never for long in any one direction, and his chances of finally reaching his destination are very small. High accuracy, flexibility, and low cost are the three main requirements of a meter designed for radio use. All three are fulfilled by employing a high-grade moving coil 0-1 m.a. meter as a basis, and extending voltage and current ranges by means of multipliers and shunts (series and parallel resistors). How a Moving-coil Meter Works The bare essentials of a moving coil meter are illustrated in fig. 1. M is a U-shaped permanent magnet with soft iron pole pieces PP. A cylindrical iron core, C, is clamped so as to leave a small, uniform air gap. Encircling the iron core and travelling in the gap is a light framework of aluminium or copper, carrying a coil of fine silk-covered wire, and pivoted so that it earl rotate over the whole of the arc covered by the pole pieces, the movement being controlled by two springs, one above and one below. These also serve to conduct the current to and from the moving coil. When a current passes through the latter, the resultant magnetic field set up interacts with that of the permanent magnet, and the coil (together with the pointer X) turns until the restraining influence of the springs brings it to a stop. The coil frame not only acts as a support for the wire which carries the current to be measured, but. also damps the motion owing to the eddy currents induced in it . by the permanent magnet. The coil, over the whole of its arc of movement, will be travelling across a field of constant and uniform flux density produced by the permanent magnet, and ·the torque, or turning force, that the coil experiences will be proportional to the current in the coil. Thus, readings over the whole scale are uniform. High Sensitivity Essential Regarding it first as a currentmeasuring device, the sensitivity of a meter is best expressed as the current at full-scale deflection. If this current is 1 milliampere, then such is the sensitivity. · In most voltage measurements in radio, it is essential that the current taken by the measuring instrument be kept as low as possible, to avoid the danger of obtaining misleading readings. For this reason, a voltmeter taking 1 m.a. at full scale deflection has higher accuracy than one taking 2 m.a., · and much higher than one taking 5 m.a. The sensitivity, which can be regarded as a good indication of the accuracy of such a meter, can be obtained by dividing the full scale deflection in amperes into 1-in other words, it is the reciprocal of the full scale current in amperes. The result is given in ohms per volt; in this 1 case, it is --, or 1000 ohms per volt. .001 A 0-2 and 0-5 m.a. meter would have sensitivities of 500 and 200 ohms per volt respectively. Extending Current Range Every meter has a resistance of its own, which for a 0-1 milliammeter is generally round about 30 ohms. In fig. 2, this is represented by R. If a current of 1 m.a. were flowing through the meter, the needle would register full scale deflection. If a resistance equivalent to that possessed by the meter were then connected across the terminals of the latter, half the current would :flow through each, and the meter would register .5 m.a. Thus the currentineasuring capacity of the meter has been doubled by the addition of the shunt, as a current of 2 m.a. is now needed to register full-scale deflection. This explains the way that the current ranges are extended. To take a general case, let the resistance of the shunt be S ohms, the main current I m.a., and the branch cur- rents I, and I, (see fig. 1). With S across it, the meter will be capable of measuring a current of say N times the full scale deflection. We now have:- 1 = Ii + I, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (a) NI,= I .. .. .. .. .. ... . . .... (b) Next, substituting for I in (a), we get NI,= I,+ I, Therefore I, (N - 1) = J, . . (c) The potential difference across the meter equals RI,, and that across the shunt, SI,. Both must be equal, as they are potentials from A to B. Thus we have RI, = SI,. Therefore, substituting for I, (from ( c)) RI, = SI, (N - 1) R giving S = -- . . . . . . . . . . . (d) N-1 Thus if we had a 0-1 m.a. meter of, say; 30 ohms resistance, and we wanted to measure 10 m.a. full scale, the value of the shunt required could be found as follows:- 10 R = 30 ohms, and N = - = 10 ohms. 1 30 30 From (d), S = -- = - = 3.333 ohms 10-1 9 With a shunt of this resistance across the meter, current at full scale deflection would be 10 m.a, with proportionate intermediate readings. In this case, actual readings given by the meter should be multiplied by 10 to obtain the true reading. Measuring Voltages To measure voltages, a series instead ·of a parallel resistor is used. The meter is still purely a current _indicator; it measures voltages only because of the resistance in series with it. In fig. 3, R, is used to, limit the current passing through the meter at the maximum voltage to be measured to 1 milliamp. Thus, if R is the meter resistance and E the maximum voltage to be measured, from Ohm's Law, the curE rent l=--- R+ R, 1 As I = 1 m.a. = -- ampere. 1000 1 E 1000 R + R, giving R + :R, = 10010 E. As mentioned before, R is usually only about 30 ohms. If E is 20 volts, R + R, = 20,000, and compared with R,, R is very small, and for practical purposes can be neglected. This leaves R, equal to 1000 E, which means that the value in ohms of the required series resistor is equal to the maximum voltage the meter is required to measure, multiplied by 1000. Thus, for ranges of 20, 200, and 500 volts, series resistors 20,000, 200,000, and 500,000 ohms are required. If the meter required 5 m.a. to give full-scale deflection, then R, would equal 200 E, and for the voltage ranges given above the necessary series resistors would have values of 4,000, 40,000, and 100,0'00 ohms respectively. Resistance Measurements Fig. 4 shows the set-up for a singlerange ohmmeter, still using a 0-1 milliammeter. The current that will flow is given by the formula: E I - . . . (a) R,+ R, (where R, is the unknown). If E = 4.5 volts and R, is fixed, maximum current will flow when R, = 0 ohms. But the meter will read up to 1 m.a. only, and so-- the minimum value that 't'iiE AUSTRALAStAN RADiO woR.tb R, should be to restrict the current passing to this value can now be obtained by substituting in (a). 1 4.5 I = 1 m.a. = -- amp. = 1000 R1 + 0 Therefore R, = 4500 ohms. In practice, R, is made up of a fixed and a variable resistance connected in series, in order to compensate for any voltage drop in the battery. With the test prods shorted, the resistance is adjusted until the meter gives exact full-scale deflection, thus ensuring that the current passing with zero external resistance M I RI E. '-------tl---------111--------' :FIG. 4 I'IG. 5 is 1 m.a. In this way the accuracy is fully preserved, even though · the voltage of the battery drops with use. Now, suppose that the unknown resistance has a value of 1500 ohms. In this case the current reading of the meter will be: 4.5 1000 I = X -- m.a. 1500 + 4500 1 .75 m.a. From similar calculations, corresponding readings for unknowns of, say, 4000, 20,000, and 100,000 ohms are .53, .18, and .045 m.a. respectively. Using these and other intermediate values, a graph can be easily plotted so that the resistance of an unknown corresponding to any current reading can be instantly read off. Obtaining Different Ranges. Usually a 0-1 m.a. meter has a scale divided into 50 divisions, each August 1, 1936. division thus representing a current of 0.02 m.a. With the meter needle "dead on" the first division, a current of .02 m.a. is flowing. This represents roughly the maximum value of resistance that can be measured using the values assumed for R, and E ( 4500 ohms and 4.5 volts). From (a), we find that E-IR X=--- 1 4.5 - ( .00002 x 4500) .00002 = 220,000 ohms, approximately. For the other extreme, the 49th division on the 50-division scale represents a current of .98 m.a. Substituting in the above equation, we find that this represents a resistance of roughly 100 ohms. So the resistance range that is covered is from 1001 to 220,000 ohms. Now, if R, and E in fig. 4 arc doubled, each extreme of the original range is doubled, so the new range is from 200 to 440,000 ohms. Values read from the graph should now be multiplied by 2. If R1 and E are increased to 45,000 ohms and 45 voltsten times their former values-the range extends from 1000 ohms to 2.2 megohms. Measuring Low Resistances As regards measurement of low resistances, the method given above is accurate enough for most purposes. Occasionally, however, the need arises for high accuracy, and in such cases the method shown in fig. 5 can be used. The ohmmeter test ·prods are shorted, and the resistance R, is adjusted to give exact full-scale deflection. The unknown R, is then shunted across the meter as shown. This diverts part of the current flowing through the meter, the amount depending on the resistance of R,. For example, if it is the same as the internal resistance of the meter, the latter will show a halfscale reading. When the reading has been taken, the value of R, is calculated from the formula RX I R,=------ Imax.-I where R is the meter resistance, I the current reading, and I max. the full-scale deflection current. With this method, highly accurate measurement of resistance from about 2000 ohms down to 20 ohms is possible, and reasonable accuracy is still obtained down to as low as .5 ohm. ==P.29 - A Nine-Range D.C. Multi-Meter== A Nine-Range D.C. Multi-Meter The principles underlying the design of multi-range meters are fully explained in the preceding article. In that following, the construction of a multi-range tester that set-builders and servicemen will find invaluable is outlined. J T was pointed out in the previous article that high accuracy, flexibility, and low cost are the main requirements of a meter designed for radio use.. All three are possessed by the multi-range meter now to be described. High accuracy has been ensured by using a high-grade 0-1 milliammeter as a basis for the circuit, and by us'ing laboratory-tested shunts and multipliers to give the various current and voltage ranges. As for flexibility, no less than nine ranges are incorporated-four voltage (0-10, 0-50, 0-250, and 0-500 volts) three current (0-1, 0-10, and 0-100 mills.) and two resistance (0-10,000 and 0-100,000 ohms). · The last consideration, that of cost, is as important as any, as few setbuilders can afford more than one good meter. This point has been carefully watched in this tester, with the result that the complete kit of parts, including an engraved and readydrilled panel, can be purchased for A sub-pwwl view of the testei·, only £4. Alternatively, anyone who has a 0-1 milliammeter already on hand can use it and merely buy the balance of the kit. A meter of any resistance up> to 100 ohms can be used, as will be explained later. Features of The Kit The complete kit of parts for A photograph of the completed mnl.ti-meter, showing the nine ranges it covers engraved on the panel. tester is shown elsewhere. The basis of the instrument is a Palec 0-1 mil- liammeter - a precision-built, high- grade meter that can be depended on to give high accuracy and trouble-free service. Reads A.C. As Well The meter is fitted with a universal scale, and as it is calibrated both for A.C. as well as D.C., it can be easily converted for A.C. operation as well by adding a four-pole double~throw switch and a small copper oxide rectifier unit. The conversion will be described in a future issue of the "Radio World." Sockets Simplest and Best Nine sockets of a special positive contact type have been used for the various ranges. A multi-contact switch could have been used instead, but on practically all counts the sockets are preferable. A switch that will give trouble-free operation for all time is both expensive and difficult to obtain. In the cuTrent ranges especially, the switch contacts must have zero resistance-even a small fraction of an ohm could mean serious error in readings. As well, a multi-contact switch is not easy to wire, but sockets are simple. The two test leads supplied are each fitted with a plug at one end and test prod at the other. The leads are rubber-covered, and, unlike 29 those sometimes supplied with commercial testers, will stand up to plenty of wear . . Assembly Is Straight-Forward The panel is supplied ready drilled and engraved, and all that builders have to do is to mount and wire the parts, when the tester is ready for operation. The multipliers for the four voltage ranges are guaranteed accurate to within 1%, and are specially treated against humidity. -- The leatherette-covered case and carrying-handle, as shown in the photographs, is supplied as an extra. Alternatively, builders could make up a wooden box >in which to house the completed meter. The Circuit Explained Figures 1 (a), (b), and (c) show how the circuit of the tester is built up around a 0-1 m.a. meter. The resistors for the four voltage ranges are calculated from the simple formula given in the previous article: 25'0,000"' 250 v. C::· .-.-.AAJV\JV\/V'tJ"----1 so~n.~~'-AIV'""vv""'rv~---1 IO~n..~JV'VVVVVVVVV-~-t ls ll·llw le 11·11 (&) 400w 400c.> ~~. 4·5v. L,1111J±:<? . COMMON. 10 SCALE 10 THE AUSTRALASIAN ·RADIO WORLD Rl = 1000 E, where Rl is the series resistor and E, the maximum voltage to be measured in each case. Thus, for ranges of 0-10, 0-50, 0-250, and 0-500 volts, series .resistors of 10,000, 50,000, 250,000, and. 500,000 ohms are required. . A sensitivity of 1,000 ohms per volt is obtained on all voltage readings. In -1 (b) is shown the three-range milliammeter circuit, the ranges being O•l, 0-10, and 0-100 m.a. The 70-ohm resistor shown in series with the meter has been included for two purposes. ·Firstly, because of its addition, the resistance of the meter can be regarded as 100 ohms (70 ohms + 30 ohms internal resistance of -meter) . . This means that the resistance of each shunt required is over . three times greater than that needed if the 70-ohm resistor were not included. For instance, - without this resistance the value of the shunt needed for the · 0-10 m.a. range would . be equal to R wher_e R is the meter N-1, resistance, and N the maximum cur- rent (in mills.) to !;>e read. Substituting, this equals 30 = 3.333 ohms. 10-1 Regarding the meter resis~ance as 100 ohms, however, the shunt value is 100· 10-1 = 11.01 ohms. · Shunts are difficult to wind correct to a tiny fraction of an ohm, and so by using the series resistor any slight deviation from the calculated value is rendered much less important than if the resistor were omitted. This applies particularly · to the 0-100 m.a. range, where without the 70-·ohm ·re- sistor, a shunt of only .3 of an ohm would be needed. The second reason why this resistor has been included is one that will appeal to· set-builders who have 0-1 milliammeters on hand, possibly of different values of internal resistance to that of the Palec meter used in the kit. By l:eplacing the 70-ohm resistor with one equal in value to l()O ohms minus the internal resistance of the meter on hand, the latter, providing it is a dependable make, can be used equally well, and without any further alteration to the circuit values. Special resistances for this purpose; up to 100 ohms in value, can be obtained from the Paton Electrical · Instrument ·Company. It will be noticed that the connec- tions to the. 10 and 100 m.a. sockets are "open" . until the. test leads are plugged in. __ The same is true for the "Scale 7- 10'.'_ soc_ke·t of the ohmmeter circuit. . . _ . There are two resistance ranges: 0-10,000 ("Scale + 10"} and0 0-100,000 ohms ("Scale"). A glance at the circuit will show that, for the latter range, the maximum --resistance that v 0 L T s August 1, 1936. Z50,ooow ZSOO--'\IV\l\f\l\f\l\r[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]])-j 50,000W MILLS. ~ 70w r-' COMMON Scale+10 Scale (0-10,000..,) (0-100,0~ [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 01:01, 24 May 2020 (UTC)y I OHMS Fig. 2.-The separate circuits shown in figs. 1 (a), 1 (b), and l (c) for the various voltage, current, and resistance ranges are combined above to give the complete circuit used in the tester. can be included in circuit equals 3800 + 70 + 30 + 400 + 400 ohms, = 4,700 ohms. When the 3-cell battery is new, the voltage is approximately 4.65 volts, so when the test prods are shorted, a resistance of 4,650 ohms is needed to give exact full-scale deflection on the meter ( 1 m.a.). In practice, this adjustment is made by shorting the test prods, and setting the 400-ohm potentiometer to full scale reading. Resistances of up to 100,000 ohms can then be read off directly on the meter scale, which has been calibrated on the assumption that a 4.5- volt battery will be used. For the "Scale + 10" range, the 10 m.a. shunt is brought in circuit across the meter. The current that now flows when the test prods are shorted divides into two branches, 1-lOth passing through the 100-ohm branch, and 9-lOths through the 11.11-ohm shunt. The equivalent series resistance of these two resistors in parallel equals 10 ohms. For a current of 10 m.a., a resistance of 465 ohms is needed to show full scale deflection on the meter (assuming the battery voltage to be 4.65 volts). This value of resistance is obtained by adjusting the potentiometer until a reading of 1 m.a. is registered on the meter. Now, if the meter shows a certain reading, in ohms, when the value of an unknown resistance is being tested, the correct value is obtained by dividing the scale reading by 10, because actually only one-tenth of the current flowing through the resistance is passing through the meter. As the battery ages, its internal resistance increases, and the voltage drops. The potentiometer compensates for this, so that at all times exact readings can be obtained. After six or nine months' use, however, the voltage will fall to about 4.4 volts, and the battery should then be re- placed. Otherwise, resistance readings obtained will not be reliable. The three circuits shown. in figures 1 (a), 1 (b), and 1 (c) are combined in· figure 2 to give the circuit of the multi-range tester. Assembling the Tester The panel is supplied with the sockets already mounted on it, and with the spring contacts of the 10 mill., 100 mill., and "Scale -;- 10" sockets already insulated from the sockets themselves by means of insulating washers. The potentiometer can next be mounted, followed by the meter. Next, the shunts and multipliers, and other fixed resistances, should be mounted on the bakelite resistance panel as shown in the photograph and sketch of the wiring. The panel is next bolted to th~ meter, and wired up. The battery can be mounted last of all, by means of the aluminium strap provided, THE AUSTRALASIAN RADIO WORLD Full details of the wiring arc shown in Jig. :J. . Use fairly heavy gauge push-back, and be careful to make every soldered joint as perfect as possible by tinning all contacts before soldering, and using a hot, clean iron. When the wiring is finished and checked, the meter can be mounted in its case and the panel screwed down. The meter needle is then accurately set to zero by rotating the small milled knob mounted on the instrument. Finally, the test leads are plugged into 'the "Common" and "Scale" sockets for resistance measurement, the ends shorted by holding the · test prods together, and the potentiometer knob rotated until ari · exact fullscale reading is obtained: The instrument is then ready for use~ ===Kit of Parts=== Nine-Range D~C. Multi~ Meter-Palec Kit of Parts. 1 0-1 m.a. meter, ao ohms internal resir,tancc, with univ<'rsa,l sea le (Palec). 1 10,000 ohm multiplier. I 50,000 ohm multiplier.· I 250,000 ohm multiplier; 1 500,000 ohm multiplier. 2 .shunts (1.01 ohms and 11.11 ohms). 1 70 ohm resistor. 1 3,800 ohm resistor. 1 400 ohm resistor. 1 400 ohm vernier potentiometer with knob. · 1 bakelitc resistor panel. 1 ·engraved ebonite panel. 12. sockets (spring type ) .. Pair of test prods, with lead~ · and 'Plugs. 1 4.5v. torch battery (flat type), with .mounting 'strap. · Hook~up wire, nuts· and . bolts. 1 leatherette-covered case. with carrying handle (optional). ==P.31 - Some Don'ts for S.W. Listeners== Some s.w. D9n'ts For Listeners By "Megacycle''.. TUNING a set is an entirely different matter from tuning a regular broadcast receiver. The main reason for this is that short 31 waves have characteristics unlike lho~c of medium waves. Here is a short list of DON'TS which should be of interest to all those who have not had much experience of shortwave DX work. Don't' tune for shortwave stations in the same way as you would tune for broadcast. By rotating the tuning knob quickly you may pass over several stations. The reason for this is due to the exceedingly sharp tuning of the short wavelengths. Don't tune in indiscriminately on the short waves, or you will probably get nothing. Most sets are calibrated in metres or megacycles. Therefore, use a reliable list showing frequencies and schedules of the principal stations, and search for each one in turn. Don't' tune in at the wrong time. Most stations come in only at certain times of the day as well as at certain times of the year. Don't expect to pick up shortwave stations easily. It requires careful tuning to bring in the very distant stations. ==P.31 - Palec Ad== "PALEC" TESTING EQUIPMENT Dependable, Profitable MULTITESTER-AN AL YSER-SELECTOR-V AL VE TESTER- . - ALL~WAVE OSCILLATOR-VACUUM-TUBE VOLTMETER. The above instruments cons'iitute a most complete outfit for the service m1&n or radio laboratory. All units the same size: 7l/2in. x 8%,in., panel 6in. deep. Available singly or in black leatherette covered cases of two or three Units as illustrated. (A) MULTITESTER. DC, AC volts. Current,· resistance, capacity, inductance, impedance, electrolytic condenser capacity and leakage. Power supply built in. 22 ranges. Price ... £13/ 10/-. (B) ANALYSER-SELECTOR. For current, volt~ge, resistance ANALYSIS from any valve socket. Price . . . . . . £2/19/ 6 (C) VALVE TESTER. Tests all American, English and Dutch tubes, including· au 'latest types . . Tests for ·MICRO-LEAKS on HEATED VALVE. Easy read- . jng ·valve tesf chart. Price . . . . . . -. . . . £11/5/- (D) ALL-WAVE OS.CILI;ATOR: I;F . to highest . R.F. by 5 bands of fundamentals. Precision Dial with vernier scale. Attenuates to microVolts ·by new riaduated capacity attenuator; Battery operated. Perfectly shielded. Price . . . . £11/10/- (E) VACUUM-TUBE VOLTMETER.· Reads 50 c.s. to high R.F., a lso D.C. on multi-range direct reading dial. · ls equipped with 150 microamp. meter. Metal measuring tube on 3ft. flexible lead. - No grid leads- no pick-up. Power supply built in. Most advanced design _av;iilable anywhe;re. Price ........ ... . . ... . ... . . £11/ 10/- . AU . Prices are Subject to Sales Tax. Combinations: A & B, £16/1~ -; A, B & C, £26/10/-; A, B & D, £26/10/-, all plus sale8 tax. Other Combinations can be supplied, prices on application. Write for illustrat~d catalogue of RADIO & CATHODE RAY TEST EQUIPMENT to THE PATON ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT CO. 90 VICTORIA STREET, ASHFIELD, SYDNEY. Telephone: UA 1960. Distributors.- Sydney : Bloch & Gerber, Fox and MacGillicuddy: Lawrence & H anson. Melbour ne: A. H. Gibson (Electrical) Co. Pty. Ltd. New Zealand: The Electric Lamp House Ltd., Wellington. ==P.32 - Radio Step by Step (3)== Radio Step By Step • • • 3 DIRECT AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS The differences between direct and alternating currents are explained in this article-the third of a special series for beginners. So far only one kind of current, that known as direct current, has been considered. There is another variety-alternating current-that is just as important as d.c., if not more so, because the principles governing radio transmission and reception depend on its action. Direct current flows in one direction only, i.e., is uni-directional. Fig. 1 shows a graphical representation o1 a steady direct current of 2 amperes. The time is taken from the moment the switch controlling the circuit in which the current flows, is turned on. Because neither the voltage nor the resistance changes, then from Ohm's E Law (I = -) the current must remain the same, and so it is represented by the straight line "XY." Under certain conditions the current might not remain constant, but no matter how much it fluctuates, as long as it always flows in the same direction, it is still direct current. A.C. Changes Direction Regularly Alternating current, just as its name implies, alternates, or changes its direction of flow from -time to time. Its action can also be best explained graphically. At the point "0" on figure 2, both time and current values are at zero. Starting at this point, the current st~:;i,pily increases until it attains a maximum value "I," and then it decreases at exactly the same rate until at t]:ie point "X" on the "Time" axis it has fallen to zero. Now it changes its direction and flows the other way. This is shown on the graph by drawing the curve representing its progress below, instead of above, the "Time" axis. Once again, the current . steadily builds up to a maximum value "I," but in the opposite direction this time -and returns to zero again (at the point "Y"). From this point on the whole process is repeated again and again until the circuit is broken. Each completed operation-current starting from zero, building up to maximum, returning to zero, reversing direction and again building to maximum and returning to zero-is termed ii. cycle. If the time taken from "O" t'o "Y" is 1 .second, then the frequency of the current is 1 cycle· per second. If, as shown in the lower portion of the sketch, 5 complete cycles are performed in the 1 second, then the frequency is 5 cycles per second. Most alternating current mains supplies have a frequency of 50 cycles per second. Audio and Radio Frequencies So far we have dealt only with low frequencies, which are measured in cycles. Low frequencies, or audio frequencies as they are often called in i·adio, extend upwards to the upper limit of audibility, which is about 18,000 cycles per second. Frequencies much greater than this are spoken of as high, or radio frequencies, though there is no clear-cut line of division between the two. High frequencies such as those used in radio are measured in kilocycles (thousands of cycles) or megacycles (millions of cycles) per second. Thus station 2FC, transmitting on a frequency of 610 kilocycles per second, has no less than 610,000 cycles of high frequency alternating current flowing in its transmitting aerial every second. Wavelength and Frequency There is a simple relationship between wavelength and frequency that will become obvious after figure 3 has been studied a little. · The length of one complete wave is shown in figure 3(a), where the frequency is one cycle per second. In 3 (b), where the frequency is 5 cycles per second, the wavelength must obviously be one-fifth of what it is in 3(a). It is clear that the more waves there are every second (the greater the frequency, in other words) the shorter is the wavelength. In fact, the two are inversely proportional double one and the other is halved. Speed of Radio Waves All radio waves travel at the same speed-that of light. This is 186,000 miles per second, which is approximately equal to 300,000,000 metres per second. It now becomes clear that if a station operates on a frequency of 1,000 kilocycles per second, which equals 1,000,000 cycles per second, the length of each wave in metres must equal the distance covered in one second divided by the number of cycles per second - in this case, 300,000,000 -7- 1,000,000, which equals 300 metres. So we see that the frequency with which the waves are created governs the wavelength, and if either wave- length or frequency in cycles is known, the other can be found by dividing the known quantity into 300,000,000. (If the frequency is in kilocycles, then 300,000 is the figure to use.) Measuring A.C. Some further qualities of alternating current will ·now be considered. First of all, as a.c. is always changing in value, it is measured in terms of its average, or Root Mean Square, value. This gives in amperes the current which would be required with d.c. to provide the same heating effect. The R.M.S. value of an alternating current is approximately .707 of the peak value. The voltage of an a .c. supply, which alternates in the same way as the current and at the same frequency, is measured in exactly the same way. A.C. Superior to D.C. The main advantage of a.c. over d.c. for a mains supply is that it can be easily transformed to any desired voltage. By stepping it up to a high voltage and low current, it can be transmitted over long distances with little loss. Where required, it is easily stepped down again to a lower voltage by a transformer. How a Transformer Works If a direct current is passed through a length of wire, a magnetic field surrounding it is set up, as shown in figure 4(a). This field can be strengthened greatly by winding the wire m the form of a coil, as shown in 4 (b). The lines of force SUI'l'ounding the coil remain steady until the current is cut off, when they collapse and disappear. If a.c. is applied to the winding instead of d.c., it can be seen that the magnetic field will build up and collapse twice for every cycle of the, alternating current, because the a.c. itself builds up and returns to zero twice during every cycle. Now, if we were to place another winding in .close proximity to the first, as shown m 4 ( c), it would be found that the fluctuating magnetic field in the first coil would induce an alternating E.M.F. or voltage in the second. This action is known as mutual induction. The amount of transfer that takes place depends on the degree of coupTHE AUS'rRALASiAN RADlO WORLD ling that exists between the two windings. This can be greatly increased by providing both coils with an iron core, as is done in audio and power transformers. If both coils have the same number of turns, then theoretically the voltage induced in the second will equal that applied to the first. If 250 volts a.c. be put across the primary, which is always the winding across which the voltage is first applied, and the secondary has twice the number of turns the primary has, then a voltage of 500 will be available across the terminals of the secondary. Of course, this is assuming that there are no losses; actually a transformer has an efficiency of about 85 per cent., which means that if a voltage is required to be stepped up b twice its value, slightly more than twice the number of primary turns are needed for the secondary to allow for loss during the transfer. Next month: Inductance and Capacity ==P.33 - The Lighter Side of DX== Some Tit-Bits Of Ham Humour By Leon S. Stone THE following examples of radio humour were culled during DX listening to amateur stations. Some equally funny incidents have happenec'. at times during broadcasts from commercial stations, but unfortunately, I have not recorded them. The hams, naturally, provide the most unintentional humour over the air, owing to the more personal touch in their broadcasts, and to the habit most of them have of absent-mindedly leaving their microphones open to the wide world. DX From Next Door! An amateur station in one of the Sydney suburbs was going full blast belting out a transmission of gramophone records for hours on end late one Sunday evening, in the days when "ham" stations were allowed on the broadcast band before midnight on Sunday. Next day his bellicose neighbour hailed him over the back fence: "Do you know I got six new stations on my set last night?" "Really," replied the "ham" innocently, "what were they?" "Youyou ---," replied a very annoyed listener. Talk about "double spotting"! What's This . "CQ" Station? An N.S.W. ham got a good laugh out of a report from a listener in Queenstown, Tasmania. Verbatim, with original spelling and all, it read: "Sir-I was listening the other night on the shortwave at 9.15 p.m. and I picked up over the waves at such strength that I am curious to know what power you were using. It was coming in at such strength that I had to cut back the volume for good reception. It was as good as 3LO on broadcast. Can you tell me what wave- length CQ is mdng [!] which I heard you callii1g nearly evel'y amateurs I pick up are call for CQ. I remain, yours sincerely, --" Some report! 73 es 88 de YL! Romance is not yet dead, even in the serious (?) atmosphere of amateur experimental stations. Tuning in on the 80-metre band to an N.S.W. ham announcer, I heard: "Stand by, old man, a YL [and any dxer knows what that cryptic couple of letters means!] here wants to speak to you." YL's voice is then heard: "Is that 3 XX? A YW here-one young woman, you know." A nervous little laugh follows. "I can hardly believe you love me." Knowing hams as I do, neither can I! A New Kind Of DX Special. While on the subject of romance (if any) in amateur radio. A married ham operating an experimental station gave himself away properly to the YF. A receiving set is installed in her bedroom so she can comfortably listen to hubby's programmes. During the early hours of one morning one of his girl friends rang the station. Racy conversation between the two continued for close on an hour. The ham (in more senses than one) had blissfully forgotten he had the station "mike" switched on, with the result that the edifying conversation was broadcast to hundreds of listeners as well as to his wife in the next room, who was fuming. It was a very chastened hubby who told himself he would be rather more discreet in future with station 'phone calls particularly from attractive YL's ! A "Low" Station. A Sydney ham has never been allowed by the rest of his fraternity to forget that one morning he announced to another experimenter: "My station is a lower one than youl's". Omission of "wavelength" caused the damage. ==P.34 - Prize-Winning Transmitter Has Worked All Continents== Portable Tests: 5-Metre Schedules: Lakelnba Radio Club Notes and News By W.J.P. THE transmitter shown above is owned and operated by Mr.' Bert Dimmock (VK20W), of Hurlstone Park, and succeeded in winning first prize in the transmitting section at the recent Amateur Radio Exhibition organised by the Wireless Institute of Australia. The transmitter is a conventional four-stage, crystal-controlled job, using a 59 oscillator in a tritet circuit, 46 frequency doubler-buffer; 210 buffer and two 210's in push-pull in the final. The oscillator and doubler power supply is obtained from a 300-volt pack, with a separate supply of 400 volts for the buffer, and a 500-volt pack for the final. Separate filament transformers are used for all the valves in the R.F. side. The popular link coupling is used, both in the intermediate stages. and to the aerial. The aerial is a single wire-fed multiband matched impedance. With this transmitter all continents have been worked (W.A.C.), while all parts of the British Empire have also been contacted (W.B.E.). Genemotors for Country and Portable Work. A party of members of the Lakemba Radio Club, including 20D, 20W, Messrs. Taylor and Langley, recently paid a visit to Mr. J. Buchanan (VK2ABT), a new country amateur at Yerrinbqol, N.S.W. The object of 'the visit was--to test out the efficiency of a genemotor for portable work, and also to investigate the possibilities of 5-metre communication with Yerrinbool. Contact was made with 2ABT from a position on the Great Southern Highway, per medium of a portable 40-metre 'phone transmitter. It was most interesting to learn that 2ABT was also using a :genemotor for the power supply, because results were so good that the- car party thought that he was using crystal · control in the transmitter, so pure was the carrier. For the operation of these genemotors a large 6-volt battery is usually required the current drain on the battery being from 1 to 5 amps., ·depending on the type and power output of the genemotor. On the return trip to ,Sydney, the transmitter was kept ''ifr--operatiOn most of the way down. ·'Jt' was noted that the output dropped slightly when it became necessary to switch on the car headlamps, due to the extra load on the battery. However; from tests conducted, indications were that genemotors should prove very popular for portable and country work. Breaking Into 5 Metres. VK20D suggests that for those ·who are breaking into five metres, considerable care -should be taken with the tuning of_ -the receiver, and attempts ·should -be- made to locate harmonics from ·-telephony stations who may be operating on the higher wave- bands. With reference to the receiving aeria-J,-it is a good plan to arrange it in a well elevated position, but to those who"are not so fortunately situated, it is suggested that they try the aerial in various available positions, because - 5-metre signals- have a habit of turning up in the most unexpected places. Should signals be . rather weak on the 5-metre aerial, a good standby is to use a single piece of wire strung vertically for the greater part of its length, which may be up tO 60 feet, attached to the aerial coil, which may be tuned by a 5-plate midget con- denser in a similar way to that described by 2EH elsewhere in this issue. 20D also recommends the newcomer to the ultra-high frequencies to experiment carefully with various aerial systems, once he has his receiver operating correctly. Further Freak Reception. It was revealed in last month's issue of "Radio World" how the code signals from a ship could be heard through the talkie equipment of a Sydney theatre. According to a club member, Mr. W. G. Picknell, similar "reception" was obtained at Inverell, N.S.W. Patrons of the local picture theatre were astounded to hear, "Hullo CQ! Calling CQ!"-coming from the talkie speakers. Eventually, it was traced to Harry Hutton (VK2HV), whose station was in operation on telephony nearby! How NOT To Send DX Reports. The following is a copy of a DX report received by VK2DL. Reports such as these often cause station operators to literally "tear their ha1r" with rage! The Direct cir, Station VK2DL, April 26, 1936. I am an ardent - listener to shortwave, and often listen to radio broadcasts from foreign stations. At about 7.30 p.m. E.S.T. I tuned in your station and I heard many songs and musical selections- and talks. This is the first time I have heard your station. I hope to be able to pick you up again on my shortwave receiver. The reception was clear and loud. It was satisfactory. I will thank you in advance for a verification card from your station. Good luck to your station. (Signed) Mr .... . ........ , New York, U.S.A. The above report might possibly be satisfactory for reporting to a focal station, but the essential points so necessary for long distance reporting are missing. The time does not state whether it is American or Australian E.S.T., the wavelength is not given, the type of music, titles or announcements have been omitted, also the type of receiver used. Yet reception was clear and loud! ==P.36 - Choosing and Using a Vacuum-Tube Voltmeter (2)== last month the principle upon which the vacuum tube voltmeter operates was - explained, and the features necessary in an instrument designed for service work outlined. In the concluding instalment below, a few of the varied uses of a V.T. voltmeter are indicated. Specially written for the "Radio 'World" by A. H. MUTTON, .B.E. Paton Electrical Instrument Company. JN last month's article, the essential features of a vacuum tube voltmeter designed for radio use wel'e discussed in detail. They can L2 summed up as follows:- (a) The instrument should not require more than about one microwatt of power to operate it, so as to avoid dropping the voltage in the circuit un<l2r test. · (b) It must measure a wide range of voltages to be able to check stage gain. ( c) It must read voltage, independent of frequency. ( d) Its input capacity must be kept at an absolute minimum. Many other features are desirable, but not so important as those above. Fig. 3, which is reproduced from last issue, shows a suitable vacuum tube Voltmeter circuit. 6J7 Offers Important Advantages . An improvement consists in using a pentode such as the 6J7. This gives readings independent of plate voltage, which is a great feature for A.C. operation. Also, this metal valve can be located at the end of a flexible lead, so that no wires need be attached to the grid for introducing the voltage to be measured. This keeps input capacity down to that of the valve itself. R2 is a 5-megohm resistance, used solely for maintaining D.C. continuity to the grid, ·so that a bias is supplied to it even when the circuit under test would not do so. It will be assumed in what follows that the vacuum tube voltmeter in use is similar to that above, i.e., that it has an input capacity of about 5 mmfd., an input resistance of a very high figure, and a range of measurable voltage, .1 v. to 50 v. The whole secret of using a vacuum tube voltmeter successfully consists in being sure of what is measured. This must be particularly stressed in receiver use. A good vacuum tube voltmeter will measure any voltage supplied to it, R.F., I.F., A.F., or D.C., so it is necessary for the user to see that only that voltage required to be measured reaches it. Isolating the Needed Voltage ·· ' To stop D.C. reaching the voltmeter is simple. Connect a condenser of reasonable size (say, .001 mfd. for R.F. working, and .1 mfd. for A.F. and 50-cycle working) in the lead to the measuring valve's grid-see fig. 4 (a). Ee sure the insulation of this condenser is excellent, or a progressive change in the voltage reading will result, as the leak charges up the grid. To measure A.F. in a circuit containing, say, D.C., A.F., and R.F.-see fig. 4(b)-use a blocking condenser and a low pass filter circuit of the usual type. A 2 m.h. choke with, i CIRCUIT 0'°"'----11 GRID o.· . ! CONTAININC. I I v. T i THE REQD. V · M 1 VOLTAGE ! AND D.C- EARTH (A) :c1Rc.un : .._._.~RIOG ~ i CONTAININC. V. T :o.c.,A+ V·M. L[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]])-~'.L .. I I E_ ARTHT I iroHEA~UR.E.0 0 : THE A•F I (B) i 1CO~TAINING CIRCUIT ~I r ~G - -,~ I o.c., A-F. V·T 1-;;;N~fA[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]])E.·-I EARTH I Y·M ! THE R·F . I (C) FIG.4 .0001 mfd. condensers across the circuit from either side of this choke will be suitable. To measure R.F. where A.F. is present is not so simple, but can be done by stopping the A.F. with a tuned A.F. ·choke, the tuning condenser of which allows the R.F. to pass to the vacuum tube voltmeter-see fig. 4(c). · Usually one finds no need for more than a D.C. blocking condenser, as the R.F. or A.F. can generally be stopped elsewhere. Now for some uses. Stage Gain. This is one of the most important of the vacuum tube voltmeter's many uses. As an· example, consider the measurement of I.F. stage gain in a superhet. Fig. 5 will be taken as a normal type of circuit. Proceed as follows: Connect an output meter across the speaker and supply an unmodulated input signal to the set. Tune in the set, using the "mush" of the signal or by temporarily modulating it in some way. Next, connect the vacuum tube voltmeter's grid to . "Y" and its other lead to the chassis. Set the input signal to obtain a small readable signal on the voltmeter. Re-tune the trimmer C2 to see if the voltmeter's capacity is upsetting the circuit. This will be immediately evident on the output meter, which will alter its reading when the vacuum tube voltmeter is connected. Obtain the original reading by re-tuning C2. Next measure the low value unmodulated signal across C2. Now remove the vacuum tube voltmeter and obtain the same output by re-setting C2 to its original value. Next, connect the vacuum tube voltmeter between "Z" and earth, placing- a blocking condenser in the grid ·1ead to the vacuum tube voltmeter. R~-set C4 if necessary to get the same output reading, and measure the amplified voltage. It will be noticed that the gain is not measured by connecting across C4. This is because the voltmeter lead; if attached to the lower side of C4, would introduce extra capacity from this point to earth, and would possibly upset other circuits not shown in this skeleton circuit. Also, it is easier to connect to earth. This connection introduces two extra D.C. voltages between "Y" and the earthed lead of the meter, but the blocking condenser prevents their being effective. A.F. stage gain is much simpler to measure. Simply connect the vacuum tube voltmeter across the input and output of the stage or stages, taking steps to prevent D.C. operating the meter, and measure a constant input signal as found at these two points. If required, various frequencies may be used and a "response curve" of the stage or stages obtained. A.V.C. Voltages. The vacuum tube voltmeter measures these with ease. Before testing, it is wise to remove the 5-megohm grid . resistance from the meter's input circuit as it is not now required and parallels the A.V.C. resistor, effectively reducing its value. There is little to be said about this test. No precautions against unwanted voltages are required. Oscillator Voltages. Connect the meter across the oscillator coil or between the elements of the valve, taking care that D.C. cannot enter the meter's circuit. The capacity · of the vacuum tube voltmeter will alter the frequency slightly, but unless other things in the circuit necessitate it, this need not be allowed for, as the oscillator's output voltage will not be affected. Percentage Modulation Measurements. It is sometimes interesting to know the percentage modulation of a signal arriving at the second detector. It checks the first detector's action and gives a rough check on the source of modulation, i.e., whether the signal TltE AUSTRAtAStAN ltADtO \VOitLt> generator is deeply modulated or not. Connect the voltmeter across the diode resistance in the second detector's circuit and measure the voltage there when the input signal is unmodulated, and also when modulated. The percentage modulation is then given by Percentage modulation = r Voltage (modulated) l I -1 I xlOO l Voltage (unmodulated) J Hum Measurements These can be made at a great many points in the circuit of a receiver, such as across the voltage divider, across the speaker transformer, across the automatic bias resistor of the power valve, and at the input to the power valve. OUT~ PUT METE;R_ FIG. 5 In all cases be careful to prevent D.C. operating the meter, and as far as possible always measure between some point in the circuit and earth. This latter statement might almost be regarded as a law in receiver work. Generally one then finds several voltages sent along to the meter, but one can usually "stop out" the unwanted ones. As an example· of incorrect procedure, consider the measurement of hum at the speaker transformer. Do not connect the vacuum tube voltmeter directly to the transformer's terminals. It is much better to connect from the plate side of the transformer to earth, making sure, if necessary, that one is not also measuring the hum in the "B" supply by checking this. If it is large allow for it. Other Receiver Uses Every voltage in the receiver can be checked with a vacuum tube voltmeter, with the aid of a few condensers and resistors. Even the H.T. secondary winding on the power transformer can be tested, by simply using a high resistance voltage divider. For instance, if the vacuum tube voltmeter has an input resistau.ee of 5 megohms and a full scale deflection (Continued overleaf) of 50 volts, it will read to 500 . volts when a 45-megohm resistor is connected in the lead to its grid, since the valve then has applied to it a voltage of one-tenth that applied across the series resistor and the 5- megohm grid resistance. If these values are inconveniently high, lower ones such as input grid resistance of .1 megohm and a series resistance of . 9 megohm may be used. Filament voltages, screen grid voltages, detector voltages-all can be measured with ease. When once one learns to take a few precautions, it is soon found the vacuum tube voltmeter is invaluable as a time-saving service and laboratory aid. ==P.38 - Six-Valve All-Wave Ultimate== Has Many Attractive Features IN New Zealand, locally built receivers share the market not only with Australian-made sets, but also with leading American makes. It is undoubtedly a fine achievement that the Auckland firm of Radio Ltd., in the face of this keen competition, has in the past few years established such a reputation for Ultimate receivers that now they rank with three or four imported makes as best-sellers in New Zealand. Produced in one of the most modern factories in Australasia, Ultimate radios are not only up-to-the-minute in design, but as well are precision built throughout of high quality components. A little over a year ago these sets were introduced into Australia by Messrs. Geo. Brown and Company, of Sydney, and have sold consistently well. Six-Valve All-Wave Model A fairly wide range of A.C. and battery Ultimates is available, including a recently-landed 11-valve twin chassis de luxe model that is attracting widespread interest. One of the most popular receivers in the A.C. range is the six-valve all- wave model illustrated above. It can be supplied in three different style console cabinets, that shown being the "Baby Grand." To ensure plenty of gain and high selectivity, an r.f. stage has been incorporated. There are three wave- bands instead of- the usual two, giving complete coverage of the short waves from 16 to 130 metres as well as of the broadcast band. Incidentally, this is the model· on which 603 broadcast band stations were logged by J. R. }fain, a New Zealander, in a recent DX . competition conducted in that country.. · · · · The Five Controls The controls (left t'o right) are:- . Combined on/off switch and volume THE AtJS'rRAtAStAN. RADiO WOlttO c.ontrol, quiet tuning control (for use in localities where power interference is prevalent), main tuning control, three-position wave change switch, and tone control. The tuning control n·ot· only operates . the conventional double-ended pointer, but also a special "logging hand" as well. This hand is a single-ended auxiliary pointer which rotates 16 times faster than the main indicator . By its use, tuning is made both simple and accurate, particularly on shortwave. Three-Colour Dial The dial is illuminated in red on the broadcast band, in blue on the medium shortwave band, and in green on the short waves. For the first band, the dial is calibrated in kilocycles, and in metres for the remaining two. Other Features Among other attractive features of this model can be included the volume and tone control colour indicators; an effective A.V.C. system; high-gain r.f. and i.f .. transformers; and a wave- change switch with additional contacts to short out the unused coils, resulting in a complete elimination of "dead spots" on the dial. ==P.38 - The Month on Shortwave== By '''Alan H. Graham''' RECEPTION during the past month has been fair, conditions being much better in the morning and afternoon than at night. Taken on the whole, stations on the 31-metre band are the most consistent, and almost any morning quite a number can be logged at good speaker strength. Naturally, the Daventry (GSB) and Zeesen (DJA and DJN) transmitters are outstanding - the two last-named having been extremely good this month around 8 a.m. Not far behind comes W2XAF, which is usually quite good until mid-morning, when very bad fading spoils signals. The other Americans are not nearly so good, though W1XK made a welcome re-appearance at reasonable strength on several mornings this week. Another regular on the band is the Rome transmitter 12RO, which is usually at speaker strength. Other stations heard include PRF5, which occasionally comes in splendidly with an entertaining programme of South American music (incidentally, they usually have an English session at 8.30 a.m. on Tuesdays); LKJ1, which is unfortunately heterodyned by W2XAF; HBL and CT1AA. '''Swedish Station Best 20m. Catch.''' The 20m. amateur band is still a source of enjoyment for DX enthusiasts, as splendid "catches" may be made even at the most unexpected times. Generally speaking, the best time for reception is in the late afternoon, although on June 16 four English amateurs (G5VL, G5NI, G6XR and G2NH) were heard on 'phone around 8 a.m. SM5SX, located at the Royal Technical University, Stockholm, Sweden, was the best catch last month - the usual quota of W's, K6's, XE's, VE's, CO's, etc., being logged. The 25m. band is rather unexciting as the usual stations are the only ones audible - Paris (TPA3 and TPA4), Daventry, W8XK and RNE all being fairly regular. '''Zeesen Best on 19 Metres.''' On 19 metres the best reception has been from the Zeesen transmitter, DJB, during the mid-morning period, when they are regularly heard at good speaker strength. W2XAD were also unexpectedly heard on several occasions, at quite fair strength for them, both before and after midday. By the way, reports on this station are eagerly sought after by the station engineers. '''Verifications From America.''' Finally, the last American mail brought a most interesting batch of verification cards. They included the following:- W9XAA. - Frequencies 17,780, 11,830 and 6,080 k.c. Address: 666 Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Ill. "The Shortwave Voice of Labor and Farmer." 20m. amateurs.- HI2K, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic; CO2KC, Habana, Cuba; CO7CX, Central Florida, Cuba; VE50T, Vancouver, Canada; and the Americans W3AHR, W3DPC and W5BEE. 10m. amateurs ('phone).- W3CWG, Lake Hopatcong, N.J.; and W5ERV, Shreveport, Louisiana (operated by Mr. S. H. Powell, who is, in his own words, "65 years young"). ==P.39 - More About the 6L6 Beam Power Amplifier== More About The6L6Beam Power Amplifi~~ In the June issue of the " Radio World" advance details were given of the new 6L6 beam power amplifier. The theory of its operation is covered in the article below1 published by courtesy of the Amalgamated Wireless Valve Company1 Ltd. - - THE Radiotrori 6L6 is -a n~w type of tetrode intended for use in the power output stage of an A.F. amplifier. Unlike most earlier double grid valves, the 6L6 does not exhibit any secondary emission effects at low plate and control grid voltages; p Gz flG. 20 t Ec2 o:--00:48, 24 May 2020 (UTC)--"=-..,.....,..-=::;;.J 1~-~-~-=""""',,,_~aJ-M_'--M~--<~ flG. io ·GRID ----- SCREEN FIG. 3 SKETCH SHOWING FORMATION BY GRID WIRES OF BEAM SHEETS its characteristics, therefore, resemble those of the usual power output pentodes. Some unique features of the 6L6 are high power output, high efficiency, and high power sensitivity. The Pentode Suppressor Grid. When the plate voltage of the usual tetrode is less than the screen voltage, an appreciable number of secondary electrons, which are emitted from the plate be- cause of bombardment by primary electrons, are attracted to the screen. The plate current, therefore, is greatly i-educecl. Fo1· this reason, the plate voltage of the usual tetrode should not swing below the screen voltage if the output is to be substantially free from distortion. A zero potential suppressor grid (G,), positioned between screen (G,) and plate (P), serves to prevent the loss of plate current due to -secondary emission. Hence, in a pentode, the plate voltage (Eg) can be made less than the screen voltage (Eg,) without appreciable secondary emission effects. The manner in which a suppressor prevents secondary emission loss in plate current can be explained by fig. lA. When the suppressor is connected to the cathode, the potential of the suppressor wires is zero, and the potential of the spaces between the wires is positive by an amount depending upon the geometry of the valve and the applied. voltages. The effect is, therefore, toreduce the potential at all points between the screen and plate. Fig. lA shows the approximate potential distribution between the screen and plate of a pentode for various plate voltages. When Eb is greater than a certain critical value (Eib) a potential minimum is formed in the vicinity of the suppressor. When the difference between the plate voltage and the potential at the suppressor (Eb'-Eb11 ) is great enough, secondary electrons from the plate are not attracted to the screen, but return to the plate. Consequently, for all values of Eb greater than Eb1 , there is no appreciable loss in plate current due to secondary emission. Under these conditions the plate cur- rent is nearly independent of plate voltage. Fig. lB shows the plate characteristic of a typical pentode. The knee between Eb and Ebr is rounded, due mostly to the. non-uniformity of the field around Ga, giving no definite value of Ebr where the plate current begins to become independent of plate voltage. There are several other factors which govern the sharpness of the knee, such as the shapes, sizes and uniformity of the grids and cathode. Much of the distortion of the field occurs at the grid side rods. The ideal curve (dotted in fig. lB) would have a greater usable range of plate voltage, with reduced third-harmonic distortion. The 6L6 dispenses with a physical suppressor in order to reduce secondary emission effects. Suppression is obtained by creating a potential minimum between G, and plate by space charge effects. The electron stream to the plate is confined to . a beam whose electrons have nearly uniform path lengths and velocities. Such a design results in a plate characteristic that has a relatively sharp knee at low plate voltage. The Virtual Cathode. If we had a valve in: which each electron traversed the same distance in the same time on its journey from cathode to plate, many of the pentode difficulties could be obviated. Consider s'ijcl1 a tetrode. Apply a 6 5 "' .... >- < ~ I >- " 0.4 >- " 0 a: w ~ 0 a. 3 -;;;- 10~ - "' ,_ ..J 0 > 5 ~ z " • 14 >- 12z w u 0~ a. ' z 8 0 >- a: 0 6 >- !':! 0 4 0! z 0 ::; a: 2 <( :r iii 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 LOAD RESISTANCE - OHMS 6 7 voltage to its screen, and a lower voltage to its plate. Shifting the plate further from the screen under those conditions gives a set of potential grade curves as in fig . 2A. After a distance D,, there is found to be a point of minimum potential between screen and plate, which tends to repel secondary electrons, preventing their passage to the screen. In simpler words, the cloud of electrons set free by bombardment of the plate has been moved out beyond the reach of the screen grid's positive field. If, then; the plate voltage is increased, the cloud extends further inward toward the grid, but owing to the increased intensity of the plate's positive field, it is not sufficiently negative to set up a current from plate to screen, but simply retards the normal flow of plate current, making it practically independent of plate voltage. Below the critical voltage, at distances of either D, or D, (figs. 2B, 2C), the cloud is not present in any large extent, its electrons being drawn to the screen grid by its positive potential. Thus there is a sharp falling-off of plate current at a critical voltage, after which a negative current may flow. By increasing the distance to D:i (fig. 2D), it. is found that a region of minimum potential (Mi, M, P min.) exists for all values of plate potential, and t hat the cloud of electrons is always present, even at very low values of plate potential. Thus the field between the plate and screen has a region of low potential which effectively ·prevents the production of further secondary electrons, in much the same way as t he suppressor of a pentode. The resulting tetrode, however, has a much sharper knee at Eb1 in fig. 2D than has a pentode. The cloud of electrons near the positively-charged plate is, in , effect, a virtual cathode, the position of which is changed by varying the control grid voltage or the plate potential. With the correct screen to plate distances, the potential of P min. can. be made just enough to suppress secondary emission effects. The plate then acts as a diode plate, which reaches a saturation current when its potential reaches · Eb1, after which there remains an almost constant potential grade between the virtual cathode and plate. If the screen volta$·e is i'edu·ced, 01° the control grid voltage made more negative, the density of the cloud of electrons becomes less, and the diode saturates at a lower value of plate voltage. The voltage at which the knee occurs depends either on the screen voltage or the control grid bias. Radiotron 6L6. To simulate the ideal conditions of the hypothetical valve discussed above, the electron streams must be focussed into some form of parallel "beams." In the 6L6 this has been done by carefully winding the two grids with the same pitch, and even more carefully aligning them so that each turn of the screen grid lies exactly outside that of the control grid along a line perpendicular to the cathode. In pentode valves, the grid side rods do much to disturb the field near the plate. To overcome such effects in the 6L6, two side plates, called "beam forming plates," have been placed at the sides of the grids in the plane of the virtual cathode, as shown in fig. 3. Being held at cathode potential, these plates effectively screen the plate from the field of the side rods of the screen grid, and deflecting the "beams" into paths very nearly perpendicular to the axis of the cathode after passing the screen. Fig. 3 illustrates the combined effect. 1'Ht AUS'ftlALASlAN tlADlO WOtlLD It must be noted that the screen current is greatly reduced, as few electrons flying from the cathode are caught by its field. A saving of overall power input thus results, and the efficiency is high. The careful design of the valve generally, coupled with the large cathode, . has given a very high value of mutual conductance-4,300 micromhos, at 175 volts screen and a negative control grid bias of 12.5, and 250 volts plate potential. The sensitivity for this reason is very high, and only small grid swings are necessary for high output under most conditions. While the overall distortion for a given output is less with Radiotron 6L6 than a single 42 type pentode, at higher outputs, which would seriously overload the latter valve, the predominant harmonic produced by the 6L6 is the second. When used in push-pull this can be nullified, and far greater outputs at low distortion are !JOssible when the valve is operating along its optimum load line. Operation of Radiotron 6L6. In Table I are given a number of operating conditions, both for single valve and push-pull. Conditions Nos. 1, 2, 6 and 7 are those most likely to be used by re- ceiver manufacturers, who must necessarily con§ider the required power input to plate. The power supply is most generally the limiting factor. · TABLE 1 August l, 1936. Condition 6, giving 14.5 watts output with 2 % distortion and with a grid swing of 32 volts peak, should prove of service in any large receiver. Where fidelity is required, there must always be a reserve of output power. Radiotron 6L6 offers a method of obtaining that without resorting to abnormally high voltages. The other conditions, Nos. 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, should prove very useful to the maker of P.A. equipment or cinema sound equipment. ==P.42 - For Radio Mechanics== Special Training Class THE Marconi School of Wireless, conducted by Amalgamated Wireless at 97 Clarence Street, Sydney, has organised an intensive course of instruction for youths who wish to become radio mechanics. The course comprise,s a daily lecture on the theory of electricity and radio, with special application to receiving sets, the rest of the day being devoted to practical work. Students will be instructed in assembling, wiring and testing, and also in the use of tools. The intention is to start the class on August 3 and to terminate in February, 1937, when the busy season of radio manufacture is about to com- mence. The Marconi School has recently been enlarged in order to accommodate the increasing number of students in various classes. ==P.43 - The All-Wave All-World DX News== '''The All-Wave All-World DX News''' '''Official Organ of the All-Wave All-World DX Club.''' '''Club Is Proving Highly Popular.''' Every DX fan in Australia must have wanted a DX Club to join, and a DX Contest to take part in, if the letters that have been rolling in lately from all parts of the Commonwealth are anything to go by! This letter, from Leon S. Stone, of Gordon, N.S.W., is typical of dozens more:- "I must say the Membership Certificate is certainly a neat one. I must also compliment you on the badge, which I consider exceptionally striking and effective. It looks and is a high-class job that anyone would be proud to wear. It is really much superior to what I expected. "Re the Club. It is a worthy organisation of great value to the dxer to run hand in hand with A.R.W., and I am sure it is going to be - if not already - most popular. "Thanks for the specimen report form - a very useful idea indeed and a wonderful time-saver for any dxer. It is also very handy, as it sets the seal of an 'Official' report on any sent to stations, with an increased chance of getting an acknowledgement. For this reason the idea of giving each member an Official Receiving Station Call Sign is an excellent one, of which I heartily approve." '''The Right One At Last.''' Another reader, writing from Ipswich, Queensland, says: "The All-Wave All-World DX Club is just what has been needed in Australia for a long time. I have wasted no end of money in buying different magazines and at last I have come across the right one. I can say it is very popular here in Ipswich. I have been praising it to everyone I see or talk to about dxing, and have given my newsagent a permanent order for it." It goes without saying that support as enthusiastic as this is always highly appreciated, not only because it proves that a magazine like the "Radio World" was badly needed in Australia, but because the more support that is forthcoming, the greater is the service that can be given to readers. '''More Members Wanted.''' This applies particularly to the All-Wave All-World DX Club. Every application for membership that is received means that just a little more can be done for those who have already joined. If every dxer who has joined or who is about to join persuaded several friends to send in applications too, the Club would have a thousand or more members in no time. With the membership at this figure, there would be no end to the competitions and little "stunts" that could be arranged for members. '''All-Wave DX Contest.''' In the conditions governing the Contest, published last month, it is stated that "the Contest is an all-wave one, but broadcast stations only count - not commercials or amateurs." A correspondent asks whether the word "commercial" includes "B" class stations, which are run along commercial lines. The term does not apply in this case - what is meant are stations whose broadcasts are purely commercial in character, such as ship and aeroplane stations, etc. ===Application for Membership=== ALL-WAVE ALL-WORLD DX CLUB Application for Membership The Secretary, All-Wave All-World DX Club, 214 George Street, Sydney, N.S.W. Dear Sir, I am very interested in dxing, and am keen to join your Club. The details you require are given below: Name.......................................................... Address....................................................... [Please print both plainly.] ................................. .............................................................. My set is a................................................... [Give make or type, number of valves, and state whether battery or mains operated.]............................................ I enclose herewith the Life Membership fee of 3/6 [Postal Notes or Money Order], for which I will receive, post free, a Club badge and a Membership Certificate showing my Official Club Number. (Signed) ................................................... [Note: Readers who do not want to mutilate their copies of the "Radio World" by cutting out this form can write out the details required.] ==P.44 - DX Champion Logs 600 Stations in Five Years== Following a recently-held New Zealandwide DX contest, Mr. J .. R. Bain, of Marton, was declared DX champion of N.Z. In the following article, written specially for the "Radio World," he tells readers how he built up his 600-station log. A reception report from the author to this station at Wilnu, Poland, l1rought this photograph in return as a vel"ification. I first started dxing early in 1931, just after purchasing my first set- a four-valve t.r.f. Ultimate. It was a battery-operated model, as I was living in the backblocks of Taranaki then, where mains power was not available. Valves used were a 442 screen-grid r.f. stage, 415 detector, 409 first audio, and 443 power valve. , The aerial was an inverted "L", 100 feet long, 45 feet high, and running north to south. The earth consisted of a five-foot pipe driven well down into moist soil. As is usual with the owner of a .new set, I was keen to see what my new four-valver would do, and after logging all the New Zealand and most of the Australian stations, I concen- trated on the weaker signals. To avoid disturbing other members of the household when I was dxing late at night, 'phones were sometimes used. After several months, I started dxing in earnest. My first overseas report was sent to KFOX, Long Beach, California, and the next two to 3KZ and 3GL in Victoria. From then on I was kept busy making out reports, and looking forward to the arrival of overseas mails. Most of the world's broadcast stations are located in U.S.A., and my locality must have been a good . one for them, because in six months I had sent reports to 100. On occasions, when conditions were good, I would stay up all night to pick up Eastern stations or other stray ones that might have been testing, or on a special programme. I would consider it a very poor night's dial-hunting if I didn't get at least three or four new Joggings. Towards the end of 1933 I shifted to Marton, an inland town about 200 miles north of Wellington. ·Mains power was available here, so I bought a six-valve a.c. Ultimate superhet, and . carried on dxing. Like the battery set, this also gave excellent results, so that last year I was able to win the "N.Z. Radio Record" DX Challenge Cup with a verified log of 603 overseas stations. Previously, while operating the battery set, I won th~ "N.Z. Radio Times" Battery Cup twice. Some Hints for Newcomers After one becomes keenly interested in dxing, one soon finds which months of the year are most suitable for the reception of stations in each country. For instance, during the winter Jll.Onths the Americans are heard at good volume from 4.30 till 7.30 p.m., but in the summer they are heard better from 11.30 p.m. till 3 a.m. European stations come in well during the spring and autumn, but at other times of the year they arc hardly worth bothering about. On the other hand, the Eastern stations are heard practically all the year round, so it will be seen that one can be on the lookout for new loggings all the year round. When reporting to stations, to ensure a verification one must give every detail that will be of interest to the station engineers, and I can advise nothing better than the use of the All-Wave All-World DX Club report forms. These forms cover everything, and the station officials can see at a glance just how the transmission was received. If is always advisable to enclose return postage to the New Zealand and Australian stations. In the case of more distant stations, I have sent an I.R.C. only on very rare occasions; in fact, several stations have returned the coupon, saying that they did not accept postage when a detailed report was sent, as they were only too pleased to know how their trans- missions were getting out. Then again, one must not be disappointed if an occasional station fails to acknowledge a report, as several circumstances must be taken into consideration. For instance, a powerful station such as KFI has a daily mail running into thousands of letters. Is it any wonder if one gets overlooked? Or, in the case of a foreign station, a letter may be lost in transit, or perhaps no one at the station can read or write in English. Then again, there are one or two stations that definitely refuse to "verify reception"; but these, I am pleased to say, are few and far between. I have found it a good idea to en- · close a folder or booklet of views with THE AUSTltALASiAN llAJJl() WORLD each report. Distant stations are always interested in anything of this nature, and very often send in return some photos or views of their station or locality. I have built up a very fine collection of cards, letters, and photos, all received from B.C. stations.· In addition to the pleasure I have had from dxing I have also made many friends in all parts of the world, and regularly receive letters from them. Also, I have built up a fine collection of stamps. In conclusion, to be a successful dxer and build up a good log, one must have a good receiver and a good locality, plenty of patience and a tolerant family. Anyone seeking information on broadcast band stations need only drop me a line at 97 Princess Street, Marton, N.Z., and I will do all in my power to assist them. ==P.46 - "Card-Hunting" is Not Sole Aim of Dxing== By M.T.H. I N the early days of radio, a broadcasting station was very seldom heard at a distance greater than some 500 miles. Under such circumstances the"· owners of radio stations were very interested in receiving information concerning both strength and the steadhress of reception at distant points. It enabled them to determine the extent of their "area of effective service," and also, the effect of atmospheric conditions upon this service. It can be readily seen from these considerations that the tireless efforts of early enthusiasts were of great importance to the suc- cess of radio entertainment. To-day, the supplying of such information is a hobby which yearly gains more enthusiastic adherents. Mo~t broadcasting stations send a "Reception Verified" card to all t hose who give them helpful information, and the <:ol!ection of such cards has become a matter of keen competition. Reports Must be Complete There is a danger to-day, however, that this hobby may degenerate into a form of tai·d collecting, and nothing more,, 'As an instance, :;;tations oecasionilly rel'eivc report;; running :;omethinir like thi~: "I heard your st!i..tion last night; it was coming in Hke a iocal. Please send me a card, ., ., ' etc." Needless to say, this sort of thing debases the hobby, and could ultimately lead to its extinction. It is necessary, therefore, that every report sent to stations should be of service to them and to radio as a whole. This is the whole aim of dxing. The verification card is a reward for service rendered, and should not be regarded as the sole object of dxing. Preparing a Report Intelligent and accurate reports are undoubtedly of great assistance in determining the occurrence and duration of fading, the intensity of signal strength, and, perhaps, most important of all, the quality of speech and music. In forwarding reports to distant stations there are several essen- tials to be borne in mind. 1. Set down the time and date of 1·eception, and also the frequency if possible. It is quite unnecessary to give every item you hear, but make Hure you get at least half a dozen if conditions permit. If possible, quote titles in preference to saying that a "piano item" was heard, "a lady was singing," or "a band was playing," etc. Station engineers prefer to get the name of the item itself, the name of the orchesti·a, the composer, or the artist which enables them to verify definitPly. 2. Next comes the readability (QSA) and strength of signals (R), as well as the quality. Many are apt to exaggerate when giving these particulars. Do not tell a station you heard them at RS, when in reality they were only R4. Misleading re- · August l; 1936. ports concerning strength are useless. The object of a report is not to let the engineers know what a wonderful receiver you have for DX, but to inform them how their signals are getting out. Weak and disturbed signals may not be due to your receiver, but to several other things; e.g., the time at which you hear the station or the · 1ocal climatic conditions. Both these factors affect reception to some ex- tent, hence the importance of stating as nearly as possible the volume and clarity of signals. 3. Pay particular attention to fading, and mention whether the carrier wave is steady or swinging at the same time, being careful to make sure your own aerial is not swinging. 4. Describe as accurately as you can the weather conditions at the time of reception, giving temperature and barometer readings (if available), direction of wind, and other details. If dxers follow the above instructions and give some details as to the set used, length and height of aerial, etc., they will have the satisfaction of knowing their report is a helpful one. Postage should be enclosed where possible. Some Shortwave DONT'S. Don't expect to log all the stations in the world the first day you have your set. You must become used to your receiver and know just how to tune it, and this takes time and patience. It is best to try for the more powerful stations first, as they will be the easiest ones to pull in. Don't expect to receive the same station every day, as conditions in the upper reaches of the earth's atmosphere cause reception conditions to change constantly. There are oc- casions when you will pick up a station with excellent volume, but perhaps a few days later you will not be able to bring in the station at all. Don't expect to get stations instantly. A station may be coming in well one minute, but during the next you may scarcely hear it. This is one reason why · patience and slow tuning are necessary. Don't use a m·ake-shift aerial. Only the best and most carefully-installed types will bring in shortwave stations satisfactorily. A doublet is always well worth while on the short waves. Don't become discouraged. Every new shortwave listener, b·efore he has become familiarised with the vagaries of short waves, is apt to become disliearteried when trying out a new set. ==P.47 - Identifying Shortwave Stations== Chimes, bells, horns, cuckoo calls-these are just a few of the many and varied interval signals used by shortwave stations throughout the world to enable listeners to identify their transmissions easily. A list of these signals used by the more powerful stations is given below. By H. I. JOHNS. LISTENERS often find it difficult to identify foreign shortwave stations, especially those where. the English language js very little used. For instance, some of the South American stations do not an- nounce their actual call-signs in English, but in Spanish. Similarly, French and Russian stations use their own languages when announcing. Fortunately, however,· most of these stations now use what are known as interval signals which enable listeners to identify them easily. A list of these signals used by the more powerful stations will now be given. From the Empire stations (Daventry) a tuning whistle is sounded for at least fifteen minutes before the opening announcement. Next, Big Ben will be heard, and then the an- nouncer will inform listeners . that "This is London calling you." These well-known stations, which always close with "God Save the King," will be found on the 19, 25 and 31-metre bands. When tuning into a German station one will hear chimes, consisting of eight notes of an old German folk song, frequently repeated, for about fifteen minutes before the station's announcements. Then follows: "Dear friends and listeners abroad." These stations also announce in Spanish, and close down with the German national anthem and Nazi hymn. Finally, the chimes will be heard once again. · The French station, "Radio Coloniale" (FY A) and now known as TP A2, TP A3 and TP A4, always opens up with the "Marsellaise." The call-sign will not be heard, but instead the an- nouncement, "lei Paree, Radio Coloniaie." The station closes with "Bon soir mesdames, bon soir, mademoi- sell~s bon soir, messieurs," followed by th~ "Marsellaise." From -Paris we go to 2.RO, Rome, which announces "Radio Roma Napoli." This is given by a lady an- nouncer, the interval signal being a nightingale singing. The station closes with the Fascist hymn. Another station in Rome is HVJ, Vatican City, which opens with a metronome beating for five minutes. Then will be heard the striking of the bells ·of St. Peter's, followed by the announcement, "Pronto Radio Vaticano. Wave length 50.26 metres. Laudetur Jesus Christus." The station remains on the air for fifteen minutes only. A well-known station in Portugal is CTlAA, Lisbon, which uses three cuckoo calls as an interval signal. The announcement is, "CTlAA, Radio Coloniale." This station can be heard on Wednesdays, Fridays and Sundays, on the 31 m. band, but only during the winter. Turning next to Switzerland, we have HBL and HBO, which together with several other stations are known as "Radio Nations," Geneva, Switzerland. Announcements are made in English, Spanish and French. ORK, Belgium, which transmits interesting programmes heard daily in the early morning, is known as "Belradio." The announcement is,, "lei Bruxelles emission s·pecials pour la Congo par Ia station de Ruysselede,'' and the station closes with "La Brabaconne." Station OER2 in Austria can also be heard in the early morning. The an- nouncement is, "Hello, Hier Radio Wien," and also "Hello, hello, this is radio station OER2, Vienna, Austria." A metronome is used for the interval signal. Station EAQ (30.4 m.) in Spain, announces in English and Spanish after every item, the announcement in Spanish being-"Estacion Ay-Ah-Coo (EAQ), Madrid, Espana!' This station is on the air daily, but is heard only during the winter. Perhaps the best-known station throughout the world to shortwave listeners is PHI, Holland. Announcements are made in English, Dutch, Malay, German, French, Spanish and Portuguese, all by the same announ- cer. Listeners will hear, "Hullo, hullo, PHI, Holland," also "This is Huizen." This station, which is known as the "happy station" among shortwave listeners, closes with the Dutch national anthem. PRF5, in Brazil, is known as "La Presse Nacional," the announcement being "You are listening to shortwave station PRF5-F for Friday." They also give the station's longitude and latitude. RNE, the Russian station, on 25 metres, always opens and closes with the playing of the "International." You will hear, "This is Moscow calling on a wave length of 25 metres, 12,000 kilocycles, Workers of the World." All American stations can be identified by the prefix "W." The callsigns are given every fifteen minutes, preceded in nearly all cases by the striking of three gongs. Shortwave stations in America which operate from or in conjunction with a broadcast station, give announcements as follows: "Westinghouse stations WBZ, WBZA and shortwave station WlXK." W2XAF on 31 metres is known as "The Voice of Electricity,'' the an- nouncement being, "This is WGY and W2XAF." Each programme is opened with a broadcast from the noise of a discharge of 10 million volts. \VSXAL's announcement is, "The Nation's Station, WLW, and short- wave station WSXAL." W9XF-"Your station is W9XF, Chicago, Illinois, operating on 6,100 kilocycles." The call-sign, etc., is also given out in several different languages. VK2M:E, Australia, is known a s THE AUSTRALASIAN RADIO WORLD "The Voice of Australia,'' the identifying signal being the well-known laug·hter of the kookaburra, Australia's famous bird. The station always closes with "God Save the King." VPD has no interval signal, but the announcer will be heard to say, "Hullo listeners, this is station VPD, Suva, Fiji,'' before almost every item. VK3ME opens with clock chimes and closes with "God Save the King." The South American stations are the hardest to identify, as the ma- jority do not give their call-signs in English but only in Spanish. HJlABB is known as "La Voz de Barranguilla," the call-sign in Spanish being "Acha hota und ah bey, bey." The interval signal consists of three chimes. HJ2ABA will be heard as "La V oz de! Rais." HJ3ABD-the name of this station is "Ecos de Calle," and the announcement is "Atcha kah effch." The identifying signal consists of strokes on a gong. August 1, 1936. HJ5ABD's call will be given by the announcer as "Achay jay sinks ah bay day." HCJB, which is heard daily broadcasting in English and Spanish, _ is "Le Voz de los Andes" (the Voice of the Andes). It can be identified by a two-tone chime. HC2RL, known as "Quinta Riedad,'' calls "Hullo America" both in English and Spanish. It closes with the Ecuadorian national anthem. OAX4D is heard well on Thursdays and Sundays on 51 metres. The announcement, "La Voz de Peru, Radio, D.U.S.A." is given in English and Spanish. XEBT is another well-known station and can be easily identified by the blowing of a motor horn, like very fast cuckoo calls, repeated twice. Also listeners will sometimes hear a siren blowing, similar to that on a fire engine. The station signs off with that beautiful sacred song, "Ave Maria." ==P.48 - Universal Time Conversion Indicator== How to Assemble and Use It EvERY radio enthusiast will find the Radiotron Universal Time Conversion Indicator issued as a free supplement to this issue, invaluable in obtaining time differences between various parts of the world. To assemble it, the large circle should be carefully cut out around its outside edge. The small circle is also cut out, just inside the red line forming the circumference. Two discs of fairly heavy cardboard are also re- quired, of the same diameters as the cut-out circles. The latter are then glued to the discs, the smaller one placed evenly over the larger, a paper fastener passed through the centre, and the Indicator is ready for opera- tion.· Alternatively, both discs can be fastened to a convenient spot on a wall with a drawing-pin passing through their centres. Using the Indicator To obtain the time in any country when it is, say, 8 p.m. in Sydney, set "N.S.W." opposite 8 p.m., and then times in othe1· parts of the world can be read off. For example, the Indicator shows it is t hen 7.30 p.m. in South Australia and Northern Territory, 7 p.m. in Japan, 6 p.m. in West Australia, and 9.30 p.m. in New Zealand. The only country of any importance from a radio point of view that is ahead of Sydney in regard to time is New Zealand, which is H hours ahead during winter. During summer, when Daylight Saving is in force, the time difference increases to 2 hours. Some Further Examples In big continents there are several divisions of time. In the United States there are four belts-Pacific, Mountain, Central and Eastern. These arc 18, 17, 16, and 15 hours behind Sydney time, respectively. Australia has three belts, Western Australia and Central Australia being two hours and half an hour respectively behind Sydney time. All these differences are shown by the Indicator. Allowance For Summer Time Summer time is observed in some countries, notably Argentine, Belgium, Brazil, France, Great Britain, Holland, Portugal, and Roumania. During the Australian winter, the time in these countries is advanced one hour, fo1· which due allowance should be made. ==P.49 - All-Wave DX Contest Arouses Widespread Interest== List of Prizes Give11 Below Ineludes Kit-Sets, Multi-Range Teste1• and Aerial K.its. T IIE announcement of the All-\Vave DX Contest in last month's "Radio World" has brought in dozens of letters from readers anxious to take part in the competition. Judging by their enthusiasm, station officials in all parts of the world are going to have a busy time during the next few months checking up on reports and · sending back verifications ! Thanks to the generosity of leading advertisers in the ''Radio vVorld," over thirty pounds' worth of prizes have already been donated for distribution among the winners. 'rhere will be two sedions in the Contest, one for Australian and one for New Zealand dxers. Details of the prize list are as follows:- AUSTRALIAN SECTION. First Prize : . . .... . .. ... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Radiokes "Moneysa ver" Kit-Set (value £9/17/ 6). (Kit donated by Radiokes Ltd., except /01· condenser gang an(l wave-change switch, given by Stroniberg-Carlson (A'sia) Ltd.) Second Prize: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '' l.936 Master Five'' (Complete Velco kit of parts, value £6) . (Donated by .Messrs. A. J. Veall Pty. Ltd., Melbourne .) Third Prize: .... . .. . . . ...... .. . Palec Nine-Range D.C. Multi-Tester (value £5). (Donated by the Paton Electrical Instrnment Company, Sydney.) Fourth Prize: . .. . .. ... . . ..... .. Noisemaster All-Purpose Aerial Kit (value 52/6). (Donated by Antenne:x; (A'sia) Agenc1:es, Sydney.) NEW ZEALAND SECTION. First Prize : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kit of parts for complete receiver (type will be published next month). (Donated by Messrs. F . J. W. Fear & Co., Wellington, N.Z.) Second Prize: ..... . .. ... . . ... . . Noisemaster AllPurpose Aerial Kit (value 52/6). (Donated by Antennex (A'sia) Agenc·ies, Sydney). Further additions to both prize lists may be published next month. . Every prize-winner will also receive an Award Certificate in twocolonrs, printed on parchment, while six Certificates of Merit will be awarded for the six best logs entered, apart from those of the prize-winners. ==P.50 - DX News and Views== '''A page for letters from DX readers.''' '''Wants To Exchange QSL Card''' I would like to congratulate you on your fine paper "Radio World." I look forward to getting my copy of it every month. I have a QSL card of my own, and would like to exchange it with anyone anywhere. Wishing the "Radio World" every success in the future.- '''C. R. Landrigan''' (Camperdown Road, Terang, Vic.). '''Fine 10-Metre DX''' Following is a list of loggings for the past week - mostly on 14 m.c. (20 metres) c.w.:- W6CXW, W6ITH ('phone Q5, R9), W6LDP, WE1EA, W7BUB, W9POS, OZ2M, J2CL, UK3AA, PACE, G5RS, G60S, U9MF, KA1SP (7 m.c.), XU3RY, OH5MR, OZ5BK, EI8B, W2LU, KA1ER (7 m.c.), W2HSD, U2ME, PAHG, W6HR, K6AKP, W410, F8NY, W9KJP, K6LBH. Some time ago I heard the following on 28 m.c. (10 metres):- ZL1GX, W6GZU, ZL3AB, VK3YF, AS1H, VK6SA, HJ3AJH, J2HJ, and VK6MN. Also, VK6FO used to be regular, but have not heard him for some time. My total log, including VK's and ZL's, must be around about 1,000 stations. I have not sent many reports out, but have about 30 cards. I have received from ZBW, Hong Kong, a very nice card, showing views of the studio, station and transmitter.- '''Len. Burston''' (Wangaratta, Vic.). '''Airways Station Heard''' The stations which I have heard with my 4-valve battery set, with an aerial 60 feet long and 30 feet high, are as follows:- Daylight stations: 3AR, 2FC, 5CK, 2CO, 7NT, 5CL, 2BL, 3LO, 3GI, 5RM, 2GB, 3UZ, 3BO, 2UE, 2GZ, 3HA, 2KY, 3DB, 2CA, 2UW, 2WG, 3KZ, 2CH, 2NC, 2WR, 2SM, 3AW, 2GN. Night: 2YA, 1YA, 4YA (New Zealand from about 5 p.m. onwards), 6WF, 4QG, 5DN, 6AM, 5PI, 7LA, 2HD, 4MK, 3TR, 6IX, 4BK, 5AD, 2MO, 2KO, 3XY, 4CA. These are the stations which I have noted down as having heard their calls since I bought the set in September last. Amateurs I have received include VK2YW, Wagga; VK2EI, Leeton, and VK2KD, Temora. Recently I picked up a station on about 5PI's wavelength. I heard a male announcer asking- "How long before you will be landing? Over, over." A little later- "You will be landing in about 15 minutes; see you later; OK, ---," a name which l could not get; possibly the name of the machine. A few days later I saw by the papers that an Airways 'plane had to return to Cootamundra aerodrome on account of bad weather, so, possibly, that's what I heard. Also, a station has been heard near 2FC - I think it is KZRM, Manila. I picked it up on Sunday night at about 10.45 p.m.; it was QSA4 and R6, for about half an hour. No call was given, but the announcer spoke with an American accent.- '''C. D. Moller''' (Coolamon, N.S.W.). '''Two-Valve Battery Shortwaver''' My receiver is a two-valve battery s.w. receiver, 30 detector, 32 output, using resistance coupling. It is of my own construction. The antenna is of the inverted "L" type - 25-foot lead-in around the skirting-board, and a 25-foot flat top, 10 feet high, pointing to N.W. I use no earth. Since winding the 20-metre coil three days ago I have heard several stations, the best being VPD (22.94 m.) and W7ALZ calling 4JU and W6FQY. W6FQY can generally be heard at 4.20 p.m. The W6's come in best here. I use "cans" for s.w. reception. Wishing your excellent radio journal all the best.- '''Jack Harrower''' (Seddon, Melbourne, Vic.). '''500 Stations In Six Weeks''' I have received over 500 stations in the past six weeks - mostly amateurs on 20 metres, but including a couple of Japanese stations, XGOA, and KZRM on broadcast band. I wish to congratulate you on the '"Radio World," and here's hoping you keep up the good work. It is the best radio book I have seen, and I have a standing order for it at my newsagent.- '''W. Pearson''' (Malvern, Victoria). '''Foreign Stations On 49 Metres''' "I wish to acknowledge having received my Club Certificate and Badge, and to commend you on the smart design of both badge and certificate. Also, the Report Forms are just what the DX fans have looked for for ages. Well, the most notable items in the DX line here lately have been on the short waves. XE2AH, Mexico, W6ITH and W6MGJ, California, W6BY, Whittier, California, have all been heard on 20-metre 'phone at R8-9 QSA4-5. They can be heard around 4 p.m. till 5 p.m. South Australian Time. There is a station on approximately 49 metres which plays all the latest recordings with vocal refrains in English, and also a lot of Hawaiian music and songs, but announces in a foreign language. It does not give a call-sign, and is on the air from about 7.30 p.m. till 2 a.m. At intervals a chime is heard. This station comes in at R9, QSA5. I have just received a verification and programme from Russia with the information that all reports will be answered, and that programmes may be obtained in any language on request. All reports should be addressed to the Editor, Inna Marr, Radio Centre, Moscow.- '''R. H. McColl''' (Semaphore, S.A.). '''Sixty-Foot Aerial Mast''' Just a few short lines to let you know how I am getting along in the way of dxing. So far things have not been the best, on the broadcast band it certainly has been very hard, the trouble being local interference. Though during June I received 80 odd cards from Australian stations, and hope to have a good collection in a very short time. So far I have only sent cards to TPA4, DJQ, GSB, VBD and to a few American hams. I have tried various forms of aerials here, because conditions here in the North are not so good. At present I have under construction a sixty-foot three-corner lattice mast and will gladly send photo of same when completed. Wishing the "Radio World" and DX Club every success.- '''C. Watts''' (Bowen, Q'land). '''Interested In 5-Metre DX''' I have just bought the June issue of your remarkable magazine, which is certainly one of the best, and I enclose P.N. for one shilling and stamps to cover postage of the May issue. I have had a radio since 1925 - you know the days of knobs, dials and squeals. At the present time I am very interested in 5 metres and would like to suggest that the "Radio World" publish as soon as possible a 5-metre receiver. By doing this you would give those of us who are interested on this side of the Tasman a chance to hear the first signal from Aussie on a "Radio World" receiver; what could be better? I will in the near future join the "All-World DX Club." I take this opportunity of wishing the "Radio World" the best of success - and it is a success.- '''Vince Hanstock''' (Denniston, N.Z.). [Details of a.c. and battery 5-metre receivers are published in the July and August issues. Best of luck in your 5-metre DX work. Glad you like "R.W." - Ed.] '''Logged Nearly 3,000 Stations!''' I have an eight-valve all-wave job, and only operate it on an indoor aerial at present but in the near future I intend to erect two 60-foot poles, so I ought to drag them in. I am in a very bad locality owing to the Railway Rock, and two sets of high powered mains pass in the next street. I have had the set about 16 months and have logged near the 3,000 mark of world-wide stations. I received a card yesterday from OA4R, Peru. I would also like to mention I have my own card and have sent out dozens and dozens to different VK's, but have got about one dozen in return. I have never missed including return postage and thought I might be doing these chaps a good turn, but they evidently do not appreciate reports.- '''C. E. Neill''' (Ipswich, Queensland). [Congratulations on your card - a very neat job. Hard to understand your not getting replies from "hams," who generally are only too pleased to send a card if postage is included.- Ed.l '''"Glorious Fourth" Celebrations Heard''' Have had a Stromberg-Carlson D.W. only for five or six weeks, but have logged a number of overseas stations and also many amateurs. GSD and GSB, Daventry, from about 2 p.m. till 4.30 p.m., have been excellent on 25 and 31 metres - but cannot get them above a whisper on the 20-metre band. Radio Colonial, Paris, from 10 a.m., and I2RO, Rome, on 25 metres, were very good from 1.15 a.m. early in July. Also, at between 9 and 10 a.m. on the same day I heard I2RO give their "American Hour" request numbers in English. On July 4 at 10.20 a.m. on 25 metres, I heard part of celebration at the United States Great Hall, Paris, of the "Glorious Fourth." Readability was fair to good, but there was some fading. I can recognise only the French and German languages (and perhaps Spanish and Italian), so unless the call is heard, it is difficult to tell what station one is listening to.- '''Mrs. E. M. A. A. Heathorn''' (Smithton, Tasmania). [The list of interval signals published this month will help you considerably in identifying s.w. stations.- Ed.] ===Photo of George Notley, Moonah, DX Den=== The "Radio World" certainly seems to be popular in this DX den, which belongs to '''George Notley''', of Moonah, Tasmania. Mr. Notley is a very keen dxer, and has logged plenty of S.W. and broadcast stations on the battery three-valver shown in the photo. ===Photo of 1YA Auckland Mast=== This aerial mast belongs to lYA, Auckland, which operates on 650 k.c. with a power of 10 k.w.- '''Jack M. Flower''' (Tauranga, N.Z.). ==P.51 - Logging South American Stations== During any Sunday afternoon dxers in good locations can, by careful searching, pick up quite a few South American broadcasters at good volume. In the article below over two dozen of the more powerful stations are listed, together with frequencies, powers, and best times to look for them. This high.powered broadcaster at Breslau, Germany, can generally be heard at fine volume in ·the spring and autumn. During the early morn· ing is the b.est time of the day to try for him. Frequency is 950 k .c., By D. N. ADAMS and power, 100 k.w. THERE are quite a few powerful stations in the Argentine, which can sometimes be heard in Australasia during the winter from about mid-day onwards. Sunday is a good day to try for them. Some go off the air at about 1.30 p.m., but others carry on, and these would probably be the best for Australian dxers to search for. Published on this page is a list of the more powerful of the South Americans together with the approximate times (E.A.S.T.) at which they close down. Try for them before the more powerful of the U.S.A. stations start to come in, or there will be plenty of heterodynes with which to contend. A good way of ensuring a verification from any of these stations you may pick up is to send a copy of your report to Mr. Hector Rivola, c/o Radio Station LR8, Radio Paris, Buenos Aires, Argentine, and ask him if he would mind seeing the management of the station in question regarding a verification for your report. Enclose some used or unused Australian stamps for his collection and he will be pleased to help you out. I have received back several verifications through his kind assistance. Other stations in South America which have been heard here are: TGK, Guatemala City, Guatemala, on 1,210 k.c., 10,000 watts. Broadcasts DX programmes on Sunday nights till about 6 p.rrL E.A.S.T. CX26, Montevideo, Uruguay, on 1,050 k.c., 2,000 watts, is often heard on DX broadcasts. CX24, Montevideo, Uruguay, on 1,010 k.c., 10,000 watts, is often heard on DX broadcasts. CP4, La Paz, Bolivia, on 1,040 k.c., 10,000 watts, is sometimes heard on till 6 p.m. with DX broadcasts. CE76, Valparaiso, Chile, on 765 k.c., 10,000 watts, is heard on Sundays tm the U.S.A. stations come in. A very good station. Listed below are the ·stations in South America which have verified my reports. This will give dxers a good idea of the stations to report to, providing, of course, they are picked up: Argentine: LS2, LS8, LR3, LR5, LR4, LR8, LSlO, LT3, LU7, LVL Uruguay: CX26. Bolivia: CP4. Venezuela: YVlBC. Argentine Broadcast Stations. Station LSlO LV2 LS3 LS4 . LS1 LR7 LTl LRlO LR5 LR6 LR2 LR3 LR4 LR9 LRl LT3 LS5 LRS LS2 LSS LU7 LS9 LS7 LS6 Freq. (K.C.) 590 620 630 670 710 750 780 790 830 870 910 950 990 1,030 1,070 1,080 1,110 1,150 1,190 1,230 1,240 1,270 1,310 1,350 Power (Watts) 6,000 2,000 5,000 7,000 5,000 15,000 4,000 10,250 29,000 26,000 12,000 31,000 12,000 9,000 50.000 4,500 5,000 7,000 30,000 20,000 2,000 6,000 10,000 6,000 Rema.rks Heard till 3 p.m. Sundays, sometimes after that. Has been heard till 3 p.m. (E.A.S.T.). Heard till 3 p.m. Sundays. Closes at 3 p.m. Sundays. Closes about 3.30 p,m. Sundays. Heard on Sundays till U.S.A. stations drown it, which would be about 4 p.m. (E.A.S.T.). Closes about 4 p.m. Sundays. Is heard on Sundays till U .S.A. stations drown it out; very good station. Is heard till 3 p.m.- sometimes later-on Sundays. A won- derful station. Heard on Sundays till U.S.A. stations drown it. Wonderful volume last winter. Closes at 2 p.m. usually, but has been heard later and is a good stat ion to log. This is one of the best. Is heard until 4 p.m. Sundays and verifies }>romptly. This is another good station-is like LR3. Heard best on Saturdays till 3 p.m. Wonderful station. Heard till U .S.A. stations drown it out on Sundays. Closes at 2 p.m. (E.A.S.T.). Heard on Sundays at good volume till U.S.A. stations come in. Heard on Sundays at good volume till U.S.A. stations drown it. Welcomes reports and verifies all that are correct. This is usually the first S.A. station to be heard. On till after 4 p.m. on Sundays. Is easily R6 here at 2 p.m. your time Sundays. Is heard on Sundays till U.S.A. stations drown it. Comes in well and verifies promptly. Is also heard on Sunday at good volume, but will not verify . Another station which is heard well. Should al~o be heard, but it has not verified reports. ==P.52 - Frequency Re-Shuffle For Japanese Broadcasters== Frequency Re-shuffle for Japanese Broadcasters New Stations: Higher Powers By our Japanese Correspondent THE operating frequencies of many Japanese stations will be changed soon, the new allocations being given below. At the present time these stations are on the air on their new frequencies for test after 10 p.m. J.S.T. It is expected that the new frequency allocation will become effective after July 1, 1936. Two new stations - JBBK1 and JBBK2 -are located at Heijo, Chosen (Korea). They are now testing with 50 watts, but power will be increased to 500 watts soon. Also, the power of JODK2 will be increased to 50 k.w. soon. The transmitter is already completed and will be on the air after autumn. New transmitters for JOAKl, JOAK2, JOJ~ JOKG, JOL~ JONG and JOOG are now under construction. They may be on the air this year. The new station at Shinkio (Hsinking) is MTCY2; it will be opened this year. The antenna power is 10 k.w. ·Two transmitters will'be established at Seishin, Chosen (Korea). The an- tenna power of them is 10 k.w. each. -Akifusa Saito (Kumamoto, Japan). K.C. CALL. LOCATION. POWER. (K.W.) 560 MTCY Shinkio (Hsin580 590 600 610 630 640 650 670 674 680 690 700 710 720 720 730 740 7.50 760 770 780 790 JFCK JOAKl JONG JOJK JOKK JODG JOUK .TOTK MTFY JOVK JOBIKl JOCG JODK2 JORK JFBK JOCKl JOSK JFAK JQAK JOHK JOPK JOGK king) , Manchukuo 100 Taichu, Formosa 1 Tokio* 10 Miyazakit .5 Kanazawa 3 Okayama .5 Hamamatsu .5 Akita .3 Matsue .5 Harbin, Manchukuo 3 Hakodate .5 Osaka 10 Asahigawa .3 Keijot 10 Kou chi .5 Tainan, Formosa 1 Nagoya 10 Kokura 1 Taihoku, Formosa 10 Dair en .5 Sendai 10 Shizuoka .5 Kumamoto 10 800 810 820 . 830 870 JOKG JOIK JB1BK2 JOFK JOAK2 Koufut Sapporo Heijo, Korea~ Hiroshima Tokio* .5 10 .5 10 10 This photograph of Mr. Akifu.sa Saito, the "Radio World's" Japanese correspondent, was taken with one of JOGK's masts in the background. Mr. Saito is a noted Japanese radio engineer, and so knows the kind of news that dxers want. 890 JOLG Tottorit .5 890 MTBY Hoten (Mukden), Manchukuo 910 JOLK Fukuoka 920 JOQK Niigata 930 JOAG Nagasaki 940 JOBK2 Osaka 950 JONK Nagano 970 JODKl Keijo, Korea 980 JOXK Tokushima 990 JOCK2 Nagoya 1000 JOBG Maebashi 1020 JOFG Fukui 1030 JBAK Fusan, Korea 1040 JOJG Yamagatat 1050 JOHIG Kagoshima 1060 JOIG Toyama 1070 JOOK Kioto 1080 JOOG Obihirot 1090 JBBKl Heijo, Korea§ 1 .5 .5 .5 10 .5 10 .5 10 .5 .3 .15 .5 .5 .5 .3 .5 .5 * Will be increased to 150 k.w. this year. t Will be opened this year. § Already opened. t Will be increased to 50 k.w. this autumn. ==P.53 - Visiting DX Stations (3)== ==P.55 - China to have High-Power S.W. Station== '''China to have High-Power S.W. Station''' - '''Some Shortwave News Flashes''' By A. B. McDonagh + '''Africa Launching Out - ''' A new building of eight stories, and with 13 studios - the most ambitious radio building outside of Daventry - is now being erected. Look for ZSR, 9.18 m.c., and the shortwave relay station of ZTJ on 6.09 m.c. '''China's Contribution - ''' The Administration of Chinese Broadcasting has placed an order with the Marconi Co. for a shortwaver of higher power than that used by the B.B.C. It will relay the 75,000-watter XGOA, and advice states it will take two years to build. Meantime, Chinese radio engineers will study at the Marconi College in England, and also in America, to learn modern shortwave technique. '''New Venezuelan Station - ''' Caracas, Venezuela, is going to have a new station on 6.27 m.c.- YV14RC. YV7RMO is on 6.07 m.c., and is located at the end of Lake Maracaibo nearest the sea. ''''Plane and Police Stations - ''' Just a shade under 5 m.c. at about 11 p.m. N.Z.S.T., an aeroplane station may be heard. Some of the U.S.A. police stations, which are above 100 metres, can be heard round about 9 p.m. N.Z.S.T. '''Shortwave Jottings - ''' RAN (?), Moscow, 31.6 metres, is testing daily from midnight G.M.T. This is the same transmitter as used for the 9 p.m. G.M.T. sessions. Java (said to be PMO) is on approximately 26 metres with the same programme as YDB on the 31-metre band. It is hinted that New Zealand's proposed shortwave station may be erected alongside the 60-kilowatt national station now being built near Wellington. Higher in frequency, and about a degree from the 6.5 megacycle mark, a rapid foreign voice is often heard about 11 p.m. N.Z.S.T. I heard the call as JTAS, calling WWV and others. This is evidently a Japanese ship, as several of them use telephony when nearing U.S.A. Many people do not know that Moscow has an English session on 25 metres (12 megacycles) between 2.30 and 3.30 a .m. N.Z.S.T. on Monday mornings. It will ease the minds of Australian listeners to know that Shanghai has been heard in N.Z. at midnight on the 31-metre band. A new station, with speech in Italian, is on Abyssinia's wavelength of 25 metres. Watch Geneva for different relays; they test at odd times. + Australian listeners who wish to be introduced to pen pals in New Zealand should write A. B. McDonagh, Secretary N.Z. Short Wave Club, 4 Queen Street, Wellington, E.1, New Zealand. The same applies to exchange of QSL cards or stamps. Kindly enclose a penny stamp for reply. ==P.55 - "Simplified Moneysaver" Is Fine Performer== Son•e · Reports from Readers That the Radiokes a.c. "Money· saver" described last month is one of the finest receivers of its class for DX listening it would be possible to de· sign has been proved conclusively by tests carried out in several locations since publication of last month's is.- sue. On each occasion, the "Money· saver" pulled in dozens of DX sta-· tions with the ease and selectivity of many. modern commercial sets using one and even two valves more. Some Amazing Reports Already some fine reports on the set's performance have come to hand from "Moneysaver" builders. One reader in Bulli gives a glowing account of the set's DX capabilities, his list of stations logged including nearly every broadcast station in Australia and New Zealand, as well as a Chinese station. On the short waves he has logged practically all the principal in· ternational shortwave stations as well as many amateurs iri all parts of the world. The report concludes: "The set shows absolutely uncanny selec· tivity, separating without the least difficulty some of the most distant 'B' class stations." Another reader states·: "When I first tried the set out, I was amazed at the number of stations I could re• ceive. · I didn't think there were so many on the air." . It is certain that anyone buildingthe receiver from the Kit-Set should not have the least difficulty in duplicating these performances. . The construction is made easy by the instruc· tions and diagrams; the- alignment is easily carried out, very little adjustment being necessary. To assist the amateur builder, the intermediate transformers and padder h-ave been tested under operating conditions and set to the correct alignment positions at the factory. Iron-Cored I.F.'s Used An important fact not mentioned in the descriptive article last month is that the latest Radiokes iron-cored intermediate frequency transf9rmers (type SIC-465) are supplied with the kit. These new intermediates are highly efficient, and their use in both the a.c. and battery "Moneysavers" is largely responsible for the exceptional gain and high selectivity that are outstanding features of both models. ==P.56 - All-Wave All-World DX Club-List of Members== All-Wave All-World DX Club List of Life Members Club No. - Name and Address AW1DX - Graham Cumming, Meyer St., Donald, Victoria. AW2DX - F. H. Stacey, c/o Mrs. H. Murphy, 80 Princess St., Petrie Terrace, Brisbane, Queensland. AW3DX - Noel Jenkins, 80 Bannister St., Masterton, N.Z. AW4DX - Robert E. Foothead, Newlands, Johnsonville, Wellington, N.Z. AW5DX - J. Bisceop, Allison Road, Cronulla, Sydney. AW6DX - F. G. Richards, 15 Dalley St., West Kogarah, N.S,W. AW7DX - H. M. Downes, Bell Street, Penshurst, Victoria. AW8DX - H. C. Major, 45 Nirvana Ave., Malvern, S.E. 5, Victoria. AW9DX - C. G. Arnold, McDowall Street, Roma, Queensland. AW10DX - Ken Scott, 12 Mitchell St., Stockton, N.S.W. AW11DX - E. Davison, Box 4, P.O., The Entrance, N.S.W. AW12DX - W. L. Barry, c/o J. Hall, Esq., 11 Gloucester Street, South Brisbane, Queensland. AW13DX - Jack Glew, 203 Centre Road, Bentleigh, S.E. 14, Victoria. AW14DX - Eric K. Webb, 297 Mitcham Road, Mitcham, Victoria. AW15DX - A. T. Baxter, Casterton, Sandford, Victoria. AW16DX - Frank Keirsnowski, Acheson Street, Rockhampton, Queensland. AW17DX - James Laing, 85 Moncur Street, Woollahra, Sydney. AW18DX - Douglas Pearsall, 512 Macauley Street, Albury, N.S.W. AW19DX - '''Jack M. Flower''', Norris Street, Tauranga, N.Z. AW20DX - R. H. McColl, 32 Esplanade, Semaphore, South Australia. AW21DX - E. A. Glenie, 41 Ashworth Street, Albert Park, Victoria. AW22DX - C. T. Frost, P.O. Box 44, Seymour, Victoria. AW23DX - V. Smith, 350 Wellington Street, Collingwood, Melbourne, Vic. AW24DX - F. C. Collins, Hot Springs Hotel, Te Aroha, N.Z. AW25DX - James Brooks, "Athelstan," Wamberal, N.S.W. AW26DX - R. P. Veall, 38 Eildon Road, St. Kilda, S. 2, Melbourne, Victoria. AW27DX - B. Beauchamp, 83 Ira Street, Miramar, Wellington, N.Z. AW28DX - R. C. Watts, Box 91, Pode Street, Bowen, North Queensland. AW29DX - Cecil Howard, 219 Ellena Street, Maryborough, Queensland. AW30DX - Len R. Burston, 93 Rowan Street, Wangaratta, Victoria. AW31DX - F. J. Davis, Mount Battery Station, Mansfield, Victoria. AW32DX - W. H. Emanuel, 109 Bathurst Street, Hobart, Tasmania. AW33DX - G. L. Ford, 129 Curzon Street, North Melbourne, Victoria. AW34DX - A. Spriggins, Navy Wireless Room, Victoria Barracks, Melbourne, Victoria. AW35DX - J. T. Jarvey, 520 Elizabeth Street, Albury, N.S.W. AW36DX - J. M. Burke, Lyster Street, Coff's Harbour, N.S.W. AW37DX - Dave Adams, 35 Bowker Street, Timaru, N.Z. AW38DX - C. Jarlett, 23 Queens Road, Hurstville, N.S.W. AW39DX - G. Billings, Wattle Bank, 251 Murrumbeena Road, Murrumbeena, S.E. 9, Victoria. AW40DX - G. Notley, 37 Main Road, Moonah, Tasmania. AW41DX - F. C. White, 24 Prentice Street, Elsternwick, Victoria. AW42DX - '''A. M. Branks''', 67 Robertson Street, Invercargill, N.Z. AW43DX - '''E. R. Service''', 81 Ettrick Street, Invercargill, N.Z. AW44DX - D. Morath, Box 11, P.O., Narromine, N.S.W. AW45DX - K. Morehead, Chatsworth Street, Mt. Druitt, N.S.W. AW46DX - E. Morehead, Chatsworth Street, Mt. Drtiitt, N.S.W. AW47DX - N. W. Lumby, 228 Oberon Street, Coogee, Sydney. AW48DX - G. F. Thompson, 104 Bambra Road, Caulfield, S.E.8, Victoria. AW49DX - F. H. Hagedorn, Ambrose, North Coast Line, Queensland. AW50DX - K. Moyes, Mani Arm, Mullumbimby, N.S.W. AW51DX - A. H. Graham, 258 Lower Plenty Road, Rosanna, N.22, Melbourne, Victoria. AW52DX - R. Doyle, 24 Baden Powell Street, Rockhampton, Queensland. AW53DX - William H. Pearson, 10 Soudan St., Malvern, S.E.4, Victoria. AW54DX - Clive Holland, 32 Railway Crescent, Maryborough, Victoria. AW55DX - M. Temby, 1 John St., Mordia1loc, S.12, Victoria. AW56DX - Jack Reedy, Scarba St., Goff's Harbour, N.S.W. AW57DX - Sidney Hayward, Wimble St., Seymour, Victoria. AW58DX - Ron Gurr, c/o Port Stephens Canning Co., Pindimar, N.S.W. (To be continued next month.) {{BookCat}} 705a5d6vdkk76lop0e59d1bdz4slfrs 0 433323 4632695 4629841 2026-04-27T09:48:32Z ~2026-25637-01 3579506 More character additions! 4632695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Unicode/Character reference}} {|border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension J (ctd.)''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !width="4%"|U+!!width="6%"|0!!width="6%"|1!!width="6%"|2!!width="6%"|3!!width="6%"|4!!width="6%"|5!!width="6%"|6!!width="6%"|7!!width="6%"|8!!width="6%"|9!!width="6%"|A!!width="6%"|B!!width="6%"|C!!width="6%"|D!!width="6%"|E!!width="6%"|F |----- align="center" style="background:#ddb495" !style="background:#ffffff"|3300x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33000|&#x33000;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33001|&#x33001;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33002|&#x33002;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED 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!style="background:#ffffff"|33E4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33E5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33E6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33E7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33E8x 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style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33EDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33EEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33EFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33F0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33F1x 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style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33F6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33F7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33F8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33F9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33FAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33FBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33FCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33FDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33FEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33FFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |} {{:Unicode/Character/footer}} 56zqek63kk05wis8jsul6vnyppy6ode 4632707 4632695 2026-04-27T11:22:28Z Captainprince157 3511094 More character additions! 4632707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Unicode/Character reference}} {|border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension J (ctd.)''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !width="4%"|U+!!width="6%"|0!!width="6%"|1!!width="6%"|2!!width="6%"|3!!width="6%"|4!!width="6%"|5!!width="6%"|6!!width="6%"|7!!width="6%"|8!!width="6%"|9!!width="6%"|A!!width="6%"|B!!width="6%"|C!!width="6%"|D!!width="6%"|E!!width="6%"|F |----- align="center" style="background:#ddb495" !style="background:#ffffff"|3300x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33000|&#x33000;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33001|&#x33001;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33002|&#x33002;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33003|&#x33003;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33004|&#x33004;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33005|&#x33005;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33006|&#x33006;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33007|&#x33007;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33008|&#x33008;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33009|&#x33009;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3300A|&#x3300a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3300B|&#x3300b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3300C|&#x3300c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3300D|&#x3300d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3300E|&#x3300e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3300F|&#x3300f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ddb495" !style="background:#ffffff"|3301x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33010|&#x33010;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33011|&#x33011;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33012|&#x33012;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33013|&#x33013;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33014|&#x33014;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33015|&#x33015;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33016|&#x33016;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33017|&#x33017;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33018|&#x33018;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33019|&#x33019;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3301A|&#x3301a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3301B|&#x3301b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3301C|&#x3301c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3301D|&#x3301d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK 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style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33D8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33D9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33DAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33DBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33DCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33DDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33DEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33DFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33E0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33E1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33E2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33E3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33E4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33E5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33E6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33E7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33E8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33E9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33EAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33EBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33ECx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33EDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33EEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33EFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33F0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33F1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33F2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33F3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33F4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33F5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33F6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33F7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33F8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33F9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33FAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33FBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33FCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33FDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33FEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33FFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |} {{:Unicode/Character/footer}} gt4vqr215q5i5klhmkd48irqdiozm8r 4632708 4632707 2026-04-27T11:23:46Z Captainprince157 3511094 More character additions! 4632708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Unicode/Character reference}} {|border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension J (ctd.)''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !width="4%"|U+!!width="6%"|0!!width="6%"|1!!width="6%"|2!!width="6%"|3!!width="6%"|4!!width="6%"|5!!width="6%"|6!!width="6%"|7!!width="6%"|8!!width="6%"|9!!width="6%"|A!!width="6%"|B!!width="6%"|C!!width="6%"|D!!width="6%"|E!!width="6%"|F |----- align="center" style="background:#ddb495" !style="background:#ffffff"|3300x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33000|&#x33000;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33001|&#x33001;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33002|&#x33002;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33003|&#x33003;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33004|&#x33004;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33005|&#x33005;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33006|&#x33006;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33007|&#x33007;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33008|&#x33008;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33009|&#x33009;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3300A|&#x3300a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3300B|&#x3300b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3300C|&#x3300c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3300D|&#x3300d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3300E|&#x3300e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3300F|&#x3300f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ddb495" !style="background:#ffffff"|3301x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33010|&#x33010;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33011|&#x33011;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33012|&#x33012;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33013|&#x33013;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33014|&#x33014;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33015|&#x33015;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33016|&#x33016;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33017|&#x33017;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33018|&#x33018;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33019|&#x33019;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3301A|&#x3301a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3301B|&#x3301b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3301C|&#x3301c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3301D|&#x3301d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3301E|&#x3301e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3301F|&#x3301f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ddb495" !style="background:#ffffff"|3302x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33020|&#x33020;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33021|&#x33021;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33022|&#x33022;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33023|&#x33023;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33024|&#x33024;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33025|&#x33025;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33026|&#x33026;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33027|&#x33027;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33028|&#x33028;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33029|&#x33029;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3302A|&#x3302a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3302B|&#x3302b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3302C|&#x3302c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3302D|&#x3302d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3302E|&#x3302e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3302F|&#x3302f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ddb495" !style="background:#ffffff"|3303x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33030|&#x33030;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33031|&#x33031;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33032|&#x33032;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33033|&#x33033;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33034|&#x33034;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33035|&#x33035;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33036|&#x33036;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33037|&#x33037;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33038|&#x33038;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33039|&#x33039;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3303A|&#x3303a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3303B|&#x3303b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3303C|&#x3303c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3303D|&#x3303d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3303E|&#x3303e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED 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style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33CEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33CFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33D0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33D1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33D2x 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style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33D7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33D8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33D9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33DAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33DBx 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style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33E0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33E1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33E2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33E3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" 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style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33EDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33EEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33EFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33F0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33F1x 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style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33F6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33F7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33F8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33F9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33FAx 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style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33FFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |} {{:Unicode/Character/footer}} 0mju0ml8iqvnpadczoe4ni3iinc4et0 4632709 4632708 2026-04-27T11:27:56Z Captainprince157 3511094 More character additions! 4632709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Unicode/Character reference}} {|border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension J (ctd.)''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !width="4%"|U+!!width="6%"|0!!width="6%"|1!!width="6%"|2!!width="6%"|3!!width="6%"|4!!width="6%"|5!!width="6%"|6!!width="6%"|7!!width="6%"|8!!width="6%"|9!!width="6%"|A!!width="6%"|B!!width="6%"|C!!width="6%"|D!!width="6%"|E!!width="6%"|F |----- align="center" 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style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33C6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33C7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33C8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33C9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33CAx 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style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33CFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33D0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33D1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33D2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33D3x 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style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33D8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33D9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33DAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33DBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33DCx 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style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33E5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33E6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33E7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33E8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33E9x 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style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33EEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33EFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33F0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33F1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33F2x 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style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33F7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33F8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33F9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33FAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33FBx 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style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |} {{:Unicode/Character/footer}} jyuspbn6mmt5oak51x59zgz1p260rey 4632710 4632709 2026-04-27T11:28:43Z Captainprince157 3511094 I added and completed for the rest of characters of Unicode 17.0 and CJK Unified Ideographs Extensions G! 4632710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Unicode/Character reference}} {|border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension J (ctd.)''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !width="4%"|U+!!width="6%"|0!!width="6%"|1!!width="6%"|2!!width="6%"|3!!width="6%"|4!!width="6%"|5!!width="6%"|6!!width="6%"|7!!width="6%"|8!!width="6%"|9!!width="6%"|A!!width="6%"|B!!width="6%"|C!!width="6%"|D!!width="6%"|E!!width="6%"|F |----- align="center" style="background:#ddb495" !style="background:#ffffff"|3300x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33000|&#x33000;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33001|&#x33001;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33002|&#x33002;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33003|&#x33003;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33004|&#x33004;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33005|&#x33005;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33006|&#x33006;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33007|&#x33007;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33008|&#x33008;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-33009|&#x33009;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3300A|&#x3300a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3300B|&#x3300b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3300C|&#x3300c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3300D|&#x3300d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3300E|&#x3300e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3300F|&#x3300f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ddb495" 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|&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|334Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|334Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|334Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|334Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|3350x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|3351x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|3352x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|3353x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|3354x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|3355x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|3356x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|3357x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|3358x 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style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|335Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|335Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|335Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|3360x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|3361x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|3362x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|3363x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|3364x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|3365x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|3366x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|3367x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|3368x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|3369x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|336Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|336Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|336Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|336Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|336Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|336Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|3370x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|3371x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|3372x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|3373x 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style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|3378x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|3379x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|337Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|337Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|337Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|337Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|337Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|337Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|3380x 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style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|3385x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|3386x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|3387x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|3388x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|3389x 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style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|338Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|338Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|3390x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|3391x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|3392x 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style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33F0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33F1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33F2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33F3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33F4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33F5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33F6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33F7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33F8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33F9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33FAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33FBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33FCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33FDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33FEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|33FFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |} {{:Unicode/Character/footer}} 80wzndrfbr5oxifb7y4x07ngx3m5lmr 3 452115 4632641 4631501 2026-04-27T02:04:16Z MediaWiki message delivery 1188004 /* Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-18 */ new section 4632641 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> {{User:Xeverything11/tabs}} {{User:Xeverything11/header|Welcome to|Xeverything11's|updates talk page!|archives= * [[User talk:Xeverything11/archives/2022|2022]] * [[User talk:Xeverything11/archives/2023|2023]] }} </noinclude> __NOTOC__ {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = User talk:Xeverything11/archives/%(year)d |algo = old(60d) |counter = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 }} == Tech News: 2023-03 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == <section begin="technews-2023-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The URLs in "{{int:last}}" links on page history now contain <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>diff=prev&oldid=[revision ID]</nowiki></code></bdi> in place of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>diff=[revision ID]&oldid=[revision ID]</nowiki></code></bdi>. This is to fix a problem with links pointing to incorrect diffs when history was filtered by a tag. Some user scripts may break as a result of this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243569] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|changes to the appearance of talk pages]] have only been available on <code>{{ns:1}}:</code> and <code>{{ns:3}}:</code> namespaces. These will be extended to other talk namespaces, such as <code>{{ns:5}}:</code>. They will continue to be unavailable in non-talk namespaces, including <code>{{ns:4}}:</code> pages (e.g., at the Village Pump). You can [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|change your preferences]] ([[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T325417] *On Wikisources, when an image is zoomed or panned in the Page: namespace, the same zoom and pan settings will be remembered for all Page: namespace pages that are linked to a particular Index: namespace page. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/ProofreadPage/+/868841] * The Vector 2022 skin will become the default for the English Wikipedia desktop users. The change will take place on January 18 at 15:00 UTC. [[:en:w:Wikipedia:Vector 2022|Learn more]]. '''Future changes''' * The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]], which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts next week on 23 January 2023 at 18:00 UTC. You can start drafting your proposals in [[m:Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|the CWS sandbox]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W03"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:11, 17 January 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24381020 --> == Tech News: 2023-04 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == <section begin="technews-2023-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, for ~15 minutes, all wikis were unreachable for logged-in users and non-cached pages. This was caused by a timing issue. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-17_MediaWiki] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * If you have the Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project|DiscussionTools]] enabled, the appearance of talk pages will add more information about discussion activity. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Status][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317907] * The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]] (CWS), which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts on Monday 23 January 2023 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1674496814 18:00 UTC]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W04"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:46, 23 January 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24418874 --> == Tech News: 2023-05 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == <section begin="technews-2023-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, for ~15 minutes, some users were unable to log in or edit pages. This was caused by a problem with session storage. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-24_sessionstore_quorum_issues] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Wikis that use localized numbering schemes for references need to add new CSS. This will help to show citation numbers the same way in all reading and editing modes. If your wiki would prefer to do it yourselves, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|details and example CSS to copy from]], and also add your wiki to the list. Otherwise, the developers will directly help out starting the week of February 5. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W05"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:06, 31 January 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24455949 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-06 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Sweden Finns' Day]] '''<br /> <small>''([[:fi:Ruotsinsuomalaisten päivä]]) ([[:sv:Sverigefinnarnas dag]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Sverigefinskaflaggan.svg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Sweden Finns' Day''' (Finnish: Ruotsinsuomalaisten päivä, Swedish: Sverigefinnarnas dag) is an anniversary celebrated in Sweden on 24 February. The anniversary of the calendar was approved by the Swedish Academy in 2010 and was celebrated for the first time in 2011. February 24 was chosen as the birthday of Carl Axel Gottlund, a collector of folk poetry and a defender of the status of the Finnish language. The purpose of the day is to celebrate the Sweden Finns and to recognize their history, language and culture as a prominent part of Sweden's cultural heritage. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:04, 6 February 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=24491747 --> == Tech News: 2023-06 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == <section begin="technews-2023-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022 skin]], logged-out users using the full-width toggle will be able to see the setting of their choice even after refreshing pages or opening new ones. This only applies to wikis where Vector 2022 is the default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321498] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Previously, we announced when some wikis would be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. These switches will not be announced any more, as the read-only time has become non-significant. Switches will continue to happen at 7AM UTC on Tuesdays and Thursdays. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292543#8568433] * Across all the wikis, in the Vector 2022 skin, logged-in users will see the page-related links such as "What links here" in a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Features/Page_tools|new side menu]]. It will be displayed on the other side of the screen. This change had previously been made on Czech, English, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328692] *[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] will stop receiving new proposals on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1675706431 Monday, 6 February 2023, at 18:00 UTC]. Proposers should complete any edits by then, to give time for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/Help_us|translations]] and review. Voting will begin on Friday, 10 February. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts will be changing to load on desktop and mobile sites. Previously they would only load on the desktop site. It is recommended that wiki administrators audit the [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition|gadget definitions]] prior to this change, and add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>skins=…</code></bdi> for any gadgets which should not load on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610 More details are available]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W06"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 10:21, 6 February 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24491749 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-07 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Delivery robot]] '''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Woman Takes Groceries from Dax Delivery Robot.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> A '''delivery robot''' is an autonomous robot that provides "last mile" delivery services. An operator may monitor and take control of the robot remotely in certain situations that the robot cannot resolve by itself such as when it is stuck in an obstacle. Delivery robots can be used in different settings such as food delivery, package delivery, hospital delivery, and room service. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:26, 13 February 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=24515453 --> == Tech News: 2023-07 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == <section begin="technews-2023-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * On wikis where patrolled edits are enabled, changes made to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list|mentor list]] by autopatrolled mentors are not correctly marked as patrolled. It will be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328444] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The Reply tool and other parts of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|DiscussionTools]] will be deployed for all editors using the mobile site. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Mobile#Status_Updates|read more about this decision]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298060] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W07"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:49, 14 February 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24540832 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-08 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Buddha Dhatu Jadi]] '''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Swarno Mandir.JPG|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Buddha Dhatu Jadi''' (Bengali: বুদ্ধ ধাতু জাদি; Burmese: ဗုဒ္ဓဓာတုစေတီ also known as the Bandarban Golden Temple) is located close to Balaghata town, in Bandarban City, in Bangladesh. Dhatu are the material remains of a holy person, and in this temple the relics belong to Buddha. It is the largest Theravada Buddhist temple in Bangladesh and has the second-largest Buddha statue in the country. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:18, 20 February 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=24581813 --> == Tech News: 2023-08 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == <section begin="technews-2023-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, during planned maintenance of Cloud Services, unforeseen complications forced the team to turn off all tools for 2–3 hours to prevent data corruption. Work is ongoing to prevent similar problems in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329535] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). *The voting phase for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] ends on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677261621 24 February at 18:00 UTC]. The results of the survey will be announced on 28 February. '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W08"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:58, 21 February 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24570514 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-09 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Alina Scholtz]] '''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Alina Scholtz''' (24 September 1908 – 25 February 1996) was a Polish landscape architect, known as one of country's pioneers in developing the field. Throughout her career she worked on various public and private projects for cemeteries, parks and green spaces. Some of her most noted works include the grounds of a villa on Kielecka Street in Warsaw for which she won a Silver Medal at the 1937 World Exhibition in Paris, the memorial cemetery to the victims of the Palmiry massacre, and landscaping projects along the East-West traffic route of Warsaw. In addition to her design work, she served as one of the founding members of the International Federation of Landscape Architects. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:04, 27 February 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=24617511 --> == Tech News: 2023-09 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == <section begin="technews-2023-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, in some areas of the world, there were problems with loading pages for 20 minutes and saving edits for 55 minutes. These issues were caused by a problem with our caching servers due to unforseen events during a routine maintenance task. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_wiki_outage][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_read_only] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W09"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:47, 27 February 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24634242 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-10 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Mary Nzimiro]] '''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Mary Nzimiro''', birthname Mary Nwametu Onumonu, MBE (1898–1993) was a pioneering Nigerian businesswoman, politician and women's activist. In 1948, she was appointed principal representative of the United Africa Company (UAC) for Eastern Nigeria, while maintaining textile and cosmetics retail outlets of her own in Port Harcourt, Aba and Owerri. By the early 1950s, she was among the richest individuals in West Africa, becoming a resident of the exclusive Bernard Carr Street in Port Harcourt. On the political front, she was a member of the influential National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons, becoming a member of its executive committee in 1957 and vice-president of the NCNC Estern Women's Association in 1962. During the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970), she organized Igbo women in support of the Biafrans. As a result she lost most of her property in Port Harcourt and returned to her native Oguta where she died in 1993. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:47, 6 March 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=24636259 --> == Tech News: 2023-10 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == <section begin="technews-2023-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Community Wishlist Survey 2023 edition has been concluded. Community Tech has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|published the results]] of the survey and will provide an update on what is next in April 2023. * On wikis which use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Writing_systems|LanguageConverter]] to handle multiple writing systems, articles which used custom conversion rules in the wikitext (primarily on Chinese Wikipedia) would have these rules applied inconsistently in the table of contents, especially in the Vector 2022 skin. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306862] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * A search system has been added to the [[Special:Preferences|Preferences screen]]. This will let you find different options more easily. Making it work on mobile devices will happen soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313804] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W10"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:50, 6 March 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24676916 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-11 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Elizabeth Langdon Williams]] '''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Elizabeth Langdon Williams.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Elizabeth Langdon Williams''' (February 8, 1879 in Putnam, Connecticut – 1981 in Enfield, New Hampshire) was an American human computer and astronomer whose work helped lead to the discovery of Pluto, or Planet X. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:21, 13 March 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=24700408 --> == Tech News: 2023-11 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == <section begin="technews-2023-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-cbk_zamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cdowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cebwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ckbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-csbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304542][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304550] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W11"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:20, 13 March 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24700189 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-12 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:I Didn't Raise My Boy to Be a Soldier]] '''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Peerless Quartet - I Didn't Raise my Boy to be a Soldier.ogg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> an American anti-war song that was influential within the pacifist movement that existed in the United States before it entered World War I. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:31, 20 March 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=24720571 --> == Tech News: 2023-12 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == <section begin="technews-2023-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, some users experienced issues loading image thumbnails. This was due to incorrectly cached images. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331820] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A link to the user's [[{{#special:CentralAuth}}]] page will appear on [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] — some user scripts which previously added this link may cause conflicts. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Admins and patrollers/Add link to CentralAuth on Special:Contributions|voted #17 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[{{#special:AbuseFilter}}]] edit window will be resizable and larger by default. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Make the AbuseFilter edit window resizable and larger by default|voted #80 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * There will be a new option for Administrators when they are unblocking a user, to add the unblocked user’s user page to their watchlist. This will work both via [[{{#special:Unblock}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257662] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1679677204 24 March at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Office Hours|details and how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W12"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:26, 21 March 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24732558 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-13 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:es:Diana Aguavil]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:en:Diana Aguavil]]) ([[:pt:Diana Aguavil]]) ''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Diana Aguavil.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Diana Alexandra Aguavil Calazacón''' (born 7 August 1983) is an Ecuadorian indigenous leader, since 25 August 2018, the first female governor of the Tsáchila nationality after 104 years of male administrations and winning the 2018 Tsáchila election. She was also the second woman to become a candidate. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:39, 27 March 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=24758626 --> == Tech News: 2023-13 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == <section begin="technews-2023-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] condition limit was increased from 1000 to 2000. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309609] * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter#Locally disabled actions|Some Global AbuseFilter]] actions will no longer apply to local projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332521] * Desktop users are now able to subscribe to talk pages by clicking on the {{int:discussiontools-newtopicssubscription-button-subscribe-label}} link in the {{int:toolbox}} menu. If you subscribe to a talk page, you receive [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications|notifications]] when new topics are started on that talk page. This is separate from putting the page on your watchlist or subscribing to a single discussion. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263821] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You will be able to choose [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|visual diffs]] on all [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Page history|history pages]] at the Wiktionaries and Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314588] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The legacy [[mw:Mobile Content Service|Mobile Content Service]] is going away in July 2023. Developers are encouraged to switch to Parsoid or another API before then to ensure service continuity. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/4MVQQTONJT7FJAXNVOFV3WWVVMCHRINE/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W13"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:14, 28 March 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24780854 --> == Tech News: 2023-14 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == <section begin="technews-2023-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The system for automatically creating categories for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Babel|Babel]] extension has had several important changes and fixes. One of them allows you to insert templates for automatic category descriptions on creation, allowing you to categorize the new categories. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211665][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T64714][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170654][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184941][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33074] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some older [[w:en:Web browser|Web browsers]] will stop being able to use [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] on Wikimedia wikis from this week. This mainly affects users of Internet Explorer 11. If you have an old web browser on your computer you can try to upgrade to a newer version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T178356] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The deprecated <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.hoverIntent</code></bdi> module has been removed. This module could be used by gadgets and user scripts, to create an artificial delay in how JavaScript responds to a hover event. Gadgets and user scripts should now use jQuery <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>hover()</code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>on()</code></bdi> instead. Examples can be found in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Migration_guide_(users)#jquery.hoverIntent|migration guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311194] * Some of the links in [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] will be re-arranged. There will be a clearer separation between links that relate to all users, and links related to your own user account. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333242] * You will be able to hide the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|Reply button]] in archived discussion pages with a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__ARCHIVEDTALK__</nowiki></code></bdi> magic word. There will also be a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.mw-archivedtalk</code></bdi> CSS class for hiding the Reply button in individual sections on a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249293][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295553][https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/DiscussionTools/+/738221] '''Future changes''' * The Vega software that creates data visualizations in pages, such as graphs, will be upgraded to the newest version in the future. Graphs that still use the very old version 1.5 syntax may stop working properly. Most existing uses have been found and updated, but you can help to check, and to update any local documentation. [[phab:T260542|Examples of how to find and fix these graphs are available]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W14"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:40, 3 April 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24820268 --> == Tech News: 2023-15 {{User:Xeverything11/tags/updates}} == <section begin="technews-2023-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] In the visual editor, it is now possible to edit captions of images in galleries without opening the gallery dialog. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Editing/Editable gallery captions in Visual Editor|voted #61 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190224] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] You can now receive notifications when another user edits your user page. See the "{{int:Echo-category-title-edit-user-page}}" option in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo|your Preferences]]. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Notifications for user page edits|voted #3 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T3876] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with all types of CentralNotice banners still being shown to logged-in users even if they had [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-centralnotice-banners|turned off]] specific banner types. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331671] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-arywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dinwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-elwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-emlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-etwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-euwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-extwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tumwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ffwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiu_vrowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-furwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gcrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gotwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-guwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304551][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308133] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W15"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:05, 10 April 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24851886 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-16 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:it:Lucy Salani]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:en:Lucy Salani]]) ([[:fr:Lucy Salani]]) ''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Lucy Salani.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Lucy Salani''' was an Italian activist and is considered the only Italian transgender person to have survived the Nazi concentration camps. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:06, 17 April 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=24872966 --> == Tech News: 2023-16 == <section begin="technews-2023-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Show_nearby_articles|nearby articles on a Kartographer map]] with the button for the new feature "{{int:Kartographer-sidebar-nearbybutton}}". Six wikis have been testing this feature since October. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Nearby_articles#Implementation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334079] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Special:GlobalWatchlist]] page now has links for "{{int:globalwatchlist-markpageseen}}" for each entry. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Button to mark a single change as read in the global watch list|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334246] '''Problems''' * At Wikimedia Commons, some thumbnails have not been getting replaced correctly after a new version of the image is uploaded. This should be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331138][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333042] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] For the last few weeks, some external tools had inconsistent problems with logging-in with OAuth. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332650] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W16"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:55, 18 April 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24881071 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-17 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:ca:María Fernanda Castro Maya]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:pt:María Fernanda Castro Maya]]) ([[:eu:María Fernanda Castro Maya]]) ''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''María Fernanda Castro Maya''' is a Mexican self-advocate disability rights activist. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:55, 24 April 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=24872966 --> == Tech News: 2023-17 == <section begin="technews-2023-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The date-selection menu on pages such as [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] will now show year-ranges that are in the current and past decade, instead of the current and future decade. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Change year range shown in date selection popup|voted #145 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334316] '''Problems''' * Due to security issues with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]], graphs have been disabled in all Wikimedia projects. Wikimedia Foundation teams are working to respond to these vulnerabilities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940] * For a few days, it was not possible to save some kinds of edits on the mobile version of a wiki. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334797][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334799][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334794] '''Changes later this week''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on April 26. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1682517653 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The Editing team plans an A/B test for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|a usability analysis of the Talk page project]]. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|planned measurements are available]]. Your wiki [[phab:T332946|may be invited to participate]]. Please suggest improvements to the measurement plan at [[mw:Talk:Talk pages project/Usability|the discussion page]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024|The Wikimedia Foundation annual plan 2023-2024 draft is open for comment and input]] until May 19. The final plan will be published in July 2023 on Meta-wiki. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W17"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:04, 24 April 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24933592 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-18 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Sonia Orbuch]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Sonia Shainwald Orbuch''' (born Sarah Shainwald, May 24, 1925 – September 30, 2018) was an American Holocaust educator. During the Second World War she was a Jewish resistance fighter in eastern Poland. Orbuch hid in the forests of Poland with her family during the Second World War. She joined a group of Soviet partisans, being renamed Sonia in case she was captured, and helped fight against the Germans. After the war, she returned home, where she met her future husband. After having a daughter in a refugee camp in Germany, the family eventually emigrated to the United States. She spent the rest of life in public engagement, speaking about her experiences and in 2009, published her autobiography, Here, There Are No Sarahs: A Woman's Courageous Fight Against the Nazis and Her Bittersweet Fulfillment of the American Dream. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 06:24, 1 May 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=24872966 --> == Tech News: 2023-18 == <section begin="technews-2023-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the French and Italian Wikipedias. More languages will be added in the near future. This is part of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend "Who Wrote That?" tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243711][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270490][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891] * The [[:commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2commons]] tool has been updated. This fixed several bugs related to YouTube uploads. [https://github.com/toolforge/video2commons/pull/162/commits] * The [[{{#special:Preferences}}]] page has been redesigned on mobile web. The new design makes it easier to browse the different categories and settings at low screen widths. You can also now access the page via a link in the Settings menu in the mobile web sidebar. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Content_moderation_on_mobile_web/Preferences] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W18"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:45, 2 May 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24966974 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-19 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Nadia Ghulam]]'''<br /><small>''([[:fr:Nadia Ghulam]]) ([[:es:Nadia Ghulam]]) ([[:ca:Nadia Ghulam]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Nadia Ghulam (cropped).jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Nadia Ghulam Dastgir''' is an Afghan woman who spent ten years posing as her dead brother to evade the Taliban's strictures against women. Her book about her experiences, written with Agnès Rotger and published in 2010, El secret del meu turbant (The Secret of My Turban), won the Prudenci Bertrana Prize for fiction. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:37, 8 May 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=24966177 --> == Tech News: 2023-19 == <section begin="technews-2023-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Last week, Community Tech released the first update for providing [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diffs]], the #1 request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey. [[phab:T324759|This update]] adds legends and tooltips to inline diffs so that users unfamiliar with the blue and yellow highlights can better understand the type of edits made. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] When you close an image that is displayed via MediaViewer, it will now return to the wiki page instead of going back in your browser history. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Return to the article when closing the MediaViewer|voted #65 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T236591] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|SyntaxHighlight]] extension now supports <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>wikitext</code></bdi> as a selected language. Old alternatives that were used to highlight wikitext, such as <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>html5</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>moin</code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>html+handlebars</code></bdi>, can now be replaced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29828] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating pages with preloaded text|Preloading text to new pages/sections]] now supports preloading from localized MediaWiki interface messages. [https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Martin_Urbanec_(WMF)?action=edit&section=new&preload=MediaWiki:July Here is an example] at the {{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}} that uses <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>preload=MediaWiki:July</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330337] '''Problems''' * Graph Extension update: Foundation developers have completed upgrading the visualization software to Vega5. Existing community graphs based on Vega2 are no longer compatible. Communities need to update local graphs and templates, and shared lua modules like <bdi lang="de" dir="ltr">[[:de:Modul:Graph]]</bdi>. The [https://vega.github.io/vega/docs/porting-guide/ Vega Porting guide] provides the most comprehensive detail on migration from Vega2 and [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Graph:PageViews&action=history here is an example migration]. Vega5 has currently just been enabled on mediawiki.org to provide a test environment for communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940#8813922] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Until now, all new OAuth apps went through manual review. Starting this week, apps using identification-only or basic authorizations will not require review. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T67750] '''Future changes''' * During the next year, MediaWiki will stop using IP addresses to identify logged-out users, and will start automatically assigning unique temporary usernames. Read more at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates|IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates]]. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#What should it look like?|join the discussion]] about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates#What will temporary usernames look like?|format of the temporary usernames]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332805] * There will be an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on 10 Wikipedias where the Vector 2022 skin is the default skin. Half of logged-in desktop users will see an interface where the different parts of the page are more clearly separated. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2023-05 Zebra9 A/B test|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333180][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335972] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] <code>jquery.tipsy</code> will be removed from the MediaWiki core. This will affect some user scripts. Many lines with <code>.tipsy(</code> can be commented out. <code>OO.ui.PopupWidget</code> can be used to keep things working like they are now. You can [[phab:T336019|read more]] and [[:mw:Help:Locating broken scripts|read about how to find broken scripts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336019] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W19"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:36, 9 May 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24998636 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-20 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Purple Day]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Epilepsy Warrior Brooch May 2018 Purple Day.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Purple Day''' is a global grassroots event that was formed with the intention to increase worldwide awareness of epilepsy, and to dispel common myths and fears of this neurological disorder. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:17, 15 May 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25000361 --> == Tech News: 2023-20 == <section begin="technews-2023-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Citations that are automatically generated based on [[d:Q33057|ISBN]] are currently broken. This affects citations made with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]], and the use of the citoid API in gadgets and user scripts. Work is ongoing to restore this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-gorwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hakwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hifwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-htwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-igwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ilowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-inhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308134] '''Future changes''' * There is a recently formed team at the Wikimedia Foundation which will be focusing on experimenting with new tools. Currently they are building [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI|a prototype ChatGPT plugin that allows information generated by ChatGPT to be properly attributed]] to the Wikimedia projects. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and userscript developers should replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki.cookie</code></bdi>. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> library will be removed in ~1 month, and staff developers will run a script to replace any remaining uses at that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336018] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W20"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:45, 15 May 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25011501 --> == Tech News: 2023-21 == <section begin="technews-2023-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The "recent edits" time period for page watchers is now 30 days. It used to be 180 days. This was a [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Change information about the number of watchers on a page|Community Wishlist Survey proposal]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336250] '''Changes later this week''' * An [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Impact|improved impact module]] will be available at Wikipedias. The impact module is a feature available to newcomers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer homepage|at their personal homepage]]. It will show their number of edits, how many readers their edited pages have, how many thanks they have received and similar things. It is also accessible by accessing Special:Impact. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W21"/> 16:55, 22 May 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25028325 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-22 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Valencian Art Nouveau]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:es:Modernismo valenciano]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Santuario Novelda.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Valencian Art Nouveau''' (Spanish: modernismo valenciano, Valencian: modernisme valencià), is the historiographic denomination given to an art and literature movement associated with the Art Nouveau in the Valencian Community, in Spain. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:46, 29 May 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25074014 --> == Tech News: 2023-22 == <section begin="technews-2023-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Citations can once again be added automatically from ISBNs, thanks to Zotero's ISBN searches. The current data sources are the Library of Congress (United States), the Bibliothèque nationale de France (French National Library), and K10plus ISBN (German repository). Additional data source searches can be [[mw:Citoid/Creating Zotero translators|proposed to Zotero]]. The ISBN labels in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]] will reappear later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298#8859917] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The page [[{{#special:EditWatchlist}}]] now has "{{int:watchlistedit-normal-check-all}}" options to select all the pages within a namespace. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Watchlist edit - "check all" checkbox|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334252] '''Problems''' * For a few days earlier this month, the "Add interlanguage link" item in the Tools menu did not work properly. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337081] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/small.dblist small] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/medium.dblist medium] wikis this week. Large wikis will follow in the coming weeks. This is part of the effort to move Parsoid into MediaWiki core. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W22"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:04, 29 May 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25079963 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-23 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:pt:Alessandra Korap]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:en:Alessandra Korap]]) ''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Alessandra Korap''' is an indigenous leader and Brazilian environmental activist from the Munduruku ethnic group. Her main work is defending the demarcation of indigenous territory and denouncing the illegal exploitation and activities of the mining and logging industries. Alessandra is internationally recognized for her work. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:33, 5 June 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25111481 --> == Tech News: 2023-23 == <section begin="technews-2023-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe|RealMe]] extension allows you to mark URLs on your user page as verified for Mastodon and similar software. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Citation and footnote editing can now be started from the reference list when using the visual editor. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Citations/Allow citations to be edited in the references section with VisualEditor|voted #2 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T54750] * Previously, clicking on someone else's link to Recent Changes with filters applied within the URL could unintentionally change your preference for "{{int:Rcfilters-group-results-by-page}}". This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202916#8874081] '''Problems''' * For a few days last week, some tools and bots returned outdated information due to database replication problems, and may have been down entirely while it was being fixed. These issues have now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337446] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Bots will no longer be prevented from making edits because of URLs that match the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SpamBlacklist|spam blacklist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313107] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W23"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:52, 5 June 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25114640 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-24 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Cassinga Day]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Cassinga Day''' is a national public holiday in Namibia remembering the Cassinga Massacre. Commemorated annually on 4 May, the date "remembers those (approximately 600) killed in 1978 when the South African Defence Force attacked a SWAPO base at Cassinga in southern Angola". <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:07, 12 June 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25111481 --> == Tech News: 2023-24 == <section begin="technews-2023-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the Dutch, German, Hungarian, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish and Portuguese Wikipedias. This was the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend "Who Wrote That?" tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Search Improvements#Search Preview panel|Search Preview panel]] has been deployed on four Wikipedias (Catalan, Dutch, Hungarian and Norwegian). The panel will show an image related to the article (if existing), the top sections of the article, related images (coming from MediaSearch on Commons), and eventually the sister projects associated with the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306341] * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe#Verifying_a_link_on_non-user_pages|RealMe]] extension now allows administrators to verify URLs for any page, for Mastodon and similar software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324937] * The default project license [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimediaannounce-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/7G6XPWZPQFLZ2JANN3ZX6RT4DVUI3HZQ/ has been officially upgraded] to CC BY-SA 4.0. The software interface messages have been updated. Communities should feel free to start updating any mentions of the old CC BY-SA 3.0 licensing within policies and related documentation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319064] '''Problems''' * For three days last month, some Wikipedia pages edited with VisualEditor or DiscussionTools had an unintended <code><nowiki>__TOC__</nowiki></code> (or its localized form) added during an edit. There is [[mw:Parsoid/Deployments/T336101_followup|a listing of affected pages sorted by wiki]], that may still need to be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336101] * Currently, the "{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}" feature in VisualEditor is broken. Existing <code><nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}</nowiki></code> keywords incorrectly appear as missing templates in VisualEditor. Developers are exploring how to fix this. In the meantime, those wishing to edit the default sortkey of a page are advised to switch to source editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Last week, an update to the delete form may have broken some gadgets or user scripts. If you need to manipulate (empty) the reason field, replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>#wpReason</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;"><code>#wpReason > input</code></bdi>. See [https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3AGadget-CleanDeleteReasons.js&diff=22859956&oldid=12794189 an example fix]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337809] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on English Wikipedia on Monday, and all other [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/large.dblist large] wikis on Thursday. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529] '''Future changes''' * From 5 June to 17 July, the Foundation's [[:mw:Wikimedia Security Team|Security team]] is holding a consultation with contributors regarding a draft policy to govern the use of third-party resources in volunteer-developed gadgets and scripts. Feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|Third-party resources policy]] on meta-wiki. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W24"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:52, 12 June 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25133779 --> == Tech News: 2023-25 == <section begin="technews-2023-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Flame graphs are now available in WikimediaDebug. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/JXNQD3EHG5V5QW5UXFDPSHQG4MJ3FWJQ/][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2023/06/08/flame-graphs-arrive-in-wikimediadebug/] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * There is now a toolbar search popup in the visual editor. You can trigger it by typing <code>\</code> or pressing <code>ctrl + shift + p</code>. It can help you quickly access most tools in the editor. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Visual_editor_toolbar_search_feature.png][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T66905] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W25"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:09, 19 June 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25159510 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-26 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Rawon]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Rawon Setan.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Rawon''' (Javanese: ꦫꦮꦺꦴꦤ꧀) is an Indonesian beef soup. Originating from East Java, rawon utilizes the black keluak nut as the main seasoning, which gives a dark color and nutty flavor to the soup. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:18, 26 June 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25177056 --> == Tech News: 2023-26 == <section begin="technews-2023-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Action API modules and Special:LinkSearch will now add a trailing <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>/</code></bdi> to all <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prop=extlinks</code></bdi> responses for bare domains. This is part of the work to remove duplication in the <code>externallinks</code> database table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337994] '''Problems''' * Last week, search was broken on Commons and Wikidata for 23 hours. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339810][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-06-18_search_broken_on_wikidata_and_commons] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Minerva skin now applies more predefined styles to the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.mbox-text</code></bdi> CSS class. This enables support for mbox templates that use divs instead of tables. Please make sure that the new styles won't affect other templates in your wiki. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/skins/MinervaNeue/+/930901/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339040] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets will now load on both desktop and mobile by default. Previously, gadgets loaded only on desktop by default. Changing this default using the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|targets=</code></bdi> parameter is also deprecated and should not be used. You should make gadgets work on mobile or disable them based on the skin (with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|skins=</code></bdi> parameter in <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition</bdi>) rather than whether the user uses the mobile or the desktop website. Popular gadgets that create errors on mobile will be disabled by developers on the Minerva skin as a temporary solution. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T127268] * All namespace tabs now have the same browser [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Keyboard_shortcuts|access key]] by default. Previously, custom and extension-defined namespaces would have to have their access keys set manually on-wiki, but that is no longer necessary. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T22126] * The review form of the Flagged Revisions extension now uses the standardized [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|user interface components]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the parser's HTML output will change in the coming weeks at [[:wikitech:Deployments/Train#Thursday|group2 wikis]]. This change improves the accessibility of content. You may need to update your site-CSS, or userscripts and gadgets. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Media_structure/FAQ|details on what code to check, how to update the code, and where to report any related problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314318] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W26"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:19, 26 June 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25202311 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-27 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Hook echo]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Tornadic classic supercell radar.gif|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> A '''hook echo''' is a pendant or hook-shaped weather radar signature as part of some supercell thunderstorms. It is found in the lower portions of a storm as air and precipitation flow into a mesocyclone, resulting in a curved feature of reflectivity. The echo is produced by rain, hail, or even debris being wrapped around the supercell <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:18, 3 July 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25241057 --> == Tech News: 2023-27 == <section begin="technews-2023-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the rolling out of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposal, [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/small.dblist small wikis] will now be able to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline audio player mode|inline audio player]] that is implemented by the [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] extension. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] From this week all gadgets automatically load on mobile and desktop sites. If you see any problems with gadgets on your wikis, please adjust the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|gadget options]] in your gadget definitions file. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W27"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:51, 3 July 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25231546 --> == Tech News: 2023-28 == <section begin="technews-2023-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Section-level Image Suggestions|Section-level Image Suggestions feature]] has been deployed on seven Wikipedias (Portuguese, Russian, Indonesian, Catalan, Hungarian, Finnish and Norwegian Bokmål). The feature recommends images for articles on contributors' watchlists that are a good match for individual sections of those articles. * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter|Global abuse filters]] have been enabled on all Wikimedia projects, except English and Japanese Wikipedias (who opted out). This change was made following a [[:m:Requests for comment/Make global abuse filters opt-out|global request for comments]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341159] * [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] is a new tool for administrators to help fight spam. It provides a clearer interface for blocking plain domains (and their subdomains), is more easily searchable, and is faster for the software to process for each edit on the wiki. It does not support regex (for complex cases), nor URL path-matching, nor the [[MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist|MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist]], but otherwise it replaces most of the functionalities of the existing [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist|MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]]. There is a Python script to help migrate all simple domains into this tool, and more feature details, within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:BlockedExternalDomains|the tool's documentation]]. It is available at all wikis except for Meta-wiki, Commons, and Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337431] * The WikiEditor extension was updated. It includes some of the most frequently used features of wikitext editing. In the past, many of its messages could only be translated by administrators, but now all regular translators on translatewiki can translate them. Please check [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=ext-wikieditor&messages=&x=D#sortable:0=asc the state of WikiEditor localization into your language], and if the "Completion" for your language shows anything less than 100%, please complete the translation. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-ambassadors@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/D4YELU2DXMZ75PGELUOKXXMFF3FH45XA/ a more detailed explanation]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The default protocol of [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and API counterparts has changed from http to both http and https. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14810] * [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and its API counterparts will now search for all of the URL provided in the query. It used to be only the first 60 characters. This feature was requested fifteen years ago. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T17218] '''Future changes''' * There is an experiment with a [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin. This is to show users where the information is coming from when they read information from Wikipedia. It has been tested by Wikimedia Foundation staff and other Wikimedians. Soon all ChatGPT plugin users can use the Wikipedia plugin. This is the same plugin which was mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Tech News 2023/20]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI] * There is an ongoing discussion on a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|proposed Third-party resources policy]]. The proposal will impact the use of third-party resources in gadgets and userscripts. Based on the ideas received so far, policy includes some of the risks related to user scripts and gadgets loading third-party resources, some best practices and exemption requirements such as code transparency and inspectability. Your feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome until July 17, 2023 on [[m:Talk:Third-party resources policy|on the policy talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W28"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:54, 10 July 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25278797 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-29 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Esther Cooper Jackson]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:fr:Esther Cooper Jackson]]) ([[:simple:Esther Cooper Jackson]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Esther Cooper Jackson, 1968, Great Barrington.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Esther Victoria Cooper Jackson''' was an American civil rights activist and social worker. She was one of the founding editors of the magazine Freedomways. She also was an organizational and executive secretary at the Southern Negro Youth Congress. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:14, 17 July 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25266525 --> == Tech News: 2023-29 == <section begin="technews-2023-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] We are now serving 1% of all global user traffic from [[w:en:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]] (you can [[wikitech:MediaWiki On Kubernetes|read more technical details]]). We are planning to increment this percentage regularly. You can [[phab:T290536|follow the progress of this work]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message|system messages]] will now look for available local fallbacks, instead of always using the default fallback defined by software. This means wikis no longer need to override each language on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback_languages|fallback chain]] separately. For example, English Wikipedia doesn't have to create <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>en-ca</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>en-gb</code></bdi> subpages with a transclusion of the base pages anymore. This makes it easier to maintain local overrides. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229992] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>action=growthsetmentorstatus</code></bdi> API will be deprecated with the new MediaWiki version. Bots or scripts calling that API should use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>action=growthmanagementorlist</code></bdi> API now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321503] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W29"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:08, 17 July 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25289122 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-30 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Cut of pork]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:American Pork Cuts.svg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''cuts of pork''' are the different parts of the pig which are consumed as food by humans. The terminology and extent of each cut varies from country to country. There are between four and six primal cuts, which are the large parts in which the pig is first cut: the shoulder (blade and picnic), loin, belly (spare ribs and side) and leg <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:21, 24 July 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25318972 --> == Tech News: 2023-30 == <section begin="technews-2023-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] On July 18, the Wikimedia Foundation launched a survey about the [[:mw:Technical_decision_making|technical decision making process]] for people who do technical work that relies on software that is maintained by the Foundation or affiliates. If this applies to you, [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/885471 please take part in the survey]. The survey will be open for three weeks, until August 7. You can find more information in [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/Q7DUCFA75DXG3G2KHTO7CEWMLCYTSDB2/|the announcement e-mail on wikitech-l]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W30"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:20, 25 July 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25332248 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-31 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Gunhild Cross]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Gunhildkorset.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Gunhild Cross''' (Danish: Gunhildkorset), named for its first owner, Gunhild, a daughter of Svend III of Denmark, is a mid-12th-century crucifix carved in walrus tusk and with both Latin and Runic inscriptions. It is now in the collection of the National Museum of Denmark. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:48, 31 July 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25380210 --> == Tech News: 2023-31 == <section begin="technews-2023-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Synchronizer|Synchronizer]] tool is now available to keep Lua modules synced across Wikimedia wikis, along with [[mw:Multilingual Templates and Modules|updated documentation]] to develop global Lua modules and templates. * The tag filter on [[{{#special:NewPages}}]] and revision history pages can now be inverted. For example, you can hide edits that were made using an automated tool. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334337][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334338] * The Wikipedia [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin experiment can now be used by ChatGPT users who can use plugins. You can participate in a [[:m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future Audiences#Announcing monthly Future Audiences open "office hours"|video call]] if you want to talk about this experiment or similar work. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI] '''Problems''' * It was not possible to generate a PDF for pages with non-Latin characters in the title, for the last two weeks. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342442] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Tuesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-kawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kaawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-knwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kshwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kwwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308135] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W31"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:54, 31 July 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25362228 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-32 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Polyura athamas]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Close wing mud-puddling position of Charaxes bharata (C.& R. Felder,1867) - Indian Nawab.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''''Polyura athamas''''', the common nawab, is a species of fast-flying canopy butterfly found in tropical Asia. It belongs to the Charaxinae (rajahs and nawabs) in the brush-footed butterfly family (Nymphalidae). <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 03:14, 7 August 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25410866 --> == Tech News: 2023-32 == <section begin="technews-2023-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Mobile Web editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile_contributions#August_1,_2023_-_Full-page_editing_added_on_mobile|edit a whole page at once]]. To use this feature, turn on "{{int:Mobile-frontend-mobile-option-amc}}" in your settings and use the "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}" button in the "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-overflow}}" menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203151] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W32"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:21, 7 August 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25420038 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-33 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Women's page]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:"Doings in Pittsburg Society" The Pittsburg Press February 1, 1920.png|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''women's page''' (sometimes called home page or women's section) of a newspaper was a section devoted to covering news assumed to be of interest to women. Women's pages started out in the 19th century as society pages and eventually morphed into features sections in the 1970s. Although denigrated during much of that period, they had a significant impact on journalism and in their communities. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:51, 14 August 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25427472 --> == Tech News: 2023-33 == <section begin="technews-2023-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Content translation system is no longer using Youdao's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Initial_machine_translation|machine translation service]]. The service was in place for several years, but due to no usage, and availability of alternatives, it was deprecated to reduce maintenance overheads. Other services which cover the same languages are still available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329137] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ladwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lezwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lfnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-liwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lijwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lmowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ltgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-maiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-map_bmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mdfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kywiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308136] <!-- TODO replace wiki codes --> '''Future changes''' * A few gadgets/user scripts which add icons to the Minerva skin need to have their CSS updated. There are more details available including a [[phab:T344067|search for all existing instances and how to update them]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W33"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 06:00, 15 August 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25428668 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-34 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Insect toxin]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:de:Insektengift]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:PDB 1lmr EBI.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Insect toxins''' are various protein toxins produced by insect species. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:32, 21 August 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25427472 --> == Tech News: 2023-34 == <section begin="technews-2023-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [https://gdrive-to-commons.toolforge.org/ GDrive to Commons Uploader] tool is now available. It enables [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GDrive to Commons Uploader|securely selecting and uploading files]] from your Google Drive directly to Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267868] * From now on, we will announce new Wikimedia wikis in Tech News, so you can update any tools or pages. ** Since the last edition, two new wikis have been created: *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q7121294|Pa'O]] ([[wikt:blk:|<code>wikt:blk:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343540] *** a Wikisource in [[d:Q34002|Sundanese]] ([[s:su:|<code>s:su:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343539] ** To catch up, the next most recent six wikis are: *** Wikifunctions ([[f:|<code>f:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275945] *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[wikt:btm:|<code>wikt:btm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335216] *** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q5555465|Ghanaian Pidgin]] ([[w:gpe:|<code>w:gpe:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335969] *** a Wikinews in [[d:Q3111668|Gungbe]] ([[n:guw:|<code>n:guw:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334394] *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q33522|Kabardian]] ([[wikt:kbd:|<code>wikt:kbd:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333266] *** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35570|Fante]] ([[w:fat:|<code>w:fat:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335016] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There is an existing [[mw:Stable interface policy|stable interface policy]] for MediaWiki backend code. There is a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Stable interface policy/frontend|proposed stable interface policy for frontend code]]. This is relevant for anyone who works on gadgets or Wikimedia frontend code. You can read it, discuss it, and let the proposer know if there are any problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W34"/> 15:25, 21 August 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25497111 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-35 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Manchester Blitz]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Air Raid Damage in Britain- Manchester HU49833.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Manchester Blitz''' (also known as the Christmas Blitz) was the heavy bombing of the city of Manchester and its surrounding areas in North West England during the Second World War by the German Luftwaffe. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:16, 28 August 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25427472 --> == Tech News: 2023-35 == <section begin="technews-2023-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diff handling of paragraph splits]], improved detection of splits is being rolled out. Over the last two weeks, we deployed this support to [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Groups|group0]] and group1 wikis. This week it will be deployed to group2 wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341754] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] All [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] pages now show the user's local edit count and the account's creation date. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324166] * Wikisource users can now use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prpbengalicurrency</code></bdi> label to denote Bengali currency characters as page numbers inside the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><pagelist></nowiki></code></bdi> tag. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268932] * Two preferences have been relocated. The preference "{{int:visualeditor-preference-visualeditor}}" is now shown on the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|"{{int:prefs-editing}}" tab]] at all wikis. Previously it was shown on the "{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}" tab at some wikis. The preference "{{int:visualeditor-preference-newwikitexteditor-enable}}" is now also shown on the "{{int:prefs-editing}}" tab at all wikis, instead of the "{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}" tab. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335056][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344158] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] New signups for a Wikimedia developer account will start being pushed towards <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://idm.wikimedia.org/ idm.wikimedia.org]</bdi>, rather than going via Wikitech. [[wikitech:IDM|Further information about the new system is available]]. * All right-to-left language wikis, plus Korean, Armenian, Ukrainian, Russian, and Bulgarian Wikipedias, will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. This feature will come to more wikis in future weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921] '''Future changes''' * The removal of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DoubleWiki|DoubleWiki extension]] is being discussed. This extension currently allows Wikisource users to view articles from multiple language versions side by side when the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><=></code></bdi> symbol next to a specific language edition is selected. Comments on this are welcomed at [[phab:T344544|the phabricator task]]. * A proposal has been made to merge the second hidden-categories list (which appears below the wikitext editing form) with the main list of categories (which is further down the page). [[phab:T340606|More information is available on Phabricator]]; feedback is welcome! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W35"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:00, 28 August 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25510866 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-36 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Ghana Independence Act 1957]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Ghana Independence Act 1957''' is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that granted the Gold Coast fully responsible government within the British Commonwealth of Nations under the name of Ghana <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:18, 4 September 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25427472 --> == Tech News: 2023-36 == <section begin="technews-2023-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[m:Wikisource_EditInSequence|EditInSequence]], a feature that allows users to edit pages faster on Wikisource has been moved to a Beta Feature based on community feedback. To enable it, you can navigate to the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features tab in Preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308098] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Generate Audio for IPA|Generate Audio for IPA]] and [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|Audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposals, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline_audio_player_mode|inline audio player mode]] of [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] has been deployed to all projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763] * There is a new option for Administrators when they are changing the usergroups for a user, to add the user’s user page to their watchlist. This works both via [[{{#special:UserRights}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272294] * One new wiki has been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34318|Talysh]] ([[w:tly:|<code>w:tly:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345166] '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:LoginNotify|LoginNotify extension]] was not sending notifications since January. It has now been fixed, so going forward, you may see notifications for failed login attempts, and successful login attempts from a new device. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344785] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-mhrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-miwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-minwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mtwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mwlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-myvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mznwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-napwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ndswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nds_nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-novwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nqowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nrmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nsowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ocwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-olowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-omwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-orwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-oswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pagwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-papwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pcdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pdcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pflwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pihwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pnbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pntwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pswiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308137][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308138] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W36"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:34, 4 September 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25566983 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-37 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Betrayal trauma]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:sv:Svektrauma]]) ([[:ar:صدمة الخيانة]]) ([[:ko:배신 트라우마]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Betrayal trauma''' is defined as a trauma perpetrated by someone with whom the victim is close to and reliant upon for support and survival. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:49, 11 September 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25427472 --> == Tech News: 2023-37 == <section begin="technews-2023-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ORES|ORES]], the revision evaluation service, is now using a new open-source infrastructure on all wikis except for English Wikipedia and Wikidata. These two will follow this week. If you notice any unusual results from the Recent Changes filters that are related to ORES (for example, "{{int:ores-rcfilters-damaging-title}}" and "{{int:ores-rcfilters-goodfaith-title}}"), please [[mw:Talk:Machine Learning|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342115] * When you are logged in on one Wikimedia wiki and visit a different Wikimedia wiki, the system tries to log you in there automatically. This has been unreliable for a long time. You can now visit the login page to make the system try extra hard. If you feel that made logging in better or worse than it used to be, your feedback is appreciated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326281] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Technical decision making|Technical Decision-Making Forum Retrospective]] team invites anyone involved in the technical field of Wikimedia projects to signup to and join [[mw:Technical decision making/Listening Sessions|one of their listening sessions]] on 13 September. Another date will be scheduled later. The goal is to improve the technical decision-making processes. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|Better diff handling of paragraph splits]] wishlist proposal, the inline switch widget in diff pages is being rolled out this week to all wikis. The inline switch will allow viewers to toggle between a unified inline or two-column diff wikitext format. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336716] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on 20 September. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263] * The Enterprise API is launching a new feature called "[http://breakingnews-beta.enterprise.wikimedia.com/ breaking news]". Currently in BETA, this attempts to identify likely "newsworthy" topics as they are currently being written about in any Wikipedia. Your help is requested to improve the accuracy of its detection model, especially on smaller language editions, by recommending templates or identifiable editing patterns. See more information at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/Breaking news|the documentation page]] on MediaWiki or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#What is Breaking News|the FAQ]] on Meta. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W37"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:08, 11 September 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25589064 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-38 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:es:Genocidio del Putumayo]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:en:Putumayo genocide]]) ([[:ca:Genocidi del Putumayo]])''</small></div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:The Putumayo - the devil's paradise, travels in the Peruvian Amazon Region and an account of the atrocities committed upon the Indians therein (1913) (14782203995).jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Putumayo genocide''' is the term which is used in reference to the enslavement, massacres and ethnocide of the indigenous population of the Amazon at the hands of the Peruvian Amazon Company, specifically in the area between the Putumayo River and the Caquetá River during the Amazon rubber boom period from 1879 to 1912. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 03:38, 18 September 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25599361 --> == Tech News: 2023-38 == <section begin="technews-2023-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki now has a [[mw:Stable interface policy/frontend|stable interface policy for frontend code]] that more clearly defines how we deprecate MediaWiki code and wiki-based code (e.g. gadgets and user scripts). Thank you to everyone who contributed to the content and discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346467][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 20. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263] * All wikis will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The team investigating the Graph Extension posted [[mw:Extension:Graph/Plans#Proposal|a proposal for reenabling it]] and they need your input. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W38"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:20, 18 September 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25623533 --> == Tech News: 2023-39 == <section begin="technews-2023-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Vector 2022 skin will now remember the pinned/unpinned status for the Table of Contents for all logged-out users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316060] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui</nowiki></code></bdi> modules are now deprecated as part of the move to Vue.js and Codex. There is a [[mw:Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. More [[phab:T346468|details are available in the task]] and your questions are welcome there. * Gadget definitions will have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new "namespaces" option]]. The option takes a list of namespace IDs. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages in the given namespaces. '''Future changes''' * New variables will be added to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]]: <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">global_account_groups</bdi></code> and <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">global_account_editcount</bdi></code>. They are available only when an account is being created. You can use them to prevent blocking automatic creation of accounts when users with many edits elsewhere visit your wiki for the first time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345632][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules_format] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1698426015 27 October at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Office_Hours#October_2023|details and how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W39"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:51, 26 September 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25655264 --> == Tech News: 2023-40 == <section begin="technews-2023-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-advancedrendering|user preference]] for "{{int:tog-forcesafemode}}". This setting will make pages load without including any on-wiki JavaScript or on-wiki stylesheet pages. It can be useful for debugging broken JavaScript gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342347] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget definitions now have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new "<var>contentModels</var>" option]]. The option takes a list of page content models, like <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">wikitext</bdi></code> or <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">css</bdi></code>. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages with the given content models. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Vector 2022 skin will no longer use the custom styles and scripts of Vector legacy (2010). The change will be made later this year or in early 2024. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|how to adjust the CSS and JS pages on your wiki]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331679] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W40"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:27, 3 October 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25686930 --> == Tech News: 2023-41 == <section begin="technews-2023-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33291|Fon]] ([[w:fon:|<code>w:fon:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347935] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-warwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xalwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xmfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zeawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zh_min_nanwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zuwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308139] * At some wikis, newcomers are suggested images from Commons to add to articles without any images. Starting on Tuesday, newcomers at these wikis will be able to add images to unillustrated article sections. The specific wikis are listed under "Images recommendations" [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment table|at the Growth team deployment table]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add an image|learn more about this feature.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345940] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In the mobile web skin (Minerva) the CSS ID <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#page-actions</nowiki></code></bdi> will be replaced with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#p-views</nowiki></code></bdi>. This change is to make it consistent with other skins and to improve support for gadgets and extensions in the mobile skin. A few gadgets may need to be updated; there are [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348267 details and search-links in the task]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W41"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:39, 9 October 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25712895 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-42 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Athyma nefte]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:VB 019 Color Sergeant UP.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''''Athyma nefte''''', the colour sergeant, is a species of brush-footed butterfly found in tropical South and Southeast Asia. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:58, 16 October 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25693965 --> == Tech News: 2023-42 == <section begin="technews-2023-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|Unified login]] system's edge login should now be fixed for some browsers (Chrome, Edge, Opera). This means that if you visit a new sister project wiki, you should be logged in automatically without the need to click "Log in" or reload the page. Feedback on whether it's working for you is welcome. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347889] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/Edit_notice|Edit notices]] are now available within the MobileFrontend/Minerva skin. This feature was inspired by [[w:en:Wikipedia:EditNoticesOnMobile|the gadget on English Wikipedia]]. See more details in [[phab:T316178|T316178]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * In 3 weeks, in the Vector 2022 skin, code related to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>addPortletLink</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#p-namespaces</nowiki></code></bdi> that was deprecated one year ago will be removed. If you notice tools that should appear next to the "Discussion" tab are then missing, please tell the gadget's maintainers to see [[phab:T347907|instructions in the Phabricator task]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W42"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:47, 16 October 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25745824 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-43 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Typhoon Rusa]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Rusa 2002-08-27 0350Z.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Typhoon Rusa''' was the most powerful typhoon to strike South Korea in 43 years. It was the 21st JTWC tropical depression, the 15th named storm, and the 10th typhoon of the 2002 Pacific typhoon season. It developed on August 22 from the monsoon trough in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, well to the southeast of Japan. For several days, Rusa moved to the northwest, eventually intensifying into a powerful typhoon. On August 26, the storm moved across the Amami Islands of Japan, where Rusa left 20,000 people without power and caused two fatalities. Across Japan, the typhoon dropped torrential rainfall peaking at 902 mm (35.5 in) in Tokushima Prefecture. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:50, 23 October 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25693965 --> == Tech News: 2023-43 == <section begin="technews-2023-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language engineering/Newsletter/2023/October|Language and internationalization newsletter]], written quarterly. It contains updates on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects, and related support work. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Source map support has been enabled on all wikis. When you open the debugger in your browser's developer tools, you should be able to see the unminified JavaScript source code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T47514] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W43"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:17, 23 October 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25782286 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-44 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Hein Eersel]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:nl:Hein Eersel]]) ([[:it:Hein Eersel]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:HeinEersel.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Christiaan Hendrik "Hein" Eersel''' was a Surinamese linguist and cultural researcher. He served as Minister of Education and Population Development in the cabinet of acting Prime Minister Arthur Johan May. He was also the first chancellor of the University of Suriname. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:09, 30 October 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25797248 --> == Tech News: 2023-44 == <section begin="technews-2023-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Structured Content team, as part of its project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]], made some UX improvements to the upload step of choosing own vs not own work ([[phab:T347590|T347590]]), as well as to the licensing step for own work ([[phab:T347756|T347756]]). * The Design Systems team has released version 1.0.0 of [[wmdoc:codex/latest/|Codex]], the new design system for Wikimedia. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design_Systems_Team/Announcing_Codex_1.0|full announcement about the release of Codex 1.0.0]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Listings on category pages are sorted on each wiki for that language using a [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|library]]. For a brief period on 2 November, changes to categories will not be sorted correctly for many languages. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the library. They will then use a script to fix the existing categories. This will take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345561][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145] * Starting November 1, the impact module (Special:Impact) will be upgraded by the Growth team. The new impact module shows newcomers more data regarding their impact on the wiki. It was tested by a few wikis during the last few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203] '''Future changes''' * There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans#Roadmap|a proposed plan]] for re-enabling the Graph Extension. You can help by reviewing this proposal and [[mw:Extension_talk:Graph/Plans#c-PPelberg_(WMF)-20231020221600-Update:_20_October|sharing what you think about it]]. * The WMF is working on making it possible for administrators to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration_2.0|edit MediaWiki configuration directly]]. This is similar to previous work on Special:EditGrowthConfig. [[phab:T349757|A technical RfC is running until November 08, where you can provide feedback.]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W44"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:21, 30 October 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25801989 --> == Tech News: 2023-45 == <section begin="technews-2023-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the Vector 2022 skin, the default font-size of a number of navigational elements (tagline, tools menu, navigational links, and more) has been increased slightly to match the font size used in page content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346062] '''Problems''' * Last week, there was a problem displaying some recent edits on [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist a few wikis], for 1-6 hours. The edits were saved but not immediately shown. This was due to a database problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350443] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The Growth team will reassign newcomers from former mentors to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Structured mentor list|the currently active mentors]]. They have also changed the notification language to be more user-friendly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330071][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327493] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W45"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:06, 6 November 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25838105 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-45 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Reclaim the Night]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:de:Reclaim the Night]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Reclaim the Night 2014.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Reclaim the Night''' is a movement started in Leeds in 1977 as part of the Women's Liberation Movement. Marches demanding that women be able to move throughout public spaces at night took place across England until the 1990s. Later, the organisation was revived and sponsors annual and national marches against rape and violence against women. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 00:40, 8 November 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25797248 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-46 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Ishe Komborera Africa]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Ishe Komborera Africa.mp3|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> "'''Ishe Komborera Africa'''" (Shona for: God Bless Africa), also called "Ishe Komborera Zimbabwe" (Shona for: God Bless Zimbabwe), was the Zimbabwean national anthem from 1980 to 1994. It was the country's first national anthem after gaining independence in 1980. It is a translation of 19th-century South African schoolteacher Enoch Sontonga's popular African hymn "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" into Zimbabwe's native Shona and Ndebele languages. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 00:38, 13 November 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25797248 --> == Tech News: 2023-46 == <section begin="technews-2023-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Four new wikis have been created: ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q7598268|Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[w:zgh:|<code>w:zgh:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350216] ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35159|Dagaare]] ([[w:dga:|<code>w:dga:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350218] ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q33017|Toba Batak]] ([[w:bbc:|<code>w:bbc:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350320] ** a Wikiquote in [[d:Q33151|Banjar]] ([[q:bjn:|<code>q:bjn:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350217] '''Problems''' * Last week, users who previously visited Meta-Wiki or Wikimedia Commons and then became logged out on those wikis could not log in again. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350695] * Last week, some pop-up dialogs and menus were shown with the wrong font size. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350544] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Reference Previews are coming to many wikis as a default feature. They are popups for references, similar to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|PagePreviews feature]]. [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Opt-out feature|You can opt out]] of seeing them. If you are [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|using the gadgets]] Reference Tooltips or Navigation Popups, you won’t see Reference Previews. [[phab:T282999|Deployment]] is planned for November 22, 2023. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Canary (also known as heartbeat) events will be produced into [https://stream.wikimedia.org/?doc#/streams Wikimedia event streams] from December 11. Streams users are advised to filter out these events, by discarding all events where <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>meta.domain == "canary"</nowiki></code></bdi>. Updates to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] or [https://github.com/ChlodAlejandro/wikimedia-streams wikimedia-streams] will discard these events by default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266798] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W46"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:52, 13 November 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25859263 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-47 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Bhagavata Mela]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Bhagavata Mela''' is a classical Indian dance that is performed in Tamil Nadu, particularly the Thanjavur area. It is choreographed as an annual Vaishnavism tradition in Melattur and nearby regions, and celebrated as a dance-drama performance art. The dance art has roots in a historic migration of practitioners of Kuchipudi, another Indian classical dance art, from Andhra Pradesh to the kingdom of Tanjavur. The term Bhagavata, state Brandon and Banham, refers to the Hindu text Bhagavata Purana. Mela is a Sanskrit word that means "gathering, meeting of a group" and connotes a folk festival. The traditional Bhagavata Mela performance acts out the legends of Hinduism, set to the Carnatic style music. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 00:38, 04:07, 20 November 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25797248 --> == Tech News: 2023-47 == <section begin="technews-2023-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-quwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_rupwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_tarawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ruewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rwwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-satwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-shwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-siwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-skwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-slwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-smwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-suwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-szlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tcywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tetwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-towiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tpiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ttwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-twwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tyvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-udmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ugwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-uzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vecwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vepwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vlswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vowiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308141][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308142][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308143] * The Vector 2022 skin will have some minor visual changes to drop-down menus, column widths, and more. These changes were added to four Wikipedias last week. If no issues are found, these changes will proceed to all wikis this week. These changes will make it possible to add new menus for readability and dark mode. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Updates#November_2023:_Visual_changes,_more_deployments,_and_shifting_focus|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347711] '''Future changes''' * There is [[mw:Extension talk:Graph/Plans#Update: 15 November|an update on re-enabling the Graph Extension]]. To speed up the process, Vega 2 will not be supported and only [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335325 some protocols] will be available at launch. You can help by sharing what you think about the plan. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W47"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:55, 21 November 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25884616 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-48 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:fr:Zanskari]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:en:Zaniskari]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Zaniskari Horse in Ladakh, India.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Zaniskari''' or '''Zanskari''' is a breed of small mountain horse or pony from Ladakh, in northern India. It is named for the Zanskar valley or region in Kargil district. It is similar to the Spiti breed of Himachal Pradesh, but is better adapted to work at high altitude. Like the Spiti, it shows similarities to the Tibetan breeds of neighbouring Tibet. It is of medium size, and is often grey in colour. The breed is considered endangered, as there are only a few hundred alive today, and a conservation programme has been started at Padum, Zanskar, in the Kargil district of Ladakh. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:44, 27 November 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25797248 --> == Tech News: 2023-48 == <section begin="technews-2023-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki's JavaScript system will now allow <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>async</code>/<code>await</code></bdi> syntax in gadgets and user scripts. Gadget authors should remember that users' browsers may not support it, so it should be used appropriately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343499] * The deployment of "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a link]]" announced [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|last week]] was postponed. It will resume this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W48"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:09, 27 November 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25906379 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-49 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Sheikh Hussein]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:fr:Sheikh Hussein]]) ([[:it:Scec Hussèn]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Sheikh Hussein.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Sheikh Hussein''' is a town in south-eastern Ethiopia. The site has been recorded in the tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage List since 2011 as a religious, cultural and historical site. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:34, 4 December 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25921616 --> == Tech News: 2023-49 == <section begin="technews-2023-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The spacing between paragraphs on Vector 2022 has been changed from 7px to 14px to match the size of the text. This will make it easier to distinguish paragraphs from sentences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T351754] * The "{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}" feature in VisualEditor is working again. You no longer need to switch to source editing to edit <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}</nowiki></code></bdi> keywords. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * On 6 December, people who have the enabled the preference for "{{int:Discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}" will notice the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|talk page usability improvements]] appear on pages that include the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__NEWSECTIONLINK__</nowiki></code></bdi> magic word. If you notice any issues, please [[phab:T352232|share them with the team on Phabricator]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge [[wikitech:News/Toolforge Grid Engine deprecation|Grid Engine shutdown process]] will start on December 14. Maintainers of [[toolforge:grid-deprecation|tools that still use this old system]] should plan to migrate to Kubernetes, or tell the team your plans on Phabricator in the task about your tool, before that date. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/VIWWQKMSQO2ED3TVUR7KPPWRTOBYBVOA/] * Communities using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions|Structured Discussions]] are being contacted regarding [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|the upcoming deprecation of Structured Discussions]]. You can read more about this project, and share your comments, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|on the project's page]]. '''Events''' * Registration & Scholarship applications are now open for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2024|Wikimedia Hackathon 2024]] that will take place from 3–5 May in Tallinn, Estonia. Scholarship applications are open until 5 January 2024. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W49"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:50, 4 December 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25914435 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-50 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:fr:Applaudissements aux fenêtres pendant la pandémie de Covid-19]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:es:Aplauso por los trabajadores de la salud]]) ([[:gl:Aplauso ao persoal sanitario]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Koronabirus konfinamendua Lasarten 2020-03-29.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> During the COVID-19 pandemic, applauding daily at a scheduled hour was a gesture of acclamation, recognition and gratitude towards health professionals in tribute to their work at the time. This habit emerged in January 2020 in Wuhan, where the pandemic originated, and then spread to several cities around the world during the quarantines and sanitary cordons ordered as preventive measures, Italy being the first one. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:26, 11 December 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25925561 --> == Tech News: 2023-50 == <section begin="technews-2023-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On Wikimedia Commons, there are some minor user-interface improvements for the "choosing own vs not own work" step in the UploadWizard. This is part of the Structured Content team's project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352707][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352709] '''Problems''' * There was a problem showing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Newcomer homepage|Newcomer homepage]] feature with the "impact module" and their page-view graphs, for a few days in early December. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352352][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352349] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]] The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/796964 2023 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 5 January 2024, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:December_2023_Developer_Satisfaction_Survey|privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W50"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:13, 12 December 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25945501 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-51 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Aerial view of Subway Island, July 2019.JPG|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge''' is a wildlife refuge in New York City managed by the National Park Service as part of Gateway National Recreation Area. It is composed of the open water and intertidal salt marshes of Jamaica Bay. It lies entirely within the boundaries of New York City, divided between the boroughs of Brooklyn to the west and Queens to the east. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:05, 18 December 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25951007 --> == Tech News: 2023-51 == <section begin="technews-2023-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 8 January 2024 because of [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|the holidays]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting December 18, it won't be possible to activate Structured Discussions on a user's own talk page using the Beta feature. The Beta feature option remains available for users who want to deactivate Structured Discussions. This is part of [[mw:Structured Discussions/Deprecation|Structured Discussions' deprecation work]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248309] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There will be full support for redirects in the Module namespace. The "Move Page" feature will leave an appropriate redirect behind, and such redirects will be appropriately recognized by the software (e.g. hidden from [[{{#special:UnconnectedPages}}]]). There will also be support for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Renaming or moving modules|manual redirects]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120794] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The MediaWiki JavaScript documentation is moving to a new format. During the move, you can read the old docs using [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/REL1_41/js/ version 1.41]. Feedback about [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/master/js/ the new site] is welcome on the [[mw:Talk:JSDoc_WMF_theme|project talk page]]. * The Wishathon is a new initiative that encourages collaboration across the Wikimedia community to develop solutions for wishes collected through the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The first community Wishathon will take place from 15–17 March. If you are interested in a project proposal as a user, developer, designer, or product lead, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WishathonMarch2024|register for the event and read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W51"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:18, 18 December 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25959059 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2023-52 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2023 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Plant blindness]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:fr:Cécité botanique]]) ([[:de:Pflanzenblindheit]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Plant blindness 0323.png|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Plant blindness''' is an informally-proposed form of cognitive bias, which in its broadest meaning, is a human tendency to ignore plant species. This includes such phenomena as not noticing plants in the surrounding environment, not recognizing the importance of plant life to the whole biosphere and to human affairs, a philosophical view of plants as an inferior form of life to animals and/or the inability to appreciate the unique features or aesthetics of plants. Related terms include plant‐neglect, zoo-centrism, and zoo‐chauvinism. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:58, 25 December 2023 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=25971304 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-02 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Pax airship disaster]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:pt:Catástrofe do dirigível Pax]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Sim new-mcclures-magazine 1902-09 19 5 (page 75 crop).jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''''Pax''''' '''airship disaster''' was the explosion of the ''Pax'' airship on May 12, 1902, in Paris, which killed the Brazilian inventor Augusto Severo and the French mechanic Georges Saché. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 12:14, 8 January 2024 (UTC)'' </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26033876 --> == Tech News: 2024-02 == <section begin="technews-2024-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [https://mediawiki2latex.wmflabs.org/ mediawiki2latex] is a tool that converts wiki content into the formats of LaTeX, PDF, ODT, and EPUB. The code now runs many times faster due to recent improvements. There is also an optional Docker container you can [[b:de:Benutzer:Dirk_Hünniger/wb2pdf/install#Using_Docker|install]] on your local machine. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The way that Random pages are selected has been updated. This will slowly reduce the problem of some pages having a lower chance of appearing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309477] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W02"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:20, 9 January 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26026251 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-03 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Conversion to Islam]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:fr:Conversion à l'islam]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Conversion to Islam''' is accepting Islam as a religion or faith and rejecting any other religion or irreligion. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:11, 15 January 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26044632 --> == Tech News: 2024-03 == <section begin="technews-2024-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Pages that use the JSON [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:ContentHandler|contentmodel]] will now use tabs instead of spaces for auto-indentation. This will significantly reduce the page size. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326065] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and personal user scripts may now use JavaScript syntax introduced in ES6 (also known as "ES2015") and ES7 ("ES2016"). MediaWiki validates the source code to protect other site functionality from syntax errors, and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browsers|supported browsers]]. Previously, Gadgets could use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>requiresES6</nowiki></code></bdi> option. This option is no longer needed and will be removed in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T75714] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|Bot passwords]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|owner-only OAuth consumers]] can now be restricted to allow editing only specific pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T349957] * You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thank]] edits made by bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341388] * An update on the status of the Community Wishlist Survey for 2024 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Future Of The Wishlist/January 4, 2024 Update|has been published]]. Please read and give your feedback. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting on January 17, it will not be possible to login to Wikimedia wikis from some specific old versions of the Chrome browser (versions 51–66, released between 2016 and 2018). Additionally, users of iOS 12, or Safari on Mac OS 10.14, may need to login to each wiki separately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344791] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> module was deprecated and replaced with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki.cookie</code></bdi> module last year. A script has now been run to replace any remaining uses, and this week the temporary alias will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354966] '''Future changes''' * Wikimedia Deutschland is working to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Reusing references|make reusing references easier]]. They are looking for people who are interested in participating in [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ individual video calls for user research in January and February]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W03"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:13, 16 January 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26074460 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-04 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Kinder der Landstrasse]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Kinderdlandstrasse plakat.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Kinder der Landstrasse''' (literally: Children of the Country Road) was a project implemented by the Swiss foundation Pro Juventute from 1926 to 1973. The project aimed to assimilate the itinerant Yenish people in Switzerland by forcibly removing their children from their parents and placing them in orphanages or foster homes. Approximately 590 children were affected by this program. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:02, 22 January 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26044632 --> == Tech News: 2024-04 == <section begin="technews-2024-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * A bug in UploadWizard prevented linking to the userpage of the uploader when uploading. It has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354529] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W04"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:04, 23 January 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26096197 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-05 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Qurm Nature Reserve]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Al-Qurm Wetlands.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Qurm Nature Reserve''' is a national nature reserve in Muscat Governorate, Oman. Located on the Gulf of Oman coast, the reserve protects a mangrove forest and the surrounding wetland in a small estuary within the urban area of Qurm. Established in 1975, the reserve has been designated as an Important Bird Area since 1994, and as a protected Ramsar site since 2013. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:03, 29 January 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26149847 --> == Tech News: 2024-05 == <section begin="technews-2024-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Starting Monday January 29, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they are looking for, even if this comment was moved elsewhere. This will affect all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. You can read more about this change [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/ on Diff] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk_pages_permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]].<!-- The Diff post will be published on Monday morning UTC--> [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302011] * There are some improvements to the CAPTCHA to make it harder for spam bots and scripts to bypass it. If you have feedback on this change, please comment on [[phab:T141490|the task]]. Staff are monitoring metrics related to the CAPTCHA, as well as secondary metrics such as account creations and edit counts. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] On February 1, a link will be added to the "Tools" menu to download a [[w:en:QR code|QR code]] that links to the page you are viewing. There will also be a new [[{{#special:QrCode}}]] page to create QR codes for any Wikimedia URL. This addresses the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Mobile and apps/Add ability to share QR code for a page in any Wikimedia project|#19 most-voted wish]] from the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329973] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] which only work in some skins have sometimes used the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>targets</code></bdi> option to limit where you can use them. This will stop working this week. You should use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>skins</code></bdi> option instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328497] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W05"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:31, 29 January 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26137870 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-06 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Timurid architecture]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Gur-e-Amir Mausolueum - Samarkand - Uzbekistan (7488414078).jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Timurid architecture''' was an important stage in the architectural history of Iran and Central Asia during the late 14th and 15th centuries. The Timurid Empire (1370–1507), founded by Timur (d. 1405) and conquering most of this region, oversaw a cultural renaissance. In architecture, the Timurid dynasty patronized the construction of palaces, mausoleums, and religious monuments across the region. Their architecture is distinguished by its grand scale, luxurious decoration in tilework, and sophisticated geometric vaulting. This architectural style, along with other aspects of Timurid art, spread across the empire and subsequently influenced the architecture of other empires from the Middle East to the Indian subcontinent. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:23, 5 February 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26169542 --> == Tech News: 2024-06 == <section begin="technews-2024-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *The mobile site history pages now use the same HTML as the desktop history pages. If you hear of any problems relating to mobile history usage please point them to [[phab:T353388|the phabricator task]]. *On most wikis, admins can now block users from making specific actions. These actions are: uploading files, creating new pages, moving (renaming) pages, and sending thanks. The goal of this feature is to allow admins to apply blocks that are adequate to the blocked users' activity. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks#action-blocks|Learn more about "action blocks"]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242541][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280531] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Talk pages permalinks that included diacritics and non-Latin script were malfunctioning. This issue is fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356199] '''Future changes''' * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#24WPs|24 Wikipedias]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference_Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] as a default gadget are encouraged to remove that default flag. This would make [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference_Previews|Reference Previews]] the new default for reference popups, leading to a more consistent experience across wikis. For [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#46WPs|46 Wikipedias]] with less than 4 interface admins, the change is already scheduled for mid-February, [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference Previews to become the default for previewing references on more wikis.|unless there are concerns]]. The older Reference Tooltips gadget will still remain usable and will override this feature, if it is available on your wiki and you have enabled it in your settings. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference_Previews_to_become_the_default_for_previewing_references_on_more_wikis][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355312] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W06"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:22, 5 February 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26180971 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-07 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Adoration of the Magi (Fra Angelico and Filippo Lippi)]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Fra Angelico, Fra Filippo Lippi, The Adoration of the Magi.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''''Adoration of the Magi''''' is a tondo, or circular painting, of the Adoration of the Magi assumed to be that recorded in 1492 in the Palazzo Medici Riccardi in Florence as by Fra Angelico. It dates from the mid-15th century and is now in the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C. Most art historians think that Filippo Lippi painted more of the original work, and that it was added to some years after by other artists, as well as including work by assistants in the workshops of both the original masters. It has been known as the Washington Tondo and Cook Tondo after Herbert Cook, and this latter name in particular continues to be used over 50 years after the painting left the Cook collection. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 07:00, 12 February 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26187446 --> == Tech News: 2024-07 == <section begin="technews-2024-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split experiment]] is working and loaded onto 3 test servers. The team in charge is testing the split's impact and requires feedback from WDQS users through the UI or programmatically in different channels. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata_talk:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356773][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Sannita_(WMF)] Users' feedback will validate the impact of various use cases and workflows around the Wikidata Query service. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_backend_update/October_2023_scaling_update][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikidata_Query_Service/User_Manual#Federation] '''Problems''' *There was a bug that affected the appearance of visited links when using mobile device to access wiki sites. It made the links appear black; [[phab:T356928|this issue]] is fixed. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] As work continues on the grid engine deprecation,[https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation] tools on the grid engine will be stopped starting on February 14th, 2024. If you have tools actively migrating you can ask for an extension so they are not stopped. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W07"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 05:49, 13 February 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26223994 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-08 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:nl:Graf met de handjes]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Weg langs het kerkhof tegenover 1, Roermond.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The monument '''Van Gorkum-Van Aefferden''', more well known as the "'''grave with the little hands'''" is a monumental Tombstone in the Dutch city of Roermond. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 13:24, 19 February 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26260848 --> == Tech News: 2024-08 == <section begin="technews-2024-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * If you have the "{{int:Tog-enotifwatchlistpages}}" option enabled, edits by bot accounts no longer trigger notification emails. Previously, only minor edits would not trigger the notification emails. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356984] * There are changes to how user and site scripts load for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022| Vector 2022]] on specific wikis. The changes impacted the following Wikis: all projects with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector legacy]] as the default skin, Wikivoyage, and Wikibooks. Other wikis will be affected over the course of the next three months. Gadgets are not impacted. If you have been affected or want to minimize the impact on your project, see [[Phab:T357580| this ticket]]. Please coordinate and take action proactively. *Newly auto-created accounts (the accounts you get when you visit a new wiki) now have the same local notification preferences as users who freshly register on that wiki. It is effected in four notification types listed in the [[phab:T353225|task's description]]. *The maximum file size when using [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Upload_Wizard|Upload Wizard]] is now 5 GiB. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191804] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Selected tools on the grid engine have been [[wikitech:News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation|stopped]] as we prepare to shut down the grid on March 14th, 2024. The tool's code and data have not been deleted. If you are a maintainer and you want your tool re-enabled reach out to the [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support|team]]. Only tools that have asked for extension are still running on the grid. * The CSS <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/filter filter]</code></bdi> property can now be used in HTML <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>style</code></bdi> attributes in wikitext. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308160] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W08"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:37, 19 February 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26254282 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-09 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Doorway effect]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''doorway effect''' is a known psychological event where a person's short-term memory declines when passing through a doorway moving from one location to another when it would not if they had remained in the same place. People experience this effect by forgetting what they were going to do, thinking about, or planning upon entering a different room. This is thought to be due to the change in one's physical environment, which is used to distinguish boundaries between remembered events: memories of events encountered in the present environment are more accessible than those beyond it. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:30, 26 February 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26260848 --> == Tech News: 2024-09 == <section begin="technews-2024-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile|mobile visual editor]] is now the default editor for users who never edited before, at a small group of wikis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile/VE_mobile_default#A/B_test_results| Research ]] shows that users using this editor are slightly more successful publishing the edits they started, and slightly less successful publishing non-reverted edits. Users who defined the wikitext editor as their default on desktop will get the wikitext editor on mobile for their first edit on mobile as well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352127] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Core modules#mw.config|mw.config]] value <code>wgGlobalGroups</code> now only contains groups that are active in the wiki. Scripts no longer have to check whether the group is active on the wiki via an API request. A code example of the above is: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>if (/globalgroupname/.test(mw.config.get("wgGlobalGroups")))</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356008] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * The right to change [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Tags|edit tags]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>changetags</code></bdi>) will be removed from users in Wikimedia sites, keeping it by default for admins and bots only. Your community can ask to retain the old configuration on your wiki before this change happens. Please indicate in [[phab:T355639|this ticket]] to keep it for your community before the end of March 2024. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W09"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:23, 26 February 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26294125 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-10 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Sissieretta Jones]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:1899 poster of Mme. M. Sissieretta Jones.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Matilda Sissieretta Joyner Jones''' (January 5, 1868, or 1869 – June 24, 1933) was an American soprano. She sometimes was called "The Black Patti" in reference to Italian opera singer Adelina Patti. Jones' repertoire included grand opera, light opera, and popular music <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:33, 4 March 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26313143 --> == Tech News: 2024-10 == <section begin="technews-2024-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Special:Book</code></bdi> page (as well as the associated "Create a book" functionality) provided by the old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Collection|Collection extension]] has been removed from all Wikisource wikis, as it was broken. This does not affect the ability to download normal books, which is provided by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Wikisource|Wikisource extension]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358437] * [[m:Wikitech|Wikitech]] now uses the next-generation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] wikitext parser by default to generate all pages in the Talk namespace. Report any problems on the [[mw:Talk:Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Known_Issues|Known Issues discussion page]]. You can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration]] extension to control the use of Parsoid; see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration help documentation]] for more details. * Maintenance on [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org etherpad] is completed. If you encounter any issues, please indicate in [[phab:T316421|this ticket]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] allow interface admins to create custom features with CSS and JavaScript. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Gadget</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Gadget_definition</code></bdi> namespaces and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>gadgets-definition-edit</code></bdi> user right were reserved for an experiment in 2015, but were never used. These were visible on Special:Search and Special:ListGroupRights. The unused namespaces and user rights are now removed. No pages are moved, and no changes need to be made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T31272] * A usability improvement to the "Add a citation" in Wikipedia workflow has been made, the insert button was moved to the popup header. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354847] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233] * The HTML markup of headings and section edit links will be changed later this year to improve accessibility. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Heading_HTML_changes|Heading HTML changes]] for details. The new markup will be the same as in the new Parsoid wikitext parser. You can test your gadget or stylesheet with the new markup if you add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>?useparsoid=1</code></bdi> to your URL ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Selecting_a_parser_using_a_URL_query_string|more info]]) or turn on Parsoid read views in your user options ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Enabling_via_user_preference|more info]]). * '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W10"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:47, 4 March 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26329807 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-11 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Preventative Coup of November 11]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:es:Golpe de Estado en Brasil de 1955]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Exército na casa de Café Filho.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Preventative Coup of November 11''' sometimes called the '''1955 Brazilian coup d'état''' or referred to as an "anti-coup" or a "counter-coup" (Portuguese: ''Novembrada, Movimento de 11 de Novembro, Contragolpe, Golpe Preventivo do Marechal Lott'') was a series of military and political events led by Henrique Teixeira Lott that resulted in Nereu Ramos assuming the presidency of Brazil until being peacefully succeeded by Juscelino Kubitschek a few months later. The bloodless coup removed Carlos Luz from the presidency because he was suspected of plotting to prevent Kubitschek from taking office. As a result of the tensions, Brazil had three presidents in the span of a single week. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:04, 11 March 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26366849 --> == Tech News: 2024-11 == <section begin="technews-2024-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * After consulting with various communities, the line height of the text on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] will be increased to its previous value of 1.65. Different options for typography can also be set using the options in the menu, as needed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358498] *The active link color in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva]] will be changed to provide more consistency with our other platforms and best practices. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358516] * [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Structured data|Structured data on Commons]] will no longer ask whether you want to leave the page without saving. This will prevent the “information you’ve entered may not be saved” popups from appearing when no information have been entered. It will also make file pages on Commons load faster in certain cases. However, the popups will be hidden even if information has indeed been entered. If you accidentally close the page before saving the structured data you entered, that data will be lost. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312315] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W11"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:04, 11 March 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26374013 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-12 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Hojang Taret]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Hojang Taret''' is a classical Meitei language play based on Euripides's ancient Greek tragedy The Phoenician Women. It is directed by Oasis Sougaijam and produced by The Umbilical Theatre in Imphal, Kangleipak. It depicts the moral ambiguities of conflict between brothers resulting to the ruination of the ancient city of Thebes. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:52, 18 March 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26366849 --> == Tech News: 2024-12 == <section begin="technews-2024-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The notice "Language links are at the top of the page" that appears in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]] main menu has been removed now that users have learned the new location of the Language switcher. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T353619] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP_Editing:_Privacy_Enhancement_and_Abuse_Mitigation/IP_Info_feature|IP info feature]] displays data from Spur, an IP addresses database. Previously, the only data source for this feature was MaxMind. Now, IP info is more useful for patrollers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341395] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge Grid Engine services have been shut down after the final migration process from Grid Engine to Kubernetes. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Obsolete:Toolforge/Grid][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2022/03/14/toolforge-and-grid-engine/] * Communities can now customize the default reasons for undeleting a page by creating [[MediaWiki:Undelete-comment-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326746] '''Problems''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] is an interface to interactively browse a page's history. Users in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider/Developing_a_RTL-accessible_feature_in_MediaWiki_-_what_we%27ve_learned_while_creating_the_RevisionSlider|right-to-left]] languages reported RevisionSlider reacting wrong to mouse clicks. This should be fixed now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352169] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1710943200 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W12"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:40, 18 March 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26410165 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-13 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Magna Lykseth-Skogman]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Magna Lykseth in Tristan och Isolde at Kungliga Operan 1909 - SMV - GL164.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Magna Elvine Lykseth-Skogman''' (6 February 1874 – 13 November 1949), also known as Magna Lykseth-Schjerven, was a Norwegian-born Swedish operatic soprano. After making her début at the Royal Swedish Opera in 1901 as Santuzza in Cavalleria rusticana, she was engaged there until 1918 becoming the company's prima donna. She performed leading roles in a wide range of operas but is remembered in particular for her Wagnerian interpretations, creating Brünnhilde in the Swedish premières of Siegfried and Götterdämmerung, and Isolde in 1909. Considered to be one of the most outstanding Swedish opera singers of her generation, she was awarded the Litteris et Artibus medal in 1907 and became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music in 1912 <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:00, 25 March 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26447450 --> == Tech News: 2024-13 == <section begin="technews-2024-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] An update was made on March 18th 2024 to how various projects load site, user JavaScript and CSS in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]]. A [[phab:T360384|checklist]] is provided for site admins to follow. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W13"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:57, 25 March 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26446209 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-14 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Lidder Valley]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Pahalgam Valley.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Lidder Valley''' or Liddar Valley is a Himalayan sub-valley that forms the southeastern corner of Anantnag district in Indian-administered Kashmir. The Lidder River flows down the valley. The entrance to the valley lies 7 km northeast from Anantnag town and 62 km southeast from Srinagar, the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir. It is a 40-km-long gorge valley with an average width of 3 km. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:15, 1 April 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26509189 --> == Tech News: 2024-14 == <section begin="technews-2024-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|reading accessibility]] beta feature will notice that the default line height for the standard and large text options has changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359030] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has an annual plan. The annual plan decides what the Wikimedia Foundation will work on. You can now read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs#Draft Key Results|the draft key results]] for the Product and Technology department. They are suggestions for what results the Foundation wants from big technical changes from July 2024 to June 2025. You can [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs|comment on the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W14"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:36, 2 April 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26462933 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-15 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Operation Kraai]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Overzicht van het vliegveld te Djokja vanuit de 'Control Tower', Bestanddeelnr 5128.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Operation Kraai''' (Operation Crow) was a Dutch military offensive against the de facto Republic of Indonesia in December 1948 after negotiations failed. With the advantage of surprise the Dutch managed to capture the Indonesian Republic's temporary capital, Yogyakarta, and seized Indonesian leaders such as de facto Republican President Sukarno. This apparent military success was however followed by guerrilla warfare, while the violation of the Renville Agreement ceasefire diplomatically isolated the Dutch, leading to the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference and recognition of the United States of Indonesia. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:47, 8 April 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26550154 --> == Tech News: 2024-15 == <section begin="technews-2024-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Web browsers can use tools called [[:w:en:Browser extension|extensions]]. There is now a Chrome extension called [[m:Future Audiences/Experiment:Citation Needed|Citation Needed]] which you can use to see if an online statement is supported by a Wikipedia article. This is a small experiment to see if Wikipedia can be used this way. Because it is a small experiment, it can only be used in Chrome in English. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit Recovery|Edit Recovery]] feature has been added to all wikis, available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user preference]]. Once you enable it, your in-progress edits will be stored in your web browser, and if you accidentally close an editing window or your browser or computer crashes, you will be prompted to recover the unpublished text. Please leave any feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Edit-recovery feature|project talk page]]. This was the #8 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey. * Initial results of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] experiments [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#4_April_2024|have been published]]. Edit Check is now deployed as a default feature at [[phab:T342930#9538364|the wikis that tested it]]. [[mw:Talk:Edit check|Let us know]] if you want your wiki to be part of the next deployment of Edit check. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342930][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361727] * Readers using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] on mobile will notice there has been an improvement in the line height across all typography settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359029] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * New accounts and logged-out users will get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|visual editor]] as their default editor on mobile. This deployment is made at all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361134] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W15"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:38, 8 April 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26564838 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-16 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:ru:Павильон Росси]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:en:Rossi Pavilion]])&#32;([[:fr:Pavillon Rossi]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Rossi's Pavilion in Mikhailovsky Garden. Saint-Petersburg. 1825..jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Rossi Pavilion''' (Russian: Павильон Росси) is a pavilion on the bank of the Moyka River in the Mikhailovsky Garden in Saint Petersburg. It was designed by architect Carlo Rossi in the early 1820s and built in 1825 during his redevelopment of the garden. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:53, 15 April 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26565118 --> == Tech News: 2024-16 == <section begin="technews-2024-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Between 2 April and 8 April, on wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged Revisions]], the "{{Int:tag-mw-reverted}}" tag was not applied to undone edits. In addition, page moves, protections and imports were not autoreviewed. This problem is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361918][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361940] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#DEFAULTSORT|Default category sort keys]] will now affect categories added by templates placed in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite|footnotes]]. Previously footnotes used the page title as the default sort key even if a different default sort key was specified (category-specific sort keys already worked). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40435] * A new variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>page_last_edit_age</code></bdi> will be added to [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]]. It tells how many seconds ago the last edit to a page was made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T269769] '''Future changes''' * Volunteer developers are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Four database fields will be removed from database replicas (including [[quarry:|Quarry]]). This affects only the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>abuse_filter</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>abuse_filter_history</code></bdi> tables. Some queries might need to be updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361996] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W16"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:29, 15 April 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26564838 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-17 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Devorà Ascarelli]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:it:Debora Ascarelli]])&#32;([[:es:Devorà Ascarelli]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Devorà Ascarelli''' was a 16th-century Italian poet living in Rome, Italy. Ascarelli may have been the first Jewish woman to have a book of her own work published. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:35, 22 April 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26624302 --> == Tech News: 2024-17 == <section begin="technews-2024-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Starting this week, newcomers editing Wikipedia [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Leveling up 3|will be encouraged]] to try structured tasks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer tasks|Structured tasks]] have been shown to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link/Experiment analysis, December 2021|improve newcomer activation and retention]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348086] * You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|nominate your favorite tools]] for the fifth edition of the Coolest Tool Award. Nominations will be open until May 10. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * This is the last warning that by the end of May 2024 the Vector 2022 skin will no longer share site and user scripts/styles with old Vector. For user-scripts that you want to keep using on Vector 2022, copy the contents of [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector.js]] to [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector-2022.js]]. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|more technical details]] available. Interface administrators who foresee this leading to lots of technical support questions may wish to send a mass message to your community, as was done on French Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362701] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W17"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:28, 22 April 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26647188 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-18 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:1989 Serbian general election]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:sr:Председнички избори у Србији 1989.]])&#32;([[:vi:Tổng tuyển cử Serbia 1989]])''</small></div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Parliament of SR Serbia (1989–1991).svg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''General elections were held in Serbia''', a constituent federal unit of SFR Yugoslavia, on 12 November 1989 to elect the president of the presidency of the Socialist Republic of Serbia and delegates of the Assembly of SR Serbia. Voting for delegates also took place on 10 and 30 November 1989. In addition to the general elections, local elections were held simultaneously. These were the first direct elections conducted after the adoption of the 1974 Yugoslav Constitution and the delegate electoral system, and the last elections conducted under a one-party system. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:32, 29 April 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26624302 --> == Tech News: 2024-18 == <section begin="technews-2024-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' [[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages changed for the following wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}. These wikis participated to a test, where 50% of users got the new design, for one year. As this test [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|gave positive results]], the new design is deployed on these wikis as the default design. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). The deployment will happen at all wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341491] * Seven new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[w:bew:|<code>w:bew:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357866] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35708|Kusaal]] ([[w:kus:|<code>w:kus:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359757] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35513|Igala]] ([[w:igl:|<code>w:igl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361644] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q33541|Karakalpak]] ([[wikt:kaa:|<code>wikt:kaa:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362135] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9228|Burmese]] ([[s:my:|<code>s:my:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361085] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[s:ms:|<code>s:ms:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363039] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q8108|Georgian]] ([[s:ka:|<code>s:ka:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363085] * You can now [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Support#Early_access:_Watch_Message_Groups_on_Translatewiki.net watch message groups/projects] on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/translatewiki.net|Translatewiki.net]]. Initially, this feature will notify you of added or deleted messages in these groups. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348501] * Dark mode is now available on all wikis, on mobile web for logged-in users who opt into the [[Special:MobileOptions|advanced mode]]. This is the early release of the feature. Technical editors are invited to [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ check for accessibility issues on wikis]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|more detailed guidelines]]. '''Problems''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can use an alternative visual style without labels, by using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mapstyle="osm"</nowiki></code></bdi>. This wasn't working in previews, creating the wrong impression that it wasn't supported. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362531] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W18"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:34, 30 April 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26689057 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-19 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Heinrich Bünting]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Heinrich Bünting''' (1545 – 1606) was a Protestant pastor and theologian. He is best known for his book of woodcut maps titled Itinerarium Sacrae Scripturae (Travel book through Holy Scripture) first published in 1581. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:27, 6 May 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26624302 --> == Tech News: 2024-19 == <section begin="technews-2024-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' [[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages changed for all wikis, except for Commons, Wikidata and most Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|a few]] have already received this design change). You can read the detail of the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). The deployment will happen at remaining wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352087][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Interface admins now have greater control over the styling of article components on mobile with the introduction of the <code>SiteAdminHelper</code>. More information on how styles can be disabled can be found [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikimediaMessages#Site_admin_helper|at the extension's page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363932] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has added article body sections in JSON format and a curated short description field to the existing parsed Infobox. This expansion to the API is also available via Wikimedia Cloud Services. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/article-sections-and-description/] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * When you look at the Special:Log page, the first view is labelled "All public logs", but it only shows some logs. This label will now say "Main public logs". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237729] '''Future changes''' * A new service will be built to replace [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Extension:Graph]]. Details can be found in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans|the latest update]] regarding this extension. * Starting May 21, English Wikipedia and German Wikipedia will get the possibility to activate "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]". This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to all Wikipedias]]. These communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|activate and configure the feature locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308144] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W19"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:45, 6 May 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26729363 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-20 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:var(--background-color-backdrop-dark, #DDDDDD); border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:var(--color-inverted, #000000); padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Ruyan (district)]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:fa:رویان (طبرستان)]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Northern Iran and its surroundings during the Iranian intermezzo.svg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Ruyan''' (Persian: رویان), later known as Rustamdar (رستمدار), was the name of a mountainous district that encompassed the western part of Tabaristan/Mazandaran, a region on the Caspian coast of northern Iran. In Iranian mythology, Ruyan appears as one of the places that the legendary archer Arash shot his arrow from, reaching the edge of Khorasan to mark the border between Iran and Turan. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:39, 13 May 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26755244 --> == Tech News: 2024-20 == <section begin="technews-2024-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On Wikisource there is a special page listing pages of works without corresponding scan images. Now you can use the new magic word <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>__EXPECTWITHOUTSCANS__</code></bdi> to exclude certain pages (list of editions or translations of works) from that list. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344214] * If you use the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user-preference]] "{{int:tog-uselivepreview}}", then the template-page feature "{{int:Templatesandbox-editform-legend}}" will now also work without reloading the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T136907] * [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can now specify an alternative text via the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>alt=</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute. This is identical in usage to the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>alt=</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Syntax|image and gallery syntax]]. An exception for this feature is wikis like Wikivoyage where the miniature maps are interactive. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328137] * The old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|Guided Tour]] for the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|New Filters for Edit Review]]" feature has been removed. It was created in 2017 to show people with older accounts how the interface had changed, and has now been seen by most of the intended people. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217451] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[{{#special:search}}]] results page will now use CSS flex attributes, for better accessibility, instead of a table. If you have a gadget or script that adjusts search results, you should update your script to the new HTML structure. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320295] '''Future changes''' * In the Vector 2022 skin, main pages will be displayed at full width (like special pages). The goal is to keep the number of characters per line large enough. This is related to the coming changes to typography in Vector 2022. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357706] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Two columns of the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:pagelinks table|pagelinks]]</code></bdi> database table (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_namespace</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_title</code></bdi>) are being dropped soon. Users must use two columns of the new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:special:MyLanguage/Manual:linktarget table|linktarget]]</code></bdi> table instead (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_namespace</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_title</code></bdi>). In your existing SQL queries: *# Replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN pagelinks</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN linktarget</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_</code></bdi> in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>ON</code></bdi> statement *# Below that add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN pagelinks ON lt_id = pl_target_id</code></bdi> ** See <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[phab:T222224]]</bdi> for technical reasoning. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222224][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T299947] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W20"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:59, 13 May 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26762074 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-21 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: #f8f9fa; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Turlough (lake)]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:de:Turlough]])&#32;([[:no:Turlough]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Carran Turlough.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> A '''turlough''' is a seasonal or periodic water body found mostly in limestone karst areas of Ireland, west of the River Shannon. [...] The water bodies fill and empty with the changes in the level of the water table, usually being very low or empty during summer and autumn and full in the winter. As groundwater levels drop the water drains away underground through cracks in the karstic limestone. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:31, 20 May 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26789673 --> == Tech News: 2024-21 == <section begin="technews-2024-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, will now correctly delete pages which were moved to another title. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T43351] * New changes have been made to the UploadWizard in Wikimedia Commons: the overall layout has been improved, by following new styling and spacing for the form and its fields; the headers and helper text for each of the fields was changed; the Caption field is now a required field, and there is an option for users to copy their caption into the media description. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:WMF_support_for_Commons/Upload_Wizard_Improvements#Changes_to_%22Describe%22_workflow][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361049] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading_HTML_changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It will change on 22 May in some skins (Timeless, Modern, CologneBlue, Nostalgia, and Monobook). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in all other skins. The developers are also considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W21"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:04, 20 May 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26786311 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-22 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: #f8f9fa; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Geiranger Church]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:no:Geiranger kirke]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Iglesia parroquial, Geiranger, Noruega, 2019-09-07, DD 84-97 PAN.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Geiranger Church''' (Norwegian: Geiranger kyrkje) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Stranda Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is located in the village of Geiranger, and the end of the famous Geirangerfjorden. It is the church for the Geiranger parish which is part of the Nordre Sunnmøre prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Møre. The white, wooden church was built in an octagonal design in 1842 using plans drawn up by the architect Hans Klipe. The church seats about 165 people. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:48, 27 May 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26828106 --> == Tech News: 2024-22 == <section begin="technews-2024-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Several bugs related to the latest updates to the UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons have been fixed. For more information, see [[:phab:T365107|T365107]] and [[:phab:T365119|T365119]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In March 2024 a new [[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addPortlet|addPortlet]] API was added to allow gadgets to create new portlets (menus) in the skin. In certain skins this can be used to create dropdowns. Gadget developers are invited to try it and [[phab:T361661|give feedback]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some CSS in the Minerva skin has been removed to enable easier community configuration. Interface editors should check the rendering on mobile devices for aspects related to the classes: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.collapsible</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.multicol</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.reflist</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.coordinates</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.topicon</code></bdi>. [[phab:T361659|Further details are available on replacement CSS]] if it is needed. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * When you visit a wiki where you don't yet have a local account, local rules such as edit filters can sometimes prevent your account from being created. Starting this week, MediaWiki takes your global rights into account when evaluating whether you can override such local rules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316303] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W22"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:15, 28 May 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26832205 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-23 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: #f8f9fa; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Guillermo Larrazábal]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Guillermo Larrazábal Arzubide''' (10 February 1907 – 1983) was a Spanish stained glass artist who was active in Ecuador. He is considered Ecuador's most important stained glass artist. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:14, 3 June 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26828106 --> == Tech News: 2024-23 == <section begin="technews-2024-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * It is now possible for local administrators to add new links to the bottom of the site Tools menu without JavaScript. [[mw:Manual:Interface/Sidebar#Add or remove toolbox sections|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6086] * The message name for the definition of the tracking category of WikiHiero has changed from "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MediaWiki:Wikhiero-usage-tracking-category</code></bdi>" to "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MediaWiki:Wikihiero-usage-tracking-category</code></bdi>". [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/wikihiero/+/1035855] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q5317225|Kadazandusun]] ([[w:dtp:|<code>w:dtp:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365220] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * Next week, on wikis with the Vector 2022 skin as the default, logged-out desktop users will be able to choose between different font sizes. The default font size will also be increased for them. This is to make Wikimedia projects easier to read. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-06 deployments|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W23"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:35, 3 June 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26844397 --> == Tech News: 2024-24 == <section begin="technews-2024-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The software used to render SVG files has been updated to a new version, fixing many longstanding bugs in SVG rendering. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265549] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading HTML changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It was changed last week in some skins (Vector legacy and Minerva). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in Vector-2022. The developers are still considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML markup used for citations by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] changed last week. In places where Parsoid previously added the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw-reference-text</code></bdi> class, Parsoid now also adds the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>reference-text</code></bdi> class for better compatibility with the legacy parser. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1036705] '''Problems''' * There was a bug with the Content Translation interface that caused the tools menus to appear in the wrong location. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366374] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The new version of MediaWiki includes another change to the HTML markup used for citations: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] will now generate a <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><span class="mw-cite-backlink"></nowiki></code></bdi> wrapper for both named and unnamed references for better compatibility with the legacy parser. Interface administrators should verify that gadgets that interact with citations are compatible with the new markup. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1035809] * On multilingual wikis that use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><translate></nowiki></code></bdi> system, there is a feature that shows potentially-outdated translations with a pink background until they are updated or confirmed. From this week, confirming translations will be logged, and there is a new user-right that can be required for confirming translations if the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requests it]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T49177] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W24"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:20, 10 June 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26893898 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-25 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: #f8f9fa; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:de:Magdalena Zeger]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Magdalena Zeger''' ([mak.da.ˈleː.na ˈt͡seː.gɐ], * 1491; † 16. January 1568 in Kolding) was a calendar maker, astronomer and astrologist. Her Hamburg almanacs and forecasts from 1561 and 1563 have been preserved. Zeger's calendars are the first independent publications by a woman in the field of astronomy. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:29, 17 June 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26940351 --> == Tech News: 2024-25 == <section begin="technews-2024-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * People who attempt to add an external link in the visual editor will now receive immediate feedback if they attempt to link to a domain that a project has decided to block. Please see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#11_June_2024|Edit check]] for more details. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366751] * The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CommunityConfiguration|Community Configuration extension]] is available [[testwiki:Special:CommunityConfiguration|on Test Wikipedia]]. This extension allows communities to customize specific features to meet their local needs. Currently only Growth features are configurable, but the extension will support other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration#Use_cases|Community Configuration use cases]] in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323811][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360954] * The dark mode [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] is now available on category and help pages, as well as more special pages. There may be contrast issues. Please report bugs on the [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366370] '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Cloud Services tools were not available for 25 minutes last week. This was caused by a faulty hardware cable in the data center. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2024-06-11_WMCS_Ceph] * Last week, styling updates were made to the Vector 2022 skin. This caused unforeseen issues with templates, hatnotes, and images. Changes to templates and hatnotes were reverted. Most issues with images were fixed. If you still see any, [[phab:T367463|report them here]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367480] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting June 18, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Edit Check]] will be deployed to [[phab:T361843|a new set of Wikipedias]]. This feature is intended to help newcomers and to assist edit-patrollers by inviting people who are adding new content to a Wikipedia article to add a citation when they do not do so themselves. During [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#Reference_Check_A/B_Test|a test at 11 wikis]], the number of citations added [https://diff.wikimedia.org/?p=127553 more than doubled] when Reference Check was shown to people. Reference Check is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|community configurable]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361843]<!-- NOTE: THE DIFF BLOG WILL BE PUBLISHED ON MONDAY --> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mailing_lists|Mailing lists]] will be unavailable for roughly two hours on Tuesday 10:00–12:00 UTC. This is to enable migration to a new server and upgrade its software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367521] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W25"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:49, 17 June 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26911987 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-26 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: #f8f9fa; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Koreans in Micronesia]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:zh:朝鮮裔密克羅尼西亞人]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Koreans in Micronesia''' used to form a significant population before World War II, when most of the region was ruled as the South Seas Mandate of the Empire of Japan; for example, they formed 7.3% of the population of Palau in 1943. However, after the area came under the control of the United States as the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, most Koreans returned to their homeland. As of 2013, about seven thousand South Korean expatriates & immigrants and Korean Americans reside in the Marianas (Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands), which have remained under U.S. control, while only around two hundred South Korean expatriates reside in the independent countries of Micronesia. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 04:03, 24 June 2024 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=26940351 --> == Tech News: 2024-26 == <section begin="technews-2024-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Editors will notice that there have been some changes to the background color of text in the diff view, and the color of the byte-change numbers, last week. These changes are intended to make text more readable in both light mode and dark mode, and are part of a larger effort to increase accessibility. You can share your comments or questions [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading|on the project talkpage]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361717] * The text colors that are used for visited-links, hovered-links, and active-links, were also slightly changed last week to improve their accessibility in both light mode and dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366515] '''Problems''' * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|copy permanent links to talk page comments]] by clicking on a comment's timestamp. [[mw:Talk pages project/Permalinks|This feature]] did not always work when the topic title was very long and the link was used as a wikitext link. This has been fixed. Thanks to Lofhi for submitting the bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356196] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting 26 June, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link at English Wikipedia, making this feature available for you to use at all wikis. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they were linked to, even if this comment has since been moved elsewhere. You can read more about this feature [[DiffBlog:/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/|on Diff]] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365974] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W26"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:33, 24 June 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26989424 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-27 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Roller printing on textiles]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Silverstudio.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Roller printing''' on fabrics is a textile printing process patented by Thomas Bell of Scotland in 1783 in an attempt to reduce the cost of the earlier copperplate printing. This method was used in Lancashire fabric mills to produce cotton dress fabrics from the 1790s, most often reproducing small monochrome patterns characterized by striped motifs and tiny dotted patterns called "machine grounds". Improvements in the technology resulted in more elaborate roller prints in bright, rich colours from the 1820s; Turkey red and chrome yellow were particularly popular. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:44, 1 July 2024 (UTC)'' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27031540 --> == Tech News: 2024-27 == <section begin="technews-2024-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Over the next three weeks, dark mode will become available for all users, both logged-in and logged-out, starting with the mobile web version. This fulfils one of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2023/Reading/Dark_mode|top-requested community wishes]], and improves low-contrast reading and usage in low-light settings. As part of these changes, dark mode will also work on User-pages and Portals. There is more information in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Updates#June_2024:_Typography_and_dark_mode_deployments,_new_global_preferences|the latest Web team update]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366364] * Logged-in users can now set [[m:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-skin-skin-prefs|global preferences for the text-size and dark-mode]], thanks to a combined effort across Foundation teams. This allows Wikimedians using multiple wikis to set up a consistent reading experience easily, for example by switching between light and dark mode only once for all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341278] * If you use a very old web browser some features might not work on the Wikimedia wikis. This affects Internet Explorer 11 and versions of Chrome, Firefox and Safari older than 2016. This change makes it possible to use new [[d:Q46441|CSS]] features and to send less code to all readers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288287][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:How_to_make_a_MediaWiki_skin#Using_CSS_variables_for_supporting_different_themes_e.g._dark_mode] * Wikipedia Admins can customize local wiki configuration options easily using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]]. Community Configuration was created to allow communities to customize how some features work, because each language wiki has unique needs. At the moment, admins can configure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] on their home wikis, in order to better recruit and retain new editors. More options will be provided in the coming months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366458] * Editors interested in language issues that are related to [[w:en:Unicode|Unicode standards]], can now discuss those topics at [[mw:Talk:WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|a new conversation space in MediaWiki.org]]. The Wikimedia Foundation is now a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|member of the Unicode Consortium]], and the coordination group can collaboratively review the issues discussed and, where appropriate, bring them to the attention of the Unicode Consortium. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[w:btm:|<code>w:btm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368038] '''Problems''' * Editors can once again click on links within the visual editor's citation-preview, thanks to a bug fix by the Editing Team. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368119] '''Future changes''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 2 weeks. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W27"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:59, 1 July 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27038456 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-28 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:simple:India naming dispute]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:ur:انڈیا نام کا تنازعہ]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''India naming dispute''' in 1947 refers to the argument over the use of the name India during and after the partition of British Raj, between the countries of Pakistan and the Republic of India. This dispute involved key figures such as Lord Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of British Raj, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League and a founder of Pakistan. By 1947, the British Raj was going to be divided into two new nation states – Hindustan and Pakistan. Jinnah was initially convinced that Hindustan would not use the term India, since it lacked indigenous pedigree, etymologically and historically India meant the Indus Valley (modern-Pakistan). He also opposed the use of the name India as it would cause confusion regarding history. The disagreement had significant implications for national identity and international recognition. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:13, 8 July 2024 (UTC)'' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27031540 --> == Tech News: 2024-28 == <section begin="technews-2024-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * At the Wikimedia Foundation a new task force was formed to replace the disabled Graph with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project|more secure, easy to use, and extensible Chart]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Chart Project|subscribe to the newsletter]] to get notified about new project updates and other news about Chart. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension is now available on Meta-wiki, Igbo Wikipedia, and Swahili Wikipedia, and can be requested on your wiki. This extension helps in managing and making events more visible, giving Event organizers the ability to use tools like the Event registration tool. To learn more about the deployment status and how to request this extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status|CampaignEvents page on Meta-wiki]]. * Editors using the iOS Wikipedia app who have more than 50 edits can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits#Add an image|Add an Image]] feature. This feature presents opportunities for small but useful contributions to Wikipedia. * Thank you to [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth/Celebration|all of the authors]] who have contributed to MediaWiki Core. As a result of these contributions, the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth|percentage of authors contributing more than 5 patches has increased by 25% since last year]], which helps ensure the sustainability of the platform for the Wikimedia projects. '''Problems''' * A problem with the color of the talkpage tabs always showing as blue, even for non-existent pages which should have been red, affecting the Vector 2022 skin, [[phab:T367982|has been fixed]]. '''Future changes''' * The Trust and Safety Product team wants to introduce [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] with as little disruption to tools and workflows as possible. Volunteer developers, including gadget and user-script maintainers, are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle temporary accounts. The team has [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|created documentation]] explaining how to do the update. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]]. '''Tech News survey''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 1 more week. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W28"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:32, 8 July 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27080357 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-29 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Adumu]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Maasai 2012 05 31 2782 (7522645058).jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Adumu''', is a type of dance that the Maasai people of Kenya and Tanzania practice. Young Maasai warriors generally perform the energetic and acrobatic dance at ceremonial occasions including weddings, religious rites, and other significant cultural events. The Adumu dance is characterized by a sequence of jumps performed by the dancers, who stand in a circle and alternately jump while keeping their bodies as straight and upright as possible. In addition to wearing vividly colored shúkàs (clothes) and beaded jewelry, the dancers are typically clad in traditional Maasai costume. Traditional Maasai songs and chants are also performed during the dance. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:15, 15 July 2024 (UTC)'' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27031540 --> == Tech News: 2024-29 == <section begin="technews-2024-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News survey''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 3 more days. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia developers can now officially continue to use both [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]], due to a June 24 decision by the Wikimedia Foundation to support software development on both platforms. Gerrit and GitLab are both code repositories used by developers to write, review, and deploy the software code that supports the MediaWiki software that the wiki projects are built on, as well as the tools used by editors to create and improve content. This decision will safeguard the productivity of our developers and prevent problems in code review from affecting our users. More details are available in the [[mw:GitLab/Migration status|Migration status]] page. * The Wikimedia Foundation seeks applicants for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). This group will bring technical contributors and Wikimedia Foundation together to co-define a more resilient, future-proof technological platform. Council members will evaluate and consult on the movement's product and technical activities, so that we develop multi-generational projects. We are looking for a range of technical contributors across the globe, from a variety of Wikimedia projects. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal#Joining the PTAC as a technical volunteer|Please apply here by August 10]]. * Editors with rollback user-rights who use the Wikipedia App for Android can use the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Anti Vandalism|Edit Patrol]] features. These features include a new feed of Recent Changes, related links such as Undo and Rollback, and the ability to create and save a personal library of user talk messages to use while patrolling. If your wiki wants to make these features available to users who do not have rollback rights but have reached a certain edit threshold, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android#Contact us|you can contact the team]]. You can [[diffblog:2024/07/10/ِaddressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/|read more about this project on Diff blog]]. * Editors who have access to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The_Wikipedia_Library|The Wikipedia Library]] can once again use non-open access content in SpringerLinks, after the Foundation [[phab:T368865|contacted]] them to restore access. You can read more about [[m:Tech/News/Recently_resolved_community_tasks|this and 21 other community-submitted tasks that were completed last week]]. '''Changes later this week''' * This week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-07 deployments|dark mode will be available on a number of Wikipedias]], both desktop and mobile, for logged-in and logged-out users. Interface admins and user script maintainers are encouraged to check gadgets and user scripts in the dark mode, to find any hard-coded colors and fix them. There are some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations for dark mode compatibility]] to help. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Next week, functionaries, volunteers maintaining tools, and software development teams are invited to test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on testwiki. Temporary accounts is a feature that will help improve privacy on the wikis. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348895] * Editors who upload files cross-wiki, or teach other people how to do so, may wish to join a Wikimedia Commons discussion. The Commons community is discussing limiting who can upload files through the cross-wiki upload/Upload dialog feature to users auto-confirmed on Wikimedia Commons. This is due to the large amount of copyright violations uploaded this way. There is a short summary at [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Cross-wiki upload|Commons:Cross-wiki upload]] and [[c:Commons:Village pump/Proposals#Deactivate cross-wiki uploads for new users|discussion at Commons:Village Pump]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]]. </div><section end="technews-2024-W29"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:31, 16 July 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27124561 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-30 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Rathaus-Glockenspiel]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:2019-11-16, Glockenspiel, Neues Münchner Rathaus, IMG 7463 edit Christoph Braun.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Rathaus-Glockenspiel''' is a large mechanical clock located in Marienplatz Square, in the heart of Munich, Germany. Famous for its life-size characters, the clock twice daily re-enacts scenes from Munich's history. First is the story of the marriage of Duke Wilhelm V to Renata of Lorraine in 1568, followed by the story of the Schäfflerstanz, also known as the coopers' dance. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:56, 22 July 2024 (UTC)'' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27031540 --> == Tech News: 2024-30 == <section begin="technews-2024-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translations]] are available. '''Feature News''' * Stewards can now [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks|globally block]] accounts. Before [[phab:T17294|the change]] only IP addresses and IP ranges could be blocked globally. Global account blocks are useful when the blocked user should not be logged out. [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_locks|Global locks]] (a similar tool logging the user out of their account) are unaffected by this change. The new global account block feature is related to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project, which is a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors that are no longer made public. * Later this week, Wikimedia site users will notice that the Interface of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as "Pending Changes") is improved and consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Wikimedia's design system]]. The FlaggedRevs interface experience on mobile and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MinervaNeue|Minerva skin]] was inconsistent before it was fixed and ported to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]] by the WMF Growth team and some volunteers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] * Wikimedia site users can now submit account vanishing requests via [[m:Special:GlobalVanishRequest|GlobalVanishRequest]]. This feature is used when a contributor wishes to stop editing forever. It helps you hide your past association and edit to protect your privacy. Once processed, the account will be locked and renamed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367329] * Have you tried monitoring and addressing vandalism in Wikipedia using your phone? [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/10/%d9%90addressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/ A Diff blog post on Patrolling features in the Mobile App] highlights some of the new capabilities of the feature, including swiping through a feed of recent changes and a personal library of user talk messages for use when patrolling from your phone. * Wikimedia contributors and GLAM (galleries, libraries, archives, and museums) organisations can now learn and measure the impact Wikimedia Commons is having towards creating quality encyclopedic content using the [https://doc.wikimedia.org/generated-data-platform/aqs/analytics-api/reference/commons.html Commons Impact Metrics] analytics dashboard. The dashboard offers organizations analytics on things like monthly edits in a category, the most viewed files, and which Wikimedia articles are using Commons images. As a result of these new data dumps, GLAM organisation can more reliably measure their return on investment for programs bringing content into the digital Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/] '''Project Updates''' * Come share your ideas for improving the wikis on the newly reopened [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]]. The Community Wishlist is Wikimedia’s forum for volunteers to share ideas (called wishes) to improve how the wikis work. The new version of the wishlist is always open, works with both wikitext and Visual Editor, and allows wishes in any language. '''Learn more''' * Have you ever wondered how Wikimedia software works across over 300 languages? This is 253 languages more than the Google Chrome interface, and it's no accident. The Language and Product Localization Team at the Wikimedia Foundation supports your work by adapting all the tools and interfaces in the MediaWiki software so that contributors in our movement who translate pages and strings can translate them and have the sites in all languages. Read more about the team and their upcoming work on [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/building-towards-a-robust-multilingual-knowledge-ecosystem-for-the-wikimedia-movement/ Diff]. * How can Wikimedia build innovative and experimental products while maintaining such heavily used websites? A recent [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/ blog post] by WMF staff Johan Jönsson highlights the work of the [[m:Future Audiences#Objectives and Key Results|WMF Future Audience initiative]], where the goal is not to build polished products but test out new ideas, such as a [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiments: conversational/generative AI|ChatGPT plugin]] and [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiment:Add a Fact|Add a Fact]], to help take Wikimedia into the future. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]]. </div><section end="technews-2024-W30"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:05, 23 July 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27142915 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-31 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Nederlandsche Cocaïnefabriek]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:es:Nederlandsche Cocaïnefabriek]])&#32;([[:nl:Nederlandsche Cocaïnefabriek]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Nederlandsche Cocainefabriek Schinkelstraat Amsterdam architect HH Baanders 1902.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Nederlandsche Cocaïnefabriek''' (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈneːdərlɑntsə koːkaːˈinəfaːˌbrik]; English: Dutch Cocaine Factory) or NCF was an Amsterdam-based company producing cocaine for medical purposes in the 20th century. It imported its raw materials mainly from the Dutch East Indies and sold its products across Europe, making good profits especially in the early years of World War I. The NCF produced morphine, heroin and ephedrine as well. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:44, 29 July 2024 (UTC)'' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27150339 --> == Tech News: 2024-31 == <section begin="technews-2024-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Editors using the Visual Editor in languages that use non-Latin characters for numbers, such as Hindi, Manipuri and Eastern Arabic, may notice some changes in the formatting of reference numbers. This is a side effect of preparing a new sub-referencing feature, and will also allow fixing some general numbering issues in Visual Editor. If you notice any related problems on your wiki, please share details at the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|project talkpage]]. '''Bugs status''' * Some logged-in editors were briefly unable to edit or load pages last week. [[phab:T370304|These errors]] were mainly due to the addition of new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|linter]] rules which led to caching problems. Fixes have been applied and investigations are continuing. * Editors can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Information tool]] to get information about IP addresses. This tool is available as a Beta Feature in your preferences. The tool was not available for a few days last week, but is now working again. Thank you to Shizhao for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks#2024-07-25|28 other community-submitted tasks]] that were resolved last week. '''Project updates''' * There are new features and improvements to Phabricator from the Release Engineering and Collaboration Services teams, and some volunteers, including: the search systems, the new task creation system, the login systems, the translation setup which has resulted in support for more languages (thanks to Pppery), and fixes for many edge-case errors. You can [[phab:phame/post/view/316/iterative_improvements/|read details about these and other improvements in this summary]]. * There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|update on the Charts project]]. The team has decided which visualization library to use, which chart types to start focusing on, and where to store chart definitions. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9056|Czech]] ([[voy:cs:|<code>voy:cs:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370905] '''Learn more''' * There is a [[diffblog:2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/|new Wikimedia Foundation data center]] in São Paulo, Brazil which helps to reduce load times. * There is new [[diffblog:2024/07/22/the-perplexing-process-of-uploading-images-to-wikipedia/|user research]] on problems with the process of uploading images. * Commons Impact Metrics are [[diffblog:2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/|now available]] via data dumps and API. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/July|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W31"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:11, 29 July 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27164109 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-32 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Suffrage drama]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Pamphlet from NAWSA for women's suffrage plays, page 1.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Suffrage drama''' (also known as suffrage plays or suffrage theatre) is a form of dramatic literature that emerged during the British women's suffrage movement in the early twentieth century. Suffrage performances lasted approximately from 1907-1914. Many suffrage plays called for a predominant or all female cast. Suffrage plays served to reveal issues behind the suffrage movement. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:13, 5 August 2024 (UTC)'' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27150339 --> == Tech News: 2024-32 == <section begin="technews-2024-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Two new parser functions will be available this week: <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#dir|#dir]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#bcp47|#bcp47]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>. These will reduce the need for <code>Template:Dir</code> and <code>Template:BCP47</code> on Commons and allow us to [[phab:T343131|drop 100 million rows]] from the "what links here" database. Editors at any wiki that use these templates, can help by replacing the templates with these new functions. The templates at Commons will be updated during the Hackathon at Wikimania. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359761][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366623] * Communities can request the activation of the visual editor on entire namespaces where discussions sometimes happen (for instance ''Wikipedia:'' or ''Wikisource:'' namespaces) if they understand the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/FAQ#WPNS|known limitations]]. For discussions, users can already use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] in these namespaces. * The tracking category "Pages using Timeline" has been renamed to "Pages using the EasyTimeline extension" [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3ATimeline-tracking-category&namespace=8 in TranslateWiki]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. '''Project updates''' * Editors who help to organize WikiProjects and similar on-wiki collaborations, are invited to share ideas and examples of successful collaborations with the Campaigns and Programs teams. You can fill out [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/WikiProjects|a brief survey]] or share your thoughts [[m:Talk:Campaigns/WikiProjects|on the talkpage]]. The teams are particularly looking for details about successful collaborations on non-English wikis. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The new parser is being rolled out on {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} wikis over the next few months. The {{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage}} and {{int:project-localized-name-hewikivoyage}} were [[phab:T365367|switched]] to Parsoid last week. For more information, see [[mw:Parsoid/Parser_Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]]. '''Learn more''' * There will be more than 200 sessions at Wikimania this week. Here is a summary of some of the [[diffblog:2024/08/05/interested-in-product-and-tech-here-are-some-wikimania-sessions-you-dont-want-to-miss/|key sessions related to the product and technology area]]. * The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/07-02|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/July|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New design previews for Translatable pages; Updates about MinT for Wiki Readers; the release of Translation dumps; and more. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/31|Growth newsletter]] is available. * The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/July 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W32"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:44, 5 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27233905 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-33 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Karatgurk]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:it:Karatgurk]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> In the Australian Aboriginal mythology of the Aboriginal people of south-eastern Australian state of Victoria, the '''Karatgurk''' were seven sisters who represented the constellation known in western astronomy as the Pleiades. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:13, 12 August 2024 (UTC)'' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27264174 --> == Tech News: 2024-33 == <section begin="technews-2024-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] editors and maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Actions#Show a CAPTCHA|make a CAPTCHA show if a filter matches an edit]]. This allows communities to quickly respond to spamming by automated bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T20110] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards|Stewards]] can now specify if global blocks should prevent account creation. Before [[phab:T17273|this change]] by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product]] Team, all global blocks would prevent account creation. This will allow stewards to reduce the unintended side-effects of global blocks on IP addresses. '''Project updates''' * [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#August_2024_committee_nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new members to refresh the [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]]. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open until at least 2024-08-26. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2880037|West Coast Bajau]] ([[w:bdr:|<code>w:bdr:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371757] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W33"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:22, 12 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27253654 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-34 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:B1 (classification)]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''B1''' is a medical-based Paralympic classification for blind sport. Athletes in this classification are totally or almost totally blind. It is used by a number of blind sports including blind tennis, para-alpine skiing, para-Nordic skiing, blind cricket, blind golf, five-a-side football, goalball and judo. Some other sports, including adaptive rowing, athletics and swimming, have equivalents to this class. The B1 classification was first created by the IBSA in the 1970s, and has largely remained unchanged since despite an effort by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) to move towards a more functional and evidence-based classification system. Classification is often handled on the international level by the International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA) but it sometimes handled by national sport federations. There are exceptions for sports like athletics and cycling, where classification is handled by their own governing bodies. Equipment utilized by competitors in this class may differ from sport to sport, and may include sighted guides, guide rails, beeping balls and clapsticks. There may be some modifications related to equipment and rules to specifically address needs of competitors in this class to allow them to compete in specific sports. Some sports specifically do not allow a guide, whereas cycling and skiing require one. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:56, 19 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27278917 --> == Tech News: 2024-34 == <section begin="technews-2024-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Editors who want to re-use references but with different details such as page numbers, will be able to do so by the end of 2024, using a new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Sub-referencing in a nutshell|sub-referencing]] feature. You can read more [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|about the project]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|how to test the prototype]]. * Editors using tracking categories to identify which pages use specific extensions may notice that six of the categories have been renamed to make them more easily understood and consistent. These categories are automatically added to pages that use specialized MediaWiki extensions. The affected names are for: [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aintersection-category&namespace=8 DynamicPageList], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Akartographer-tracking-category&namespace=8 Kartographer], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aphonos-tracking-category&namespace=8 Phonos], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Arss-tracking-category&namespace=8 RSS], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Ascore-use-category&namespace=8 Score], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Awikihiero-usage-tracking-category&namespace=8 WikiHiero]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. Thanks to Pppery for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347324] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Technical volunteers who edit modules and want to get a list of the categories used on a page, can now do so using the <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">categories</bdi></code> property of <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Title objects|mw.title objects]]</bdi></code>. This enables wikis to configure workflows such as category-specific edit notices. Thanks to SD001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T50175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85372] '''Bugs status''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Your help is needed to check if any pages need to be moved or deleted. A maintenance script was run to clean up unreachable pages (due to Unicode issues or introduction of new namespaces/namespace aliases). The script tried to find appropriate names for the pages (e.g. by following the Unicode changes or by moving pages whose titles on Wikipedia start with <code>Talk:WP:</code> so that their titles start with <code>Wikipedia talk:</code>), but it may have failed for some pages, and moved them to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[Special:PrefixIndex/T195546/]]</bdi> instead. Your community should check if any pages are listed there, and move them to the correct titles, or delete them if they are no longer needed. A full log (including pages for which appropriate names could be found) is available in [[phab:P67388]]. * Editors who volunteer as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|mentors]] to newcomers on their wiki are once again able to access lists of potential mentees who they can connect with to offer help and guidance. This functionality was restored thanks to [[phab:T372164|a bug fix]]. Thank you to Mbch331 for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and 18 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Project updates''' * The application deadline for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product & Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC) has been extended to September 16. Members will help by providing advice to Foundation Product and Technology leadership on short and long term plans, on complex strategic problems, and help to get feedback from more contributors and technical communities. Selected members should expect to spend roughly 5 hours per month for the Council, during the one year pilot. Please consider applying, and spread the word to volunteers you think would make a positive contribution to the committee. '''Learn more''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award#2024 Winners|2024 Coolest Tool Awards]] were awarded at Wikimania, in seven categories. For example, one award went to the ISA Tool, used for adding structured data to files on Commons, which was recently improved during the [[m:Event:Wiki Mentor Africa ISA Hackathon 2024|Wiki Mentor Africa Hackathon]]. You can see video demonstrations of each tool at the awards page. Congratulations to this year's recipients, and thank you to all tool creators and maintainers. * The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/08-01|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available, and includes some highlights from Wikimania, an upcoming Language community meeting, and other news from the movement. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W34"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:54, 20 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27307284 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-35 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Erzi (village)]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Caucasus, Ingushetia, Ингушские боевые и смотровые башни, горы Кавказа.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Erzi''' (Russian: Эрзи; Ingush: Аьрзи, romanized: Ärzi, lit. 'Eagle') is a medieval village (aul) in the Dzheyrakhsky District of Ingushetia. It is part of the rural settlement (administrative center) of Olgeti. The entire territory of the settlement is included in the Dzheyrakh-Assa State Historical-Architectural and Natural Museum-Reserve and is under state protection. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:19, 26 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27345183 --> == Tech News: 2024-35 == <section begin="technews-2024-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Administrators can now test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on test2wiki. This was done to allow cross-wiki testing of temporary accounts, for when temporary accounts switch between projects. The feature was enabled on testwiki a few weeks ago. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Temporary Accounts is a project to create a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors which are no longer made public. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. * Later this week, editors at wikis that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as "Pending Changes") may notice that the indicators at the top of articles have changed. This change makes the system more consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] '''Bugs status''' * Editors who use the 2010 wikitext editor, and use the Character Insert buttons, will [[phab:T361465|no longer]] experience problems with the buttons adding content into the edit-summary instead of the edit-window. You can read more about that, and 26 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Project updates''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Please review and vote on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas|Focus Areas]], which are groups of wishes that share a problem. Focus Areas were created for the newly reopened Community Wishlist, which is now open year-round for submissions. The first batch of focus areas are specific to moderator workflows, around welcoming newcomers, minimizing repetitive tasks, and prioritizing tasks. Once volunteers have reviewed and voted on focus areas, the Foundation will then review and select focus areas for prioritization. * Do you have a project and are willing to provide a three (3) month mentorship for an intern? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Outreachy|Outreachy]] is a twice a year program for people to participate in a paid internship that will start in December 2024 and end in early March 2025, and they need mentors and projects to work on. Projects can be focused on coding or non-coding (design, documentation, translation, research). See the Outreachy page for more details, and a list of past projects since 2013. '''Learn more''' * If you're curious about the product and technology improvements made by the Wikimedia Foundation last year, read [[diffblog:2024/08/21/wikimedia-foundation-product-technology-improving-the-user-experience/|this recent highlights summary on Diff]]. * To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together.webm|Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together]] (55 mins) - about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] project. ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Belgrade - Day 1 - Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views.webm|Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views]] (30 mins) - an overview for both technical and non technical audiences, covering some of the challenges and open questions, related to the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights|platform evolution, stewardship and developer experiences]] research. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W35"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:34, 26 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27341211 --> == Tech News: 2024-36 == <section begin="technews-2024-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Editors and volunteer developers interested in data visualisation can now test the new software for charts. Its early version is available on beta Commons and beta Wikipedia. This is an important milestone before making charts available on regular wikis. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|read more about this project update]] and help to test the charts. '''Feature news''' * Editors who use the [[{{#special:Unusedtemplates}}]] page can now filter out pages which are expected to be there permanently, such as sandboxes, test-cases, and templates that are always substituted. Editors can add the new magic word [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE|<code dir="ltr"><nowiki>__EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE__</nowiki></code>]] to a template page to hide it from the listing. Thanks to Sophivorus and DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184633] * Editors who use the New Topic tool on discussion pages, will [[phab:T334163|now be reminded]] to add a section header, which should help reduce the quantity of newcomers who add sections without a header. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:28}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. * Last week, some Toolforge tools had occasional connection problems. The cause is still being investigated, but the problems have been resolved for now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373243] * Translation administrators at multilingual wikis, when editing multiple translation units, can now easily mark which changes require updates to the translation. This is possible with the [[phab:T298852#10087288|new dropdown menu]]. '''Project updates''' * A new draft text of a policy discussing the use of Wikimedia's APIs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/API Policy Update 2024|has been published on Meta-Wiki]]. The draft text does not reflect a change in policy around the APIs; instead, it is an attempt to codify existing API rules. Comments, questions, and suggestions are welcome on [[m:Talk:API Policy Update 2024|the proposed update’s talk page]] until September 13 or until those discussions have concluded. '''Learn more''' * To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization.webm|Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization]] (25 mins) – about the above-mentioned Charts project. ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 3 - State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia.webm|State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia]] (90 mins) – about some of the language tools that support Wikimedia sites, such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content]]/[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Section Translation]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MinT|MinT]], and LanguageConverter; also the current state and future of languages onboarding. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368772] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W36"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:08, 3 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27390268 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-37 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Cappadocian calendar]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Cappadocian calendar''' was a solar calendar that was derived from the Persian Zoroastrian calendar. It is named after the historic region Cappadocia in present-day Turkey, where it was used. The calendar, which had 12 months of 30 days each and five epagomenal days, originated between 550 and 330 BC, when Cappadocia was part of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. The Cappadocian calendar was identical to the Zoroastrian calendar; this can be seen in its structure, in the Avestan names and in the order of the months. The Cappadocian calendar reflects the Iranian cultural influence in the region. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:42, 9 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27357319 --> == Tech News: 2024-37 == <section begin="technews-2024-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Starting this week, the standard [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will receive new colors that make them compatible in dark mode. This is the first of many changes to come as part of a major upgrade to syntax highlighting. You can learn more about what's to come on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365311][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Editors of wikis using Wikidata will now be notified of only relevant Wikidata changes in their watchlist. This is because the Lua functions <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>entity:getSitelink()</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qid)</code></bdi> will have their logic unified for tracking different aspects of sitelinks to reduce junk notifications from [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Projects/Watchlist Wikidata Sitelinks Tracking|inconsistent sitelinks tracking]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295356] '''Project updates''' * Users of all Wikis will have access to Wikimedia sites as read-only for a few minutes on September 25, starting at 15:00 UTC. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962] * Contributors of [[phab:T363538#10123348|11 Wikipedias]], including English will have a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS</code></bdi> namespace added to their Wikipedias. This improvement ensures that links beginning with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS:</code></bdi> (usually shortcuts to the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]) are not broken by [[w:en:Mooré|Mooré]] Wikipedia (language code <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mos</code></bdi>). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363538] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W37"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:53, 9 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27424457 --> == Tech News: 2024-38 == <section begin="technews-2024-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translations]] are available. '''Improvements and Maintenance''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Editors interested in templates can help by reading the latest Wishlist focus area, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template recall and discovery]], and share your feedback on the talkpage. This input helps the Community Tech team to decide the right technical approach to build. Everyone is also encouraged to continue adding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|new wishes]]. * The new automated [[{{#special:NamespaceInfo}}]] page helps editors understand which [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespaces|namespaces]] exist on each wiki, and some details about how they are configured. Thanks to DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263513] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|References Check]] is a feature that encourages editors to add a citation when they add a new paragraph to a Wikipedia article. For a short time, the corresponding tag "Edit Check (references) activated" was erroneously being applied to some edits outside of the main namespace. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373692] * It is now possible for a wiki community to change the order in which a page’s categories are displayed on their wiki. By default, categories are displayed in the order they appear in the wikitext. Now, wikis with a consensus to do so can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|request]] a configuration change to display them in alphabetical order. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373480] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool authors can now access ToolsDB's [[wikitech:Portal:Data Services#ToolsDB|public databases]] from both [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry|Quarry]] and [[wikitech:Superset|Superset]]. Those databases have always been accessible to every [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] user, but they are now more broadly accessible, as Quarry can be accessed by anyone with a Wikimedia account. In addition, Quarry's internal database can now be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry#Querying Quarry's own database|queried from Quarry itself]]. This database contains information about all queries that are being run and starred by users in Quarry. This information was already public through the web interface, but you can now query it using SQL. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:20}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. * Any pages or tools that still use the very old CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw-message-box</code></bdi> need to be updated. These old classes will be removed next week or soon afterwards. Editors can use a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-message-box&regex=1&namespaces=&title= global-search] to determine what needs to be changed. It is possible to use the newer <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>cdx-message</code></bdi> group of classes as a replacement (see [https://doc.wikimedia.org/codex/latest/components/demos/message.html#css-only-version the relevant Codex documentation], and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tech/Header&diff=prev&oldid=27449042 an example update]), but using locally defined onwiki classes would be best. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374499] '''Technical project updates''' * Next week, all Wikimedia wikis will be read-only for a few minutes. This will start on September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This maintenance process also targets other services.]] The previous switchover took 3 minutes, and the Site Reliability Engineering teams use many tools to make sure that this essential maintenance work happens as quickly as possible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962] '''Tech in depth''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/August 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes details about: research about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Hooks|hook]] handlers to help simplify development, research about performance improvements, work to improve the REST API for end-users, and more. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Auditorium Kyiv - Day 4 - Hackathon Showcase.webm|Hackathon Showcase]] (45 mins) - 19 short presentations by some of the Hackathon participants, describing some of the projects they worked on, such as automated testing of maintenance scripts, a video-cutting command line tool, and interface improvements for various tools. There are [[phab:T369234|more details and links available]] in the Phabricator task. ** [[c:File:Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem.webm|Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem]] (40 mins) - a roundtable discussion for tool-maintainers, users, and supporters of Toolforge about how to make the platform sustainable and how to evaluate the tools available there. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W38"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:03, 17 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27460876 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-39 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Independence Day (Albania)]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Independence Day''' (Albanian: Dita e Pavarësisë) is a public holiday in Albania observed on 28 November. It commemorates the Albanian Declaration of Independence (from the Ottoman Empire), which was ratified by the All-Albanian Congress on 28 November 1912, establishing the state of Albania. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 00:29, 23 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27456350 --> == Tech News: 2024-39 == <section begin="technews-2024-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. Reading the wikis will not be interrupted, but editing will be paused. These twice-yearly processes allow WMF's site reliability engineering teams to remain prepared to keep the wikis functioning even in the event of a major interruption to one of our data centers. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Add alt text from a halfsheet, with the article behind.png|thumb|A screenshot of the interface for the Alt Text suggested-edit feature]] * Editors who use the iOS Wikipedia app in Spanish, Portuguese, French, or Chinese, may see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|Alt Text suggested-edit experiment]] after editing an article, or completing a suggested edit using "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project#Hypothesis 2 Add an Image Suggested Edit|Add an image]]". Alt-text helps people with visual impairments to read Wikipedia articles. The team aims to learn if adding alt-text to images is a task that editors can be successful with. Please share any feedback on [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|the discussion page]]. * The Codex color palette has been updated with new and revised colors for the MediaWiki user interfaces. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design System Team/Color/Design documentation#Updates|most noticeable changes]] for editors include updates for: dark mode colors for Links and for quiet Buttons (progressive and destructive), visited Link colors for both light and dark modes, and background colors for system-messages in both light and dark modes. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] It is now possible to include clickable wikilinks and external links inside code blocks. This includes links that are used within <code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code> tags and on code pages (JavaScript, CSS, Scribunto and Sanitized CSS). Uses of template syntax <code><nowiki>{{…}}</nowiki></code> are also linked to the template page. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368166] * Two bugs were fixed in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Account vanishing|GlobalVanishRequest]] system by improving the logging and by removing an incorrect placeholder message. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370595][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T372223] * View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] From [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]]: ** The API now enables 5,000 on-demand API requests per month and twice-monthly HTML snapshots freely (gratis and libre). More information on the updates and also improvements to the software development kits (SDK) are explained on [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api/ the project's blog post]. While Wikimedia Enterprise APIs are designed for high-volume commercial reusers, this change enables many more community use-cases to be built on the service too. ** The Snapshot API (html dumps) have added beta Structured Contents endpoints ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/ blog post on that]) as well as released two beta datasets (English and French Wikipedia) from that endpoint to Hugging Face for public use and feedback ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/hugging-face-dataset/ blog post on that]). These pre-parsed data sets enable new options for researchers, developers, and data scientists to use and study the content. '''In depth''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) is used to get answers to questions using the Wikidata data set. As Wikidata grows, we had to make a major architectural change so that WDQS could remain performant. As part of the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split project]], we have new SPARQL endpoints available for serving the "[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org scholarly]" and "[https://query-main.wikidata.org main]" subgraphs of Wikidata. The [http://query.wikidata.org query.wikidata.org endpoint] will continue to serve the full Wikidata graph until March 2025. After this date, it will only serve the main graph. For more information, please see [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|the announcement on Wikidata]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W39"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:37, 23 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27493779 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-40 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Wildlife of Bahrain]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Birds in Al-Areen Wildlife Park.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The wildlife of the archipelago of Bahrain, is more varied than might be expected of this small group of islands in the Persian Gulf. Apart from a strip of the north and west of the main island, where crops are grown with irrigation, the land is arid. With a very hot dry summer, a mild winter, and brackish groundwater, the plants need adaptations in order to survive. Nevertheless, 196 species of higher plant have been recorded here, as well as about seventeen species of terrestrial mammals, many birds and reptiles, and many migratory birds visit the islands in autumn and spring. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:57, 30 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27456350 --> == Tech News: 2024-40 == <section begin="technews-2024-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Readers of [[phab:T375401|42 more wikis]] can now use Dark Mode. If the option is not yet available for logged-out users of your wiki, this is likely because many templates do not yet display well in Dark Mode. Please use the [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ night-mode-checker tool] if you are interested in helping to reduce the number of issues. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations page]] provides guidance on this. Dark Mode is enabled on additional wikis once per month. * Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor as their default can access features from the 2017 wikitext editor by adding <code dir=ltr>?veaction=editsource</code> to the URL. If you would like to enable the 2017 wikitext editor as your default, it can be set in [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-newwikitext|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239796] * For logged-out readers using the Vector 2022 skin, the "donate" link has been moved from a collapsible menu next to the content area into a more prominent top menu, next to "Create an account". This restores the link to the level of prominence it had in the Vector 2010 skin. [[mw:Readers/2024 Reader and Donor Experiences#Donor Experiences (Key Result WE 3.2 and the related hypotheses)|Learn more]] about the changes related to donor experiences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373585] * The CampaignEvents extension provides tools for organizers to more easily manage events, communicate with participants, and promote their events on the wikis. The extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|enabled]] on Arabic Wikipedia, Igbo Wikipedia, Swahili Wikipedia, and Meta-Wiki. [[w:zh:Wikipedia:互助客栈/其他#引進CampaignEvents擴充功能|Chinese Wikipedia has decided]] to enable the extension, and discussions on the extension are in progress [[w:es:Wikipedia:Votaciones/2024/Sobre la política de Organizadores de Eventos|on Spanish Wikipedia]] and [[d:Wikidata:Project chat#Enabling the CampaignEvents Extention on Wikidata|on Wikidata]]. To learn how to enable the extension on your wiki, you can visit [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|the CampaignEvents page on Meta-Wiki]]. * View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers with an account on Wikitech-wiki should [[wikitech:Wikitech/SUL-migration|check if any action is required]] for their accounts. The wiki is being changed to use the single-user-login (SUL) system, and other configuration changes. This change will help reduce the overall complexity for the weekly software updates across all our wikis. '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|server switch]] was completed successfully last week with a read-only time of [[wikitech:Switch Datacenter#Past Switches|only 2 minutes 46 seconds]]. This periodic process makes sure that engineers can switch data centers and keep all of the wikis available for readers, even if there are major technical issues. It also gives engineers a chance to do maintenance and upgrades on systems that normally run 24 hours a day, and often helps to reveal weaknesses in the infrastructure. The process involves dozens of software services and hundreds of hardware servers, and requires multiple teams working together. Work over the past few years has reduced the time from 17 minutes down to 2–3 minutes. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/66ZW7B2MG63AESQVTXDIFQBDBS766JGW/] '''Meetings and events''' * October 4–6: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiIndaba conference 2024|WikiIndaba Conference's Hackathon]] in Johannesburg, South Africa * November 4–6: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] in Vienna, Austria '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W40"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:21, 30 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27530062 --> == Tech News: 2024-41 == <section begin="technews-2024-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Communities can now request installation of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator|Automoderator]] on their wiki. Automoderator is an automated anti-vandalism tool that reverts bad edits based on scores from the new "Revert Risk" machine learning model. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AutoModerator/Deploying|read details about the necessary steps]] for installation and configuration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336934] '''Updates for editors''' * Translators in wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|the mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now customize their articles suggestion list from 41 filtering options when using the tool. This topic-based article suggestion feature makes it easy for translators to self-discover relevant articles based on their area of interest and translate them. You can [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&active-list=suggestions try it with your mobile device]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368422] * View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * It is now possible for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code></bdi> code blocks to offer readers a "Copy" button if the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>copy=1</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight#copy|set on the tag]]. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40932] * Customized copyright footer messages on all wikis will be updated. The new versions will use wikitext markup instead of requiring editing raw HTML. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375789] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this month, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] will be rolled out on several pilot wikis. The final list of the wikis will be published in the second half of the month. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on [[phab:T376499|these 11 wikis]], and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Rate limiting has been enabled for the code review tools [[Wikitech:Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[Wikitech:GitLab|GitLab]] to address ongoing issues caused by malicious traffic and scraping. Clients that open too many concurrent connections will be restricted for a few minutes. This rate limiting is managed through [[Wikitech:nftables|nftables]] firewall rules. For more details, see Wikitech's pages on [[Wikitech:Firewall#Throttling with nftables|Firewall]], [[Wikitech:GitLab/Abuse and rate limiting|GitLab limits]] and [[Wikitech:Gerrit/Operations#Throttling IPs|Gerrit operations]]. * Five new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q49224|Komering]] ([[w:kge:|<code>w:kge:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374813] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36096|Mooré]] ([[m:mos:|<code>m:mos:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374641] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[wikt:mad:|<code>wikt:mad:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374968] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q2501174|Gorontalo]] ([[q:gor:|<code>q:gor:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375088] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikinews}} in [[d:Q56482|Shan]] ([[n:shn:|<code>n:shn:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375430] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W41"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:43, 7 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27557422 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-42 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Little Danes experiment]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:fa:آزمایش دانمارکی‌های کوچک]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Children play at a Danish Red Cross-run orphanage in Greenland.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''little Danes experiment''' was a 1951 Danish operation where 22 Greenlandic Inuit children were sent to Danish foster families in an attempt to re-educate them as "little Danes". While the children were all supposed to be orphans, most were not. Six children were adopted while in Denmark, and sixteen returned to Greenland, only to be placed in Danish-speaking orphanages and never live with their families again. Half of the children experienced mental health disturbances, and half of them died in young adulthood. The government of Denmark officially apologised in 2020, after several years of demands from Greenlandic officials. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:16, 14 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27572997 --> == Tech News: 2024-42 == <section begin="technews-2024-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is starting to be removed. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|A first set of wikis]] are being contacted. These wikis are invited to stop using Flow, and to move all Flow boards to sub-pages, as archives. At these wikis, a script will move all Flow pages that aren't a sub-page to a sub-page automatically, starting on 22 October 2024. On 28 October 2024, all Flow boards at these wikis will be set in read-only mode. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370722] * WMF's Search Platform team is working on making it easier for readers to perform text searches in their language. A [[phab:T332342|change last week]] on over 30 languages makes it easier to find words with accents and other diacritics. This applies to both full-text search and to types of advanced search such as the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">''hastemplate''</bdi> and <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">''incategory''</bdi> keywords. More technical details (including a few other minor search upgrades) are available. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:TJones_%28WMF%29/Notes/Language_Analyzer_Harmonization_Notes#ASCII-folding/ICU-folding_%28T332342%29] * View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|EditCheck]] was installed at Russian Wikipedia, and fixes were made for some missing user interface styles. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Editors who use the Toolforge tool [[toolforge:copyvios|Earwig's Copyright Violation Detector]] will now be required to log in with their Wikimedia account before running checks using the "search engine" option. This change is needed to help prevent external bots from misusing the system. Thanks to Chlod for these improvements. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:New_pages_patrol/Reviewers#Authentication_is_now_required_for_search_engine_checks_on_Earwig's_Copyvio_Tool] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] users can create tickets and add comments on existing tickets via Email again. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator/Help#Using email|Sending email to Phabricator]] has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356077] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Some HTML elements in the interface are now wrapped with a <code><nowiki><bdi></nowiki></code> element, to make our HTML output more aligned with Web standards. More changes like this will be coming in future weeks. This change might break some tools that rely on the previous HTML structure of the interface. Note that relying on the HTML structure of the interface is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Stable interface policy/Frontend#What is not stable?|not recommended]] and might break at any time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375975] '''In depth''' * The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/September 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes: updates on Wikimedia's authentication system, research to simplify feature development in the MediaWiki platform, updates on Parser Unification and MathML rollout, and more. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/October|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition include: research about improving topic suggestions related to countries, improvements to PHPUnit tests, and more. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W42"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:22, 14 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27597254 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-43 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Kharayeb]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Muharram 1Oth-Ashouraa 2007 in Kharayeb - panoramio.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Kharayeb''' (Arabic: الخرايب) is a historic town in the Sidon District in the South Governorate, Lebanon. The town is 77 km (48 mi) south of Beirut, and stands at an average altitude of 190 m (620 ft) above sea level. The town boasts a rich historical legacy, with archaeological excavations revealing a complex settlement history spanning from Prehistory to the Ottoman period. Notably, Kharayeb's origins can be traced back to the Persian period (539–330 BC), when it played a pivotal role in the region's agricultural and economic landscape, culminating in the construction of its Phoenician temple around the 6th century BC. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:38, 21 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27572997 --> == Tech News: 2024-43 == <section begin="technews-2024-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Mobile Apps team has released an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh#Phase 1: Creating a user Profile Menu (T373714)|update]] to the iOS app's navigation, and it is now available in the latest App store version. The team added a new Profile menu that allows for easy access to editor features like Notifications and Watchlist from the Article view, and brings the "Donate" button into a more accessible place for users who are reading an article. This is the first phase of a larger planned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh|navigation refresh]] to help the iOS app transition from a primarily reader-focused app, to an app that fully supports reading and editing. The Wikimedia Foundation has added more editing features and support for on-wiki communication based on volunteer requests in recent years. [[File:IOS App Navigation refresh first phase 05.png|thumb|iOS Wikipedia App's profile menu and contents]] '''Updates for editors''' * Wikipedia readers can now download a browser extension to experiment with some early ideas on potential features that recommend articles for further reading, automatically summarize articles, and improve search functionality. For more details and to stay updated, check out the Web team's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments|Content Discovery Experiments page]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Web team's projects|subscribe to their newsletter]]. * Later this month, logged-out editors of [[phab:T376499|these 12 wikis]] will start to have [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] created. The list may slightly change - some wikis may be removed but none will be added. Temporary account is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User account types|type of user account]]. It enhances the logged-out editors' privacy and makes it easier for community members to communicate with them. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on these 12 wikis, and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. Read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|deployment plan across all wikis]]. * View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[w:nr:Main Page|South Ndebele]], [[w:rsk:Главни бок|Pannonian Rusyn]], [[w:ann:Uwu|Obolo]], [[w:iba:Lambar Keterubah|Iban]] and [[w:tdd:ᥞᥨᥝᥴ ᥘᥣᥲ ᥖᥥᥰ|Tai Nüa]] Wikipedia languages were created last week. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36785][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35660][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36614][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33424][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36556] * It is now possible to create functions on Wikifunctions using Wikidata lexemes, through the new [[f:Z6005|Wikidata lexeme type]] launched last week. When you go to one of these functions, the user interface provides a lexeme selector that helps you pick a lexeme from Wikidata that matches the word you type. After hitting run, your selected lexeme is retrieved from Wikidata, transformed into a Wikidata lexeme type, and passed into the selected function. Read more about this in [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-17#Function of the Week: select representation from lexeme|the latest Wikifunctions newsletter]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Users of the Wikimedia sites can now format dates more easily in different languages with the new <code dir="ltr">{{[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef|#timef]]:…}}</code> parser function. For example, <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{#timef:now|date|en}}</nowiki></code> will show as "<bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">{{#timef:now|date|en}}</bdi>". Previously, <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{#time:…}}</nowiki></code> could be used to format dates, but this required knowledge of the order of the time and date components and their intervening punctuation. <code dir="ltr">#timef</code> (or <code dir="ltr">#timefl</code> for local time) provides access to the standard date formats that MediaWiki uses in its user interface. This may help to simplify some templates on multi-lingual wikis like Commons and Meta. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223772][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Commons and Meta users can now efficiently [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Localization|retrieve the user's language]] using <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{USERLANGUAGE}}</nowiki></code> instead of using <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{int:lang}}</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T4085] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Tech Advisory Council]] (PTAC) now has its pilot members with representation across Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America. They will work to address the [[Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives/Technology Council|Movement Strategy's Technology Council]] initiative of having a co-defined and more resilient technological platform. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Movement_Strategy/Initiatives/Technology_Council] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/32|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: an upcoming Newcomer Homepage Community Updates module, new Community Configuration options, and details on new projects. * The Wikimedia Foundation is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Security Team#CNA Partnership|now an official partner of the CVE program]], which is an international effort to catalog publicly disclosed cybersecurity vulnerabilities. This partnership will allow the Security Team to instantly publish [[w:en:Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures|common vulnerabilities and exposures]] (CVE) records that are affecting MediaWiki core, extensions, and skins, along with any other code the Foundation is a steward of. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]] is now [[m:Community Wishlist/Updates#October 16, 2024: Conversations Made Easier: Machine-Translated Wishes Are Here!|testing machine translations]] for Wishlist content. Volunteers can now read machine-translated versions of wishes and dive into discussions even before translators arrive to translate content. '''Meetings and events''' * 24 October - Wiki Education Speaker Series Webinar - [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/N4XTB4G55BUY3M3PNGUAKQWJ7A4UOPAK/ Open Source Tech: Building the Wiki Education Dashboard], featuring Wikimedia interns and a Web developer in the panel. * 20–22 December 2024 - [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024|Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024]] in Odisha, India. A hackathon for community members, including developers, designers and content editors, to build technical solutions that improve contributors' experiences. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W43"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:53, 21 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27634672 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-44 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Christmas horror]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:es:Terror navideño]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Christmascarol1843 -- 169.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Christmas horror''' is a fiction genre and film genre that incorporates horror elements into a seasonal setting. It is popular in multiple countries. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:05, 28 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27647428 --> == Tech News: 2024-44 == <section begin="technews-2024-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Later in November, the Charts extension will be deployed to the test wikis in order to help identify and fix any issue. A security review is underway to then enable deployment to pilot wikis for broader testing. You can read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#October 2024: Working towards production deployment|the October project update]] and see the [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Charts latest documentation and examples on Beta Wikipedia]. * View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[w:en:PediaPress|Pediapress.com]], an external service that creates books from Wikipedia, can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Maps|Wikimedia Maps]] to include existing pre-rendered infobox map images in their printed books on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375761] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Wikis can use [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|the Guided Tour extension]] to help newcomers understand how to edit. The Guided Tours extension now works with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Dark mode|dark mode]]. Guided Tour maintainers can check their tours to see that nothing looks odd. They can also set <code>emitTransitionOnStep</code> to <code>true</code> to fix an old bug. They can use the new flag <code>allowAutomaticBack</code> to avoid back-buttons they don't want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73927#10241528] * Administrators in the Wikimedia projects who use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Nuke|Nuke Extension]] will notice that mass deletions done with this tool have the "Nuke" tag. This change will make reviewing and analyzing deletions performed with the tool easier. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366068] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W44"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:57, 28 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27668811 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-45 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Placenta cake]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:simple:Placenta cake]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Bucharest, Greek pie-maker, 1880.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Placenta cake''' is a dish from ancient Greece and Rome consisting of many dough layers interspersed with a mixture of cheese and honey and flavored with bay leaves, baked and then covered in honey. The dessert is mentioned in classical texts such as the Greek poems of Archestratos and Antiphanes, as well as the De agri cultura of Cato the Elder. It is often seen as the predecessor of baklava and börek. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:16, 4 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27647428 --> == Tech News: 2024-45 == <section begin="technews-2024-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Stewards can now make [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks|global account blocks]] cause global [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblocks]]. This will assist stewards in preventing abuse from users who have been globally blocked. This includes preventing globally blocked temporary accounts from exiting their session or switching browsers to make subsequent edits for 24 hours. Previously, temporary accounts could exit their current session or switch browsers to continue editing. This is an anti-abuse tool improvement for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project. You can read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|progress on key features for temporary accounts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368949] * Wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]] can now use the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event list#October 29, 2024: Collaboration List launched|Collaboration List]] feature. This list provides a new, easy way for contributors to learn about WikiProjects on their wikis. Thanks to the Campaign team for this work that is part of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product %26 Technology OKRs#WE KRs|the 2024/25 annual plan]]. If you are interested in bringing the CampaignEvents extension to your wiki, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|follow these steps]] or you can reach out to User:Udehb-WMF for help. * The text color for red links will be slightly changed later this week to improve their contrast in light mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370446] * View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, on multilingual wikis, users [[phab:T216368|can now]] hide translations from the WhatLinksHere special page. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * XML [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Data dumps|data dumps]] have been temporarily paused whilst a bug is investigated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/xmldatadumps-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/BXWJDPO5QI2QMBCY7HO36ELDCRO6HRM4/] '''In depth''' * Temporary Accounts have been deployed to six wikis; thanks to the Trust and Safety Product team for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|this work]], you can read about [[phab:T340001|the deployment plans]]. Beginning next week, Temporary Accounts will also be enabled on [[phab:T378336|seven other projects]]. If you are active on these wikis and need help migrating your tools, please reach out to [[m:User:Udehb-WMF|User:Udehb-WMF]] for assistance. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/October|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New languages supported in translatewiki or in MediaWiki; New keyboard input methods for some languages; details about recent and upcoming meetings, and more. '''Meetings and events''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] is happening in Vienna, Austria and online from 4 to 6 November 2024. The conference will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W45"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:51, 4 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27693917 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-46 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Trisomy 16]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Chromosome 16.svg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Trisomy 16''' is a chromosomal abnormality in which there are 3 copies of chromosome 16 rather than two. It is the most common trisomy leading to miscarriage and the second most common chromosomal cause of it, closely following X-chromosome monosomy. About 6% of miscarriages have trisomy 16. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:09, 11 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27708700 --> == Tech News: 2024-46 == <section begin="technews-2024-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * On wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|Translate extension]] enabled, users will notice that the FuzzyBot will now automatically create translated versions of categories used on translated pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285463] * View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the submitted task to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SecurePoll|SecurePoll extension]] for English Wikipedia's special [[w:en:Wikipedia:Administrator elections|administrator election]] was resolved on time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371454] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] In <code dir="ltr">[[mw:MediaWiki_1.44/wmf.2|1.44.0-wmf-2]]</code>, the logic of Wikibase function <code>getAllStatements</code> changed to behave like <code>getBestStatements</code>. Invoking the function now returns a copy of values which are immutable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270851] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. The API will be rerouting some page content endpoints from RESTbase to the newer [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST API]] endpoints. The [[phab:T374683|impacted endpoints]] include getting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content. These changes will be available on testwiki later this week, with other projects to follow. This change should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints should verify behavior on testwiki, and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]]. '''In depth''' * Admins and users of the Wikimedia projects [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator_Tools/Automoderator#Usage|where Automoderator is enabled]] can now monitor and evaluate important metrics related to Automoderator's actions. [https://superset.wmcloud.org/superset/dashboard/unified-automoderator-activity-dashboard/ This Superset dashboard] calculates and aggregates metrics about Automoderator's behaviour on the projects in which it is deployed. Thanks to the Moderator Tools team for this Dashboard; you can visit [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator/Unified Activity Dashboard|the documentation page]] for more information about this work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369488] '''Meetings and events''' * 21 November 2024 ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] & [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]) - [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Community call]] with Wikimedia Commons volunteers and stakeholders to help prioritize support efforts for 2025-2026 Fiscal Year. The theme of this call is how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W46"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:08, 12 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27732268 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-47 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Boana platanera]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Rana platanera - Boana platanera.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''''Boana platanera''''', commonly known as the banana tree dwelling frog, is a species of tree frog in the family Hylidae. It is distributed within Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Trinidad and Tobago. Boana platanera was described in 2021, and individuals of the species were previously classified as Boana crepitans or Boana xerophylla. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:53, 18 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27735014 --> == Tech News: 2024-47 == <section begin="technews-2024-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of Wikimedia sites will now be warned when they create a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects|redirect]] to a page that doesn't exist. This will reduce the number of broken redirects to red links in our projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326057] * View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot/Overview|Pywikibot]], which automates work on MediaWiki sites, was upgraded to 9.5.0 on Toolforge. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * On wikis that use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]], pages created or moved by users with the appropriate permissions are marked as flagged automatically. This feature has not been working recently, and changes fixing it should be deployed this week. Thanks to Daniel and Wargo for working on this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379218][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368380] '''In depth''' * There is a new [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/11/05/say-hi-to-temporary-accounts-easier-collaboration-with-logged-out-editors-with-better-privacy-protection Diff post] about Temporary Accounts, available in more than 15 languages. Read it to learn about what Temporary Accounts are, their impact on different groups of users, and the plan to introduce the change on all wikis. '''Meetings and events''' * Technical volunteers can now register for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which will take place in Istanbul, Turkey. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/hackathon2025/ Application for travel and accommodation scholarships] is open from '''November 12 to December 10 2024'''. The registration for the event will close in mid-April 2025. The Wikimedia Hackathon is an annual gathering that unites the global technical community to collaborate on existing projects and explore new ideas. * Join the [[C:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF%20support%20for%20Commons/Commons%20community%20calls|Wikimedia Commons community calls]] this week to help prioritize support for Commons which will be planned for 2025–2026. The theme will be how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. This is an opportunity for volunteers who work on different things to come together and talk about what matters for the future of the project. The calls will take place '''November 21, 2024, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]'''. * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place '''November 29, 16:00 UTC''' to discuss updates and technical problem-solving. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W47"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:01, 19 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27806858 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-48 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Wang Su-bok]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:fa:وانگ سو بوک]])&#32;([[:ko:왕수복]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Wang Su-bok''' was a singer from North Korea, who was the most popular singer in Japanese-occupied Korea in 1935. She was credited as a ground-breaking female artist, whose work led the way for the modern K-pop phenomenon. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:57, 25 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27846897 --> == Tech News: 2024-48 == <section begin="technews-2024-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new version of the standard wikitext editor-mode [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will be available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] later this week. This brings many new features and bug fixes, including right-to-left support, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Template folding|template folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and an improved search panel. You can learn more on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. * The 2010 wikitext editor now supports common keyboard shortcuts such <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>B</code></bdi> for bold and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>I</code></bdi> for italics. A full [[mw:Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|list of all six shortcuts]] is available. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62928] * Starting November 28, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: <bdi>bswiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>elwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>euwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>fawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>fiwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikiquote</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikisource</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikiversity</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikivoyage</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>idwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>lvwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>plwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>ptwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>urwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>viwikisource</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>zhwikisource</bdi>. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a user creating a new AbuseFilter can now only set the filter to "protected" [[phab:T377765|if it includes a protected variable]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]], which can be used in JavaScript, CSS, JSON, and Lua pages, [[phab:T377663|now offers]] live autocompletion. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. The feature can be temporarily disabled on a page by pressing <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>,</code></bdi> and un-selecting "<bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Live Autocompletion</bdi>". * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool-maintainers who use the Graphite system for tracking metrics, need to migrate to the newer Prometheus system. They can check [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/K6DEOo5Ik/grafana-graphite-datasource-utilization?orgId=1 this dashboard] and the list in the Description of the [[phab:T350592|task T350592]] to see if their tools are listed, and they should claim metrics and dashboards connected to their tools. They can then disable or migrate all existing metrics by following the instructions in the task. The Graphite service will become read-only in April. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/KLUV4IOLRYXPQFWD6WKKJUHMWE77BMSZ/] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/NewPP parser report|New PreProcessor parser performance report]] has been fixed to give an accurate count for the number of Wikibase entities accessed. It had previously been resetting after 400 entities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279069] '''Meetings and events''' * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place November 29 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000 16:00 UTC]. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Mooré Wikipedia, the language support track at [[m:Wiki Indaba|Wiki Indaba]], and a report from the Wayuunaiki community on their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community over the last 3 years. This meeting will be in English and will also have Spanish interpretation. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W48"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:42, 25 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27847039 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-49 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Storm Filomena]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Spain’s chilly blanket ESA22415247.jpeg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Storm Filomena''' was an extratropical cyclone in early January 2021 that was most notable for bringing unusually heavy snowfall to parts of Spain, with Madrid recording its heaviest snowfall in over a century, and with Portugal being hit less severely. The eighth named storm of the 2020–21 European windstorm season, Filomena formed over the Atlantic Ocean close to the Canary Islands on 7 January, subsequently taking a slow track north-eastwards towards the Iberian Peninsula and then eastwards across the Mediterranean Sea. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:48, 2 December 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27846897 --> == Tech News: 2024-49 == <section begin="technews-2024-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Two new parser functions were added this week. The <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interwikilink|#interwikilink]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interwiki links|interwiki link]] and the <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interlanguagelink|#interlanguagelink]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interlanguage links|interlanguage link]]. These parser functions are useful on wikis where namespaces conflict with interwiki prefixes. For example, links beginning with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS:</code></bdi> on English Wikipedia [[phab:T363538|conflict with the <code>mos</code> language code prefix of Mooré Wikipedia]]. * Starting this week, Wikimedia wikis no longer support connections using old RSA-based HTTPS certificates, specifically rsa-2048. This change is to improve security for all users. Some older, unsupported browser or smartphone devices will be unable to connect; Instead, they will display a connectivity error. See the [[wikitech:HTTPS/Browser_Recommendations|HTTPS Browser Recommendations page]] for more-detailed information. All modern operating systems and browsers are always able to reach Wikimedia projects. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/CTYEHVNSXUD3NFAAMG3BLZVTVQWJXJAH/] * Starting December 16, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: <bdi>arwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>cawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>mediawikiwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>orwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wawiktionary</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wikidatawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>zhwiki</bdi>. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380910] * This month the Chart extension was deployed to production and is now available on Commons and Testwiki. With the security review complete, pilot wiki deployment is expected to start in the first week of December. You can see a working version [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details. * View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug with the "Download as PDF" system was fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376438] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * In late February, temporary accounts will be rolled out on at least 10 large wikis. This deployment will have a significant effect on the community-maintained code. This is about Toolforge tools, bots, gadgets, and user scripts that use IP address data or that are available for logged-out users. The Trust and Safety Product team wants to identify this code, monitor it, and assist in updating it ahead of the deployment to minimize disruption to workflows. The team asks technical editors and volunteer developers to help identify such tools by adding them to [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/Impacted tools|this list]]. In addition, review the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|updated documentation]] to learn how to adjust the tools. Join the discussions on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|project talk page]] or in the [[discord:channels/221049808784326656/1227616742340034722|dedicated thread]] on the [[w:Wikipedia:Discord|Wikimedia Community Discord server (in English)]] for support and to share feedback. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W49"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:23, 2 December 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27873992 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-50 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Syrian literature]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Poem about Baybars page 1 from Hakawati book.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Syrian literature''' is modern fiction written or orally performed in Arabic by writers from Syria since the independence of the Syrian Arab Republic in 1946. It is part of the historically and geographically wider Arabic literature. The modern states of Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel as well as the Palestinian autonomous areas only came into being in the mid-20th century. Therefore, Syrian literature has since been referred to by literary scholarship as the national literature of the Syrian Arab Republic, as well as the works created in Arabic by Syrian writers in the diaspora. This literature has been influenced by the country's political history, the literature of other Arabic-speaking countries and, especially in its early days, by French literature. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:59, 9 December 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27846897 --> == Tech News: 2024-50 == <section begin="technews-2024-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Technical documentation contributors can find updated resources, and new ways to connect with each other and the Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team, at the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Documentation|Documentation hub]] on MediaWiki.org. This page links to: resources for writing and improving documentation, a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">#wikimedia-techdocs</bdi> IRC channel on libera.chat, a listing of past and upcoming documentation events, and ways to request a documentation consultation or review. If you have any feedback or ideas for improvements to the documentation ecosystem, please [[mw:Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team#Contact us|contact the Technical Documentation Team]]. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Edit Check on Desktop.png|thumb|Layout change for the Edit Check feature]] * Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] will be relocated to a sidebar on desktop. Edit check is the feature for new editors to help them follow policies and guidelines. This layout change creates space to present people with [[mw:Edit check#1 November 2024|new Checks]] that appear ''while'' they are typing. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#Reference Check A/B Test|initial results]] show newcomers encountering Edit Check are 2.2 times more likely to publish a new content edit that includes a reference and is not reverted. * The Chart extension, which enables editors to create data visualizations, was successfully made available on MediaWiki.org and three pilot wikis (Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedias). You can see a working examples [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details. * Translators in wikis where the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now discover articles in Wikiproject campaigns of their interest from the "[https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=specialcx&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=collections&active-list=suggestions&from=es&to=en All collection]" category in the articles suggestion feature. Wikiproject Campaign organizers can use this feature, to help translators to discover articles of interest, by adding the <code dir=ltr><nowiki><page-collection> </page-collection></nowiki></code> tag to their campaign article list page on Meta-wiki. This will make those articles discoverable in the Content Translation tool. For more detailed information on how to use the tool and tag, please refer to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based & Community-defined lists/How to use the features|the step-by-step guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378958] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, now has a [[phab:T376379#10310998|multiselect filter for namespace selection]]. This enables users to select multiple specific namespaces, instead of only one or all, when fetching pages for deletion. * The Nuke feature also now [[phab:T364225#10371365|provides links]] to the userpage of the user whose pages were deleted, and to the pages which were not selected for deletion, after page deletions are queued. This enables easier follow-up admin-actions. Thanks to Chlod and the Moderator Tools team for both of these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364225#10371365] * The Editing Team is working on making it easier to populate citations from archive.org using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|Citoid]] tool, the auto-filled citation generator. They are asking communities to add two parameters preemptively, <code dir=ltr>archiveUrl</code> and <code dir=ltr>archiveDate</code>, within the TemplateData for each citation template using Citoid. You can see an [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACite_web%2Fdoc&diff=1261320172&oldid=1260788022 example of a change in a template], and a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?namespaces=10&q=%5C%22citoid%5C%22%3A%20%5C%7B&regex=1&title= list of all relevant templates]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374831] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9240|Indonesian]] ([[voy:id:|<code>voy:id:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380726] * Last week, all wikis had problems serving pages to logged-in users and some logged-out users for 30–45 minutes. This was caused by a database problem, and investigation is ongoing. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/3g2ckc7bp6l9] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add Link]] feature has been fixed. Previously, the list of sections which are excluded from Add Link was partially ignored in certain cases. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380455][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380329] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, now has an early-stage [[gitiles:design/codex-php|implementation in PHP]]. It is available for general use in MediaWiki extensions and Toolforge apps through [https://packagist.org/packages/wikimedia/codex Composer], with use in MediaWiki core coming soon. More information is available in [[wmdoc:design-codex-php/main/index.html|the documentation]]. Thanks to Doğu for the inspiration and many contributions to the library. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379662] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. On December 4, the MediaWiki Interfaces team began rerouting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content endpoints on [[testwiki:|testwiki]] from RESTbase to comparable MediaWiki REST API endpoints. The team encourages active users of these endpoints to verify their tool's behavior on testwiki and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]] before the end of the year, as they intend to roll out the same change across all Wikimedia projects in early January. These changes are part of the work to replace the outdated [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|RESTBase]] system. * The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/986172 2024 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 3 January 2025, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:Developer Satisfaction Survey 2024 Privacy Statement|privacy statement]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Meetings and events''' * The next meeting in the series of [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation discussions with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12 December 2024 08:00 UTC|December 12 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12_December 2024 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is new media and new contributors. Contributors from all wikis are welcome to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W50"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:16, 9 December 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27919424 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-51 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Mars ocean theory]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:AncientMars.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Mars ocean theory''' states that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was covered by an ocean of liquid water early in the planet's geologic history. This primordial ocean, dubbed Paleo-Ocean or Oceanus Borealis (/oʊˈsiːənəs ˌbɒriˈælɪs/ oh-SEE-ə-nəs BORR-ee-AL-iss), would have filled the basin Vastitas Borealis in the northern hemisphere, a region that lies 4–5 km (2.5–3 miles) below the mean planetary elevation, at a time period of approximately 4.1–3.8 billion years ago. Evidence for this ocean includes geographic features resembling ancient shorelines, and the chemical properties of the Martian soil and atmosphere <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:44, 16 December 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27933909 --> == Tech News: 2024-51 == <section begin="technews-2024-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Interested in improving event management on your home wiki? The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] offers organizers features like event registration management, event/wikiproject promotion, finding potential participants, and more - all directly on-wiki. If you are an organizer or think your community would benefit from this extension, start a discussion to enable it on your wiki today. To learn more about how to enable this extension on your wiki, visit the [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|deployment status page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in Italy and Mexico on the Italian, Spanish, and English Wikipedias, can see a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review|personalized Year in Review]] with insights based on their reading and editing history. * Users of the Android Wikipedia App in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia can see the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Rabbit Holes|Rabbit Holes]] feature. This feature shows a suggested search term in the Search bar based on the current article being viewed, and a suggested reading list generated from the user’s last two visited articles. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|global reminder bot]] is now active and running on nearly 800 wikis. This service reminds most users holding temporary rights when they are about to expire, so that they can renew should they want to. See [[m:Global reminder bot/Technical details|the technical details page]] for more information. * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 13 January 2025 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was [[phab:T374988|fixed]] in the Android Wikipedia App which had caused translatable SVG images to show the wrong language when they were tapped. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There is no new MediaWiki version next week. The next deployments will start on 14 January. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar/2025] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W51"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:25, 16 December 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27942374 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-52 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:2023 Slovenia floods]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Sava v Tacnu 4. avgusta ob 16h.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> In August 2023, major floods occurred in large part of Slovenia and neighbouring areas of Austria and Croatia due to heavy rain. Amongst others, the level of rivers Sava, Mur and Drava was exceptionally high. Several settlements and transport links in Slovene Littoral, Upper Carniola and Slovenian Carinthia were flooded. Due to the amount of rain, the streams in Idrija, Cerkno and Škofja Loka Hills overflowed. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:55, 23 December 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27933909 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-01 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Uganda Railways Corporation]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:de:Schienenverkehr in Uganda]])&#32;([[:no:Uganda Railways Corporation]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:9620 mit Güterzug.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Uganda Railways Corporation''' (URC) is the parastatal railway of Uganda. It was formed after the breakup of the East African Railways Corporation (EARC) in 1977 when it took over the Ugandan part of the East African railways. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:37, 30 December 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28019313 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-02 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Internment of Japanese Canadians]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Japanese road camp.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> From 1942 to 1949, Canada forcibly relocated and incarcerated over 22,000 Japanese Canadians—comprising over 90% of the total Japanese Canadian population—from British Columbia in the name of "national security". The majority were Canadian citizens by birth and were targeted based on their ancestry. This decision followed the events of the Japanese Empire's war in the Pacific against the Western Allies, such as the invasion of Hong Kong, the attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, and the Fall of Singapore which led to the Canadian declaration of war on Japan during World War II. Similar to the actions taken against Japanese Americans in neighbouring United States, this forced relocation subjected many Japanese Canadians to government-enforced curfews and interrogations, job and property losses, and forced repatriation to Japan <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:56, 6 January 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28070038 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-03 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Christmas seals]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:no:Julemerke]])&#32;([[:ru:Рождественская виньетка]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:1915 US Christmas Seal.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Christmas seals''' are adhesive labels that are similar in appearance to postage stamps that are sold then affixed to mail during the Christmas season to raise funds and awareness for charitable programs. Christmas seals have become particularly associated with lung diseases such as tuberculosis, and with child welfare in general. They were first issued in Denmark beginning in 1904, with Sweden and Iceland following with issues that same year. Thereafter the use of Christmas seals proved to be popular and spread quickly around the world, with 130 countries producing their own issues. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:24, 13 January 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28086717 --> == Tech News: 2025-03 == <section begin="technews-2025-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Single User Login system is being updated over the next few months. This is the system which allows users to fill out the login form on one Wikimedia site and get logged in on all others at the same time. It needs to be updated because of the ways that browsers are increasingly restricting cross-domain cookies. To accommodate these restrictions, login and account creation pages will move to a central domain, but it will still appear to the user as if they are on the originating wiki. The updated code will be enabled this week for users on test wikis. This change is planned to roll out to all users during February and March. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and a timeline. '''Updates for editors''' * On wikis with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments|PageAssessments]] installed, you can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments#Search|filter search results]] to pages in a given WikiProject by using the <code dir=ltr>inproject:</code> keyword. (These wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-huwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378868] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34129|Tigre]] ([[w:tig:|<code>w:tig:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381377] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with updating a user's edit-count after making a rollback edit, which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382592] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia REST API users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. Starting the week of January 13, we will begin rerouting [[phab:T374683|some page content endpoints]] from RESTbase to the newer MediaWiki REST API endpoints for all wiki projects. This change was previously available on testwiki and should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints may raise issues directly to the [[phab:project/view/6931/|MediaWiki Interfaces Team]] in Phabricator if they arise. * Toolforge tool maintainers can now share their feedback on Toolforge UI, an initiative to provide a web platform that allows creating and managing Toolforge tools through a graphic interface, in addition to existing command-line workflows. This project aims to streamline active maintainers’ tasks, as well as make registration and deployment processes more accessible for new tool creators. The initiative is still at a very early stage, and the Cloud Services team is in the process of collecting feedback from the Toolforge community to help shape the solution to their needs. [[wikitech:Wikimedia Cloud Services team/EnhancementProposals/Toolforge UI|Read more and share your thoughts about Toolforge UI]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] For tool and library developers who use the OAuth system: The identity endpoint used for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user|OAuth 1]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user 2|OAuth 2]] returned a JSON object with an integer in its <code>sub</code> field, which was incorrect (the field must always be a string). This has been fixed; the fix will be deployed to Wikimedia wikis on the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382139] * Many wikis currently use [[:mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|Cite CSS]] to render custom footnote markers in Parsoid output. Starting January 20 these rules will be disabled, but the developers ask you to ''not'' clean up your <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]</bdi> until February 20 to avoid issues during the migration. Your wikis might experience some small changes to footnote markers in Visual Editor and when using experimental Parsoid read mode, but if there are changes these are expected to bring the rendering in line with the legacy parser output. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370027] '''Meetings and events''' * The next meeting in the series of [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation Community Conversations with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 08:00 UTC|January 15 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is defining the priorities in tool investment for Commons. Contributors from all wikis, especially users who are maintaining tools for Commons, are welcome to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W03"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:42, 14 January 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28048614 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-04 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:2010 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:it:Scontri del Nagorno Karabakh del 2010]])&#32;([[:tr:2010 Dağlık Karabağ çatışmaları]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''2010 Nahorno karabakh war''' were a series of exchanges of gunfire that took place on February 18 on the line of contact dividing Azerbaijani and the Karabakh Armenian military forces. Azerbaijan accused the Armenian forces of firing on the Azerbaijani positions near Tap Qaraqoyunlu, Qızıloba, Qapanlı, Yusifcanlı and Cavahirli villages, as well as in uplands of Agdam Rayon with small arms fire including snipers. As a result, three Azerbaijani soldiers were killed and one wounded. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:20, 20 January 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28099770 --> == Tech News: 2025-04 == <section begin="technews-2025-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators can mass-delete multiple pages created by a user or IP address using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Extension:Nuke]]. It previously only allowed deletion of pages created in the last 30 days. It can now delete pages from the last 90 days, provided it is targeting a specific user or IP address. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380846] * On [[phab:P72148|wikis that use]] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Patrolled edits|Patrolled edits]] feature, when the rollback feature is used to revert an unpatrolled page revision, that revision will now be marked as "manually patrolled" instead of "autopatrolled", which is more accurate. Some editors that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Filtering|filters]] on Recent Changes may need to update their filter settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302140] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Visual Editor's "Insert link" feature did not always suggest existing pages properly when an editor started typing, which has now been [[phab:T383497|fixed]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is being progressively removed from the wikis. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|The last group of wikis]] ({{int:project-localized-name-cawikiquote/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwikimedia/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwikibooks/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewikimedia/en}}) will soon be contacted. If you have questions about this process, please ping [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] at your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380912] * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical_Community_Newsletter/2025/January|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: updates about services from the Data Platform Engineering teams, information about Codex from the Design System team, and more. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W04"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:37, 21 January 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28129769 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-05 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Jinnah's birthday]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Yorkstatue.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Jinnah's Birthday''', officially Quaid-e-Azam Day and sometimes known as Quaid Day, is a public holiday in Pakistan observed annually on 25 December to celebrate the birthday of the founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, known as Quaid-i-Azam ("Great Leader"). A major holiday, commemorations for Jinnah began during his lifetime in 1942, and have continued ever since. The event is primarily observed by the government and the citizens of the country where the national flag is hoisted at major architectural structures such as private and public buildings, particularly at the top of Quaid-e-Azam House in Karachi. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:30, 27 January 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28156501 --> == Tech News: 2025-05 == <section begin="technews-2025-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Patrollers and admins - what information or context about edits or users could help you to make patroller or admin decisions more quickly or easily? The Wikimedia Foundation wants to hear from you to help guide its upcoming annual plan. Please consider sharing your thoughts on this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|13 other questions]] to shape the technical direction for next year. '''Updates for editors''' * iOS Wikipedia App users worldwide can now access a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review/How your data is used|personalized Year in Review]] feature, which provides insights based on their reading and editing history on Wikipedia. This project is part of a broader effort to help welcome new readers as they discover and interact with encyclopedic content. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Edit patrollers now have a new feature available that can highlight potentially problematic new pages. When a page is created with the same title as a page which was previously deleted, a tag ('Recreated') will now be added, which users can filter for in [[{{#special:RecentChanges}}]] and [[{{#special:NewPages}}]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T56145] * Later this week, there will be a new warning for editors if they attempt to create a redirect that links to another redirect (a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects#Double redirects|double redirect]]). The feature will recommend that they link directly to the second redirect's target page. Thanks to the user SomeRandomDeveloper for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326056] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia wikis allow [[w:en:WebAuthn|WebAuthn]]-based second factor checks (such as hardware tokens) during login, but the feature is [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Fix security key (WebAuthn) support|fragile]] and has very few users. The MediaWiki Platform team is temporarily disabling adding new WebAuthn keys, to avoid interfering with the rollout of [[mw:MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3]] (single user login version 3). Existing keys are unaffected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378402] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * For developers that use the [[wikitech:Data Platform/Data Lake/Edits/MediaWiki history dumps|MediaWiki History dumps]]: The Data Platform Engineering team has added a couple of new fields to these dumps, to support the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] initiative. If you maintain software that reads those dumps, please review your code and the updated documentation, since the order of the fields in the row will change. There will also be one field rename: in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki_user_history</code></bdi> dump, the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>anonymous</code></bdi> field will be renamed to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>is_anonymous</code></bdi>. The changes will take effect with the next release of the dumps in February. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LKMFDS62TXGDN6L56F4ABXYLN7CSCQDI/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W05"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:15, 27 January 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28149374 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-06 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:French conquest of Corsica]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Bataille de Ponte Novu.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''French conquest of Corsica''' was a successful expedition by French forces of the Kingdom of France under Comte de Vaux, against Corsican forces under Pasquale Paoli of the Corsican Republic. The expedition was launched in May 1768, in the aftermath of the Seven Years' War. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:20, 3 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28200320 --> == Tech News: 2025-06 == <section begin="technews-2025-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors who use the "Special characters" editing-toolbar menu can now see the 32 special characters you have used most recently, across editing sessions on that wiki. This change should help make it easier to find the characters you use most often. The feature is in both the 2010 wikitext editor and VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110722] * Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor can now create sublists with correct indentation by selecting the line(s) you want to indent and then clicking the toolbar buttons.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380438] You can now also insert <code><nowiki><code></nowiki></code> tags using a new toolbar button.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383010] Thanks to user stjn for these improvements. * Help is needed to ensure the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]] works properly on each wiki. ** (1) Administrators should update the local versions of the page <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json</code> to include entries for <code dir=ltr>preprint</code>, <code dir=ltr>standard</code>, and <code dir=ltr>dataset</code>; Here are example diffs to replicate [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&diff=1189164774&oldid=1165783565 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&diff=1270832208&oldid=1270828390 for 'standard' and 'dataset']. ** (2.1) If the citoid map in the citation template used for these types of references is missing, [[mediawikiwiki:Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki#Step 2.a: Create a 'citoid' maps value for each citation template|one will need to be added]]. (2.2) If the citoid map does exist, the TemplateData will need to be updated to include new field names. Here are example updates [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&diff=1270829051&oldid=1262470053 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&diff=1270831369&oldid=1270829480 for 'standard' and 'dataset']. The new fields that may need to be supported are <code dir=ltr>archiveID</code>, <code dir=ltr>identifier</code>, <code dir=ltr>repository</code>, <code dir=ltr>organization</code>, <code dir=ltr>repositoryLocation</code>, <code dir=ltr>committee</code>, and <code dir=ltr>versionNumber</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383666] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q15637215|Central Kanuri]] ([[w:knc:|<code>w:knc:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385181] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Wikisource/Wikimedia OCR|OCR (optical character recognition) tool]] used for Wikisource now supports a new language, Church Slavonic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384782] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W06"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:09, 4 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28203495 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-07 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Assassination of Spencer Perceval]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:PercevalShooting.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> On 11 May 1812, at about 5:15 pm, Spencer Perceval, the prime minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, was shot dead in the lobby of the House of Commons by John Bellingham, a Liverpool merchant with a grievance against the government. Bellingham was detained; four days after the murder, he was tried, convicted and sentenced to death. He was hanged at Newgate Prison on 18 May, one week after the assassination and one month before the start of the War of 1812. Perceval remains the sole British prime minister to have been assassinated. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:18, 10 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28200320 --> == Tech News: 2025-07 == <section begin="technews-2025-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Product and Technology Advisory Council (PTAC) has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|a draft of their recommendations]] for the Wikimedia Foundation's Product and Technology department. They have recommended focusing on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback/Mobile experiences|mobile experiences]], particularly contributions. They request community [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|feedback at the talk page]] by 21 February. '''Updates for editors''' * The "Special pages" portlet link will be moved from the "Toolbox" into the "Navigation" section of the main menu's sidebar by default. This change is because the Toolbox is intended for tools relating to the current page, not tools relating to the site, so the link will be more logically and consistently located. To modify this behavior and update CSS styling, administrators can follow the instructions at [[phab:T385346|T385346]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333211] * As part of this year's work around improving the ways readers discover content on the wikis, the Web team will be running an experiment with a small number of readers that displays some suggestions for related or interesting articles within the search bar. Please check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments#Experiment 1: Display article recommendations in more prominent locations, search|the project page]] for more information. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template editors who use TemplateStyles can now customize output for users with specific accessibility needs by using accessibility related media queries (<code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-motion prefers-reduced-motion]</code>, <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-transparency prefers-reduced-transparency]</code>, <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-contrast prefers-contrast]</code>, and <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/forced-colors forced-colors]</code>). Thanks to user Bawolff for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384175] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the global blocks log will now be shown directly on the {{#special:CentralAuth}} page, similarly to global locks, to simplify the workflows for stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377024] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Wikidata [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Default values for labels and aliases|now supports a special language as a "default for all languages"]] for labels and aliases. This is to avoid excessive duplication of the same information across many languages. If your Wikidata queries use labels, you may need to update them as some existing labels are getting removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312511] * The function <code dir="ltr">getDescription</code> was invoked on every Wiki page read and accounts for ~2.5% of a page's total load time. The calculated value will now be cached, reducing load on Wikimedia servers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383660] * As part of the RESTBase deprecation [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|effort]], the <code dir="ltr">/page/related</code> endpoint has been blocked as of February 6, 2025, and will be removed soon. This timeline was chosen to align with the deprecation schedules for older Android and iOS versions. The stable alternative is the "<code dir="ltr">morelike</code>" action API in MediaWiki, and [[gerrit:c/mediawiki/services/mobileapps/+/982154/13/pagelib/src/transform/FooterReadMore.js|a migration example]] is available. The MediaWiki Interfaces team [[phab:T376297|can be contacted]] for any questions. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/GFC2IJO7L4BWO3YTM7C5HF4MCCBE2RJ2/] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: Updates about the "Contribute" menu; details on some of the newest language editions of Wikipedia; details on new languages supported by the MediaWiki interface; updates on the Community-defined lists feature; and more. * The latest [[mw:Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#January 2025: Better visibility into charts and tabular data usage|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on the progress towards bringing better visibility into global charts usage and support for categorizing pages in the Data namespace on Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W07"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:12, 11 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28231022 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-08 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:2010 Malagasy constitutional referendum]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> A constitutional referendum was held in Madagascar on 17 November 2010, in which voters approved a proposal for the state's fourth Constitution. The Malagasy people were asked to answer "Yes" or "No" to the proposed new constitution, which was considered to help consolidate Andry Rajoelina's grip on power. At the time of the referendum, Rajoelina headed the governing Highest Transitional Authority (HAT), an interim junta established following the military-backed coup d'état against then President Marc Ravalomanana in March 2009. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:21, 17 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28245290 --> == Tech News: 2025-08 == <section begin="technews-2025-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Communities using growth tools can now showcase one event on the <code>{{#special:Homepage}}</code> for newcomers. This feature will help newcomers to be informed about editing activities they can participate in. Administrators can create a new event to showcase at <code>{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}</code>. To learn more about this feature, please read [[diffblog:2025/02/12/community-updates-module-connecting-newcomers-to-your-initiatives/|the Diff post]], have a look [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Community updates module|at the documentation]], or contact [[mw:Talk:Growth|the Growth team]]. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Page Frame Features on desktop.png|thumb|Highlighted talk pages improvements]] * Starting next week, talk pages at these wikis – {{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}} – will get [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|a new design]]. This change was extensively tested as a Beta feature and is the last step of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|talk pages improvements]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379102] * You can now navigate to view a redirect page directly from its action pages, such as the history page. Previously, you were forced to first go to the redirect target. This change should help editors who work with redirects a lot. Thanks to user stjn for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T5324] * When a Cite reference is reused many times, wikis currently show either numbers like "1.23" or localized alphabetic markers like "a b c" in the reference list. Previously, if there were so many reuses that the alphabetic markers were all used, [[MediaWiki:Cite error references no backlink label|an error message]] was displayed. As part of the work to [[phab:T383036|modernize Cite customization]], these errors will no longer be shown and instead the backlinks will fall back to showing numeric markers like "1.23" once the alphabetic markers are all used. * The log entries for each change to an editor's user-groups are now clearer by specifying exactly what has changed, instead of the plain before and after listings. Translators can [[phab:T369466|help to update the localized versions]]. Thanks to user Msz2001 for these improvements. * A new filter has been added to the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool, which allows administrators to mass delete pages, to enable users to filter for pages in a range of page sizes (in bytes). This allows, for example, deleting pages only of a certain size or below. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378488] * Non-administrators can now check which pages are able to be deleted using the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool. Thanks to user MolecularPilot for this and the previous improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376378] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed in the configuration for the AV1 video file format, which enables these files to play again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382193] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to most Wiktionaries over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyage to Parsoid Read Views last year. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385923][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371640] * Developers of tools that run on-wiki should note that <code dir=ltr>mw.Uri</code> is deprecated. Tools requiring <code dir=ltr>mw.Uri</code> must explicitly declare <code dir=ltr>mediawiki.Uri</code> as a ResourceLoader dependency, and should migrate to the browser native <code dir=ltr>URL</code> API soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384515] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W08"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:17, 17 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28275610 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-09 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Cooler Heads Coalition]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:de:Cooler Heads Coalition]])&#32;([[:fr:Cooler Heads Coalition]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Cooler Heads Coalition''' is a politically conservative "informal and ad-hoc group" in the United States, financed and operated by the Competitive Enterprise Institute. The group, which rejects the scientific consensus on climate change, made efforts to stop the government from addressing climate change. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:23, 24 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28300238 --> == Tech News: 2025-09 == <section begin="technews-2025-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators can now customize how the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User language|Babel feature]] creates categories using [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Babel}}]]. They can rename language categories, choose whether they should be auto-created, and adjust other settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374348] * The <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikimedia.org/ wikimedia.org]</bdi> portal has been updated – and is receiving some ongoing improvements – to modernize and improve the accessibility of our portal pages. It now has better support for mobile layouts, updated wording and links, and better language support. Additionally, all of the Wikimedia project portals, such as <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://wikibooks.org wikibooks.org]</bdi>, now support dark mode when a reader is using that system setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373204][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368221][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Project_portals] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33965|Santali]] ([[wikt:sat:|<code>wikt:sat:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386619] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that prevented clicking on search results in the web-interface for some Firefox for Android phone configurations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381289] '''Meetings and events''' * The next Language Community Meeting is happening soon, February 28th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1740751200 14:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: highlights and technical updates on keyboard and tools for the Sámi languages, Translatewiki.net contributions from the Bahasa Lampung community in Indonesia, and technical Q&A. If you'd like to join, simply [[mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#28 February 2025|sign up on the wiki page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W09"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:42, 25 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28296129 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-10 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:pt:Transmissor de Ondas]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:en:Wave Transmitter]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Esq eletr transm ondas color.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Transmissor de Ondas''' é um equipamento precursor do rádio, desenvolvido por Roberto Landell de Moura na década de 1890, capaz de transmitir áudio via ondas eletromagnéticas, com sua primeira demonstração pública documentada tendo ocorrido no dia 16 de julho de 1899. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:49, 3 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28317097 --> == Tech News: 2025-10 == <section begin="technews-2025-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * All logged-in editors using the mobile view can now edit a full page. The "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}" link is accessible from the "{{int:minerva-page-actions-overflow}}" menu in the toolbar. This was previously only available to editors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|Advanced mobile contributions]] setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387180] * Interface administrators can now help to remove the deprecated Cite CSS code matching "<code dir="ltr">mw-ref</code>" from their local <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]</bdi>. The list of wikis in need of cleanup, and the code to remove, [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-ref%5B%5E-a-z%5D&regex=1&namespaces=8&title=.*css can be found with this global search] and in [https://ace.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Common.css&oldid=145662#L-139--L-144 this example], and you can learn more about how to help on the [[mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|CSS migration project page]]. The Cite footnote markers ("<code dir="ltr">[1]</code>") are now rendered by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]], and the deprecated CSS is no longer needed. The CSS for backlinks ("<code dir="ltr">mw:referencedBy</code>") should remain in place for now. This cleanup is expected to cause no visible changes for readers. Please help to remove this code before March 20, after which the development team will do it for you. * When editors embed a file (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[File:MediaWiki.png]]</nowiki></code>) on a page that is protected with cascading protection, the software will no longer restrict edits to the file description page, only to new file uploads.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24521] In contrast, transcluding a file description page (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{:File:MediaWiki.png}}</nowiki></code>) will now restrict edits to the page.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62109] * When editors revert a file to an earlier version it will now require the same permissions as ordinarily uploading a new version of the file. The software now checks for 'reupload' or 'reupload-own' rights,[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304474] and respects cascading protection.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140010] * When administrators are listing pages for deletion with the Nuke tool, they can now also list associated talk pages and redirects for deletion, alongside pages created by the target, rather than needing to manually delete these pages afterwards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T95797] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|previously noted]] update to Single User Login, which will accommodate browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies by moving login and account creation to a central domain, will now roll out to all users during March and April. The team plans to enable it for all new account creation on [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Tuesday|Group0]] wikis this week. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and an updated timeline. * Since last week there has been a bug that shows some interface icons as black squares until the page has fully loaded. It will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387351] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q2044560|Sylheti]] ([[w:syl:|<code>w:syl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386441] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed with loading images in very old versions of the Firefox browser on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386400] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W10"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:31, 4 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28334563 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-11 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:it:Smoky (mascotte olimpica)]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:en:Smoky (Olympic mascot)]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Smoky 1932 Olympic Village Mascot.webp|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Smoky''' (Los Angeles, 1931 o 1932 - Los Angeles, aprile 1934), occasionalmente scritto Smokey, è stato un cane che divenne la mascotte del villaggio olimpico estivo del 1932 e, successivamente, dell'evento generale. Pur non essendo oggi riconosciuto dal CIO, è stato, seppur non in modo ufficiale, la prima mascotte olimpica dei Giochi, oltre che a essere attualmente l'unica a essere stata un animale vero. Le successive edizioni non ebbero mascotte, dovendo aspettare i X Giochi olimpici invernali di Grenoble nel 1968 per ritrovarne una ufficialmente riconosciuta, lo sciatore stilizzato Schuss, allora non considerato ufficiale ma successivamente riconosciuto come tale. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:50, 10 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28317097 --> == Tech News: 2025-11 == <section begin="technews-2025-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors who use password managers at multiple wikis may notice changes in the future. The way that our wikis provide information to password managers about reusing passwords across domains has recently been updated, so some password managers might now offer you login credentials that you saved for a different Wikimedia site. Some password managers already did this, and are now doing it for more Wikimedia domains. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3 project]] which aims to improve how our unified login works, and to keep it compatible with ongoing changes to the web-browsers we use. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385520][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384844] * The Wikipedia Apps Team is inviting interested users to help improve Wikipedia’s offline and limited internet use. After discussions in [[m:Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]] and the last [[m:Special:MyLanguage/ESEAP Hub/Meetings|ESEAP call]], key challenges like search, editing, and offline access are being explored, with upcoming focus groups to dive deeper into these topics. All languages are welcome, and interpretation will be available. Want to share your thoughts? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Improving Wikipedia Mobile Apps for Offline & Limited Internet Use|Join the discussion]] or email <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">aramadan@wikimedia.org</bdi>! * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 19. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/33|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the launch of the Community Updates module, the most recent changes in Community Configuration, and the upcoming test of in-article suggestions for first-time editors. * An old API that was previously used in the Android Wikipedia app is being removed at the end of March. There are no current software uses, but users of the app with a version that is older than 6 months by the time of removal (2025-03-31), will no longer have access to the Suggested Edits feature, until they update their app. You can [[diffblog:2025/02/24/sunset-of-wikimedia-recommendation-api/|read more details about this change]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W11"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:10, 10 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28372257 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-12 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:pt:Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo]])&#32;([[:es:Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Frame A from Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''''Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo''''' (lit. 'Amazon: The Greatest River in the World') is a 1922 Brazilian silent documentary film produced in 1918 by Silvino Santos. It is a black-and-white film that portrays life in the Amazon rainforest. Completed in 1920, it is considered one of the oldest cinematic records of the Amazon. It was presumed lost in 1931 and only rediscovered in 2023 at the Czech Film Archive. Silvino Santos produced the work over three years using sophisticated cinematic techniques, which led it to be deemed of "immense artistic value" by Le Monde. It has also been described as the "Holy Grail of Brazilian silent cinema" by The Guardian. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:57, 17 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28392163 --> == Tech News: 2025-12 == <section begin="technews-2025-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Twice a year, around the equinoxes, the Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team performs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|a datacenter server switchover]], redirecting all traffic from one primary server to its backup. This provides reliability in case of a crisis, as we can always fall back on the other datacenter. [http://listen.hatnote.com/ Thanks to the Listen to Wikipedia] tool, you can hear the switchover take place: Before it begins, you'll hear the steady stream of edits; Then, as the system enters a brief read-only phase, the sound stops for a couple of minutes, before resuming after the switchover. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]]. If you want to keep an ear out for the next server switchover, listen to the wikis on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 March 19 at 14:00 UTC]. '''Updates for editors''' * The [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es improved Content Translation tool dashboard] is now available in [[phab:T387820|10 Wikipedias]] and will be available for all Wikipedias [[phab:T387821|soon]]. With [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|the unified dashboard]], desktop users can now: Translate new sections of an article; Discover and access topic-based [https://ig.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=ig&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits article suggestion filters] (initially available only for mobile device users); Discover and access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based & Community-defined lists|Community-defined lists]] filter, also known as "Collections", from wiki-projects and campaigns. * On Wikimedia Commons, a [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements#Improve category selection|new system to select the appropriate file categories]] has been introduced: if a category has one or more subcategories, users will be able to click on an arrow that will open the subcategories directly within the form, and choose the correct one. The parent category name will always be shown on top, and it will always be possible to come back to it. This should decrease the amount of work for volunteers in fixing/creating new categories. The change is also available on mobile. These changes are part of planned improvements to the UploadWizard. * The Community Tech team is seeking wikis to join a pilot for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] feature and a refreshed Special:Block page in late March. Multiblocks enables administrators to impose multiple different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. If you are an admin or steward and would like us to discuss joining the pilot with your community, please leave a message on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|project talk page]]. * Starting March 25, the Editing team will test a new feature for Edit Check at [[phab:T384372|12 Wikipedias]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi-check|Multi-Check]]. Half of the newcomers on these wikis will see all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Checks]] during their edit session, while the other half will continue seeing only one. The goal of this test is to see if users are confused or discouraged when shown multiple Reference Checks (when relevant) within a single editing session. At these wikis, the tags used on edits that show References Check will be simplified, as multiple tags could be shown within a single edit. Changes to the tags are documented [[phab:T373949|on Phabricator]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379131] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], which is a service for notifying users that their temporary user-rights are about to expire, now supports using the localized name of the user-rights group in the message heading. Translators can see the [[m:Global reminder bot/Translation|listing of existing translations and documentation]] to check if their language needs updating or creation. * The [[Special:GlobalPreferences|GlobalPreferences]] gender setting, which is used for how the software should refer to you in interface messages, now works as expected by overriding the local defaults. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386584] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:26}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:26|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Wikipedia App for Android had a bug fixed for when a user is browsing and searching in multiple languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379777] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Later this week, the way that Codex styles are loaded will be changing. There is a small risk that this may result in unstyled interface message boxes on certain pages. User generated content (e.g. templates) is not impacted. Gadgets may be impacted. If you see any issues [[phab:T388847|please report them]]. See the linked task for details, screenshots, and documentation on how to fix any affected gadgets. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W12"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:48, 17 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28412594 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-13 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Ali of the Eretnids]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:tr:Alaaddin Ali Bey]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Ala al-Din Ali''' (January 1353 – August 1380) was the third Sultan of the Eretnids ruling from 1366 until his death. He inherited the throne at a very early age and was removed from administrative matters. He was characterized as particularly keen on personal pleasures, which later discredited his authority. During his rule, emirs under the Eretnids enjoyed considerable autonomy, and the state continued to shrink as neighboring powers captured several towns. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:59, 24 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28433698 --> == Tech News: 2025-13 == <section begin="technews-2025-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is seeking your feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|drafts of the objectives and key results that will shape the Foundation's Product and Technology priorities]] for the next fiscal year (starting in July). The objectives are broad high-level areas, and the key-results are measurable ways to track the success of their objectives. Please share your feedback on the talkpage, in any language, ideally before the end of April. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] will be released to multiple wikis (see [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|deployment plan]] for details) in April 2025, and the team has begun the process of engaging communities on the identified wikis. The extension provides tools to organize, manage, and promote collaborative activities (like events, edit-a-thons, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. The extension has three tools: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation Lists]]. It is currently on 13 Wikipedias, including English Wikipedia, French Wikipedia, and Spanish Wikipedia, as well as Wikidata. Questions or requests can be directed to the [[mw:Help talk:Extension:CampaignEvents|extension talk page]] or in Phabricator (with <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;">#campaigns-product-team</bdi> tag). * Starting the week of March 31st, wikis will be able to set which user groups can view private registrants in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], as part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension. By default, event organizers and the local wiki admins will be able to see private registrants. This is a change from the current behavior, in which only event organizers can see private registrants. Wikis can change the default setup by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requesting a configuration change]] in Phabricator (and adding the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;">#campaigns-product-team</bdi> tag). Participants of past events can cancel their registration at any time. * Administrators at wikis that have a customized <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Sidebar]]</bdi> should check that it contains an entry for the {{int:specialpages}} listing. If it does not, they should add it using <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">* specialpages-url|specialpages</code>. Wikis with a default sidebar will see the link moved from the page toolbox into the sidebar menu in April. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388927] * The Minerva skin (mobile web) combines both Notice and Alert notifications within the bell icon ([[File:OOjs UI icon bell.svg|16px|link=|class=skin-invert]]). There was a long-standing bug where an indication for new notifications was only shown if you had unseen Alerts. This bug is now fixed. In the future, Minerva users will notice a counter atop the bell icon when you have 1 or more unseen Notices and/or Alerts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344029] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * VisualEditor has introduced a [[mw:VisualEditor/Hooks|new client-side hook]] for developers to use when integrating with the VisualEditor target lifecycle. This hook should replace the existing lifecycle-related hooks, and be more consistent between different platforms. In addition, the new hook will apply to uses of VisualEditor outside of just full article editing, allowing gadgets to interact with the editor in DiscussionTools as well. The Editing Team intends to deprecate and eventually remove the old lifecycle hooks, so any use cases that this new hook does not cover would be of interest to them and can be [[phab:T355555|shared in the task]]. * Developers who use the <code dir=ltr>mw.Api</code> JavaScript library, can now identify the tool using it with the <code dir=ltr>userAgent</code> parameter: <code dir=ltr>var api = new mw.Api( { userAgent: 'GadgetNameHere/1.0.1' } );</code>. If you maintain a gadget or user script, please set a user agent, because it helps with library and server maintenance and with differentiating between legitimate and illegitimate traffic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373874][https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Wikimedia_Foundation_User-Agent_Policy] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W13"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:43, 24 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28443127 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-14 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Chilembwe uprising]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Chilembwe supporters being led to be executed (cropped).jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Chilembwe uprising''' was a rebellion against British colonial rule in Nyasaland (modern-day Malawi) which took place in January 1915. It was led by John Chilembwe, an American-educated Baptist minister. Based around his church in the village of Mbombwe in the south-east of the colony, the leaders of the revolt were mainly from an emerging black middle class. They were motivated by grievances against the British colonial system, which included forced labour, racial discrimination and new demands imposed on the African population following the outbreak of World War I. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:52, 31 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28454663 --> == Tech News: 2025-14 == <section begin="technews-2025-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Editing team is working on a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Check|Edit check]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#26 March 2025|Peacock check]]. This check's goal is to identify non-neutral terms while a user is editing a wikipage, so that they can be informed that their edit should perhaps be changed before they publish it. This project is at the early stages, and the team is looking for communities' input: [[phab:T389445|in this Phabricator task]], they are gathering on-wiki policies, templates used to tag non-neutral articles, and the terms (jargon and keywords) used in edit summaries for the languages they are currently researching. You can participate by editing the table on Phabricator, commenting on the task, or directly messaging [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|Single User Login]] has now been updated on all wikis to move login and account creation to a central domain. This makes user login compatible with browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies, which have prevented users of some browsers from staying logged in. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting on March 31st, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin a limited release of generated OpenAPI specs and a SwaggerUI-based sandbox experience for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST APIs]]. They invite developers from a limited group of non-English Wikipedia communities (Arabic, German, French, Hebrew, Interlingua, Dutch, Chinese) to review the documentation and experiment with the sandbox in their preferred language. In addition to these specific Wikipedia projects, the sandbox and OpenAPI spec will be available on the [[testwiki:Special:RestSandbox|on the test wiki REST Sandbox special page]] for developers with English as their preferred language. During the preview period, the MediaWiki Interfaces Team also invites developers to [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|share feedback about your experience]]. The preview will last for approximately 2 weeks, after which the sandbox and OpenAPI specs will be made available across all wiki projects. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Sometimes a small, [[gerrit:c/operations/cookbooks/+/1129184|one line code change]] can have great significance: in this case, it means that for the first time in years we're able to run all of the stack serving <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[http://maps.wikimedia.org/ maps.wikimedia.org]</bdi> - a host dedicated to serving our wikis and their multi-lingual maps needs - from a single core datacenter, something we test every time we perform a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter switchover]]. This is important because it means that in case one of our datacenters is affected by a catastrophe, we'll still be able to serve the site. This change is the result of [[phab:T216826|extensive work]] by two developers on porting the last component of the maps stack over to [[w:en:Kubernetes|kubernetes]], where we can allocate resources more efficiently than before, thus we're able to withstand more traffic in a single datacenter. This work involved a lot of complicated steps because this software, and the software libraries it uses, required many long overdue upgrades. This type of work makes the Wikimedia infrastructure more sustainable. '''Meetings and events''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025]] is happening in Sandusky, USA, and online, from 14–16 May 2025. The workshop will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users. Registration and presentation signup is now available at the workshop's website. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W14"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:06, 1 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28473566 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-15 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:1930 Bago earthquake]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:my:၁၉၃၀ ပဲခူးငလျင်]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Thiao Mueang Phama (1955, p. 165).jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> An earthquake affected Myanmar on 5 May 1930 with a moment magnitude (Mw ) 7.4. The shock occurred 35 km (22 mi) beneath the surface with a maximum Rossi–Forel intensity of IX (Devastating tremor). The earthquake was the result of rupture along a 131 km (81 mi) segment of the Sagaing Fault—a major strike-slip fault that runs through the country. Extensive damage was reported in the southern part of the country, particularly in Bago and Yangon, where buildings collapsed and fires erupted. At least 550, and possibly up to 7,000 people were killed. A moderate tsunami struck the Burmese coast which caused minor damage to ships and a port. It was felt for over 570,000 km2 (220,000 sq mi) and as far as Shan State and Thailand. The mainshock was followed by many aftershocks; several were damaging. The December earthquake was similarly sized which also occurred along the Sagaing Fault. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:54, 7 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28454663 --> == Tech News: 2025-15 == <section begin="technews-2025-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * From now on, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface admins]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Central notice administrators|centralnotice admins]] are technically required to enable [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] before they can use their privileges. In the future this might be expanded to more groups with advanced user-rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150898] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Design System Team is preparing to release the next major version of Codex (v2.0.0) on April 29. Editors and developers who use CSS from Codex should see the [[mw:Codex/Release Timeline/2.0|2.0 overview documentation]], which includes guidance related to a few of the breaking changes such as <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">font-size</code>, <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">line-height</code>, and <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">size-icon</code>. * The results of the [[mw:Developer Satisfaction Survey/2025|Developer Satisfaction Survey (2025)]]  are now available. Thank you to all participants. These results help the Foundation decide what to work on next and to review what they recently worked on. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]] will take place in Istanbul, Turkey, between 2–4 May. Registration for attending the in-person event will close on 13 April. Before registering, please note the potential need for a [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkish-representations.en.mfa visa] or [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/visa-information-for-foreigners.en.mfa e-visa] to enter the country. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W15"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:53, 7 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28507470 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-16 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:pt:Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Museu de Zoologia da USP 02.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo''' (Portuguese: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, abbreviated MZUSP) is a public natural history museum located in the historic Ipiranga district of São Paulo, Brazil. The MZUSP is an educational and research institution that is part of the University of São Paulo. The museum began at the end of the 19th century as part of the Museu Paulista; in 1941, it moved into a dedicated building. In 1969 the museum became a part of the University of São Paulo, receiving its current name. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:27, 14 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28454663 --> == Tech News: 2025-16 == <section begin="technews-2025-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Later this week, the default thumbnail size will be increased from 220px to 250px. This changes how pages are shown in all wikis and has been requested by some communities for many years, but wasn't previously possible due to technical limitations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914] * File thumbnails are now stored in discrete sizes. If a page specifies a thumbnail size that's not among the standard sizes (20, 40, 60, 120, 250, 330, 500, 960), then MediaWiki will pick the closest larger thumbnail size but will tell the browser to downscale it to the requested size. In these cases, nothing will change visually but users might load slightly larger images. If it doesn't matter which thumbnail size is used in a page, please pick one of the standard sizes to avoid the extra in-browser down-scaling step. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Thumbnail_sizes][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914] '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Foundation are working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]] which will enable [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[:w:en:Denial-of-service attack|Distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is so that they can more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for. * To improve security for users, a small percentage of logins will now require that the account owner input a one-time password [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:EmailAuth|emailed to their account]]. It is recommended that you [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|check]] that the email address on your account is set correctly, and that it has been confirmed, and that you have an email set for this purpose. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390662] * "Are you interested in taking a short survey to improve tools used for reviewing or reverting edits on your Wiki?" This question will be [[phab:T389401|asked at 7 wikis starting next week]], on Recent Changes and Watchlist pages. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools team]] wants to know more about activities that involve looking at new edits made to your Wikimedia project, and determining whether they adhere to your project's policies. * On April 15, the full Wikidata graph will no longer be supported on <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]</bdi>. After this date, scholarly articles will be available through <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;">[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/ query-scholarly.wikidata.org]</bdi>, while the rest of the data hosted on Wikidata will be available through the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]</bdi> endpoint. This is part of the scheduled split of the Wikidata Graph, which was [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|announced in September 2024]]. More information is [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|available on Wikidata]]. * The latest quarterly [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter/First quarter of 2025|Wikimedia Apps Newsletter]] is now available. It covers updates, experiments, and improvements made to the Wikipedia mobile apps. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2025/April|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: an invitation for tool maintainers to attend the Toolforge UI Community Feedback Session on April 15th; recent community metrics; and recent technical blog posts. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.25|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W16"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:25, 15 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28540654 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-17 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Fear of crime]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:ar:الخوف من الجريمة]])&#32;([[:it:Criminofobia]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Fear of crime''' refers to the fear of being a victim of crime, which is not necessarily reflective of the actual probability of being such a victim. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:23, 21 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28559524 --> == Tech News: 2025-17 == <section begin="technews-2025-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] is now integrated with [[w:dag:Solɔɣu|Dagbani Wikipedia]] since April 15. It is the first project that will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in articles. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template. [https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status_updates/2025-04-16] * A new type of lint error has been created: [[Special:LintErrors/empty-heading|{{int:linter-category-empty-heading}}]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Lint errors/empty-heading|documentation]]). The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|Linter extension]]'s purpose is to identify wikitext patterns that must or can be fixed in pages and provide some guidance about what the problems are with those patterns and how to fix them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368722] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Following its publication on HuggingFace, the "Structured Contents" dataset, developed by Wikimedia Enterprise, is [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/kaggle-dataset/ now also available on Kaggle]. This Beta initiative is focused on making Wikimedia data more machine-readable for high-volume reusers. They are releasing this beta version in a location that open dataset communities already use, in order to seek feedback, to help improve the product for a future wider release. You can read more about the overall [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/#open-datasets Structured Contents project], and about the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-wikipedia-infobox/ first release that's freely usable]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings and events''' * The Editing and Machine Learning Teams invite interested volunteers to a video meeting to discuss [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]], which is the latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] that will detect "peacock" or "overly-promotional" or "non-neutral" language whilst an editor is typing. Editors who work with newcomers, or help to fix this kind of writing, or are interested in how we use artificial intelligence in our projects are encouraged to attend. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing team/Community Conversations#Next Conversation|meeting will be on April 28, 2025]] at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745863200 18:00–19:00 UTC] and hosted on Zoom. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W17"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:01, 21 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28578245 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-18 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Heritage preservation in South Korea]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Korean.Dance-03.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The heritage preservation system of South Korea is a multi-level program aiming to preserve and cultivate Korean cultural heritage. The program is administered by the Cultural Heritage Administration (CHA), and the legal framework is provided by the Cultural Heritage Protection Act of 1962, last updated in 2012. The program started in 1962 and has gradually been extended and upgraded since then. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 00:57, 28 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28583422 --> == Tech News: 2025-18 == <section begin="technews-2025-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Event organizers who host collaborative activities on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|multiple wikis]], including Bengali, Japanese, and Korean Wikipedias, will have access to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] this week. Also, admins in the Wikipedia where the extension is enabled will automatically be granted the event organizer right soon. They won't have to manually grant themselves the right before they can manage events as [[phab:T386861|requested by a community]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The release of the next major version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, is scheduled for 29 April 2025. Technical editors will have access to the release by the week of 5 May 2025. This update will include a number of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Breaking_changes|breaking changes]] and minor [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Visual_changes|visual changes]]. Instructions on handling the breaking and visual changes are documented on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release Timeline/2.0#|this page]]. Pre-release testing is reported in [[phab:T386298|T386298]], with post-release issues tracked in [[phab:T392379|T392379]] and [[phab:T392390|T392390]]. * Users of [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Wiki_Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will notice that the database views of <code dir="ltr">ipblocks</code>, <code dir="ltr">ipblocks_ipindex</code>, and <code dir="ltr">ipblocks_compat</code> are [[phab:T390767|now deprecated]]. Users can query the <code dir="ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_table|block]]</code> and <code dir="ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_target_table|block_target]]</code> new views that mirror the new tables in the production database instead. The deprecated views will be removed entirely from Wiki Replicas in June, 2025. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes an overview of the improved [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=es&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en#/ Content Translation Dashboard Tool], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Language Support for New and Existing Languages|support for new languages]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Wiki Loves Ramadan Articles Made In Content Translation Mobile Workflow|highlights from the Wiki Loves Ramadan campaign]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Languages Onboarding Experiment 2024 - Executive Summary|results from the Language Onboarding Experiment]], an analysis of topic diversity in articles, and information on upcoming community meetings and events. '''Meetings and events''' * The [[Special:MyLanguage/Grants:Knowledge_Sharing/Connect/Calendar|Let's Connect Learning Clinic]] will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745937000 April 29 at 14:30 UTC]. This edition will focus on "Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects". You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Learning Clinic %E2%80%93 Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects (Part_1)|register now]] to attend. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which brings the global technical community together to connect, brainstorm, and hack existing projects, will take place from May 2 to 4th, 2025, at Istanbul, Turkey. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W18"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:32, 28 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28585685 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-19 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Lhamana]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:We-Wa, a Zuni berdache, weaving - NARA - 523796 (cropped).jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Lhamana''', in traditional Zuni culture, are biologically male people who take on the social and ceremonial roles usually performed by women in their culture, at least some of the time. They wear a mixture of women's and men's clothing and much of their work is in the areas usually occupied by Zuni women. Some contemporary lhamana participate in the pan-Indian two-spirit community. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 07:28, 5 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28583422 --> == Tech News: 2025-19 == <section begin="technews-2025-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has shared the latest draft update to their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|annual plan]] for next year (July 2025–June 2026). This includes an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|executive summary]] (also on [[diffblog:2025/04/25/sharing-the-wikimedia-foundations-2025-2026-draft-annual-plan/|Diff]]), details about the three main [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals|goals]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Effectiveness|Effectiveness]]), [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Global Trends|global trends]], and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Budget Overview|budget]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Financial Model|financial model]]. Feedback and questions are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|talk page]] until the end of May. '''Updates for editors''' * For wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]], two new feature improvements have been released: ** Admins can now choose which namespaces are permitted for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] via [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Permitted namespaces|documentation]]). The default setup is for event registration to be permitted in the Event namespace, but other namespaces (such as the project namespace or WikiProject namespace) can now be added. With this change, communities like WikiProjects can now more easily use Event Registration for their collaborative activities. ** Editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Transclusion|transclude]] the Collaboration List on a wiki page ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Collaboration list/Transclusion|documentation]]). The Collaboration List is an automated list of events and WikiProjects on the wikis, accessed via {{#special:AllEvents}} ([[w:en:Special:AllEvents|example]]). Now, the Collaboration List can be added to all sorts of wiki pages, such as: a wiki mainpage, a WikiProject page, an affiliate page, an event page, or even a user page. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers who use the <code dir=ltr>moment</code> library in gadgets and user scripts should revise their code to use alternatives like the <code dir=ltr>Intl</code> library or the new <code dir=ltr>mediawiki.DateFormatter</code> library. The <code dir=ltr>moment</code> library has been deprecated and will begin to log messages in the developer console. You can see a global search for current uses, and [[phab:T392532|ask related questions in this Phabricator task]]. * Developers who maintain a tool that queries the Wikidata term store tables (<code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">wbt_*</code>) need to update their code to connect to a separate database cluster. These tables are being split into a separate database cluster. Tools that query those tables via the wiki replicas must be adapted to connect to the new cluster instead. [[wikitech:News/2025 Wikidata term store database split|Documentation and related links are available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390954] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.28|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on preparing to expand the deployment to additional wikis as soon as this week (starting May 6) and scaling up over the following weeks, plus exploring filtering and transforming source data. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W19"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:15, 6 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28665011 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-20 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:it:Gruppo del Sileno]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Parco3.JPG|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Sileno ed Egle con Mnasilo e Cromi''', meglio noto come Gruppo del Sileno, è un monumento in marmo di Carrara, realizzato da Jean-Baptiste Boudard nel 1765 per il Giardino Ducale di Parma; sostituito nel 1991 con una copia in polvere di marmo e resina, l'originale si trova provvisoriamente nel chiostro della Fontana del monastero di San Paolo, in attesa della definitiva collocazione prevista all'interno del palazzetto Eucherio Sanvitale nel parco Ducale. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:28, 12 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28709947 --> == Tech News: 2025-20 == <section begin="technews-2025-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|"Get shortened URL"]] link on the sidebar now includes a [[phab:T393309|QR code]]. Wikimedia site users can now use it by scanning or downloading it to quickly share and access shared content from Wikimedia sites, conveniently. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]], which will enable [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[w:en:Denial-of-service attack|distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is to help more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for. Tech News has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|previously written about this]]. The deployment will be gradual. Some might see the Edge Uniques cookie the week of 19 May. You can discuss this on the [[m:Talk:Edge Uniques|talk page]]. * Starting May 19, 2025, Event organisers in wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled can use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] in the project namespace (e.g., Wikipedia namespace, Wikidata namespace). With this change, communities don't need admins to use the feature. However, wikis that don't want this change can remove and add the permitted namespaces at [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/CampaignEvents]]. * The Wikipedia project now has a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q36720|Nupe]] ([[w:nup:|<code>w:nup:</code>]]). This is a language primarily spoken in the North Central region of Nigeria. Speakers of this language are invited to contribute to [[w:nup:Tatacin feregi|new Wikipedia]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers can now access pre-parsed Dutch Wikipedia, amongst others (English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese) through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/snapshot/#structured-contents-snapshot-bundle-info-beta Structured Contents snapshots (beta)]. The content includes parsed Wikipedia abstracts, descriptions, main images, infoboxes, article sections, and references. * The <code dir="ltr">/page/data-parsoid</code> REST API endpoint is no longer in use and will be deprecated. It is [[phab:T393557|scheduled to be turned off]] on June 7, 2025. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.1|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/2025_Cloud_VPS_VXLAN_IPv6_migration IPv6 support] is a newly introduced Cloud virtual network that significantly boosts Wikimedia platforms' scalability, security, and readiness for the future. If you are a technical contributor eager to learn more, check out [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/05/06/wikimedia-cloud-vps-ipv6-support/ this blog post] for an in-depth look at the journey to IPv6. '''Meetings and events''' * The 2nd edition of 2025 of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]], a virtual platform for African Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747328400 May 15 at 17:00 UTC]. This edition will focus on discussions regarding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|Wikimedia Annual planning and progress]]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MENA Connect Community Call|MENA Connect Community Call]], a virtual meeting for [[w:en:Middle East and North Africa|MENA]] Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747501200 May 17 at 17:00 UTC]. You can [[m:Event:MENA Connect (Wiki_Diwan) APP Call|register now]] to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W20"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:38, 12 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28714188 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-21 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Lorrin A. Thurston]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:fi:Lorrin Thurston]])&#32;([[:ko:로린 A. 서스턴]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Lorrinandrewsthurston1892.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Lorrin Andrews Thurston''' (July 31, 1858 – May 11, 1931) was a Hawaiian citizen lawyer, politician, and businessman. Thurston played a prominent role in the revolution that overthrew the Hawaiian Kingdom to replace Queen Liliʻuokalani with the Republic of Hawaii, with discreet US support for which Congress much later apologized. He published the Pacific Commercial Advertiser (a forerunner of the present-day Honolulu Star-Advertiser), and owned other enterprises. From 1906 to 1916, he and his network lobbied with national politicians to create a national park to preserve the Hawaiian volcanoes. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:33, 19 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28731710 --> == Tech News: 2025-21 == <section begin="technews-2025-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Peacock language model for the following languages: Arabic, Spanish, Portuguese, English, and Japanese. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check/model test|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on May 23, which will be the start date of the test. '''Updates for editors''' * From May 20, 2025, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Oversight policy|oversighters]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:CheckUsers|checkusers]] will need to have their accounts secured with two-factor authentication (2FA) to be able to use their advanced rights. All users who belong to these two groups and do not have 2FA enabled have been informed. In the future, this requirement may be extended to other users with advanced rights. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] will begin mass deployment by the end of the month: all non-Wikipedia projects plus Catalan Wikipedia will adopt Multiblocks in the week of May 26, while all other Wikipedias will adopt it in the week of June 2. Please [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|contact the team]] if you have concerns. Administrators can test the new user interface now on your own wiki by browsing to [{{fullurl:Special:Block|usecodex=1}} {{#special:Block}}?usecodex=1], and can test the full multiblocks functionality [[testwiki:Special:Block|on testwiki]]. Multiblocks is the feature that makes it possible for administrators to impose different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|help page]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121] * Later this week, the [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] listing of almost all special pages will be updated with a new design. This page has been [[phab:T219543|redesigned]] to improve the user experience in a few ways, including: The ability to search for names and aliases of the special pages, sorting, more visible marking of restricted special pages, and a more mobile-friendly look. The new version can be [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages previewed] at Beta Cluster now, and feedback shared in the task. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219543] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is being enabled on more wikis. For a detailed list of when the extension will be enabled on your wiki, please read the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|deployment timeline]]. * [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] will be deployed on May 27 on five Wiktionaries: [[wikt:ha:|Hausa]], [[wikt:ig:|Igbo]], [[wikt:bn:|Bengali]], [[wikt:ml:|Malayalam]], and [[wikt:dv:|Dhivehi/Maldivian]]. This is the second batch of deployment planned for the project. After deployment, the projects will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in their pages. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template. * Later this week, the Wikimedia Foundation will publish a hub for [[diffblog:2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/|experiments]]. This is to showcase and get user feedback on product experiments. The experiments help the Wikimedia movement [[diffblog:2023/07/13/exploring-paths-for-the-future-of-free-knowledge-new-wikipedia-chatgpt-plugin-leveraging-rich-media-social-apps-and-other-experiments/|understand new users]], how they interact with the internet and how it could affect the Wikimedia movement. Some examples are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Generated Video|generated video]], the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Roblox game|Wikipedia Roblox speedrun game]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Discord bot|the Discord bot]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with creating an account using the API, which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390751] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Gadgets and user scripts that interact with [[{{#special:Block}}]] may need to be updated to work with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|manage blocks interface]]. Please review the [[mw:Help:Manage blocks/Developers|developer guide]] for more information. If you need help or are unable to adapt your script to the new interface, please let the team know on the [[mw:Help talk:Manage blocks/Developers|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121] * The <code dir=ltr>mw.title</code> object allows you to get information about a specific wiki page in the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Lua|Lua]] programming language. Starting this week, a new property will be added to the object, named <code dir=ltr>isDisambiguationPage</code>. This property allows you to check if a page is a disambiguation page, without the need to write a custom function. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T71441] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] User script developers can use a [[toolforge:gitlab-content|new reverse proxy tool]] to load javascript and css from [[gitlab:|gitlab.wikimedia.org]] with <code dir=ltr>mw.loader.load</code>. The tool's author hopes this will enable collaborative development workflows for user scripts including linting, unit tests, code generation, and code review on <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">gitlab.wikimedia.org</bdi> without a separate copy-and-paste step to publish scripts to a Wikimedia wiki for integration and acceptance testing. See [[wikitech:Tool:Gitlab-content|Tool:Gitlab-content on Wikitech]] for more information. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The 12th edition of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Workshop 2025|Wiki Workshop 2025]], a forum that brings together researchers that explore all aspects of Wikimedia projects, will be held virtually on 21-22 May. Researchers can [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/wikiworkshop2025/ register now]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W21"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:13, 19 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28724712 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-22 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:it:Lamiera bugnata]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:en:Tread plate]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Diamond Plate.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> Una '''lamiera bugnata''' o mandorlata è una lamiera di metallo ottenuta dalla laminazione di una bramma attraverso rulli che, tramite punzonatura o goffratura, imprimono sulla lamina rilievi a forma di rombo o ellisse, detti bugne. Nel caso questi rilievi siano alternati singolarmente nei due assi, si parla di lamiera diamantata, mentre se le forme sono predisposte in maniera parallela per formare piccoli quadranti tra di loro tangenti, questo pattern viene identificato con il nome di mandorlato. We tend to ignore the fact that this type of plate is the only reason we don't slip when we walk on steel and wet or frozen surfaces. The Italian article it's short but quite complete, and has just the right amount of citations, unlike other poor languages' versions. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 06:03, 26 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28751788 --> == Tech News: 2025-22 == <section begin="technews-2025-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A community-wide discussion about a very delicate issue for the development of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]] is now open on Meta: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. The discussion is open until June 12 at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]], and every opinion is welcomed. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation. '''Updates for editors''' * Since last week, on all wikis except [[phab:T388604|the largest 20]], people using the mobile visual editor will have [[phab:T385851|additional tools in the menu bar]], accessed using the new <code>+</code> toolbar button. To start, the new menu will include options to add: citations, hieroglyphs, and code blocks. Deployment to the remaining wikis is [[phab:T388605|scheduled]] to happen in June. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##ifexist|#ifexist]]</code> parser function will no longer register a link to its target page. This will improve the usefulness of [[{{#special:WantedPages}}]], which will eventually only list pages that are the target of an actual red link. This change will happen gradually as the source pages are updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14019] * This week, the Moderator Tools team will launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], starting at Indonesian Wikipedia. This new filter highlights edits that are likely to be reverted. The goal is to help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic edits. Other wikis will benefit from this filter in the future. * Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. Readers of Catalan, Hebrew, and Italian Wikipedias and some sister projects will receive the change between May 21 and mid-June. Readers of other wikis will receive the change later. The goal is to encourage users to read the wikis more. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]]. * Some users of the Wikipedia Android app can use a new feature for readers, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|WikiGames]], a daily trivia game based on real historical events. The release has started as an A/B test, available to 50% of users in the following languages: English, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Newsletter|Newsletter extension]] that is available on MediaWiki.org allows the creation of [[mw:Special:Newsletters|various newsletters]] for global users. The extension can now publish new issues as section links on an existing page, instead of requiring a new page for each issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393844] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The previously deprecated <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Ipblocks table|ipblocks]]</code> views in [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will be removed in the beginning of June. Users are encouraged to query the new <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block table|block]]</code> and <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block target table|block_target]]</code> views instead. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects|Wikidata and Sister Projects]] is a multi-day online event that will focus on how Wikidata is integrated to Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia projects. The event runs from May 29 – June 1. You can [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects#Sessions|read the Program schedule]] and [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1291|register]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W22"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:05, 26 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28788673 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-23 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:it:Angelo azzurro (cocktail)]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:es:Ángel azul (cóctel)]])&#32;([[:fr:Ange bleu (cocktail)]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Angelo Azzurro Cocktail.png|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> L''''angelo azzurro''' è un cocktail alcolico italiano. È considerato uno dei cocktail più popolari in Italia negli anni novanta, insieme al B-52 e all'Invisibile. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 05:39, 2 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28788623 --> == Tech News: 2025-23 == <section begin="technews-2025-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Editors can use this new extension to create interactive data visualizations like bar, line, area, and pie charts. Charts are designed to replace many of the uses of the legacy [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]]. '''Updates for editors''' * It is now easier to configure automatic citations for your wiki within the visual editor's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]]. Administrators can now set a default template by using the <code dir=ltr>_default</code> key in the local <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json]]</bdi> page ([[mw:Special:Diff/6969653/7646386|example diff]]). Setting this default will also help to future-proof your existing configurations when [[phab:T347823|new item types]] are added in the future. You can still set templates for individual item types as they will be preferred to the default template. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384709] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting the week of June 2, bots logging in using <code dir=ltr>action=login</code> or <code dir=ltr>action=clientlogin</code> will fail more often. This is because of stronger protections against suspicious logins. Bots using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|bot passwords]] or using a loginless authentication method such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|OAuth]] are not affected. If your bot is not using one of those, you should update it; using <code dir=ltr>action=login</code> without a bot password was deprecated [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3EEMN7VQX5G7WMQI5K2GP5JC2336DPTD/|in 2016]]. For most bots, this only requires changing what password the bot uses. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395205] * From this week, Wikimedia wikis will allow ES2017 features in JavaScript code for official code, gadgets, and user scripts. The most visible feature of ES2017 is <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>async</code>/<code>await</code></bdi> syntax, allowing for easier-to-read code. Until this week, the platform only allowed up to ES2016, and a few months before that, up to ES2015. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381537] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Scholarship applications to participate in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025|GLAM Wiki Conference 2025]] are now open. The conference will take place from 30 October to 1 November, in Lisbon, Portugal. GLAM contributors who lack the means to support their participation can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025/Scholarships|apply here]]. Scholarship applications close on June 7th. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W23"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:55, 2 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28819186 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-24 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:fi:Kotiryssä]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:en:Kotiryssä]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> A '''kotiryssä''' (jocular Finnish: one’s home Russky or home Russian) was a Soviet or Russian contact person of a Finnish politician, bureaucrat, businessman or other important person. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:33, 9 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28788623 --> == Tech News: 2025-24 == <section begin="technews-2025-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product team]] is finalizing work needed to roll out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] on large Wikipedias later this month. The team has worked with stewards and other users with extended rights to predict and address many use cases that may arise on larger wikis, so that community members can continue to effectively moderate and patrol temporary accounts. This will be the second of three phases of deployment – the last one will take place in September at the earliest. For more information about the recent developments on the project, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|see this update]]. If you have any comments or questions, write on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|talk page]], and [[m:Event:CEE Catch up Nr. 10 (June 2025)|join a CEE Catch Up]] this Tuesday. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist expiry|watchlist expiry]] feature allows editors to watch pages for a limited period of time. After that period, the page is automatically removed from your watchlist. Starting this week, you can set a preference for the default period of time to watch pages. The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-watchlist-pageswatchlist|preferences]] also allow you to set different default watch periods for editing existing pages, pages you create, and when using rollback. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265716] [[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages will change at almost all Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|some]] have already received this design change, [[phab:T379264|a few]] will get these changes later). You can read details about the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392121] * Users with specific extended rights (including administrators, bureaucrats, checkusers, oversighters, and stewards) can now have IP addresses of all temporary accounts [[phab:T358853|revealed automatically]] during time-limited periods where they need to combat high-speed account-hopping vandalism. This feature was requested by stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386492] * This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to several more Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * AbuseFilter editors active on Meta-Wiki and large Wikipedias are kindly asked to update AbuseFilter to make it compatible with temporary accounts. A link to the instructions and the private lists of filters needing verification are [[phab:T369611|available on Phabricator]]. * Lua modules now have access to the name of a page's associated thumbnail image, and on [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/g/operations/mediawiki-config/+/2e4ab14aa15bb95568f9c07dd777065901eb2126/wmf-config/InitialiseSettings.php#10849 some wikis] to the WikiProject assessment information. This is possible using two new properties on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#added-by-extensions|mw.title objects]], named <code dir=ltr>pageImage</code> and <code dir=ltr>pageAssessments</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131911][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380122] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W24"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:17, 10 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28846858 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-25 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Future self]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:pl:Przyszła jaźń]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> In the psychology of self, the '''future self''' concerns the processes and consequences associated with thinking about oneself in the future. People think about their future selves similarly to how they think about other people. The extent to which people feel psychologically connected (e.g., similarity, closeness) to their future self influences how well they treat their future self. When people feel connected to their future self, they are more likely to save for retirement, make healthy decisions, and avoid ethical transgressions. Interventions that increase feelings of connectedness with future selves can improve future-oriented decision making across these domains. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:18, 16 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28788623 --> == Tech News: 2025-25 == <section begin="technews-2025-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * You can [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/359761?lang=en nominate your favorite tools] for the sixth edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Award]]. Nominations are anonymous and will be open until June 25. You can re-use the survey to nominate multiple tools. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.6|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Foundation staff and technical volunteers use Wikimedia APIs to build the tools, applications, features, and integrations that enhance user experiences. Over the coming years, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will be investing in Wikimedia web (HTTP) APIs to better serve technical volunteer needs and protect Wikimedia infrastructure from potential abuse. You can [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/06/12/apis-as-a-product-investing-in-the-current-and-next-generation-of-technical-contributors/ read more about their plans to evolve the APIs in this Techblog post]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W25"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:39, 16 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28870688 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-26 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Pictorial map]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:fa:نقشه تصویری]])&#32;([[:ja:絵地図]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Blake Britain Spearhead of Attack.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Pictorial maps''' (also known as illustrated maps, panoramic maps, perspective maps, bird's-eye view maps, and geopictorial maps) depict a given territory with a more artistic rather than technical style. It is a type of map in contrast to road map, atlas, or topographic map. The cartography can be a sophisticated 3-D perspective landscape or a simple map graphic enlivened with illustrations of buildings, people and animals. They can feature all sorts of varied topics like historical events, legendary figures or local agricultural products and cover anything from an entire continent to a college campus. Drawn by specialized artists and illustrators, pictorial maps are a rich, centuries-old tradition and a diverse art form that ranges from cartoon maps on restaurant placemats to treasured art prints in museums. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:18, 23 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28788623 --> == Tech News: 2025-26 == <section begin="technews-2025-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to the third and last batch of Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964] '''Updates for editors''' * Last week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] were rolled out on Czech, Korean, and Turkish Wikipedias. This and next week, deployments on larger Wikipedias will follow. [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Share your thoughts]] about the project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340001] * Later this week, the Editing team will release [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi check|Multi Check]] to all Wikipedias (except English Wikipedia). This feature shows multiple [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|Reference checks]] within the editing experience. This encourages users to add citations when they add multiple new paragraphs to a Wikipedia article. This feature was previously available as an A/B test. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/multi_check_ab_test_report_final.html#summary-of-results The test shows] that users who are shown multiple checks are 1.3 times more likely to add a reference to their edit, and their edit is less likely to be reverted (-34.7%). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395519] * A few pages need to be renamed due to software updates and to match more recent Unicode standards. All of these changes are related to title-casing changes. Approximately 71 pages and 3 files will be renamed, across 15 wikis; the complete list is in [[phab:T396903|the task]]. The developers will rename these pages next week, and they will fix redirects and embedded file links a few minutes later via a system settings update. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that had caused pages to scroll upwards when text near the top was selected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364023] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Editors can now use Lua modules to filter and transform tabular data for use with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Extension:Chart]]. This can be used for things like selecting a subset of rows or columns from the source data, converting between units, statistical processing, and many other useful transformations. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Transforms|Information on how to use transforms is available]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates] * The <code dir=ltr>all_links</code> variable in [[Special:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] is now renamed to <code dir=ltr>new_links</code> for consistency with other variables. Old usages will still continue to work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391811] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/34|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the recent updates for the "Add a Link" Task, two new Newcomer Engagement Features, and updates to Community Configuration. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W26"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:21, 23 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28870688 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-27 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Queen Elizabeth University Hospital]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:QEUH.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Queen Elizabeth University Hospital''' (QEUH) is a 1,677-bed acute hospital located in Govan, in the south-west of Glasgow, Scotland. The hospital is built on the site of the former Southern General Hospital and opened at the end of April 2015. The hospital comprises a 1,109-bed adult hospital, a 256-bed children's hospital and two major Emergency Departments; one for adults and one for children. There is also an Immediate Assessment Unit for local GPs and out-of-hours services, to send patients directly, without having to be processed through the Emergency Department. The retained buildings from the former Southern General Hospital include the Maternity Unit, the Institute of Neurological Sciences, the Langlands Unit for medicine of the elderly and the laboratory. The whole facility is operated by NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, and is one of the largest acute hospital campuses in Europe. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:05, 30 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28788623 --> == Tech News: 2025-27 == <section begin="technews-2025-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled on all Wikipedias. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|Deployment information page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * AbuseFilter maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:IPReputation/AbuseFilter variables|match against IP reputation data]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilters]]. IP reputation data is information about the proxies and VPNs associated with the user's IP address. This data is not shown publicly and is not generated for actions performed by registered accounts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354599] * Hidden content that is within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Collapsible elements|collapsible parts of wikipages]] will now be revealed when someone searches the page using the web browser's "Find in page" function (Ctrl+F or ⌘F) in supporting browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327893][https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Reference/Global_attributes/hidden#browser_compatibility] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new feature, called [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery|Favourite Templates]], will be deployed later this week on all projects (except English Wikipedia, which will receive the feature next week), following a piloting phase on Polish and Arabic Wikipedia, and Italian and English Wikisource. The feature will provide a better way for new and experienced contributors to recall and discover templates via the template dialog, by allowing users to put templates on a special "favourite list". The feature works with both the visual editor and the wikitext editor. The feature is a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|community wishlist focus area]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that had caused some Notifications to be sent multiple times. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397103] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.8|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W27"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:41, 30 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28917415 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-28 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Non-constituency Member of Parliament]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> A '''Non-constituency Member of Parliament''' (NCMP) is a member of an opposition political party in Singapore who, as stipulated in Article 39 of the Constitution and the Parliamentary Elections Act, is declared to have been elected a Member of Parliament (MP) without constituency representation, despite having lost in a general election, by virtue of having been one of the opposition candidates with the highest vote shares among the unelected. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:10, 7 July 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28788623 --> == Tech News: 2025-28 == <section begin="technews-2025-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Temporary accounts|Temporary accounts]] have been rolled out on 18 large and medium-sized Wikipedias, including German, Japanese, French, and Chinese. Now, about 1/3 of all logged-out activity across wikis is coming from temporary accounts. Users involved in patrolling may be interested in two new documentation pages: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Access to IP|Access to IP]], explaining everything related to access to temporary account IP addresses, and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Repository|Repository]] with a list of new gadgets and user scripts. '''Updates for editors''' * Anyone can play an experimental new game, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|WikiRun]], that lets you race through Wikipedia by clicking from one article to another, aiming to reach a target page in as few steps and in as little time as possible. The project's goal is to explore new ways of engaging readers. [https://wikirun-game.toolforge.org/ Try playing the game] and let the team know what you think [[mw:Talk:New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|on the talk page]]. * Users of the Wikipedia Android app in some languages can now play the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|trivia game]]. ''Which came first?'' is a simple history game where you guess which of two events happened earlier on today's date. It was previously available as an A/B test. It is now available to all users in English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Arabic, Turkish, and Chinese. The goal of the feature is to help engage with new generations of readers. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22] * Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in some languages may see a new tabbed browsing feature that enables you to open multiple tabs while reading. This feature makes it easier to explore related topics and switch between articles. The A/B test is currently running in Arabic, English, and Japanese in selected regions. More details are available on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)|Tabbed Browsing project page]]. * Bureaucrats on Wikimedia wikis can now use [[{{#special:VerifyOATHForUser}}]] to check if users have enabled [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265726] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed later this week to all Wikimedia projects: a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Template categories|template category browser]] will be introduced to assist users in finding templates to put in their “favourite” list. The browser will allow users to browse a list of templates which have been organised into a given category tree. The feature has been requested by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Select templates by categories|through the Community Wishlist]]. * It is now possible to access watchlist preferences from the watchlist page. Also the redundant button to edit the watchlist has been removed. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Watchlist] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of [[mw:MediaWiki_1.44|MediaWiki 1.44]] there is now a unified built-in Notifications system that makes it easier for developers to send, manage, and customize notifications. Check out the updated documentation at [[mw:Manual:Notifications|Manual:Notifications]], information about migration in [[phab:T388663|T388663]] and details on deprecated hooks in [[phab:T389624|T389624]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.9|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WikidataCon 2025|WikidataCon 2025]], the conference dedicated to Wikidata is now open for [https://pretalx.com/wikidatacon-2025/cfp session proposals] and for [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1340|registration]]. This year's event will be held online from October 31 – November 02 and will explore on the theme of "Connecting People through Linked Open Data". '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W28"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:06, 8 July 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28930584 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-29 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Immunolabeling]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Immunolabeling process image.png|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Immunolabeling''' is a biochemical process that enables the detection and localization of an antigen to a particular site within a cell, tissue, or organ. Antigens are organic molecules, usually proteins, capable of binding to an antibody. These antigens can be visualized using a combination of antigen-specific antibody as well as a means of detection, called a tag, that is covalently linked to the antibody <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> ---[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 13:44, 14 July 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28945528 --> == Tech News: 2025-29 == <section begin="technews-2025-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Featured templates|Featured templates]], a new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed this week to all Wikimedia projects: With this feature, editors will be able to quickly access a list of templates that are likely to be useful. These templates will be displayed in a list, under the "featured" tab of the template discovery interface. Administrators can define the list via the Community Configuration interface. The feature fulfills a request by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Easy access Templates|through the Community Wishlist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367428][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392896] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the request to add Malayalam fonts in the [[oldWikisource:Special:MyLanguage/Wikisource:WS Export|Wikisource Book Export Tool]] was resolved and now, the rendering of Malayalam letters in exported Wikisource books are accurate. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374457] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.10|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Developers, designers, and all Wikimedians are invited to [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/7953/ submit a project idea] for the Wikimania Hackathon 2025. Read [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/30/call-for-projects-wikimania-hackathon-2025-is-coming-to-nairobi/ this Diff blog post] for more details. '''Meetings and events''' * [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2025|WikiIndaba 2025]] scholarship application and program submission is open until 23:59 GMT on July 20. WikiIndaba is a regional conference for African Wikimedians both on the continent and in the diaspora to unite and grow together. Submit [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdJTv68R1OPASXXDfpIl8EWiMLTM-TDwh6_5gNVvFuWccFZ2Q/viewform your scholarship application] and [https://ee.kobotoolbox.org/x/BI3omIfH program proposal] now! * [https://br.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiCon_Brasil_2025 WikiCon Brasil 2025] will take place on July 19-20 in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The Brazilian community members are encouraged to register and attend! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W29"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:10, 14 July 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28980963 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-30 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Vespa analis]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Plumpy hornet on the ground - 1.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''''Vespa analis''''', the yellow-vented hornet, is a species of common hornet found in Southeast Asia <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:28, 21 July 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28984647 --> == Tech News: 2025-30 == <section begin="technews-2025-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Translation Suggestions feature in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content Translation tool]] now has another level of article filters added to the "[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=fi#/ ... More]" category. Translators who use the Suggestions feature can now select and receive article suggestions that are customized to geographical locations of their interest using the new "{{int:Cx-sx-suggestions-filters-tab-regions}}" filter. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T113257] * Administrators can now limit "Add a Link" to newcomers. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|"Add a Link"]] Structured Task [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Constructive activation experimentation#Enwiki A/B test & "Add a Link" Improvements (Wiki Experiences 1.2.11 & 1.2.16)|helps new account holders start editing]], but some communities have requested the ability to restrict it to its intended audience: newcomers. Administrators can configure this setting within the [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/GrowthSuggestedEdits|Community Configuration]] feature. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * For AbuseFilter editors on [[phab:T392144|some wikis]], it is now possible to filter edits based on the RevertRisk score of the edit being attempted. It is only populated if the action being evaluated is an edit. For more information, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ORES/AbuseFilter variables#What variables are available for use|ORES/AbuseFilter variables]] documentation. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Cluster|Beta Cluster]] wikis have [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/YDABPV75LADRQCXMJAFWUP256N4EQ25B/|been moved]] from <code dir=ltr>beta.wmflabs.org</code> to <code dir=ltr>beta.wmcloud.org</code>. Users may need to update URLs in any tools, or in their password managers. Any related issues can be [[phab:T289318|reported in the task]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiCite 2025|WikiCite 2025]] will take place from 29–31 August, both online and in-person in Bern, Switzerland. The event's goals are to reconnect communities, institutions, and individuals working with open citations, bibliographic data, and the Wikidata/Wikibase ecosystem. Registration is open and the call for proposals will be announced soon. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/message/KQZUG3ETKLBWPBYSB2YAWZIRPWHS24TG/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W30"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:43, 21 July 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29005283 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-31 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Fernando de Noronha Marine National Park]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:pt:Parque Nacional Marinho de Fernando de Noronha]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Baía dos Porcos - Fernando de Noronha (32811749914).jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Fernando de Noronha Marine National Park''' (Portuguese: Parque Nacional Marinho de Fernando de Noronha) is a national park in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:40, 28 July 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=29047614 --> == Tech News: 2025-31 == <section begin="technews-2025-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Community Tech team will be focusing on wishes related to Watchlists and Recent Changes pages, over the next few months. They are looking for feedback. Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#July 24, 2025: Watchlists and Recent Changes pages|read the latest update]], and if you have ideas, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|submit a wish]] on the topic. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Commons community has decided to block [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Upload dialog|cross-wiki uploads]] to Wikimedia Commons, for all users without autoconfirmed rights on that wiki, starting on August 16. This is because of [[:c:Commons:Cross-wiki media upload tool/History|widespread problems]] related to files that are uploaded by newcomers. Users who are affected by this will get an error message with a link to the less restrictive UploadWizard on Commons. Please help translating the [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki:Abusefilter-disallowed-cross-wiki-upload|message]] or give feedback on the message text. Please also update your local help pages to explain this restriction. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370598] * On wikis with temporary accounts enabled and Meta-Wiki, administrators may now set up a footer for the Special:Contributions pages of temporary accounts, similar to those which can be shown on IP and user-account pages. They may do it by creating the page named <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Sp-contributions-footer-temp</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398347] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] will run from August 6–9. The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ program is available] for you to plan which sessions you want to attend. Most sessions will be live-streamed, with exceptions for those that show the "no camera" icon. If you are joining online to watch live-streams and use the interactive features, please [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|register]] for a free virtual ticket. For example, you may be interested in technical sessions such as: ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KFEFVG/ Temporary Accounts: Enhancing privacy for our unregistered editors] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TVCVAB/ Building a Sustainable Future for Wikimedia Contributors] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/WTRQCJ/ A dozen visions for wikitext!] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/8YKKP9/ Coordinate Across Stakeholders with the Product and Technology Advisory Council] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Fall 2025]] will be held 28–30 October 2025 in Hanover, Germany. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W31"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:27, 29 July 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29051727 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-32 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Xie Zhiliu]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Xie Zhiliu''' (Chinese: 谢稚柳; 1910–1997) was a leading traditional painter, calligrapher, and art connoisseur of modern China. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:21, 4 August 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=29077280 --> == Tech News: 2025-32 == <section begin="technews-2025-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors can now enable the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info card]]. This feature adds an icon next to usernames on history pages and similar user-contribution log pages. When you tap or click on the icon, it displays data related to that user account such as the number of edits, reverted edits, blocks, and more. It's part of a broader project to make it easier for moderators to evaluate account trustworthiness. The feature can be enabled in [[testwiki:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|your global preferences]], and later this week it will be available in local preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386439] * Everybody is invited to share comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative Contributions]], a project recently launched by the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team|Connection team]]. The project aims to create a new way to display the impact of collaborative editing activities (such as edit-a-thons, backlog drives, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. Post your comments on the [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378035] * Administrators can now define the default block duration for temporary accounts. To do that, they need to create a page named <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Ipb-default-expiry-temporary-account</code> and use a value defined in <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Ipboptions</code>. This allows administrators to easily block temporary accounts for 90 days, which is functionally equivalent to an indefinite block. The advantage of this solution is that it does not clutter Special:BlockList. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block and unblock#Default block duration options|More documentation]] is available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398626] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Gadgets can now include <code dir=ltr>.vue</code> files. This makes it easier to develop modern user interfaces using [[mw:Vue.js|Vue.js]], in particular using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the official design system of Wikimedia. [[wmdoc:codex/latest/icons/overview.html|Codex icons]] can be loaded through the gadget definition. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Pages|The documentation]] has examples. For user scripts that use Vue.js, an [[mw:API:CodexIcons|API module]] now exists to load Codex icons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340460][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311099] * Module developers can now use a [[mw:Help:Extension:Translate/Message Bundles/Lua reference|Lua interface]] to simplify the preparation of Lua modules for translation on Meta-Wiki. This improvement makes it easier for translators to find and edit module strings without dealing with raw Lua code. It helps prevent mistakes that could break the module during translation. Module developers and translators are invited to [[commons:File:Translatable modules video demo July 2025.webm|watch the demo video]], read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translatable modules|translatable modules]] to understand how it works, refer to Meta-Wiki's [[m:Module:User Wikimedia project|Module:User Wikimedia project]] for example usage, and [[mw:Talk:Translatable modules|share their feedback]] on how well it addresses the challenges in their workflow. The interface still has some performance issues, so it should not be used in widely used modules yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359918] * Developers of external tools that connect to Wikimedia pages must set a user-agent that complies with [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|the user-agent policy]]. This policy will start to be more strongly enforced in August because of external crawlers that are [[diffblog:2025/04/01/how-crawlers-impact-the-operations-of-the-wikimedia-projects/|overusing]] Wikimedia's resources. Tools that are hosted on Wikimedia's Toolforge or Cloud VPS will not be affected by this for now, but should still set a user-agent. [[phab:T400119|More technical details are available]], and related questions are welcome in that task. * Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to some smaller Wikipedias over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyages and Wiktionaries to Parsoid Read Views. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/profile/7694/] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] will run from August 6–9. The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ program is available] for you to plan which sessions you want to attend. Most sessions will be live-streamed, with exceptions for those that show the "no camera" icon. If you are joining online to watch live-streams and use the interactive features, please [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|register]] for a free virtual ticket. For example, you may be interested in technical sessions such as: ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/GEH9DH/ Wikimedia’s knowledge infrastructure in a changing internet: Establishing sustainable pathways for content reuse] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/7ELN9Q/ Wikifunctions is coming soon to a wiki near you!] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/ZMGVJV/ Shaping the Future of Wikipedia’s Reader Experience] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KCKTFZ/ Making Wikipedia More Readable: What Comes Next] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W32"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:41, 5 August 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29083927 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-33 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Lethocerus patruelis]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Lethocerus patruelis.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''''Lethocerus patruelis''''' is a giant water bug in the family Belostomatidae. It is native to southeastern Europe, through Southwest Asia, to Pakistan, India and Burma. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:20, 11 August 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=29085671 --> == Tech News: 2025-33 == <section begin="technews-2025-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The WikiEditor toolbar now includes [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|its keyboard shortcuts]] in the tooltips for its buttons. This will help to improve the discoverability of this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400583] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] published a set of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|proposed experiments]] the Wikimedia Foundation can try to improve communication with community. Feedback on the proposals are welcomed until August 22 on [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|this talk page]]. * The search bar on the Minerva skin (mobile) has been updated to use the same type-ahead search component that is used on the Vector 2022 skin. There are no changes in search functionality but there are minor visual changes. Specifically, the close-search button has been changed from an "X" to a back arrow. This helps to distinguish it from the other "X" button that is used to clear any text. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393944] * Editors on some wikis will see a new toggle for "Group results by page" on watchlist, related changes, and recent changes pages. This is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment|an A/B experiment]] that is planned to start on August 11, and will run for 3–6 weeks on the Bengali, Chinese, Czech, French, Greek, Portuguese, and Urdu Wikipedias. The experiment will examine how making this feature more discoverable might affect editors' ability to find the edits they are looking for. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The multiwiki datasets of [[:wikt:en:Module:Unicode data|Unicode data]] have been moved to [[c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|Category:Unicode Module Datasets]] on Wikimedia Commons, to follow the idea of "One common data source, multiple local wikis". Most wikis have been updated to use the Commons version. You can ask questions at [[c:Category talk:Unicode Module Datasets|the talkpage]]. [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Module_talk:Unicode_data#Data_from_commons] * Lua code can add warnings when something is wrong, by using the <code dir=ltr>mw.addWarning()</code> function. It is now possible to add more than one warning, instead of new warnings replacing old ones. If you maintain a Lua module that used warnings, you should check it still works as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398390] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W33"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:30, 11 August 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29106516 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-34 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Ikiza]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:CIA map of Burundi and surrounding countries during 1972 killings.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Ikiza''' (variously translated from Kirundi as the Catastrophe, the Great Calamity, and the Scourge), or the Ubwicanyi (Killings), was a series of mass killings—often characterised as a genocide—which were committed in Burundi in 1972 by the Tutsi-dominated army and government, primarily against educated and elite Hutus who lived in the country. Conservative estimates place the death toll of the event between 100,000 and 150,000 killed, while some estimates of the death toll go as high as 300,000. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:43, 18 August 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=29115447 --> == Tech News: 2025-34 == <section begin="technews-2025-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Later this week, people who are logged-in and have the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|Discussion tools]]" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] enabled will gain the ability to "Thank" individual comments directly from talk pages, rather than needing to navigate to page history. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Comment actions|Learn more about this feature]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400849] * An A/B test comparing two versions of the desktop donate link launched on testwiki on 12 August and on English Wikipedia 14 August for 0.1% of logged out users on the desktop site. The experiment will run for three weeks, ending on 12 September. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395716] * An A/A test to measure the baseline for reader retention was launched 12 August using [[wikitech:Experimentation Lab|Experimentation Lab]]. This measures the percentage of users who revisit a wiki after their initial visit over a 14-day period. No visual changes are expected. The experiment will run through 31 August. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399227] * Five new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/en}} in [[d:Q34057|Tagalog]] ([[s:tl:|<code>s:tl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388639] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/en}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[s:mad:|<code>s:mad:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391747] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q3450749|Rakhine]] ([[w:rki:|<code>w:rki:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392490] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikibooks/en}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[b:min:|<code>b:min:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395452] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q7598268|Standard Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[wikt:zgh:|<code>wikt:zgh:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399684] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:46}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:46|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W34"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:39, 19 August 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29127690 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-35 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Corallite]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) - ZooKeys-227-001-g004.jpeg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> A '''corallite''' is the skeletal cup, formed by an individual stony coral polyp, in which the polyp sits and into which it can retract. The cup is composed of aragonite, a crystalline form of calcium carbonate, and is secreted by the polyp. Corallites vary in size, but in most colonial corals they are less than 3 mm (0.12 in) in diameter. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:18, 25 August 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=29115447 --> == Tech News: 2025-35 == <section begin="technews-2025-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template authors can now use additional CSS properties, since the CSS sanitizer used by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] was updated. For example: <code>width: fit-content</code>; <code>ruby-align</code>; relative units such as <code>lh</code>; and custom strings in <code>list-style-type</code>. These improvements are a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Allow use of modern CSS in templates by updating the TemplateStyles CSS sanitizer|Community Wishlist wish]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277755][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293633][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295088][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326906][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340057][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360725][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371809][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375344][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T394619] * On large wikis, the default time period to display edits from, within the Special:RecentChanges page, has been changed from 7 days to 1 day. This is part of a performance improvement project. This should have no user-facing impact due to the quantity of edits on these wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399455] * Administrators can now access the [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] page from the [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}]] list page. This makes it easier to find. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393240] * Wikimedia Commons videos were not shown in the Videos tab in Google Search. The problem was investigated and reported to Google who have now fixed the issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396168][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/Wishes/Do_something_about_Google_%26_DuckDuckGo_search_not_indexing_media_files_and_categories_on_Commons] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[wikt:bew:|<code>wikt:bew:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402130] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:39}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:39|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Two fields of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Recentchanges table|recentchanges database table]] are being removed. <code>rc_new</code> and <code>rc_type</code> are being removed in favor of <code>rc_source</code>. Queries to these older fields will start to fail starting this week and developers should use <code>rc_source</code> instead. These older fields were deprecated over 10 years ago and should not be in use. This is part of work to improve the performance and stability of queries to the recentchanges table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400696] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/July|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: support for new languages in MediaWiki and translatewiki; the start of the Language Onboarding and Development project to help support the growth of new and small wikis; updates on research projects; and more. '''Meetings and events''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#29 August 2025|Language Community Meeting]] is happening soon, August 29th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1756479600 15:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: the Avro keyboard developers from Wikimedia Bangladesh, who were recently awarded a national award for their contributions to this keyboard; and other topics. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W35"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:13, 26 August 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29175124 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-36 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Diksam Plateau]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Dixam plateau (6407168437).jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Diksam Plateau''' or Dixam Plateau (Arabic: دكسم) is a limestone plateau in Socotra, Yemen. The Firmihin forest, located east of the Dirhur canyon within the plateau, has the highest concentration of Dragon's Blood Trees on the entire island. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:40, 1 September 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=29195081 --> == Tech News: 2025-36 == <section begin="technews-2025-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing team wants to compile a list of templates, jargon terms, and policies used in edit summaries when a copyright violation is removed. This will help them identify the number of edits reverted due to copyright issues. We invite community members from the following Wikis to list these terms in [[Phab:T402601|T402601]], or to share their list with [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]]: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-plwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}. This project is open until September 9th 2025. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled for all Wikisources. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the Deployment information page. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#How_to_Request_the_CampaignEvents_Extension_for_your_wiki] * The lists in the footer of the editing interface, such as "Templates used on this page," will now be organized into columns when there is enough space. This enhancement minimizes scrolling when editing lengthy articles on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401066] * On September 3rd, 2025 we will increase the sampling percentages of our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment#Scope of the experiment|group by toggle experiment]] of the <code>Special:RecentChanges</code>, <code>Special:Watchlist</code>, and <code>Special:RelatedChanges</code> pages on the Chinese, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias to 100 percent, allowing more editors to be part of this experiment. This adjustment is intended to ensure we have sufficient data to make informed decisions when evaluating the experiment results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789] * Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading on English Wikipedia beginning the week of September 22. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. All non-English wikis received this change in June and July. The goal is to make it easier for users to find articles. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Wikifunctions now has a new capability called "lightweight enumeration types", an enumeration type is simply a fixed set of values that's in the type's definition. This capability makes it quick and easy to define such a type, and allows for the reuse of values that are already present in Wikidata. Here is [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-19|a newsletter]] to learn more. * The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Newsletter updates#August 2025: Newsletter #1|Readers Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: the formation of two new teams — Reader Growth and Reader Experience; insights into declining pageviews and account creations; highlights from the Wikimania Nairobi panel on improving the reading experience; upcoming experiments to engage new and existing readers; and more. '''Meetings and events''' * Spotlight on some Wikimania 2025 Sessions: ** Identifying AI-generated text by searching for ISBNs whose checksums fail: Mathias Schindler of WMDE [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw9o8Lsl974&t=15910s shared tools to help communities search for these]. ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TCHZKH/ La durabilité du mouvement Wikimedia face aux défis actuels et futurs]: This session explored how Wikimedia can stay a trusted source of knowledge in the age of generative AI, information overload, and disinformation. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W36"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:51, 1 September 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29196010 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-37 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:it:Ttongsul]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:ja:トンスル]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Ttongsul (imitation).jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> Il '''ttongsul''' (똥술), o vino di feci, è una tradizionale preparazione medicinale coreana con gradazione alcolica al 9% a base di feci, solitamente umane e preferibilmente di bambino. Nato probabilmente traendo spunto dalla medicina tradizionale cinese, nelle credenze popolari il vino di feci avrebbe proprietà benefiche per molti tipi di malesseri: sarebbe un rimedio per dolori muscolari, ustioni, infiammazioni, epilessia e fratture ossee. Sebbene alcuni media occidentali abbiano in passato riportato che questa bevanda sia diffusa tra la popolazione coreana, al giorno d'oggi un numero molto limitato di persone ne fa uso, dopo aver subito un declino di popolarità nei secoli scorsi, tanto che la maggioranza dei giovani coreani non ne ha mai sentito parlare. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:28, 8 September 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=29195081 --> == Tech News: 2025-37 == <section begin="technews-2025-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing team is working on a new check: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Paste check|Paste check]]. This check informs newcomers who paste text into Wikipedia that the content might not be accepted. This check is an effort to increase the likelihood that the new content people are adding to Wikipedia is aligned with the Movement's commitment to offering information under a free content license. This check will soon be tested at a few wikis. If your community is interested in this test, please [[phab:T403680|tell us in this task]], or [[mw:Talk:Edit check|contact the team]]. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will be able to use a [[w:en:Lint (software)|linting tool]] to see errors or other potential problems in wikitext in real time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|help page for more information]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381577] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] When browsing a wiki (like <code dir=ltr>en.wikipedia.org</code>), the software responds in one of two ways: a desktop page, or a redirect to a mobile version on an "m" domain (like <code dir=ltr>en.m.wikipedia.org</code>). Over the next three weeks, MediaWiki will start displaying the mobile version to mobile devices directly on the standard domain, without this redirect. This change does not affect existing m-dot URLs, or the "Desktop view" opt-out. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998] * When an edit changes the categories of a page, the changes to the category membership counts are now happening asynchronously. This improves the speed of saving edits, especially when moving many pages to or from the same category, and reduces the risk of site outages, but it means that the counts can show outdated information for a few minutes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365303] * Edits on Wikidata to qualifiers (properties and values) and references (properties and values) in a Wikidata item statement will now not add entries to the RecentChanges or Watchlist pages on all other Wikis. This is a temporary change to improve performance while other solutions are created. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: Turn off (temporarily) Qualifiers and References Wikidata edits to the Recent Changes tables|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401286][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400698] * Japanese-language wikis have had a major upgrade to the way that search works. The new search should generally give more accurate and more relevant search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318269] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W37"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:15, 9 September 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29238161 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-38 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Pak Kum-chol]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Pak Kum-chol in 1961 (cropped).jpg|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Pak Kum-chol''' was a North Korean politician. Having been a guerrilla during the anti-Japanese struggle, he became a high-ranking politician after the liberation of Korea. Pak aligned himself with his former guerrilla brothers in arms from the Kapsan Operation Committee to form a faction within the ruling Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) called the "Kapsan faction". This faction sought to replace Kim Il Sung with Pak. Kim retaliated by purging the faction in 1967 in what is known as the Kapsan faction incident. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:18, 15 September 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=29249252 --> == Tech News: 2025-38 == <section begin="technews-2025-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * References lists that are made using the <code dir=ltr><nowiki><references/></nowiki></code> [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite#references-tag|tag]] will now automatically display with columns in Vector 2022 when readers are using its 'standard' settings for text-size and page-width. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334941] * Starting in the week of October 6, on [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small wikis]] and [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] that have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled, all autoconfirmed users will be able to use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] as an organizer. No changes will be made for [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/large.dblist|large wikis]] unless requested in Phabricator. This change is being made to make it easier for more people to use Event Registration, especially on wikis that are less likely to have policies related to the Event Organizer right. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Proposal to grant autoconfirmed users on small and medium wikis the organizer access to the event registration tool|Learn more]]. * Users that search using regular expressions (regex) can now use additional features including: ** for the <code dir=ltr>intitle:</code> keyword: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Metacharacters|metacharacters]] for start-of-line (<code dir=ltr>^</code>) and end-of-line (<code dir=ltr>$</code>) anchors [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317599] ** for both <code dir=ltr>intitle:</code> and <code dir=ltr>insource:</code> keywords: shorthand [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Character_Classes|character classes]] for digits (<code dir=ltr>\d</code>), whitespace (<code dir=ltr>\s</code>), and word characters (<code dir=ltr>\w</code>); and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Escape codes|escape codes]] for line feed (<code dir=ltr>\r</code>), newline (<code dir=ltr>\n</code>), tab (<code dir=ltr>\t</code>), and unicode (e.g. <code dir=ltr>\uHHHH</code>). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403212] * When you search for text that looks like an IP, the system will now show search results. It used to take you to the contributions for that IP instead of showing search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306325] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on September 24. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests which happen twice a year. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that affected users who used the page-tabs to switch from wikitext editing of a section into the visualeditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401043] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is redesigning the Wikimedia REST API Sandbox with Codex. If you have feedback on improvements for the API documentation or what makes developer experiences smooth (or frustrating), you’re invited to [https://calendar.google.com/calendar/u/0/appointments/schedules/AcZssZ2aZzbXeQvjOF7gB1fJXiwAYemQjKf4sXNaRODPA7_obFyNBwkzNkoVCoTF-aeov89kIjXHbCQm join an upcoming discovery interview], or [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Developer Feedback/Wikimedia Web APIs|leave feedback onwiki]]. [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/C4FBAOA57PH6G5ORVMAUF5TGYBLZDU5Q/|Learn more]]. * Edits to Wikidata aliases (an alternative name for an item or a property) will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: More granular Alias tracking|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401288] * The new [https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode17.0.0/ Unicode 17.0] version has been released. The [[:c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|datasets on Commons]] for the [[:d:Q39301585|Module:Unicode data]] have been updated. Wikipedias that do not use the Commons datasets should either update their own data or switch to the Commons datasets. * Users of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] Structured Contents endpoints can now access [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/parsed-wikipedia-tables/ Parsed Tables]. The new Parsed Tables feature extracts and represents Wikipedia tables in structured JSON. This improves machine accessibility as part of the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/api/structured-contents/ Structured Contents initiative]. Structured Contents output is freely available through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/on-demand/#article-structured-contents-beta On-demand API], or through Wikimedia Cloud Services. * A [https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/wikimedia-foundation/english-wikipedia-people-dataset dataset of English Wikipedia biographical information] from [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has been published on Kaggle, for evaluation and research. This provides structured data from more than 1.5 million biographies, including birth and death dates, education, affiliations, careers, awards, and more (from a June 2024 snapshot). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Scholarships|Scholarship applications]] for Wikimania 2026 in Paris, France, are open until October 31. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W38"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:08, 15 September 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29263921 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-39 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Federation of Central America (1921–1922)]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:es:Federación de Centro América (1921-1922)]])&#32;([[:ar:اتحاد أمريكا الوسطى (1921-1922)]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Central America's Northern Triangle (orthographic projection).png|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Federation of Central America''' (Spanish: Federación de Centro América)[1] was a short-lived federal republic that existed in Central America between 1921 and 1922. The federation consisted of the Central American nations of El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:45, 22 September 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=29311347 --> == Tech News: 2025-39 == <section begin="technews-2025-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 On September 24th at 15:00 UTC], all Wikimedia sites users will experience a brief read-only period due to a scheduled [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter server switchover]]. The Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team will redirect all traffic from one primary server to its backup. You can listen to the switchover using the [http://listen.hatnote.com/ "Listen to Wikipedia"] tool, where you will hear edits stop for a few minutes during the read-only phase, then resume. This twice-yearly datacenter server switchover ensures reliability by testing the backup datacenter, so that our sites can stay online even if the primary datacenter fails. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the process on the Diff blog]]. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors of [[f:Special:Mylanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-12#Next round of Wiktionaries to receive embedded Wikifunctions calls|60 more Wiktionaries]] will soon be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them into their pages. A function takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, like adding numbers, converting miles to meters, calculating elapsed time, or declining a word into a case. They will join the other [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-29#Wikifunctions available on 65 Wiktionaries|65 Wiktionary language editions]], which already have access to embedded Wikifunctions calls. Later this year, plans are in place to expand to more Wiktionaries and the Incubator. * A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Technical metadata of another page|parser function]] has been added: <code><nowiki>{{#contentmodel}}</nowiki></code>. Template editors and admins can use it to get the localized or canonical name of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|content model]] of a specific page. The function makes it easier to create and edit system messages, such as ''MediaWiki:editinginterface'', even when you switch types of pages, like wiki, JavaScript, CSS or JSON page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328254] * Adding or editing a <code>DISPLAYTITLE</code> for an article using VisualEditor will no longer be broken. Editors who use VisualEditor mode to modify the <code><nowiki>{{DISPLAYTITLE}}</nowiki></code> would no longer have the literal text "DISPLAYTITLE" or its localized variant added to their articles. A list of pages that may have been affected and might need cleanup is documented in [[phab:P83438|this ticket]]. * Beta users of the Wikipedia Android app can now try the redesigned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Activity Tab Experiment|Activity tab]], which replaces the Edits tab. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Wikifunctions users can now import many essential facts involving [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6011|geo-coordinates]], [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6010|quantities]] and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6064|time]] values from Wikidata. This is made possible by the creation of Wikifunctions types for these values, which makes them available for use by functions in Wikifunctions. Learn more about how this works in [[c:File:ImportingWikidataDatatypesIntoWikifunctions.webm|this video]] and Wikifunctions' [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-01#News in Types I: Wikidata quantity|August 1 newsletter]] (for quantities) and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-22#News in Types: Wikidata geo-coordinate|August 22 newsletter]] (for geo-coordinates). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W39"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:56, 22 September 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29305556 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-40 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:it:Palazzo delle Poste (Latina)]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Postelittoria2.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> Il '''Palazzo delle Poste''', fino al 1945 Ricevitoria Postelegrafonica di Littoria, è un edificio postale di Latina, situato in piazzale dei Bonificatori. Costruito nel 1932 in stile razionalista con influenze futuriste, riscontrabili nell'utilizzo di ampie superfici vetrate e di volumi verticali, oltre che per la presenza di l’utilizzo di materiali e scelte di design molto in voga all'epoca come, come i mattoni a vista, il travertino di Tivoli e l'Anticorodal (una lega di alluminio), ospita l'ufficio postale Latina Centro. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 00:58, 29 September 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=29341788 --> == Tech News: 2025-40 == <section begin="technews-2025-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A major software upgrade has been made to [[phab:|Phabricator]]. The update introduces performance improvements, a refreshed search interface, enhancements to Maniphest task search, updates to user profile pages and project workboards, new Herald automation features, as well as general text input, mobile experience improvements and more. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/phame/post/view/321/iterative_improvements_september_2025/] '''Updates for editors''' * The Community Tech team will release the new Community Wishlist extension on October 1, that will improve the way wishes will be submitted. The new extension will allow users to add tags to their wishes to better categorise them, and (in a future iteration) to filter them by status, tags and focus areas. It will also be possible to support individual wishes again, as requested by the community in many instances. The old system will be retired. There will be a brief period of downtime while the extension is deployed and wishes are migrated to the new system. You can read more about this [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|in the latest update]] or you can consult the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CommunityRequests|current documentation on MediaWiki]]. * As announced [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|on Diff blog]], the production trial of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|hCaptcha]] service for bot detection has begun. The trial is currently using hCaptcha to protect account creation on Chinese, Persian, Portuguese, Indonesian, Japanese, and Turkish Wikipedias, where it will replace our existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ConfirmEdit#FancyCaptcha|CAPTCHA]] (FancyCaptcha). The goal with the trial is to better block bots while also improving usability and accessibility for users who encounter CAPTCHA challenges. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|deployed]] to Wikimedia Commons. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. On Commons, anyone who is a registered user can use it as an event participant. To use it as an organizer, someone needs to have the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Event organizers|event organizer right]]. * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to German Wikipedia. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|test the feature]] on testwiki or [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on betawiki] as well. Please share your thoughts on [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Templates used in sub-references|using templates in sub-references]] or [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|volunteer to become a pilot wiki]]. * On wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|Mentorship]] system, communities can now opt experienced editors out of Mentorship through [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship}}]]. Within this setting, communities may define thresholds, based on edit count and account age, to decide when an editor is considered experienced enough to no longer receive Mentorship. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403563] * The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tone Check|Tone check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Tone language model for the following languages: Arabic, Czech, German, Hebrew, Indonesian, Dutch, Polish, Russian, Turkish, Chinese, Farsi, Italian, Norwegian, Romanian and Latvian. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/Tone_Check/Model_evaluation|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on October 3, which will be the start date of the test. * The rollout of [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|multiblocks]] had the side effect that non-active block logs may have been shown on {{#special:Contributions}} and on blocked users' user and user_talk pages. This issue will be fully resolved in a few days. As part of the fix, [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=sp-contributions-blocked-notice}} messages prefixed with <code>sp-contributions-blocked-notice</code>] will be removed and replaced with [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=blocked-notice-logextract}} those prefixed with <code>blocked-notice-logextract</code>] in a few weeks. Please help translate the new messages and update any local overrides if needed. * There was a bug with links added using visual editor if they included characters such as <code dir=ltr><nowiki>[ ] |</nowiki></code> after the fragment identifier (<code><nowiki>#</nowiki></code>). They were not encoded properly creating an incorrect link. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404823] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote/en}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[q:ms:|<code>q:ms:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404698] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info Card]] now displays currently active global lock/blocks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401128] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Later this week, editors using Lua modules will be able to use the <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.title.newBatch|mw.title.newBatch]]</code> function to look up the existence of up to 25 pages at once, in a way that only increases the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parser functions#Expensive parser functions|expensive function]] count once. * A new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Unsupported Tools Working Group]] has been formed as part of ongoing efforts to collectively determine technical work priorities, similar to the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product & Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). The working group will help prioritize and review requests for support of unmaintained extensions, gadgets, bots, and tools. For the first cycle, the group will be prioritizing an unsupported Wikimedia Commons tool. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W40"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:54, 29 September 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29355230 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-41 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Majed Abu Maraheel]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Majed Abu Maraheel''' was a Palestinian long-distance runner, football player, security officer, and athletics coach, who was the first Palestinian to compete at the Olympic Games. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:48, 6 October 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=29341788 --> == Tech News: 2025-41 == <section begin="technews-2025-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#paste|Paste Check]] is a new Edit Check feature to help avoid and fight copyright violations. When editors paste text into an article, Paste Check prompts them to confirm the origin and licensing of the content. Starting Wednesday, 8 October, [[phab:T403680|22 wikis will test Paste Check]]. Paste Check will help new volunteers understand and follow the policies and guidelines necessary to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia projects. '''Updates for editors''' * Mobile devices will receive mobile articles directly on the standard domain (like <code>en.wikipedia.org</code>), instead of via a redirect to an "m" domain (like <code>en.m.wikipedia.org</code>). This change improves performance. This week it will be enabled on Wikipedias. The existing mobile URLs and the "Desktop view" opt-out remain available. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998] * New [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#creationdate and lasteditdate|date filters]], <code dir=ltr>creationdate:</code> and <code dir=ltr>lasteditdate:</code>, are now available in the wiki search engine. This allows users to filter search results by a page's first or last revision date. The filters support comparison operators (e.g. <code dir=ltr>>2024</code>) and relative dates (e.g. <code dir=ltr>today-1d</code>), making it easier to find recently updated content or pages within specific age ranges. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403593] * [[f:|Wikifunctions]] now supports rich text in embedded calls across the 150 wikis where it's enabled. To showcase this, the team created a [[f:Z26333|Latin declination table]] that Wiktionary editors can use to automatically generate noun forms, producing clear, formatted results — see an [[f:Wikifunctions:Embedded function calls/Wiktionary tables demonstration|example output]]. If you need any help or have any feedback, please [[f:Wikifunctions:Project chat|contact the Wikifunctions Team]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397402] * An edit link will now appear inside the categories box on article pages for logged in users, which will directly launch the VisualEditor category dialog. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291691] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a problem downloading pdf files last week and that has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405957] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The field <code dir=ltr>rev_sha1</code> in the revision database table is being removed in favor of <code dir=ltr>content_sha1</code> in the content database table. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2D2M3SP4WHR6BXXKTZ2PBLZQYR3EGQVR/ the announcement] for more information. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web|Reader Experience team]] will roll out [[w:en:Light-on-dark color scheme|Dark Mode]] user interface on all Wikimedia sites on October 29, 2025. All anonymous users of Wikimedia sites will have the option to activate a color scheme that features light-colored text on a dark background. This is designed to provide a more comfortable reading experience, especially in low-light situations. Template authors and technical contributors are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|learn how to make pages ready for Dark mode]] and address any compatibility issues found in templates in their wiki before the enablement. Please contact the Web team for questions or any support on [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading#|this talk page]] before the enablement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628] * Starting on Monday, October 6, API endpoints under the <code>rest.php</code> path will be rerouted through a new internal API Gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400130] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W41"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:24, 6 October 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29400897 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-42 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Abortion in Eritrea]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> In Eritrea, abortion is banned except on the grounds of pregnancy from rape or incest, pregnancy of a minor, or risk to physical or mental health. Legal abortions require medical or judicial approval. Prior to Eritrea's independence, it applied Ethiopia's abortion law of the 1950s, which banned abortion unless life-saving. After independence, the 1991 penal code adapted this law to lift punishments on abortions on the grounds of rape, incest, or risk to life or health, but legal abortions did not exist in effect. The penal codes of 2001 and 2015 required physicians to prove health grounds for abortion. Unsafe abortion is common and contributes to maternal mortality in Eritrea. Post-abortion care is unavailable in some regions. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:06, 13 October 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=29341788 --> == Tech News: 2025-42 == <section begin="technews-2025-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Last week, improvements to account security and two-factor authentication (2FA) features were enabled across all wikis. These changes include user interface improvements for [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity], the support of multiple 2FA methods via authenticator apps and portable security keys (previously users could only enable one method), and a new Recovery Codes module which facilitates fewer account lockouts due to lost two-factor apps and devices. As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project, work is continuing through the rest of 2025 on further user experience improvements, and support for passkeys as an alternate second factor. '''Updates for editors''' * Another part of the Account security project is making 2FA generally available to all users. Along with editors with advanced privileges, such as administrators and bureaucrats, 40% of editors now have access to 2FA. You can check if you have access at [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity]. Instructions for activation are on the linked page. The plan is to continue increasing availability if it is determined that the user support capabilities are able to support global usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400579] * This week, users at wikis where talk page [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|Usability Improvements]] are already available by default (everywhere ''except'' the 12 wikis listed in [[phab:T379264|T379264]]) will gain the ability to Thank a comment directly from the talk page it appears on. Before this change, Thanking could only be done by visiting the revision history of the talk page. You can [[diffblog:2025/10/13/revolutionizing-gratitude-a-new-era-of-thanking-comments/|learn more about this change]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366095] * Users who have not [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|verified their email address]] will soon be receiving monthly Notification reminders to do so. This is because users who have verified their email can more easily recover their account. These reminders will not be sent if the user is inactive or removes the unverified email from their account. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T58074] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a fix was made for an occasional error with saving translated paragraphs in the Content Translation tool, and the related error messages are now easier to see. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376531] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Unsupported Tools Working Group has chosen [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] as the first tool for its pilot cycle. The group will explore ways to improve and sustain the tool over the coming months. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Learn more on Meta]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W42"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:00, 13 October 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29434481 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-43 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Liberation of Auschwitz concentration camp]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Auschwitz Liberated January 1945.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> On 27 January 1945, Auschwitz—a Nazi concentration camp and extermination camp in occupied Poland where more than a million people were murdered as part of the Nazis' "Final Solution" to the Jewish question—was liberated by the Soviet Red Army during the Vistula–Oder Offensive. Although most of the prisoners had been forced onto a death march, about 7,000 had been left behind. The Soviet soldiers attempted to help the survivors and were shocked at the scale of Nazi crimes. The date is recognized as International Holocaust Remembrance Day. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:04, 20 October 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=29452019 --> == Tech News: 2025-43 == <section begin="technews-2025-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * To optimize how user data is stored in our databases, the saved preferences of users who haven't logged in for over five years and have fewer than 100 edits will be cleared. When those users return, default settings will apply. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406724] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a broken link from the GlobalContributions interface message to the XTools GlobalContributions page which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406415] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The work to reroute all traffic to API endpoints under the <code dir=ltr><nowiki>rest.php</nowiki></code> route through a common API gateway is now complete. If any issues are observed, please file a phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]]. * Edits to Wikidata references or qualifiers will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401290] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W43"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:37, 20 October 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29478670 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-44 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Black Diaries]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Black Diaries''' are diaries purported to have been written by the Irish revolutionary Roger Casement, which contained accounts of homosexual liaisons with young men. They cover the years 1903, 1910 and 1911 (two) and were handed in to Scotland Yard after his capture in April 1916. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:51, 27 October 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=29487357 --> == Tech News: 2025-44 == <section begin="technews-2025-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikipedia iOS app has launched an A/B/C test of improvements made to the tabbed browsing feature for select regions and languages. The test, named “More dynamic tabs”, explores new tab experiences and includes “Did you know” and “Because you read” article recommendations. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)/New Tab Experience and Recommendations Experiment|read more on the project page]]. * Autoconfirmed users on [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small]] and [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] with the CampaignEvents extension can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] without the Event Organizer right. This feature lets organizers enable registration, manage participants, and lets users register with one click instead of signing event pages. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue of flashing colors when holding or pressing the arrow keys under the dark mode settings in Vector 2022 has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402285] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The CampaignEvents extension will be deployed to all remaining wikis during the week of 17 November 2025. The extension currently includes three features: Event Registration, Collaboration List, and Invitation List. For this rollout, Invitation List will not be enabled on Wikifunctions and MediaWiki unless requested by those communities. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|Visit the deployment page to learn more]]. * The SwaggerUI-based REST sandbox experience is now live on all wiki projects. The sandbox can be accessed through the [[{{#special:RestSandbox}}]] page. Please report any issues to the MediaWiki Interfaces team board, or join the discussion on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|project launch]] page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/6931/] * Transform endpoints with a trailing slash path in the MediaWiki REST API are now marked as deprecated. They will remain functional during this time, but removal is expected by the end of January 2026. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=mw-extra&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox]. See the [[mw:API/Deprecation|MediaWiki REST API Deprecation]] page for more detailed information about the API deprecation policies and procedures. * A dedicated [[mw:API:REST API/Changelog|changelog now exists for the MediaWiki REST API]]. The changelog provides an overview of these changes, making it easier for developers to keep track of improvements and iterations. Announcements will also continue to flow through the standard communication channels, including Tech News and email distribution lists, but can now be more easily referenced from a central location. If you have feedback about the style, structure, or content of this changelog, please [[mw:API talk:REST API/Changelog|join the discussion]]. * Administrators can delete the tracking category which was previously added by the JsonConfig extension, as it is no longer used. See the categories linked from [[d:Q130635582#sitelinks-wikipedia|Q130635582]]. It is OK if there are still pages listed in the category as that is just a caching issue, and they will be automatically cleared out the next time each page is edited. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378352] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.25|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W44"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:32, 27 October 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29513638 --> |} == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-45 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Consolations (Liszt)]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Franz Liszt - Consolation No. 3, Lento placido.ogg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Consolations''', S. 171a/172 (German: Tröstungen) are a set of six solo piano works by Franz Liszt. The compositions take the musical style of nocturnes with each having its own distinctive style. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:52, 3 November 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=29558323 --> == Tech News: 2025-45 == <section begin="technews-2025-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators will now find that [[{{#special:MergeHistory}}]] is now significantly more flexible about what it can merge. It can now merge sections taken from the middle of the history of the source (rather than only the start) and insert revisions anywhere in the history of the destination page (rather than only the start). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382958] * For users with "{{int:discussiontools-preference-autotopicsub}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|enabled in their preferences]], starting a new topic or adding a reply to an existing topic will now subscribe them to replies to that topic. Previously, this would only happen if the DiscussionTools "{{int:Skin-action-addsection}}" or "{{int:Discussiontools-replybutton}}" widgets were used. When DiscussionTools was originally launched existing accounts were not opted in to automatic topic subscriptions, so this change should primarily affect newer accounts and users who have deliberately changed their preferences since that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290778] * Scribunto modules can now be used to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#SVG library|generate SVG images]]. This can be used to build charts, graphics and other visualizations dynamically through Lua, reducing the need to compose them externally and upload them as files. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405861] * Wikimedia sites now provide all anonymous users with the option to enable a dark mode color scheme, featuring light-colored text on a dark background. This enhancement aims to deliver a more enjoyable reading experience, especially in dimly lit environments. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628] * Users with large watchlists have long faced timeouts when editing [[Special:EditWatchlist|Special:EditWatchlist]]. The page now loads entries in smaller sections instead of all at once due to a paging update, allowing everyone to edit their watchlists smoothly. As part of the database update, sorting by expiry has been removed because it was over 100× slower than sorting by title. A [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/W454 community wish] has been created to explore alternative ways to restore sort-by-expiry. If this feature is important to you, please support the wish! [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T41510] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the fixing of the persisting highlighting when using VisualEditor find and replace during a query. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407318] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Since 2019 the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]] at https://w.wiki is available for all Wikimedia wikis to create short links to articles, permalinks, diffs, etc. It is available in the sidebar as "Get shortened URL". There are 30 wikis that also install an older "ShortUrl" extension. The old extension will soon be removed. This means <code>/s/</code> URLs will not be advertised under article titles via HTML <code dir=ltr>class="title-shortlink"</code>. The <code>/s/</code> URLs will keep working. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107188] * On Thursday, October 30, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team|MediaWiki Interfaces]] and [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Service Operations]] teams began rerouting Action API traffic through a common API gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/serviceops/ Service Ops team] board. * MediaWiki Train deployments will pause for the final two weeks of 2025: 22 December and 29 December. Backport windows will also pause between Monday, 22 December 2025 and Thursday, 2 January 2026. A backport window is a scheduled time to add things like bug fixes and configuration changes. There are seven deployment trains remaining for 2025. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SMWTEAES4SDLDUSK4HMWNBSKNCXZAWYN/] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * In 2025, the Wikimedia Foundation reported that AI systems and search engines increasingly use Wikipedia content without driving users to the site, contributing to an 8% drop in human pageviews compared to 2024. After detecting bots disguised as humans, Wikimedia updated its traffic data to reflect this shift. Read more about current user trends on Wikipedia in [[diffblog:2025/10/17/new-user-trends-on-wikipedia/|a Diff blog post]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W45"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:35, 3 November 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29552512 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-46 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Marine coastal ecosystem]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Vegetation and fauna processes controlling benthic biogeochemical fluxes.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> A '''marine coastal ecosystem''' is a marine ecosystem which occurs where the land meets the ocean. Worldwide there is about 620,000 kilometres (390,000 mi) of coastline. Coastal habitats extend to the margins of the continental shelves, occupying about 7 percent of the ocean surface area. Marine coastal ecosystems include many very different types of marine habitats, each with their own characteristics and species composition. They are characterized by high levels of biodiversity and productivity. For example, estuaries are areas where freshwater rivers meet the saltwater of the ocean, creating an environment that is home to a wide variety of species, including fish, shellfish, and birds. Salt marshes are coastal wetlands which thrive on low-energy shorelines in temperate and high-latitude areas, populated with salt-tolerant plants such as cordgrass and marsh elder that provide important nursery areas for many species of fish and shellfish. Mangrove forests survive in the intertidal zones of tropical or subtropical coasts, populated by salt-tolerant trees that protect habitat for many marine species, including crabs, shrimp, and fish. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:54, 10 November 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=29584005 --> == Tech News: 2025-46 == <section begin="technews-2025-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * Starting November 12, users will see a change in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Usability improvements|appearance of talk pages]] on [[Phab:T379264|some Wikipedias]]. Almost [[phab:T392121|all wikis]] have received this design change; [[phab:T409297|English Wikipedia]] will get these changes later. You can read more [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. Users can opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in their user preferences]] in "{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379264] * MediaWiki can now display a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protection indicators|page indicator]] automatically while a page is protected. This feature is disabled by default. It can be enabled by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|community request]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12347] * Using the "{{int:showpreview}}" or "{{int:showdiff}}" buttons in the wikitext editor will now carry over certain URL parameters like '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#useskin|useskin]]', '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#uselang|uselang]]' and '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Section#Editing sections|section]]'. This update also fixes an issue where, if the browser crashed while previewing an edit to a single section, saving this edit could overwrite the entire page with just that section’s content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62744][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24029][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155097] * Wikivoyage wikis can use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Markers and counters|colored map markers in the article text]]. The text of these markers will now be shown in contrasting black or white color, instead of always being white. Local workarounds for the problem can be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369454] * The Activity tab in the Wikipedia Android app is now available for all users. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Activity_Tab_Experiment] * The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment called "Image browsing" to test how to make it easier for readers to browse and discover images on Wikipedia articles. This experiment, a mobile-only A/B test, will go live on English Wikipedia in the week of November 17 and will run for four weeks, affecting 0.05% of users on English wiki. The test launched on November 3 on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese wikis, affecting up to 10% of users on those wikis. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Reader_Growth/WE3.1.3_Image_Browsing] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example the inability to lock accounts on mobile sites has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256185] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#November 2025 committee nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]] members. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open through 2025-11-28. * The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT issuer field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]] has been changed to <code><nowiki>https://meta.wikimedia.org</nowiki></code>. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199] * The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT subject field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] will soon change from <code><user id></code> to <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap">mw:<identity type>:<user id></code>, where <code><identity type></code> is typically <code dir=ltr>CentralAuth:</code><!-- not a typo --> (for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]]) or <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap">local:<wiki id></code> (for other wikis). This is to avoid conflicts between different user ID types, and to make OAuth 2 access tokens and the <code>sessionJwt</code> cookie more similar. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199] * MediaWiki's block messages ([[MediaWiki:Blockedtext|blockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial|blockedtext-partial]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext|autoblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Systemblockedtext|systemblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser|blockedtext-tempuser]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext-tempuser|autoblockedtext-tempuser]]) now support additional parameters indicating whether the user is blocked from editing their own user talk page <code><nowiki>$9</nowiki></code> or emailing other users <code><nowiki>$</nowiki><nowiki>10</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285612] * A <code>REL1_45</code> branch for MediaWiki core and each of the extensions and skins in Wikimedia git has been created. This is the first step in the release process for MediaWiki 1.45.0, scheduled for late November 2025. If you are working on a critical bug fix or working on a new feature, you may need to take note of this change. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/ZUY7TY3Z6XPZWZVAZV63OPO5OW52Q6GE/] * The process for generating CirrusSearch dumps has been updated due to slowing performance. If you encounter any issues migrating to the replacement dumps, please contact the Search Platform Team for support. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366248][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/3KQPOR6ACVN6OVLMLZPIBXQSWQKW4E3K/] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W46"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:38, 10 November 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29606150 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-47 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Elephant communication]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Three elephant's curly kisses.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Elephants communicate''' via touching, visual displays, vocalisations, seismic vibrations, and semiochemicals. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:24, 17 November 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=29627457 --> == Tech News: 2025-47 == <section begin="technews-2025-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is experimenting with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4_Reading lists|reading lists on mobile web]], allowing logged-in readers with no edits to save private lists of articles for later. The experiment is running on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias since the week of 10 November, and will begin on English Wikipedia the week of 17 November. * Users who can’t receive their email verification code during login can now get help by submitting a form on a new special page. This update is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. If your account has an email address, please make sure you still have access to it. When logging in from a new device or location without 2FA, you may be asked to enter a 6-digit code sent by email to finish logging in. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Why are you requiring me to enter a code from my email to log in? Can I opt out of this?|Learn more]]. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[s:min:|<code>s:min:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408317] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, the Content Transform Team rolled out Parsoid as the default parser to many low-traffic Wikipedias and is preparing the next step to high traffic ones. This message is an invitation for you to opt-in to Parsoid, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation, and identify any issues you might encounter with your own workflow using bots, gadgets, or user scripts. Please, let us know through the ''"Report Visual Bug"'' link in the Tools sidebar or create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]]. * Unsupported Tools: Several issues with [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] have been fixed, including filename-related upload failures, black-video imports, and retry handling. AV1 support has also been added. Ongoing work focuses on backend stability, ffmpeg errors, subtitle imports, metadata handling, and playlist uploads. To track specific tasks, check the [[phab:tag/video2commons/|Phabricator board]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Save the date for the next Wikimedia Hackathon happening in Milan, Italy from May 1–3, 2026. Registration will open in January 2026. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2026/ Scholarship applications are currently open], and will close on November 28, 2025. If you have any questions, please email <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">hackathon@wikimedia.org</bdi>. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W47"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:27, 17 November 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29627455 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-48 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Animal-made art]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Painting Queen 1024x768.png|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Animal-made art''' consists of works by non-human animals, that have been considered by humans to be artistic, including visual works, music, photography, and videography. Some of these are created naturally by animals, often as courtship displays, while others are created with human involvement. There have been debates about the copyright status of these works, with the United States Copyright Office stating in 2014 that works that lack human authorship cannot have their copyright registered at the US Copyright Office. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:13, 24 November 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=29627457 --> == Tech News: 2025-48 == <section begin="technews-2025-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Wikimedia Search Team]] recreated the "DWIM" (Do What I Mean) gadget functionality server-side, for Russian and Hebrew Wikipedias. This feature adds cross-keyboard suggestions to the standard search-box suggestions. For example, searching for ''<span lang="und" dir="ltr">cxfcnmt</span>'' on Russian Wikipedia will now add suggestions for ''<span lang="ru" dir="ltr">счастье</span>'' ("happiness") that the user probably intended. They plan to enable this feature for other Russian and Hebrew wikis this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408734] * Later this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have syntax highlighting available in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]]. This requires that the "{{int:discussiontools-preference-sourcemodetoolbar}}" preference be set. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407918] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|Campaign events extension]] – the set of tools for coordinating events and other on-wiki collaborations has now been deployed to all Wikimedia wikis. A new feature known as [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative contribution]] to help organizers and participants see the impact of activities has also been added. Join the upcoming [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Connection learning session 3|learning session]] to see the new feature in action and share your feedback. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug which stopped CodeReviewBot from working, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410417] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Users of Wikimedia API can join a usability study to help validate the new design of Wikimedia REST API sandboxes. Interested participants should fill the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/487662 recruitment survey]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IREJRRWTZTGCYWQHDMSNJFTQAEPOOAE3/] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is deprecating XSLT stylesheets within the Action API. Support for <code dir=ltr>format=xml'''&xlst={stylesheet}'''</code> will be removed from Wikimedia projects by the end of November, 2025. In addition, it will soon be disabled by default in MediaWiki release versions: v1.43 (LTS), v1.44, and v1.45. Support for XSLT stylesheets will be fully removed from MediaWiki v1.46 (expected to release between April and May 2026). [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/5AX7UWAVVUNUSBOIRHMNOKWOZ5EZI3JX/] * The WDQS legacy endpoint ([https://query-legacy-full.wikidata.org/ query-legacy-full.wikidata.org]) will be decommissioned at the end of December 2025, and finally closed down on 7th January 2026. After this date, users should expect requests to query.wikidata.org that require the full graph to fail or return invalid results if they are not rewritten to use SPARQL federation. The team encourages users to ensure that tools and workflows use the supported WDQS endpoints (<span dir=ltr><nowiki>https://query.wikidata.org/</nowiki></span> - Main graph or <span dir=ltr><nowiki>https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/</nowiki></span> - Scholarly graph). For support with migrating use cases, please review the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Data_access|Data Access]] and [[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query|Request a Query]] pages for details and assistance on alternative access methods. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W48"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:57, 24 November 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29702226 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-49 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Halachic state]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The term "'''halachic state'''" (Hebrew: מְדִינַת הֲלָכָה‎ Medīnat Hălāḵā) refers to a sovereign state that endorses Judaism in an official capacity and governs by Jewish religious law. It has been a subject of discussion among Orthodox Jews, particularly with regard to modern Israel, which, although a Jewish state, is not classified as a theocracy. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 08:01, 1 December 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=29719355 --> == Tech News: 2025-49 == <section begin="technews-2025-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikipedia Year in Review 2025 will be available on December 2 for users of iOS and Android Wikipedia apps, featuring new personalized insights, updated reading highlights, and refreshed designs. Learn more on the review's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/Updates|project page]]. * The Growth team is working on improving the text and presentation of the Verification Email sent to new users to make them more welcoming, useful and informative. Some new text have been drafted for A/B testing and you can help by translating them. See [[phab:T396155|Phabricator]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] will now be deployed at Japanese, Urdu and Chinese Wikipedias on December 2. Add a link is based on a prediction model that suggests links to be added to articles. While this feature has already been available on most Wikipedias, the prediction model could not support certain languages. A new model has now been developed to handle these languages, and it will be gradually rolled out to other Wikipedias over time. If you would like to know more, please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where search boxes on some Commons pages showed no results due to switch from SpecialSearch to MediaSearch, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399476] * Two new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36846|Toki Pona]] ([[w:tok:|<code>w:tok:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404457] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q33655|Nigerian Pidgin]] ([[q:pcm:|<code>q:pcm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408318] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is in the early stages of exploring approaches to '''Article guidance'''. The initiative aims to identify interventions that could help new editors easily understand and apply existing Wikipedia practices and policies when creating an article. The project is in the exploration and early experimental design phase. All community members are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|learn more]] about the project, and share their thoughts on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Article guidance|the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W49"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:58, 1 December 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29732328 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-50 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:ru:Сто лошадей]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:en:One Hundred Horses]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:A_Hundred_Steeds.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''''One Hundred Horses''''' (Chinese: 百駿圖) is a Qing dynasty silk and ink painting by Giuseppe Castiglione. It was painted in 1728 for the Yongzheng emperor. The painting depicts a hundred horses in a variety of poses and activities, combining Western realism with traditional Chinese composition and brushwork. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:29, 8 December 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=29719355 --> == Tech News: 2025-50 == <section begin="technews-2025-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Anybody who wishes to secure their user account can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). This is available to all registered users of all Wikimedia projects. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. Later, 2FA will be required for all users who can take security- or privacy-sensitive actions. '''Updates for editors''' * Following last week's deployments, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] feature, which allows editors to add suggested links during editing, will be available to an additional [[Phab:T410469|33 Wikipedias]] starting on 9 December. This expansion is possible thanks to the new prediction model that now supports all languages, including those that were previously not covered. While the feature has been available on most Wikipedias for some time, this rollout brings us closer to using the improved model everywhere. If you have any questions or would like more details please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Search Platform team]] added [[w:en:Transliteration|transliterated]] as-you-type search suggestions to Georgian wikis. If there are only a few regular search suggestions, then queries in Latin or Cyrillic script [[phab:T127003|are now rewritten into Georgian script]] to look for more matches. For example, searching for either <bdi lang="ka-Latn" dir="ltr">''bedniereba''</bdi> or <bdi lang="ka-Cyrl" dir="ltr">''бедниереба''</bdi> will now suggest the existing article about <bdi lang="ka" dir="ltr">ბედნიერება</bdi> ("happiness"). You can recommend other languages where transliterated suggestions would be useful [[phab:T375215|on Phabricator]] for future development. * Later this week, a controlled experiment will begin for editors on the 100 largest Wikipedias who are editing a section in the mobile web visual editor. 50% of these editors will notice a new "Edit full page" button that will enable them to expand their editing session to the whole page. This feature is intended to make it easier for people on mobile web to edit any article section, regardless of which section-edit icon they tapped to begin. The experiment will last ~4 weeks. You can find [[phab:T409112|more details]] about the project. * Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] will launch a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.1.14 Expanded Mobile Sections|mobile web experiment]] to expand all article sections by default (currently they are collapsed by default) and pin the section header the user is currently reading to the top of the page. The experiment will affect 10% of users on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409485] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/2025 Year in Review|Wikipedia Year in Review 2025]], a feature in the Wikipedia mobile apps (iOS and Android) that provides users with a personalised summary of their engagement with Wikipedia over the year, is now available on the iOS and Android apps. This edition includes expanded personalised insights, improved reading highlights, new donor messaging, and updated designs. Open the app to view your Year in Review and explore your reading journey from 2025. * A recent software bug caused edits made with VisualEditor to make unintended changes to wikitext, including removing whitespace and replacing spaces with underscores in wikilinks inside citations. This was partially fixed last week, and further fixes are in progress. Editors who used VisualEditor between November 28 and December 2 should review their edits for unexpected modifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411238] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the incorrect handling of URLs copied from the address bar of Microsoft Edge users, has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341281] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] as the editor for Lua, JavaScript, CSS, JSON and Vue content models, instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]]. With this, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linters]] will be upgraded. This is part of a larger effort to eventually replace CodeEditor and provide a consistent code editing experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373711] * Developers are encouraged to take the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/552643 2025 Developer Satisfaction Survey], which remains open until 5 January 2026. If you build software for the Wikimedia ecosystem and would like to share your experiences or feedback, your participation is greatly appreciated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/W4WBKO6Q55UWWCCSFWQATKEXBEHP3QNR/] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W50"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:46, 8 December 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29738112 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-51 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:First Universal Races Congress]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:fr:Premier Congrès universel des races]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Universal Races Congress seated outside the entrance to the Imperial Institute, London, 1911.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''First Universal Races Congress''' met in 1911 for four days at the University of London as an early effort at anti-racism. Speakers from a number of countries discussed race relations and how to improve them. The congress, with 2,100 attendees, was organised by prominent humanists of that era. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:56, 15 December 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=29779168 --> == Tech News: 2025-51 == <section begin="technews-2025-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, one of the fixes addressed an issue for temporary accounts adding an external URL, which triggered an hCaptcha request in more cases than intended, and did not display the required popup on the first attempt to publish the edit. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411927] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * To improve database and site performance, external links to Wikimedia projects will no longer be stored in the database. This means they will not be searchable in [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]], will not be checked by the Spam Blacklist or AbuseFilter as new links, and will not be in the <code dir=ltr>externallinks</code> table on database replicas. In the future this may be extended to other highly-linked trusted websites on a per-wiki basis, such as Creative Commons links on Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405005] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W51"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:03, 15 December 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29796010 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-52 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Pin Malakul]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Pin Malakul, January 1922.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Pin Malakul''' (24 October 1903 – 5 October 1995) was a Thai professor, educator and writer. His contributions to education in Thailand include the establishment of various institutions of higher education, the introduction of fixed class schedules, and the implementation of teacher-training programmes. In his career he served as Director-General of the Department of General Education, later becoming Permanent Secretary, and Minister, of Education. He was also a member of the executive board of UNESCO. His writings earned him the title of National Artist in 1987, and the 100th anniversary of his birth was celebrated by the UNESCO in 2003 as recognition of his contribution to the advancement of education in Thailand and Southeast Asia. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> -[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:26, 22 December 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=29802495 --> == Tech News: 2025-52 == <section begin="technews-2025-W52"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * From January, edit filters [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Access flags|can be set]] to automatically suppress their details such as rules and list of attempted edits and actions. This will help oversighters use edit filters to prevent doxxing or other suppressible material. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290324] * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 12 January 2026 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the crash that occurred when tapping "First Steps" in the Wikipedia Android Year in Review has now been fixed, and the feature opens as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411546] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Interface elements such as diffs and categories generated by MediaWiki used to have the attribute <code dir=ltr>data-mw="interface"</code> to distinguish from wiki content. The attribute has been replaced with <code dir=ltr>data-mw-interface=""</code>, to avoid potential conflicts with other <code dir=ltr>data-mw</code> attributes, which are generated by Parsoid. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409187] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications just opened mid-December and will close in mid-January or earlier if capacity is reached. With space for approximately 100 participants, early application is encouraged. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W52"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:46, 22 December 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29831856 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-01 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:The Morning of the Magicians]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Le Matin des magiciens, couverture.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''''The Morning of the Magicians: Introduction to Fantastic Realism''''' (French: Le Matin des magiciens: Introduction au réalisme fantastique) is a 1960 book by the journalists Louis Pauwels and Jacques Bergier. It covers topics like cryptohistory, ufology, occultism in Nazism, alchemy, spiritual philosophy. The second half of the book is entirely dedicated to the Nazi-Occult connections; the book is widely credited with the proliferation of numerous myths related to occultism in Nazism. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:20, 29 December 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=29802495 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-02 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Somaliland War of Independence]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Somaliland, fighters of the Somali National Movement (SNM), 1980s.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Somaliland War of Independence''' was a rebellion waged by the Somali National Movement (SNM) against the ruling military junta in Somalia led by General Siad Barre lasting from its founding on 6 April 1981 and ended on 18 May 1991 when the SNM declared what was then northern Somalia independent as the Republic of Somaliland. The conflict served as the main theater of the larger Somali Rebellion that started in 1978. The conflict was in response to the harsh policies enacted by the Barre regime against the main clan family in Somaliland, the Isaaq, including a declaration of economic warfare on the clan-family. These harsh policies were put into effect shortly after the conclusion of the disastrous Ogaden War in 1978. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:00, 5 January 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=29871911 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-03 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:it:Pietro Lauro]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:en:Pietro Lauro]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Master I.A.V.F., Pietro Lauro, born 1508, Modenese Poet and Scholar (obverse), 1555, NGA 45072.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Pietro Lauro''', conosciuto anche come Pietro Lauro Modonese o Pietro Lauro da Modona (Modena o dintorni, 1510 circa – Venezia, 1568 circa) è stato un traduttore, scrittore e divulgatore scientifico italiano. Nonostante non si conosca gran parte della sua biografia, fu uno dei poligrafi italiani più conosciuti del Cinquecento. La sua produzione raccoglie traduzioni dal latino, dal greco e dallo spagnolo e riguardano opere di autori classici, stranieri e protestanti. Lauro si dimostrò abile nel trattare testi con temi molto diversi, come la filosofia, l'architettura, la medicina, il giardinaggio, l'agronomia, le scienze biologiche, la storia, la teologia e l'astronomia. Si cimentò anche nella scrittura di un poema cavalleresco sullo stile di quelli spagnoli, il Polendo, sua magnum opus in questo senso. Aderente alla Riforma protestante, sebbene le sue trasposizioni siano state oggetto di critiche già degli autori a lui contemporanei, che le giudicarono troppo letterali, rozze e imparziali, a Lauro si deve il merito di aver ultimato la traduzione in lingua volgare di numerosi testi sia classici, sia scientifici, sia epistolari. I suoi lavori ebbero una notevole diffusione, non solo tra i letterati veneziani della sua epoca, ma in tutta Italia, tanto che alcune sue traduzioni vengono ancora oggi ristampate in nuove edizioni. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 01:45, 12 January 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=29894468 --> == Tech News: 2026-03 == <section begin="technews-2026-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * As part of the current work of Community Tech team on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Multiple watchlists]] project, the display of [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] will be updated as a first step towards multiple watchlists. Additionally, the pagination on [[Special:Search|Search]] will be updated too, as a part of the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|Revamp pagination / page navigation]] wish. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] is a MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that lets you see your watchlists from different wikis on the same page. It was recently updated to look more like the regular [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]], such as preparing it for temporary accounts in IP masking (including rerouting user links to contributions pages), making page titles bold, and opening links in edit summaries and tags in new browser tabs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where global blocks did not have the option to disable sending emails, has now been fixed, and will be available for use in the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|VisualEditor citation tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] now support "map" as a reference type. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W03"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:34, 12 January 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29907192 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-04 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:it:Volto di Palazzo Vecchio]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Piazza della signoria angolo via della ninna, palazzo vecchio, cantonata con testa scolpita 02.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> Il '''volto di Palazzo Vecchio''' (conosciuto anche come L'importuno o L'inopportuno) è un incisione su pietraforte attibuita a Michelangelo Buonarroti, scolpita in una delle pietre di Palazzo Vecchio a Firenze. Secondo le varie leggende, il profilo sarebbe stato realizzato come graffito dall'artista toscano, con soggetto un suo importunatore, un debitore, un condannato a morte o se stesso. Nel 2020, gli studiosi hanno ipotizzato possa invece trattarsi di un ritratto di Francesco Granacci, pittore amico di Michelangelo. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:14, 19 January 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=29945240 --> == Tech News: 2026-04 == <section begin="technews-2026-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: <code dir=ltr>https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/</code>) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]! * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W04"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:30, 19 January 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29943403 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-05 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:it:Raffaello Kobayashi]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:en:Raffaello Kobayashi]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Raffaello Kobayashi''', nato Raffaele Sanzio (Bari, 14 gennaio 1917 – Yokohama, 1 aprile 2011), è stato un militare italiano naturalizzato giapponese. Sommergibilista durante la Seconda guerra mondiale, prestò servizio per tutte e tre le principali Potenze dell'Asse: Regno d'Italia, Germania nazista e Impero giapponese. Alla fine della guerra si nascose in Giappone per evitare di subire l'internamento in un campo di prigionia, divenendo poi cittadino nipponico e cambiando il proprio nome. Prese parte all'affondamento della HMS Calypso nel 1940, primo successo italiano in campo navale nel corso del conflitto mondiale. Con l'abbattimento di un bombardiere statunitense il 22 agosto 1945, otto giorni dopo il discorso di resa del Giappone alle potenze alleate della seconda guerra mondiale, a bordo del Comandante Cappellini, sarebbe stata l'ultima persona in assoluto a mettere fuori combattimento un velivolo degli Alleati nella stessa guerra. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:05, 26 January 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=29945240 --> == Tech News: 2026-05 == <section begin="technews-2026-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February. * All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. * Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the "prevent this user from editing their own talk page" is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new AbuseFilter variable, <code>account_type</code>, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the <code>createaccount</code> and <code>autocreateaccount</code> actions. As part of this change, the variable <code>accountname</code> has been renamed to <code>account_name</code>, and <code>accountname</code> is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049] * Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to <code dir=ltr><nowiki>upload.wikimedia.org/…</nowiki></code> will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W05"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:18, 26 January 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29969530 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-06 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Censorship in the Czech Republic]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:cs:Cenzura v Česku]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Censorship in the Czech Republic''' had been highly active until 17 November 1989 and the fall of Communism in the former Czechoslovakia. Czech Republic was ranked as the 13th most free country in the World Press Freedom Index in 2014. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:32, 2 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=29945240 --> == Tech News: 2026-06 == <section begin="technews-2026-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The "{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}" feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''Weekly highlight''' * Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W06"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:44, 2 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30000986 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-07 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Petites Heures of Jean de France, Duc de Berry]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Jacquemart de Hesdin 002.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Petites Heures of Jean de France, Duc de Berry''' is an illuminated book of hours commissioned by John, Duke of Berry between 1375 and 1385–90. It is known for its ornate miniature leaves and border decorations. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 03:59, 9 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=29945240 --> == Tech News: 2026-07 == <section begin="technews-2026-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors. * A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] * When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458] * The automatic "magic links" for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] <code dir=ltr><nowiki>{{#isbn}}</nowiki></code> available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604] * Two new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|<code>w:kaj:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|<code>w:ppl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W07"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:31, 9 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30026671 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-08 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Lysmata grabhami]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Lysmata grabhami1.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''''Lysmata grabhami''''' is a species of saltwater shrimp in the family Hippolytidae. It was first described by Gordon in 1935. It occurs in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean and is a cleaner shrimp, operating a cleaning station to which fish come to have parasites removed. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 13:45, 16 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=29945240 --> == Tech News: 2026-08 == <section begin="technews-2026-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237] '''Updates for editors''' * The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval] * The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. * Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add <code dir="ltr">#siteNotice { display: none; }</code> to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the "view new changes since…" button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W08"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:17, 16 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30086330 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-09 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:it:Elefante di Cremona]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:de:Elefant von Cremona]])&#32;([[:eo:Elefanto de Cremona]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Matthew Paris Elephant from Parker MS 16 fol 151v.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> L''''elefante di Cremona''' (Asia, prima del 1228 - Parma, gennaio 1248) fu un esemplare di elefante donato nel 1228 a Federico II di Svevia da parte del sultano ayyubide al-Malik al-Kamil durante gli incontri che porteranno alla Pace di Giaffa. Usato principalmente per le manifestazioni trionfali del sovrano, l'elefante è citato da numerosi cronachisti e testimoni dell'epoca ed è noto per aver trainato il Carroccio dopo la grande vittoria delle armate di Federico II nella battaglia di Cortenuova del 1237. Rimasto a lungo nell'immaginario popolare collettivo, l'animale venne ucciso durante alcuni scontri occorsi nelle settimane immediatamente precedenti alla battaglia di Parma. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 11:43, 23 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=30097839 --> == Tech News: 2026-09 == <section begin="technews-2026-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764] * Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new "Edit full page" button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered "beta" on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:skin-theme-description</code> and <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag</code> to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta. * The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], <code dir=ltr>ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild</code>, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W09"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:04, 23 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30119102 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-10 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Treaty of the Danish West Indies]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:The Virgin islands of the United States of America; historical and descriptive, commercial and industrial facts, figures, and resources (1918) (14596880870).jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Treaty of the Danish West Indies''' (Danish: Vestindiens traktat), officially the Convention between the United States and Denmark for cession of the Danish West Indies (Danish: Konventionen mellem USA og Danmark), was a 1916 treaty transferring sovereignty of the Danish West Indies from Denmark to the United States in exchange for a sum of US$25,000,000 in gold ($722 million in 2024) and a declaration from the United States that it would "not object to the Danish Government extending their political and economic interests to the whole of Greenland". It is one of the most recent permanent expansions of United States territory. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:43, 2 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=30097839 --> == Tech News: 2026-10 == <section begin="technews-2026-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki. '''Updates for editors''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&filter=&optional=1&action=translate help to localize] this and related features. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912] * Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807] * Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no <code dir=ltr>uselang=</code> URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111] * The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust & Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696] * The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views. * The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users. * [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W10"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:52, 2 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30137798 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-11 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Steens Mountain]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Steens Mountain near Andrews, Oregon.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Steens Mountain''' is a large fault-block mountain in the northwest United States, located in Harney County, Oregon. Stretching some fifty miles (80 km) north to south, on its east side it rises from the Alvord Desert at an elevation of about 4,200 feet (1,280 m) to 9,738 feet (2,968 m) at the summit. Steens Mountain is not part of a mountain range but is properly a single mountain, the largest of Oregon's fault-block mountains. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 07:30, 9 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=30097839 --> == Tech News: 2026-11 == <section begin="technews-2026-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. * Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]). '''Updates for editors''' * Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118] * Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W11"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:53, 9 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30213008 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-12 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Casque (anatomy)]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Great hornbill (Buceros bicornis) Photograph by Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> A '''casque''' is an anatomical feature found in some species of birds, reptiles, and amphibians. In birds, it is an enlargement of the bones of the upper mandible or the skull, either on the front of the face, the top of the head, or both. The casque has been hypothesized to serve as a visual cue to a bird's sex, state of maturity, or social status; as reinforcement to the beak's structure; or as a resonance chamber, enhancing calls. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:43, 16 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=30245038 --> == Tech News: 2026-12 == <section begin="technews-2026-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055] * On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016] * Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]]. * Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874] * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror</code> or <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.lib</code> modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.switch</code> hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W12"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:36, 16 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30260505 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-13 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Etruscan sculpture]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Frontone A del grande tempio di luni con concilio degli dei, 175-150 ac. ca. 01.JPG|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Etruscan sculpture''' was one of the most important artistic expressions of the Etruscan people, who inhabited the regions of Northern Italy and Central Italy between about the 9th century BC and the 1st century BC. Etruscan art was largely a derivation of Greek art, although developed with many characteristics of its own. Given the almost total lack of Etruscan written documents, a problem compounded by the paucity of information on their language—still largely undeciphered—it is in their art that the keys to the reconstruction of their history are to be found, although Greek and Roman chronicles are also of great help. Like its culture in general, Etruscan sculpture has many obscure aspects for scholars, being the subject of controversy and forcing them to propose their interpretations always tentatively, but the consensus is that it was part of the most important and original legacy of Italian art and even contributed significantly to the initial formation of the artistic traditions of ancient Rome. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:07, 23 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=30245038 --> == Tech News: 2026-13 == <section begin="technews-2026-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|"Log in with passkey" button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647] * The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823] * Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127] * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W13"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:51, 23 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30268305 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-14 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Pulse (nightclub)]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Orlando FL Pulse Nightclub01.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Pulse''' was a gay bar, dance club, and nightclub in Orlando, Florida, founded in 2004 by Barbara Poma and Ron Legler. On June 12, 2016, the club was the scene of the second-deadliest mass shooting by a single gunman in U.S. history, and the second-deadliest terrorist attack on U.S. soil since the September 11 attacks. Forty-nine people were killed and 58 other people were injured. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:37, 30 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=30306870 --> == Tech News: 2026-14 == <section begin="technews-2026-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]]. '''Updates for editors''' * The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]]. * The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap "Edit". This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W14"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:26, 30 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30329462 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-15 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Tofana di Rozes]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Tofana di Rozes 04.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Tofana di Rozes''' (3,225 metres (10,581 ft)) is a mountain of the Dolomites in the Province of Belluno, Veneto, Italy. Located west of the resort of Cortina d'Ampezzo, the mountain's giant three-edged pyramid shape and its vertical south face, above the Falzarego Pass, makes it the most popular peak in the Tofane group, and one of the most popular in the Dolomites. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:27, 6 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=30306870 --> == Tech News: 2026-15 == <section begin="technews-2026-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]]. * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304] * All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]]. * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>format=php</nowiki></code></bdi>, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538] * The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example "WP" for the "Project" ("Wikipedia") namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W15"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:19, 6 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30362761 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-16 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Very-low-calorie diet]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Green smoothie (8222465502).jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> A '''very-low-calorie diet''' (VLCD), also known as semistarvation diet and crash diet, is a type of diet with very or extremely low daily food energy consumption. VLCDs are defined as a diet of 800 kilocalories (3,300 kJ) per day or less. Modern medically supervised VLCDs use total meal replacements, with regulated formulations in Europe and Canada which contain the recommended daily requirements for vitamins, minerals, trace elements, fatty acids, protein and electrolyte balance. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:56, 13 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=30306870 --> == Tech News: 2026-16 == <section begin="technews-2026-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Experienced editors are invited to [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page test] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature, designed to help less-experienced editors create well-structured, policy-compliant Wikipedia articles. Testing instructions are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|available]]. Also, after reviewing [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance the outlines], please provide feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|project talk page]]. Based on your input, the feature will be refined and transferred to the pilot Wikipedias to translate and adapt. Check out [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|the video]] explaining the feature. '''Updates for editors''' * On most wikis, all autoconfirmed users can now use [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] page to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|create new pages with custom content models]], such as mass message lists, making custom page formats more accessible. Check [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]] for the status of your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294] * The Growth team has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|account creation experiment]] to evaluate whether adding an account creation button to the mobile web header increases new account registrations and encourages more mobile users to contribute to the wikis. The experiment is currently live on Hindi, Indonesian, Bengali, Thai, and Hebrew Wikipedia, and targets 10% of logged-out mobile web users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where VisualEditor could get stuck loading on Windows devices with animations turned off, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting later this week, {{int:group-abusefilter}} who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature enabled will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] as the editor at [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. This is part of the broader effort to make the user experience more consistent across all editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * Tools and bots that access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|Notifications API]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=query&meta=notifications</nowiki></code></bdi>) will need to update their OAuth or BotPassword grants to also include access to private notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991] * Due to a library upgrade, listings on category pages may be displayed out of order starting on Monday, 20th April. A migration script will be run to correct this, and will take hours to days depending on the size of the wiki (up to a week for English Wikipedia). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W16"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:19, 13 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30380527 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-17 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Chromodoris willani]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Babosa de mar (Chromodoris willani), Anilao, Filipinas, 2023-08-24, DD 34.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''''Chromodoris willani''''', commonly known as Willan's chromodoris, is a species of sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family Chromodorididae. The species is named for the renowned nudibranch taxonomist Dr. Richard C. Willan. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:34, 20 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=30430366 --> == Tech News: 2026-17 == <section begin="technews-2026-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * After two years of development, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], is to be promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. It brings better code and wikitext readability, reduction in typing errors, and other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|benefits]] to all users of the standard syntax highlighter. A huge thank you to volunteer [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] who developed many of the new features, including [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|code folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linting]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS is now rolling out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple's latest "Liquid Glass" visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] is a feature which allows readers to save articles to a list for reading later. This feature is now in beta on Arabic, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and by default for all new accounts on all Wikipedias. * An experiment which explores extending [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Page Previews to mobile web]] will be launched in the week of April 20 on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page Previews are pop-ups that display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and a link to open the full article of a blue link, thereby improving content discovery. The feature is already available on desktop and in the apps. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Read more about this experiment and others]]. * On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven't [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] can now see a banner encouraging them to do so. Having the email address confirmed allows a user to restore access to the account if they lose it. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:15}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:15|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where editing very large wiki pages in the 2017 wikitext editor caused slow loading, preview and scrolling lag, and performance issues when selecting, cutting, or pasting content, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of the promotion of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] from a beta feature, all users will use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The <code>mirrors.wikimedia.org</code> service for Debian and Ubuntu users will sunset and stop working on May 15. The resources for the service will be replaced with new and better options. Some users may need to switch to a different server which should take about a minute. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ You can read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707] * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> table will be removed from [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. If your tools or queries access <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> directly, please update them to use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>file</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>filerevision</nowiki></code></bdi> table before 28 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741] * Following the recent implementation of global API rate limits on unidentified traffic, the Wikimedia Foundation will continue efforts to ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]] by applying global limits to identified API traffic beginning the last week of April. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. The API fetches information for crediting Wikimedia articles and media files wherever they are used. Reference documentation is available through the REST Sandbox special page available on all Wikimedia wikis (such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST sandbox on English Wikipedia]). Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W17"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:01, 20 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30432763 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-18 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Platypus venom]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Platypus spur.JPG|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The platypus is one of the few living mammals to produce venom. The venom is made in venom glands that are connected to hollow spurs on their hind legs; it is primarily made during the mating season.[1] While the venom's effects are described as extremely painful, it is not lethal to humans. Many archaic mammal groups possess similar tarsal spurs, so it is thought that, rather than having developed this characteristic uniquely, the platypus simply inherited this characteristic from its ancestors. Rather than being a unique outlier, the platypus is the last demonstration of what was once a common mammalian characteristic, and it can be used as a model for non-therian mammals and their venom delivery and properties. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 02:04, 27 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=30449041 --> nvej2k81quac6o4rcrrauv82t7wsj22 3 466307 4632617 4632185 2026-04-26T22:46:51Z Samuel.dellit 1387936 /* Deletion of Subpage */ new section 4632617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = User talk:Codename Noreste/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |maxarchivesize = 100K |archiveheader = {{Automatic archive navigator}} |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} == Future of game coverage on Wikimedia wikis == Hi, what's the future of video game coverage on Wikimedia wikis? I'm a major proponent of in-depth gaming coverage, even though I'm aware places like the English Wikipedia don't easy allow for its inclusion. I've also opened a question if Simple English Wikipedia can [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Notability#Scope loosen its scope], partly to help with the accessibility of niche topics that people who may not understand English well can read that may not be presentable as such elsewhere. Or is Wikibooks the only true Wikimedia project for in-depth game coverage, just through a textbook or instruction manual lens? [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 00:20, 17 April 2026 (UTC) == Deletion of Subpage == Hello Codename Noreste You have recently deleted a subpage in "my" Wikibook for Publications: https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia This was a page for a variety of publications which were deleted summarily about 6 months ago at a time when personal matters intervened and I was unable to respond adequately. Would you please undelete this subpage as I will shortly be seeking to have most of the publications restored (they are in the public domain). Thanks Sam Dellit [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 22:46, 26 April 2026 (UTC) q56wbrf5ih1jpacribeifdsa7s9fj4q 4632618 4632617 2026-04-26T22:51:59Z Codename Noreste 3441010 /* Deletion of Subpage */ reply ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 4632618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = User talk:Codename Noreste/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |maxarchivesize = 100K |archiveheader = {{Automatic archive navigator}} |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} == Future of game coverage on Wikimedia wikis == Hi, what's the future of video game coverage on Wikimedia wikis? I'm a major proponent of in-depth gaming coverage, even though I'm aware places like the English Wikipedia don't easy allow for its inclusion. I've also opened a question if Simple English Wikipedia can [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Notability#Scope loosen its scope], partly to help with the accessibility of niche topics that people who may not understand English well can read that may not be presentable as such elsewhere. Or is Wikibooks the only true Wikimedia project for in-depth game coverage, just through a textbook or instruction manual lens? [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 00:20, 17 April 2026 (UTC) == Deletion of Subpage == Hello Codename Noreste You have recently deleted a subpage in "my" Wikibook for Publications: https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia This was a page for a variety of publications which were deleted summarily about 6 months ago at a time when personal matters intervened and I was unable to respond adequately. Would you please undelete this subpage as I will shortly be seeking to have most of the publications restored (they are in the public domain). Thanks Sam Dellit [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 22:46, 26 April 2026 (UTC) : Hi, which subpage would you want to be restored? Some context: @[[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] tagged these as copyright violations which I couldn’t tell if they are, and they said they were. I deleted them, until you notified me here. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:51, 26 April 2026 (UTC) 4hd70zb71603h3y7sgjjgo4jfeixij7 4632619 4632618 2026-04-26T22:57:09Z Samuel.dellit 1387936 /* Deletion of Subpage */ Reply 4632619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = User talk:Codename Noreste/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |maxarchivesize = 100K |archiveheader = {{Automatic archive navigator}} |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} == Future of game coverage on Wikimedia wikis == Hi, what's the future of video game coverage on Wikimedia wikis? I'm a major proponent of in-depth gaming coverage, even though I'm aware places like the English Wikipedia don't easy allow for its inclusion. I've also opened a question if Simple English Wikipedia can [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Notability#Scope loosen its scope], partly to help with the accessibility of niche topics that people who may not understand English well can read that may not be presentable as such elsewhere. Or is Wikibooks the only true Wikimedia project for in-depth game coverage, just through a textbook or instruction manual lens? [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 00:20, 17 April 2026 (UTC) == Deletion of Subpage == Hello Codename Noreste You have recently deleted a subpage in "my" Wikibook for Publications: https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia This was a page for a variety of publications which were deleted summarily about 6 months ago at a time when personal matters intervened and I was unable to respond adequately. Would you please undelete this subpage as I will shortly be seeking to have most of the publications restored (they are in the public domain). Thanks Sam Dellit [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 22:46, 26 April 2026 (UTC) : Hi, which subpage would you want to be restored? Some context: @[[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] tagged these as copyright violations which I couldn’t tell if they are, and they said they were. I deleted them, until you notified me here. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:51, 26 April 2026 (UTC) ::Hello Codename Noreste ::The primary page is here: ::https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Publications ::If you could undelete the subpages also, that would be great (sorry, I have no record of what they were). ::Then I could start including proof of public domain for as many as possible (I am now again active on Wikibooks). ::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 22:57, 26 April 2026 (UTC) m6tucgllvkr1zln6wtdvl59i27zf54k 4632639 4632619 2026-04-27T02:02:04Z Codename Noreste 3441010 /* Deletion of Subpage */ reply to Samuel.dellit ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 4632639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = User talk:Codename Noreste/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |maxarchivesize = 100K |archiveheader = {{Automatic archive navigator}} |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} == Future of game coverage on Wikimedia wikis == Hi, what's the future of video game coverage on Wikimedia wikis? I'm a major proponent of in-depth gaming coverage, even though I'm aware places like the English Wikipedia don't easy allow for its inclusion. I've also opened a question if Simple English Wikipedia can [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Notability#Scope loosen its scope], partly to help with the accessibility of niche topics that people who may not understand English well can read that may not be presentable as such elsewhere. Or is Wikibooks the only true Wikimedia project for in-depth game coverage, just through a textbook or instruction manual lens? [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 00:20, 17 April 2026 (UTC) == Deletion of Subpage == Hello Codename Noreste You have recently deleted a subpage in "my" Wikibook for Publications: https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia This was a page for a variety of publications which were deleted summarily about 6 months ago at a time when personal matters intervened and I was unable to respond adequately. Would you please undelete this subpage as I will shortly be seeking to have most of the publications restored (they are in the public domain). Thanks Sam Dellit [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 22:46, 26 April 2026 (UTC) : Hi, which subpage would you want to be restored? Some context: @[[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] tagged these as copyright violations which I couldn’t tell if they are, and they said they were. I deleted them, until you notified me here. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:51, 26 April 2026 (UTC) ::Hello Codename Noreste ::The primary page is here: ::https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Publications ::If you could undelete the subpages also, that would be great (sorry, I have no record of what they were). ::Then I could start including proof of public domain for as many as possible (I am now again active on Wikibooks). ::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 22:57, 26 April 2026 (UTC) ::: @[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] They are now undeleted, so you can make the necessary changes. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:02, 27 April 2026 (UTC) brnpdidktwb69rqa6hpuda71hujnnku 4632640 4632639 2026-04-27T02:02:48Z Codename Noreste 3441010 /* Future of game coverage on Wikimedia wikis */ reply ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 4632640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = User talk:Codename Noreste/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |maxarchivesize = 100K |archiveheader = {{Automatic archive navigator}} |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} == Future of game coverage on Wikimedia wikis == Hi, what's the future of video game coverage on Wikimedia wikis? I'm a major proponent of in-depth gaming coverage, even though I'm aware places like the English Wikipedia don't easy allow for its inclusion. I've also opened a question if Simple English Wikipedia can [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Notability#Scope loosen its scope], partly to help with the accessibility of niche topics that people who may not understand English well can read that may not be presentable as such elsewhere. Or is Wikibooks the only true Wikimedia project for in-depth game coverage, just through a textbook or instruction manual lens? [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 00:20, 17 April 2026 (UTC) : I'm afraid that I may not able to answer that, apart that you comply with Wikibooks' scope. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:02, 27 April 2026 (UTC) == Deletion of Subpage == Hello Codename Noreste You have recently deleted a subpage in "my" Wikibook for Publications: https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia This was a page for a variety of publications which were deleted summarily about 6 months ago at a time when personal matters intervened and I was unable to respond adequately. Would you please undelete this subpage as I will shortly be seeking to have most of the publications restored (they are in the public domain). Thanks Sam Dellit [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 22:46, 26 April 2026 (UTC) : Hi, which subpage would you want to be restored? Some context: @[[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] tagged these as copyright violations which I couldn’t tell if they are, and they said they were. I deleted them, until you notified me here. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:51, 26 April 2026 (UTC) ::Hello Codename Noreste ::The primary page is here: ::https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Publications ::If you could undelete the subpages also, that would be great (sorry, I have no record of what they were). ::Then I could start including proof of public domain for as many as possible (I am now again active on Wikibooks). ::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 22:57, 26 April 2026 (UTC) ::: @[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] They are now undeleted, so you can make the necessary changes. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:02, 27 April 2026 (UTC) 7pt3ht5w1fas49e91xwq5fc3phkevk0 4632654 4632640 2026-04-27T03:03:05Z Samuel.dellit 1387936 /* Deletion of Subpage */ Reply 4632654 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = User talk:Codename Noreste/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |maxarchivesize = 100K |archiveheader = {{Automatic archive navigator}} |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} == Future of game coverage on Wikimedia wikis == Hi, what's the future of video game coverage on Wikimedia wikis? I'm a major proponent of in-depth gaming coverage, even though I'm aware places like the English Wikipedia don't easy allow for its inclusion. I've also opened a question if Simple English Wikipedia can [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Notability#Scope loosen its scope], partly to help with the accessibility of niche topics that people who may not understand English well can read that may not be presentable as such elsewhere. Or is Wikibooks the only true Wikimedia project for in-depth game coverage, just through a textbook or instruction manual lens? [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 00:20, 17 April 2026 (UTC) : I'm afraid that I may not able to answer that, apart that you comply with Wikibooks' scope. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:02, 27 April 2026 (UTC) == Deletion of Subpage == Hello Codename Noreste You have recently deleted a subpage in "my" Wikibook for Publications: https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia This was a page for a variety of publications which were deleted summarily about 6 months ago at a time when personal matters intervened and I was unable to respond adequately. Would you please undelete this subpage as I will shortly be seeking to have most of the publications restored (they are in the public domain). Thanks Sam Dellit [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 22:46, 26 April 2026 (UTC) : Hi, which subpage would you want to be restored? Some context: @[[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] tagged these as copyright violations which I couldn’t tell if they are, and they said they were. I deleted them, until you notified me here. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:51, 26 April 2026 (UTC) ::Hello Codename Noreste ::The primary page is here: ::https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Publications ::If you could undelete the subpages also, that would be great (sorry, I have no record of what they were). ::Then I could start including proof of public domain for as many as possible (I am now again active on Wikibooks). ::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 22:57, 26 April 2026 (UTC) ::: @[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] They are now undeleted, so you can make the necessary changes. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:02, 27 April 2026 (UTC) ::::Thank you, I can now see: ::::https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Publications ::::But I still can't see any of the subpages ::::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 03:03, 27 April 2026 (UTC) aigxbzs0mcb6y4rg9sdo11rlaj49egj 4632655 4632654 2026-04-27T03:10:57Z Codename Noreste 3441010 /* Deletion of Subpage */ reply to Samuel.dellit ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 4632655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = User talk:Codename Noreste/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |maxarchivesize = 100K |archiveheader = {{Automatic archive navigator}} |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} == Future of game coverage on Wikimedia wikis == Hi, what's the future of video game coverage on Wikimedia wikis? I'm a major proponent of in-depth gaming coverage, even though I'm aware places like the English Wikipedia don't easy allow for its inclusion. I've also opened a question if Simple English Wikipedia can [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Notability#Scope loosen its scope], partly to help with the accessibility of niche topics that people who may not understand English well can read that may not be presentable as such elsewhere. Or is Wikibooks the only true Wikimedia project for in-depth game coverage, just through a textbook or instruction manual lens? [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 00:20, 17 April 2026 (UTC) : I'm afraid that I may not able to answer that, apart that you comply with Wikibooks' scope. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:02, 27 April 2026 (UTC) == Deletion of Subpage == Hello Codename Noreste You have recently deleted a subpage in "my" Wikibook for Publications: https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia This was a page for a variety of publications which were deleted summarily about 6 months ago at a time when personal matters intervened and I was unable to respond adequately. Would you please undelete this subpage as I will shortly be seeking to have most of the publications restored (they are in the public domain). Thanks Sam Dellit [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 22:46, 26 April 2026 (UTC) : Hi, which subpage would you want to be restored? Some context: @[[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] tagged these as copyright violations which I couldn’t tell if they are, and they said they were. I deleted them, until you notified me here. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:51, 26 April 2026 (UTC) ::Hello Codename Noreste ::The primary page is here: ::https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Publications ::If you could undelete the subpages also, that would be great (sorry, I have no record of what they were). ::Then I could start including proof of public domain for as many as possible (I am now again active on Wikibooks). ::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 22:57, 26 April 2026 (UTC) ::: @[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] They are now undeleted, so you can make the necessary changes. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:02, 27 April 2026 (UTC) ::::Thank you, I can now see: ::::https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Publications ::::But I still can't see any of the subpages ::::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 03:03, 27 April 2026 (UTC) ::::: Try restoring [[Special:Permalink/4019477|this version]], thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:10, 27 April 2026 (UTC) 7t6tlrvlfg50i7xsn4n64mthi6t4yek 4632703 4632655 2026-04-27T11:01:43Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 /* Deletion of Subpage */ 4632703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = User talk:Codename Noreste/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |maxarchivesize = 100K |archiveheader = {{Automatic archive navigator}} |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} == Future of game coverage on Wikimedia wikis == Hi, what's the future of video game coverage on Wikimedia wikis? I'm a major proponent of in-depth gaming coverage, even though I'm aware places like the English Wikipedia don't easy allow for its inclusion. I've also opened a question if Simple English Wikipedia can [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Notability#Scope loosen its scope], partly to help with the accessibility of niche topics that people who may not understand English well can read that may not be presentable as such elsewhere. Or is Wikibooks the only true Wikimedia project for in-depth game coverage, just through a textbook or instruction manual lens? [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 00:20, 17 April 2026 (UTC) : I'm afraid that I may not able to answer that, apart that you comply with Wikibooks' scope. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:02, 27 April 2026 (UTC) == Deletion of Subpage == Hello Codename Noreste You have recently deleted a subpage in "my" Wikibook for Publications: https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia This was a page for a variety of publications which were deleted summarily about 6 months ago at a time when personal matters intervened and I was unable to respond adequately. Would you please undelete this subpage as I will shortly be seeking to have most of the publications restored (they are in the public domain). Thanks Sam Dellit [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 22:46, 26 April 2026 (UTC) : Hi, which subpage would you want to be restored? Some context: @[[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] tagged these as copyright violations which I couldn’t tell if they are, and they said they were. I deleted them, until you notified me here. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:51, 26 April 2026 (UTC) ::Hello Codename Noreste ::The primary page is here: ::https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Publications ::If you could undelete the subpages also, that would be great (sorry, I have no record of what they were). ::Then I could start including proof of public domain for as many as possible (I am now again active on Wikibooks). ::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 22:57, 26 April 2026 (UTC) ::: @[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] They are now undeleted, so you can make the necessary changes. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:02, 27 April 2026 (UTC) ::::Thank you, I can now see: ::::https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Publications ::::But I still can't see any of the subpages ::::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 03:03, 27 April 2026 (UTC) ::::: Try restoring [[Special:Permalink/4019477|this version]], thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:10, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :Reverted the tags, you should see the articles, I suggest you look into the authors of articles of transcribed articles and confirm they ALL died before 1946 ( Australia at the date of the Issues concerned was 50 pma, making it anything still in copyright in Australia in 1996, got a full US term, NOT a 28 year and renewal as might be expected.). If you don't provide further biographical detail for the authors, these publication transcriptions will be considered copyvio, and retagged. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 11:01, 27 April 2026 (UTC) mb9hry5altc5em5nxbxprd9q0uocmip 4632704 4632703 2026-04-27T11:03:29Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 /* Deletion of Subpage */ 4632704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = User talk:Codename Noreste/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |maxarchivesize = 100K |archiveheader = {{Automatic archive navigator}} |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} == Future of game coverage on Wikimedia wikis == Hi, what's the future of video game coverage on Wikimedia wikis? I'm a major proponent of in-depth gaming coverage, even though I'm aware places like the English Wikipedia don't easy allow for its inclusion. I've also opened a question if Simple English Wikipedia can [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Notability#Scope loosen its scope], partly to help with the accessibility of niche topics that people who may not understand English well can read that may not be presentable as such elsewhere. Or is Wikibooks the only true Wikimedia project for in-depth game coverage, just through a textbook or instruction manual lens? [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 00:20, 17 April 2026 (UTC) : I'm afraid that I may not able to answer that, apart that you comply with Wikibooks' scope. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:02, 27 April 2026 (UTC) == Deletion of Subpage == Hello Codename Noreste You have recently deleted a subpage in "my" Wikibook for Publications: https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia This was a page for a variety of publications which were deleted summarily about 6 months ago at a time when personal matters intervened and I was unable to respond adequately. Would you please undelete this subpage as I will shortly be seeking to have most of the publications restored (they are in the public domain). Thanks Sam Dellit [[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 22:46, 26 April 2026 (UTC) : Hi, which subpage would you want to be restored? Some context: @[[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] tagged these as copyright violations which I couldn’t tell if they are, and they said they were. I deleted them, until you notified me here. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:51, 26 April 2026 (UTC) ::Hello Codename Noreste ::The primary page is here: ::https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Publications ::If you could undelete the subpages also, that would be great (sorry, I have no record of what they were). ::Then I could start including proof of public domain for as many as possible (I am now again active on Wikibooks). ::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 22:57, 26 April 2026 (UTC) ::: @[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] They are now undeleted, so you can make the necessary changes. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:02, 27 April 2026 (UTC) ::::Thank you, I can now see: ::::https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_wireless_telegraphy_and_broadcasting_in_Australia/Topical/Publications ::::But I still can't see any of the subpages ::::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 03:03, 27 April 2026 (UTC) ::::: Try restoring [[Special:Permalink/4019477|this version]], thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:10, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{ping|Samuel.dellit}} Reverted the tags, you should see the articles, I suggest you look into the authors of articles of transcribed articles and confirm they ALL died before 1946 ( Australia at the date of the Issues concerned was 50 pma, making it (disapointinhly that anything still in copyright in Australia in 1996, got a full US term due to URAA, NOT a 28 year and renewal as might be expected.). If you don't provide further biographical detail for the authors, these publication transcriptions will be considered copyvio, and retagged. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 11:01, 27 April 2026 (UTC) fzko9u8aspy7xkl1h7grc9a50fqq3zn 2 468255 4632652 4631719 2026-04-27T02:48:22Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Former factories */ 4632652 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a '''history of [[w:General Motors|General Motors]] factories''' that are being or have been used to produce cars, vans, SUVs, trucks, buses, and automobile components.<ref name=GMfacilities>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080614231130/http://www.gm.com/corporate/responsibility/environment/plants/index.jsp GM facilities map]. Retrieved on July 8, 2009.</ref> The factories are sometimes idled for re-tooling. Originally, GM's different divisions each had their own serial number formats and plant codes. Chevrolet cars, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, and Buick unified their serial number formats and plant codes in 1965. Cadillac adopted the same unified format in 1971. Chevrolet trucks and GMC trucks unified their serial number formats in 1972. Chevrolet trucks and GMC trucks were already using the same plant codes from 1964 and those were unified with the car divisions (other than Cadillac) in 1965. Cadillac did not use plant codes before 1971 as all Cadillacs were made at Cadillac's home plant in Detroit until 1971. In 1971, Cadillacs began to be made in more than one plant so they started using plant codes, using the same codes that the other GM car divisions were using since 1965. GM Canada used the same format as GM USA from 1967. For US-built models: For '''Chevrolet cars including El Camino''': Plant code was the 1st or 1st 2 digits of the serial number from 1928-1952. Plant code was the 4th position of the serial number from 1953-1957 6-cylinder models. Plant code was the 5th position of the serial number from 1955-1957 V8 models. Plant code was the 4th position of the serial number from 1958-1959. Plant code was the 6th position of the serial number from 1960-1964. Plant code was the letter or number in the 7th position of the serial number from 1965-1980. For '''Chevrolet trucks''': Plant code was the 1st or 1st 2 digits of the serial number from 1947-1952. Plant code was the 4th position of the serial number from 1953-1954 & for the 1955 1st Series models. Plant code was the 5th position of the serial number for 1955 2nd Series models and 1956-1959 models with 6-cylinder engines. Plant code was the 6th position of the serial number for 1955 2nd Series models and 1956-1959 models with V8 engines. Plant code was the 6th position of the serial number from 1960-1971. Plant code was the letter or number in the 7th position of the serial number from 1972-1980. For '''Pontiac''': Plant code was the 1st letter in the serial number from 1936-1938 for plants other than Pontiac, MI (Pontiac, MI omitted the 1st letter so the 1st position was a number rather than a letter for Pontiac, MI as Pontiac, MI didn't use a specific plant code). Plant code was the 1st position of the serial number from 1939-1958. Plant code was the 4th position of the serial number from 1959-1964. Plant code was the letter or number in the 7th position of the serial number from 1965-1980. For '''Oldsmobile''': Plant code was the 1st of 2 letters in the serial number from 1937-1940 for plants other than Lansing (Lansing omitted the 1st letter so there was only 1 letter before the numbers rather than 2 letters for Linden & Southgate as Lansing didn't have a specific plant code). Plant code was the letter in the 3rd position of the serial number from 1941-1948 for plants other than Lansing (Lansing omitted the letter and didn't have a specific plant code). Plant code was the 4th position of the serial number from 1949-1964. Plant code was the letter or number in the 7th position of the serial number from 1965-1980. For '''Buick''': Plant code was the number in the 1st position of the serial number from 1938-1953. Plant code was the number in the 3rd position of the serial number from 1954-1964. Plant code was the letter or number in the 7th position of the serial number from 1965-1980. For '''Cadillac''': Plant code was the letter or number in the 7th position of the serial number from 1971-1980. (Cadillac did not use plant codes before 1971 as all Cadillacs were made at Cadillac's home plant in Detroit until 1971.) For '''GMC Sprint & Caballero''': Plant code was the letter or number in the 7th position of the serial number from 1971-1980. For '''GMC trucks''': Plant code was the 6th position of the serial number from 1952-1954 & for 1955 1st Series models with manual transmission. Plant code was the 7th position of the serial number from 1952-1954 & for 1955 1st Series models with automatic transmission. Plant code was the 4th position of the serial number for 1955 2nd Series models and 1956-1959 models with 6-cylinder engines. Plant code was the 5th position of the serial number for 1955 2nd Series models and 1956-1959 models with V8 engines. Plant code was the 5th position of the serial number for 1960-1966 models with 2wd and V6 or V8 engines. Plant code was the 6th position of the serial number for 1960-1966 models with inline-6 engines or with 4wd. Plant code was the 7th position of the serial number from 1967-1971 (most models had a dash in the 6th position except for some models that had a special designation indicated in the 6th position). Plant code was the letter or number in the 7th position of the serial number from 1972-1980. All models from 1981 on have the plant code in the 11th position as per standardized VIN regulations. The above applies to Canadian-built models from 1967 on. ==Current factories== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%" !VIN !! Name !! City/State !! Country !! class="unsortable" | Products !! Opened !! Idled !! class="unsortable" | Comments |- |R (1963-1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] and 1965-present)<br /><br />T (Pre-1965 [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] and Pre-1960 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])<br /><br />A (1960-1964 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])<br /><br />8 (Pre-1964 [[w:Buick|Buick]])||[[w:Arlington Assembly|Arlington Assembly]]||[[w:Arlington, Texas|Arlington, Texas]]||[[w:United States|United States]]||[[w:GMT T1XX|T1XX]] SUVs (2021-):<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Fifth generation (2021)|Chevrolet Tahoe]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Twelfth generation (2021)|Chevrolet Suburban]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Yukon|GMC Yukon]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Yukon XL|GMC Yukon XL]]<br />[[w:Cadillac Escalade#Fifth generation (2021)|Cadillac Escalade]]<br />[[w:Cadillac Escalade#Fifth generation (2021)|Cadillac Escalade ESV]] ||1954||&nbsp;||Located at 2525 E Abram St.<br />Was originally part of the [[w:Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division|Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division]]. Production began on January 6, 1954. The first vehicle produced was a 1954 Pontiac Chieftain 4-door. Arlington began making Chevrolet passenger cars for 1963. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. Arlington began making midsize cars for 1968 but focused exclusively on midsize cars from 1971-1987. Arlington resumed making full-size cars for 1988 for the first time since 1970. Arlington focused exclusively on rwd, full-size cars from 1988-1996. When Willow Run Assembly closed in 1993, Arlington became GM's only factory still building traditional body-on-frame, rwd, full-size cars. Passenger car production ended in 1996. It's interesting to note that Arlington has never built any fwd vehicles or any unibody vehicles. Arlington was then converted to build full-size SUVs. SUV production began for 1998. Full-size pickups were also built for 1998-2000. Arlington Assembly has produced models for all of GM's primary American brands: Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Buick, Cadillac, and GMC. Arlington Assembly has produced over 13 million vehicles. A new 129,250-square-foot body shop on the plant's west side was announced in 2011 as part of retooling for the K2XX generation SUVs launched in 2014. A new stamping plant was announced in 2012 and opened in 2013 at Arlington Assembly, replacing stampings previously sourced from GM stamping plants elsewhere in the US.<br /> A $1.4 billion plant upgrade was completed to build the <br /> T1XX generation SUVs beginning in 2020. It included a new <br /> 1 million sq. ft. body shop & a 600,000-sq. ft. extension to the paint shop. The general assembly area was also upgraded. <br /> Past models:<br /> [[w:GM A platform (RWD)|GM A platform (RWD)]] (intermediate): [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1970-1977), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1974-1981), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1978-1981), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1970-1981), [[w:GMC Sprint|GMC Sprint]] (1974-1977), [[w:GMC Caballero|GMC Caballero]] (1978-1981), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (1971-1981), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1971-1981), [[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]] (1971-1977), [[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1968-1970), [[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1968-1970), [[w:Pontiac Tempest|Pontiac Tempest]] (1968-1970)<br /> [[w:General Motors G platform (1969)|GM G platform (RWD) 1982-1988]]: [[w:Buick Regal|Buick Regal]] (1982-1983), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1982-1984), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1982-1983), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1982-1987), [[w:GMC Caballero|GMC Caballero]] (1982-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1982-1987), [[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]] (1985).<br /> [[w:General Motors A platform (1925)|GM full-size A platform]]: [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1954-1957), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1954-1957)<br /> [[w:GM B platform|GM B platform]]: [[w:Buick Century#Second generation (1954–1958)|Buick Century]] (1954-1958), [[w:Buick Invicta|Buick Invicta]] (1959-1963), [[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick LeSabre]] (1959-1960), [[w:Buick Roadmaster#1991–1996|Buick Roadmaster sedan]] (1992-1996), [[w:Buick Estate#1991–1996|Buick Roadmaster Estate wagon]] (1994-1996), [[w:Buick Special#1949–1958|Buick Special]] (1954-1958), [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]] (1963), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1963-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1963-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1970, 1988-1996), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1963-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Impala#Seventh generation (Impala SS, 1994–1996)|Chevrolet Impala SS]] (1994-1996), [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1955-1964), [[w:Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser#Second generation (1977–1990)|Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser]] (1988-1990), [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#First generation (1961–1966)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1961-1966), [[w:Pontiac 2+2|Pontiac 2+2]] (1964-1967), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1959-1968), [[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (1959-1970), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1962-65, 1967-68), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1963, 1966), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1960–1970|Pontiac Ventura]] (1960-1961).<br />[[w:General Motors C platform (RWD)|GM C platform (RWD)]]: [[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]] (1959-1963), [[w:Buick Limited#1958 Limited|Buick Limited]] (1958), [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1955-1958), [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1955-1958), [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]] (1954-1964) <br /> [[w:GM D platform|GM D platform]]: [[w:Cadillac Brougham|Cadillac Brougham]] (1988-1992), [[w:Cadillac Fleetwood#Rear-wheel drive 1993–1996|Cadillac Fleetwood]] (1993-1996) <br />[[w:GMT400|GMT400]] pickups: [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|Chevrolet C/K]] (1998-2000), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|GMC Sierra]] (1998-2000).<br /> [[w:GMT400|GMT400]] SUVs: [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#First generation (1992)|Chevrolet Tahoe]] (1998-1999), [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Tahoe Limited and Tahoe Z71|Chevrolet Tahoe Limited and Z71]] (2000), [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#First generation (1992)|GMC Yukon]] (1998-1999), [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#GMC Yukon Denali|GMC Yukon Denali]] (1999-2000), [[w:Cadillac Escalade#First generation (1999)|Cadillac Escalade]] (1999-2000)<br /> [[w:GMT800|GMT800]] SUVs: [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Second generation (2000)|Chevrolet Tahoe]] (2001-2006), [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Second generation (2000)|GMC Yukon]] (2001-2006), [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Second generation (2002)|Cadillac Escalade]] (2002-2006), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Ninth generation (2000)|Chevrolet Suburban]] (2001-2005), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Ninth generation (2000)|GMC Yukon XL]] (2001-2005).<br /> [[w:GMT900|GMT900]] SUVs: [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Third generation (2007)|Chevrolet Tahoe]] (2007-2014), [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Third generation (2007)|GMC Yukon]] (2007-2014), [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Third generation (2007)|GMC Yukon Denali]] (2009-2014), [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Third generation (2007)|Cadillac Escalade]] (2007-2014), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Tenth generation (2007)|Chevrolet Suburban]] (2007-2014), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Tenth generation (2007)|GMC Yukon XL]] (2007-2014), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Tenth generation (2007)|GMC Yukon XL Denali]] (2009-2014), [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Third generation (2007)|Cadillac Escalade ESV]] (2007-2014)<br /> [[w:GMT K2XX|K2XX]] SUVs (2015-2020): [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Fourth generation (2015)|Chevrolet Tahoe]], [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Fourth generation (2015)|GMC Yukon]], [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Fourth generation (2015)|Cadillac Escalade]], [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Eleventh generation (2015)|Chevrolet Suburban]], [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Eleventh generation (2015)|GMC Yukon XL]], [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Fourth generation (2015)|Cadillac Escalade ESV]] |- |U||[[Artisan Center]]||[[w:Warren, Michigan|Warren, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Cadillac Celestiq|Cadillac Celestiq]] (2025-)||2024||&nbsp;||Located at the [[w:General Motors Technical Center|GM Global Technical Center]] in Warren, Michigan. The Celestiq will be the first production vehicle sold to the public to be built at the GM Tech Center. The Celestiq will be built by hand on a special, low-volume production line and will be highly customizable. The Celestiq will be built to order and each one will be unique. |- |&nbsp;||[[Bay City Powertrain]]||[[w:Bay City, Michigan|Bay City, Michigan]]||United States||Engine components including connecting rods & camshafts||1916||&nbsp;||Located at 1001 Woodside Ave. Originally opened as National Cycle Manufacturing Co. in 1892 to make bicycles. Bought by Chevrolet in 1916 and joined GM along with Chevrolet in 1918. |- |&nbsp;||[[Bedford Casting]]||[[w:Bedford, Indiana|Bedford, Indiana]]||United States||Cylinder heads, cylinder blocks, transmission cases, EV drive unit housings, structural components, Aluminum die casting||1942||&nbsp;||Located at 105 GM Drive. |- |5||[[w:Bowling Green Assembly Plant|Bowling Green Assembly Plant]]||[[w:Bowling Green, Kentucky|Bowling Green, Kentucky]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C8)|Chevrolet Corvette (C8)]] (2020-)<br /> [[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#LT4|LT4 supercharged V8 engine]] for:<br /> Cadillac CT5-V Blackwing '22- and <br /> Cadillac Escalade-V '23-<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Gemini small-block engine|LT6 V8 engine]] ('23- Corvette Z06) [[w:Chevrolet Gemini small-block engine#LT7|LT7 twin-turbo V8 engine]] ('25- Corvette ZR1, '26- Corvette ZR1X) ||1981||&nbsp;||Located at 600 Corvette Drive. Originally built by Chrysler's Airtemp division in 1969-1970 and used to build non-automotive A/C units, the plant closed in 1976 following Chrysler's sale of Airtemp to Fedders and was sold to GM in 1980. GM converted the facility into an automotive assembly plant and began building Corvettes in Bowling Green during June 1981, taking over production from the St. Louis plant.<br/> Past models: <br /> [[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C3)|Chevrolet Corvette (C3)]] (1981-1982)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C4)|Chevrolet Corvette (C4)]] (1984-1996)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C5)|Chevrolet Corvette (C5)]] (1997-2004)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C6)|Chevrolet Corvette (C6)]] (2005-2013)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C7)|Chevrolet Corvette (C7)]] (2014-2019) [[w:Cadillac XLR|Cadillac XLR]] (2004-2009)<br /> Performance Build Center relocated from Wixom, MI to Bowling Green Assembly in 2014.<br/> Past engines: [[w:Cadillac twin-turbo V8|Cadillac Blackwing 4.2L LTA twin-turbo V8]],<br />[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#LT4|LT4 supercharged V8 engine]] for: Chevrolet Corvette Z06 (C7) (2015-2016 models with Z07 package or build your own engine option, 2017-2019 all Z06 models) &<br /> Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 (Gen 6) (phased in during 2020, all '21-'24),<br />[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#LT5|LT5 supercharged 6.2L Gen V Small Block V8]] ('19 Corvette ZR1) |- |&nbsp;||[[Brownstown Battery Assembly Plant]]||[[w:Brownstown Charter Township, Michigan|Brownstown Charter Township, Michigan]]||United States||Battery packs for [[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C8)|Chevrolet Corvette <br> E-Ray]] & [[w:Cadillac Celestiq|Cadillac Celestiq]]<br />Electric drive units for Chevrolet Corvette <br> E-Ray<br />Assembles prototype battery packs||2009||&nbsp;||Located at 20001 Brownstown Center Dr.<br /> Battery packs for [[w:Chevrolet Volt|Chevrolet Volt]], [[w:Holden Volt|Holden Volt]], [[w:Opel Ampera|Opel/Vauxhall Ampera]], [[w:Cadillac ELR|Cadillac ELR]], [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Spark EV|Chevrolet Spark EV (2015-2016 only - LG Chem cells)]], [[w:GMC Hummer EV|GMC Hummer EV]], & [[w:Cadillac Lyriq|Cadillac Lyriq]] <br /> Roof module for [[w:Cruise AV|Cruise AV]] |- |6<br />9&nbsp;(BrightDrop)||[[w:CAMI Automotive|CAMI Automotive]]||[[w:Ingersoll, Ontario|Ingersoll, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||Assembles Ultium battery cells into modules and packs for BrightDrop Zevo & other vehicles made elsewhere||1989||&nbsp;||Located at 300 Ingersoll St. S. Originally, a 50/50 joint venture with [[w:Suzuki|Suzuki]] until December 2009 when GM bought Suzuki's share. Chevy Equinox production ended April 29, 2022. After being retooled, CAMI reopened December 5, 2022 building the BrightDrop Zevo 600. In July 2023, GM announced a 400,000 square-foot expansion to assemble battery modules and packs. Plant idled in October 2023 and restarted in April 2024. Production was suspended in May 2025. On October 21, 2025, GM announced that the BrightDrop van was discontinued and would not resume production anywhere. Past models: [[w:BrightDrop Zevo 600|BrightDrop Zevo 600]] (2023-2024)<ref>{{Cite news |author=Tom Venetis |date=4 April 2022 |title=GM Canada Electric Vehicle Production in Ontario by the End of 2022 |work=Metroland Media Group |url=http://www.canadianautoworld.ca/industry-news/gm-canada-electric-vehicle-production-in-ontario-by-the-end-of-2022 |access-date=24 April 2022}}</ref>,<br> [[w:BrightDrop Zevo 400|BrightDrop Zevo 400]] (2024),<br>[[w:Chevrolet BrightDrop|Chevrolet BrightDrop 400]] (2025),<br />[[w:Chevrolet BrightDrop|Chevrolet BrightDrop 600]] (2025),<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Equinox|Chevrolet Equinox]] (2005-2022)<ref>{{Cite news |author=Bryan Bicknell |date=3 March 2022 |title=The finish line draws closer for gas powered vehicles at Ontario CAMI plant |work=CTV News |url=https://london.ctvnews.ca/the-finish-line-draws-closer-for-gas-powered-vehicles-at-ontario-cami-plant-1.5804523 |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref>, [[w:Pontiac Torrent|Pontiac Torrent]] (2006-09), [[w:GMC Terrain#First generation (2010)|GMC Terrain]] (2010-2017), [[w:Suzuki XL-7#Second generation (XL7; 2006)|Suzuki XL7]] (2007-2009), [[w:Geo Tracker|Geo/Chevrolet Tracker]] (1990-2004),<br> [[w:Chevrolet Tracker (Americas)#Canada|Asuna/Pontiac Sunrunner]] (Canada only) (1992-1998),<br> [[w:Suzuki Vitara#First generation (ET/TA; 1988)|Suzuki Sidekick]] (1990-1998), [[w:Suzuki Grand Vitara|Suzuki Vitara]] (1999-2004), [[w:Geo Metro|Geo/Chevrolet Metro]] (1990-2001), [[w:Geo Metro|Suzuki Swift]] (1991-2001), [[w:Geo Metro|Pontiac Firefly]] (Canada only) (1991, 1994-2001). |- |B (Suburban HD)||[[w:GM Defense|GM Defense]] Manufacturing Customer Innovation Center (MCIC)||[[w:Concord, North Carolina|Concord, North Carolina]]||United States|| [[w:M1301 Infantry Squad Vehicle|M1301 Infantry Squad Vehicle]] (ISV),<br />[[w:Chevrolet Suburban#HD SUV|Chevrolet Suburban Shield]] (a.k.a. HD SUV) (2024-) ||2021||&nbsp;||Located at 4280 Defender Way. Located next to Hendrick Motorsports, a partner in the ISV program. The ISV program for the US Army is based on the Chevrolet Colorado ZR2. The HD SUV program for the US State Dept. Diplomatic Security Service is based on the T1XX-generation Chevrolet Suburban but with a different chassis and frame to support higher vehicle weight, payload, and GVWR than civilian Suburbans. |- |&nbsp;||[[Defiance Foundry]]||[[w:Defiance, Ohio|Defiance, Ohio]]||United States||Aluminum engine blocks & heads||1948||&nbsp;||Located at 26427 State Route 281. Was part of GM's Central Foundry Division. Iron pouring ended in 2017. The plant now pours only aluminum blocks and heads. Defiance made the aluminum blocks and heads for the Buick 215 V8. Defiance has also supplied [[w:Toyota|Toyota]] with 4-cylinder engine blocks and [[w:Nissan|Nissan]] with V6 engine blocks. |- |U||[[w:Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly|Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly]]<br /> "Factory ZERO"||[[w:Hamtramck, Michigan|Hamtramck, Michigan]] & [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:GMC Hummer EV|GMC Hummer EV]] pickup (2022-)<br />[[w:GMC Hummer EV|GMC Hummer EV]] SUV (2024-)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Silverado EV|Chevrolet Silverado EV]] (2024-)<br />[[w:GMC Sierra EV|GMC Sierra EV]] (2024-)<br />[[w:Cadillac Escalade IQ|Cadillac Escalade IQ]] (2025-)<br />[[w:Cadillac Escalade IQ|Cadillac Escalade IQL]] (2026-)<br />Assembles Ultium battery cells into modules and packs for a variety of vehicles||1985||&nbsp;||Located at 2500 East Grand Blvd. Sometimes called the "Poletown" plant after the Detroit neighborhood where the plant is located. Part of the site was previously the "Dodge Main" plant which opened in 1911 before Dodge was part of the Chrysler Corp. and closed on January 4, 1980. GM bought the closed plant in 1981. Additional land including residential neighborhoods was acquired through the use of eminent domain. The plant straddles the line between 2 cities: Detroit & Hamtramck. The body shop is in Hamtramck while the general assembly area is in Detroit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/general-motors/2020/10/16/gm-detroit-hamtramck-assembly-plant-renamed-factory-zero/3665925001/|title = GM's Detroit-Hamtramck Assembly plant renamed 'Factory ZERO' amid shift to all-electric|author=Jamie LaReau|publisher=Detroit Free Press|date=October 16, 2020}}</ref> The current site includes a 16.5-acre wildlife habitat. Originally built E/K models. First vehicle produced was a 1986 Cadillac Eldorado on February 4, 1985. Also did final assembly on the Cadillac Allante, whose bodies were made in Italy by Pininfarina and were flown to Detroit and then trucked to Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly for final assembly. Started building fwd G-bodies for 1998. The last <br> E-body, the Cadillac Eldorado, was moved to the Lansing Craft Center during 2000. Started building EREVs based on Delta II for 2011. This was followed by the 2nd gen. Volt based on D2XX for 2016. Started building Epsilon-based cars for 2013. Also built the Omega-based Cadillac CT6 flagship, starting with 2016. The last gas-powered vehicles made at this plant were the Cadillac CT6 on January 24, 2020 & the Chevrolet Impala on February 27, 2020. Renamed "Factory ZERO" on October 16, 2020 to reflect its conversion into an electric vehicle assembly plant (zero for zero emissions). First vehicle produced following the conversion was a 2022 GMC Hummer EV pickup on December 17, 2021. Over 4 million vehicles have been built so far since opening in 1985. <br /> Past models:<br> [[w:Oldsmobile Toronado#Fourth generation (1986–1992)|Oldsmobile Toronado]] (1986-1992), [[w:Buick Riviera#Seventh generation (1986–1993)|Buick Riviera]] (1986-1993), [[w:Cadillac Eldorado|Cadillac Eldorado]] (1986-2000), [[w:Cadillac Seville|Cadillac Seville]] (1986-2004), [[w:Cadillac Allanté|Cadillac Allanté]] (1987-1993) (final assembly),<br> [[w:Cadillac Deville|Cadillac Deville]] (1994-2005), [[w:Cadillac DTS|Cadillac DTS]] (2006-2011),<br> [[w:Buick Park Avenue#Second generation (1997–2005)|Buick Park Avenue]] (1998-2000), [[w:Buick LeSabre#Eighth generation (2000–2005)|Buick LeSabre]] (2000-2005), [[w:Buick Lucerne|Buick Lucerne]] (2006-2011), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Tenth generation (2000–2005)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (2004-2005), [[w:Chevrolet Volt|Chevrolet Volt]] (2011-2019), [[w:Chevrolet Volt#Other markets|Holden Volt (RE)]] (2012-2015), [[w:Chevrolet Volt#Opel Ampera (Europe)|Opel/Vauxhall Ampera]] (2012-15), [[w:Cadillac ELR|Cadillac ELR]] (2014, 2016), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Eighth generation (2013)|Chevrolet Malibu (2013-2015)/Malibu Limited (2016)]], [[w:Chevrolet Impala#Tenth generation (2014-2020)|Chevrolet Impala]] (2014-2020), [[w:Buick LaCrosse#Third generation (2017)|Buick Lacrosse]] (2017-2019), [[w:Cadillac CT6|Cadillac CT6]] (2016-2020) |- |&nbsp;||[[w:DMAX (engines)|DMAX Ltd.]]||[[w:Moraine, Ohio|Moraine, Ohio]]||United States||[[w:Duramax V8 engine|Duramax V8 engine]]||2000||&nbsp;||Located on 3100 Dryden Rd. Was a joint venture with [[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]]. Originally, was 40% owned by GM & 60% owned by Isuzu. From 2002, 60% owned by GM & 40% owned by Isuzu. GM bought Isuzu's remaining stake in DMAX Ltd. at the end of March 2022 and DMAX Ltd. became a wholly owned subsidiary of GM in May 2022. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:DMAX (engines)|DMAX Ltd.]] Components Plant||[[w:Brookville, Ohio|Brookville, Ohio]]||United States||Machined engine components for [[w:Duramax V8 engine|Duramax V8 engine]]||2021||&nbsp;|| Located at 101 W. Campus Blvd. In June 2023, GM announced a $920 million investment to build a 1.1 million square foot building next to the current 251,000 square foot facility in Brookville to take over Duramax V8 engine production from the original plant in Moraine in 2025. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:GM Egypt|GM Egypt]]||[[w:6th of October City|6th of October City]]|| [[w:Egypt|Egypt]]||[[w:Isuzu N-Series|Chevrolet N-Series]]<br/>[[w:Isuzu D-Max#Second generation (RT; 2011)|Chevrolet T-Series]]<br/>[[w:Chevrolet Move#Chevrolet N300/Move|Chevrolet Move]]<br/>[[w:Chevrolet Aveo#Third generation (310C; 2023)|Chevrolet Optra]] (2025-)||1985||&nbsp;||Partially owned by GM (46.5%). Produced its 1 millionth vehicle, a Chevrolet T-Series pickup truck, on September 22, 2024. GM Egypt is the first automaker in Egypt to produce <br> 1 million vehicles. <br /> Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]], [[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]], [[w:Chevrolet Frontera|Chevrolet Frontera]], [[w:Chevrolet Lanos|Chevrolet Lanos]], [[w:Baojun 630|Chevrolet Optra]] (2016-2023), [[w:Isuzu D-Max#First generation (RA, RC; 2002)|Chevrolet T-Series]], [[w:Isuzu MU#First generation (UCS55/UCS69GW; 1989–1998)|Isuzu Rodeo]], [[w:Isuzu TF|Isuzu TF-Series]], [[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]], [[w:Opel Corsa|Opel Corsa]], [[w:Opel Vectra|Opel Vectra]] |- |F||[[w:Fairfax II|Fairfax II]]||[[w:Kansas City, Kansas|Kansas City, Kansas]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Bolt#Second generation (2026)|Chevrolet Bolt]] (2027) <br /> [[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Fourth generation (2025)|Chevrolet Equinox]] (Starting Mid-2027) ||1987||&nbsp;||Located at 3201 Fairfax Trafficway. Replaced original Fairfax Assembly Plant (Fairfax I) for 1988 model year production. Built on the site of the old Fairfax Municipal Airport. Originally built W-body cars. Switched to Epsilon-based cars for 2004. Chevy Malibu ended production in November 2024. Cadillac XT4 ended production in January 2025. Fairfax was then idled for retooling. Production of the updated Bolt electric car began in late 2025. The 2027 Bolt is an updated version of the old Bolt EUV. <br />Past models: [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1988-2003), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme#Fifth generation (1988–1997)|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1995-1997), [[w:Oldsmobile Intrigue|Oldsmobile Intrigue]] (1998-'02), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Sixth generation (2004)|Chevrolet Malibu (2004-2007)/Malibu Classic (2008)]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Seventh generation (2008)|Chevrolet Malibu (2008-2012)]],<br> [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Eighth generation (2013)|Chevrolet Malibu (2013-2015)/Malibu Limited (2016)]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Ninth generation (2016)|Chevrolet Malibu (2016-2025)]], <br /> [[w:Saturn Aura|Saturn Aura]] (2007-2009), [[w:Buick LaCrosse#Second generation (2010)|Buick Lacrosse/Allure]] (2010-2016), [[w:Cadillac XT4|Cadillac XT4]] (2019-2025) |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Flint Engine South|Flint Engine South]]||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States|| 3.0 [[w:Duramax I6 engine|Duramax I6 engine]]||2000||&nbsp;||Located at 2100 Bristol Road. Located just to the south of Flint Truck Assembly and on the east side of Flint Metal Center. <br />Past engines: [[w:GM Atlas engine|4.2 Atlas I6]], 3.6 [[w:GM High Feature engine|High Feature V6 engine]],<br /> 1.4 [[w:GM Family 0 engine#Generation III|Family 0 I4]] (Cruze, Sonic, Volt/Ampera/ELR generator), [[w:GM small gasoline engine#LFV|GM Small Gasoline Engine]] (LFV 1.5 Turbo I4 - Malibu) |- |&nbsp;||[[Flint Metal Center]]||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States|| Sheetmetal stampings for various GM models||1954||&nbsp;||Located at G-2238 Bristol Road. Located just to the south of Flint Truck Assembly and on the west side of Flint Engine South. Metal fabricating plant. |- |&nbsp;||[[Flint Tool & Die]] (North American Engineering and Tooling Center)||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||Tools & Dies for fabrication & assembly of sheetmetal body parts||1967||&nbsp;||Located at 425 Stevenson St. Was Plant 38 of the "Chevy in the Hole" complex. Last remaining manufacturing plant of the old "Chevy in the Hole" complex. |- |F <br/>(1953-present)<br/><br/> 1 (1947-1952)||[[w:Flint Truck Assembly|Flint Truck Assembly]]||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Silverado|Chevrolet Silverado]] (2001-)<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Silverado|GMC Sierra]] (2001-)||1947||&nbsp;||Located at G 3100 Van Slyke Road. This plant replaced vehicle production at the older "Chevy in the Hole" complex elsewhere in Flint, Michigan and became Chevrolet's new home plant. Began production in June 1947. This is GM's oldest, still active assembly plant in North America. Built all 300 1953 Corvettes on a small makeshift line (1 line for body & 1 for frame/chassis) from June 30 through December 24 in 1953. Built the 50 millionth car built by GM in the US on November 23, 1954. The car was a special gold painted '55 Chevy Bel Air 2-door Sport Coupe with a gold-painted chassis and 716 interior and exterior trim parts plated with 24-carat gold. Last built Chevy full-size cars in 1969. Last built passenger cars in 1970 (the midsize Chevelle & Monte Carlo). The last passenger car built at Flint Assembly was a Monte Carlo on June 24, 1970. At that point, the separate onsite Fisher Body operation (Flint #2) was merged into the Chevrolet operation (the rest of the plant) and the entire plant joined the GM Assembly Division. Since 1971, has only built full-size pickups, full-size SUV's, full-size vans, and medium duty commercial trucks. A new paint shop (Flint Assembly Paint Operations) was announced in December 2013 and opened in 2016, replacing the previous paint shop located inside the assembly plant. The new paint shop is further down Van Slyke Road from the assembly plant at 3848 Van Slyke Road, on the site of the former V8 engine plant that closed in 1999 and was subsequently demolished. Flint Truck Assembly has produced over 15 million vehicles. <br />Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]], [[w:Chevrolet Stylemaster|Chevrolet Stylemaster]], [[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]], [[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957),<br> [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-69), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-69), [[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C1)|Chevrolet Corvette (1953 only)]]<br> [[w:Chevrolet El Camino#First generation (1959–1960)|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1959-1960),<br> [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1966, 1970),<br> [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1970 only),<br> [[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer|Chevrolet K5 Blazer]] (1969-1991), [[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer|GMC K15 Jimmy]] (1970-91), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]] (1960-1991), [[w:GMC Suburban|GMC Suburban]] (1967-91),<br> [[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair Forward Control]] (1961-1964), <br> [[w:Chevrolet van#Third generation (1971-1996)|Chevrolet Van/Sportvan]] (1993-1995),<br> [[w:Chevrolet van#1992-1996|Chevrolet Van/Sportvan G-Classic]] (1996),<br> [[w:Chevrolet van#Third generation (1971-1996)|GMC Vandura/Rally Van]] (1993-1995),<br> [[w:Chevrolet van#1992-1996|GMC Vandura/Rally Van G-Classic]] (1996),<br> [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]] (1947-1955), [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]] (1955-1959), [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1986), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|GMC C/K (Action Line)]] (1967-1972), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|GMC C/K (Rounded Line)]] (1973-1986), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#R/V-Series (1987–1991)|Chevrolet R/V]] (1987-1991), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#R/V-Series (1987–1991)|GMC R/V]] (1987-1991), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|Chevrolet C/K (GMT400)]] (1995-2000), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|GMC Sierra (GMT400)]] (1995-98), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|GMC Sierra Classic (GMT400)]] (1999-2000), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)#C3500HD (1991–2002)|Chevrolet/GMC C3500HD]] (1998-00), [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#Third generation (2003–2009)|Chevrolet Kodiak/GMC Topkick]] ('03-'09), [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#Isuzu H-Series|Isuzu H-Series]] (2005-2007), [[w:Isuzu Forward|Chevrolet T-Series]] (2004-2009), [[w:GMC T-Series|GMC T-Series]] (2004-2009), [[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu F-Series]] (2004-2009) <br /> |- |Z||[[w:Fort Wayne Assembly|Fort Wayne Assembly]]||[[w:Roanoke, Indiana|Roanoke, Indiana]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Silverado|Chevrolet Silverado]] (1999-)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Silverado|GMC Sierra]] (1988-)||1986||&nbsp;||Located at 12200 Lafayette Center Rd.<br /> Past models: [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|Chevrolet C/K]] (1988-1998) |- |&nbsp;||[[Fuel Cell System Manufacturing LLC]]||[[w:Brownstown Charter Township, Michigan|Brownstown Charter Township, Michigan]]||United States||Fuel Cell Systems for [[w:Honda CR-V#CR-V e:FCEV|Honda CR-V e:FCEV]] & various other applications by GM & Honda & to outside companies||2024||&nbsp;||Located at 20001 Brownstown Center Dr. Located next to GM's Brownstown Battery Assembly Plant.<br /> A 50/50 joint venture with [[w:Honda|Honda]]. GM & Honda have been co-developing fuel cells since 2013. The manufacturing joint venture was established in January 2017. Production began in January 2024. Production is scheduled to end by the end of 2026. |- |&nbsp;||Grand Rapids Operations||[[w:Wyoming, Michigan|Wyoming, Michigan]]||United States||Valvetrain products <br /> Axles for full-size trucks ||1943||&nbsp;||Located at 2100 Burlingame Avenue SW. Originally established as Diesel Equipment Division of GM. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999 (Delphi Powertrain Systems Grand Rapids); taken back under [[w:Delphi Corporation|Delphi Corporation]] bankruptcy and made part of [[w:General Motors Components Holdings|General Motors Components Holdings]] in 1999. |- |G||[[w:General Motors do Brasil|Gravatai Automotive Industrial Complex]]||[[w:Gravatai|Gravatai]], [[w:Rio Grande do Sul|Rio Grande do Sul]]||[[w:Brazil|Brazil]]||[[w:Chevrolet Onix|Chevrolet Onix]]<br /> ||2000||&nbsp;||Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Celta|Chevrolet Celta]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Prisma (disambiguation)|Chevrolet Prisma]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autointell.com/nao_companies/general_motors/gm-manufacturing/blue-macaw-01.htm|title=General Motors: Gravatai Automotive Complex|access-date=2021-09-14 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN1533675720090715 UPDATE 2-GM to spend $1 bln in Brazil on new family of cars] Retrieved 14 September 2021</ref><br /> [[w:Suzuki Fun|Suzuki Fun]] |- |&nbsp;||[[Joinville]]||[[w:Joinville|Joinville]], [[w:Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]]||[[w:Brazil|Brazil]]||[[w:GM E-Turbo engine|1.0 & 1.0 Turbo 3-cylinder engine]]<br />[[w:GM E-Turbo engine|1.2 & 1.2 Turbo 3-cylinder engine]] ||2013||&nbsp;||Past engines: [[w:GM Family 1 engine#SPE / 4|1.0L & 1.4L SPE / 4<br /> 4-cylinder engines]] |- |&nbsp;||Kokomo Operations<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://plants.gm.com/media/us/en/gm/company_info/facilities/component-fac/kokomo.html|title=GM Corporate Newsroom - United States - Company}}</ref>||[[w:Kokomo, Indiana|Kokomo, Indiana]]||United States||Automotive Electronic Components including Engine Control Modules, Transmission Control Modules, Body Control Modules, & Airbag Sensing Diagnostic Modules||1936||&nbsp;||Located at 2603 South Goyer Rd. The site was first used in the 1890's to make cars by [[w:Haynes-Apperson|Haynes-Apperson]] and later by [[w:Haynes Automobile Company|Haynes]] until the company went out of business in 1925. Purchased by GM in 1936 from Crosley Radio Corp., which used the site to make radios for Chevrolet briefly during 1936. Initially run by Delco Remy, the site became a separate GM division called Delco Radio Division in June 1936. Delco Radio made radios for all GM cars as well as other electronic equipment. During WWII, Delco Radio made electronic equipment for the war effort. In 1970, Delco Radio merged with AC Electronics Division of Milwaukee to form [[w:Delco Electronics|Delco Electronics Division]]. On December 31, 1985, General Motors merged Hughes Aircraft, which it had acquired on December 20, 1985, with its Delco Electronics unit to form Hughes Electronics Corporation, an independent subsidiary. The group then consisted of Delco Electronics Corporation and Hughes Aircraft Company. In 1997, GM transferred Delco Electronics to its Delphi Automotive Systems business. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999 (Delco Electronics and Safety); taken back under [[w:Delphi Corporation|Delphi Corporation]] bankruptcy and made part of [[w:General Motors Components Holdings|General Motors Components Holdings]] in 2009. |- | ||[[w:GM Korea|GM Korea]]||[[w:Boryeong|Boryeong]], [[w:South Chungcheong Province|South Chungcheong Province]]||[[w:South Korea|South Korea]]||Automatic Transmissions||2008||&nbsp;||[[w:GM 6T40 transmission|GM 6T40 transmission]] (GF6) |- |B<br /><br />0 ('07-'08 Antara)||[[w:GM Korea|GM Korea]]||[[w:Bupyeong-gu|Bupyeong District]], [[w:Incheon|Incheon]]||[[w:South Korea|South Korea]]||[[w:Chevrolet Trailblazer (crossover)|Chevrolet Trailblazer]]<br/>[[w:Buick Encore GX|Buick Encore GX]]<br/>[[w:Buick Envista|Buick Envista]] Engines: [[w:GM Family 0 engine|GM Family 0 engine]]<br />[[w:GM E-Turbo engine|1.3L Turbo 3-cylinder engine]] |1962<br /><br/>1971 (engine plant)||&nbsp;||Bupyeong has 2 vehicle assembly plants and a powertrain plant. The Bupyeong 2 Assembly Plant ended production on November 26, 2022. Bupyeong 2 was last producing the Chevrolet Malibu and Trax and Buick Encore.<br />Past models : [[w:Chevrolet Aveo|Chevrolet Aveo]], [[w:Chevrolet Sonic|Chevrolet Sonic]], [[w:Chevrolet Captiva|Chevrolet Captiva]], [[w:Chevrolet Epica|Chevrolet Epica]], [[w:Chevrolet Evanda|Chevrolet Evanda]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Trax#First generation (U200; 2013)|Chevrolet Trax]]<br /> [[w:Buick Encore#First generation (2013)|Buick Encore]]<br /> [[w:Buick LaCrosse#Korean market: Alpheon|Alpheon]] [[w:Daewoo LeMans|Daewoo LeMans]], [[w:Daewoo Cielo|Daewoo Cielo]], [[w:Daewoo Espero|Daewoo Espero]], [[w:Daewoo Lanos|Daewoo Lanos]], [[w:Daewoo Leganza|Daewoo Leganza]], [[w:Daewoo Magnus|Daewoo Magnus]], [[w:Daewoo Tosca|Daewoo Tosca]], [[w:Daewoo Kalos|Daewoo Kalos]], [[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)#T250|Daewoo Gentra]], [[w:Daewoo Winstorm|Daewoo Winstorm]] [[w:Holden Barina#Fifth generation (TK; 2005–2011)|Holden Barina (TK)]], [[w:Holden Barina#Sixth generation (TM; 2011–2018)|Holden Barina (TM)]], [[w:Opel Antara|Holden Captiva MaXX/Captiva 5]], [[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Holden Captiva/Captiva 7]], [[w:Holden Epica|Holden Epica (EP)]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Eighth generation (2013)|Holden Malibu (EM)]], [[w:Chevrolet Trax#First generation (U200; 2013)|Holden Trax (TJ)]] <br /> [[w:Opel Antara|GMC Terrain (Middle East only)]] <br /> [[w:Opel Mokka#First generation (J13; 2012)|Opel/Vauxhall Mokka]], [[w:Opel Antara|Opel/Vauxhall Antara]]<br /> [[w:Pontiac LeMans#Sixth generation (1988–1993)|Pontiac LeMans]], [[w:Pontiac Wave|Pontiac Wave]], [[w:Pontiac G3|Pontiac G3]] <br /> [[w:Suzuki Swift+|Suzuki Swift+]] (Canada only), [[w:Suzuki Verona|Suzuki Verona]] Past engines: [[w:GM Family 1 engine|GM Family 1 engine]] |- |C||[[w:GM Korea|GM Korea]]||[[w:Changwon|Changwon]], [[w:Gyeongsang Province|Gyeongsang Province]]||[[w:South Korea|South Korea]]||[[w:Chevrolet Trax#Second generation (2023)|Chevrolet Trax]]<br/>[[w:GM small gasoline engine|GM small gasoline engine]] LV7, LE2<br/>Manual transmissions |1991||&nbsp;||Past models: [[w:Daewoo Damas|Damas]], [[w:Daewoo Labo|Labo]]<br />[[w:Daewoo Matiz|Daewoo Matiz]], [[w:Daewoo Tico|Daewoo Tico]]<br />[[w:Opel Karl|Opel Karl]]/[[w:Vauxhall Viva#Name revival|Vauxhall Viva]]<br />[[w:Pontiac G2#Second generation (M200, M250; 2005)|Pontiac G2]], [[w:Pontiac Matiz#M150 (2000–2005)|Pontiac Matiz]],<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Spark|Chevrolet Spark]], [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Spark EV|Chevrolet Spark EV]]<br />[[w:Holden Spark#Australasia|Holden Barina Spark (MJ)]]<br>[[w:Holden Spark|Holden Spark (MP)]] Past engines: [[w:Daewoo S-TEC engine#S-TEC II|Daewoo S-TEC II]] |- |J||[[w:Lansing Delta Township Assembly|Lansing Delta Township Assembly]]||[[w:Delta Township, Michigan|Delta Township, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Traverse|Chevrolet Traverse]] (2010-)<br />[[w:Buick Enclave|Buick Enclave]] (2008-)<br />[[w:GMC Acadia#Third generation (2024)|GMC Acadia]] (2024-)||2006||&nbsp;||Located at 8175 Millett Hwy. Originally opened to build Lambda-based crossovers. Switched to C1XX-based models for 2018. <br /> Past models: [[w:Saturn Outlook|Saturn Outlook]] (2007-2010),<br>[[w:GMC Acadia#First generation (2007)|GMC Acadia]] (2007-2016), [[w:GMC Acadia#Acadia Limited|GMC Acadia Limited]] (2017), <br>[[w:Chevrolet Traverse#Second generation (2018)|Chevrolet Traverse Limited]] (2024) |- |0||[[w:Lansing Grand River Assembly|Lansing Grand River Assembly]]/Stamping||[[w:Lansing, Michigan|Lansing, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Cadillac CT4|Cadillac CT4]] (2020-)<br />[[w:Cadillac CT5|Cadillac CT5]] (2020-)||2001||&nbsp;||Located at 920 Townsend Street. Stamping plant added in 2016. This newly constructed plant was built on the grounds of the former Oldsmobile home plant complex in Lansing. The former Oldsmobile HQ building ("Building 70") is still standing and still has "Oldsmobile Administration Center" carved into the marble barrier in front of the flagpole between the 2 stairways. Building 70 was Oldsmobile HQ from 1966-1996, when Oldsmobile HQ moved to Detroit. Building 70 is now vacant but the exterior is often used by GM for large ads that are wrapped around the side of the building on the corner of Townsend St. and William St. Originally opened to build vehicles on the Sigma platform. Started building vehicles on the Alpha platform for 2013.<br /> Past models: [[w:Cadillac CTS|Cadillac CTS]] (2003-2019), [[w:Cadillac SRX#First generation (2004)|Cadillac SRX]] (2004-2009), [[w:Cadillac STS|Cadillac STS]] (2005-2011), [[w:Cadillac ATS|Cadillac ATS]] (2013-2019), [[w:Chevrolet Camaro (sixth generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]] (2016-2024) |- |&nbsp;||[[Lansing Regional Stamping]] (LRS)||[[w:Delta Township, Michigan|Delta Township, Michigan]]||United States||&nbsp;||2004|| ||Located within the Lansing Delta Assembly complex. |- |||[[w:Lansing Service Parts Operation|Lansing Redistribution Center]] (SPO)||[[w:Delta Township, Michigan|Delta Township, Michigan]]||United States||&nbsp;||1960|| ||Located at 4400 West Mount Hope Road. Previously Lansing Plant 4. Now called Lansing Redistribution Center, part of GM Customer Care and Aftersales. |- |&nbsp;||[[Lockport Operations]]||[[w:Lockport, NY|Lockport, NY]]||United States||Thermal products (climate control systems, powertrain cooling systems) and stators for EV motors.||1914||&nbsp;||Located at 200 Upper Mountain Road. Founded in 1910 as the Harrison Radiator Company. Acquired by United Motors in 1916 which was then acquired by GM in 1918. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999 (Harrison Thermal Systems); taken back under [[w:Delphi Corporation|Delphi Corporation]] bankruptcy and made part of [[w:General Motors Components Holdings|General Motors Components Holdings]] in 2009. |- |&nbsp;||[[Marion Metal Center]]||[[w:Marion, Indiana|Marion, Indiana]]||United States||Sheetmetal stamped parts & blanks for various GM models||1956||&nbsp;||Located at 2400 West Second St. Metal fabricating. Originally a Fisher Body division plant. |- |&nbsp;||[[Mogi das Cruzes]]||[[w:Mogi das Cruzes|Mogi das Cruzes]], [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo state]]||[[w:Brazil|Brazil]]||Stampings for new & replacement parts||1999||&nbsp;||Stamping plant |- |4||[[w:Orion Assembly|Orion Assembly]]||[[w:Orion Township, Michigan|Orion Township, Michigan]]||United States||Assembly of Battery packs for EVs:<br> Silverado EV, Sierra EV, Hummer EV, and Escalade IQ<br><br>Scheduled for Early 2027: [[w:Chevrolet Silverado|Chevrolet Silverado]] 1500 (2027-)<br />[[w:GMC Sierra|GMC Sierra]] 1500 (2027-) ||1983||idled 2009; reopened 2011; idled 2023||Located at 4555 Giddings Road. Originally opened to build the 1985 Fwd C-bodies. Began building Fwd H-bodies for 1994. Began building Fwd G-bodies for 1995. On June 18, 2004, production of the Buick LeSabre & Park Ave., the last 2 models built at Orion Assembly, ended. Plant was then converted from building full-size cars to midsize cars for 2005, beginning with the Pontiac G6. Idled during 2009 as part of GM's bankruptcy. Reopened in 2011 with the help of govt. incentives & special agreement with the UAW to build the Chevy Sonic subcompact. Later added the Buick Verano compact car. In 2016, began building the Chevy Bolt EV, which was joined in 2021 by the slightly larger Bolt EUV. Idled in 2023 when both Bolts were discontinued. In late summer 2024, Orion Assembly began assembling battery cells supplied by Ultium Cells LLC in Warren, OH into packs which are then supplied to the Factory Zero plant for installation into the electric trucks & SUVs made there. Orion was going to be converted to building electric trucks, supplementing Factory Zero's production of Silverado EV & Sierra EV but that plan was postponed and later cancelled. In 2025, a new plan was announced for Orion to build fuel-powered Silverado & Sierra 1500 pickups & Escalade SUVs beginning in 2027.<br> Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Bolt EV|Chevrolet Bolt EV]] (2017-2023), [[w:Chevrolet Bolt EUV|Chevrolet <br> Bolt EUV]] (2022-2023), [[w:Cruise AV|Cruise AV]], [[w:Chevrolet Bolt#European countries|Opel Ampera-e]] (2017-19),<br> [[w:Chevrolet Sonic|Chevrolet Sonic]] (2012-2020), [[w:Buick Verano#First generation (2011)|Buick Verano]] (2012-2017), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Seventh generation (2008)|Chevrolet Malibu]] (2008-2010), [[w:Pontiac G6|Pontiac G6]] (2005-2010),<br> [[w:Buick Riviera#Eighth generation (1995–1999)|Buick Riviera]] (1995-1999), [[w:Oldsmobile Aurora|Oldsmobile Aurora]] (1995-2003),<br> [[w:Buick Park Avenue#Second generation (1997-2005)|Buick Park Avenue]] (1997-2005), [[w:Buick LeSabre#Eighth generation (2000–2005)|Buick LeSabre]] (2000-2005), [[w:Cadillac de Ville series#Sixth generation (1985–1993)|Cadillac DeVille]] (1985-1993), [[w:Cadillac Fleetwood#Front-wheel drive: 1985–1993|Cadillac Fleetwood]] (1985-1992), [[w:Cadillac Sixty Special#1987–1993|Cadillac Sixty Special]] (1989-1993), [[w:Oldsmobile 88#Tenth generation (1992–1999)|Oldsmobile 88]] (1994-99), [[w:Oldsmobile LSS|Oldsmobile LSS]] (1996-1999), [[w:Oldsmobile Regency|Oldsmobile Regency]] (1997-98), [[w:Oldsmobile 98#Eleventh generation (1985–1990)|Oldsmobile 98]] (1985-1990), [[w:Oldsmobile 98#Twelfth generation (1991–1996)|Oldsmobile 98]] (1991-1996), [[w:Oldsmobile Touring Sedan|Oldsmobile Touring Sedan]] (1988-1990),<br> [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Ninth generation (1992–1999)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1994-1998), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Tenth generation (2000–2005)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (2000-03) |- |1 (2022-)<br /><br />1 (Line 2 a.k.a. Consolidated Line)<br> (1984-2019)<br>/<br />9 (Line 1 a.k.a. Flex Line)<br> (1984-2020)<br /><br />1 (1967-1983)||[[w:Oshawa Car Assembly|Oshawa Car Assembly]]||[[w:Oshawa, Ontario|Oshawa, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Fourth-generation Silverado / fifth-generation Sierra (T1XX; 2019)|Chevrolet Silverado 1500]] (2022-)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Fourth-generation Silverado / fifth-generation Sierra (T1XX; 2019)|Chevrolet Silverado HD]] (2022-)||1953||&nbsp;||Located at 900 Park Rd South.<br /> Past models: [[w:Cadillac XTS|Cadillac XTS]] (2013-2019), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1985, 2000-2020), [[w:Chevrolet Impala#Impala Limited (2014–2016)|Chevrolet Impala Limited]] (2014-2016), [[w:Chevrolet Lumina|Chevrolet Lumina]] (1990-2001), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1995-2007), [[w:Buick Century#Sixth generation (1997–2005)|Buick Century]] (1997-2005), [[w:Buick Regal|Buick Regal]] (1988-2004, 2011-2017), [[w:Buick LaCrosse#First generation (2005)|Buick LaCrosse/Allure]] (2005-2009), [[w:Buick Special#1949–1958|Buick Special]] (1954-1958), [[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick LeSabre]] (1959-1966), [[w:Buick Century#Second generation (1954–1958)|Buick Century]] (1954-1958), [[w:Buick Invicta|Buick Invicta]] (1959-1962), [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]] (1963-1966), [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1954-1966), [[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1954-1957), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1954-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1955-1981), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1975), [[w:Chevrolet Camaro (fifth generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]] (2010-2015), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1985), [[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]] (1960-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Second generation (2010)|Chevrolet Equinox]] (2011-2017), [[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Nova]] (1962-1967),<br> [[w:General Motors A platform (1925)#1964|A-body (rwd) cars]]: [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1964-1977)/[[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1978-1983)/[[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1971-1981)/ [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass|Oldsmobile Cutlass]]/[[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]]/[[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1971, 1973-1981)/[[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1970)/[[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]]/[[w:Buick Skylark|Buick Skylark]],<br> [[w:General Motors A platform (1982)|A-body (fwd) cars]]: [[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]] (1982-1987)/[[w:Pontiac 6000|Pontiac 6000]] (1982-1988)/[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera|Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera]] (1985-1988),<br> [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Sixth generation (1977–1981)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1977-1981), [[w:Pontiac Catalina#1977–1981|Pontiac Catalina]] (1977-1981), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#Eighth generation (2004–2008)|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (2004-2008), [[w:Pontiac Catalina#Canada and Canadian exports|Pontiac Laurentian]] (1954-1981), [[w:Pontiac Parisienne|Pontiac Parisienne]] (1958-1984, US: 1983-1984), [[w:Pontiac Pathfinder|Pontiac Pathfinder]] (1954-1958), [[w:Pontiac Catalina#Canada and Canadian exports|Pontiac Strato Chief]] (1958-1970), [[w:Acadian (automobile)|Acadian]] (1962-1967), [[w:Beaumont (automobile)|Beaumont]] (1966-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Third-generation Silverado / fourth-generation Sierra (K2XX; 2014)|Chevrolet Silverado 1500 LD/2500HD]] (2019), [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Third-generation Silverado / fourth-generation Sierra (K2XX; 2014)|GMC Sierra 1500 Limited/2500HD]] (2019). <br /> VIN code 1 (1984-2019): Chevrolet Celebrity (1984-1987), Pontiac 6000 (1984-1985), Buick Regal (1988-2004), Chevrolet Lumina 4-d (1990-2001), Buick Century (1997-05), Pontiac Grand Prix (2004-2008), Buick LaCrosse/Allure (2005-2009), Chevrolet Impala (2008-2013), Chevrolet<br /> Impala Limited (2014-2016), Chevrolet Equinox (2011-2017), Chevrolet Silverado 1500 LD/2500HD (2019),<br /> GMC Sierra 1500 Limited/2500HD (2019) VIN code 9: Chevrolet Impala (1984-1985), Chevrolet Caprice (1984-1985), Pontiac Parisienne (1984), Pontiac 6000 (1985-1988), Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera (1985-1988), Chevrolet Lumina 4-d (1990-1999), Chevrolet Lumina 2-d (1990-1994), Chevrolet Monte Carlo (1995-07), Chevrolet Impala (2000-08), Chevrolet Camaro (2010-2015), Buick Regal (2011-2017), Cadillac XTS (2013-2019), Chevrolet Impala (2014-2020) The current Oshawa complex (South plant; also known as Autoplex beginning in the 1980's) opened on November 7, 1953. The passenger car assembly plant had 2 assembly lines. Operations were gradually moved from the older North plant to the newer South plant. Originally built Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, and Buick models. However, Oldsmobile production ended in 1969 and Buick production ended in 1971. Oldsmobile production resumed with the '85 Cutlass Ciera while Buick production resumed with the '88 Regal. Oldsmobile production again ended in 1988 while Buick production continued through 2017 with a temporary hiatus in 2009-2010 calendar years. Pontiac production at Oshawa ended after 1988; only resuming in 2003 for the '04 Grand Prix. Pontiac production at Oshawa ended for good in 2008. Cadillac production began at the Oshawa South plant for the first time in 2012 with the 2013 XTS. Full-size pickups were built on Line 2 for 2019. This was the first time that pickups were built on one of Oshawa's passenger car assembly lines and the first time that pickups were made in Oshawa since Oshawa Truck closed in 2009. The last XTS was built on Sept. 10, 2019, the last Oshawa-built Impala on Oct. 25, 2019, & the last pickups on Dec. 18, 2019. Vehicle production at the South plant ended in 2019; plant will be transformed for stamping and production of body panels and subassemblies. Restart of vehicle production announced in Nov. 2020 - Truck production started in late 2021 with Silverado HD followed by the Silverado 1500 in 2022. Oshawa is now the only plant producing both Silverado 1500 & Silverado HD. Oshawa also produced face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic starting in 2020. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Oshawa Metal|Oshawa Metal]]||[[w:Oshawa, Ontario|Oshawa, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||Stamped metal parts for new production and for service parts||1986||&nbsp;||Part of the overall Oshawa Assembly complex (Autoplex) on Park Road South. Located at 1000 Park Road South. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Parma Metal Center|Parma Metal Center]]||[[w:Parma, Ohio|Parma, Ohio]]||United States||Sheetmetal stampings & assemblies for various GM models||1948||&nbsp;||Located at 5400 Chevrolet Blvd.<br /> Metal fabricating |- |&nbsp;||[[Pontiac Metal Center]]||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac, Michigan]]||United States||Sheetmetal stampings & assemblies for various GM models||1926||&nbsp;||Located at 260 E. Beverly Ave.<br />Metal fabricating<br />Originally, an [[w:Oakland Motor Car Company|Oakland Motor Car]] plant. Last remaining manufacturing plant of the original Pontiac Assembly complex, which was Pontiac's home plant. |- |S||[[w:Ramos Arizpe Assembly|Ramos Arizpe Assembly]]||[[w:Ramos Arizpe|Ramos Arizpe]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:Chevrolet Blazer (crossover)|Chevrolet Blazer]] (2019-) <br />[[w:Chevrolet Blazer EV|Chevrolet Blazer EV]] (2024-) <br /> [[w:Chevrolet Equinox EV|Chevrolet Equinox EV]] (2024-) <br />[[w:Cadillac Optiq|Cadillac Optiq EV]] (2025-)<br /> [[w:Honda Prologue|Honda Prologue EV]] (2024-) ||1981||&nbsp;||Ramos Arizpe opened building 4 Chevrolet models for the Mexican market: Citation, Celebrity, Malibu, and Monte Carlo. The 1985 El Camino & Caballero were the first Mexican-built GM models to be sold in the US. GM began exporting the Celebrity to the US for 1987 followed by the Buick Century for 1989. GM began exporting the Chevy Cavalier to the US for 1991 followed by the Pontiac Sunbird for 1993, which was replaced by the Sunfire for 1995. Stamping plant added in 1995 and a paint shop added in 1997. The plant was expanded to add a 2nd assembly line to build the Pontiac Aztek for 2001, followed by the Buick Rendezvous for 2002. The 2nd line was also used to build the Chevy HHR, Saturn Vue, Chevy Captiva Sport, Cadillac SRX, & Saab 9-4X. Some 2nd gen. Chevy Cruze sedans made at Ramos Arizpe were sold in the US for the '16-'17 model years. All 2nd gen. Chevy Cruze 5-d hatchbacks ('17-'19) were made in Ramos Arizpe. All Chevy Cruze production at Ramos Arizpe ended in <br> Dec. 2018. The Cruze was the last passenger car made at Ramos Arizpe. A new paint shop was added in 2021, replacing the original from 1997. EV production began in 2023.<br />Past Models: <br> Mexico or Latin America only: [[w:Chevrolet Citation|Chevrolet Citation]] (1982-1986), [[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]] (1982-1986), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fourth generation (1978)|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1981), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo#Fourth generation (1981–1988)|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1981-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera|Chevrolet Cutlass (Mexico only)]], [[w:Buick Century#Fifth generation (1982–1996)|Chevrolet Century (Mexico only)]], [[w:Chevrolet Chevy|Chevrolet Chevy]] (Mexico: 1995-2012), [[w:Chevrolet Captiva Sport|Chevrolet Captiva Sport]] (2008-2017), [[w:Chevrolet Sonic|Chevrolet Sonic]] (Mexico: 2012-2017).<br> Export to US: [[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1985-1987), [[w:GMC Caballero|GMC Caballero]] (1985-1987), [[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]] (US: 1987-1989), [[w:Buick Century#Fifth generation (1982–1996)|Buick Century]] (1989-1994), [[w:Chevrolet Cavalier|Chevrolet Cavalier]] (1991-2004), [[w:Pontiac Sunbird#Second generation (1982–1988)|Pontiac Sunbird]] (1993-1994), [[w:Pontiac Sunfire|Pontiac Sunfire]] (1995-2005), [[w:Pontiac Aztek|Pontiac Aztek]] (2001-2005), [[w:Buick Rendezvous|Buick Rendezvous]] (2002-2007), [[w:Chevrolet HHR|Chevrolet HHR]] (2006-2011), [[w:Saturn Vue#Second generation (2008)|Saturn Vue]] (2008-2010), [[w:Chevrolet Captiva Sport|Chevrolet Captiva Sport]] (US: 2012-2015), [[w:Cadillac SRX#Second generation (2010)|Cadillac SRX]] (2010-2016), [[w:Saab 9-4X|Saab 9-4X]] (2011), [[w:Chevrolet Cruze#Second generation (J400)|Chevrolet Cruze]] (2016-2019), [[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Third generation (2018)|Chevrolet Equinox]] (2018-2024).<br> Export to Australia/New Zealand: [[w:Holden Equinox|Holden Equinox (EQ)]] (2018-2020) |- |&nbsp;||Ramos Arizpe Engine||[[w:Ramos Arizpe|Ramos Arizpe]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:GM E-Turbo engine|1.2L Turbo 3-cylinder engine]]<br />[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#Generation V (2013–present)|Gen V Small Block V8 & V6]]||1982||&nbsp;||Past engines: [[w:General Motors 60° V6 engine|Chevrolet 60° V6 engine]]<br />[[w:GM High Value engine|GM High Value V6]]<br />[[w:GM High Feature engine|GM High Feature V6]] |- |&nbsp;||Ramos Arizpe Transmission||[[w:Ramos Arizpe|Ramos Arizpe]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||VT40 (CVT250) [[w:Continuously variable transmission|CVT]] transmission ||1999||&nbsp;||Past transmissions: [[w:GM 4L60-E transmission|4L60-E/4L65-E 4-speed automatic]]<br />[[w:GM-Ford 6-speed automatic transmission|6T70/6T75 6-speed automatic (GF6)]]<br />4ET50 EVT (for [[w:Chevrolet Volt|Chevrolet Volt]])<br />4ET55 EVT (for [[w:Cadillac ELR|Cadillac ELR]]) |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Rochester Products Division|Rochester Operations]]||[[w:Rochester, NY|Rochester, NY]]||United States||Chevrolet, GMC, Cadillac, and Buick Components - Engine management systems, fuel injection systems, and related products. ||1939||&nbsp;||Located at 1000 Lexington Avenue. Founded in 1908 as the Rochester Coil Company. Renamed North East Electric Company in 1909. Acquired by GM in 1929. In 1930, merged with Delco-Light Co. to become Delco Appliance. A planned, second Delco Appliance plant on Lexington Ave. in Rochester instead became the Rochester Products Division of GM in 1939. This division made carburetors, fuel injection systems, & other fuel system equipment. During WWII, it made warplane and tank electrical accessories. In 1981, Rochester Products Division merged with GM's Diesel Equipment Division of Grand Rapids, Michigan retaining the Rochester Products Division name. On August 30, 1988, Rochester Products Division merged with GM's AC Spark Plug Division to form the AC Rochester Division. The Grand Rapids-based diesel fuel-injection business of the former Diesel Equipment Division was sold on August 26 to a joint venture of G.M. and the Penske Corporation called Diesel Technology Corporation (80% Penske, 20% Detroit Diesel, itself a joint venture between Penske & GM). Robert Bosch invested in Diesel Technology Corporation in 1992, eventually taking over the whole company by 2002. AC Rochester merged with parts of Delco Remy (the parts not spun off into Remy International) in 1994 to form AC Delco Systems. AC Delco Systems became part of GM's Delphi Automotive Systems subsidiary in 1995. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999 (Rochester Powertrain); taken back under [[w:Delphi Corporation|Delphi Corporation]] bankruptcy and made part of [[w:General Motors Components Holdings|General Motors Components Holdings]] in 2009. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Romulus Engine|Romulus Engine]]||[[w:Romulus, Michigan|Romulus, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:GM High Feature engine#Fourth generation|Gen4 High Feature V6]] ||1976||&nbsp;||Located at 36880 Ecorse Road. Originally part of GM's Detroit Diesel Allison Division where it built diesel engines and components. Switched to gasoline engines in the 1980's.<br /> Past engines: [[w:Chevrolet 90° V6 engine|Chevrolet 90° V6 engine]]<br />[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#Generation III (1997–2007)|Gen III Small Block V8]]<br />[[w:GM LS engine#Generation IV (2005–2020)|Gen IV Small Block V8]] |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Romulus Engine|Romulus Transmission]]||[[w:Romulus, Michigan|Romulus, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:"Ford-GM 10-speed automatic transmission#General Motors|10L80/90 Transmission]]||1995||&nbsp;||Located at 36880 Ecorse Road.<br />Past transmissions: [[w:GM 4L60-E transmission|GM 4L60-E transmission]] |- |R||Rosario||[[w:Alvear, Santa Fe|Alvear]], [[w:Rosario Department|Rosario Department]], [[w:Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe Province]]||[[w:Argentina|Argentina]]||<br/>[[w:Chevrolet Tracker (2019)|Chevrolet Tracker]] Engines: [[w:GM small gasoline engine#LE2|1.4L Turbo I4 LE2]] ||1997||&nbsp;||Engine plant added in 2016. Past Models: [[w:Chevrolet Cruze#Second generation (J400)|Chevrolet Cruze]], [[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa C (X01; 2000)|Chevrolet Corsa C]], [[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa B|Chevrolet Corsa B/Corsa Classic/Classic]], [[w:Chevrolet Agile|Chevrolet Agile]]<br /> and [[w:Chevrolet Tracker (Americas)#Second generation|Suzuki Grand Vitara/Chevrolet Tracker]] |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Saginaw Metal Casting Operations|Saginaw Metal Casting Operations]]||[[w:Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw, Michigan]]||United States||Metal casting for powertrains (High Feature V6 engine): engine blocks, heads, and crankshafts<br/>Front 4WD axle assembly castings||1919||&nbsp;||Located at 1629 N. Washington Avenue. Originally the Grey Iron Foundry, a part of General Motors Saginaw Products Co. and renamed as Chevrolet Saginaw Grey Iron Foundry when transferred to Chevrolet Motor Division in 1927. Moved to Central Foundry Division in 1983. Joins GM Powertrain Division in 1991. Renamed Saginaw Metal Casting Operations in 1994 to reflect that it now pours aluminum. First production aluminum heads produced in 1995. Over the years, it has produced both cast iron and cast aluminum engine blocks for the Chevy Small-Block V8. |- |L||[[w:San Luis Potosí Assembly|San Luis Potosí Assembly]]||[[w:San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí|San Luis Potosí]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Fourth generation (2025)|Chevrolet Equinox]] (2025-)<br />[[w:GMC Terrain#Third generation (2025)|GMC Terrain]] (2025-)||2008||&nbsp;||Note: Aveo & G3 made in San Luis Potosi were not sold in the US but they were sold in Canada. Onix was not sold in the US or Canada. 2013-2014 Trax was sold in Canada & Mexico but not in the US.<br> Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo (T250)]] (2009-2018)<br />[[w:Pontiac G3|Pontiac G3/G3 Wave]] (2009-2010)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Onix#Second generation (2019)|Chevrolet Onix]] (2020-2022)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Trax#First generation (U200; 2013)|Chevrolet Trax]] (2013-2020)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Third generation (2018)|Chevrolet Equinox]] (2018-2024)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vpic.nhtsa.dot.gov/mid/home/displayfile/7c659360-416a-4e96-ae38-0b69d916c106|title=GM Vehicle Identification Numbering Standard - 2021 - United States and Canada|date=August 14, 2020}}</ref><br />[[w:GMC Terrain#Second generation (2018)|GMC Terrain]] (2018-2024) |- |&nbsp;||San Luis Potosí Transmission||[[w:San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí|San Luis Potosí]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||FWD GF9 9 Speed Transmissions||2009||&nbsp;||[[w:GM-Ford 6-speed automatic transmission|GM-Ford 6-speed automatic transmission]] 6T40/45 (GF6) |- |B||[[w:General Motors do Brasil|São Caetano do Sul Assembly]]||[[w:São Caetano do Sul|São Caetano do Sul]], [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]||[[w:Brazil|Brazil]]|| [[w:Chevrolet Montana#Third generation (2022)|Chevrolet Montana]] <br /> [[w:Chevrolet Spin|Chevrolet Spin]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Tracker (2019)|Chevrolet Tracker]]<br /> ||1930||&nbsp;||Past Models: [[w:Opel Astra#G|Chevrolet Astra]], [[w:Opel Astra#H |Chevrolet Vectra/Vectra GT]] (both until 2011), [[w:Chevrolet C/K#1985–1996|Chevrolet Bonanza]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K#1964–1984|Chevrolet C-10/C-14/C-15/Chevy 4/D-10/A-10]], [[w:Chevrolet D-20|Chevrolet A-10/C-10/A-20/C-20/D-20]], Chevrolet A40/D40, [[w:Chevrolet Cobalt#Second generation (2011)|Chevrolet Cobalt]], [[w:Chevrolet Comodoro|Chevrolet Comodoro]], [[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa B (S93; 1993)|Chevrolet Corsa B]], [[w:Chevrolet Corsa|Chevrolet Corsa Classic]], [[w:Chevrolet Cruze#First generation (J300; 2008)|Chevrolet Cruze]], [[w:Chevrolet Diplomata|Chevrolet Diplomata]], [[w:Chevrolet Onix|Chevrolet Joy]], [[w:Chevrolet Kadett|Chevrolet Kadett]] 1996-1998, [[w:Chevrolet Montana#Second generation (2011–2021)|Chevrolet Montana]], [[w:Opel Ascona#Chevrolet Monza|Chevrolet Monza]], [[w:Chevrolet Omega#Omega A|Chevrolet Omega A]], [[w:Chevrolet Opala|Chevrolet Opala]], [[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra A (1988–1995)|Chevrolet Vectra A]], [[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra B (1995–2002)|Chevrolet Vectra B]], [[w:Chevrolet Veraneio|Chevrolet C-1416/Veraneio]], Chevrolet 3100/Brasil/Amazona/Alvorada/Corisco, Chevrolet 6500, Chevrolet C64/C65/C68/D64/D65/D68/D74/D75/D78,<br> Bus bodies, Frigidaire appliances |- |C||[[w:General Motors do Brasil|São José dos Campos Assembly]]||[[w:São José dos Campos|São José dos Campos]], [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]||[[w:Brazil|Brazil]]|| [[w:Chevrolet S-10#Third generation (2012)|Chevrolet S-10]]<br/>[[w:Chevrolet Trailblazer (SUV)#Second generation (RG; 2011)|Chevrolet Trailblazer]] Engines:<br/> 2.8L turbodiesel <br> 4-cylinder engines<br /> Transmissions |1959||&nbsp;||Supplied 1.8L & 2.0L SOHC Family II I4 engines to the US from 1982-1994. <br />Past Models: [[w:Chevrolet Montana#First generation (2003–2010)|Chevrolet Montana]]<br /> [[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#Second generation (1995)|Chevrolet Blazer]], [[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa C (X01; 2000)|Chevrolet Corsa C]], [[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa C (X01; 2000)|Chevrolet Corsa Sedan C]], [[w:Opel Meriva#First generation (2003)|Chevrolet Meriva]], [[w:Opel Zafira#Zafira A (1999–2006)|Chevrolet Zafira]] (all until 2012)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Chevette|Chevrolet Chevette]], [[w:Chevrolet Chevette#Chevy 500|Chevrolet Chevy 500]], [[w:Chevrolet Kadett|Chevrolet Kadett]] 1989-1996, [[w:Chevrolet S-10#Second generation (1994)|Chevrolet S-10]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K#1997–2002|Chevrolet Silverado D20]], Chevrolet 11000/12000/14000/22000, [[w:GMC Chevette|GMC Chevette]], [[w:GMC Chevette|GMC 500]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K#1997–2002|GMC 6-100/6-150/3500HD]], [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#Second generation (1990–2002)|GMC 12-170/14-190/16-220]], [[w:Isuzu Forward|GMC 15-190]] Engines including: [[w:Chevrolet Stovebolt engine#261|Chevrolet Jobmaster 261 I6]], [[w:Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder engine#Brazil|Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder]], [[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine|Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine]], [[w:GM Family 1 engine|GM Family 1 engine]], [[w:GM Family II engine|GM Family II engine]]<br />Detroit Diesel Series 53<br />Transmissions |- |G||[[Silao Assembly]]||[[w:Silao, Mexico|Silao]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:Chevrolet Silverado|Chevrolet Silverado]] (2006-)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Silverado|GMC Sierra]] (2006-), Chevrolet Cheyenne (Mexico)||1995||&nbsp;|| Stamping plant added in 1997. Began by building full-size SUVs for 1995. Was the sole assembler of GM's full-size SUTs. Began building full-size pickups for 2006. Full-size SUV production moved entirely to Arlington Assembly after the 2009 model year.<br> Past production models: [[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]] (1995-2009), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Eighth generation (1992)|GMC Suburban]] (1995-1999), [[w:GMC Yukon XL|GMC Yukon XL]] (2000-2006), [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Second generation (2002)|Cadillac Escalade ESV]] (2003-2006),<br> [[w:Chevrolet Suburban (eighth generation)#Holden Suburban|Holden Suburban (K8)]] (1998-2001),<br> [[w:Chevrolet Avalanche|Chevrolet Avalanche]] (2002-2013),<br> [[w:Cadillac Escalade EXT|Cadillac Escalade EXT]] (2002-2013) |- |&nbsp;||Silao Engine||[[w:Silao, Mexico|Silao]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#Generation V (2013–present)|Gen V Small Block V8]]||2001||&nbsp;||[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#Generation IV (2005–2020)|Gen IV Small Block V8]] |- |&nbsp;||Silao Transmission||[[w:Silao, Mexico|Silao]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:GM 8L45 transmission|8L45]], [[w:GM 8L90 transmission|8L90]], [[w:Ford-GM 10-speed automatic transmission|10L80]]||2008||&nbsp;||[[w:GM 6L50 transmission|6L50]], [[w:GM 6L80 transmission|6L80/90]] |- |Z,<br />S (Traverse & Vue)||[[w:Spring Hill Manufacturing|Spring Hill Manufacturing]]||[[w:Spring Hill, Tennessee|Spring Hill, Tennessee]]||United States||<br /> [[w:Cadillac XT5|Cadillac XT5]] (2017-)<br />[[w:Cadillac Lyriq|Cadillac Lyriq]] (2023-) <br />[[w:Cadillac Vistiq|Cadillac Vistiq]] (2026-) <br /><br /> [[w:Chevrolet Blazer|Chevrolet Blazer]] (Starting 2027) <br /> <br />[[w:GM small gasoline engine#1.5|1.5L Turbo I4]]<br />[[w:GM Ecotec engine#Generation III|Ecotec Gen III 2.0L Turbo I4]]<br />[[w:GM L3B engine|2.7L L3B turbo I4]]<br />5.3 & 6.2 [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#Generation V (2013–present)|Gen V <br />Small-Block V8 Engine]]<br /><br />Stamping<br />Components||1990||2009-2012||Located at 100 Saturn Parkway. The original home of the [[w:Saturn Corporation|Saturn]] brand. Originally, Saturn built everything here - all its vehicles, engines, transmissions, stampings, and components. But, gradually, Saturn production was broadened to other plants and by 2007, Saturn production in Spring Hill had ended. Spring Hill made products for other GM brands and has continued to do so since Saturn was closed down during GM's bankruptcy. <br /> Past models: [[w:Saturn S-Series|Saturn S-Series]] (1991-2002), [[w:Saturn Ion|Saturn Ion]] (2003-2007), [[w:Saturn Vue#First generation (2002)|Saturn Vue]] (2002-2007), [[w:Chevrolet Traverse#First generation (2009)|Chevrolet Traverse]] (2009-2010), [[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Second generation (2010)|Chevrolet Equinox]] (2013-2016), [[w:GMC Acadia#Second generation (2017)|GMC Acadia]] (2017-2023), [[w:Holden Acadia|Holden Acadia (AC)]], [[w:Cadillac XT6|Cadillac XT6]] (2020-2025),<br /> [[w:Acura ZDX#Second generation (2024)|Acura ZDX EV]] (2024).<br /> Past Engines: [[w:Saturn I4 engine|Saturn I4 engine]], [[w:GM Ecotec engine#2.4|Ecotec Gen II 2.4L I4]],<br> [[w:GM Ecotec engine#LHU (A20NFT Opel)|Ecotec Gen II LHU 2.0L Turbo I4]], [[w:GM Ecotec engine#Generation III|Ecotec Gen III 2.5L I4]] <br /> [[w:Saturn MP transmission|Saturn MP series manual and automatic transmissions]] Transmission production in Spring Hill ended in 2002. Ion production ended March 28, 2007 and was replaced by the Belgian-built Astra for the 2008 model year. Vue production ended March 30, 2007 and moved to Mexico for the 2008 model year. Assembly was idled for more than a year beginning April 1, 2007 for conversion to Chevy Traverse production. Traverse production began September 2, 2008. Assembly idled in November 2009 when Chevy Traverse production was moved to Lansing Delta Township Assembly. Assembly reopened in September 2012<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/18/business/general-motors-said-to-offer-bonuses-in-new-deal-with-workers.html | work=The New York Times | author1=Bill Vlasic | author2=Nick Bunkley | title=G.M. Will Offer Bonuses in New Deal With Workers | date=September 17, 2011}}</ref> to produce the [[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Second generation (2010)|Chevrolet Equinox]]. Spring Hill also includes a plastic injection molding operation that produce various plastic components. Plastic components have also been produced for models not built in Spring Hill such as [[w:Chevrolet Traverse|Chevrolet Traverse]] and the [[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C7)|Chevrolet Corvette (C7)]]. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:St. Catharines Engine Plant|St. Catharines Propulsion Plant]]||[[w:St. Catharines, Ontario|St. Catharines, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#Generation V (2013–present)|Gen V Small Block V8]]<br />[[w:Tremec|Tremec]] TR-9080 8-speed dual clutch transmission<br />Engine components||1954||&nbsp;||Located at 570 Glendale Avenue. Operated as part of GM subsidiary McKinnon Industries, Ltd. until 1969 when it became "General Motors of Canada Limited, St. Catharines".<br />Previously:<br />[[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine|Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift I6 engine]] (1963-1967)<br />[[w:Oldsmobile V8 engine|Oldsmobile Rocket V8 engine]] (through 1966)<br />[[w:Buick V6 engine#225|Buick 225 V6 engine]] (through 1966)<br />[[w:Buick V8 engine|Buick V8 engine]] (300, 340, 401) (through 1966)<br /> [[w:General Motors 60° V6 engine|Chevrolet 60° OHV V6 engine]] (2.8, 3.1)<br />[[w:General Motors 60° V6 engine#LQ1|Chevrolet 3.4L DOHC LQ1 V6 engine]]<br />[[w:GM High Feature engine|High Feature V6 engine]] (2.8, 3.6)<br />[[w:Chevrolet small-block engine (first and second generation)|Chevrolet Small-Block V8]] (265/267/283/305/307/327/350)<br />[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#Generation III (1997–2007)|Gen III Small Block V8]]<br />[[w:GM LS engine#Generation IV (2005–2020)|Gen IV Small Block V8]]<br />[[w:GM 6T40 transmission|(GF6) 6T45 6-speed automatic]] |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Toledo Transmission|Toledo Transmission]]||[[w:Toledo, Ohio|Toledo, Ohio]]||United States||Transmissions:<br /> RWD GM-Allison 10-speed (10L1000) (AB1V) / 8-speed ([[w:GM 8L45 transmission|8L45]] & [[w:GM 8L90 transmission|8L90]]) <br /> FWD GF9 9 Speed Transmissions||1956|| ||Located at 1455 West Alexis Road. Acquired from the former Martin-Parry Corporation in 1955. Replaced the older Toledo plant on Central Ave. <br />Previously:<br /> [[w:Turbo-Hydramatic#THM350|THM350 3-speed automatic]]<br />[[w:Turbo-Hydramatic#THM700R4 / 4L60 / 4L60E / 4L65E / 4L70E|THM700R4/4L60 4-speed automatic]]<br />[[w:GM 4L60-E transmission|4L60-E/4L65-E/4L70-E 4-speed automatic]]<br />[[w:GM 6T40 transmission|(GF6) 6T30/35/40/45/50 6-speed automatic]] <br /> ([[w:GM 6L50 transmission|6L45/6L50]] & [[w:GM 6L80 transmission|6L80/6L90]]) 6-speed automatics |- ||&nbsp;||Toluca Engine||[[w:Toluca|Toluca]], [[w:State of Mexico|State of Mexico]] |[[w:Mexico|Mexico]] |[[w:GM small gasoline engine|GM Small Gasoline Engine 1.4L/1.5L I4]] (including 1.5 turbo LSD I4 for Equinox/Terrain) [[w:Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder engine#Vortec 3000|Vortec 3000 Marine & Industrial 4-cyl. engine]]<br /> 5.0 & 5.7 Marine & Industrial V8 engines<br /> Small-Block V8 engines for the aftermarket<br /> Aluminum Foundry<br /> |1965 | |Past engines: [[w:GM Family 1 engine|GM Family 1 I4 engine]] <br />[[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine#292|Chevrolet 292 (4.8L) Inline-6]] |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Tonawanda Engine|Tonawanda Engine]]||[[w:Buffalo, New York|Buffalo, New York]]||United States||[[w:LS based GM small-block engine#LV1|LV1]] 4.3L V6 [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#L84|L84]] 5.3L V8 [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#L86/L87|L87]] 6.2L V8 [[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#LT2|LT2]] 6.2L V8 [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#L8T|L8T]] 6.6L V8 [[w:GM Ecotec engine#LSY|LSY]] 2.0T I4 |1938 |&nbsp;||Located at 2995 River Rd. Includes 3 plants. Plant #1 opened in 1938. Plant #4 opened in 1941. Plant #5 opened in 2001. Past engines: Built the [[w:Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp|Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp]] radial engine used in the [[w:B-24 Liberator|B-24 Liberator]] bomber during WW-2 Built the [[w:Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp|Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp]] radial engine used in the [[w:P-61 Black Widow|P-61 Black Widow]] & [[w:P-47 Thunderbolt|P-47 Thunderbolt]] fighters during WW-2 [[w:Chevrolet 2300 engine|Chevrolet 2300 engine]] (Vega I4) [[w:General Motors 122 engine|Chevrolet 122 engine]] (1.8/2.0/2.2L OHV I4) [[w:GM Ecotec engine#2.2|Ecotec 2.2L Gen I]] (L850) [[w:GM Ecotec engine#2.2_2|Ecotec 2.2L Gen II]], [[w:GM Ecotec engine#2.4|Ecotec 2.4L Gen II]] [[w:GM Ecotec engine#LTG|Ecotec Gen III LTG 2.0T I-4]], [[w:GM Ecotec engine#2.5|Ecotec 2.5L Gen III]] [[w:General Motors Atlas engine#LK5 (Vortec 2800)|Atlas 2.8/2.9 I4]]<br />[[w:General Motors Atlas engine#L52 (Vortec 3500)|Atlas 3.5/3.7 I5]] [[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Air 6 engine|Corvair Flat-6 (all)]] [[w:Chevrolet Stovebolt engine#Second generation: 1937–1962|Chevrolet Stovebolt / Blue Flame I6]] [[w:Chevrolet 90° V6 engine|Chevrolet 3.3L/3.8L/4.3L 90° V6]] [[w:General Motors 60° V6 engine|Chevrolet 60° V6 engine]], [[w:GM High Value engine|High Value 3.9L V6]] [[w:Chevrolet small-block engine (first and second generation)|Chevrolet Small-Block V8]] [[w:Chevrolet Big-Block engine|Chevrolet Big-Block V8]] Gen V Small-Block 90° V6/V8: [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#LV3|LV3]] 4.3L V6, [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#L82|L82]] 5.3L V8, [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#L83|L83]] 5.3L V8, [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#L86|L86]] 6.2L V8, [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#LT1|LT1]] 6.2L V8, [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#LT4|LT4 6.2L Supercharged V8]] |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Ultium#Production|Ultium Cells LLC - Spring Hill]]||[[w:Spring Hill, Tennessee|Spring Hill, Tennessee]]||United States||Ultium lithium-ion battery cells for EV's||2024|| || Owned by Ultium Cells LLC, a 50/50 joint venture between General Motors and [[w:LG Energy Solution|LG Energy Solution]]. This is Ultium Cells' second plant. Located at 301 Donald F Ephlin Pkwy. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Ultium#Production|Ultium Cells LLC - Warren]]||[[w:Warren, Ohio|Warren, Ohio]]||United States||Ultium lithium-ion battery cells for EV's||2022|| || Owned by Ultium Cells LLC, a 50/50 joint venture between General Motors and [[w:LG Energy Solution|LG Energy Solution]]. This is Ultium Cells' first plant. Located at 7400 Tod Ave SW. |- |1||[[w:Wentzville Assembly|Wentzville Assembly]]||[[w:Wentzville, Missouri|Wentzville, Missouri]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Express|Chevrolet Express]] (1996-)<br />[[w:GMC Savana|GMC Savana]] (1996-)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Colorado|Chevrolet Colorado]] (2015-)<br />[[w:GMC Canyon|GMC Canyon]] (2015-)||1983||&nbsp;||Located at 1500 E. Rte. A. Originally opened to build the 1985 Fwd C-bodies. Began building Fwd H-bodies for 1986. On Oct. 29, 1991, Wentzville built the 30 millionth Pontiac, a white 1992 Bonneville SSEi. Ended passenger car production in 1994. Converted to truck production. Began building full-size vans in 1996. Added midsize pickups in 2014. <br />Past models: [[w:Buick Electra#Sixth generation (1985–1990)|Buick Electra]] (1985-1990), [[w:Buick Park Avenue#First generation (1991–1996)|Buick Park Avenue]] (1991-1994), [[w:Oldsmobile 88#Ninth generation (1986–1991)|Oldsmobile Delta 88/88]] (1986-1991),<br> [[w:Oldsmobile 88#Tenth generation (1992–1999)|Oldsmobile 88]] (1992-1993), [[w:Oldsmobile 98#Eleventh generation (1985–1990)|Oldsmobile 98]] (1985-1989), [[w:Oldsmobile Touring Sedan|Oldsmobile Touring Sedan]] (1989),<br> [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Eighth generation (1987–1991)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1989-1991), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Ninth generation (1992–1999)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1992-93) |- |A||[[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]] Shanghai plant||[[w:Jinqiao|Jinqiao]], [[w:Pudong|Pudong]] district, [[w:Shanghai|Shanghai]]||[[w:China|China]]||[[w:Cadillac CT4|Cadillac CT4]]<br />[[w:Cadillac CT5|Cadillac CT5]]<br />[[w:Cadillac CT6|Cadillac CT6]]<br />[[w:Cadillac Lyriq|Cadillac Lyriq]]<br />[[w:Cadillac Vistiq|Cadillac Vistiq]]<br>[[w:Cadillac XT4|Cadillac XT4]]<br />[[w:Cadillac XT5|Cadillac XT5]]<br />[[w:Cadillac XT6|Cadillac XT6]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Blazer (crossover)#Chinese version|Chevrolet Blazer]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Ninth generation (2016)|Chevrolet Malibu XL]]<br />[[w:Buick Enclave#China (2020)|Buick Enclave]]<br />[[w:Buick GL8#Third generation (2017–present)|Buick GL8 ES/Avenir/PHEV (Mk III)]]<br />[[w:Buick GL8#Fourth generation (2022)|Buick GL8 Century (Mk IV)]]<br />[[w:Buick LaCrosse|Buick LaCrosse]]<br />[[w:Buick Regal#Sixth generation (2018)|Buick Regal]] (E2XX)<br />Engines<br />Engine components<br />Transmissions<br />Ultium batteries||1998||&nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]]. There are 3 vehicle production plants (North, South, & East). North was the original plant. South began production in 2005. The East or "Cadillac" plant began production in 2016. On October 28, 2025, the Shanghai plant produced its 4 millionth vehicle, a 2026 Cadillac XT5. Past models: [[w:Buick Century#Sixth generation (1997–2005)|Buick New Century]] (W-body)<br />[[w:Buick Excelle#First generation (J200; 2003)|Buick Excelle]]<br />[[w:Buick GL8#First generation (2000–2016)|Buick GL8 Mk I (1999-2004)]]<br />[[w:Buick Park Avenue#Third generation (2007–2012)|Buick Park Avenue (WM)]] (CKD)<br />[[w:Buick Regal#China|Buick Regal]] (W-body)<br />[[w:Buick Regal#Fifth generation (2008)|Buick Regal]] (Epsilon II)<br />[[w:Buick Sail|Buick Sail]]<br />[[w:Buick Velite 5|Buick Velite 5]]<br />[[w:Buick Velite 7|Buick Velite 7]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Eighth generation (2013)|Chevrolet Malibu]]<br />[[w:Cadillac ATS#ATS-L|Cadillac ATS-L]]<br />[[w:Cadillac CTS#First generation (2003)|Cadillac CTS]]<br />[[w:Cadillac STS#Chinese Cadillac SLS|Cadillac SLS]]<br />[[w:Cadillac XTS|Cadillac XTS]]<br /> Past Engines: [[w:General Motors 60° V6 engine#Production in China by SAIC-GM|Chevrolet 60° OHV V6]] |- |D||[[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]] Dongyue Motors||[[w:Yantai|Yantai]], [[w:Shandong|Shandong]]||[[w:China|China]]||[[w:Buick Envision|Buick Envision]]<br />[[w:Cadillac GT4|Cadillac GT4]]||2001||&nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]]. Originally founded in 2001 as Yantai Bodyshop Corp. which built Daewoo vehicles ([[w:Daewoo Lanos|Daewoo Lanos]]) under license from Daewoo Motor Co. SAIC-GM took over the plant in 2002. There are 2 vehicle production plants (North & South). SAIC-GM Dongyue Motors joint venture is owned 50% by SAIC-GM, 25% by GM China, & 25% by SAIC. <br /> Past models: [[w:Buick Encore#First generation (2013)|Buick Encore]]<br />[[w:Buick Encore GX|Buick Encore GX]]<br />[[w:Buick Encore GX|Buick Encore Plus]]<br />[[w:Buick Excelle#Second generation (2018)|Buick Excelle]]<br />[[w:Buick Excelle GT#First generation (2009)|Buick Excelle GT/XT]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Sail#Buick Sail|Buick Sail]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Aveo#Second generation (T300; 2012)|Chevrolet Aveo (T300)]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Sail#Third generation (2014)|Chevrolet Aveo (Mex.)]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Sail#Chevrolet Sail|Chevrolet Corsa Plus (Chile)]]<br />[[w:Daewoo Magnus|Chevrolet Epica (V200)]]<br />[[w:Daewoo Tosca|Chevrolet Epica]] (V250)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Lova]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Lova RV|Chevrolet Lova RV]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Onix#Second generation (2019)|Chevrolet Onix]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Orlando#Second generation (2018)|Chevrolet Orlando]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Sail|Chevrolet Sail]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Trailblazer (crossover)|Chevrolet Trailblazer]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Trax|Chevrolet Trax]] |- |&nbsp;||[[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]] Dongyue Powertrain||[[w:Yantai|Yantai]], [[w:Shandong|Shandong]]||[[w:China|China]]||Engines<br />Transmissions including: [[w:GM 6T40 transmission|6T30/6T40/6T45/6T50]], [[w:Continuously variable transmission|CVT]]||1999||&nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]]. Originally founded in 1999 as Shandong Daewoo Automotive Engine Co., Ltd., a 50/50 joint venture between Daewoo Motor Co. & Chinese partners owned by the Shandong provincial govt. SAIC-GM took over the plant in 2005. SAIC-GM Dongyue Powertrain joint venture is owned 50% by SAIC-GM, 25% by GM China, & 25% by SAIC. <br /> Past Engines: [[w:GM Family 1 engine#Generation III|Family I, Gen 3 engine]] |- |&nbsp;||[[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]] Norsom Motors||[[w:Shenyang|Shenyang]], [[w:Liaoning|Liaoning]]||[[w:China|China]]||[[w:Chevrolet Seeker|Chevrolet Seeker]] <br/> Engines||1992||2025||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]]. Originally founded in 1992 as Jinbei GM Automotive Co. Ltd., a 30/70 joint venture between GM & Shenyang Jinbei Automotive. Restructured into a 50/50 joint venture between GM & Jinbei in 1998. SAIC-GM took over the joint venture in 2004, buying out Jinbei. The new SAIC-GM Norsom Motors joint venture is owned 50% by SAIC-GM, 25% by GM China, & 25% by SAIC. Plant closed in February 2025 due to declining sales in China by SAIC-GM. Past models: [[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#Second generation (1995–2005)|Chevrolet Blazer (Jinbei GM)]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet S-10#Second generation (1994)|Chevrolet S-10 Crew Cab (Jinbei GM)]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Cruze|Chevrolet Cruze]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Tracker (2019)|Chevrolet Tracker]] <br /> [[w:Buick Encore#Second generation (2020)|Buick Encore]]<br />[[w:Buick Envista|Buick Envista]]<br />[[w:Buick GL8#First generation (2000–2016)|Buick GL8 Mk I (2004-2016)]]<br />[[w:Buick GL8#Second generation (2010-present)|Buick GL8 Land Business Class (Mk II) (2010-2025)]]<br />[[w:Buick Verano#Second generation (2016)|Buick Verano]] |- |V||[[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]] Wuhan Branch||[[w:Wuhan|Wuhan]], [[w:Hubei|Hubei]]||[[w:China|China]]||[[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Fourth generation (2025)|Chevrolet Equinox Plus]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Monza (China)|Chevrolet Monza]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Menlo|Chevrolet Menlo]]<br />[[w:Buick Verano#Third generation (Pro, 2021)|Buick Verano Pro]]<br />[[w:Buick Velite 6|Buick Velite 6]]<br />[[w:Buick Electra E5|Buick Electra E5]]<br />[[w:Buick Electra L7|Buick Electra L7]]<br />[[w:Cadillac Optiq|Cadillac Optiq]]<br /> Engines||2015<ref>{{Cite news |author=Joseph Szczesny |date=30 January 2015 |title=Ford, GM Implement Expansion Plans in China |work=The Detroit Bureau |url=https://www.thedetroitbureau.com/2015/01/ford-gm-implement-expansion-plans-in-china/ |access-date=19 June 2022}}</ref>||&nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]].<ref>{{Cite news |author=Jamie L. LaReau |date=27 February 2020 |title=Restart of GM's plant in China stalls due to coronavirus crisis |work=Detroit Free Press |url=https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/general-motors/2020/02/27/gm-delays-start-production-china-plant-due-coronavirus-crisis/4884203002/ |access-date=19 June 2022}}</ref> Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Cavalier#China|Chevrolet Cavalier]] <br />[[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Third generation (2018)|Chevrolet Equinox]]<br />[[w:Buick Electra E4|Buick Electra E4]]<br />[[w:Buick Excelle GT#Second generation (2015)|Buick Excelle GT/GX]]<ref>{{Cite news |author=Sam McEachern|date=28 February 2020 |title=GM Delays Production Restart At Wuhan Plant As Coronavirus Crisis Continues |work=GM Authority |url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2020/02/gm-delays-production-restart-at-wuhan-plant-as-coronavirus-crisis-continues/ |access-date=19 June 2022}}</ref><br />[[w:Buick GL6|Buick GL6]] |- |&nbsp;||[[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]] (HQ plant)||[[w:Liuzhou|Liuzhou]], [[w:Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region|Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region]]||[[w:China|China]]|| [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|Wuling]] models<br />Engines||1982||&nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]]. There are 2 vehicle production plants (East & West). SAIC & GM jointly created the joint venture with Wuling in 2002. The SAIC-GM-Wuling joint venture was originally owned 50.1% by SAIC, 34% by GM China, & 15.9% by Liuzhou Wuling Automobile Industry Co., Ltd. Since 2011, SAIC-GM-Wuling is now owned 50.1% by SAIC, 44% by GM China, & 5.9% by Liuzhou Wuling Motors Co., Ltd. Engine plant added in 2007. Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Lechi (China)|Chevrolet Lechi (Spark)]], [[w:Baojun 630|Baojun 630]] |- |&nbsp;||[[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]] [[w:Baojun|Baojun]] Base||Liudong New District, [[w:Liuzhou|Liuzhou]], [[w:Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region|Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region]]||[[w:China|China]]|| [[w:Baojun|Baojun]] models<br />Engines||2012||&nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]]. SAIC & GM jointly created the joint venture with Wuling in 2002. The SAIC-GM-Wuling joint venture was originally owned 50.1% by SAIC, 34% by GM China, & 15.9% by Liuzhou Wuling Automobile Industry Co., Ltd. Since 2011, SAIC-GM-Wuling is now owned 50.1% by SAIC, 44% by GM China, & 5.9% by Liuzhou Wuling Motors Co., Ltd. Engine plant added in 2015. Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Lechi (China)|Baojun Lechi]], [[w:Baojun 610|Baojun 610]], [[w:Baojun 630|Baojun 630]] |- |&nbsp;||[[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]] Chongqing Branch||[[w:Chongqing|Chongqing]]||[[w:China|China]]|| [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|Wuling]] models<br />Engines||2014||&nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]]. Since 2011, SAIC-GM-Wuling is owned 50.1% by SAIC, 44% by GM China, & 5.9% by Liuzhou Wuling Motors Co., Ltd. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]] Qingdao Branch||[[w:Qingdao|Qingdao]], [[w:Shandong|Shandong]]||[[w:China|China]]|| [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|Wuling]] models<br />Engines||2000||&nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]]. Originally founded in 1997 as [[w:Etsong Vehicle Manufacturing|Etsong Vehicle Manufacturing]]. SAIC-GM-Wuling took over the plant in 2005. Since 2011, SAIC-GM-Wuling is owned 50.1% by SAIC, 44% by GM China, & 5.9% by Liuzhou Wuling Motors Co., Ltd. Engine plant added in 2009. |- |J||[[w:SGMW Motor Indonesia|SGMW Motor Indonesia]]||[[w:Cikarang|Cikarang]], [[w:West Java|West Java]]||[[w:Indonesia|Indonesia]]|| [[w:Wuling Air EV|Wuling Air EV]]<br />[[w:Wuling Binguo|Wuling Binguo EV]]<br />[[w:Wuling Cloud EV|Wuling Cloud EV ]]<br />[[w:Wuling Almaz|Wuling Almaz]]<br />[[w:Wuling Alvez|Wuling Alvez]]<br />[[w:Wuling Confero|Wuling Confero]]<br />[[w:Wuling Cortez|Wuling Cortez]]<br />[[w:Wuling Formo|Wuling Formo]]<br />[[w:MG4 EV|MG4 EV]], [[w:MG ZS (crossover)|MG ZS EV]]||2017||&nbsp;||100% owned and operated by [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]]. Since 2011, SAIC-GM-Wuling is owned 50.1% by SAIC, 44% by GM China, & 5.9% by Liuzhou Wuling Motors Co., Ltd. In 2024, SGMW Motor Indonesia began producing MG models on behalf of PT SAIC Motor Indonesia. MG is owned by SAIC, a shareholder of SGMW. Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Captiva#Second generation (CN202S; 2019)|Chevrolet Captiva]] |} == Current partner factories == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%" !VIN !! Name !! City/State !! Country !! class="unsortable" | Products !! Opened !! Idled !! class="unsortable" | Comments |- |&nbsp;||[[Azermash CP LLC]]||[[w:Hajiqabul|Hajiqabul]]||[[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Cobalt#Second generation (2011)|Chevrolet Cobalt]], [[w:Chevrolet Lacetti|Chevrolet Lacetti]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Ninth generation (2016)|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Onix#Second generation (2019)|Chevrolet Onix]], [[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Nexia (T250)]], [[w:Chevrolet Tracker (2019)|Chevrolet Tracker]], [[w:Suzuki Carry#Daewoo Damas|Chevrolet Damas/Labo]] ||2017|| ||Built under contract by Azermash CP LLC for GM & UzAuto Motors. |- |A||[[w:GM Uzbekistan|GM Uzbekistan]]/[[w:UzAuto Motors|UzAuto Motors]]||[[w:Asaka, Uzbekistan|Asaka]], [[w:Andijan Region|Andijan Region]]||[[w:Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Cobalt#Second generation (2011)|Chevrolet Cobalt]], [[w:Chevrolet Lacetti|Chevrolet Lacetti]], [[w:Chevrolet Onix#Second generation (2019)|Chevrolet Onix]], [[w:Chevrolet Tracker (2019)|Chevrolet Tracker (2022-)]]||1996|| ||Originally established as Uz-DaewooAuto, a 50/50 joint venture between Daewoo Motor & the Uzbek government. Became GM Uzbekistan, a 25/75 joint venture between GM & state owned UzAvtosanoat in 2008. GM was bought out by the Uzbek govt. in 2019 & the company was renamed UzAuto Motors. Vehicles now built under license from GM by UzAuto Motors. Previous models: [[w:Daewoo Tico|Daewoo Tico]], [[w:Chevrolet Spark#First generation (M100, M150; 1998)|Daewoo Matiz (M150)]], [[w:Daewoo Nexia|Daewoo Nexia]], [[w:Daewoo Nexia|Chevrolet Nexia]], [[w:Daewoo Gentra#Uzbekistan (2013–2015)|Daewoo Gentra]], [[w:Daewoo Damas|Daewoo Damas]], [[w:Daewoo Labo|Daewoo Labo]], [[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]], [[w:Chevrolet Epica|Chevrolet Epica]], [[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Nexia 3]], [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Third generation (M300; 2009)|Chevrolet Spark (M300)]], [[w:Chevrolet Tacuma|Chevrolet Tacuma]], [[w:Chevrolet Trax|Chevrolet Tracker]], [[w:Chevrolet Spark#First generation (M100, M150; 1998)|Ravon Matiz]], [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Third generation (M300; 2009)|Ravon R2]], [[w:Chevrolet Aveo#Ravon Nexia R3|Ravon Nexia R3]], [[w:Chevrolet Cobalt#Second generation (2011)|Ravon R4]], [[w:Daewoo Gentra|Ravon Gentra R5]] |- |&nbsp;||[[w:GM Uzbekistan|GM Uzbekistan]]/[[w:UzAuto Motors|UzAuto Motors]]||[[w:Pitnak|Pitnak]], [[w:Khorezm Region|Khorezm Region]]||[[w:Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Damas|Chevrolet Damas]]<br> [[w:Chevrolet Labo|Chevrolet Labo]] ||2014|| ||Was part of GM Uzbekistan, a 25/75 joint venture between GM & state owned UzAvtosanoat formed in 2008. GM was bought out by the Uzbek govt. in 2019 & the company was renamed UzAuto Motors. Vehicles now built under license from GM by UzAuto Motors. In 2021, a new press shop opened at the Pitnak plant. Previous models: [[w:Chevrolet Orlando#First generation (J309; 2010)|Chevrolet Orlando]], [[w:Daewoo Damas|Daewoo Damas]], [[w:Daewoo Labo|Daewoo Labo]] |- |&nbsp;||[[w:GM Uzbekistan|GM Uzbekistan]]/[[w:UzAuto Motors|UzAuto Motors]]||[[w:Tashkent|Tashkent]]||[[w:Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]]||Repair of used cars ||2009||2019||Was part of GM Uzbekistan, a 25/75 joint venture between GM & state owned UzAvtosanoat formed in 2008. GM was bought out by the Uzbek govt. in 2019 & the company was renamed UzAuto Motors. Vehicles now built under license from GM by UzAuto Motors. Plant assembled SKD vehicles. SKD production ended in 2019. Plant is now used to repair & overhaul used cars acquired as trade-ins for new cars, which are then resold by UzAuto. Previous models: [[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Eighth generation (2013)|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Ninth generation (2016)|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Trax|Chevrolet Tracker (initial production from SKD)]] |- |&nbsp;||[[w:GM Uzbekistan|GM Powertrain Uzbekistan]]/[[w:GM Uzbekistan|UzAuto Motors Powertrain]]||[[w:Tashkent|Tashkent]]||[[w:Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]]||[[w:Daewoo S-TEC engine|1.2L & 1.5L DOHC I4 engines]]<br />[[w:GM E-Turbo engine|1.2L GM E-Turbo I3 engine]]<br />Engine components (crankshaft, block, heads)<br />Aluminum Foundry ||2011|| ||GM Powertrain Uzbekistan is a 52/48 joint venture between GM & state owned UzAvtosanoat. In 2019, the company was renamed UzAuto Motors Powertrain after UzAvtosanoat bought out GM's share of the joint venture. It now builds engines & components under license from GM. |- |0,4,7,8,9||[[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]] Fujisawa plant||[[w:Fujisawa, Kanagawa|Fujisawa, Kanagawa]]||[[w:Japan|Japan]]||[[w:Isuzu Elf|Chevrolet Low Cab Forward 4500 & 5500 diesel]] (2016-)<br />[[w:Isuzu N-Series|Isuzu N-Series]]<br />[[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu F-Series]]||1961||&nbsp;||[[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]] plant. <br /> Previous models:<br /> [[w:Isuzu Gemini#In other markets|Buick Opel]] (1976-1979)<br />[[w:Chevrolet LUV|Chevrolet LUV]] (1972-1982)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Spectrum|Chevrolet Spectrum]] (1985-1988)<br />[[w:Chevrolet W-Series|Chevrolet W-Series]] (1986-2009)<br />[[w:Geo Spectrum|Geo Spectrum]] (1989)<br />[[w:Geo Storm|Geo Storm]] (1990-1993)<br />[[w:GMC W-Series|GMC W-Series]] (1986-2009)<br />[[w:Isuzu Faster#First generation (1972–1980)|Bedford KB25]]<br />[[w:Isuzu Faster#Second generation (1980–1988)|Bedford KB26/41]]<br />[[w:Opel Campo#Third generation (TF; 1988–2002)|Opel Campo/Bedford Brava/Vauxhall Brava]]<br />[[w:Holden Jackaroo#First generation (1981)|Holden Jackaroo (Gen 1)]]<br />[[w:Opel Monterey#Second generation (1991)|Opel/Vauxhall Monterey/Holden Jackaroo (Gen 2)/Monterey]]<br />[[w:Holden Rodeo|Holden Rodeo]] (1981-2002) (KB/TF)<br />[[w:Holden Piazza#First generation (JR120/130; 1980)|Holden Piazza]]<br />[[w:Holden Shuttle|Holden Shuttle]]<br />[[w:Isuzu I-Mark|Isuzu I-Mark]], [[w:Isuzu Impulse|Isuzu Impulse]], [[w:Isuzu Stylus|Isuzu Stylus]] |- |H||[[w:Navistar|Navistar]] - Springfield Assembly Plant (Main Line)||[[w:Springfield, Ohio|Springfield, Ohio]]||[[w:United States|United States]]||[[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Medium duty version (4500HD, 5500HD, 6500HD, and International CV)|Chevrolet Silverado Medium Duty (2019-)<br />International CV]] (2019-)||2019|| ||Located at 6125 Urbana Road. Jointly developed by GM & Navistar. Built under contract by [[w:Navistar|Navistar]] for GM. |- |N||[[w:Navistar|Navistar]] - Springfield Assembly Plant (Secondary Line)||[[w:Springfield, Ohio|Springfield, Ohio]]||[[w:United States|United States]]||[[w:Chevrolet Express|Chevrolet Express]] cutaway (2017-),<br /> [[w:GMC Savana|GMC Savana]] cutaway (2017-)||2017|| ||Located at 6125 Urbana Road. Built under contract by [[w:Navistar|Navistar]] for GM. |- |&nbsp;||PACE (Planta Automotiva do Ceará=Ceará Automotive Plant)||[[w:Horizonte, Ceará|Horizonte, Ceará]]||[[w:Brazil|Brazil]]||[[w:Chevrolet Spark EUV|Chevrolet Spark EUV]] (2026-),<br /> [[w:Wuling Starlight S|Chevrolet Captiva EV]]||2025|| ||Assembled from semi-knockdown kits imported from China under contract for GM. Production for GM began on December 3, 2025 with the Spark EUV. Production for non-GM brands is also expected. The plant is the former [[w:Troller|Troller]] plant that was bought by Ford in 2007 and closed in 2021. The plant is now operated by Comexport. |- |&nbsp;||[[SaryarkaAvtoProm]]/<br>Allur Automobile Plant||[[w:Kostanay|Kostanay]]||[[w:Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Cobalt#Second generation (2011)|Chevrolet Cobalt]], [[w:Chevrolet Onix#Second generation (2019)|Chevrolet Onix]], [[w:Chevrolet Tracker (2019)|Chevrolet Tracker]]||2017|| ||Built under contract by SaryarkaAvtoProm for GM & UzAuto Motors. Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Ninth generation (2016)|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Nexia]], [[w:Chevrolet Niva|Chevrolet Niva]], [[w:Suzuki Carry#Daewoo Damas|Chevrolet Damas/Labo]], [[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Ravon Nexia R3]] |- |S||[[w:Shyft Group|Shyft Group]] - Charlotte plant||[[w:Charlotte, Michigan|Charlotte, Michigan]]||[[w:United States|United States]]||[[w:Isuzu Elf|Chevrolet Low Cab Forward 3500/4500/5500 gas]] (2016-)<br />[[w:Isuzu F-Series|Chevrolet Low Cab Forward 6500XD & 7500XD]] (2018- & 2023-)<br />[[w:Isuzu N-Series|Isuzu N-Series gas]] (2012-)<br />[[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu FTR/FVR]] (2018- & 2023-)||1961||&nbsp;||[[w:Shyft Group|Shyft Group]] plant. Built under contract for Isuzu and GM. |} == Former factories == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%" ! style="width:20px;"|VIN ! style="width:60px;"| Name ! style="width:20px;"| City/State ! style="width:20px;"| Country ! style="width:90px;" class="unsortable" | Products ! style="width:10px;"| Opened ! style="width:10px;"| Idled ! style="width:190px;" class="unsortable" |Comments |- |&nbsp;||AC Electronics||[[w:Oak Creek, Wisconsin|Oak Creek, Wisconsin]]||[[w:United States|United States]]||Automotive Electronics; Avionics, precision guidance systems, & electro-mechanical devices for military use and space exploration (Apollo program) ||1948||1999||Located at 7929 S. Howell Ave. First known as GM's Electronics Division. In 1965, the Milwaukee Operations became known as AC Electronics Division of GM. In 1970, the division merged with Delco Radio and became known as Delco Electronics Division. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems (Delphi Electronics & Safety) in 1999. Closed by Delphi in 2008. Is now Drexel Town Square, a retail, commercial, residential and civic development. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:ACDelco#AC Spark Plug Division|AC Spark Plug Division]]||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||AC Spark Plugs||1929||1975||Located on Industrial Ave at Harriet St. Built in 1909. Champion Ignition Co. moved here from their original location on the 3rd floor of a Buick building on Hamilton Ave. that they used from 1908. This complex was expanded multiple times and was on both sides of Industrial Ave. with 2 overhead walkways connecting the 2 sides. Champion Ignition Co. changed its name to AC Spark Plug in 1922. After founder Albert Champion died in 1927, GM took over AC Spark Plug in 1929. It became a GM division in 1933. Production gradually moved to the Flint East complex until the Industrial Ave. complex closed in 1975. Demolished in 1975-76. Site later used by Buick for parking as it was next to the Buick City complex. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Flint East|AC Spark Plug Flint East]]||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||Components (spark plugs, dashboard components such as instrument clusters, fuel system components, air/oil/fuel filters, and fuel pumps)||1929||1999||Located at 1300 North Dort Highway. (Now referred to as 2926 Davison Road, which is the north side instead of the west side of the property.) Purchased by AC Spark Plug in 1925. Plant previously belonged to [[w:Dort Motor Car Company|Dort Motor Car Company]], which went out of business in 1924. Initially produced all products other than spark plugs that were made by AC Spark Plug Co. After founder Albert Champion died in 1927, GM took over AC Spark Plug in 1929. It became a GM division in 1933. Production gradually moved from the old Industrial Ave. complex to the Flint East complex until the Industrial Ave. complex closed in 1975. Became known as Flint East in 1987, when AC took over the "Chevy in the Hole" complex from Chevrolet on Flint's west side, which became known as Flint West. Became AC Rochester in 1988 when AC Spark Plug Division merged with Rochester Products Division. AC Rochester initially had its world headquarters here, just as AC Spark Plug had before the merger. Subsequently, AC Rochester headquarters moved to the Great Lakes Technology Center in the old Flint Fisher Body plant. In 1994, AC Rochester merged with Delco Remy and became AC Delco Systems. Grouped under GM's Delphi Automotive Systems subsidiary in 1995. Spun off with [[w:Delphi Corporation|Delphi Corporation]] in 1999. GM supplied the UAW workers from 2007 under agreement with Delphi and the UAW. Closed by Delphi in 2013. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:ACDelco#AC Spark Plug Division|AC Spark Plug]]||[[w:Sioux City, Iowa|Sioux City, Iowa]]||[[w:United States|United States]]||[[w:Throttle#Throttle body|Throttle Body Fuel Injection Systems]]||1981||1993||Located at 1805 Zenith Drive. Formerly a Zenith Radio Factory. Now the headquarters of Bomgaars Supply, Inc. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:ACDelco#AC Spark Plug Division|AC Spark Plug]]||[[w:Wichita Falls, Texas|Wichita Falls, Texas]]||United States||AC Air Filters||1972||1999||Located at 8600 Interstate 44 Service Rd. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999. Closed by Delphi in 2008. Now owned by Panda Biotech. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:ACDelco#AC Spark Plug Division|AC Spark Plug Overseas Corp. - Kirkby plant]]||[[w:Kirkby|Kirkby]], [[w:Merseyside|Merseyside]], [[w:England|England]]||[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]||Instrument panels, Gauges, Fuel pumps, Fuel/temperature senders, Oil pressure switches, Radiator caps, Thermostats||1958||?||Plant is near Liverpool. Located on Moorgate Road. Kirkby was originally part of the AC-Delco division of GM Ltd. When the Kirkby plant opened in 1958, production of fuel pumps, thermostats, and instruments was moved there from the Dunstable components plant. In 1979, Kirkby became aligned with AC Spark Plug in the US. In 1982, GM Ltd. was dissolved and the Kirkby plant became part of AC Spark Plug Overseas Corp., part of GM Overseas Corp. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:ACDelco#AC Spark Plug Division|AC Spark Plug Overseas Corp. - Southampton plant]]||[[w:Southampton|Southampton]], [[w:Hampshire|Hampshire]], [[w:England|England]]||[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]||Air filter elements, Oil filters, Fuel filters, Catalytic converters||1952||?|| Located on West Bay Road in the New Dock area of Southampton. Originally opened in 1938 as a vehicle assembly plant making Chevrolets (See listing for "GM Ltd."). Plant acquired by GM Ltd. in 1951. Southampton was originally part of AC-Sphinx Plug Co., a division of GM Ltd. In 1952, AC-Sphinx Plug Co. was renamed AC-Delco division of GM Ltd. When the Southampton plant opened in 1952, production of automotive filters (air filters, fuel filters) was moved there from the Dunstable components plant. In 1979, Southampton became aligned with AC Spark Plug in the US. In 1982, GM Ltd. was dissolved and the Southampton plant became part of AC Spark Plug Overseas Corp., part of GM Overseas Corp. |- |&nbsp;||Allison,<br> [[w:Allison Transmission|Allison Transmission]], Allison Gas Turbine||[[w:Indianapolis|Indianapolis]], Indiana||United States||Allison Transmissions,<br> Engines for airplanes & helicopters,<br> Bearings and Gears||1929||2007||Located at 4700 W. 10th St. Founded in 1915 as Speedway Team Co. In 1920, it was renamed Allison Engineering Co. Acquired by GM in 1929, it became the Allison Division of GM. GM began designing the CD-850 transmission for tracked military vehicles in 1941; the design was completed in 1944 and Allison was awarded the contract to manufacture the prototypes. In February 1945, General Motors formed the Allison Transmission Engineering Section. In 1946, GM divided the division into 2 sections: Aircraft Operations and Transmission Operations. In 1970, Allison Division merged with the Detroit Diesel Engine Division to become the Detroit Diesel-Allison Division. In 1983, the aviation turbine engine operations were separated out to form a separate division called the Allison Gas Turbine Division. In 1987, the transmission operations are separated out to form the Allison Transmission Division. Allison Gas Turbine was sold in a management buyout in 1993 becoming the Allison Engine Company. [[w:Allison Engine Company|Allison Engine Company]] was then sold in 1995 to [[w:Rolls-Royce Holdings|Rolls-Royce PLC]]. GM sold Allison Transmission in 2007 to private equity groups Carlyle Group & Onex Corp., becoming Allison Transmission Inc. Allison went public as Allison Transmission Holdings Inc. in 2012, trading on the New York Stock Exchange. |- |&nbsp;||Cadillac Amsterdam Street plant||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]s||1903||1920||Cadillac's first volume production plant. Located at 450 Amsterdam Street, at the intersection with Cass Avenue. Rebuilt in 1904 after a fire destroyed the original plant. This plant predated Cadillac being part of GM. Replaced by the Clark Street plant in 1921. |- |5 (Plant 2)<br /><br /> 6 (Plant 1)<br /><br />9 (Pre-1976)||Antwerp||[[w:Antwerp|Antwerp]]||[[w:Belgium|Belgium]]||[[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]]/[[w:Vauxhall Astra|Vauxhall Astra]]<br />[[w:Opel Astra#Astra H (A04; 2004)|Opel/Vauxhall Astra GTC & OPC/VXR (H)]]<br />[[w:Opel Astra#TwinTop|Opel/Vauxhall Astra TwinTop]]<br />[[w:Opel Astra#Saturn Astra|Saturn Astra]] (2008 & in Canada '09)<br />[[w:Holden Astra#Fourth generation (TS; 1998)|Holden Astra (TS)]]<br />[[w:Holden Astra#Fifth generation (AH; 2004)|Holden Astra (AH)]] ||1925||2010||Originally known as GM Continental SA, then as Opel Antwerp from 1994-2004, & finally as GM Belgium from 2004 on. The original plant was an ex-abbey on Fortuinstraat. In 1926, production moved to an old velodrome on the corner of St. Laureystraat & Haantjeslei. In 1929, production moved to a site in the port of Antwerp near the Albert dock. The site at the port was destroyed by bombing raids in World War II. Production temporarily moved back to the velodrome from 1946-1953. In 1953, a new plant opened on the Noorderlaan which would later come to be known as Plant 1. In 1967, a second plant opened about 6.2 miles (10&nbsp;km) north of the Noorderlaan plant near the Churchill dock. This was called Plant 2. In August 1988, production was consolidated in Plant 2 and Plant 1 was used as a parts warehouse until 1992 and the property was then sold. Plant 2 ended production in December 2010. First vehicle off the line was a Chevrolet. Assembled Opel & Vauxhall cars, Bedford trucks and American GM brands (Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Buick, & Cadillac) from CKD kits. Also built the [[w:Ranger (automobile)#Europe|Ranger]]. The plant finally closed its doors on December 17, 2010, about two days after last Opel car rolled off the assembly line.&nbsp;<br />Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Camaro (first generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]] (first generation from CKD kits)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]] (from CKD kits supplied from Oshawa)<br />[[w:Opel Ascona|Opel Ascona]]<br />[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]<br />[[w:Opel Manta|Opel Manta]]<br />[[w:Opel Olympia|Opel Olympia]]<br />[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]<br />[[w:Opel Vectra|Opel Vectra]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Cresta|Vauxhall Cresta]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Velox|Vauxhall Velox]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]] |- |&nbsp;||[[w:General Motors de Argentina|General Motors de Argentina]]||[[w:San Telmo, Buenos Aires|San Telmo]] and [[w:Barracas, Buenos Aires|Barracas]] in [[w:Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] & [[w:San Martín, Buenos Aires|San Martin]]||[[w:Argentina|Argentina]]||Chevrolet (cars and trucks) including [[w:Chevrolet 400|Chevrolet 400]], [[w:Chevrolet Chevy Malibu|Chevrolet Chevy]], & [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] <br />[[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)#Medium-duty trucks|Chevrolet C-50/C-60/C-70]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet/GMC B series|Chevrolet B-60 bus chassis]]<br /> Oldsmobile <br />[[w:Opel K 180|Opel K 180]]<br />[[w:Bedford TJ|Bedford TJ]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder engine#Argentina|Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine|Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine]]<br />Bedford diesel engines||1925 (San Telmo)<br />1928 (Barracas)<br />1940 (San Martin plant)||1978 (San Martin plant)||Other GM brands manufactured included GMC, Opel, and Bedford trucks along with Pontiac, Oakland, Marquette, Buick, LaSalle, Cadillac, Opel, and Vauxhall passenger cars.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/GM_Argentina|title=GM Argentina}}</ref> Also Frigidaire refrigerators. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Aymesa|Aymesa]]||[[w:Quito, Ecuador|Quito]]||[[w:Ecuador|Ecuador]]|| ||1973||1999 (Last GM production)|| First automotive assembler in Ecuador. GM bought 36.95% of AYMESA in 1982 & increased its stake to 45.9% in 1984. GM sold off its stake in 1999 and switched to using OBB as its Ecuadorian partner. Aymesa now assembles vehicles for Kia and Hyundai. Past models: [[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa B (S93; 1993)|Chevrolet Corsa]]<br />[[w:Suzuki Cultus#First generation (1983)|Suzuki Forsa]]<br />[[w:Suzuki Cultus#Second generation (1988)|Suzuki Forsa II/Chevrolet Swift]]<br />[[w:General Motors T platform (1973)|Chevrolet San Remo]]<br />Aymesa Gacela<br />Aymesa Condor<br />[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|Aymesa Andino]]<br />Aymesa Amigo |- |3 (since 1993)<br />A (before 1993)||Azambuja||[[w:Azambuja|Azambuja]]||[[w:Portugal|Portugal]]||[[w:Opel Combo#Kadett Combo (Combo A; 1986)|Opel Kadett Combo A/Bedford & Vauxhall Astravan & Astramax]]<br />[[w:Opel Combo#Combo B (1993-2001)|Opel/Vauxhall/Holden Combo]] B<br />[[w:Opel Combo#Combo C (2001-2012)|Opel/Vauxhall/Holden Combo]] C||1963||2006||Past models:<br />[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa Van|Opel Corsavan]]<br /> [[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]<br />[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]<br />[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|Amigo]]<br />[[w:Bedford CF|Bedford CF]]<br />[[w:Bedford TJ|Bedford TJ]]<br />[[w:Bedford TK|Bedford TK]]<br />Various Opel, Vauxhall, & Bedford models. |- |B <br />(1953-1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]<br />and 1964 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]<br /> and 1965-2005)<br /><br />14 (1935-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]) <br /><br /> 7 (1964 [[w:Buick|Buick]])||[[w:Baltimore Assembly|Baltimore Assembly]]||[[w:Baltimore|Baltimore]], [[w:Maryland|Maryland]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Astro|Chevrolet Astro]] (1985-2005)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Astro|GMC Safari]] (1985-2005) ||1935||2005||Located at 2122 Broening Highway. Production began in March 1935 (March 11 for trucks and March 26 for cars). Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Baltimore Assembly began making Pontiac and Buick passenger cars for 1964. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Baltimore Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1968. During WWII, the Chevrolet side of the plant operated as a military parts depot where parts were received, processed, and packaged for shipment around the world. It also built 2,650 [[w:GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck|GMC CCKW 6x6 trucks]]. The Fisher Body side of the plant became part of GM's Eastern Aircraft Division and assembled the rear fuselage, tail assembly, & all control surfaces for Grumman carrier-based aircraft. Car production ended on March 31, 1984. Converted to a Truck and Bus Group assembly plant for 1985. Production restarted in August 1984. Closed on May 13, 2005. Baltimore Assembly produced over 12 million vehicles. Demolished. Now the Chesapeake Commerce Center and an Amazon distribution center.<br /> Past models:<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]]<br />[[w:Buick Gran Sport|Buick GS]] (1965-1968),<br /> [[w:Buick Skylark|Buick Skylark]] (1964-68),<br /> [[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]] (1964-67), [[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-57), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-57), [[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]], [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]] (1947-1955), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1963), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1963), [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1980), [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1964-1977), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1959-1960, 1964-1977), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1963), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fourth generation (1978)|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1978-1983), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1970-1984), [[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]] (1957, 1962, 1964-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]] (1955-1959), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|GMC C/K (Action Line)]] (1967-1972), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|GMC C/K (Rounded Line)]] (1973-1980), [[w:GMC Sprint|GMC Sprint]] (1971-1977), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Seventh generation (1982–1986)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1983-1984), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#Fifth generation (1978–1987)|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1983-1984), [[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1964-1970), [[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1964-1970, 1978-1981), [[w:Pontiac Tempest|Pontiac Tempest]] (1964-1970) |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Baltimore Transmission|Baltimore Transmission]]||[[w:White Marsh, Maryland|White Marsh]], [[w:Maryland|Maryland]]||United States||Allison 1000 Series transmissions: [[w:Chevrolet Silverado|Silverado HD]], [[w:GMC Sierra|Sierra HD]]<br />Hybrid 2-mode transmissions ([[w:Global Hybrid Cooperation|2ML70]]): [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Third generation (2007)|Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid]], [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Third generation (2007)|GMC Yukon Hybrid]], [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Hybrid|Cadillac Escalade Hybrid]], [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Second-generation Silverado / third-generation Sierra (GMT900; 2007)|Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid]], [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Second-generation Silverado / third-generation Sierra (GMT900; 2007)|GMC Sierra Hybrid]]<br />Electric motor (MME) & final-drive unit (1ET35) for [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Spark EV|Chevy Spark EV]]<br />Torque converters for 6-speed rwd automatic transmissions||2000||2019||Located at 10301 Philadelphia Road. Originally part of Allison Transmission. Became a GM Powertrain facility in 2004. Name changed to Baltimore Operations in 2012 with the addition of the Electric Motor Plant built next to the existing Transmission Plant. Closed in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2019/04/gm-baltimore-employees-irate-over-plant-closure/|title = GM Baltimore Employees Irate over Plant Closure|author=Anthony Alaniz|publisher=GMAuthority.com|date = 19 April 2019}}</ref> Now called White Marsh Interchange Park, a complex of 9 new one-story buildings of office and warehouse space that replaces the previous GM plant which has been demolished. |- |T||[[w:Bedford Dunstable plant|Bedford Dunstable plant]]||[[w:Dunstable|Dunstable]], [[w:Bedfordshire|Bedfordshire]], [[w:England|England]]||[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]||[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks and buses]] including:<br> [[w:Bedford S type|Bedford S series]]<br />[[w:Bedford TA|Bedford TA/TD]]<br />[[w:Bedford TJ|Bedford TJ]]<br />[[w:Bedford TK|Bedford TK/KM]]<br />[[w:Bedford TL|Bedford TL]]<br />[[w:Bedford TM|Bedford TM]]<br />[[w:Bedford SB|Bedford SB]]<br />[[w:Bedford VAL|Bedford VAL]]<br />[[w:Bedford VAM|Bedford VAM]]<br />[[w:Bedford VAS|Bedford VAS]]<br />[[w:Bedford Y series|Bedford Y series]]<br />Bedford gas & diesel engines||1942 (for wartime production)<br><br> 1955 (for civilian production)||1987||Was located on Boscombe Road. Bedford truck and bus production was moved to Dunstable from Luton in 1955. GM sold the Bedford heavy truck business to AWD Trucks in 1987. AWD Trucks went bankrupt in 1992. Parts of the site were demolished in 1993. More was demolished in 1997. The remainder was demolished in 2005. The [[w:Commer|Commer]] plant was located across Boscombe Road in Dunstable from the 1960's. |- |&nbsp;||Bombay||[[w:Bombay|Bombay]], [[w:Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]||[[w:India|India]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] cars, trucks, & buses||1928||1954||The first automobile assembly plant in India. The original GM India Ltd. was closed in 1954. |- |12 (Buffalo Assembly from 1928)||[[w:Buffalo Assembly|Buffalo Assembly]]/<br />Buffalo Gear & Axle||[[w:Buffalo, New York|Buffalo, New York]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Superior|Chevrolet Superior]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]]<br /> Axles, drivetrain components||1923||1994||Located at 1001 E. Delavan Ave. Built cars until World War II & was then converted to make axles. Operation was renamed Saginaw Gear and Axle in 1984. Sold to [[w:American Axle|American Axle]] in 1994. All operations ended in 2007 & the factory closed. Called the Historic American Axle Building. Purchased by Viridi in 2018. |- |H (1965-1999)<br /><br /> 1 (1938-1964 [[w:Buick|Buick]])||[[w:Buick City|Buick City]]||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick LeSabre]] (1959-1999)<br />[[w:Buick Park Avenue|Buick Park Avenue]] (1994-1996)<br />[[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1987, 1989-1995)<br />[[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Ninth generation (1992–1999)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1996-1999)||1904||1999||This was Buick's home plant. It predated the founding of GM in 1908. This is the part of the Buick factory complex south of Leith St. stretching south to E. Hamilton Ave. The complete complex, including both North and South portions totals 412,947 acres. The original factory was at one time the largest in the world and was completely vertically integrated, making nearly every component within the complex. During WWII, Buick built [[w:M18 Hellcat|M18 Hellcat]] tanks & [[w:M39 armored utility vehicle|M39 armored utility vehicles]] here. The plant was converted to build unibody, fwd cars for 1986 instead of the previous body-on-frame, rwd cars. The modernized plant was renamed Buick City. The factory closed in June 1999. Last car built was a 1999 Buick LeSabre. Demolished by 2002. The site of Buick's administration building, 902 E. Hamilton Ave., is now a seating plant owned by Lear Corp., which opened in 2018. It supplies seats to GM's nearby Flint Truck Assembly Plant as well as GM's Fort Wayne Assembly Plant in Indiana. A large piece of the property is now being redeveloped as Flint Commerce Center.<br> Past models: [[w:Buick Centurion|Buick Centurion]] (1971–1973),<br> [[w:Buick Century|Buick Century]] (1936-42, 1954-1958, 1973-1981), [[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]] (1959-1984), [[w:Buick Estate|Buick Estate]] (1940-64, 1970-76), [[w:Buick GS|Buick GS]] (1965-1972), [[w:Buick Invicta|Buick Invicta]] (1959-1963), [[w:Buick Limited|Buick Limited]] (1936-42, 1958), [[w:Buick Regal|Buick Regal]] (1973-1985), [[w:Buick Riviera|Buick Riviera]] (1963-1978), [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1936-58), [[w:Buick Skylark#1953–1954|Buick Skylark]] (1953-1954), [[w:Buick Skylark|Buick Skylark]] (1961-72), [[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]] (1936-58, 1961-69), [[w:Buick Sport Wagon|Buick Sport Wagon]] (1964-1971), [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1940-1958), [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]] (1963-1970) [[w:Marquette (automobile)#Buick brand|Marquette]] (1930), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice#Third generation (1977–1990)|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1984-1985), [[w:Chevrolet Impala#Sixth generation (1977–1985)|Chevrolet Impala]] (1984-1985),<br> [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme#Fourth generation (1978–1988)|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1985). |- |&nbsp;||Cadillac Stamping||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Stamped body parts for Cadillac||1956||1987||Located at 9501 Conner St. Originally built by Clayton & Lambert Manufacturing Company for their Knodell Division. Sold to Hudson Motor Car Company in 1925. Made bodies for Hudson. Bought by GM in 1956. Demolished in 2021. Site used by [[w:Lear Corp.|Lear Corp.]] to make seats to supply GM's Factory Zero plant. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Cartercar|Cartercar]]||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Cartercar automobiles||1909||1915||Located on Franklin Rd. where Franklin turns into Linfere St. which then intersects with Brush St. This factory previously belonged to Pontiac Spring & Wagon Works. Cartercar moved into this factory in 1908. Cartercar was purchased by GM on October 26, 1909. Cartercar was known for its [[w:Friction drive|friction drive transmission]]. GM closed Cartercar in 1915. There was then talk that GM would build a 6-cylinder Oakland model at this factory but it doesn't seem to have ever happened. GM sold the factory to Olympian Motors Company in 1917, which built Olympian cars there from 1917-1919. In 1920, the factory was sold to Friend Motors Corporation. Initially, Friend Motors Corporation continued production of Olympian cars and then switched to production of new Friend cars in 1921 but production ended with less than 50 cars built and Friend Motors went out of business. In 1922, Friend Motors owner Otis Friend filed for bankruptcy and factory ownership was transferred to Gotham National Bank in a foreclosure sale. The next occupant of the plant was the Wolverine Manufacturing Company which built furniture. Later, it was used as an agricultural supply warehouse. Most of the complex is gone but one building remains at 20 Franklin Rd. It was last occupied by House of Bedrooms, a furniture store. One side of the building still says "The Wolverine" at the top. The other side that faces Brush St. still says "Pontiac Spring & Wagon Works" right under what were the highest row of windows. |- |&nbsp;||Chevrolet Gear & Axle||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Axles, gears, other components||1919||1994||Located at 1840 Holbrook Ave. Absorbed the former Northway engine plant on Holbrook Ave. in 1926 when Northway was liquidated by GM. Straddles the border of [[w:Detroit|Detroit]] and [[w:Hamtramck, Michigan|Hamtramck, Michigan]]. Sold to [[w:American Axle|American Axle]] & Manufacturing Inc. in 1994. Closed in 2012, demolished in 2013. |- |&nbsp;||Fisher Body - Chicago Metal Fabrication||[[w:Willow Springs, Illinois|Willow Springs, Illinois]]||United States||Stampings (such as floorpans) for GM vehicles||1953||1989||Located at 79th Street and Willow Springs Road. Buick produced J65-B-3 jet engines here for the [[w:Republic F-84F Thunderstreak|Republic F-84F Thunderstreak]]/RF84-F Thunderflash for use in the Korean War. Plant was associated with Buick-Oldsmobile-Cadillac Group but made body parts for all 5 of GM's passenger car divisions. Sold to [[w:United Parcel Service|UPS]]. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:General Motors de Chile|General Motors de Chile]]||[[w:Arica|Arica]]||[[w:Chile|Chile]]||[[w:Isuzu Faster#Second generation (1980–1988)|Chevrolet LUV]]<br />[[w:Isuzu Faster#Third generation (TF; 1988–2002)|Chevrolet LUV (TF)]]<br />[[w:Isuzu Faster#South America 2|Chevrolet Grand LUV (TF)]]<br />[[w:Isuzu D-Max#First generation (RA, RC; 2002)|Chevrolet D-Max]]||1968<br>1974||1971<br>2008||Originally belonged to Alberto Avayú y Cía. S.A.I.C. (part of Empresas Indumotora) which built vehicles under license for GM beginning in 1960. Avayú built the [[w:Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K (first generation)|Chevrolet C-1434]], [[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]], [[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Furgón (van)]]. GM bought the plant in 1968. Built [[w:Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova]] & [[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|Chevrolet C10]]. GM left Chile at the end of 1971 but returned in 1974. Past models: [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|Chevrolet C-10 and C-30]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] medium duty truck, [[w:Chevrolet Chevette#Latin America|Brazilian Chevrolet Chevette]], and Japanese [[w:Isuzu Aska#South America (Chile, Ecuador)|Chevrolet Aska]] |- |&nbsp;||Fisher Body - Cleveland Division||[[w:Cleveland|Cleveland]], [[w:Ohio|Ohio]]||United States||Bodies for GM vehicles||1921||1983||Located at Coit Road and E. 140th Street. Founded as Fisher Body Ohio Co. GM bought 60% of Fisher Body in 1919 and the remaining 40% in 1926. Began by building bodies for Chandler, Cleveland (a subsidiary of Chandler), Chrysler, and the Oakland & Chevrolet divisions of GM. After 1926, it only made bodies for GM. In 1936, the plant switched from making whole bodies to doing metal trim and fabrication due to a decrease in demand for cars due to the Depression. Production of auto bodies resumed after World War II. Built bodies for low-volume models like the 55-57 Chevy Nomad and convertible models. In the 1970's, it built large stamping dies and upholstery & trim sets. Closed in August 1983 as a metal fabrication plant. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Cleveland Diesel Engine Division|Cleveland Diesel Engine Division]]||[[w:Cleveland|Cleveland]], [[w:Ohio|Ohio]]||United States||Heavy-duty diesel engines for locomotives, marine use (ships and submarines), and stationary use||1930||1962||Founded by Alexander Winton, company began operation in Nov. 1912 as the Winton Gas Engine & Mfg. Co. at 2116 W. 106th St. Renamed the Winton Engine Works in 1916 and later as the Winton Engine Company. GM bought Winton Engine Co. on June 20, 1930 and renamed it Winton Engine Corp. on June 30, 1930. In 1938, it was renamed Cleveland Diesel Engine Division. In January 1941, locomotive engine development and production was transferred to GM's Electro-Motive Division. Marine and stationary diesel engines were still handled by Cleveland Diesel Engine Division. In the 1950s, Cleveland Diesel Engine expanded with the acquisition of plants at 2160 W. 106th St. and 8200 Clinton Rd. The advent of nuclear-powered submarines in the 1950's reduced the US Navy's need for the large diesel engines produced by Cleveland Diesel and in 1962, GM closed down the division and transferred any remaining engine production to Electro-Motive Division's La Grange plant in McCook, Illinois. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:GM Colmotores|GM Colmotores]]||[[w:Bogotá|Bogotá]]||[[w:Colombia|Colombia]]||Products from [[w:GM do Brasil|GM do Brasil]]: [[w:Chevrolet Onix#First generation (2013)|Chevrolet Joy]] <br />Products from [[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]]: [[w:Isuzu Forward|Chevrolet F-Series Bus]], [[w:Isuzu Forward|Chevrolet F-Series truck]], [[w:Isuzu Elf|Chevrolet N-Series Bus]], [[w:Isuzu Elf|Chevrolet N-Series truck]], Chevrolet LV-series Bus ||1979||2024||Founded in 1956 as Colmotores, production began in 1962 with the [[w:Austin Motor Company|Austin]] brand, then switched to the [[w:Dodge|Dodge]] brand in 1965 when Chrysler took a 60% stake in what was now Colmotores-Chrysler. GM took over Colmotores in 1979 (Chrysler was dropped from the company name at this point). Chevrolet truck production began in 1980. Chevrolet car production began in 1982. Colmotores became GM Colmotores in 1991. Closed in April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2024/04/gm-shutting-down-manufacturing-operations-in-colombia-and-ecuador/|title = GM Shutting Down Manufacturing Operations In Colombia And Ecuador|author=Deivis Centeno|publisher=GMAuthority.com|date = April 29, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.americaeconomia.com/en/business-industries/general-motors-announces-end-car-manufacturing-operations-colombia-and-ecuador/|title = General Motors announces the end of car manufacturing operations in Colombia and Ecuador|publisher=AmericaEconomia.com|date = April 26, 2024}}</ref> Past products from [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]: [[w:Chevrolet C/K#Third generation (1973–1991)|Chevrolet C-10]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K#Third generation (1973–1991)|Chevrolet C-30]], [[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]], [[w:Chevrolet Cruze#First generation (J300; 2008)|Chevrolet Cruze]], [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak|Chevrolet Kodiak]], [[w:GMC Brigadier|Chevrolet Brigadier/Super Brigadier]]<br />Past products from [[w:GM do Brasil|GM do Brasil]]: [[w:Chevrolet Chevette#Latin America|Chevrolet Chevette]], [[w:Chevrolet Cobalt#Second generation (2011)|Chevrolet Cobalt]], [[w:Opel Ascona#Chevrolet Monza|Chevrolet Monza]]<br />Past products from [[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]]: [[w:Isuzu Faster|Chevrolet LUV]], [[w:Isuzu Trooper#First generation (1981–1991)|Chevrolet Trooper]]<br />Past products from [[w:Suzuki|Suzuki]]: [[w:Suzuki Cultus#First generation (1983)|Chevrolet Sprint]] (note: this is the same name as the one that was sold in the U.S. and Canada in the 80's), [[w:Suzuki Cultus#Second generation (1988)|Chevrolet Swift]], [[w:Suzuki Alto#Fifth generation (1998)|Chevrolet Alto]], [[w:Suzuki Cultus Crescent|Chevrolet Esteem]], [[w:Suzuki Jimny#Third generation (1998)|Chevrolet Jimny]], [[w:Suzuki Jimny#Second generation (1981)|Chevrolet Samurai]], [[w:Suzuki Solio#Predecessor: Wagon R-Wide (MA61S/MB61S; 1997)|Chevrolet Wagon R+]]<br />Past products from [[w:Opel|Opel]]: [[w:Opel Corsa|Chevrolet Corsa]]<br />Past products from [[w:GM Korea|Daewoo/GM Korea]]: [[w:Daewoo Matiz#Second generation (M200, M250; 2005)|Chevrolet Spark]], [[w:Daewoo Matiz#Third generation (M300; 2009)|Chevrolet Spark GT]], [[w:Daewoo Lacetti|Chevrolet Optra]], [[w:Daewoo Kalos|Chevrolet Aveo]]<br />Products from [[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]]: [[w:Chevrolet Sail#Second generation (2010)|Chevrolet Sail]] |- |&nbsp;||Constantine Transmission||[[w:Constantine, Michigan|Constantine, Michigan]]||United States||Automatic Transmissions||Between 1977 and 1980||Between 1987 and 1994|| Part of GM St. Joseph County Operations & GM Hydramatic Division. |- |&nbsp;||Danville Foundry||[[w:Danville, Illinois|Danville, Illinois]]||United States||[[w:Casting|Iron castings]]||1943||1995|| Was part of GM's Central Foundry Division. Leased by [[w:Defense Plant Corporation|Defense Plant Corporation]] to pour castings for military equipment during [[w:World War II|World War II]]. Also supplied castings to Ford, Chrysler, and AMC. |- |&nbsp;||Delco Chassis||[[w:Livonia, Michigan|Livonia, Michigan]]||United States||Bumpers||1953||1998||Site bought by GM in 1953. Located at 12950 and 13000 Eckles Road. Buildings demolished in 2001. Redeveloped into multi-tenant commercial use. One of the tenants is Amazon. |- |&nbsp;||[[Delco Moraine NDH]] Dayton North (NDH=New Departure Hyatt)||[[w:Dayton, Ohio|Dayton, Ohio]] (Needmore Rd.)||United States||Master Cylinders/Brake Pads/Brake Calipers/ABS Assemblies||1965||1999||Located at 3100 Needmore Road. Spun off with [[w:Delphi Automotive|Delphi]] in 1999. Closed by Delphi in 2008. Demolished. |- |&nbsp;||[[Delco Moraine NDH]] Dayton South (NDH=New Departure Hyatt)||[[w:Dayton, Ohio|Dayton, Ohio]] (Wisconsin Blvd.)||United States||Engine Bearings/Master Cylinders/Brake Pads/Brake Calipers/ABS Assemblies||1936||1999||Located at 1420 Wisconsin Boulevard. Delphi Chassis Systems. Spun off with [[w:Delphi Automotive|Delphi]] in 1999. Demolished in 2003. |- |&nbsp;||[[Delco Moraine NDH]] (NDH=New Departure Hyatt)||[[w:Sandusky, Ohio|Sandusky, Ohio]]||United States||Wheel Bearings & Wheel Bearing Assemblies||1946||1999||Located at 2509 Hayes Ave. Transferred to Delphi in 1995 which was then spun off in 1999, later sold to Hephaestus Holdings Inc. (HHI, Inc.), through its subsidiary Kyklos Bearing International (KBI) in 2008. HHI's parent, KPS Capital Partners, sold HHI to American Securities LLC in 2012. American Securities combined HHI with Metaldyne, which it also acquired in 2012, to form Metaldyne Performance Group (MPG) in 2014. Metaldyne closed the plant in 2017 when it exited the wheel bearing business. |- |&nbsp;||[[Delco Products]]||[[w:Kettering, Ohio|Kettering, Ohio]]||United States||Shock Absorbers, Struts, Impact Absorbers, Electric Motors, Windshield Wiper Assemblies||1957||1999||Located at 2555 Woodman Dr. (Administrative offices were at 2000 Forrer Blvd.) Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999. A large portion of the site has been used by [[w:Tenneco|Tenneco Inc.]] since 2008. |- |&nbsp;||[[Delco Products Overseas Corp.]]||[[w:Dunstable|Dunstable]], [[w:Bedfordshire|Bedfordshire]], [[w:England|England]]||[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]||Windshield wiper motors, Wiper/washer units, Heater blower motors, Cooling fan motors, Ignition coils, Distributors, etc.||1934|| ?||Located on High Street North. In 1923, AC Sphinx Sparking Plug Co., Ltd. was created by a 50/50 merger of the British branch of AC Spark Plug Co. and the Sphinx Manufacturing Co., a British spark plug manufacturer based in Birmingham. When AC Spark Plug founder Albert Champion died in 1927, AC Sphinx became wholly owned by AC Spark Plug Co. of Flint, MI. GM was already the major shareholder in AC Spark Plug and took it over completely in 1933, including AC Sphinx in the UK. AC Sphinx Sparking Plug Co., Ltd. moved to Dunstable from their original site in Birmingham beginning in 1934. The transfer to Dunstable was completed in 1936 and the Birmingham plant was relinquished. Dunstable made spark plugs as well as many other automotive components. In 1946, GM Ltd. acquired AC Sphinx as well as Delco-Remy and Hyatt Ltd. from parent GM in the US. In 1947, AC Sphinx was renamed AC-Sphinx Plug Co., a division of GM Ltd. In 1952, AC-Sphinx Plug Co. was renamed AC-Delco division of GM Ltd. When the Southampton plant was added in 1952, production of automotive filters (air filters, fuel filters) was moved there from Dunstable. When the Kirkby plant was added in 1958, production of fuel pumps, thermostats, and instruments was moved there from Dunstable. In 1979, Dunstable became aligned with Delco Products in the US. In 1982, GM Ltd. was dissolved and Dunstable became Delco Products Overseas Corp., part of GM Overseas Corp. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:Anaheim, California|Anaheim, California]]||United States||Batteries||1954||1999||Known as Plant 13. Located at 1201 N. Magnolia St. Supplied batteries to GM's California assembly plants like Fremont, Southgate and Van Nuys and to the West Coast aftermarket. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999. Closed by Delphi in 2005. Demolished. Is now Northgate Gonzalez Market. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:Anderson, Indiana|Anderson, Indiana]]||United States||Starters, Generators, HEI Ignition, DIS Ignition, Switches, Magnets||1906||1994/1999|| The Heavy Duty Systems unit and a portion of the Automotive Systems unit (passenger car cranking motors) were spun off as [[w:Remy International|Delco Remy International]] in 1994, which was renamed [[w:Remy International|Remy International]] in 2004. Delco Remy International closed all manufacturing in Anderson in 2003. These parts of Delco Remy (the parts not spun off into Remy International) - Ignition (Plant 20) and Generator (Plant 11) products along with the Engineering Center (Plant 18) and Tooling (Plant 16) - merged with AC Rochester in 1994 to form AC Delco Systems. AC Delco Systems became part of GM's Delphi Automotive Systems subsidiary in 1995. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999. Delphi has since closed all 4 facilities in Anderson. Plant 11 closed in 2005 & was demolished in 2006. Plant 16 (2316 Jefferson St.) was sold in 2011 ERTL Enterprises & is now used by multiple businesses. Plant 18 (2900 South Scatterfield Road) closed in 2003 & was turned over to the city Of Anderson in 2006. Plant 20 (2812 E 38th St.) closed in 2007 & is now a distribution center for Sutong Tire Resources, a Chinese tire importer. Plant 45, at 6435 South Scatterfield Road, was the Magnequench plant that produced rare earth neodymium magnets. That business is now owned by NEO Material Technologies of Toronto, Ontario, Canada but the plant itself is now owned by Home Design Products, which makes plastic chairs and other products. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:Bloomfield, New Jersey|Bloomfield, New Jersey]]||United States||Batteries||1936||1945||Located on 55 La France Ave. During WWII, became part of GM's Eastern Aircraft Division from 1942 making wiring harnesses, hydraulic tubing and assemblies, and ammunition boxes for the Avenger bombers & Wildcat fighters made by Eastern Aircraft. After WWII, it was replaced by the New Brunswick Battery Plant as it wasn't considered economically practical to convert back to battery production. Bloomfield produced 8 million batteries for Delco Remy. In 1950, the plant was sold to General Plastics for doing fluoropolymer coating. General Plastics and the building still exist today. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:Fitzgerald, Georgia|Fitzgerald, Georgia]]||United States||Batteries||1973||1999||Known as Plant 22. Located at 342 Perry House Road. Supplied batteries to GM's Georgia assembly plants like Lakewood and Doraville and to the regional aftermarket. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999. Delphi sold its battery business to Johnson Controls in in July 2005 but the Fitzgerald plant continued supplying batteries to Johnson Controls through 2007. Closed by Delphi in 2007. Demolished. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:Meridian, Mississippi|Meridian, Mississippi]]||United States||Starting motors, permanent magnet gear reduction cranking motors, powdered metal forge||1976||1994||Plant was originally built for National Homes Corp. Known as Plant 25. Spun off with [[w:Remy International|Delco Remy International]] in 1994. Closed by Delco Remy International in 1998. Production consolidated in Anderson, Indiana. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]/<br>[[w:Sheridan (automobile)|Sheridan]]||[[w:Muncie, Indiana|Muncie, Indiana]]||United States||Sheridan automobiles <br>Batteries||1919<br>1928||1921<br>1978||Located on West Willard Street. Originally built in 1908 by [[w:Inter-State Automobile Company|Inter-State Automobile Company]] which went bankrupt in 1913 and was renamed Inter-State Motor Company, resuming production in 1914. Built tractors for the military in WWI but did not resume civilian production in 1918 and the factory was idled. GM owned the plant from 1919-1921 to build the [[w:Sheridan (automobile)|Sheridan]] brand. Sold to [[w:Durant Motors|Durant Motors]] in 1921. Bought by Delco Remy division of GM in 1928. Known as Plant 9. Replaced by more modern Plant 26 in 1978. Plant 9 was demolished in 1978-79. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:Muncie, Indiana|Muncie, Indiana]]||United States||Batteries||1977||1994|| Located at 4500 S. Delaware Dr. Known as Plant 26. Replaced Plant 9 in 1978. Plant 26 closed and was demolished in 1998. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:New Brunswick, New Jersey|New Brunswick, New Jersey]]||United States||Batteries||1946||1999||Known as Plant 12. Located at 167 Jersey Ave. Replaced the pre-war Bloomfield plant. Supplied batteries to GM's East Coast assembly plants like Tarrytown, Wilmington, and Baltimore and to the East Coast aftermarket. Started making Freedom batteries in 1973 for Chevy Vega. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999. Delphi sold to Johnson Controls in August 2006. Closed by Johnson Controls in 2007. Partly demolished in 2014 (the south half of the building along with the guard shack in front of the plant). The remaining facility at the north end of the property is now the Cal-Chlor Corp. East Packaging and Distribution Facility. The former south end of the plant is now used for storage by Cal-Chlor. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:Olathe, Kansas|Olathe, Kansas]]||United States||Batteries||1956||1999||Known as Plant 14. Located at 400 W. Dennis Ave. Supplied batteries to GM's Midwest assembly plants like Fairfax, Oklahoma City and Wentzville. Olathe was the first plant to produce the maintenance-free battery in 1970-1971 employing what was described as wire wound grid technology. The product was sold exclusively to JC Penny. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999. Last product produced was a heavy duty battery for Caterpillar. Closed by Delphi in 2005. Demolished. Site being redeveloped as Olathe Commerce Park. Some of the site is now a Jett Trucking terminal. |- |9 (1979-1988)<br /><br /> Q&nbsp;(1971-1978)||[[w:Detroit Assembly|Detroit Assembly]] (Cadillac Clark Street plant)||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]s including <br> [[w:Cadillac Series 62|Cadillac Series 62]] (1940-1942, 1946-1964),<br> [[w:Cadillac Calais|Cadillac Calais]] (1965-1976), <br> [[w:Cadillac DeVille|Cadillac DeVille]] (1949-1984),<br> [[w:Cadillac Sixty Special|Cadillac Sixty Special]] (1938-1942, 1946-1976),<br> [[w:Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham|Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham]] (1977-1986),<br> [[w:Cadillac Brougham|Cadillac Brougham]] (1987-1988),<br> [[w:Cadillac Eldorado|Cadillac Eldorado]] (1953-1978),<br> [[w:Cadillac Eldorado#1957–1958 Eldorado Brougham|Cadillac Eldorado Brougham (Series 70)]] (1957-1958),<br> [[w:Cadillac Eldorado#1959–60 Eldorado Brougham|Cadillac Eldorado Brougham (Series 6900)]] (1959-1960) (chassis & final finishing),<br> [[w:Cadillac Seville#First generation (1976–1979)|Cadillac Seville]] (1976-1979), <br />[[w:LaSalle (automobile)|LaSalle]] (1934-1940)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Caprice#Third generation (1977–1990)|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1986-1987)<br />[[w:Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser#Second generation (1977–1990)|Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser]] (1985-1987)<br />[[w:Oldsmobile 88#Eighth generation (1977–1985)|Oldsmobile Delta 88]] (1984-1985) <br />Cadillac engines (V8, V12, V16) <br /> LaSalle straight-8 (1934-1936) (based on Oldsmobile straight-8 but assembled by Cadillac from Oldsmobile supplied components)||1921||1987||Located at 2860 Clark St. This was Cadillac's home plant and built all Cadillacs until 1971. During WWII, it built M5 & M5A1 Stuart tanks and M24 Chaffee tanks. Cadillac also built the V8 engines that powered these tanks & it also supplied engines to power these tank models made by other GM divisions and other companies as well as to power other types of armored vehicles. Cadillac also made components for aircraft engines made by GM's Allison Division. Cadillac also made M8 75mm howitzer motor carriages & M19 Twin 40mm anti-aircraft carriages. Factory closed December 1987. Chrome plating operation closed in March 1993. Engineering building (including tool room) closed in March 1994. Demolished entirely. Redeveloped into Clark Street Technology Park in 1997. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Fleetwood Metal Body#Purchase by Fisher|Fleetwood - Detroit Body Assembly]] (Fisher Body No. 18)||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Bodies for [[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]] & [[w:LaSalle (automobile)|LaSalle]]||1917||1987||Originally built to build aircraft for World War I. Taken over by Fisher Body in 1919 & given to Fleetwood Metal Body after Fisher Body took over Fleetwood in 1925. Fleetwood Metal Body plant. Also known as Fisher Body Plant #18. Supplied bodies to Cadillac's Clark St. plant in Detroit. Located at 261 West End Ave in the [[w:Delray, Detroit|Delray]] neighborhood of Detroit. Redeveloped into Container Port Group's Detroit facility. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Detroit Diesel|Detroit Diesel]]||[[w:Redford, Michigan|Redford, Michigan]]||United States||Diesel engines for commercial vehicles||1938||1994||Located at 13400 W. Outer Drive. Was the Detroit Diesel-Allison Division from 1970 through 1987 when it again became the the Detroit Diesel Division. Spun off in 1988 as the Detroit Diesel Corp., a joint venture with Penske Corp., which had a majority stake of 60%. Penske increased its stake to 80% later in 1988 and then to 100% in 1994. Penske sold Detroit Diesel to DaimlerChrysler in 2000. DaimlerChrysler became Daimler AG in 2007. In 2019, Daimler AG spun off its truck and bus operations including Detroit Diesel into a separate company called Daimler Truck Holding AG. |- |&nbsp;||Detroit Forge||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Forged metal components||c.1919||1994||Located at 8435 St Aubin St. Straddles the border of [[w:Detroit|Detroit]] and [[w:Hamtramck|Hamtramck]]. Sold to [[w:American Axle|American Axle]] & Manufacturing Inc. in 1994. Closed in 2008, subsequently demolished around 2014. |- |3||Chevrolet-Detroit Truck & Bus Plant||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Step-Van|Chevrolet Step-Van]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Step-Van|GMC Value-Van]]<br />Chevrolet & GMC P-Series motorhome & commercial chassis<br />[[w:Chevrolet van#1992–1996|Chevrolet Van G30 HD/ GMC Vandura G3500 HD cutaway]] (Based on P-series P30 chassis with extended front end & forward-tilting hood) 1993-1996||1974||1999||Located at 601 Piquette Ave. in Detroit (Formerly Fisher Body No. 23). P-Series motorhome & stepvan chassis business (Commercial and Motorhome Chassis Division) was sold to investors (not including the Detroit plant) and became Workhorse Custom Chassis in 1999. Workhorse was later acquired by Navistar International in 2005, which later closed the Workhorse business in 2012 and sold the assets to AMP Electric Vehicles in 2013. |- |&nbsp;||Detroit Transmission Division - Detroit||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Hydramatic|Hydramatic]] automatic transmissions||1939||1949||Was located at 5140 Riopelle St. (between Farnsworth St. & Theodore St.) in what had been Fisher Body Plant #10. Original assembly site for the world's first production, fully automatic transmission and the headquarters of the new GM division created to produce it - the Detroit Transmission Division. First production Hydramatic shipped to Oldsmobile in October 1939. Debuted on the 1940 Oldsmobile. A heavier-duty version then launched on the 1941 Cadillac. Hydramatics continued to be produced during World War II for use in M5/M5A1 Stuart and M24 Chafee tanks (mated to Cadillac V8s), T17E1 Staghound and T18E2 Boarhound armored cars (mated to GMC inline-6's), M8 75mm howitzer motor carriages (mated to Cadillac V8s), LVT-3 Bushmaster amphibious landing vehicles (mated to Cadillac V8s), & Mark 1 Armored Snowmobiles made by Bombardier of Canada (mated to a Cadillac V8). Hydramatic became optional on Pontiacs in 1948. Hydramatic also became optional on Lincolns in 1949. The 1 millionth Hydramatic was built in January 1949. Needing more production capacity than the original factory in Detroit could handle, the Detroit Transmission Division relocated to a newer and much bigger plant in Livonia, Michigan in September 1949. Was later used by Cadillac as a parts warehouse supplying its Clark St. plant in Detroit. Closed by GM in the early 1980's and sold. Was subsequently used by Total Foods. Last occupied by Palmer Promotional Products. Heavily damaged by a fire in February 2014. The remains of the building were then demolished by summer 2014. |- |&nbsp;||Detroit Transmission Division - Livonia||[[w:Livonia, Michigan|Livonia]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Hydramatic|Hydramatic]] automatic transmissions||1949||1953||The Detroit Transmission Division moved from Detroit to a newer and larger factory in Livonia in 1949. In addition to Pontiac, Oldsmobile, & Cadillac, Livonia also supplied Hydramatics to Lincoln, Nash, Hudson, Kaiser, and Fraser. However, the factory burned down in August 1953 causing 6 deaths and more than $80 million in damage. GM quickly arranged to lease Kaiser’s Willow Run factory to replace the destroyed Livonia plant and GM then bought the plant outright in November 1953 for $26 million. Salvaged equipment from Livonia was taken to [[w:Willow Run#General Motors operations|Willow Run]]; see [[w:Willow Run Transmission|Willow Run Transmission]]. |- |5<br /><br />C (1962-1978)||[[w:General Motors Diesel|General Motors Diesel]]||[[w:London, Ontario|London, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:List of GM-EMD locomotives|EMD Locomotives]]<br />[[w:GM New Look (Fishbowl) Bus|GM New Look bus]] (1961-1978)<br />Terex earthmovers (1965-1980)<br />Military vehicles including:<br />[[w:AVGP|Grizzly/Cougar/Husky LAV I]]<br />[[w:LAV II|LAV II (LAV-25/Bison/Coyote)]]<br />[[w:LAV III|LAV III]]<br />[[w:Stryker|Stryker]]||1950 (GM Electro-Motive Division)<br /><br />1961 (Transit bus)||1979 (Transit bus)<br /><br />2003 (GM Defense)<br /><br />2005 (GM Electro-Motive Division)||Transit bus production began in London, Ontario in late 1961. Transit bus production moved to Saint-Eustache factory in 1979. The part of the property making military vehicles (armored fighting vehicles like the [[w:Stryker|Stryker]]) as GM Defense was sold in 2003 to [[w:General Dynamics Land Systems|General Dynamics Land Systems]], becoming [[w:General Dynamics Land Systems#General Dynamics Land Systems Canada|General Dynamics Land Systems – Canada (GDLS-C)]]. Located at 1991 Oxford St E. Interestingly, General Dynamics Land Systems was originally formed in 1982 when General Dynamics bought Chrysler Defense, Chrysler's tank division in the US, which was then renamed General Dynamics Land Systems. The locomotive operations were sold in 2005 and renamed [[w:Electro-Motive Diesel|Electro-Motive Diesel]], Inc. Electro-Motive was then sold to [[w:Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar's]] [[w:Progress Rail|Progress Rail]] subsidiary in 2010. The London, ON plant was then shuttered in 2012 & operations moved to a new plant in Muncie, Indiana. This part of the plant is now used by HCL Logistics, which provides logistics services to next door General Dynamics Land Systems – Canada. Located at 2021 Oxford St. E. |- |3 (1981-1987)<br /><br />M (1979-1980)||[[w:General Motors Diesel|General Motors Diesel]] Saint-Eustache Bus Plant||[[w:Saint-Eustache, Quebec|Saint-Eustache, Quebec]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:GM New Look (Fishbowl) Bus|GM New Look bus]] (1979-1986)<br />[[w:Classic (transit bus)|GM Classic bus]] (1983-1987)||1979||1987||Located at 1000 Industriel Blvd. Manufactures [[w:transit bus|transit bus]]es. GM consolidated Canadian transit bus production here from the London, Ontario and St. Laurent, Quebec plants in 1979. New Look transit bus production ended in 1986. Sold to [[w:Motor Coach Industries|Motor Coach Industries]], along with the designs for the [[w:Classic (transit bus)|Classic]] bus models this factory still produced in 1987. Later sold to [[w:Nova Bus|Nova Bus]] in 1993. Production of the Classic model bus ended in 1997. Still owned by [[w:Nova Bus|Nova Bus]], which is owned by [[w:Volvo AB|Volvo AB]] through [[w:Prevost (bus manufacturer)|Prevost Car]]. Prevost bought 51% of Nova Bus in 1998 and bought the remaining 49% from Henlys Group in 2004. |- |M|| [[w:General Motors Diesel|General Motors Diesel]] Saint Laurent Bus Plant || [[w:Saint Laurent, Quebec|Saint Laurent, Quebec]] || Canada || [[w:GM New Look bus|GM New Look bus]] (1975-1979) || 1974 || 1979 || Bus operations moved to [[w:Saint-Eustache, Quebec|Saint-Eustache, Quebec]]. |- |D <br />(1960-1964 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] and 1965-2009)<br /><br /> C (1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])<br /><br />A (Pre-1965 [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] and Pre-1960 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])<br /><br />6 (Pre-1964 [[w:Buick|Buick]])||[[w:Doraville Assembly|Doraville Assembly]]||[[w:Doraville, Georgia|Doraville, Georgia]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Uplander|Chevrolet Uplander]] (2005-2008 & '09 in Canada)<br />[[w:Pontiac Montana#Second generation (2005)|Pontiac Montana SV6]] (2005-2006 & '07-'09 in Canada)<br />[[w:Buick Terraza|Buick Terraza]] (2005-2007)<br />[[w:Saturn Relay|Saturn Relay]] (2005-2007)||1947||2008||Located at 3900 Motors Industrial Way. Was originally part of the [[w:Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division|Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division]]. First vehicle built in Nov. 1947 was an Oldsmobile. Some of the original property bought by GM for the Doraville plant in 1945 was deemed as excess and was sold off. One of the parts that was sold (82 acres) was sold to Chevrolet to build a parts warehouse. Doraville began making Chevrolet passenger cars for 1964. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. Oldsmobile and Pontiac production ended in Dec. 1965, leaving just Chevrolet and Buick. Oldsmobile production resumed in Aug. 1967 for the 1968 model year. Oldsmobile production again ended in April 1970 followed by Buick production in July 1970. Pontiac production resumed in Aug. 1970 for the 1971 model year. B-body full-size Chevrolet and Pontiac production ended in Dec. 1973 and midsize A-body Chevrolet and Oldsmobile production began in Jan. 1974.[https://dekalbhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/history-of-doraville-gm-plant.pdf] Doraville switched to building fwd A-body Oldsmobiles and Buicks for 1982. Doraville then switched to building W-body Oldsmobiles for 1988. Passenger car production ended in 1995 and the Cutlass Supreme coupe & sedan were moved to Fairfax II during 1995 while the convertible was discontinued. Doraville was converted to build minivans for 1997. Production ended in September 2008. Last vehicle built was a Chevy Uplander. Demolished in 2014-2015. Site is being redeveloped. Parts of the site are now occupied by Nalley Automotive Group (Infiniti dealership & a Collision Center), Mike Rezi Nissan (formerly Nalley Nissan), Assembly Studios Atlanta, Third Rail Studios at Assembly Atlanta, and Serta Simmons Bedding.<br />Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Venture|Chevrolet Venture]] (1997-2005), [[w:Oldsmobile Silhouette#Second generation (1997–2004)|Oldsmobile Silhouette]] (1997-2004), [[w:Pontiac Trans Sport#Second generation (1997-1999)|Pontiac Trans Sport]] (1997-1998), [[w:Pontiac Montana|Pontiac Montana]] (1999-2005), [[w:Pontiac Trans Sport#Second generation (Chevrolet)|Chevrolet Trans Sport]] (Europe: '97-'04), [[w:Buick Century#Second generation (1954–1958)|Buick Century]] (1954-1958), [[w:Buick Century#Fifth generation (1982–1996)|Buick Century]] (1982-1987), [[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]] (1959-1962), [[w:Buick Invicta|Buick Invicta]] (1959-1962), [[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick Lesabre]] (1959-1970), [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1951-1952, 1954-1958), [[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]] (1950-1958), [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1955, 1957-1958), [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]] (1963, 1965-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1964-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1964-70), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-74), [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle#Third generation (1973–1977)|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1974-77), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1964-1974), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fourth generation (1978)|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1978-1981), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1975-1980), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass#Fourth generation (intermediate) 1973–1977|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (Gen 4) (1974-1977), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass#Fifth-generation (intermediate) 1978–1988|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (Gen 5) (1978-1981), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera|Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera]] (1982-1987), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme#Fifth generation (1988–1997)|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1988-1995), [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1949-1966, 1968-1970), [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]] (1948-1963), [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#First generation (1961–1966)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1961-1966), [[w:Pontiac 2+2|Pontiac 2+2]] (1964-1966), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1958, 1960-1966), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#First generation (1962–1964)|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1962-1964), [[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (1960-1966, 1971-1974), [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1951, 1953, 1955, 1958), [[w:Pontiac Grand Ville|Pontiac Grand Ville]] (1973-1974), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1955-1958, 1964), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1960–1970|Pontiac Ventura]] (1961),<br> [[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1974-1981), [[w:GMC Sprint |GMC Sprint]] (1974-77), [[w:GMC Caballero|GMC Caballero]] (1978-1981),<br> [[w:Opel Sintra|Opel Sintra]]/[[w:Vauxhall Sintra|Vauxhall Sintra]] (1997-1999). |- |&nbsp;||General Motors East Africa||[[w:Nairobi|Nairobi]]||[[w:Kenya|Kenya]]||[[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu F-Series]]<br />[[w:Isuzu N-Series|Isuzu N-Series]]<br />Isuzu buses<br /><br />||1977||2017||Originally established in 1975 as GM Kenya, a joint venture with the Kenyan govt. Renamed GM East Africa in 2003. Other shareholders are Kenya’s Industrial and Commercial Development Corporation (ICDC): 20%, Centum Investment Co. Ltd.: 17.8%, & Itochu Corporation: 4.5%. Isuzu moved pickup production to South Africa in 2012 so it could focus on trucks & buses at the Nairobi plant. <br /> GM sold its 57.7% stake in the factory to Isuzu in 2017 and left the Kenyan market. Now known as Isuzu East Africa. <br /> Past models: [[w:Isuzu D-Max|Isuzu D-Max]], [[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks]], [[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|BTV]] |- |&nbsp;||ELAZ-GM||[[w:Yelabuga|Yelabuga]], [[w:Tatarstan|Tatarstan]]||[[w:Russia|Russia]]||[[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#Second generation (1995)|Chevrolet Blazer]]||1996||2001||GM owned about 25% & ELAZ owned the other 75%. Joint venture dissolved in 2001. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Electro Motive Division|Electro Motive Division]] - [[w:Electro-Motive Diesel#EMD La Grange (McCook)|La Grange Operations]]||[[w:McCook, Illinois|McCook, Illinois]]||United States||[[w:List of GM-EMD locomotives|Locomotives]]<br />Engines<br />Components||1936|| ||Located at 9301 W. 55th St.<br /> Electro-Motive headquarters and R&D operations. Locomotive production ended in 1991 and was moved to London, ON, Canada. Sold in 2005, renamed [[w:Electro-Motive Diesel|Electro-Motive Diesel]], bought by Caterpillar's Progress Rail subsidiary in 2010. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Elmore Manufacturing Company|Elmore]]||[[w:Clyde, Ohio|Clyde]], [[w:Ohio|Ohio]]||United States||Elmore automobiles||1909||1912|| Factory was located on Amanda St. Bought by GM in November 1909. Elmore was known for its two-stroke engines. GM closed it down in the fall of 1912. GM sold the factory to a truckmaker named Krebs Commercial Car Company in 1912. In 1917, Krebs Commercial Car Company merged with Clyde Cars Company and Lincoln Motor Truck Company to form what became Clydesdale Motor Truck Company in 1919. Clydesdale Motor Truck Company closed in 1939 and the factory was then used by Clyde Porcelain Steel Company until the factory burned down November 11, 1945. The factory would be rebuilt and used for making washing machines by various companies, most recently, Whirlpool Corp. |- |&nbsp;||Ewing||[[w:Geneva, Ohio|Geneva]], [[w:Ohio|Ohio]]||United States||Ewing automobiles||1909||1911||Bought by GM in October 1909. Made taxis. GM closed it down in 1911. |- |X (1965–1987)<br /><br />K (Pre-1965 [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] & [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])<br /><br />4 (Pre-1965 [[w:Buick|Buick]])||[[w:Fairfax Assembly|Fairfax Assembly]] (Fairfax I)||[[w:Kansas City, Kansas|Kansas City, Kansas]]||United States||[[w:Buick Centurion|Buick Centurion]] (1971-1973), [[w:Buick Century#Second generation (1954–1958)|Buick Century]] (1954-1958), [[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]] (1959-1963, 1971-1974), [[w:Buick Estate|Buick Estate]] (1970-1979), [[w:Buick Estate#1977–1990|Buick Electra Estate]] (1980-1987), [[w:Buick Invicta|Buick Invicta]] (1959-1962), [[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick LeSabre]] (1959-1985), [[w:Buick Estate#1977–1990|Buick LeSabre Estate]] (1980-1987), [[w:Buick Limited|Buick Limited]] (1958), [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1948-1949, 1951, 1953, 1956-1958), [[w:Buick Skylark#First generation (1961–1963)|Buick Skylark]] (1962-1963), [[w:Buick Special|Buick Special (B-body)]] (1947-1950, 1952-1958), [[w:Buick Special#1961–1963|Buick Special (Y-body)]] (1962-1963), [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1954-1958), [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]] (1963-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1982-1987), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1982-1985), [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1949-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]] (1948-1963), [[w:Oldsmobile F-85|Oldsmobile F-85/<br>Cutlass]] (1962-1963), [[w:Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser|Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser]] (1974-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile Jetstar I|Oldsmobile Jetstar I]] (1964-1965), [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#First generation (1961–1966)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1961-1966), [[w:Pontiac 2+2|Pontiac 2+2]] (1964-1967), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Sixth generation (1977–1981)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1958-70, 1975-1981), [[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (1959-1981), [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1950-1958), [[w:Pontiac Executive|Pontiac Executive]] (1967-1968), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1962-1968), [[w:Pontiac Grand Ville|Pontiac Grand Ville]] (1971-1975), [[w:Pontiac LeMans#First generation (1961–1963)|Pontiac LeMans]] (1962-1963), [[w:Pontiac Parisienne#Fifth generation: 1977–1986|Pontiac Parisienne]] (1984-1986), [[w:Pontiac Safari|Pontiac Safari]] (1987), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1954-1959, 1964, 1966), [[w:Pontiac Tempest#First generation (1961–1963)|Pontiac Tempest]] (1962-1963), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1960–1970|Pontiac Ventura]] (1960-1961) ||1946||1987||Located at 100 Kindelberger Road. Originally, the location of the [[w:North American Aviation|North American Aviation]] Bomber Production Plant (built in 1940) where the [[w:B-25 Mitchell|B-25 Mitchell]] was manufactured during World War II. After the war, GM leased it in 1945 and converted the plant to auto production. Automotive production began in June 1946. GM later bought the plant in 1960. Was originally part of the [[w:Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division|Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division]]. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. Fairfax mostly focused on full-size cars ([[w:General Motors A platform (RWD)#1926-1959|A-]], B-, & C-body) but it also built B-O-P Y-body compact cars for 1962-1963. Fairfax only began making Chevrolet passenger cars for 1982. Also built [[w:F-84F Thunderstreak|F-84F Thunderstreak]] fighter jets alongside cars beginning in 1952 and ending in May 1955 when the contract ended. Plant closed May 1987. Production moved to new building on adjacent site (Fairfax II) for 1988 model year production. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:History of General Motors#Corporate restructuring and operating losses|Fiat-GM Powertrain Polska]]||[[w:Bielsko-Biala|Bielsko-Biala]]||[[w:Poland|Poland]]||[[w:Fiat JTD engine#1.3 JTDm/Multijet/CDTI/D/DDiS/HDi|GM Small Diesel Engine]] ||2003||2010|| Engine began production here in 2003 as part of Fiat-GM Powertrain, a 50/50 joint venture between GM & Fiat involving joint development and production of engines and transmissions. The joint venture was disbanded in 2005. As part of the dissolution, GM took a 50% stake in the Bielsko-Biala engine plant and the intellectual property of the 1.3 liter diesel engine produced there. In 2010, GM sold its half of the Bielsko-Biala engine plant back to Fiat. However, GM kept its half of the intellectual property of the 1.3 liter diesel engine produced there and continued to source the 1.3 liter diesel engine from the Bielsko-Biala engine plant. Chevrolet stopped using this engine around 2015. Opel was still using this engine when it was sold by GM to PSA in 2017. Opel last used this engine in 2019. This plant became part of [[w:Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|FCA]] in 2014 when Fiat and Chrysler Group merged. This plant became part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] in 2021 when FCA merged with PSA Group. Stellantis has announced that the Bielsko-Biala engine plant will close by the end of 2024. |- |&nbsp;||Fisher Body No. 10||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Auto bodies ||1917-<br />1919||1939||Was located at 5140 Riopelle St. (between Farnsworth St. & Theodore St.).GM bought 60% of Fisher Body in 1919 and bought the remainder in 1926. From 1926, Fisher Body only supplied bodies to GM brands. In 1939, became headquarters and manufacturing site of GM's new Detroit Transmission Division, which manufactured Hydramatic fully automatic transmissions that first appeared on the 1940 Oldsmobile. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Fisher Body#Fisher Body Corporation and General Motors|Fisher Body No. 12]]||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], Michigan||United States|| ||1916||1942||Located at 1961 E. Milwaukee Ave. Previously used by Metzger Motor Car Company from 1910-1913 and [[w:Maxwell Motor Company|Maxwell Motor Company]] from 1913-1916. Owned by Fisher from 1916-1942 then sold to J. Lee Hackett Co. which owned it until 1973. Used for warehousing from 1973-1981 and then demolished. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Fisher Body#Fisher Body Corporation and General Motors|Fisher Body No. 21]]||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], Michigan||United States||Bodies for Buick & Cadillac<br />Engineering and Tool & Die operations<br />Bodies for Cadillac limousines<br />Pre-production Pilot bodies||1919||1984||Located at 700 Piquette Ave. In 1999, was re-addressed as 6051 Hastings Street. Made bodies for Buick through 1926 when Buick body production moved to Fisher Body Plant No. 1 - Flint on S. Saginaw St. Made bodies for Cadillac through 1929 when Cadillac body production moved to the Fisher Body Plant No. 18/Fleetwood Body plant. Became an engineering facility from 1930-1955. Produced parts for B-25 & B-29 bombers in World War II (Aircraft Unit). Also did product development and engineering during World War II (Central Development and Experimental Unit). In 1955, GM transferred production of Cadillac limousine bodies from the Fleetwood plant in Detroit to Fisher #21 plant due to it being a low-volume operation. Closed April 1984. Sold to Cameo Color Coat in 1985 which transferred it to Carter Color Coat in 1990. Carter Color Coat then went bankrupt and the property was abandoned in 1993. GM removed some paints and other hazardous materials in the early 1990s. It's been owned by the city of Detroit since 2000. Now being converted into Fisher 21 Lofts, a mixed residential and commercial development scheduled to open in 2027. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Fisher Body#Fisher Body Corporation and General Motors|Fisher Body No. 23/23B]]||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], Michigan||United States||Tool & Die plant through 1972.||1921||1972||Located at 601 Piquette Ave. #23 was the six story portion while #23B was the one story portion. Known as the Detroit Die and Machine Plant. In WWII, made B-25, B-29, P-80 aircraft tools and fixtures; M4, M10, M36, M26, M18 tank parts; 3-inch and 5-inch Naval Gun Breech Housings, 155mm and 8-in. gun parts, Diesel Engine parts and Torqmatic Transmission parts. Became Chevrolet's Detroit Truck & Bus plant in 1974. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Fisher Body#Fisher Body Corporation and General Motors|Fisher Body No. 37]]||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], Michigan||United States||Large bodyside stampings||1919||1985||Located at 950 E Milwaukee Ave. Produced aircraft and tank assemblies, 90 mm AA guns, 5” naval gun housings and Lockheed missile parts during World War II. In 1989, bought by Lakeside Stamping which was renamed New Center Stamping in 1994. In 2019, New Center Stamping Inc. was taken over by Soave Enterprises and still stamps parts for automakers including GM, Ford, and Stellantis. |- |&nbsp;||Fisher Body No. 40||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Tooling ||1928||1983-1984||Was located at 1500 E. Ferry St. Plant 41 was next door and was used for storage. |- |&nbsp;||Fisher Body Overseas Corp. - Dundonald plant||[[w:Dundonald, County Down|Dundonald]], [[w:Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]]||[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] ||Seat Belts, window regulators, door locks, door switches, & other automotive hardware||1980||1988||Located at 770 Upper Newtownards Road at the corner of Carrowreagh Road. Dundonald is an eastern suburb of Belfast. From 1966-1977, was a Rolls-Royce plant making aircraft engine parts. GM's Fisher Body division bought the plant in 1978 and reopened it in 1979. Production began in 1980. In 1982, the Dundonald plant became part of Fisher Body Overseas Corp., part of GM Overseas Corp. Sold to Takata Corp. in 1988. Operated as European Components Corp. (ECC) and later as TK-ECC, still making seat belts, until it was closed in 2004. Plant was later demolished. |- |&nbsp;||Fisher Body Overseas Corp. - Kennedy Way plant||[[w:Belfast|Belfast]], [[w:Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]]||[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] ||Seat Belt Buckles, Door switches, & other automotive hardware||1982||?||Located in Kennedy Way Industrial Estate on Blackstaff Road in western Belfast. The Kennedy Way plant was part of Fisher Body Overseas Corp., part of GM Overseas Corp. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Flint, Michigan auto industry#Flint Plant #1|Flint Body Assembly]] (Fisher Body Flint Plant #1)||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint]], Michigan||United States||Bodies for Buick and later also Chevrolet & Oldsmobile<br />||1923||1987||Located at 4000-4500 S. Saginaw St. Originally a [[w:Durant Motors|Durant Motors]] plant. Bought by GM in 1926. Became Fisher Body Plant No. 1 - Flint. Supplied bodies to the Buick plant in Flint (later known as Buick City). After Buick City switched to unibody, fwd cars for 1986, Flint Body began supplying bodies for G-cars built at the Pontiac Assembly plant in Pontiac, MI. Closed in Dec. 1987 when G-body production at Pontiac Assembly ended. Last body built was a Buick Regal Grand National to be completed at Pontiac Assembly. Most of the site was demolished and the remainder was converted into the Great Lakes Technology Center. GM leased space there for R&D and offices (including AC Rochester world headquarters) until 2009. Various medical-related companies now occupy much of the property. The original administration building at 4300 S. Saginaw St. still stands as of 2022 and still has a Fisher Body logo at the top of the front of the building in the center. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Flint, Michigan auto industry#Flint V8 Engine Plant/Flint Engine South|Chevrolet-Flint (V8) Engine Plant]] (Van Slyke Road)||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet small-block engine (first and second generation)|Chevrolet small-block V8]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine|Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift I6]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder engine|Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder engine]]<br />[[w:List of Isuzu engines#Isuzu G engine|Isuzu G140 & G161Z SOHC gas<br> 4-cylinder engine for Chevy Chevette & Pontiac 1000/Acadian]]<ref>{{cite news| title = 1975, Chevrolet Turns to Opel for the New Fuel-Saving Chevette| url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180116081057/https://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/1975%2C_Chevrolet_Turns_to_Opel_for_the_New_Fuel-Saving_Chevette| archive-date = 2018-01-16| publisher = General Motors| access-date = 2014-06-05| url-status = dead}}</ref>||1954||1999||Located at 3848 Van Slyke Road, down the block from the Flint Truck Assembly Plant. Only V8 engines were made until 1961, when 4 & 6 cylinder engines began to be made for the 1962 Chevy II. Around 45 million Chevy small-block V8 engines were built at this plant. Plant closed in 1999 and was demolished. Land is now used by a new paint shop for the [[w:Flint Truck Assembly|Flint Truck Assembly Plant]]. The new paint shop (Flint Assembly Paint Operations) was announced in December 2013 and opened in 2016, replacing the previous paint shop inside the assembly plant. |- |1 (1928-1947)||[[w:Flint, Michigan auto industry#Flint Manufacturing Div./Delphi Flint West/Flint Tool and Die|Chevrolet-Flint Manufacturing Complex]] ("Chevy in the Hole") /<br /> Flint West||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] vehicles including [[w:Chevrolet Series 490|Chevrolet Series 490]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Superior|Chevrolet Superior]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Stylemaster|Chevrolet Stylemaster]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]] (Gen 1 & 2)<br /><br />[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] engines including [[w:Chevrolet Inline-4 engine#171|Chevrolet Inline-4 engine]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Stovebolt engine|Chevrolet Stovebolt / Blue Flame I6]]<br />||1913||2004||Located at 300 N. Chevrolet Ave. (formerly known as Wilcox Street). This was Chevrolet's home plant. It predated Chevrolet becoming part of GM in 1918. The complex originally included metal stamping, body assembly, vehicle assembly, engine assembly, and various component manufacturing plants. On January 11, 1940, the 25 millionth GM vehicle built in the US, a 1940 Chevrolet Special Deluxe Sedan, was built here. Plant 2 (vehicle assembly) & 2A (Fisher Body) were replaced by new plants on Van Slyke Road elsewhere in Flint in 1947 (now the [[w:Flint Truck Assembly|Flint Truck Assembly Plant]]). Plant 4 was the engine plant. It closed in 1984 but was ultimately reopened later. In 1987, the complex was taken over by the AC Spark Plug division and became AC Spark Plug Flint West. In 1988, it became AC Rochester Flint West, and in 1994 AC Delco Systems Flint West following further consolidations. In early 1995, it was renamed Delphi Flint West. Around this time, plants in the complex began to be demolished until Plant 4 closed in 2004 and was subsequently demolished. Plant 4 last made generators and fuel filters. Building 35 still exists as part of [[w:Kettering University|Kettering University]]. It is now the C.S. Mott Science and Engineering Building after the addition of another floor and a new façade. Plant 38 still exists as GM's Flint Tool & Die plant. All the other buildings are gone. Much of the property is being redeveloped into a park called [[w:Chevy Commons|Chevy Commons]]. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Flint North|Flint North]] Powertrain||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Buick V8 engine|Buick V8 engine]]<br />[[w:Buick V6 engine|Buick V6 engine]]<br />Engine Components<br />[[w:Dynaflow|Dynaflow]] transmissions<br />transmission components<br /> torque converters<br />coil springs||1905||2010||Complex was made up of several factories. Flint North is the part of the Buick City factory complex north of Leith St. stretching north to E. Pierson Rd. [[w:Liberty L-12|Liberty aircraft engines]] were made here during WWI. Factory 36 was the engine plant. Factory 36 opened in 1952 and closed in 2008. The remainder of the complex closed by December 2010. Demolished by 2012. Part of the site (1225 E. Marengo Ave.) is now occupied by American SpiralWeld Pipe Co. |- ||7||[[w:Arlington Assembly#History|Fort Worth Assembly]]||[[w:Fort Worth, TX|Fort Worth, Texas]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Series 490|Chevrolet Series 490]]||1917||1924 |Built by Chevrolet before it became part of GM. Located at 2601 W. 7th St. (then known as Arlington Heights Blvd.). Is across the street from what is now Montgomery Plaza. A 3rd story was added to the building in 1920. Closed due to flood damage from the April 1922 flooding of the Trinity River and the subsequent imposition of flood-control taxes.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=mTvuAwAAQBAJ&dq=1920+fort+worth+chevrolet+factory&pg=PA52 Lost Fort Worth, page 52</ref> Montgomery Ward leased the empty Chevy plant between 1924 and 1928 to house a temporary store while its main Fort Worth facility was built across what is now West Seventh Street. That building is now Montgomery Plaza. The Chevy plant was later used by various different companies including GM's Frigidaire division as a sales and warehouse facility and later by Tandy Corp., first for its Radio Shack division and later for its corporate HQ. Demolished in 1986. Site is now Olympus 7th Street Station, a luxury apartment building. |- |G <br />(1960-1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] and 1965-1989)<br /><br /> B (Pre-1960 [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]])<br /><br /> F (Pre-1960 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac)]]<br /><br /> 7 (Pre-1960 [[w:Buick|Buick]])||[[w:Framingham Assembly|Framingham Assembly]]||[[w:Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham, Massachusetts]]||United States||[[w:General Motors A platform (1925)#1964|GM rwd A-bodies]]: [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1965-1969), [[w:Pontiac Tempest|Pontiac Tempest]] (1967-1970), [[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1967-1972, 1974-1976), [[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1966-1969, 1971-1972), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (1967-1981), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1967-1981), [[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]] (1967-1977), [[w:Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser|Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser]] (1968-1977), [[w:Buick Skylark#Third generation (1968–1972)|Buick Skylark]] (1970-1972), [[w:Buick GS|Buick GS]] (1970-1972), [[w:Buick Century|Buick Century]] (1973-1981), [[w:Buick Regal|Buick Regal]] (1973-1981) [[w:General Motors A platform (1982)|GM fwd A-bodies]]: [[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]] (1982-1988), [[w:Pontiac 6000|Pontiac 6000]] (1982), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera|Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera]] (1983-1989), [[w:Buick Century#Fifth generation (1982–1996)|Buick Century]] (1989) ||1948||1989|| Located at 63 Western Ave. First vehicle produced was a 1948 Buick on February 26, 1948. Was originally part of the [[w:Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division|Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division]]. Framingham is the only BOP Assembly Division plant to switch to the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Framingham switched to Chevrolet Assembly Division in August 1959 [https://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/gm-framingham-ma-canada-pontiac-buick-olds-plant]. Framingham began making Chevrolet passenger cars for 1960. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were then gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division. Framingham Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1968. Idled October 1, 1982 but reopened March 14, 1983. Closed August 1, 1989. Sold to ADESA to use as a vehicle auction site. <br/>Past models: <br/> [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1960-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1960-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1960-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova#First generation (1962–1965)|Chevrolet Chevy II/Nova]] (1962-1963), [[w:Buick Century#Second generation (1954–1958)|Buick Century]] (B-body), [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1949-1950, 1955, 1958), [[w:Buick Special#1949–1958|Buick Special]] (1952-1953, 1955-1958), [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1954), [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]], [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]], [[w:Pontiac Bonneville|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1958), [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1951, 1954, 1956), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1955, 1957, 1959) |- |&nbsp;||General Motors France S.A.||[[w:Gennevilliers|Gennevilliers]]||[[w:France|France]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]<br />[[w:Buick|Buick]]||1939||1940||Operations interrupted by German invasion of France and seizure of the plant in 1940 during WWII. |- |Z (1965-1982)<br /><br />H (1963-1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] and [[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]])<br /><br />F (1964 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] and [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]])<br /><br />3 (1964 [[w:Buick|Buick]])||[[w:Fremont Assembly|Fremont Assembly]]||[[w:Fremont, California|Fremont, California]]||United States||[[w:Buick Century|Buick Century]] (1973-1981)<br />[[w:Buick GS|Buick GS]] (1965-1972)<br />[[w:Buick Regal|Buick Regal]] (1973-1981)<br />[[w:Buick Skylark|Buick Skylark]] (1964-1972)<br />[[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]] (1964-1969)<br />[[w:Buick Sport Wagon|Buick Sport Wagon]] (1965)<br />[[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer#1973–1991|Chevrolet K5 Blazer]] (1977-1979)<br />[[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (1963-1982)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]] (1982)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1964-1969, 1973-1977)<br />[[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1964-1969, 1973-1981)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1978-1981)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1973-1981)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]] (1964-1971)<br />[[w:GMC C/K|GMC C/K]] (1963-1982)<br />[[w:GMC Caballero|GMC Caballero]] (1978-1981)<br />[[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer#1973–1991|GMC Jimmy]] (1977-1979)<br />[[w:GMC Sprint|GMC Sprint]] (1973-1977)<br />[[w:GMC Suburban|GMC Suburban]] (1964-1971)<br />[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (1964-1972)<br />[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera|Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera]] (1982)<br />[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1966-1972)<br />[[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]] (1964-1972)<br />[[w:Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser|Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser]] (1965-1966)<br />[[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#Third generation (1969–1972)|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1970)<br />[[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1964-1974)<br />[[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1964-1973)<br />[[w:Pontiac Tempest|Pontiac Tempest]] (1964-1969)||1963||1982||Located at 45500 Fremont Blvd.<br /> Operated from 1963-1982 as a GM factory. Was originally part of the [[w:Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division|Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division]] though it also built Chevrolet passenger cars from the beginning. Fremont built GM's midsize A-bodies. Was the first BOP Assembly Division plant to also build Chevrolet and GMC trucks. Regular truck production began June 10, 1963. First production car built September 3, 1963. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. Plant was idled March 1982.<br /> From 1984-2010, operated as [[w:NUMMI|New United Motor Manufacturing Inc. (NUMMI)]], which was a 50/50 joint venture between GM and [[w:Toyota|Toyota]] and assembled both GM and Toyota vehicles.<br /> Sold to [[w:Tesla Motors|Tesla, Inc.]] in May 2010.<ref>{{cite news|author=Sam Abuelsamid|title=Tesla to buy old resources from GM, Toyota for NUMMI plant|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2010/08/22/tesla-to-buy-old-resources-from-gm-toyota/|access-date=20 August 2015|publisher=Autoblog.com|date=August 22, 2010}}</ref> Tesla began production at Fremont in 2012. |- |P||[[w:Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych|FSO]]||[[w:Warsaw|Warsaw]]||[[w:Poland|Poland]]||[[w:Opel Astra#F|Opel Astra]]<br />[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra B (1995–2002)|Opel Vectra]]||1994||2000||Built by an [[w:Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych|FSO]] - GM joint venture operating out of a converted old FSO warehouse. |- |W||[[w:Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych|FSO]]||[[w:Warsaw|Warsaw]]||[[w:Poland|Poland]]||[[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]]||2007||2011||Built by [[w:Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych|FSO]] for GM as part of a joint venture between [[w:Ukrainian Automobile Corporation|UkrAvto]] (parent of FSO) & GM. [[w:Ukrainian Automobile Corporation|Ukravto]] owned 60% & [[w:GM Daewoo|GM Daewoo]] owned 40%. The production license ended in 2011 & was not renewed. |- |&nbsp;||[[General Motors Gmbh]]||[[w:Berlin|Berlin]]||Germany||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]<br />[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]<br />[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]<br />[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]<br />[[w:Buick|Buick]]<br />[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]||1927||1932||Replaced Hamburg plant. Located in Borsigwalde area of Berlin. Also predates the acquisition of [[w:Opel|Opel]] by GM. |- |&nbsp;||[[General Motors Gmbh]]||[[w:Hamburg|Hamburg]]||Germany||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] trucks||1926||1927||GM's first German plant predating the acquisition of [[w:Opel|Opel]]. Located in a leased warehouse. |- |&nbsp;||[[General Motors Ltd.]]||[[w:Hendon|Hendon]], [[w:England|England]]||United Kingdom||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] <br /> [[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]] ||1924||1930||GM's first British plant predating the acquisition of [[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]. Operated out of a leased plant. When Chevrolet production was moved to Luton in 1930, Hendon was used for parts distribution. Later, Frigidaire made appliances at Hendon. In 1970, Hendon began producing steering columns. In 1971, more automotive components began to be produced in place of Frigidaire appliances. In 1980, GM sold the Hendon site for redevelopment but leased back an area for construction of a new plant for Saginaw Steering Gear. The new plant opened in 1981. See listing for "Saginaw Steering Gear Overseas Corp. - Southampton plant" for more details. |- |&nbsp;||[[General Motors Ltd.]]||[[w:Southampton|Southampton]], [[w:Hampshire|Hampshire]], [[w:England|England]]||United Kingdom||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]||1938||1946||Located on West Bay Road in the New Dock area of Southampton. Operations interrupted by German bombing of the UK during WWII. Plant was bombed in 1940 & 1941. Plant was reoccupied in 1946. Plant acquired by GM Ltd. in 1951 and converted to produce automotive components in 1952. See listing for "AC Spark Plug Overseas Corp. - Southampton plant" for more details. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Ghandhara Industries|Ghandhara Industries]]||[[w:Karachi|Karachi]], [[w:Sindh|Sindh]]||[[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]<br />[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks and buses]] including [[w:Bedford TJ|Bedford TJ]]<br />[[w:Holden|Holden]]||1953||1970's||Originally a GM owned plant (General Motors Overseas Distribution Corporation). Sold to [[w:Ghandhara Industries|Ghandhara Industries]] Ltd. in 1963. Nationalized in 1972, it then became National Motors Ltd. Privatized to the [[w:Bibojee Group|Bibojee Group]] in 1992 who reverted back to the previous name, Ghandhara Industries. Ghandara Industries assembles Isuzu vehicles today. |- |&nbsp;||[[GM-Auto]]||[[w:Saint-Petersburg|Saint-Petersburg]]||[[w:Russia|Russia]]||[[w:Chevrolet Cruze|Chevrolet Cruze]]<br />[[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]] [[w:Chevrolet Trailblazer (SUV)#Second generation (RG; 2011)|Chevrolet Trailblazer]] [[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]]<br />[[w:Opel Antara|Opel Antara]] ||2007||2015||Includes operations at the temporary "Arsenal plant" & the permanent plant in [[w:Shushary, Saint Petersburg|Shushary]]. GM ceased most operations in Russia back in 2015 and the GM-Auto plant closed. Sold to Hyundai Motor in 2020. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:GM-AvtoVAZ|GM-AvtoVAZ]]||[[w:Tolyatti|Togliatti]]||[[w:Russia|Russia]]||[[w:Chevrolet Niva|Chevrolet Niva]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Viva|Chevrolet Viva]]||2002||2019||Was originally owned 41.5% by GM, 41.5% by AvtoVAZ, & 17% by [[w:EBRD|EBRD]]. In 2012, [[w:EBRD|EBRD]] was bought out & GM-AvtoVAZ became 50/50 owned by GM & AvtoVAZ. The GM-AvtoVAZ joint venture was dissolved in 2019 when AvtoVAZ bought out GM. The Chevrolet Niva was renamed Lada Niva Travel during 2020. AvtoVAZ was a part of [[w:Renault Group|Renault Group]] from 2016 until 2022. |- |4||GM España S.A.||[[w:Figueruelas|Figueruelas]], [[w: Zaragoza (province)| Zaragoza (province)]]||[[w:Spain|Spain]]||[[w:Opel Corsa|Opel/Vauxhall Corsa]] A, B, C, D, E (5 door, van)<br />[[w:Opel Meriva|Opel/Vauxhall Meriva]] A, B<br />[[w:Opel Combo#Combo C (2001-2012)|Opel/Vauxhall/Holden Combo]] C<br />[[w:Opel Tigra#Tigra A (1994–2000)|Opel/Vauxhall Tigra A]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Nova|Vauxhall Nova]]<br />[[w:Holden Barina#Third generation (SB; 1994–2000)|Holden Barina (SB)]]<br />[[w:Holden Barina#Fourth generation (XC; 2001–2005)|Holden Barina (XC)]]||1982||2017|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel plant]]. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. |- |&nbsp;||GM Indonesia||Pondok Ungu, [[w:Bekasi|Bekasi]], [[w:West Java|West Java]]||[[w:Indonesia|Indonesia]]||After reopening:<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Spin|Chevrolet Spin]]<br /><br />Before temporary closure in 2005:<br /> [[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#Second generation (1995)|Chevrolet Blazer]]<br />[[w:Opel Blazer|Opel Blazer]]<br />[[w:Opel Astra#F|Opel Optima]]<br />[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra A (1988–1995)|Opel Vectra]]||1995||2015||PT Garmak Motor assembled models under license from GM beginning in 1976, before the establishment of their joint venture with GM in 1993. These license built models include: [[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]] trucks, [[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|Morina]], [[w:Opel Rekord Series E|Opel Rekord E 3-d panel van]], [[w:Opel Kadett#Kadett D (1979–1984)|Opel Kadett D]], [[w:Isuzu Faster#First generation (1972–1980)|Chevrolet LUV (Mk 1)]], [[w:Isuzu Faster#Second generation (1980–1988)|Chevrolet LUV (Mk II)]], & [[w:Isuzu Trooper#First generation (1981–1991)|Chevrolet Trooper/Stallion]]. Originally established as PT General Motors Buana Indonesia, which was owned 60% by GM and 40% by PT Garmak Motor. GM bought out Garmak in 1997 taking 100% of the shares. The assembly plant was closed from 2005-2011 and reopened in 2012 to make the Chevy Spin. Closed again in June 2015. |- |&nbsp;||GM Java||[[w:Tanjung Priok|Tanjung Priok]], [[w:North Jakarta|North Jakarta]], [[w:Jakarta|Jakarta]]||[[w:Indonesia|Indonesia]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]<br />[[w:Opel|Opel]] ([[w:Opel 1.2 Liter|1.2 Liter]])<br />[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] ([[w:Vauxhall 10-4|10-4]])||1927||1953||First Car Factory in what is now Indonesia (at the time, it was the Dutch East Indies). GM pulled out of Indonesia in 1954 and liquidated the company by 1956. Sold to P.N. Gaja Motors, which assembled the Opel Rekord and Kadett in the 1960's. Eventually became part of Astra International and its joint ventures with Toyota/Daihatsu. |- |&nbsp;||GM Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.||[[w:Tampoi, Johor|Tampoi]], [[w:Johor|Johor]]||[[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]]||[[w:Opel Ascona|Opel Ascona]]<br />[[w:Opel Commodore|Opel Commodore]]<br />[[w:Opel Gemini|Opel Gemini]]<br />[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]<br />[[w:Opel Manta|Opel Manta]]<br />[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]<br />[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|Bedford Harimau]]<br />[[w:Holden|Holden]]||1968||1982||Originally Capital Motor Assembly Corp., which assembled Opel models under license from GM beginning in 1968. These license built models include: [[w:Opel Commodore|Opel Commodore]] A, [[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett B]], [[w:Opel Rekord Series C|Opel Rekord C]], & components. Capital Motor also assembled cars for Honda and Datsun (Nissan). GM bought Capital Motor Assembly in 1971 and renamed it GM Malaysia. Malaysian government policies that said Malaysians had to own a majority of local auto assembly plants forced GM to sell GM Malaysia to Oriental Holdings in 1980 which then renamed the unit Oriental Assemblers. Assembly of GM vehicles ended in 1982. Oriental Assemblers continued making Honda cars at this plant until around 2004. |- |&nbsp;||GM Philippines, Inc.||[[w:Paco, Manila|Paco district]], [[w:Manila|Manila]]||[[w:Philippines|Philippines]]||[[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Camaro (first generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]]<br />Chevrolet trucks<br />[[w:Holden EH|Holden EH]]<br />[[w:Holden HD|Holden HD]]<br />[[w:Holden HR|Holden HR]]<br />[[w:Holden HK|Holden HK]]<br />[[w:Holden HT|Holden HT]]<br />[[w:Holden HG|Holden HG]]<br />[[w:Holden HQ|Holden HQ]]<br />[[w:Holden Torana|Holden Torana]]<br />[[w:Isuzu Gemini|Isuzu Gemini]]<br />[[w:Opel Ascona|Opel Ascona]]<br />[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]<br />[[w:Opel Manta|Opel Manta]]<br />[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]<br />[[w:Pontiac Parisienne#Philippines|Pontiac Parisienne]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall VX4/90|Vauxhall VX4/90]]<br />[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|GM Amigo/Tiger/Harabas]]<br />[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks]] ||1953||1985||Originally Yutivo Sons Hardware Co. Yutivo assembled various models under license from GM beginning in 1953. GM bought a 49% stake in Yutivo in 1972 and renamed it GM Philippines. Isuzu invested in the company in 1979 and it was renamed GM Pilipinas, Inc. Assembly of GM vehicles ended in 1985 and GM sold the plant to Isuzu in 1994. Isuzu closed this plant and company in 1995 and replaced it with a new plant in Biñan, Laguna owned by a new subsidiary (Isuzu Philippines Corporation). |- |G||[[w:GM Manufacturing Poland|GM Manufacturing Poland Sp. z o.o.]]||[[w:Gliwice|Gliwice]]||[[w:Poland|Poland]]||[[w:Opel Astra#Astra K (B16; 2015)|Opel Astra]] K (5-door)<br />[[w:Holden Astra#Seventh generation (BK, BL; 2016)|Holden Astra (BK)]] (5-door)<br />[[w:Opel Astra#Astra J (P10; 2009)|Opel/Vauxhall Astra J]] (3-door, 4-door sedan, 5-door)<br />[[w:Opel Astra#Astra H (A04; 2004)|Opel Astra Classic III]] sedan<br />[[w:Holden Astra#Sixth generation (PJ; 2015)|Holden Astra (PJ)]] (GTC, VXR)<br />[[w:Opel Astra#Astra H (A04; 2004)|Opel Astra H]] sedan<br />[[w:Opel Astra#Astra G (T98; 1998)|Opel Astra Classic II]]<br />[[w:Holden Astra#Fourth generation (TS; 1998)|Holden Astra Classic (TS)]]<br />[[w:Opel Astra#Astra F (T92; 1992)|Opel Astra Classic I]]<br />[[w:Opel Agila#First generation (H00; 2000)|Opel/Vauxhall Agila A]]<br />[[w:Suzuki Solio#First generation (MA63S/MA64S/MA32S; 1999)|Suzuki Wagon R+ (2005-2007)]]<br />[[w:Opel Cascada|Opel/Vauxhall Cascada]]<br />[[w:Buick Cascada|Buick Cascada]]<br />[[w:Holden Cascada|Holden Cascada (CJ)]]<br />[[w:Opel Zafira#Zafira B (2005)|Opel/Vauxhall Zafira B]]||1998||2019|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel]] plant. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Continued to supply the [[w:Buick Cascada|Buick Cascada]] to GM through 2019. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. |- |&nbsp;||GM Powertrain Fredericksburg||[[w:Fredericksburg, Virginia|Fredericksburg, Virginia]]||United States||Torque converter clutches for automatic transmissions||1979||2010|| Located at 11032 Tidewater Trail. Originally part of Delco Moraine Division, which bought the plant in 1978 from American Poclain. Moved to GM Powertrain division in 1993. Sold to idX Corp. in 2017. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:GM Powertrain Poland|GM Powertrain Poland]]||[[w:Tychy|Tychy]]||[[w:Poland|Poland]]||Diesel engines including the Isuzu [[w:Circle L engine|Circle L engine]]||1999||2017|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel]] plant. Originally founded as Isuzu Motors Polska (ISPOL) in 1996. GM bought 60% in 2002 & the remaining 40% in 2013. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] along with Opel in 2017. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Grand Blanc Metal Center|Grand Blanc Metal Center]]||[[w:Grand Blanc, Michigan|Grand Blanc, Michigan]]||United States||Metal stampings and metal fabrication of body components, Tooling jigs-and-fixtures||1942||2013||Located at 10800 S. Saginaw St. Originally built by the US govt. and opened in 1942 to build tanks. Also known as the Fisher Body Tank Plant as it was operated by GM's Fisher Body Div. Built [[w:M4 Sherman|M4 Sherman]] (M4A2, M4A3 & M4A3E2) and [[w:M26 Pershing|M26 Pershing]] (T26E3) tanks as well as M10 & M10A1 "Wolverine" Tank Destroyers during WWII and [[w:M48 Patton|M48 Patton]] (M48 and M48A1) tanks beginning in 1952 for the Korean War. Grand Blanc also made a 90mm main gun that Grand Blanc installed on the last 300 M10A1s built at Grand Blanc, thus converting them into the M36 "Jackson". The Grand Blanc-built 90mm main gun was also installed on other M10A1s by other companies and by Grand Blanc on the M4A3 Sherman tank to create the M36B1 & M36B2 tank destroyers. Grand Blanc also supplied 2,445 turrets and 1,511 hulls for the 2,507 M18 Hellcats built by the Buick Division. Production ended in 1945 as WWII wound down. Buick then leased Grand Blanc and used it as a warehouse from 1947 until Fisher Body bought it in 1951. The M48 Patton was built from 1952-1955. Converted in 1955 into an automotive body metal fabricating plant. Became part of GM's Metal Fabricating Division in 1994 and became Grand Blanc Weld Tool Center in 2002, making tooling for GM. Closed July 2013. Most of the work done at Grand Blanc was transferred to Parma, OH. Now called Grand Blanc Center, apparently used as a warehouse. |- |&nbsp;||Grand Rapids Metal Center||[[w:Wyoming, Michigan|Wyoming, Michigan]]||United States||&nbsp;||1936||2009||Located at 300 36th Street SW. Metal fabricating plant. Demolished. |- |&nbsp;||Guide Lamp Division||[[w:Anderson, Indiana|Anderson, Indiana]]||United States||Headlamp, Taillamp assemblies||1929||1998||GM bought Guide Motor Lamp Manufacturing Company in 1928, becoming part of the Delco Remy division initially before becoming the separate Guide Lamp Division in 1929. Guide Lamp Division was renamed Guide Division in 1975. Guide Division merged with Fisher Body in 1984 to create Fisher Guide. Fisher Guide then merged with the Inland Division in 1990 to form Inland Fisher Guide. In 1998, Guide operations were sold to [[w:Palladium Equity Partners|Palladium Equity Partners]] which turned the operation into Guide Corp. In 2007, Guide Corp. closed down. |- |H||[[w:General Motors India|Halol]]||[[w:Halol|Halol]], [[w:Gujarat|Gujarat]]||[[w:India|India]]||[[w:Chevrolet Sail#India|Chevrolet Sail U-VA]] (hatchback)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Sail#India|Chevrolet Sail]] (sedan)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Cruze|Chevrolet Cruze]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Tavera|Chevrolet Tavera]]||1995||2017||Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]], [[w:Chevrolet SRV|Chevrolet SRV]] (sports hatch), [[w:Chevrolet Optra|Chevrolet Optra]], [[w:Chevrolet Enjoy|Chevrolet Enjoy]], [[w:Opel Corsa|Opel Corsa]](sedan), [[w:Opel Corsa|Opel Corsa Sail]] (hatchback), [[w:Opel Corsa|Opel Corsa Swing]](station wagon), [[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]]. <br /> The new [[w:General Motors India|GM India]] began as a 50/50 joint venture with [[w:Hindustan Motors|Hindustan Motors]] in 1994.The Halol plant was bought from [[w:Hindustan Motors|Hindustan Motors]] in 1995. GM bought out [[w:Hindustan Motors|Hindustan Motors]] in 1999. Sold to SAIC to produce [[w:MG Motor India|MG Motor India]] vehicles in 2017. |- |&nbsp;||Fisher Body - Hamilton-Fairfield Stamping Plant||[[w:Hamilton, Ohio|Hamilton, Ohio]]||United States||Stampings & Bodies for GM vehicles||1947||1988||Located at 4400 Dixie Highway. Now the Fisher Industrial Park. |- |&nbsp;||Harrison Radiator Division - Moraine||[[w:Moraine|Moraine]], [[w:Ohio|Ohio]]||United States||Machining and assembly of automotive A/C compressors, valves, and accumulator dehydrators||1941||1999||Located at 3600 Dryden Road. Originally built for [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]]. In 1975, automotive and appliance operations were split with the automotive operations becoming Delco Air Conditioning Division. [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] appliance division was sold in 1979. Delco Air Conditioning Division merged into Harrison Radiator Division in 1981. Spun off with [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] in 1999. Became Delphi Harrison Thermal Systems. Closed by Delphi in 2003. Demolished by 2005. |- |H1, H2,<br> H3, H4 [https://www.uniquecarsandparts.com.au/holden_identification]||Holden Acacia Ridge Plant||[[w:Acacia Ridge, Queensland|Acacia Ridge, Queensland]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Holden|Holden]] models including:<br /> [[w:Holden HD|Holden HD]]<br />[[w:Holden HR|Holden HR]]<br />[[w:Holden HK|Holden HK]]<br />[[w:Holden HT|Holden HT]]<br />[[w:Holden HG|Holden HG]]<br />[[w:Holden Torana|Holden Torana]]<br />[[w:Holden HQ|Holden HQ]]<br />[[w:Holden HJ|Holden HJ]]<br />[[w:Holden HX|Holden HX]]<br />[[w:Holden HZ|Holden HZ]]<br />[[w:Holden Gemini#First generation|Holden Gemini TX, TC, TD, TE, TF, TG]]<br />[[w:Holden Commodore (VC)|Holden Commodore (VC)]]<br />[[w:Holden Camira|Holden Camira]]||1966||1984||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Replaced Fortitude Valley plant. |- |A||Holden Birkenhead Plant||[[w:Birkenhead, South Australia|Birkenhead, South Australia]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]<br />[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]<br />[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]<br />[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]<br />[[w:Buick|Buick]]<br />[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]<br />[[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]<br />[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]]<br />[[w:Holden|Holden]]<br />||1926||1981||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Built by GM Australia before it merged with Holden's Motor Body Builders Ltd. Plant was closed from 1931 until 1938. Also produced military vehicles & equipment during WWII. Before WWII, Birkenhead combined bodies made in Woodville with CKD chassis assembled in Melbourne. After WWII, Birkenhead assembled CKD chassis imported from the US, Canada, & the UK and combined them with bodies made in Woodville. Once Holden brand cars started to be made in 1948, body and chassis components came from Woodville & powertrain came from Fishermans Bend and complete cars were assembled in Birkenhead. Vehicle production ended in 1965 when the Elizabeth plant started making complete vehicles. Birkenhead was then used as an export boxing area, a parts warehouse, and also assembled earthmoving equipment for Terex (then owned by GM) from 1969 until the mid 1970's. |- |M,<br> J1, J2, J3, <br> and J4-J9||Holden Dandenong Plant||[[w:Dandenong|Dandenong]], [[w:Victoria, Australia|Victoria]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Holden|Holden]] models including:<br /> [[w:Holden FE|Holden FE]]<br />[[w:Holden FC|Holden FC]]<br />[[w:Holden FB|Holden FB]]<br />[[w:Holden EK|Holden EK]]<br />[[w:Holden EJ|Holden EJ]]<br />[[w:Holden EH|Holden EH]]<br />[[w:Holden HD|Holden HD]]<br />[[w:Holden HR|Holden HR]]<br />[[w:Holden HQ|Holden HQ]]<br />[[w:Holden HZ|Holden HZ]]<br />[[w:Holden HK|Holden HK]]<br />[[w:Holden Torana|Holden Torana]] LH, LX, UC<br />[[w:Holden Sunbird|Holden Sunbird]] LX, UC<br />[[w:Holden Commodore (VB)|Holden Commodore (VB)]]<br />[[w:Holden Commodore (VC)|Holden Commodore (VC)]]<br />[[w:Holden Commodore (VH)|Holden Commodore (VH)]]<br />[[w:Holden Commodore (VK)|Holden Commodore (VK)]]<br />[[w:Holden Commodore (VL)|Holden Commodore (VL)]]<br />[[w:Holden Camira|Holden Camira]]<br />[[w:Holden Nova|Holden Nova]] LE, LF <br /> [[w:Toyota Corolla (E90)#Australia|Toyota Corolla (E90)]]<br />Bedford by Isuzu & [[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]] trucks<br />Body making<br />Torque converters & other components||1956|||1996||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Also assembled Chevrolet trucks, Bedford vans & trucks and Frigidaire appliances. Built the 1 millionth Holden (an EJ) in October 1962, the 2 millionth Holden (an HK) in March 1969, and the 4 millionth Holden (a VC Commodore) in June 1981. Vehicle production by Holden ceased in 1988, vehicle production by Toyota for itself and for Holden lasted from 1989-1994 under a plant lease agreement<ref>{{cite web |author=Takahiro Fujimoto |date=October 1998 |url=http://e-server.e.u-tokyo.ac.jp/cirje/research/dp/98/cf23/dp.pdf |title=Toyota Motor Manufacturing Australia in 1995: An Emergent Global Strategy |publisher=[[w:University of Tokyo|University of Tokyo]] |page=23 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5xJZkwEEX?url=http://e-server.e.u-tokyo.ac.jp/cirje/research/dp/98/cf23/dp.pdf |archive-date=2011-03-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Minor assembly until 1996. Then became known as Holden Service Parts Operations (HSPO) which manages the distribution and marketing of Holden service parts and accessories for the Holden dealer network and international customers. |- |L,<br><br> L1, L2, <br> L3-L5||Holden Elizabeth Plant||[[w:Elizabeth, South Australia|Elizabeth, South Australia]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Holden Berlina|Holden Berlina]]<br />[[w:Holden Calais|Holden Calais]]<br /> [[w:Holden Caprice|Holden Caprice]]<br /> [[w:Holden Commodore|Holden Commodore]]<br /> [[w:Holden Ute|Holden Ute]]<br /> [[w:Holden Statesman|Holden Statesman]]<br /> [[w:Vauxhall VXR8|Vauxhall VXR8]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet SS (2013)|Chevrolet SS]] (2014-2017)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Caprice PPV|Chevrolet Caprice PPV]] (2011-2017) |1959||2017||[[w:Holden|Holden]] manufacturing plant. Holden Vehicle Manufacturing Operations. Located at 180 Philip Highway. First opened as a body hardware plant making components, then expanded to making complete vehicle bodies in 1962, then expanded to making complete vehicles in 1965. Elizabeth became Holden’s only remaining car manufacturing plant in Australia in 1994. Built the 5 millionth Holden (a VN Calais) in August 1990, the 6 millionth Holden (a VX Commodore SS) in June 2001, and the 7 millionth Holden (a VE Commodore) in August 2008. Total number of vehicles built at all plants in Australia by Holden (including export models) from 1948-2017 is 7,687,675. Production ended October 20, 2017. Final vehicle made at Elizabeth and final Australian-built Holden was a VFII Commodore Redline with a manual transmission.[https://www.carsales.com.au/editorial/details/holdens-manufacturing-closure-by-the-numbers-109466/] Epicurean Food Group bought the site in 2023 and is using it as a farm to grow mushrooms. Cars produced before its final year before closure included the [[w:Pontiac GTO#Fifth generation|Pontiac GTO]] (2004-2006), [[w:Vauxhall Monaro|Vauxhall Monaro]], [[w:Holden Monaro|Holden Monaro]], [[w:Pontiac G8|Pontiac G8]] (2008-2009), [[w:Holden Gemini#Second generation|Holden Gemini (RB)]], [[w:Chevrolet Cruze#First generation (J300; 2008)|Holden Cruze (JH)]], [[w:Holden Torana|Holden Torana]], [[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra B (1995–2002)|Holden Vectra (JS)]], [[w:Statesman (automobile)|Statesman brand WB]], [[w:Holden WB|Holden WB]] Ute & One-Tonner, [[w:Holden Adventra|Holden Adventra]], [[w:Holden Crewman|Holden Crewman]], [[w:Chevrolet Lumina#Holden-based models|Chevrolet Lumina]], [[w:Chevrolet Caprice#Fifth generation (1999–2006)|Chevrolet Caprice]], [[w:Chevrolet Cruze#First generation (J300; 2008)|Chevrolet Cruze]] 5-door, [[w:Chevrolet Omega|Chevrolet Omega]] B & C, [[w:Buick Royaum|Buick Royaum]], [[w:Daewoo Statesman|Daewoo Statesman]], and [[w:Daewoo Veritas|Daewoo Veritas]]. Also, [[w:United Australian Automobile Industries#Toyota Lexcen|Toyota Lexcen]]. |- |&nbsp;||Holden Fishermans Bend Plant (Port Melbourne)||[[w:Port Melbourne|Port Melbourne]], [[w:Victoria, Australia|Victoria]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:GM High Feature engine|Holden Alloytec V6 engine]]<br />[[w:Buick V6 engine#3800 V6|Buick V6]]<br />[[w:GM Family II engine|GM Family II I4 engine]]<br />[[w:Holden V8 engine]]<br />[[w:Holden straight-six motor#Starfire|Holden Starfire I4]]<br />[[w:Holden straight-six motor|Holden straight-six motor]]<br />Manual transmissions<br />[[w:Holden Salisbury differential|Holden Banjo/Salisbury differentials]]<br />Axles<br />Stampings<br />Components<br />Foundry ||1936||2016||Headquarters of GM Holden Ltd. <br /> Holden's Engine Company/Holden Engine Operations.<br /> Used to build vehicles as well including the [[w:Holden 48-215|Holden 48-215]] & [[w:Holden FJ|Holden FJ]]. Vehicle assembly ended in 1956 and was moved to Dandenong. <br /> Versions of the Alloytec/High Feature V6 were also supplied to [[w:Saab Automobile|Saab]] & [[w:Alfa Romeo|Alfa Romeo]] from this plant. <br /> Sold to the Victorian state Government in 2016. |- |B||Holden Fortitude Valley Plant||[[w:Fortitude Valley|Fortitude Valley]], [[w:Queensland|Queensland]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]<br />[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]<br />[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]<br />[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]<br />[[w:Buick|Buick]]<br />[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]<br />[[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]<br />[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]]<br />[[w:Holden 48-215|Holden 48-215]]<br />[[w:Holden FJ|Holden FJ]]<br />[[w:Holden FE|Holden FE]]<br />[[w:Holden FC|Holden FC]]<br />[[w:Holden FB|Holden FB]]<br />[[w:Holden EK|Holden EK]]<br />[[w:Holden EJ|Holden EJ]]<br />[[w:Holden EH|Holden EH]]<br />||1927||1965||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Built by GM Australia before it merged with Holden's Motor Body Builders Ltd. Plant was closed from 1931 until 1934. Fortitude Valley combined bodies made in Woodville with CKD chassis assembled in Melbourne. Replaced by Acacia Ridge plant. |- |&nbsp;||Holden Marrickville Plant||[[w:Marrickville, New South Wales|Marrickville, New South Wales]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]<br />[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]<br />[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]<br />[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]<br />[[w:Marquette (automobile)#Buick brand|Marquette]]<br />[[w:Buick|Buick]]<br />[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]<br />[[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]<br />[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]]||1926||1940||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Built by GM Australia before it merged with Holden's Motor Body Builders Ltd. Plant was closed from 1931 until 1934. Marrickville combined bodies made in Woodville with CKD chassis assembled in Melbourne. Building sold. Replaced by Pagewood plant. |- |&nbsp;||Holden Melbourne Plant (City Road)||[[w:Melbourne|Melbourne]], [[w:Victoria, Australia|Victoria]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]<br />[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]<br />[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]<br />[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]<br />[[w:Buick|Buick]]<br />[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]<br />[[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]||1926||1936||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Acquired by GM Australia before it merged with Holden's Motor Body Builders Ltd. Melbourne combined bodies made in Woodville with CKD chassis assembled in Melbourne. Building sold. Replaced by Fishermans Bend plant. |- |P,<br> L6||Holden Mosman Park Plant||[[w:Mosman Park, Western Australia|Mosman Park (formerly Cottesloe Beach)]], [[w:Western Australia|Western Australia]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]<br />[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]<br />[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]<br />[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]<br />[[w:Buick|Buick]]<br />[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]<br />[[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]<br />[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]]<br />[[w:Holden|Holden]]<br />||1926||1972||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Built by GM Australia before it merged with Holden's Motor Body Builders Ltd. Plant was closed from 1932 until 1935. Also produced military vehicles & equipment during WWII. Before WWII, Mosman Park combined bodies made in Woodville with CKD chassis assembled in Melbourne. After WWII, Mosman Park assembled CKD chassis imported from the US, Canada, & the UK and combined them with bodies made in Woodville. Once Holden brand cars started to be made in 1948, body and chassis components came from Woodville & powertrain came from Fishermans Bend and final assembly was done in Mosman Park. Plant was closed down in 1972. Demolished in the early 1990s. |- |S,<br> H5, H6, H7,<br> H8, H9||Holden Pagewood Plant||[[w:Pagewood, New South Wales|Pagewood, New South Wales]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]<br />[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]<br />[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]]<br />[[w:Holden 48-215|Holden 48-215]]<br />[[w:Holden FJ|Holden FJ]]<br />[[w:Holden FE|Holden FE]]<br />[[w:Holden FC|Holden FC]]<br />[[w:Holden FB|Holden FB]]<br />[[w:Holden EK|Holden EK]]<br />[[w:Holden EJ|Holden EJ]]<br />[[w:Holden EH|Holden EH]]<br />[[w:Holden HD|Holden HD]]<br />[[w:Holden HR|Holden HR]]<br />[[w:Holden HK|Holden HK]]<br />[[w:Holden HT|Holden HT]]<br />[[w:Holden HG|Holden HG]]<br />[[w:Holden Monaro|Holden Monaro]]<br />[[w:Holden HQ|Holden HQ]]<br />[[w:Holden HJ|Holden HJ]]<br />[[w:Holden HX|Holden HX]]<br />[[w:Holden HZ|Holden HZ]]<br />[[w:Holden Torana|Holden Torana]]<br /> [[w:Holden Commodore (VB)|Holden Commodore (VB)]]<br />[[w:Statesman (automobile)|Statesman brand HQ-HZ]]<br />Body making||1940||1980||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Also produced military equipment during WWII. Before WWII, Pagewood combined bodies made in Woodville with CKD chassis assembled in Melbourne. After WWII, Pagewood assembled CKD chassis imported from the US, Canada, & the UK and combined them with bodies made in Woodville. Also made Frigidaire appliances. Built the 3 millionth Holden (an HQ) in June 1974. Vehicle production ended in 1980 while plant closedown operations extended into 1981. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Holden Woodville Plant|Holden Woodville Plant]]||[[w:Woodville, South Australia|Woodville, South Australia]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Holden|Holden]]:<br />Stamping<br />Body making<br />Paint shop<br />Body Hardware<br />Trim<br />Tool & Die<br />[[w:Tri-Matic|Tri-Matic]] automatic transmission||1923||1965||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Built before Holden was taken over by GM. Built car bodies for many brands of cars including GM brands (Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oakland, Oldsmobile, Marquette, Buick, LaSalle, Cadillac, GMC, Vauxhall, & Bedford) and non-GM brands (Chrysler, DeSoto, Dodge, Plymouth, Willys, Hudson, Nash, Studebaker, Austin, Morris, Rover, Standard, Fiat, & others). (Holden Motor Body Works.) Also produced military equipment during WWII. Once Holden brand cars started to be made in 1948, body and chassis components were made in Woodville. Also produced replacement parts for discontinued models. Most operations transferred to Elizabeth between 1959 & 1965. Built the Tri-Matic automatic transmission from 1969-1987. Plant sold in 1984. Tri-Matic production area was leased back until production ended. Other companies continued production of spare parts. |- |V||[[w:IBC Vehicles|IBC Vehicles Ltd.]]/<br>[[w:GMM Luton|GMM Luton]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Company Profile |publisher=Vauxhall |url=http://media.gm.com/gb/vauxhall/en/company/c_company-profile/index.html |access-date=2009-06-29 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20090629105853/http://media.gm.com/gb/vauxhall/en/company/c_company-profile/index.html |archive-date=2009-06-29}}</ref>||[[w:Luton|Luton]], [[w:Bedfordshire|Bedfordshire]]||[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]||[[w:Bedford CF#CF2|Bedford CF2]]<br />[[w:Isuzu Fargo#Bedford Midi / Vauxhall Midi|Bedford/Vauxhall/GME/Isuzu Midi/<br>Bedford Seta/Vauxhall Albany]]<br />[[w:Suzuki Carry#Bedford Rascal|Bedford/Vauxhall/GME Rascal]]<br />[[w:Suzuki Carry#Export models|Suzuki Super Carry]]<br />[[w:Isuzu MU#First generation (UCS55/UCS69GW; 1989–1998)|Opel/Vauxhall Frontera A]]<br />[[w:Isuzu MU#Second generation (UER25FW, UES25FW, UES73FW; 1998–2004)|Opel/Vauxhall Frontera B]]<br />[[w:Holden Frontera#First generation (UCS55/UCS69GW; 1989–1998)|Holden Frontera (UT)]]<br />[[w:Renault Trafic#Second generation (X83; 2001)|Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro]] A (low roof versions only)<br />[[w:Renault Trafic#Third generation (X82; 2014)|Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro]] B (low roof versions only)<br />[[w:Renault Trafic#Second generation (X83; 2001)|Renault Trafic (X83)]] (low roof versions only)<br />[[w:Renault Trafic#Second generation (X83; 2001)|Nissan Primastar (X83)]] (low roof versions only)||1950 (as AA Block of Luton plant)<br><br>1984 (as Bedford Luton Van Plant)||2017|| [[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall plant]]. Began as the Bedford van plant when Bedford vans were moved out of the Luton passenger car plant and into a separate, nearby plant (AA Block [body assembly and paint] &<br> K Block [trim and final assembly] of the Luton complex) connected by a bridge so that components for the CF van made in the car plant could be easily transferred to the van plant. Was part of the Bedford Commercial Vehicles Division of the GM Overseas Commercial Vehicles Corp. CF2 production ended in July 1987. Built the Isuzu-designed Midi from December 20, 1984 through May 23, 1996 though the Midi was still available through the 1997 model year. An upscale, 7-psgr. variant of the Midi called the Vauxhall Albany was built for 1991 only. Built the Suzuki-designed Rascal from February 1986 through July 3, 1993. Also built the Rascal's Suzuki counterpart, the Super Carry, for the UK & other European markets. Became a joint venture with [[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]] called IBC Vehicles Ltd., which was incorporated on January 20, 1987. Production under IBC Vehicles began in October 1987 after the plant was reorganized and staff was retrained. GM owned 60% & Isuzu held 40%. The Bedford brand was discontinued and replaced by the Vauxhall brand on light commercial vehicles as of June 1, 1990. GM bought Isuzu's stake in IBC Vehicles back in 1998 & the operation was again a subsidiary of GM. It was then renamed GMM (GM Manufacturing) Luton. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. Production ended March 28, 2025. Last vehicle produced was a Vauxhall Vivaro. Site has been sold for redevelopment into an industrial park. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:IDA-Opel|IDA-Opel]]||[[w:Kikinda|Kikinda]], [[w:Socialist Republic of Serbia|Socialist Republic of Serbia]]||[[w:Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]||[[w:Opel Ascona#Ascona C (1981–1988)|Opel Ascona]] C<br />[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa A (S83; 1982)|Opel Corsa]] A<br />[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]] D & E<br />[[w:Opel Kikinda#Senator A (1978–1986)|Opel Kikinda]] (Senator A)<br />[[w:Opel Omega#Omega A (1986–1994)|Opel Omega]] A<br />[[w:Opel Rekord Series E|Opel Rekord]] E<br />[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra A (1988–1995)|Opel Vectra]] A<br />Iron castings, brake, and axle components||1977||1992|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel affiliate]]. A joint venture owned 49% by GM & 51% by Kikinda Iron Foundry. IDA = Industrija Delova Automobila or Industry of Automobile Parts. The operation exported iron castings, brake, and axle components to GM/Opel, thus allowing partially built Opels to be imported into Yugoslavia and not be counted as imports. Ended by the wars of the breakup of Yugoslavia and imposition of sanctions on Yugoslavia in 1992. The plant was later restructured as the Livnica Kikinda metal foundry, which was taken over by Slovenia's Cimos in 2004 and manufactures auto parts for various European manufacturers including Opel. |- |&nbsp;||Indianapolis Metal Center||[[w:Indianapolis|Indianapolis]], [[w:Indiana|Indiana]]||United States||Metal stampings for trucks||1930||2011||Located at 340 S. White River Parkway W. Drive. Stamping plant. Acquired from the former Martin-Parry Corporation in 1930. Became a Chevrolet plant making truck bodies. Became part of GM Truck & Bus Group in 1982 and in early 1992, became part of NATP (North American Truck Platforms) and later transferred to CLCD (Cadillac/Luxury Car Division) before joining the Metal Fabrication Division in 1994. Closed in June 2011. Demolished in 2014-2015. |- |&nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Columbus, Ohio)||[[w:Columbus, Ohio|Columbus, Ohio]]||United States||Door Panel Assemblies & Small Components||1946||1999||Located at 200 Georgesville Road. Originally opened as a plant for the Ternstedt Division of General Motors. Then, Fisher Hardware Fabrication when Ternstedt merged back into Fisher Body in 1969. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. In 1995, Inland Fisher Guide became the Delphi Interior and Lighting Systems division of GM's [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] subsidiary. Spun off with [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] in 1999. Closed by Delphi in 2007. |- |&nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Dayton Plant||[[w:Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]], [[w:Ohio|Ohio]]||United States||Engine Mounts<br />Transmission Mounts<br />Strut Mounts<br />Steering Wheels<br />Liteflex Springs<br />Brake Linings<br />Brake Hose<br />Brake Pads<br />Ball Joints<br />Ice Cube Trays ||1921||1999||Located at 2701 Home Avenue (originally Home Road). The first factory building was built in 1910 by the Wright Company and made airplanes and components. The 2nd factory building was built in 1911 & made airplane engines. Aircraft production ceased in 1916. 13 different types of planes had been produced. In Feb. 1917, the plants were sold to the Darling Motor Co. but they went bankrupt shortly thereafter. The Dayton-Wright Company bought the site from Darling Motor on March 22, 1917 and made aircraft parts at the site for its Moraine assembly plant from 1918 to 1919. Dayton-Wright Company was bought by GM in 1919 & it was initially run as a GM subsidiary. In 1923, the aircraft part of the business was sold to Consolidated Aircraft Co. & this site switched from aviation production to automotive production. Inland Manufacturing Division (originally Inland Mfg. Company) of GM was formed on January 6, 1923 at this site, initially to make steering wheels. Merged with Fisher Guide to became Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. In 1995, Inland Fisher Guide became the Delphi Interior and Lighting Systems division of GM's [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] subsidiary. Spun off with [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] in 1999. Delphi closed it in 2008. The 2 original Wright Brothers' buildings were left standing and became part of Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park in 2009 but the rest was demolished around 2014. The Wright Brothers factory buildings were damaged by fire in March 2023. |- |&nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Detroit - Fort St.)||[[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]||United States||Door hinges and interior parts||1920||1989||Located at 6307 W. Fort St. & Livernois St. Was Ternstedt's headquarters until 1962. Originally opened by Ternstedt Manufacturing Co., which was taken over by Fisher Body Co. in 1920. Became part of GM when GM took over Fisher Body in 1926. Ternstedt became a separate division of GM in 1948 before merging back in to Fisher Body in 1969. Was a plant for the Ternstedt Division (Plant# 16) of General Motors. Then, Fisher Hardware Fabrication. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. Is now Evans Distribution Systems. |- |&nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Elyria, Ohio)||[[w:Elyria, Ohio|Elyria, Ohio]]||United States||Car seats||1947||1990||Located at 1400 Lowell St. Originally opened as a plant for the Ternstedt Division of General Motors. Then, Fisher Hardware Fabrication when Ternstedt merged back into Fisher Body in 1969. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. |- |&nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Euclid, Ohio)||[[w:Euclid, Ohio|Euclid, Ohio]]||United States||Vehicle Bodies until 1970<br />Then, trim fabrication, seat covers & backs, upholstery, door panels, sunvisors, & other interior parts.<br />Also made seats & cushions for Sea Ray Boats||1947||1993||Located at 20001 Euclid Ave. Originally built in 1943. Bought by GM in 1947 from Cleveland Pneumatic Aerol Co., which made rocket shells and aircraft landing gear there during WWII. Was a Fisher Body plant making bodies for Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, & Buick until 1970. Then became a Fisher Trim Fabrication plant. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. Closed in 1993. Site currently in use by an industrial supply store (HGR) and indoor sports facilities (The Sports Plant). |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Automotive industry in Flint, Michigan#Coldwater Road Plant|Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Flint - Coldwater Road)]]||[[w:Genesee Township, Michigan|Genesee Township, Michigan]]||United States||Window regulators, door hinges, door modules and seat adjusters||1953||1996||Located at 1245 East Coldwater Road. Originally opened as a plant for the Ternstedt Division of General Motors. Then, Fisher Hardware Fabrication when Ternstedt merged back into Fisher Body in 1969. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. In 1995, Inland Fisher Guide became the Delphi Interior and Lighting Systems division of GM's [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] subsidiary. Sold to Peregrine Inc. in 1996, which continued making window regulators and door hinges and modules. Closed by Peregrine in 1998. A GM subsidiary called REALM bought the property in 1999 and GM used the administration building until 2000. Demolished by 2001. Site now used by Deployment Strategies Group LLC for container storage. |- |&nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Grand Rapids, Michigan)||[[w:Walker, Michigan|Walker, Michigan]]||United States||Interior trim||1942||1998||Located at 2150 Alpine Avenue NW. Built by Haskelite Manufacturing Corporation to make wooden gliders for use in WWII. Bought by GM in the early 1950's. Built fuselages for [[w:F-84F Thunderstreak|F-84F Thunderstreak]] fighter jets. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. In 1995, Inland Fisher Guide became the Delphi Interior and Lighting Systems division of GM's [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] subsidiary. Became part of Delphi in 1995. Sold by GM to [[w:Lear Corp.|Lear Corp.]] in 1998. Closed by Lear in 2005. Now called Avastar Park, a multi-tenant industrial site. |- |&nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Livonia, Michigan)||[[w:Livonia, Michigan|Livonia, Michigan]]||United States||Seat Cushions, Seat Pads, Seat Backs, Door Panel Trim||1954||1995||Built on the site of the former Detroit Transmission Division plant that burned down in 1953. Located at 28400 Plymouth Road. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. In 1995, Inland Fisher Guide became the Delphi Interior and Lighting Systems division of GM's [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] subsidiary. Closed in 1995. Sold to Peregrine Inc. in 1996, which continued making interior trim parts. Peregrine then closed the plant in 1998. Now the Plymouth Road Technical Center, a multi-tenant site for industrial, warehousing, and logistics purposes. |- |&nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Syracuse)||[[w:Salina, New York|Salina, New York]]||United States||Metal auto parts (die casting, stamping, machining, painting, plating), Plastic trim parts - exterior and interior (injection molding)||1952||1993||Located at One General Motors Drive (address sometimes listed as 1000 Town Line Road). Plastic operations were added in the early 1960's. Metal operations were subsequently reduced and ultimately replaced by the plastic operations by the early 1970's. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. Closed December 1993. Property is now Salina Industrial Powerpark, a multi-tenant industrial park. |- |&nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Tecumseh, Michigan)||[[w:Tecumseh, Michigan|Tecumseh, Michigan]]||United States||Seat Pads & Backs||1966||1988||Located at 5550 Occidental Highway. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984. Now occupied by Uniloy Inc., a plastics company. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Inland Fisher Guide Plant (New Jersey)|Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Trenton)]]||[[w:West Trenton, New Jersey|West Trenton]], [[w:Ewing Township, New Jersey|Ewing Township]], [[w:New Jersey|New Jersey]]||United States||Door handles<br />Hinges<br />Door locks<br />Seat adjusters<br />Exterior body moldings and painted components||1938||1998||Located at 1445 Parkway Ave. Built 7,546 [[w:TBM Avenger|TBM Avenger]] torpedo bombers during WWII under license from Grumman as part of GM's Eastern Aircraft Division. In 1961, the facility became the first commercial user in the United States to use a programmable industrial robot to replace human workers. Brief article about the plant's closing and displaced workers. 1993 Plant closing date was later delayed until Summer of 1998 : [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CEEDB1E3EF937A35751C1A964958260] Originally part of the [[w:Flint, Michigan auto industry#Ternstedt Division|Ternstedt Division]] of Fisher Body, then the Ternstedt Division of GM in 1948 before Ternstedt merged back in to Fisher Body in 1969. Then, Fisher Hardware Fabrication. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. In 1995, Inland Fisher Guide became the Delphi Interior and Lighting Systems division of GM's [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] subsidiary. Closed in 1998. Plant was subsequently demolished. Site redeveloped into Ewing Town Center, a mixed retail and residential complex. |- |&nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Vandalia, Ohio)||[[w:Vandalia, Ohio|Vandalia, Ohio]]||United States||Door Panel Assemblies<br />Seat Pads<br />Instrument Panels||1941||1999||Located at 250 Northwoods Boulevard. Originally a GM Aeroproducts division facility making aircraft propellers, Aeroproducts division became part of GM's Allison division in 1952, site was absorbed by GM's Inland division in 1961 after propeller production moved to Allison's Indianapolis operation in 1960, merged into Inland Fisher Guide division in 1991, became part of GM's [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] subsidiary in 1995 and transferred to Delphi Chassis Division. Spun off with Delphi in 1999. Transferred to Delphi Thermal Division in 2007. Sold in 2015 to [[w:Mahle GmbH|Mahle GmbH]]. Mahle transferred operations to its Behr plant in Dayton and closed the Vandalia plant by 2016. Mahle sold the property in 2017. |- |&nbsp;||General Motors International A/S||[[w:Copenhagen|Copenhagen]]||[[w:Denmark|Denmark]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]<br />[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]<br />[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]<br />[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]<br />[[w:Buick|Buick]]<br />[[w:Opel|Opel]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]||1924||1974||GM's 1st European assembly plant & 1st assembly plant outside North America. First vehicle off the line was a Chevrolet utility truck on January 7, 1924. Pontiac assembly began July 24, 1926. Oakland, Oldsmobile, & Buick assembly began in 1929. In the 1960's, the Chevy Chevelle & Buick Skylark were assembled along with most Opel & Vauxhall models. Station wagon-based vans were assembled as was the Opel 1500, based on the 1200. Production ended in Oct. 1974. Over 550,000 units had been produced. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:General Motors do Brasil|Ipiranga]]||[[w:Ipiranga (district of São Paulo)|Ipiranga]], [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo (state)]]||[[w:Brazil|Brazil]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]<br />[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]<br />[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]<br />[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]<br />[[w:Buick|Buick]]<br />[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]||1925||1930||GM's 1st Brazilian assembly plant. Replaced by Sao Caetano do Sul plant. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Pars Khodro|General Motors Iran]]||[[w:Tehran|Tehran]]||[[w:Imperial State of Iran|Imperial State of Iran]]||[[w:Opel Commodore#Foreign assembly|Chevrolet Iran 2500/2800/Royale]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Nova#Fourth generation (1975–1979)|Chevrolet Iran (Nova)]]<br />[[w:Buick Skylark#Buick Skylarks in Iran|Buick Iran (Skylark)]]<br />[[w:Cadillac Seville#First generation (1976–1979)|Cadillac Iran (Seville)]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|Chevrolet C/K pickup]] ||1974||1987||When the Shah ruled Iran, GM established a joint venture in Iran called GM Iran. GM held 45% while Pars Khodro held the other 55%. Production began on January 15, 1974 of the Opel Commodore-based Chevrolet Iran 2500/2800/Royale. By 1977, this was replaced by the American Chevrolet Nova, Buick Skylark, & Cadillac Seville. Chevy pickups followed. Once the Shah was overthrown in the 1979 Revolution and Iran was taken over by fanatics, GM abandoned the factory & Iran. The company became Pars Khodro and the local management changed. Production of GM models continued sporadically until 1987 when it finally ended. |- |J (1953-2009)<br /><br />21 (1928-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])||[[w:Janesville Assembly Plant|Janesville Assembly Plant]]||[[w:Janesville, Wisconsin|Janesville, Wisconsin]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer|Chevrolet K5 Blazer]] (1992-1994)<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe|Chevrolet Tahoe]] (1995-2009) <br />[[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]] (1947-1966, 1992-2009)<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Tiltmaster|Chevrolet Tiltmaster/W-Series (Gas-powered)]] (1994-2009)<br /> [[w:GMC Forward|GMC Forward/W-Series (Gas-powered)]] (1994-2009)<br /> [[w:Isuzu N-Series|Isuzu N-Series (Gas-powered)]] (1994-2009)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Tahoe|GMC Yukon]] (1992-2009)<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Second generation (2000)|GMC Yukon Denali (GMT800)]] (2001-2006)<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Third generation (2007)|GMC Yukon Denali (GMT900)]] (2007-2009) <br />[[w:GMC Suburban|GMC Suburban]] (1992-1999)<br />[[w:GMC Yukon XL|GMC Yukon XL]] (2000-2009) <br /> [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Ninth generation (2000)|GMC Yukon XL Denali (GMT800)]] (2001-2006) <br /> [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Tenth generation (2007)|GMC Yukon XL Denali (GMT900)]] (2007-2009)||1919||2009||Located at 1000 General Motors Dr. Was the oldest active GM assembly plant at time of its closure in 2009; largest under one roof in the U.S. Originally built [[w:Samson Tractor|Samson tractors]] from 1919-1922. Also made [[w:Samson Tractor#Trucks and a car|Samson trucks]] from 1920-1922. On October 1, 1922, the Janesville plant was transferred to Chevrolet. Started producing Chevrolets on Feb. 14, 1923. Shortly thereafter, a neighboring Fisher Body plant was added. Plant closed from September 1932 - late 1933. During World War II, both the Chevy & Fisher Body sides of the plant were controlled by Oldsmobile and made artillery shells. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Janesville Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1968. On April 21, 1967, the 100 millionth GM vehicle built in the US, a blue, two-door Chevrolet Caprice, was produced at the Janesville plant. Full-size cars ended production in 1982 and were replaced by the compact J-cars like the Cavalier. Last passenger car built was the 1991 Chevy Cavalier. Only SUVs and trucks were subsequently built. SUV production ended Dec. 23, 2008. Last vehicle produced was a black 2009 Chevy Tahoe. Medium-duty truck production ended on April 23, 2009, marking the end of vehicle production at Janesville. Officially, the plant was placed on "standby" status but production never restarted and the 2015 GM-UAW contract allowed Janesville to be closed permanently. Demolished from 2018-2019.<br /> Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Superior|Chevrolet Superior]], [[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]], [[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]], [[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]], [[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]], [[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]], [[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]], [[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]], [[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]], [[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]], [[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]], [[w:Chevrolet Stylemaster|Chevrolet Stylemaster]], [[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]], [[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1972), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1982), [[w:Chevrolet Cavalier|Chevrolet Cavalier]] (1982-1991), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino#First generation (1959–1960)|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1959-1960), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1982), [[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957), [[w:Buick Skyhawk#Second generation (1982–1989)|Buick Skyhawk]] (1988-1989), [[w:Cadillac Cimarron|Cadillac Cimarron]] (1982-1988), [[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]], [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]] (1947-1955), [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]] (1955-1959), [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1986), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#R/V-Series (1987–1991)|Chevrolet R/V]] (1987-1989), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|Chevrolet C/K crew cab (GMT400)]] (1992-1994), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)#C3500HD (1991–2002)|Chevrolet C3500HD]] (1991-1998), [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#Second generation (1990–2002)|Chevrolet Kodiak (GMT530)]] (1990-2002), [[w:Chevrolet/GMC B series#Third generation (1993–2003)|Chevrolet B-series]] (1993-02), [[w:Isuzu Forward|Chevrolet T-Series]] (1997-2002), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|GMC C/K (Action Line)]] (1967-1972), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|GMC C/K (Rounded Line)]] (1973-1986), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#R/V-Series (1987–1991)|GMC R/V]] (1987-1989), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|GMC Sierra crew cab (GMT400)]] (1992-1994), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)#C3500HD (1991–2002)|GMC Sierra C3500HD]] (1991-1998), [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#Second generation (1990–2002)|GMC TopKick (GMT530)]] (1990-02), [[w:Chevrolet/GMC B series#Third generation (1993–2003)|GMC B-series]] (1993-2002), [[w:GMC T-Series|GMC T-Series]] (1997-2002), [[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu F-Series]] (1997-2002) |- |&nbsp;||Kalamazoo Metal Center||[[w:Kalamazoo, Michigan|Kalamazoo, Michigan]]||United States||Stamped Body panels ||1965||1999|| Located at 5200 East Cork Street. Metal stamping plant. Started out as a Fisher Body plant. Now Midlink Business Park. |- |K||[[w:GM Korea|GM Korea]]||[[w:Gunsan|Kunsan]], [[w:Jeolla Province|Jeolla]]||[[w:South Korea|South Korea]]||[[w:Chevrolet Cruze|Chevrolet Cruze]]<br />[[w:Holden Cruze#Australia|Holden Cruze (JG sedan/JH wagon)]]<br />[[w:Holden Astra#Seventh generation (BK, BL; 2016)|Holden Astra Sedan (BL)]] (4-door)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Orlando|Chevrolet Orlando]]<br />[[w:GM Family Z engine|Family Z diesel engine]]||1997||2018||Past models: [[w:Daewoo Lacetti|Daewoo Lacetti]], [[w:Daewoo Nubira|Daewoo Nubira]], [[w:Daewoo Tacuma|Daewoo Tacuma]], [[w:Chevrolet Optra|Chevrolet Optra]], [[w:Chevrolet Vivant|Chevrolet Vivant]], [[w:Holden Viva|Holden Viva (JF)]], [[w:Suzuki Forenza|Suzuki Forenza]], [[w:Suzuki Reno|Suzuki Reno]] This factory also produced Chevrolet vehicles for [[w:General Motors Europe|General Motors Europe]] and [[w:Chevrolet Europe|Chevrolet Europe]]. The factory permanently closed on May 31, 2018, due to low productivity caused by GM's withdrawal from Europe in 2017 and due to GM's restructuring of its GM Korea operations. Sold to Myoung Shin Co., Ltd. in 2018. Diesel engines were produced at an adjacent facility beginning in 2006. |- |A<br />(1953-1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] and 1965-1990)<br /><br />8 <br />(1929-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])||[[w:Lakewood Assembly|Lakewood Assembly]]||[[w:Lakewood Heights, Atlanta|Lakewood Heights, Georgia]]||United States ||[[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966, 1987-1990)<br />[[w:Pontiac Safari|Pontiac Safari wagon]] (1987-1989)<br />[[w:Buick Estate#1977–1990|Buick LeSabre Estate wagon]] (1987-1989)<br /> [[w:Buick Estate#1977–1990|Buick Electra Estate wagon]] (1987-1989)<br />[[w:Buick Estate#1977–1990|Buick Estate wagon]] (1990)||1928||1990||Located at McDonough Boulevard and Sawtell Avenue. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Lakewood Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1968. Idled from September 1982 to early 1984. Production ended with Chevrolet Caprice Classic & Buick Estate Wagon. Last vehicle produced was a gray Chevy Caprice on <br> August 6, 1990.<br /> Past models:<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]]<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1966), [[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino#First generation (1959–1960)|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1959-1960), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]] (1957, 1965-1966). Also built the <br> [[w:Chevrolet Chevette|Chevrolet Chevette]] (1981-1982, 1984-1987) & [[w:Pontiac 1000|Pontiac 1000]] (1981-1982, 1984-1987),<br> [[w:Pontiac Acadian|Pontiac Acadian]] (Canada only).<br> GM G-body: [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#Third generation (1969–1972)|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1970-1972). GM A-body: [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1964-1970), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino#Second generation (1964–1967)|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1965), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1973-1979), [[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1969, 1971-1973), [[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1971-1977).<br> [[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]], [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]] (1948-1955), [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]] (1955-1959), [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-80), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|GMC C/K (Action Line)]] (1967-1972),<br> [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|GMC C/K (Rounded Line)]] (1973-1980). |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Lansing Car Assembly|Lansing Car Assembly - Body]]||[[w:Lansing, Michigan|Lansing, Michigan]]||United States||Automotive bodies||1920||2005||Located at 401 N. Verlinden St. Opened as a [[w:Durant Motors|Durant Motors]] plant in 1920. Durant Motors went out of business in 1931 and the plant was vacant until GM bought it in 1935. Known as GM's Lansing Plant 6. The plant reopened as a Fisher Body plant replacing the Fisher Body operation within the main Oldsmobile plant (Lansing Plant 1) that operated out of space leased from Oldsmobile since 1923. It supplied bodies to the main Oldsmobile plant (Lansing Plant 1 or Lansing Car Assembly - Chassis). Together with the chassis plant, they made up Lansing Car Assembly. Demolished in 2008-2009. |- |M (1949-1984 [All], 1985-2005 [North Line])||[[w:Lansing Car Assembly|Lansing Car Assembly - Chassis (North)]]||[[w:Lansing, Michigan|Lansing, Michigan]]||United States||,<br> [[w:Chevrolet Cavalier#Third generation (1995)|Chevrolet Cavalier coupe]] (1995-1998),<br> [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fifth generation (1997)|Chevrolet Malibu]] (2001-2003),<br> [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fifth generation (1997)|Chevrolet Classic]] (2004-2005),<br> [[w:Pontiac Grand Am|Pontiac Grand Am]] (1992-2005),<br> [[w:Oldsmobile Calais|Oldsmobile Calais]] (1985-1987),<br> [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais|Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais]] (1988-1991),<br> [[w:Oldsmobile Achieva|Oldsmobile Achieva]] (1992-1998),<br> [[w:Buick Skylark#Sixth generation (1985–1991)|Buick Somerset Regal/Somerset/Skylark]] (1985-1991)||1902||2005|| "M" - North assembly line. Part of GM's Lansing Plant 1. Located around 1014 Townsend St., next to the former Oldsmobile headquarters at 920 Townsend St. This was Oldsmobile's home plant. It predated the founding of GM in 1908. Fisher Body leased space here to build bodies for Oldsmobile beginning in 1923, when Fisher started making bodies for 1924 Oldsmobiles. In 1935, Fisher Body moved to the ex-Durant Motors plant on Verlinden St. that GM bought earlier that year. Oldsmobile then took back the space that Fisher Body had been using (Bldg. 26). Lansing Car Assembly was converted to build unibody, fwd, compact cars for 1985 for multiple GM brands instead of the previous body-on-frame, rwd midsize & full-size cars exclusively for Oldsmobile. Demolished in 2007. Past models: [[w:Oldsmobile F-Series|Oldsmobile F-Series]] (1928-1938), [[w:Oldsmobile L-Series|Oldsmobile L-Series]] (1932-1938), [[w:Oldsmobile Series 60|Oldsmobile Series 60]] (1939-1948), [[w:Oldsmobile Series 70|Oldsmobile Series 70]] (1939-1950), [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1949-1984), Oldsmobile 80 (1939), [[w:Oldsmobile 98#First generation (1941)|Oldsmobile 90]] (1940), [[w:Oldsmobile 98#First generation (1941)|Oldsmobile 96]] (1941), [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]] (1941-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile 98#1953|Oldsmobile 98 Fiesta]] convertible (1953),<br> [[w:Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser#First generation (1971–1976)|Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser]] (1971-1976), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (1961-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1966-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]] (1964-80), [[w:Oldsmobile Jetstar I|Oldsmobile Jetstar I]] (1964-1965), [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#First generation (1961–1966)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1961-1966), [[w:Oldsmobile Toronado|Oldsmobile Toronado]] (1966-1978), [[w:Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser|Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser]] (1964-1977), [[w:Viking (automobile)|Viking]] (1929-1931)<br />Oldsmobile engines:<br />[[w:Oldsmobile straight-6 engine|Oldsmobile straight-6 engine]]<br />[[w:Oldsmobile straight-8 engine|Oldsmobile straight-8 engine]]<br />[[w:Oldsmobile V8 engine|Oldsmobile Rocket V8 engine]]<br />[[w:Oldsmobile V8 engine#Aluminum 215|Oldsmobile Rockette V8 engine]]<br />[[w:Oldsmobile Diesel engine|Oldsmobile Diesel V8]] |- |C (1985-2004 [South Line])||[[w:Lansing Car Assembly|Lansing Car Assembly - Chassis (South)]]||[[w:Lansing, Michigan|Lansing, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Pontiac Grand Am|Pontiac Grand Am]] (1985-2004),<br> [[w:Oldsmobile Calais|Oldsmobile Calais]] (1985-1986),<br> [[w:Oldsmobile Alero|Oldsmobile Alero]] (1999-2004),<br> [[w:Chevrolet Alero|Chevrolet Alero]] (Export only: 1999-2001),<br> [[w:Buick Skylark#Seventh generation (1992–1998)|Buick Skylark]] (1992-1998)||1902||2004||"C" - South assembly line. Only started using a separate plant code from the North plant beginning with the 1985 N-body cars. Part of GM's Lansing Plant 1. Located around 1014 Townsend St., next to the former Oldsmobile headquarters at 920 Townsend St. Demolished in 2007. |- |B<br />(0 for EV1)||[[w:Lansing Craft Centre|Lansing Craft Centre]]||[[w:Lansing Township, Michigan|Lansing Township, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet SSR|Chevrolet SSR]] (2003–2006)||1987||2006||Located at 2801 West Saginaw Street, across the street from the Lansing Metal Center. Originally built by Ryan-Bohn Foundry and opened in 1920. Owned by Driggs Aircraft Company from 1927-1930. Owned by R.E. Olds from 1930-1940 but not used. Bought by GM's Oldsmobile Division in 1940. Became GM's Lansing Plant 2. Also known as Olds Forge. Built artillery shells during WWII. Oldsmobile used this plant as a forge (through 1983) and for making axles and differentials (through 1984). Became known as the Oldsmobile Differential Plant and Foundry. Converted into a full vehicle assembly plant including stamping, body shop and general assembly areas. First opened as a vehicle assembly plant known as the Reatta Craft Centre in 1988 though pilot production began in December 1986. After Buick Reatta production ended in 1991, plant was renamed Lansing Craft Centre. Used by the Genasys joint venture with [[w:American Specialty Cars|ASC]] to complete production of the Chevy Cavalier and Pontiac Sunfire convertibles. Cavalier and Sunfire convertible production ends during 1999. Cadillac Eldorado production moved here from Detroit-Hamtramck Assembly during 2000. Eldorado production ended April 22, 2002. Plant was then converted to truck production for the Chevy SSR. First saleable production SSR completed on July 29, 2003. Final SSR built March 17, 2006. Closed in 2006. Demolished in 2008-2009. Past models: [[w:Buick Reatta|Buick Reatta]] (1988–1991), [[w:Chevrolet Cavalier#Third generation (1995)|Chevrolet Cavalier convertible]] (1995–2000), [[w:Pontiac Sunfire|Pontiac Sunfire]] convertible (1995–2000), [[w:General Motors EV1|General Motors EV1]] (1997, 1999), [[w:Cadillac Eldorado#Twelfth generation (1992–2002)|Cadillac Eldorado]] (2000-2002) |- |||[[w:Lansing Engine Plant|Lansing Engine]]||[[w:Delta Township, Michigan|Delta Township, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Oldsmobile Diesel engine|Oldsmobile Diesel V6]]<br />[[w:Quad 4 engine|Quad 4 engine]]<br />[[w:GM Ecotec engine|GM Ecotec engine]] (2002 only)||1981||2002||Located at 2901 S. Canal Road. Known as GM's Lansing Plant 5. Also known as Delta Engine. Built to produce experimental diesel engine; part of Ryder Logistics since 2005. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Lansing Metal Center|Lansing Metal Center]]||[[w:Lansing Township, Michigan|Lansing Township, Michigan]]||United States|| Stamping and electroplating bumpers; general machining of crankshafts and connecting rods; and machining, welding, and stamping of other automobile parts||1952||2006|| Located at 2800 W. Saginaw Street, across the street from the Lansing Craft Centre. Known as GM's Lansing Plant 3. Also known as the Olds Jet plant. Originally built to manufacture turbine blades for Buick-built J65 axial flow jet engines. Metal fabricating plant. Electroplating operation ended in May 1987. Closed in March 2006. Demolished in 2008-2010. |- |K <br />(1953-1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] and 1965-1988)<br /><br />5 (1929-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])<br /><br />M (1964 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])<br /><br />8 (1964 [[w:Buick|Buick]]) ||[[w:Leeds Assembly|Leeds Assembly]]||[[w:Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City, Missouri]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Cavalier|Chevrolet Cavalier]] (1984-1987),<br> [[w:Oldsmobile Firenza|Oldsmobile Firenza]] (1982-1988),<br> [[w:Buick Skyhawk#Second generation (1982–1989)|Buick Skyhawk]] (1982-1988)<br>[[w:Pontiac Sunbird#Second generation (1982–1994)|Pontiac J2000]] (1982)||1929||1988||Located at 6817 Stadium Drive. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Leeds Assembly began making Pontiac and Buick passenger cars for 1964. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Leeds Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1968. Retooled to build fwd J-cars for 1982. Closed April 15, 1988. <br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]]<br />[[w:Buick Apollo|Buick Apollo]] (1974), [[w:Buick GS|Buick GS]] (1965-1968, 1970), [[w:Buick Regal|Buick Regal]] (1980-1981), [[w:Buick Skylark|Buick Skylark]] (1964-1970, 1975-76), [[w:Buick Special#1964–1967|Buick Special]] (1964-1967), [[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]], [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]] (1947-1955), [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]] (1955-1959), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (first generation)|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1963), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1963), [[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]] (1960-1961), [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1964-1974, 1977), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1964-1974, 1978-80), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1963), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1978-1981), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1971-1981), [[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II/Nova]] (1962-63, 1974-1977),[[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]] (1952, 1956, 1959, 1961-1962), [[w:GMC Sprint|GMC Sprint]] (1971-1974), [[w:GMC Caballero|GMC Caballero]] (1978-1980), [[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1964-1968), [[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1964-1968), [[w:Pontiac Tempest|Pontiac Tempest]] (1964-1965) |- |K ('94-'05)<br /><br />E ('65-'91)<br /><br />L (Pre-1965 [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] & [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]) <br /><br /> 3 (Pre-1964 [[w:Buick|Buick]]) ||[[w:Linden Assembly|Linden Assembly]]||[[w:Linden, New Jersey|Linden, New Jersey]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#Second generation (1995)|Chevrolet Blazer]] (1995-2005)<br />[[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#Second generation (1995)|GMC Jimmy]] (1995-2005)<br />[[w:Chevrolet S-10#Second generation (1994)|Chevrolet S-10]] (1994-2004)<br /> [[w:Chevrolet S-10#Second generation (1994)|GMC Sonoma]] (1994-2004)||1937||2005||Located at 1016 W. Edgar Road. Linden Assembly was the 2nd GM multi-brand assembly plant (the 1st was Southgate, CA), assembling Buick, Oldsmobile, and Pontiac models. It was operated by GM's Linden Division through January 1942. During WWII, GM built 5,837 [[w:FM-1 Wildcat|FM-1 Wildcat]] and [[w:FM-2 Wildcat|FM-2 Wildcat]] fighter planes at Linden under license from Grumman as part of GM's Eastern Aircraft Division. After the war ended, in 1945, Linden & Southgate were both placed in a new division called the [[w:Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division|Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division]]. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. In 1971, Linden Assembly became the first plant outside Cadillac's home plant in Detroit to assemble Cadillacs when it began to assemble C-body Cadillacs like the DeVille & Calais. In 1979, Linden became the sole source for all three of GM's E-body personal luxury coupes, the Oldsmobile Toronado, Buick Riviera, and Cadillac Eldorado. The closely related K-body Cadillac Seville was added in 1980. In the mid-1980s, the factory was retooled to produce the new L-body Chevy Beretta & Corsica, which began production in 1987. This was the first time Linden built a Chevrolet model. Linden was idled in September 1991 for conversion to truck and SUV production. It reopened in 1993 to produce the 1994 S-10 and Sonoma pickups, adding the Blazer and Jimmy SUVs for 1995. Closed April 2005. Last vehicle built was a white 2005 four-door Chevy Blazer on April 20, 2005. Demolished in 2008. Now Legacy Square, a complex of retail stores, and Legacy Commerce Center, an industrial space at the back of the property along Linden Ave.<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Corsica|Chevrolet Corsica]] (1987-1991), [[w:Chevrolet Beretta|Chevrolet Beretta]] (1987-1991), [[w:Buick Riviera#Sixth generation (1979–1985)|Buick Riviera]] (1979-1985), [[w:Oldsmobile Toronado#Third generation (1979–1985)|Oldsmobile Toronado]] (1979-1985), [[w:Cadillac Eldorado#Tenth generation (1979–1985)|Cadillac Eldorado]] (1979-1985), [[w:Cadillac Seville#Second generation (1980–1985)|Cadillac Seville]] (1980-85), [[w:Buick Century|Buick Century]] (1939, 1955-1957), [[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]] (1959-1963, 1971-1978), [[w:Buick Invicta|Buick Invicta]] (1959-1962), [[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick LeSabre]] (1959-1963), [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1948-1949, 1953-1957), [[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]] (1952-1957), [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1955-1957), [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]] (1963), [[w:Cadillac Calais|Cadillac Calais]] (1971-1976), [[w:Cadillac DeVille|Cadillac DeVille]] (1971-1978), [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1949-1976), [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]] (1941-1963, 1971-1978), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (1968-1970), [[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]] (1968-1970), [[w:Oldsmobile Jetstar I|Oldsmobile Jetstar I]] (1964-1965), [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#First generation (1961–1966)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1961-1966), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1958-1970, 1972-1973), [[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (1959-1970), [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1949, 1953, 1955, 1958), [[w:Pontiac Executive|Pontiac Executive]] (1967-1970), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1962-1968), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1955-1958, 1962, 1965-1966), [[w:Pontiac 2+2|Pontiac 2+2]] (1964-1967), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1960–1970|Pontiac Ventura]] (1960-61) |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Livonia Engine|Livonia Engine]]||[[w:Livonia, Michigan|Livonia, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Cadillac High Technology engine|Cadillac High Technology engine]] (4.1/4.5/4.9L OHV V8)<br>[[w:GM Premium V engine|Premium V engine]] (4.6L Northstar V8, 4.0L Aurora V8, 3.5L Shortstar V6)||1971||2010|| Located at 12200 Middlebelt Road. Originally built as a parts supplier to Cadillac. Converted into an engine plant for the HT-series V8 that debuted for 1982. Now a multi-tenant commercial space including [[w:Penske Corporation|Penske Logistics]] and [[w:KUKA|KUKA]]. The [[w:KUKA|KUKA]] facility appears to be the one building the initial batch of [[w:BrightDrop Zevo 600|BrightDrop Zevo 600]] electric vans for GM prior to production moving to GM's [[w:CAMI Automotive|CAMI Automotive]] plant. |- ||7 (1979-2019)<br /><br /> U&nbsp;(1966-1978)||[[w:Lordstown Assembly|Lordstown Assembly]]||[[w:Warren, Ohio|Warren, Ohio]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Cruze#Second generation (J400)|Chevrolet Cruze (2016-2019)]]||1966||2019 |GM bought the property in 1955 and announced plans for the new Chevrolet plant in 1956 but construction didn't begin until 1964. Production began on April 28, 1966. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Lordstown Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1971. <br /> Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Cruze#First generation (J300; 2008)|Chevrolet Cruze (2011-2015)/ Cruze Limited (2016)]], [[w:Chevrolet Cobalt|Chevrolet Cobalt]] (2005-2010)/[[w:Pontiac G5|Pontiac G5]] (2007-2009, Canada: 2007-2010), [[w:Chevrolet Cavalier|Chevrolet Cavalier]] (1982-2005)/[[w:Pontiac Sunbird#Second generation (1982–1994)|Pontiac J2000/2000/2000 Sunbird/Sunbird]] (1982-1994)/ [[w:Pontiac Sunfire|Pontiac Sunfire]] (1995-2004), [[w:Chevrolet Vega|Chevrolet Vega]] (1971–1977)/[[w:Pontiac Astre|Pontiac Astre]] (1975-1977), [[w:Chevrolet Monza|Chevrolet Monza]] (1978-1980)/[[w:Pontiac Sunbird#First generation (1976–1980)|Pontiac Sunbird]] (1978-1980)/[[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#Second generation (1975–1980)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1978-1980)/ [[w:Buick Skyhawk#First generation (1975–1980)|Buick Skyhawk]] (1978-1980), [[w:Chevrolet van#Third generation (1971-1996)|Chevrolet Van/Sportvan]] (1971-1992), [[w:Chevrolet van#Third generation (1971-1996)|GMC Vandura/ Rally Van]] (1971-1992), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1966-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1966-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1966-1970), [[w:Pontiac Firebird#First generation (1967–1969)|Pontiac Firebird]] (1967-1969), [[w:Pontiac Pursuit|Pontiac Pursuit/G5 Pursuit]] (Canada: 2005-2006), [[w:Toyota Cavalier|Toyota Cavalier]] (1996-2000). Located at 2300 Hallock-Young Road. Main assembly plant is the East part of the complex on Hallock-Young Road. Stamping plant added in 1970. Paint shop added in 2004. Stamping plant and paint shop are part of the West part of the complex on Ellsworth-Bailey Road. <br /> Closed on March 6, 2019. Sold to [[w:Lordstown Motors|Lordstown Motors]] in 2019. Lordstown Motors sold the plant to [[w:Foxconn|Foxconn]] in 2022 and Foxconn will do contract assembly for Lordstown Motors and others. |- |1 (Lotus Omega &<br />Lotus Carlton)<br /><br />H (Lotus models)||[[w:Lotus Cars|Lotus Cars]]||[[w:RAF Hethel|RAF Hethel]], [[w: Hethel|Hethel]], [[w:Norfolk|Norfolk]], [[w:England|England]]||[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]|| [[w:Opel Lotus Omega|Opel Lotus Omega]] A / [[w:Vauxhall Lotus Carlton|Vauxhall Lotus Carlton]]<br /> 1990-1992, 950 units [[w:Lotus Esprit|Lotus Esprit]], [[w:Lotus Excel|Lotus Excel]], [[w:Lotus Elan#Elan (M100)|Lotus Elan]] ||1986||1993||GM owned Lotus from 1986-1993. GM sold Lotus in 1993 to A.C.B.N. Holdings S.A. of Luxembourg, a company controlled by Italian businessman Romano Artioli, who also owned Bugatti Automobili SpA. Artioli sold Lotus to Malaysian automaker [[w:Proton Holdings|Proton]] in 1996. |- |&nbsp;||Mansfield Metal Center||[[w:Ontario, Ohio|Ontario, Ohio]]||United States||Metal stamping||1955||2010||Located at 2525 W. 4th St. Mostly demolished. Redeveloped into Ontario Commerce Park. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Massena Castings Plant|Massena Castings Plant]]||[[w:Rooseveltown, New York|Rooseveltown, New York]]||United States|| Aluminum engine blocks & cylinder heads for [[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Air 6 engine|Corvair engine]], Aluminum engine blocks for [[w:Chevrolet 2300 engine|Vega engine]], & aluminum cylinder heads & blocks for other engines.<br /> Also clutch housings, transmission cases, pistons, aluminum intake manifolds||1959||2009||Located at 56 Chevrolet Rd, Rooseveltown, NY 13662 <br /> Originally a Chevrolet facility. In 1978, became part of GM's Central Foundry Division. In 1991, Central Foundry became part of GM Powertrain. <br />Production ended April 23, 2009. Demolished in 2011. |- |M||Mexico City Assembly||[[w:Mexico City|Mexico City]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] trucks & vans||1937||1995<ref>{{cite news|author=Thomas H. Klier, James Rubenstein|title=Mexico’s Growing Role in the Auto Industry Under NAFTA: Who Makes What and What Goes Where|url=https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/economic-perspectives/2017/6.|publisher=Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Economic Perspectives, Vol. 41, No. 6|at=see table 11 and footnotes right under table 11|date=September 2017}}</ref>||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] including: Caprice, Chevelle, Corvair, Impala, Malibu, Nova, Malibu Rallye (Nova-based), trucks<br />[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]], [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]], [[w:Buick|Buick]], [[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]],<br /> [[w:Opel Olympia|Opel Olympia]],<br> [[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord/MX-1/<br>Olimpico/Fiera]] <br /> Located at 843 Avenida Ejército Nacional (formerly Calzada de Los Morales) although the old headquarters building was demolished in 2018. The current headquarters is in the GM Tower at the other end of the property on Blvd. Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra. Started with trucks then added passenger cars in the early 1940s. Switched from assembly to manufacturing in 1965. Production ended in 1995 and most of the property was sold but GM de Mexico still has its corporate headquarters at this location. Most of the location is now Plaza Antara, an open-air shopping center. |- |2||[[w:Moraine Assembly|Moraine Assembly]]||[[w:Moraine, Ohio|Moraine, Ohio]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet S-10#First generation (1982)|Chevrolet S-10]] (1982-1992)<br /> [[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#First generation (1983–1994)|Chevrolet S-10 Blazer]] 4-door (1991-1994)<br /> [[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#Second generation (1995–2005)|Chevrolet Blazer]] (1995-2001)<br />[[w:GMC S-15#First generation (1982)|GMC S-15]] (1982-1990)<br />[[w:GMC Sonoma#First generation (1982)|GMC Sonoma]] (1991-1992)<br /> [[w:GMC S-15 Jimmy#First generation (1983–1994)|GMC S-15 Jimmy/Jimmy]] 4-door (1991-1994)<br /> [[w:GMC S-15 Jimmy#Second generation (1995–2005)|GMC Jimmy]] (1995-2001)<br /><br /> [[w:Chevrolet TrailBlazer#First generation (KC; 2001)|Chevrolet TrailBlazer]] (2002-2009)<br /> [[w:GMC Envoy#Second generation (2002–2009)|GMC Envoy]] (2002-2009)<br /> [[w:Isuzu Ascender|Isuzu Ascender]] (2003-2008)<br />[[w:Oldsmobile Bravada|Oldsmobile Bravada]] (1991-1994, 1996-2004)<br />[[w:Buick Rainier|Buick Rainier]] (2004-2007) <br />[[w:Saab 9-7X|Saab 9-7X]] (2005-2009)<br /><br />[[w:Grumman LLV|Grumman LLV]] chassis (1987-1994)||1951<br><br>1981 (Vehicle production)||2008|| Located at 2601 West Stroop Road. Began in 1951 as part of the [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] Division of General Motors Corporation producing household appliances. [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] production ended in 1979 when GM sold [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] to [[w:White Consolidated Industries|White Consolidated Industries]] but kept the Moraine plant and converted it to build vehicles. Vehicle production began in 1981. Was part of GM's Truck & Bus Group. Closed on December 23, 2008. Sold to [[w:Fuyao Group#Fuyao Glass America Inc.|Fuyao Group]] in 2014; began production of automotive glass for GM and other automakers in 2016. |- |&nbsp;||Moraine Engine||[[w:Moraine, Ohio|Moraine, Ohio]]||United States||[[w:Detroit Diesel V8 engine|Detroit Diesel V8 engine]] 6.2L/6.5L||1981||2000||Located at 4100 Springboro Pike. Also began as a [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] plant. Replaced by the nearby DMAX Ltd. engine plant (originally a joint venture with Isuzu) which builds the replacement engine ([[w:Duramax V8 engine|Duramax V8 engine]]). Demolished by 2003. Production of the 6.5-liter diesel V8 moved to a new AM General plant in Franklin, OH known as General Engine Products. AM General makes the engine for its own use and for GM service parts, & 3rd party customers. |- |&nbsp;||Muncie Transmission||[[w:Muncie, Indiana|Muncie, Indiana]]||United States||Transmissions including: [[w:Getrag 282 transmission|Getrag 282/NVG T550]], Getrag 284, Muncie M17, Muncie M20/M21/M22, Muncie M62/M64, [[w:Muncie SM420 transmission|Muncie SM420 transmission]], [[w:Muncie SM465 transmission|Muncie SM465 transmission]], [[w:New Venture Gear 3500 transmission|NV3500/NV3550]], [[w:New Venture Gear 4500 transmission|NV4500]]<br />Valves, Steering gears<br />Forge||1919||2006||Located at 1200 W. Eighth St. Originally founded as Warner Gear Company in 1902. Bought by GM in 1919. Became Muncie Products Division. Closed in 1932. Reopened by Chevrolet in 1935 (Chevrolet Muncie). Moved to Detroit Diesel Allison Division in 1984 & then to Hydramatic Division in 1986. Became part of [[w:New Venture Gear|New Venture Gear]] joint venture with Chrysler in 1990. GM owned 36% while [[w:Chrysler|Chrysler]] owned 64%. GM sold its stake to [[w:DaimlerChrysler|DaimlerChrysler]] in 2002 but took back the Muncie plant. Became Manual Transmissions of Muncie. The plant closed in 2006. Demolished in 2008-09. |- |&nbsp;||GM Near East||[[w:Alexandria|Alexandria]]|| [[w:Egypt|Egypt]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] cars and trucks <br />[[w:Buick|Buick]]||1936||1958||Began CKD assembly of trucks in 1936 followed by cars in 1938. In 1951, GM Near East became the Alexandria Branch of GM Middle East. Plant was liquidated in 1958. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:General Motors New Zealand|General Motors New Zealand]]||[[w:Petone|Petone]]||[[w:New Zealand|New Zealand]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] including [[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]], [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]], [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]], [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]], [[w:Chevrolet Thriftmaster|Chevrolet Thriftmaster]]<br />[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] including [[w:Pontiac Laurentian|Pontiac Laurentian]], [[w:Pontiac Parisienne#New Zealand|Pontiac Parisienne]]<br />[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]<br />[[w:Buick|Buick]]<br />[[w:Opel Kadett#Kadett I (1936–1940)|Opel Kadett]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] including [[w:Vauxhall Cresta|Vauxhall Cresta]] (E, PA, PC), [[w:Vauxhall Wyvern|Vauxhall Wyvern]], [[w:Vauxhall Velox|Vauxhall Velox]], [[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]], [[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]<br />[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]] including [[w:Bedford CF|Bedford CF]], [[w:Bedford TK|Bedford TK]]<br />[[w:Holden|Holden]] including [[w:Holden FE|Holden FE]], [[w:Holden FB|Holden FB]], [[w:Holden EJ|Holden EJ]], [[w:Holden EH|Holden EH]], [[w:Holden HD|Holden HD]]||1926||1984||Also made [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] refrigerators, freezers, washers, and dryers (Frigidaire was owned by GM from 1919 to 1979). <br /> Axle tube assemblies, oil filters, and spark plugs. |- |Z1-Z9 [https://forums.justcommodores.com.au/threads/commodore-vin-decoder-vb-to-zb.279978/]||[[w:General Motors New Zealand|General Motors New Zealand]]||[[w:Trentham, New Zealand|Trentham]]||[[w:New Zealand|New Zealand]]||[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] including [[w:Vauxhall Chevette|Vauxhall Chevette]], [[w:Vauxhall Cresta#Cresta PC|Vauxhall Cresta]], [[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]<br />[[w:Holden|Holden]] including [[w:Holden HQ|Holden HQ]], [[w:Statesman (automobile)#HQ|Holden Statesman HQ]], [[w:Holden HJ|Holden HJ]], [[w:Statesman (automobile)#HJ|Holden Statesman HJ]], [[w:Holden HX|Holden HX]], [[w:Statesman (automobile)#HX|Holden Statesman HX]], [[w:Holden HZ|Holden HZ]], [[w:Statesman (automobile)#HZ|Holden Statesman HZ]], [[w:Statesman (automobile)#WB|Holden Statesman WB]],<br /> [[w:Holden Commodore (VB)|Holden Commodore (VB)]],<br /> [[w:Holden Commodore (VC)|Holden Commodore (VC)]],<br /> [[w:Holden Commodore (VH)|Holden Commodore (VH)]],<br /> [[w:Holden Commodore (VK)|Holden Commodore (VK)]],<br /> [[w:Holden Commodore (VL)|Holden Commodore (VL)]],<br /> [[w:Holden Commodore (VN)|Holden Commodore (VN)]], [[w:Holden Royale|Holden Commodore Royale (VH/VK/VL)]] <br />[[w:Holden Torana|Holden Torana]]<br /> [[w:Isuzu Faster#Second generation (1980–1988)|Holden Rodeo]]<br />[[w:Isuzu Gemini#In other markets|Isuzu Gemini/Holden Gemini]]<br />[[w:Holden Camira|Holden Camira]]<br />[[w:Holden Barina#First generation (MB, ML; 1985–1988)|Holden Barina]]<br />[[w:Suzuki Cultus#First generation (1983)|Suzuki Swift]]<br />[[w:Daihatsu Charade#First generation (G10, G20; 1977–1983)|Daihatsu Charade (under contract for Daihatsu)]]<br />[[w:Datsun Truck#Nissan D21|Nissan Navara pickup (under contract for Nissan)]]||1967||1990|| |- |&nbsp;||GM Nordiska AB||Södra Hammarbyhamnen, [[w:Stockholm|Stockholm]]||[[w:Sweden|Sweden]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]<br />[[w:Opel|Opel]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]<br />[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]] trucks||1928||1957|| Converted into a warehouse in 1957. |- |&nbsp;||Northway Motor Plant||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Northway engines||1905||Burned down 1987||Located at 4584 Maybury Grand Ave. (Jeffries Expressway Service Drive) and W. Hancock St. Around 4646 Lawton St. (rear side) is the remnants of a water tower and railroad spur. Northway Motor and Manufacturing Company was acquired by GM in 1909, becoming Northway Motor and Manufacturing Division. Northway had made engines for both GM brands (in particular [[w:Oakland Motor Car Company|Oakland]], [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]], [[w:Sheridan (automobile)|Sheridan]], [[w:Scripps-Booth|Scripps-Booth]], [[w:Samson Tractor|Samson Tractor]], and [[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]) and other automakers. Became part of GM Intercompany Parts Group. In 1920, Northway moved to a new plant on Holbrook Ave. in Detroit. This address was subsequently been used by [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] in the 1920's and 1930's and then by Refrigeration Service Inc. in the 1950's. At some point, the building was sold to Motor City Wiping Cloth Co. but they abandoned the property in 1983, leaving behind massive bales of rags and cloths. The building burned down in a horrific fire in 1987 after homeless people in the building were burning fires there to keep warm. The fire killed three firefighters and injured ten others. The fire even spread to the nearby Continental Paper warehouse. |- |&nbsp;||Northway Motor Plant/General Motors Truck Co. Plant No. 7/ <br>Chevrolet Gear and Axle Div.||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Northway engines, Axles, parts for past model Chevrolets||1920||1994||Located at 1806 Holbrook Ave. Northway Motor and Manufacturing Company was acquired by GM in 1909, becoming Northway Motor and Manufacturing Division. Northway had made engines for both GM brands (in particular [[w:Oakland Motor Car Company|Oakland]], [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]], [[w:Sheridan (automobile)|Sheridan]], [[w:Scripps-Booth|Scripps-Booth]], [[w:Samson Tractor|Samson Tractor]], and [[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]) and other automakers. Became part of GM Central Products Division. In 1920, Northway moved here from their original plant on Maybury Grand Ave. and primarily supplied engines to GMC. In 1925, became part of Yellow Truck & Coach Manufacturing Company as part of the merger of Yellow Cab Manufacturing Company and General Motors Truck Corp., the manufacturer of GMC trucks. In 1926, Northway Motor Division was liquidated and its Detroit plant was sold to Chevrolet on March 31 to become the Chevrolet Gear and Axle Div. Part of the engine tooling machinery was transferred to the Yellow Sleeve-Valve Engine Works at East Moline, IL. Some Northway engines were still used by some GMC trucks (K-series) through 1930. Was part of the Detroit complex sold to [[w:American Axle|American Axle]] in 1994. Now part of American Axle's Advanced Technology Development Center. |- |N<br />(1953-1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]) and 1965-1987<br /><br />9 <br />(1928-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])||[[w:Norwood Assembly|Norwood Assembly]]||[[w:Norwood, Ohio|Norwood, Ohio]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1961)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1961)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Camaro|Chevrolet Camaro]] (1967-1987)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966)<br />[[w:Chevrolet El Camino#First generation (1959–1960)|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1959-1960)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]]<br /> (1958-1961, 1965-1966)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II/Nova]]<br> (1962-1966, 1972)<br />[[w:Pontiac Firebird|Pontiac Firebird]] (1969-1987)<br />[[w:Buick Apollo|Buick Apollo]] (1973)||1923||1987||Located at 5025 Carthage Ave. First vehicle produced was a Chevrolet Superior on August 13, 1923. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Norwood Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1971. Closed August 26, 1987. Last vehicle produced was a Chevy Camaro IROC-Z. Demolished. Now Linden Pointe on the Lateral, a mixed use retail and office space. <br />[[w:Chevrolet Superior|Chevrolet Superior]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Stylemaster|Chevrolet Stylemaster]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957)<br />[[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958)<br />[[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]] (1947-1955)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]] (1955-1959)<br />[[w:Chevrolet C/K (first generation)|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1966)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]] (1952) |- |Z||[[w:NUMMI|NUMMI]]||[[w:Fremont, California|Fremont, California]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova#Fifth generation (1985–1988)|Chevrolet Nova]] (1985-1988)<br />[[w:Geo Prizm|Geo Prizm]] (1989-1997)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Prizm|Chevrolet Prizm]] (1998-2002)<br />[[w:Pontiac Vibe|Pontiac Vibe]] (2003-2010)<br />[[w:Toyota Corolla (E80)|Toyota Corolla FX]] (1987-1988)<br />[[w:Toyota Corolla|Toyota Corolla]] (1989-2010) (E90/E100/E110/E130/E140)<br />[[w:Toyota Hilux#Fifth generation (N80, N90, N100, N110; 1988)|Toyota Pickup]] (1992-1995)<br />[[w:Toyota Tacoma|Toyota Tacoma]] (1995-2010)<br />[[w:Toyota Voltz|Toyota Voltz]] (Japan: '02-'04)||1984||2009||Located at 45500 Fremont Blvd.<br /> Operated from 1963-1982 as a GM factory.<br />From 1984-2010, operated as [[w:NUMMI|New United Motor Manufacturing Inc. (NUMMI)]], which was a 50/50 joint venture between GM and [[w:Toyota|Toyota]] and assembled both GM and Toyota vehicles. First vehicle produced was a yellow Chevrolet Nova in December 1984. First Toyota produced was a Corolla FX16 3-d hatchback in September 1986. This was followed by the Corolla FX 3-d hatchback in February 1987. Nova and Corolla FX production ended in September 1988. That same month, NUMMI began producing the Toyota Corolla 4-door sedan. Geo Prizm production began in November 1988. In August 1991, Toyota pickup production began with the Regular Cab 4x2. The 4x4 followed in February 1992 ant the Xtracab followed in March 1993. Tacoma pickup production began in January 1995, replacing the previous unnamed Toyota pickup model. Prizm production ended in December 2001. In January 2002, Pontiac Vibe production began. In June 2002, production began of the Toyota Voltz, a rhd version of the Pontiac Vibe built for export to Japan. In September 2004, the 2nd generation Tacoma pickup began production. Pontiac Vibe production ended on August 17, 2009, ending GM production at Fremont. Tacoma pickup production ended March 26, 2010. The last vehicle built at NUMMI, a red Corolla sedan, was built April 1, 2010. NUMMI produced 7.7 million vehicles. <br />Sold to [[w:Tesla Motors|Tesla, Inc.]] in May 2010.<ref>{{cite news|author=Sam Abuelsamid|title=Tesla to buy old resources from GM, Toyota for NUMMI plant|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2010/08/22/tesla-to-buy-old-resources-from-gm-toyota/|access-date=20 August 2015|publisher=Autoblog.com|date=August 22, 2010}}</ref> Tesla only bought 210 of the total 370 acres owned by NUMMI. Tesla also bought $15 million worth of equipment and parts from the former NUMMI plant. Tesla took possession of the plant in October 2010. Tesla began production at Fremont in June 2012 with the Model S. |- |O <br />(1953-1963 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])<br /><br />6 <br />(1928-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])<br /><br />C ([[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]])||[[w:Oakland Assembly|Oakland Assembly]] (Chevrolet)||[[w:Oakland, California|Oakland, California]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Series 490|Chevrolet Series 490]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Superior|Chevrolet Superior]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Stylemaster|Chevrolet Stylemaster]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957)<br />[[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1963)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]] (1960-1963)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1963)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II/Nova]] (1962-1963)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]] (1947-1955)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]] (1955-1959)<br />[[w:Chevrolet C/K (first generation)|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1963)<br />[[w:GMC New Design|GMC New Design]] (1952-1954)<br />[[w:GMC Blue Chip|GMC Blue Chip]] (1955-1959)<br />[[w:Chevrolet C/K (first generation)|GMC C/K]] (1960-1963)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]] (1952-1953, 1955, 1957, 1959, 1963)<br />[[w:GMC Suburban|GMC Suburban]]||1917||1963||Located at 73rd Ave. & Foothill Blvd. Built by Chevrolet before it became part of GM. Began building GMC trucks in December 1937 for the 1938 model year. Replaced by Fremont Assembly plant. Demolished. Site became Eastmont Mall which is now [[w:Eastmont Town Center|Eastmont Town Center]]. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Oakland Motor Car Company|Oakland Motor Car Co.]]||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac, Michigan]]||United States||Oakland automobiles <br /> Pontiac 1926-1927||1909||1931||Located at 196 Oakland Ave. (now Cesar E Chavez Ave.). Also bordered by Baldwin Ave. and W. Howard St. GM bought Oakland Motor Car Co. in 1909. Oakland introduced sister brand Pontiac in 1926. Pontiac replaced Oakland for 1932. Early Pontiacs were built here before production moved to the new factory stretching from Baldwin Ave. east to Joslyn Ave. a little farther north. This was Pontiac's first headquarters until 1970 when Pontiac headquarters moved north to the Pontiac Assembly complex on Joslyn Ave. and <br> E. Montcalm St. Some of the buildings are still standing. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:es:General Motors OBB|GM-OBB]]||[[w:Quito, Ecuador|Quito]]||[[w:Ecuador|Ecuador]]||[[w:Isuzu D-Max#Second generation (RT; 2011)|Chevrolet D-Max 2011]]||1980 (1st GM product)||2024||OBB (Ómnibus BB Transportes) was founded in 1975. GM bought 22% of OBB in 1981 & became majority shareholder in 1988. GM announced in April 2024 that GM-OBB will shut down at the end of August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2024/04/gm-shutting-down-manufacturing-operations-in-colombia-and-ecuador/|title = GM Shutting Down Manufacturing Operations In Colombia And Ecuador|author=Deivis Centeno|publisher=GMAuthority.com|date = April 29, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.americaeconomia.com/en/business-industries/general-motors-announces-end-car-manufacturing-operations-colombia-and-ecuador/|title = General Motors announces the end of car manufacturing operations in Colombia and Ecuador|publisher=AmericaEconomia.com|date = April 26, 2024}}</ref> Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer|Chevrolet K5 Blazer]]<br />[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa B (S93; 1993)|Chevrolet Corsa]], [[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa C (X01; 2000)|Chevrolet Corsa Evolution]]<br />[[w:Suzuki Cultus Crescent|Chevrolet Esteem]], [[w:Suzuki Cultus#Second generation (1988)|Chevrolet Forsa]]<br />[[w:Isuzu Gemini#Second generation (1985)|Chevrolet Gemini]]<br />[[w:Isuzu Faster#TF|Chevrolet LUV]], [[w:Isuzu D-Max#First generation (RA, RC; 2002)|Chevrolet LUV D-Max]]<br />[[w:Isuzu MU#First generation (UCS55/UCS69GW; 1989–1998)|Chevrolet Rodeo]], [[w:Isuzu Trooper#First generation (1981–1991)|Chevrolet Trooper]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Sail#Second generation (2010)|Chevrolet Sail (Gen 2)]], [[w:Chevrolet Sail#Third generation (2014)|Chevrolet Sail (Gen 3)]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|Chevrolet Silverado]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Tracker (Americas)|Chevrolet Vitara]], [[w:Chevrolet Tracker (Americas)#Second generation|Chevrolet Grand Vitara]], [[w:Suzuki Vitara#Third generation (JT; 2005)|Chevrolet Grand Vitara SZ]] |- |6||[[w:Oklahoma City Assembly|Oklahoma City Assembly]]||[[w:Oklahoma City, Oklahoma|Oklahoma City, Oklahoma]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Trailblazer (SUV)#EXT|Chevrolet TrailBlazer EXT]] (2002-2006)<br />[[w:GMC Envoy XL#Second generation (2002–2009)|GMC Envoy XL]] (2002-2006)<br />[[w:GMC Envoy#Envoy XUV|GMC Envoy XUV]] (2004-2005)<br />[[w:Isuzu Ascender|Isuzu Ascender extended length]] (2003-2006)||1979||2006||Located at 7447 SE 74th Street. <br /> Initially produced front wheel drive [[w:GM X platform (FWD)|X platform]] vehicles ([[w:Chevrolet Citation|Chevrolet Citation]] (1980-1983) & [[w:Pontiac Phoenix#Second generation (1980–1984)|Pontiac Phoenix]] (1980-1982)) followed by front wheel drive [[w:General Motors A platform (FWD)|A platform]] vehicles ([[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]] (1982-1989), [[w:Pontiac 6000|Pontiac 6000]] (1988-1991), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera|Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera]] (1989-1996), [[w:Buick Century#Fifth generation (1982–1996)|Buick Century]] (1982-1996)) as well as [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fifth generation (1997)|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1997-2001) & [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass#Sixth generation (midsize) 1997–1999|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (1997-1999). Converted to build body-on-frame SUVs for 2002 model year. Damaged by a tornado on May 8, 2003, but the company repaired the damage and returned the plant to operation just 53 days later. Idled February 20, 2006. Last vehicle produced was a white 2006 Chevrolet TrailBlazer EXT. Plant was taken over by Oklahoma City in 2008 and leased to neighbor Tinker Air Force Base. Now known as Building 9001 Tinker Aerospace Complex. Used for maintaining jet engines and for software engineering. |- |2||[[w:Opel|Opel]] Werk Bochum||[[w:Bochum|Bochum]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]]||[[w:Germany|Germany]]||[[w:Opel Olympia#Name revival: Opel Olympia (1967–1970)|Opel Olympia]] A<br />[[w:Opel Ascona|Opel Ascona]] A, B<br />[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]] A, B, C, D, & E<br />[[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]] F, G, & H<br />[[w:Opel Astra#H|Opel Astra]] H Classic (5-door, Caravan)<br />[[w:Opel GT#GT (1968–1973)|Opel GT]]<br />[[w:Opel Manta|Opel Manta]] A, B<br />[[w:Opel Zafira#Zafira Tourer C (2011–2019)|Opel/Vauxhall Zafira Tourer]] C<br />[[w:Opel Zafira#Zafira B (2005–2014)|Opel/Vauxhall Zafira]] B/Zafira Family<br />[[w:Opel Zafira#Zafira A (1999–2006)|Opel/Vauxhall Zafira]] A<br />[[w:Vauxhall Astra|Vauxhall Astra]]<br />Engines<br />Transmissions<br />Axles||1962||2014|| Plant I was the vehicle assembly plant. First car off the line was a Kadett A. Plant II was the engine, transmission, & axle plant. Engine production ended in 2004. Axle production ended in 2011. Transmission production ended Oct. 7, 2013. Vehicle production ended December 5, 2014. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Opel|Opel]] [[w:Opelwerk Brandenburg|Werk Brandenburg]]||[[w:Brandenburg an der Havel|Brandenburg an der Havel]], [[w:Brandenburg|Brandenburg]]||[[w:Germany|Germany]]||[[w:Opel Blitz|Opel Blitz]]<br />||1935||1944|| Bombed and heavily damaged by the Allies on Aug. 6, 1944. Factory was dismantled and shipped to the Soviet Union after the war ended as reparations. |- |6||[[w:Opel Eisenach|Opel Eisenach GmbH]]||[[w:Eisenach|Eisenach]], [[w:Thuringia|Thuringia]]||[[w:Germany|Germany]]||[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa E (X15; 2014)|Opel/Vauxhall Corsa]] E (3-door)<br />[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa D (S07; 2006)|Opel/Vauxhall Corsa]] D (3-door)<br />[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa C (X01; 2000)|Opel/Vauxhall Corsa]] C (3-door)<br />[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa B (S93; 1993)|Opel/Vauxhall Corsa]] B <br /> [[w:Opel Adam|Opel/Vauxhall Adam]]<br />[[w:Opel Astra#F|Opel Astra F]] (1992-1995)<br />[[w:Opel Astra#G|Opel Astra G]] (1998-2003)||1992||2017|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel plant]]. Began production with Astra F in 1992. Began Corsa production in 1993 with Corsa B. Added production of the Adam in 2013. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel]] Werk Kaiserslautern||[[w:Kaiserslautern|Kaiserslautern]], [[w:Rhineland-Palatinate|Rhineland-Palatinate]]||[[w:Germany|Germany]]||Components<br />Engines:<br /> Four-cylinder turbo diesel engines:<br /> [[w:Fiat JTD engine#2.0 Multijet II|2.0 CDTI Family B turbodiesel 4-cyl.]]<br />[[w:Fiat JTD engine#1.9|1.9 CDTI turbodiesel 4-cyl.]]<br /> [[w:GM Ecotec Diesel (1997)|2.0/2.2 Ecotec direct injection turbodiesel]] Four-cylinder gasoline engines:<br /> [[w:GM Ecotec engine|GM Ecotec engine]] 2.2<br />[[w:GM Ecotec engine#2.0|GM Ecotec engine]] 2.0 supercharged (LSJ) <br />[[w:GM Family II engine|GM Family II engine]] 1.6, 1.8, 2.0 <br /> |1966||2017||[[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel plant]]. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. |- |1<br /><br />R (Catera)<br /><br />5 (Pre-1976)||[[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel]] Werk Rüsselsheim||[[w:Rüsselsheim|Rüsselsheim]], [[w:Hesse|Hesse]]||[[w:Germany|Germany]]||[[w:Opel Insignia|Opel/Vauxhall Insignia]] (sedan, hatchback, Sports Tourer, Country Tourer)<br />[[w:Buick Regal#Fifth generation (2008)|Buick Regal]] (2011MY from March 1, 2010-March 25, 2011)<br />[[w:Buick Regal#Sixth generation (2018)|Buick Regal]] (2018-2020)<br />[[w:Holden Insignia#First generation (G09; 2008)|Holden Insignia VXR (GA)]] (2015-2017)<br />[[w:Holden Commodore ZB|Holden Commodore (ZB)]] (2018-2020)<br />[[w:Opel Astra#J|Opel/Vauxhall Astra J]] (5-door)<br />[[w:Opel Zafira|Opel/Vauxhall Zafira Tourer C]]<br />[[w:Opel Vectra|Opel/Vauxhall Vectra]]<br />[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra B (1995–2002)|Holden Vectra (JR)]]<br />[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra C (2002–2010)|Holden Vectra (ZC)]]<br />[[w:Opel Signum|Opel/Vauxhall Signum]]<br />[[w:Opel Omega|Opel/Vauxhall Omega]]<br />[[w:Cadillac Catera|Cadillac Catera]] (1997-2001)<br />[[w:Opel Senator|Opel/Vauxhall Senator & Vauxhall Royale]]<br />[[w:Opel Calibra|Opel/Vauxhall/Holden Calibra (YE)]]<br />[[w:Opel Monza|Opel Monza/Vauxhall Royale Coupe]]<br />[[w:Opel Commodore|Opel Commodore/Vauxhall Viceroy]]<br />[[w:Opel Kapitan|Opel Kapitan]]<br />[[w:Opel Admiral|Opel Admiral]]<br />[[w:Opel Diplomat|Opel Diplomat]]<br />[[w:Opel Kadett#Kadett I (1936–1940)|Opel Kadett]]<br />[[w:Opel Olympia|Opel Olympia]]<br />[[w:Opel Blitz|Opel Blitz]]<br />axles<br />components<br />[[w:GM F40 transmission|GM F40 transmission]]<br />Frigidaire refrigerators (1937-c.1940 & 1946-1959)||1899 (1st production car built)<br><br> 1929 (part of GM)||2017 (left GM)<br><br>2020 (production for GM ended)|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel plant]]. GM bought 80% of Opel in March 1929 and bought the rest in 1931, making Opel a full GM subsidiary. Russelsheim previously make engines. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Rüsselsheim continued to supply the Buick Regal & the Holden Commodore ZB to GM through 2020. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. |- |S||[[w:Opel Szentgotthárd|Opel Szentgotthárd]]||[[w:Szentgotthárd|Szentgotthárd]]||[[w:Hungary|Hungary]]||[[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]] F 1992-1997, 80,835 units<br />[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra B (1995–2002)|Opel Vectra]] B1 and B2 1998-1999, 4,404 units<br />Opel Engines including:<br /> [[w:GM Family 1 engine| Family 1 engine]] DOHC versions 1.4, 1.6, 1.8<br />[[w:GM small gasoline engine|GM Small Gasoline Engine]]<br />[[w:GM Medium Gasoline Engine|GM Medium Gasoline Engine]]<br />[[w:GM Medium Diesel engine|GM Medium Diesel engine]]<br />[[w:VTi transmission|"VTi" CVT transmission]]<br /> [[w:Allison Transmission|Allison]] 3000, 4000, & Torqmatic Series automatic transmissions||1992||2017 (left GM)<br><br>2019 (production for GM ended)|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel plant]]. Originally a joint venture between GM & Hungarian truck and engine maker Raba. GM bought out Raba & became 100% owner in 1995. Production of Allison Transmissions began in 2000. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Szentgotthárd continued to supply the [[w:GM Medium Diesel engine|1.6L LH7 turbodiesel I4]] to GM through 2019. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Opel Wien|Opel Wien GmbH]]||[[w:Aspern|Aspern]]||[[w:Austria|Austria]]||[[w:Family 0 engine|Family 0]] engines (1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.4 Turbo)<br />Transmissions (Easytronic automated manual, F15/F17 five-speed manual and M20/M32 six-speed manual)||1982||2017|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel plant]]. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. Closed by Stellantis in 2024. <br /> Past engines: [[w:GM Family 1 engine|GM Family 1 engine]] SOHC versions. |- |&nbsp;||Osaka Assembly (Built on land leased from [[w:Sojitz|Nihon Menka]])<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TY4l3qWIIh4C&q=general+motors+assembly+plant+location+osaka+japan&pg=PA70|title=American Multinationals and Japan: The Political Economy of Japanese Capital Controls, 1899-1980|author=Mark Mason|date=14 October 1992|publisher=Harvard Univ Asia Center|isbn=9780674026308|via=Google Books}}</ref>||[[w:Osaka|Osaka]]||[[w:Japan|Japan]]||Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Buick from CKD kits||1927||1941||Factory was seized by [[w:Imperial Japanese|Imperial Japanese]] Government, see also [[w:General Motors Japan|General Motors Japan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autonews.com/article/20080914/ANA03/809150388/gm-had-early-start-in-japan-but-was-hobbled-by-nationalism|title=GM early history in Japan|author=Hans Greimel|publisher=Autonews.com|date=September 14, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/File:1926-6-1.jpg|title=Image of Osaka facility}}</ref> |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Oshawa Truck Assembly|Oshawa Battery Plant]]||[[w:Oshawa, Ontario|Oshawa, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]] ||Batteries||19?||1990's?||Was part of the overall Oshawa Assembly complex (Autoplex) on Park Road South. Referred to by Delco Remy as Plant 41. This operation was closed. |- |9 (1917-Mid 1923 Chevrolet)||Oshawa North||[[w:Oshawa, Ontario|Oshawa, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||<br />||1907||1996||The original Oshawa (North) plant opened in 1907 as a McLaughlin Motor Car Co. plant. It produced McLaughlin-Buick cars by fitting Buick engines and chassis to McLaughlin bodies. It also built Chevrolets for Chevrolet Motor Co. beginning in 1915 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Co. of Canada. McLaughlin Motor Car Co. and the Chevrolet Motor Car Co. of Canada were bought out by GM in 1918 becoming GM of Canada. GM of Canada continued to make Chevrolets and McLaughlin-Buicks (which became simply Buick after WWII) and also assembled [[w:Oakland Motor Car Company|Oakland]] 1921-1930, [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] 1920-1942, 1946-1969, [[w:Marquette (automobile)#Buick brand|Marquette]] 1929-1930, [[w:Buick|Buick]] 1908-1942, 1951-1971, [[w:LaSalle (automobile)|LaSalle]] 1927-1930, 1932-1935, [[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]] 1923-1936. [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] production in Oshawa began shortly after US production in 1926. From the 1950's into the 1980's, Canadian market full-size Pontiacs were built on Chevrolet chassis and were powered by Chevrolet engines and had model names different from US-market Pontiacs (Pathfinder, Strato Chief, Laurentian, and Parisienne). Car production shifted to the current Oshawa complex Car Assembly plant (South plant; also known as Autoplex beginning in the 1980's) which opened in 1953. [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] trucks were made beginning in 1919 and [[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]] trucks were made beginning in 1923 before truck production shifted to the Oshawa Truck plant located next to the South car plant in 1965. Oshawa also produced 65 [[w:Samson Tractor#Trucks and a car|Samson trucks]] from 1920-1921. Oshawa also produced military vehicles and equipment during both WWI and WWII. Also, Maple Leaf trucks. Operations were gradually moved from the older North plant to the newer South plant. The North plant, by then known as the GM North Fabrication plant making metal and plastic parts, was sold to Peregrine, Inc. in 1996. It was then sold to ACSYS Technologies Inc. in 2001. Both companies continued to operate as an auto parts manufacturer supplying GM. ACSYS closed the plant in 2004. The North plant ended all operations in 2005 and the last of it was demolished by 2006. Much of the site of the North plant at 155 Division Street (Ritson Road North is on the other side) is now a Costco. |- |1||[[w:Oshawa Truck Assembly|Oshawa Truck Assembly]]||[[w:Oshawa, Ontario|Oshawa, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:Chevrolet Silverado|Chevrolet Silverado]] (1999-2009)<br />[[w:GMC Sierra|GMC Sierra]] (1988-2009)||1965||2009||Part of the overall Oshawa Assembly complex (Autoplex) on Park Road South. Truck plant was at 1100 Park Road South at the southern end of the Autoplex. Production ended May 14, 2009. Over 10 million vehicles were produced. Now the GM Canadian Technical Centre's (CTC) McLaughlin Advanced Technology Track. <br />Past models: [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (-1986, 1988-1998), [[w:GMC C/K|GMC C/K]] (-1986) |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Packard Electric]]<br /> Main complex||[[w:Warren, Ohio|Warren, Ohio]]||United States||Automotive wiring<br>Electric Motors||1932||1999||Packard Electric was acquired by GM in 1932. Located between Griswold St NE on the north side, Dana St NE on the south side, Paige Ave NE on the east side, and N. Park Ave on the west side. Some of the earliest Packard cars were built here before Packard Automobile split from Packard Electric in 1902. Plant 4, which opened in 1938, was originally used by GM's Sunlight Electrical Division, which made electric motors. GM had acquired the former Sunlight Electrical Manufacturing Co. in March 1933. On July 1, 1943, Sunlight Electrical Division merged into GM's Packard Electric Division. Sunlight motors were still made in Plant 4. Became part of GM's Delphi Automotive Systems subsidiary in 1995 as Delphi Packard Electric Systems. Spun off with Delphi in 1999. Closed in 2006. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Packard Electric]]<br /> Plant# 41||[[w:Warren, Ohio|Warren, Ohio]]||United States||Automotive wiring||1947||1998||Packard Electric was acquired by GM in 1932. Located at 1554 Thomas Rd SE. Became part of GM's Delphi Automotive Systems subsidiary in 1995 as Delphi Packard Electric Systems. Closed in 1998. Sold in 2004 to Wetzel, Inc. Sold to Berk Enterprise, Inc. in 2009. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Packard Electric]]<br /> North River Road complex||[[w:Bazetta Township, Ohio|Bazetta Township, Ohio]] and [[w:Howland Township, Trumbull County, Ohio|Howland Township, Ohio]]||United States||Automotive wiring||1955||1999||Packard Electric was acquired by GM in 1932. Located on North River Road and Larchmont Avenue NE. The plant is in Bazetta Township and extends across the border into Howland Township. The majority is in Bazetta Township. Became part of GM's Delphi Automotive Systems subsidiary in 1995 as Delphi Packard Electric Systems. Spun off with Delphi in 1999. Parts of the site have been closed and demolished and/or sold but Delphi successor Aptiv still operates part of the site at 1265 North River Road. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Packard Electric]]<br /> Brookhaven Plant||[[w:Brookhaven, Mississippi|Brookhaven, Mississippi]]||United States||Automotive wiring||1977||1999||Packard Electric was acquired by GM in 1932. Located at 925 Industrial Park Road NE. Became part of GM's Delphi Automotive Systems subsidiary in 1995 as Delphi Packard Electric Systems. Spun off with Delphi in 1999. Delphi successor Aptiv still operates the Brookhaven plant. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Packard Electric]]<br /> Clinton Plant||[[w:Clinton, Mississippi|Clinton, Mississippi]]||United States||Automotive wiring||1973||1999||Packard Electric was acquired by GM in 1932. Located at 1001 Industrial Park Dr. Became part of GM's Delphi Automotive Systems subsidiary in 1995 as Delphi Packard Electric Systems. Spun off with Delphi in 1999. One plant closed in 2006 and the second closed in 2009. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Packard Electric]]<br /> Mexico||[[w:Ciudad Juárez|Ciudad Juárez]], [[w:Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||Automotive wiring||1978||1999||Originally established as Conductores y Componentes Eléctricos by the Packard Electric division of GM. Became part of GM's Delphi Automotive Systems subsidiary in 1995. Spun off with Delphi in 1999. Delphi successor Aptiv still operates the Mexican plants. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Packard Electric]]<br /> Ireland Ltd.||[[w:Tallaght|Tallaght]]||[[w:Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]||Wire harnesses||1975||1996||Located on Airton Road. Production and export of wiring harnesses from this plant allowed GM to import fully built-up vehicles into Ireland before Ireland fully removed its restrictions on importing fully built-up vehicles. Became part of GM's Delphi Automotive Systems subsidiary in 1995. Closed in 1996. |- |&nbsp;||GM Peninsular SA||[[w:Barcelona|Barcelona]]||[[w:Spain|Spain]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] trucks||1932||1936|| Production ended due to Spanish Civil War. Liquidated around 1939. |- |&nbsp;||GM del Peru||[[w:Lima|Lima]]||[[w:Peru|Peru]]||[[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Camaro (first generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]]/[[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]]<br />[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]<br />[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]||1945||1970|| |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Pittsburgh Metal|Pittsburgh Metal]]||[[W:West Mifflin, Pennsylvania|West Mifflin, Pennsylvania]]||United States||Metal stamping||1949||2008||Located at 1451 Lebanon School Road. Originally part of [[w:Fisher Body|Fisher Body]] division. Demolished in 2011. |- |&nbsp;||GM Polsce Sp. Zo.o.||[[w:Warsaw|Warsaw]]||[[w:Poland|Poland]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] cars and trucks||1928||1930's||Was at 103 Wolska St. Closed during the Depression. |- |P (1939-1988)||[[w:Pontiac Assembly|Pontiac Assembly]]/Pontiac Fiero Assembly||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac, Michigan]]||United States||In ex-Fisher Body plant (Pontiac Fiero Assembly):<br /> [[w:Pontiac Fiero|Pontiac Fiero]] (1984-1988)<br /><br />In Main plant (Pontiac Assembly) after reopening:<br /> [[w:GM G platform (RWD)|RWD G-bodies]]:<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo#Fourth generation (1981–1988)|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1987-1988),<br /> [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme#Fourth generation (1978–1988)|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1985-1987),<br /> [[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]] (1986-1987),<br />[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme#Fourth generation (1978–1988)|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme Classic]] (1988),<br /> [[w:Buick Regal#Second generation (1978)|Buick Regal]] (1985-1987)<br /><br />Also:<br /> Pontiac engines:<br /> [[w:Pontiac straight-8 engine|Pontiac straight-8 engine]]<br />[[w:Pontiac V8 engine|Pontiac V8 engine]]<br />[[w:Pontiac Trophy 4 engine|Pontiac Trophy 4 engine]]<br />[[w:Iron Duke engine|Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV I4 engine]]||1927||1987 (Pontiac Assembly)/1988 (Pontiac Fiero Assembly)||This was Pontiac's home plant. Property runs from Walton Blvd. on the north to E. Montcalm St. on the south with Joslyn Ave. or for certain stretches, Highwood Blvd., on the east side and Price St. or further south, Baldwin Ave. and then N. Saginaw St., on the west side. Also known as Pontiac North to distinguish from GMC's multiple plants in Pontiac, MI. Within 90 days of ground being broken, vehicles were already being produced in Pontiac's new home plant in 1927. Final Assembly was Plant 8 of Pontiac's Assembly complex in Pontiac, Michigan. On March 14, 1962, Pontiac Assembly built the 75 millionth GM vehicle built in the US, a white 1962 Bonneville convertible. Idled in 1982 but reopened in January 1985 with bodies supplied by Flint Body Assembly. Closed in December 1987. Last vehicle built was a Buick Regal Grand National. Demolished in 1997. GM still has the Pontiac Redistribution Center on the northeast portion of this property at 1251 Joslyn Road at the intersection with E. Columbia Ave. The Pontiac Metal Center is another still active part of this property. GM still uses the eastern part of the property bordered by Joslyn Ave. on the east, E. Beverly Ave. on the north, E. Montcalm St. on the south, and N. Glenwood Ave. on the west. This area includes GM Performance and Racing Center at 900 N. Glenwood Ave. and the Propulsion Systems Pontiac Engineering Center at 800 N. Glenwood Ave. Pontiac's divisional HQ moved here in 1970 from the previous location at the former Oakland HQ on 196 Oakland Ave. (now Cesar E Chavez Ave.). Pontiac's divisional HQ at One Pontiac Plaza was about where the Propulsion Systems Engineering Center is now. [[w:Fisher Body|Fisher Body]] operated a plant on the site (Plant 17) from 1935-1982. This plant was connected to the final assembly plant by an enclosed bridge that ran over N. Saginaw St., that was used to transport the bodies from the Fisher Body plant, where bodies up to the firewall were built, to the Pontiac final assembly plant where the body was mated to the chassis and the front end, powertrain, & interior were installed and the car was completed. This plant, located at 900 Baldwin Ave., was converted to build the [[w:Pontiac Fiero|Pontiac Fiero]], which it built from 1983-1988. Last Fiero built August 16, 1988. GM used it as a warehouse until 2009 ("Pontiac Warehouse Operations"). Prototyping work was also done there. Most of the Fiero plant was demolished in 2013 (from Kennett Rd. until just before the plant sign which is just past St. Louis Ave.). There used to be an overpass going over Baldwin Ave. to the parking lot on the other side of Baldwin but this was taken down after Fiero production ended. Pontiac engines were made in Plant 9 and Plant 18. Another engine plant was built in 1981 in the northern part of the property. It was originally called Plant 55, later renamed Plant 33. It was next to Plant 51, later renamed Plant 25, which did chassis parts and machining and later, engine machining. Engine production ended in 1993. Plant 9 was demolished in 1997 & Plant 18 was demolished in 1998. Plants 25 & 33 were demolished sometime between 2008 & 2013. Some parts of the complex have been sold to U-Pull And Save Auto Parts, Dani’s Trucking, GFL Environmental, & Bedrock Express. <br />[[w:Pontiac Six|Pontiac Six]] (1927-1932, 1935-1940), Pontiac Series 302 V8 (1932), Pontiac Economy Eight (1933-1934), Pontiac Improved Eight (1935), Pontiac Deluxe Eight (1936-1940), [[w:Pontiac 2+2|Pontiac 2+2]] (1964-1967), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville|Pontiac Bonneville (B-body)]] (1958-80), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Seventh generation (1982–1986)|Pontiac Bonneville (G-body)]] (1982), [[w:Pontiac Can Am|Pontiac Can Am]] (1977) [[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (1959-1980), [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1949-1958), [[w:Pontiac Custom S|Pontiac Custom S]] (1969), [[w:Pontiac Executive|Pontiac Executive]] (1967-70), [[w:Pontiac Grand Am#1973–1975|Pontiac Grand Am (1973-75)]], [[w:Pontiac Grand Am#1978–1980|Pontiac Grand Am (1978-80)]], [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix (B-body)]] (1962-1968), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#Third generation (1969–1972)|Pontiac Grand Prix (G-body)]] (1969-1972), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix (A-/G-body)]] (1973-1982), [[w:Pontiac Grand Safari|Pontiac Grand Safari]] (1971-1978), [[w:Pontiac Grand Ville|Pontiac Grand Ville]] (1971-75), [[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1964-1973), [[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1962-1981), [[w:Pontiac Safari|Pontiac Safari]] (1955-1957), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1954-66), [[w:Pontiac Streamliner|Pontiac Streamliner]] (1941-51), [[w:Pontiac Tempest|Pontiac Tempest]] (1961-1970), [[w:Pontiac LeMans#1970|Pontiac T-37]] (1970-1971), [[w:Pontiac Torpedo|Pontiac Torpedo]] (1940-1948), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1960–1970|Pontiac Ventura]] (1960-1961) |- |V (1972-1990)<br /><br /> P (Pre-1972)||Pontiac Central Assembly||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac, Michigan]]||United States|||[[w:Chevrolet AK Series|GMC C-Series/E-Series]]<br />[[w:GMC New Design|GMC New Design]] (1947-1951, 1952-1954)<br />[[w:GMC Blue Chip|GMC Blue Chip]] (1955-1959)<br /> [[w:Chevrolet C/K|GMC C/K]] (1960-1985)<br />[[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (1967-1985)<br /> [[w:GMC Suburban|GMC Suburban]] (1937-1966)<br />[[w:GMC Motorhome|GMC Motorhome/TransMode]] (1978)<br /> Buses ([[w:GM "old-look" transit bus|Yellow Coach/GM "old-look" transit bus]] (1940-1969), [[w:GM PD-4103|GM PD-4103]], [[w:PD-4501 Scenicruiser|PD-4501 Scenicruiser]], [[w:GM New Look bus|GM New Look bus]] (1960-1977), [[w:GM Buffalo bus|GM Buffalo bus]] (1966-1980), [[w:Rapid Transit Series|Rapid Transit Series (RTS)]] (1978-1987))<br />Medium Duty Trucks & Heavy Duty Trucks including:<br />[[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)#Medium-duty trucks|Chevrolet C-Series medium-duty trucks]] (1967-1972)<br />[[w:Chevrolet/GMC B series#GMC (1966–1970)|GMC E-Series medium-duty trucks]] (E4500/E5500/E6500) (1967-1968) [https://web.archive.org/web/20140109015322/https://www.gmheritagecenter.com/docs/gm-heritage-archive/historical-brochures/GMC/100_YR_GMC_HISTORY_MAR09.pdf] (page 30)<br />[[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)#Medium-duty trucks|GMC C-Series medium-duty trucks]] (1969-1972)<br />[[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#Medium-duty trucks (1973–1989)|Chevrolet/GMC C-Series medium-duty trucks]] (1985-1990)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#First generation (1981–1989)|Chevrolet Kodiak]] (1985-1990)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#First generation (1981–1989)|GMC Top Kick]] (1985-1990)<br />[[w:Chevrolet/GMC B series|Chevrolet B-series]] (-1991)<br />[[w:Chevrolet/GMC B series|GMC B-series]] (-1991)<br />[[w:GMC Brigadier#Background|Chevrolet/GMC H/J series]] (1966-1977)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Bruin|Chevrolet Bruin]] (1978-1980)<br />[[w:GMC Brigadier|GMC Brigadier]] (1978-1987)<br />[[w:WhiteGMC Brigadier|WhiteGMC Brigadier]] (1988-1989)<br />[[w:GMC General#Background|Chevrolet/GMC C/M series]] (1966-1976)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Bison|Chevrolet Bison]] (1977-1980)<br />[[w:GMC General|GMC General]] (1977-1987)<br />[[w:GMC Astro#Background|GMC F/D series "Crackerbox"]] (1959-1968)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Titan|Chevrolet Titan]] (1970-1980)<br />[[w:GMC Astro|GMC Astro]] (1969-1987)<br />Engines ([[w:GMC straight-6 engine|GMC straight-6 engine]] 1947-1962,<br /> [[w:GMC V6 engine|GMC V6 (1960-1973)/V12 (1960-1965) engine]],<br> [[w:GMC V8 engine#GMC engines|GMC 60° V8]] (1966-1972))||1928||1990||Located at 660 South Boulevard East. Known as GMC Truck & Coach Division Plant 2 when built. Production of trucks began in January 1928. In 1925, General Motors Truck Corp., the parent of the GMC brand, merged with Yellow Cab Manufacturing Company (including its Yellow Coach Mfg. Co. bus-making subsidiary) to form Yellow Truck & Coach Manufacturing Company, in which GM owned a majority stake of 57%. The Northway Motor Division of Detroit was transferred to General Motors Truck Corp. as part of that merger but was liquidated in 1926. On September 30, 1943, GM acquired the remainder of Yellow Truck & Coach Manufacturing Co. and on October 1, 1943 the GMC Truck & Coach Division of General Motors Corp. was formed and Yellow Truck & Coach Manufacturing Co. was dissolved. When limited production of civilian buses resumed in March 1944, they were badged as GM Coach and the Yellow name was retired. Headquarters of Yellow Truck & Coach Manufacturing Co. and later the GMC Truck & Coach Division. Headquarters building in front of Plant 2 was completed in March 1928. Administration and engineering buildings were part of the complex. Built 409,012 [[w:GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck|CCKW 6x6 trucks]], AFKWX 6x6 cab-over trucks, [[w:DUKW|DUKW "Ducks"]], & other types of trucks during WWII. Also produced 2,249 buses & 30 T18E2 Boarhound armored cars during WWII. The small-block, Group 1 GMC inline-6s were moved from Plant 4 of Pontiac West to Building 29 at Pontiac Central in November 1947. In December 1947, engine manufacturing and machine shops moved from Plants 1 and 4 of Pontiac West to Building 29 at Pontiac Central. The medium- and big-block, Group 2 & 3 GMC inline-6s were moved to Building 29 at Pontiac Central in February 1948. In August 1977, the GMC MotorHome was moved from Plant 3 of Pontiac West to Building 29 at Pontiac Central. The GMC MotorHome was discontinued after 1978. [https://www.gmccolonial.com/gmc-motorhome-history] Transit bus production ended in spring 1987 when GM sold the product line to Greyhound Corporation, which continued RTS production at its [[w:Transportation Manufacturing Corporation|TMC]] plant in Roswell, New Mexico. Converted in 1994 into a Truck Product Engineering Center (Pontiac Centerpoint Campus) by GM using only the steel frame of the large main building while everything else was demolished. The Truck Product Engineering Center closed in 2009 and the site is now the Centerpoint Business Campus, which is occupied by many businesses including Fanuc Robotics and i.M. Branded. |- |E (1988-2009)<br /><br />V (1972-1985)||[[w:Pontiac East Assembly|Pontiac East Assembly]]||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac, Michigan]]||United States||Medium Duty Trucks:<br /> [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#Medium-duty trucks (1973–1989)|Chevrolet/GMC C-Series medium-duty trucks]] (1973-85), [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#First generation (1981–1989)|Chevrolet Kodiak]] (1981-1985), [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#First generation (1981–1989)|GMC Top Kick]] (1981-85)<br /><br /> [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|Chevrolet C/K (GMT400)]] (1988-1998)<br /> [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|GMC Sierra (GMT400)]] (1988-1998)<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#First-generation Silverado / second-generation Sierra (GMT800; 1999)|Chevrolet Silverado (GMT800)]] (1999-2006)<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#First-generation Silverado / second-generation Sierra (GMT800; 1999)|Chevrolet Silverado Classic (GMT800)]] (2007)<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#First-generation Silverado / second-generation Sierra (GMT800; 1999)|GMC Sierra (GMT800)]] (1999-2006)<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#First-generation Silverado / second-generation Sierra (GMT800; 1999)|GMC Sierra Classic (GMT800)]] (2007)<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Second-generation Silverado / third-generation Sierra (GMT900; 2007)|Chevrolet Silverado (GMT900)]] (2007-2009)<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Second-generation Silverado / third-generation Sierra (GMT900; 2007)|GMC Sierra (GMT900)]] (2007-2009) ||1972||2009||Located at 2100 South Opdyke Road. Known as GMC Truck & Coach Division Plant 6 when built, also known as Pontiac Assembly Center. Pontiac East is directly to the east of Pontiac Central. Pontiac East began by building medium-duty trucks, which were moved from Pontiac Central. In 1985, medium-duty trucks were moved back to Pontiac Central, combining with production of heavy-duty trucks and buses. GMT400 full-size pickup production began in December 1986 for the 1988 model year. Closed in September 2009. Demolished in 2011-2012. Portions of the site are now occupied by Challenge Manufacturing Co. and Williams International. |- |0 (1978-1994)<br /><br />V (1972-1977)<br /><br /> P (Pre-1972)||[[w:Pontiac West Assembly|Pontiac West Assembly]]||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac, Michigan]]||United States||Trucks, Buses,<br />Engines: ([[w:Buick straight-6 engine|Buick 257/331 straight-6 engine]] (1931-1932), [[w:GMC straight-6 engine|GMC straight-6 engine]] 1933-1948), <br /> [[w:GMC Motorhome|GMC Motorhome/TransMode]] (1973-1977)<br /> [[w:Chevrolet van#First generation (1964–1966)|Chevrolet Van/GMC Handi-Van]] (1964-1966)<br />[[w:Chevrolet van#Second generation (1967–1970)|Chevrolet Van/GMC Handi-Van]] (1967-1970)<br />[[w:Chevrolet van#Third generation (1971–1996)|Chevrolet Van/GMC Vandura]] (1978-1980)<br />[[w:Chevrolet S-10#First generation (1982)|Chevrolet S-10]]<br /> (1982-1984, 1991-1993)<br />[[w:GMC S-15|GMC S-15]] (1982-1984)<br />[[w:GMC Sonoma|GMC Sonoma]] (1991-1993)<br />[[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#First generation (1983–1994)|Chevrolet S-10 Blazer]]<br /> (1983-1994 2-d, 1994 4-d)<br />[[w:GMC S-15 Jimmy|GMC S-15 Jimmy]]<br /> (1983-1994 2-d, 1994 4-d)<br />[[w:GMC Typhoon|GMC Typhoon]] (1992-1993)<br />[[w:Oldsmobile Bravada#First generation (1991–1994)|Oldsmobile Bravada]] (1994) ||1906||1994||Complex includes GMC Truck & Coach Division Plants 1, 3, 4, and 5. Plant 1 was originally the plant of Rapid Motor Vehicle Company, one of the 2 main ancestors of the modern GMC Division (the other being Reliance Motor Car Company). Plant 1 was located at 25 Rapid Street and opened in 1906, before Rapid was taken over by GM in 1908-1909. Plant 1 started making Buick 257 & 331 inline-6's in 1931 after Buick stopped making inline-6s after 1930 and switched its entire lineup to straight-8s. The tooling was moved to Plant 1 from the Buick complex in Flint. Buick had been supplying inline-6s to GMC since 1925. In 1933, GMC started making inline-6s of its own design in Plant 1. The medium- and big-block, Group 2 & 3 GMC inline-6s were moved to Building 29 at Pontiac Central in February 1948. Plant 1 was demolished around 1981. Plant 3 opened in 1940 and was located at South Boulevard West and Franklin Road. Plant 3 was used for sheet metal work and material storage at first. Plant 3 later built the [[w:GMC Motorhome|GMC Motorhome]]. In August 1977, the GMC MotorHome was moved from Plant 3 of Pontiac West to Building 29 at Pontiac Central for its final model year of 1978. Plant 3 was demolished around 2005. Plant 4 was located on South Saginaw Street (now Woodward Ave.) Engine production began in Plant 4 in October 1938. The [[w:GMC straight-6 engine|GMC straight-6 engine]] was built there through 1947/1948. Small-block, Group 1 GMC inline-6 engines were made in Plant 4 from October 1938. The small-block, Group 1 GMC inline-6s were moved to Building 29 at Pontiac Central in November 1947. In December 1947, engine manufacturing and machine shops moved from Plants 1 and 4 to Building 29 at Pontiac Central. Plant 4 was also used for material storage. Plant 4 also built the [[w:Chevrolet van|1964-1970 Chevrolet & GMC full-size vans]]. Plant 4 was demolished around 2008. Plant 5 was located on Franklin Road, to the north of Plant 3. Plant 5 was demolished around 2005. After Pontiac Central opened in 1928, Pontiac West focused on machining and component manufacturing rather than vehicle assembly.[https://www.hagerty.com/media/automotive-history/a-gmc-motor-homecoming-50-years-on/] (Paragraph 4) There would be sporadic vehicle production at Pontiac West in the 1960's and 1970's (vans, motorhomes). In the 1980's, vehicle production increased as Pontiac West became one of GM's plants building compact pickups and SUVs. Production ended in 1994. Entire property sold to M1 Concourse in 2014. |- |&nbsp;||Pontiac Foundry||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Casting|Iron castings]] of engine parts. ||1927||1987||Was part of GM's Central Foundry Division. Was Plant 6 of Pontiac's Assembly complex in Pontiac, Michigan. Demolished in 1995. A U.S. Postal Service distribution center now occupies the approximate area where the foundry used to be. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Regina Plant|Regina Plant]]||[[w:Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina, Saskatchewan]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]] |[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] cars & trucks, Maple Leaf trucks, [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]], [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]], [[w:Buick|Buick]] |1928||1941||Factory office building is located at 1102 8th Avenue while the factory building is behind the office building stretching down Winnipeg Street down to 6th Ave. Production began on Dec. 11, 1928. Production halted in August 1930, restarted in March 1931, then halted again a few months later in 1931. Production restarted in December 1937. In 1941, taken over by the [[w:Government of Canada|Government of Canada]] to produce munitions for World War II as Regina Industries Limited. Auto production never resumed and the property was used by the Canadian Department of National Defense until the mid-1960s. Sold to the Saskatchewan provincial govt. in 1967 and then the Regina city govt. in 1987. Was used by both public- and private-sector tenants. Damaged by a fire on May 3, 2017. In 2020, the City of Regina decommissioned the building and all the tenants were required to move out. Buildings are still standing and have been used by a variety of businesses and organizations. You can still see "GMC" carved in stone above the front entrance to the office building. Office building is designated a Heritage Inventory Property by city of Regina. A related building is down the block at 1260 8th Avenue at the corner of Toronto Street. After the factory closed in 1941, GM still used this building for its regional administrative and parts distribution operations until it moved in 1967. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:GMC (marque)#History|Reliance Motor Truck Co.]]||[[w:Owosso, Michigan|Owosso]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Reliance trucks (1909-1912)<br> GMC trucks (heavy duty models) (1912-1913)||1909||1913||Plant was located on Michigan Ave. In late 1908, GM bought Reliance Motor Car Co. and reorganized it as Reliance Motor Truck Co. Reliance truck production moved here from Detroit in 1909. In February 1912, the GMC brand replaced the Reliance brand as well as the Rapid brand. In 1913, production was consolidated at the Rapid Street plant of the former Rapid Motor Vehicle Co. in Pontiac, Michigan and the Owosso plant was sold. Plant was later used by American Malleables and later by Mid-West Abrasive Co., a maker of sandpaper. Plant was later extended to S. Washington St. |- |&nbsp;||Saab [[w:Gothenburg|Gothenburg]] Transmission||[[w:Gothenburg|Gothenburg]]||[[w:Sweden|Sweden]]||Pre-GM era:<br />[[w:Saab two-stroke|Saab two-stroke]]<br />GM era:<br />Saab 99/900 manual transmission<br />[[w:F35 transmission|F35 transmission]]<br />[[w:GM F40 transmission|GM F40 transmission]] ||1989||2009||Saab plant. Opened in 1953. Engine production ended in 1968. GM bought 50% of [[w:Saab Automobile|Saab Automobile]] in 1989 & the other 50% in 2000. Transmission production ended when the 1st gen. 9-5 ended production. GM sold [[w:Saab Automobile|Saab Automobile]] to [[w:Spyker Cars|Spyker Cars]] in February, 2010. |- |&nbsp;||Saab [[w:Sodertalje|Sodertalje]] Engine||[[w:Sodertalje|Sodertalje]]||[[w:Sweden|Sweden]]||Pre-GM era:<br />[[w:Saab B engine|Saab B engine]]<br />GM era:<br />[[w:Saab H engine|Saab H engine]] ||1989||2007||Saab plant. Opened in 1972. GM bought 50% of [[w:Saab Automobile|Saab Automobile]] in 1989 & the other 50% in 2000. Engine plant sold to [[w:Scania AB|Scania AB]] in 2007. GM sold [[w:Saab Automobile|Saab Automobile]] to [[w:Spyker Cars|Spyker Cars]] in February, 2010. |- |1,2,3,4,8||Saab [[w:Trollhättan Assembly|Trollhättan Assembly]]||[[w:Trollhättan|Trollhättan]]||[[w:Sweden|Sweden]]||Pre-GM era:<br />[[w:Saab 92|Saab 92]]<br />[[w:Saab 93|Saab 93]]<br />[[w:Saab 95|Saab 95]]<br />[[w:Saab 96|Saab 96]]<br />[[w:Saab 99|Saab 99]]<br />GM era:<br />[[w:Saab 900|Saab 900]]<br />[[w:Saab 9000|Saab 9000]]<br />[[w:Saab 9-3|Saab 9-3]]<br />[[w:Saab 9-5|Saab 9-5]]<br />[[w:Cadillac BLS|Cadillac BLS]]||1989||2010||Saab plant. Opened in 1947. Also did engine (Saab two-stroke) & transmission production until 1953 when it was relocated to the Gothenburg plant. GM bought 50% of [[w:Saab Automobile|Saab Automobile]] in 1989 & the other 50% in 2000. Saab also built the 9-3 based BLS for Cadillac. The BLS was not sold in the US or Canada. GM sold [[w:Saab Automobile|Saab Automobile]] to [[w:Spyker Cars|Spyker Cars]] in February, 2010. |- |&nbsp;||Saginaw Malleable Iron||[[w:Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw, Michigan]]||United States||&nbsp;||1919||2007|| Located at 77 W. Center St. Iron castings. HQ of Central Foundry Division. In 1919, Saginaw Malleable Iron and Central Foundry merged with the Jacox division into GM's Saginaw Products Company. In 1928, became the Saginaw Malleable Iron division of GM. Closed in 2007, demolished in 2010. Converted into a park. |- |&nbsp;||Saginaw Nodular Iron||[[w:Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw, Michigan]]||United States||Steering knuckles, crankshafts, disc brake caliper housings, exhaust manifolds, flywheels, differential carriers, clutch pressure plates||1967||1988|| Located at 2100 Veterans Memorial Parkway. Straddles the City of Saginaw-Buena Vista Township border. Iron castings. Closed in 1988. Later demolished. |- |&nbsp;||Saginaw Parts||[[w:Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw, Michigan]]||United States||&nbsp;||1909||1983|| Located on corner of 6th & Washington Avenues. Opened in 1907 to build the 1908 Rainier. Bought by GM in 1909 as part of its purchase of [[w:Rainier Motor Car Company|Rainier Motor Car Company]]. Reorganized into the [[w:Marquette (automobile)#Company|Marquette Motor Co.]] which still made Rainier brand cars through 1911 as well as parts for Welch and Welch-Detroit cars. In 1912, the Rainier brand was replaced by the Marquette brand, which was said to be a combination of the previous Rainier and Welch-Detroit brands. In February 1912, the company was renamed Peninsular Motor Co. Some late production cars seem to have been badged as Peninsular. All of those activities ended at the end of 1912. In 1917, during World War I, the plant was reopened and used to manufacture mortar shells for the US Ordnance Corps. In 1919, became part of the Saginaw Products Company with this plant becoming the Saginaw Products Company Motor Plant. From 1919-1922, the plant made [[w:Chevrolet Inline-4 engine#224|OHV I4]] engines for [[w:Chevrolet Series FB|Chevrolet Series FB]] and [[w:Oldsmobile Model 43|Oldsmobile Model 43A]]. It was then used as a warehouse. From 1935, it made all different types of auto parts and service parts as Chevrolet Saginaw Service Parts Plant or from 1969, Chevrolet Saginaw Parts Plant. Closed in 1983, demolished in 1984. |- |&nbsp;||Saginaw Steering Gear - Plant 1||[[w:Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw, Michigan]]||United States||Steering components||1910||1984||Located on 628 North Hamilton St. Originally founded as the Jackson, Church and Wilcox Company (Jacox) in 1906. Bought by GM in 1910. Became the Jackson-Church-Wilcox or Jacox division of GM. In 1919, the Jacox division merged with Saginaw Malleable Iron and Central Foundry into GM's Saginaw Products Company. Became the Saginaw Steering Gear Division in 1928. Closed in 1984. Sold in 1987 to Thomson Industries. Still operates today as Thomson Aerospace & Defense, a brand of Linear Motion LLC, which is owned by the Umbra Group of Italy. |- |&nbsp;||Saginaw Steering Gear - Plant 2||[[w:Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw, Michigan]]||United States||Steering Gears, pump hoses||1941||2001||Located at 1400 Holmes Street. Affectionately known as "The Gun Plant", it was built in 1941 when the division was contracted to build M1919 machine guns, and M1-Carbines for World War II. After the war, normal steering gear production continued until its closure in 2001. It was demolished in 2002. |- |&nbsp;||Saginaw Steering Gear complex||[[w:Buena Vista Township, Michigan|Buena Vista Township, Michigan]]||United States|| Complete Hydraulic and Electric Power Steering Systems, Halfshafts, Intermediate Drive Shafts||1953||2010||Located at 3900 E. Holland Road. Former Saginaw Steering Gear Division of GM. Saginaw Steering Gear Division renamed Saginaw Division in 1985. Grouped under Delphi Automotive Systems in 1995. Plant 3 opened in 1953, Plant 4 opened in 1956. The sprawling Five-Plant complex (Plants 3-7), division Headquarters and large engineering center, were spun off with Delphi in 1999. GM repurchased the Delphi Steering division from bankrupt Delphi in 2009, renaming it Nexteer Automotive, and then sold the division to [[w:Pacific Century Motors|Pacific Century Motors]] in 2010. The former GM Division now operates as "[[w:Nexteer Automotive|Nexteer Automotive]]", an independent company headquartered at the Saginaw site. Nexteer moved its headquarters to Auburn Hills in 2015. |- |&nbsp;||Saginaw Steering Gear Overseas Corp.||[[w:Hendon|Hendon]], [[w:England|England]]||United Kingdom|| Steering columns, Steering column components (jacket & bracket assemblies), Vacuum pumps, EGR valves||1970 (auto parts)||?||Located on Capitol Way in The Capitol Industrial Park. Originally opened in 1924 as a vehicle assembly plant making Chevrolets (See listing for "GM Ltd."). When Chevrolet production was moved to Luton in 1930, Hendon was used for parts distribution. Later, Frigidaire made appliances at Hendon. In 1970, Hendon began producing steering columns. In 1971, more automotive components began to be produced in place of Frigidaire appliances. In 1979, Hendon became aligned with Saginaw Steering Gear in the US. In 1980, GM sold the Hendon site for redevelopment but leased back an area for construction of a new plant for Saginaw Steering Gear. The new plant opened in 1981. In 1982, GM Ltd. was dissolved and the Hendon plant became part of Saginaw Steering Gear Overseas Corp., part of GM Overseas Corp. |- |&nbsp;||Saginaw Transmission||[[w:Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw, Michigan]]||United States||Manual Transmissions, Brakes||1921||1999||Located at 2328 E. Genesee Ave. Built 1919–20 for the Michigan Crankshaft Company (originally founded as National Engineering Company), acquired by GM in 1921 and placed under Saginaw Products Company. In 1928, became the Saginaw Crankshaft Division of GM. Transferred to Chevrolet upon the dissolution of the Crankshaft Division in 1931 when crankshaft manufacturing was turned over to the car divisions. Made the "Saginaw" 3 and 4-Speed manual transmissions. It was spun off as part of Delphi in 1999. The plant was sold to [[w:TRW Automotive|TRW Automotive]] in 2007. TRW used the plant to produces brake and suspension components (known as TRW Braking and Suspension). TRW closed this plant in 2014. |- |4||[[w:Scarborough Van Assembly|Scarborough Van Plant]]||[[w:Scarborough, Toronto|Scarborough]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:Chevrolet Van#Third generation (1971–1996)|Chevrolet Van]] (1974-1993)<br />[[w:GMC Vandura#Third generation (1971–1996)|GMC Vandura]] (1974-1993)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Sportvan#Third generation (1971–1996)|Chevrolet Sportvan]] (1974-1993)<br />[[w:GMC Vandura#Third generation (1971–1996)|GMC Rally Van]] (1974-1993)<br />||1952<br><br>1974 (Vehicle production)||1993||Located at 1901 Eglinton Avenue East. Originally a [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] home appliance plant through 1970. In 1960, production of automotive components was added. Production included radios, instrument clusters, horns, shock absorbers, and propshafts. After Frigidaire production ended in 1970, only auto parts were made and the plant name was changed from Frigidaire Products of Canada to Delco Canada. Auto parts production ended in 1973 and the plant was expanded and converted to build full-size vans and renamed Scarborough Van Plant. First van produced on May 23, 1974 (a 1974 Chevy Van 10). After van production began, plant was expanded 5 times over the years. Cutaway production was added for 1975, halted in 1978, and resumed in 1980. One millionth van produced in January 1986 (a GMC model). Closed on May 6, 1993 and operations moved to [[w:Flint Truck Assembly|Flint Truck Assembly]]. Scarborough produced 1,626,313 vans from 1974-1993. Plant demolished and now site of Eglinton Town Centre and Comstock Bus Garage at the southern end of the property. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Scripps-Booth|Scripps-Booth]]||[[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Scripps-Booth automobiles||1918||1922||Taken over by Chevrolet by the end of 1917 before Chevrolet was part of GM. When Chevrolet became part of GM, Scripps-Booth became part of GM as well. Scripps-Booth then adopted an Oakland chassis and a Northway six-cylinder engine, using parts from other GM divisions. However, a place could not be found for Scripps-Booth in GM's lineup, so GM closed it down in 1922. |- |8||[[w:Shreveport Operations|Shreveport Operations]]||[[w:Shreveport, Louisiana|Shreveport, Louisiana]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Colorado#First generation (2004)|Chevrolet Colorado]] (2004-2012)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Colorado#First generation (2004)|GMC Canyon]] (2004-2012)<br />[[w:Hummer H3|Hummer H3]] (2006-2010)<br />[[w:Hummer H3#H3T|Hummer H3T]] (2009-2010)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Colorado#Isuzu i-series|Isuzu i-series]] pickup (2006-2008)||1981||2012||Located at 7600 General Motors Blvd. General Motors Blvd. was renamed Antoine Blvd. in 2013. A portion of the complex is now used by Glovis America, a Hyundai Automotive Group subsidiary, for a vehicle logistics and processing center for Hyundai and Kia vehicles. <br />Past models: <br> [[w:Chevrolet S-10 |Chevrolet S-10]] (1982-03), [[w:Chevrolet S-10 EV|Chevrolet S-10 EV]] (1997-1998),<br /> [[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#First generation (1983–1994)|Chevrolet S-10 Blazer]] (1983-1991 2-d),<br /> [[w:GMC S-15|GMC S-15]] (1982-1990), [[w:GMC Sonoma|GMC Sonoma]] (1991-03), [[w:GMC Syclone|GMC Syclone]] (1991),<br /> [[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#First generation (1983–1994)|GMC S-15 Jimmy]] (1983-1991 2-d),<br /> [[w:Isuzu Hombre|Isuzu Hombre]] (1996-'00) |- |A||[[w:General Motors South Africa|General Motors South Africa]] Darling Street & Kempston Road plants||[[w:Port Elizabeth, South Africa|Port Elizabeth]]||[[w:South Africa|South Africa]]||[[w:Acadian (automobile)|Acadian]] (from CKD kits supplied from Oshawa and Willow Run)<br />[[w:Beaumont (automobile)|Acadian Beaumont & Beaumont]] (from CKD kits supplied from Oshawa 1966-69)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]<br />[[w:Opel Ascona#Export models|Chevrolet Ascona]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]]<br />[[w:Statesman (automobile)#HJ|Chevrolet Caprice Classic]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Constantia|Chevrolet Constantia]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]] (from CKD kits supplied from Oshawa)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Chevair|Chevrolet Chevair]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]]/[[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Chevy II/Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II/Nova]]<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Nomad#South Africa production (GMSA)|Chevrolet Nomad]]<br /> [[w:Statesman (automobile)#HQ|Chevrolet De Ville]]<br />[[w:Holden HK#South Africa|Chevrolet El Camino<br />Chevrolet El Toro]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]]<br />[[w:Holden HK#South Africa|Chevrolet Kommando]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet LUV|Chevrolet LUV]]<br />[[w:Holden EK|Holden EK]]<br />[[w:Holden EJ|Holden EJ]]<br />[[w:Holden EH|Holden EH]]<br />[[w:Holden HD|Holden HD]]<br />[[w:Holden HR|Holden HR]]<br />[[w:Holden Monaro#Export program|Holden Monaro (HT)/Chevrolet SS (HG)]]<br />[[w:Pontiac Parisienne|Pontiac Parisienne]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Viva#South Africa|Chevrolet Firenza/1300/1900]]<br />[[w:Opel Rekord Series D#ZA|Chevrolet 2500, 3800, 4100]]<br />[[w:Opel Rekord Series E#Chevrolet Rekord|Chevrolet Rekord]]<br />[[w:Opel Ascona#Ascona C (1981–1988)|Opel Ascona C]]<br />[[w:Opel Kadett A|Opel Kadett A]]<br />[[w:Opel Kadett B|Opel Kadett B]]<br />[[w:Opel Kadett#Kadett D (1979–1984)|Opel Kadett D]]<br />[[w:Opel Kadett#Kadett E (1984–1995)|Opel Kadett E/Monza]]<br />[[w:Opel Astra#F|Opel Kadett F]]<br />[[w:Opel Astra#G|Opel Astra G]]<br />[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa B (S93; 1993)|Opel Corsa B/Corsa Lite]]<br />[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Cresta|Vauxhall Cresta]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Velox|Vauxhall Velox]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Viscount|Vauxhall Viscount]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Viva#Other markets|Vauxhall Viva]]<br />[[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu F-Series]]<br />[[w:Isuzu N-Series|Isuzu N-Series]]<br /> [[w:Isuzu Faster|Isuzu KB]]<br />[[w:Isuzu D-Max|Isuzu KB (D-Max based)]]<br />||1926 (Darling Street)<br />1928 (Kempston Road)||1929 (Darling Street)<br />2017||Also assembled in the pre-WWII era: <br />[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]<br />[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]<br />[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]<br />[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]<br />[[w:Buick|Buick]]<br />[[w:LaSalle (automobile)|LaSalle]]<br />[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]<br />[[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]<br />[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]]<br />[[w:Opel|Opel]]<br />[[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] appliances. Also built the [[w:Ranger (automobile)#South Africa|Ranger]]. GM sold the factory to Isuzu in 2017 and left the South African market. Isuzu consolidated its commercial truck production in the Struandale plant which already built Isuzu pickups and the Kempston Road plant ended production on Nov. 30, 2018. |- |4||[[w:General Motors South Africa|General Motors South Africa]] Struandale plant||[[w:Port Elizabeth, South Africa|Port Elizabeth]]||[[w:South Africa|South Africa]]||[[w:Chevrolet Spark#Africa|Chevrolet Spark (M300)]]<br />[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa C (X01; 2000)|Opel Corsa C]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Montana#South Africa|Opel Corsa Utility/Chevrolet Utility]]<br />[[w:Hummer H3|Hummer H3]]<br />[[w:Isuzu D-Max#Second generation (RT; 2011)|Isuzu KB]]<br />||1996||2017||Struandale was originally a Ford plant opened in 1973 which GM South Africa bought during the time it was known as Delta Motor Corp. in 1994. GM sold the factory to Isuzu in 2017 and left the South African market. Struandale absorbed Isuzu pickup production beginning with the 2nd generation D-Max around 2013 & Isuzu commercial truck ([[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu F-Series]] & [[w:Isuzu N-Series|Isuzu N-Series]]) production in Jan. 2019. Isuzu KB was renamed D-Max in South Africa in 2018, aligning with the rest of the world. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:General Motors South Africa|General Motors South Africa]] Engine plant - Aloes||[[w:Port Elizabeth, South Africa|Port Elizabeth]]||[[w:South Africa|South Africa]]||[[w:Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder engine|Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder engine]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine|Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift inline-6]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]] inline-4||1966||1999?|| |- |C (1965-1982)<br /><br /> U (1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])<br /><br />S (1960-1964 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])<br /><br />C (1937-1964 [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] and 1936-1959 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])<br /><br />2 (1938-1964 <br> [[w:Buick|Buick]]) ||[[w:South Gate Assembly|South Gate Assembly]]||[[w:South Gate, California|South Gate, California]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Cavalier|Chevrolet Cavalier]] (1982) <br /> [[w:Cadillac Cimarron|Cadillac Cimarron]] (1982)||1936||1982|| Located at 2700 Tweedy Blvd. South Gate Assembly was the 1st GM multi-brand assembly plant, assembling Buick, Oldsmobile, and Pontiac models. The first finished cars were produced in May 1936. It was operated by GM's Southern California Division through 1943. Automobile production ended in Feb. 1942. During WWII, it produced the M5 and M5A1 Stuart tanks from July 1942-August 1943 in cooperation with Cadillac Division which held the contract to build the tank. It also provided a proof range for Army Ordnance to test various types of machine gun and cannon shells. Space was also provided for Army Ordnance to modify M4 medium tanks. Also built were gun shields and deck houses for the Navy. When M5A1 production ceased in August 1943, the plant was leased to Douglas Aircraft Co. until the end of the war for aircraft parts production. After the war ended, in 1945, Southgate & Linden were both placed in a new division called the [[w:Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division|Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division]]. South Gate began making Chevrolet full-size cars for 1964. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. South Gate was converted to build H-body small cars like the Vega for 1975 but the plant was switched back to full-size cars for 1977, building Chevy, Oldsmobile, & Buick B-bodies. In 1979, South Gate Assembly became the second plant (the 1st was Linden, NJ in 1971) outside Cadillac's home plant in Detroit to assemble Cadillacs when it began to assemble C-body Cadillacs like the DeVille instead of Oldsmobile & Buick B-bodies. The plant was then idled in March 1980. It was again switched to build small cars for 1982, this time the J-body. Slow sales and efforts to reduce air quality issues resulted in plant closure, with production ending on March 23, 1982. Plant demolished and site used for 3 new schools for L.A. School District and the South Gate Industrial and Business Park at the southern end of the property.<br /> Unibody B-O-P "Y"-body [[w:Buick Special#1961–1963|Buick Special]]/[[w:Buick Skylark#First generation (1961–1963)|Buick Skylark]] (1962-1963), [[w:Oldsmobile F-85#First generation (1961)|Oldsmobile F-85/<br> Cutlass]] (1962-1963), [[w:Pontiac Tempest#First generation (1961–1963)|Pontiac Tempest]]/[[w:Pontiac LeMans#First generation (1961–1963)|Pontiac LeMans]] (1962-1963) added to B-& C-body mix 1961-63; replaced by [[w:General Motors B platform|Chevrolet B-body]] for 1964; [[w:GM H platform (RWD)|GM H platform (RWD)]]: [[w:Chevrolet Vega|Chevrolet Vega]] (1975), [[w:Chevrolet Monza|Chevrolet Monza]] (1975-1976), [[w:Pontiac Astre|Pontiac Astre]] (1975), [[w:Pontiac Sunbird#First generation (1976–1980)|Pontiac Sunbird]] (1976), [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#Second generation (1975–1980)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (H-body) (1976), [[w:Buick Skyhawk#First generation (1975–1980)|Buick Skyhawk]] (1976); [[w:Buick Centurion|Buick Centurion]] (1971-1973); [[w:Buick Century|Buick Century]] (1936-1942, 1954-1958); [[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]] (1959-1963); [[w:Buick Estate#1970|Buick Estate]] (1970-1973); [[w:Buick Invicta|Buick Invicta]] (1959-1962); [[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick LeSabre]] (1959-1974, 1977-1978); [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1947-1949, 1953-1958); [[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]] (1936-1958); [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1940-1958); [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]] (1963-1970); [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1964-1974); [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1974, 1977-80); [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1964-1974, 1977-1980); [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1949-1970, 1977-1978); [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]] (1941-63); [[w:Oldsmobile Jetstar I|Oldsmobile Jetstar I]] (1964-1965); [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#First generation (1961–1966)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1961-1966); [[w:Pontiac 2+2|Pontiac 2+2]] (1964-1967); [[w:Pontiac Bonneville|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1958-1970, 1972-1973); [[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (1959-1973); [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1949-1953, 1955-1958); [[w:Pontiac Executive|Pontiac Executive]] (1967-1968); [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1962-68); [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1955-1958, 1960, 1962, 1966); [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1960–1970|Pontiac Ventura]] (1960-1961); [[w:Cadillac Deville#Fifth generation (1977–1984)|Cadillac Deville]] (1979-1980). |- |&nbsp;||[[w:St. Catharines Components Plant|St. Catharines Components Plant]]||[[w:St. Catharines, Ontario|St. Catharines, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||Engine components<br />Transmissions<br />Transmission components<br />Starter motors<br />Alternators<br /> Final drive assemblies<br /> Axles<br />Steering wheels<br />Steering gear<br />Shock absorbers<br />Brakes<br />Bearings<br />Horns<br />Vehicle Radios<br />Fractional horsepower motors for appliances||1929||2010||Was located at 285 Ontario Street. Originally McKinnon Dash and Metal Work Ltd., which opened this site in 1900. In 1917, the company was renamed McKinnon Industries, Ltd. Taken over by GM on March 29, 1929. In 1963, fractional horsepower motors for appliances were moved to the GM Diesel plant in London, Ontario. In 1964, vehicle radios, horns, and shocks were moved to the Scarborough plant followed by propshafts in 1966. In 1969, McKinnon Industries Ltd. was integrated into GM Canada rather than being a separate subsidiary. In 1990, the Axle Plant is officially renamed Components Plant. Permanently closed in 2010 as part of GM's restructuring plans. All operations were transferred to [[w:St. Catharines Engine Plant|St. Catharines Engine Plant]]. Some of the Components Plant was demolished in 2016 and the site will be re-developed for mixed-use residential and commercial development. |- |&nbsp;||St. Catharines Foundry||[[w:St. Catharines, Ontario|St. Catharines, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:Casting|Iron casting]] of engine parts||1952||1995|| Was located at 285 Ontario Street. Operated as part of GM subsidiary McKinnon Industries, Ltd. until 1969 when it became "General Motors of Canada Limited, St. Catharines". Aligned with GM's Central Foundry Division in 1989. |- |S <br />(1952 [[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]] and 1953-1987)<br /><br />3 <br />(1928-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])||[[w:St. Louis Truck Assembly|St. Louis Truck Assembly]]||[[w:St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis, Missouri]]||United States ||[[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1986)<br />[[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|GMC C/K (Rounded Line)]] (1973-1986)<br />[[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#R/V-Series (1987–1991)|Chevrolet R/V]] (1987 only)<br />[[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#R/V-Series (1987–1991)|GMC R/V]] (1987 only)||1920<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.autonews.com/article/20111031/CHEVY100/310319998/built-across-the-nation|author=James B. Treece|title=Built across the nation|publisher=Autonews.com|date=October 31, 2011}}</ref>||1987||Located at 3809 N. Union Blvd. Chevrolet had previously licensed [[w:Gardner (automobile)|Gardner Buggy Co.]] to assemble its cars in St. Louis in 1915. That was replaced by Chevrolet's own St. Louis plant on Union Blvd. Built 149,135 [[w:GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck|GMC CCKW 6x6 trucks]] & 6,748 [[w:DUKW|DUKW]] amphibious vehicles during WWII. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. St. Louis Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1971. Operated 3 assembly lines: car line, truck line, and the Corvette line. 695,214 Corvettes were built from 1954-1981 in the old Fisher Body Mill Building that had been used to assemble wooden bodies in earlier years and was converted to Corvette production. First 1954 Corvette was built in St. Louis on December 28, 1953. Last Corvette built in St. Louis was built July 31, 1981. Chevy Caprice & Impala production ended on August 1, 1980 and the main car line closed down. Was a Truck and Bus Group plant from 1982, only making full-size pickups. Closed August 7, 1987. The second-to-last vehicle produced was a GMC R1500 regular cab, long bed pickup while the last vehicle produced was a Chevy pickup. The old Fisher Body Mill Building where Corvettes were built was demolished in 1992. Some of the main assembly facility was demolished and the remainder was renovated to become the Union Seventy Center. The remainder of the site, roughly 118 acres, was demolished and replaced with trees, grass, a pond, & new access roads. Property is now the Union Seventy Center, an industrial warehouse and distribution campus used by several different tenants. <br />[[w:Chevrolet Series 490|Chevrolet Series 490]]<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Superior|Chevrolet Superior]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]], [[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Stylemaster|Chevrolet Stylemaster]], [[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]], <br />[[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]], [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]] (1947-1955), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1970), [[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer#1969–1972|Chevrolet K5 Blazer]] (1969-1972), [[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair Forward Control]] (1961-1965), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1980), [[w:Chevrolet Corvette|Chevrolet Corvette]] (1954-1981), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino#First generation (1959–1960)|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1959-1960), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1980), [[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]] (1956, 1959, 1963-1967), [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]] (1955-1959), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|GMC C/K (Action Line)]] (1967-1972), [[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer#1969–1972|GMC Jimmy]] (1970-1972), [[w:GMC New Design|GMC New Design]] (1953-1954), [[w:GMC Suburban|GMC Suburban]] (1947-1955, 1967-1972) |- |2||[[w:Sainte-Thérèse Assembly|Ste. Thérèse Assembly]]||[[w:Boisbriand, Quebec|Boisbriand, Quebec]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:Chevrolet Camaro (fourth generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]] (1993-2002)<br />[[w:Pontiac Firebird#Fourth generation (1993–2002)|Pontiac Firebird]] (1993-2002)||1966||2002||Located at 2500 Boulevard De la Grande-Allée. <br />Past models:<br> [[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]] (1987-90)<br />[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera|Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera]] (1988-1991)<br />[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass#Fifth-generation (intermediate) 1978–1988|Oldsmobile Cutlass/Cutlass Supreme]] (1978-1987)<br />[[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile Cutlass 442]] (1979)<br />[[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Seventh generation (1982–1986)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1983-86)<br />[[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#Fifth generation (1978–1987)|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1978-1981, 1983-1987)<br />[[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#1986|Pontiac Grand Prix 2+2]] (1986)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Vega|Chevrolet Vega]] (1973-1974)<br />[[w:Pontiac Astre|Pontiac Astre]] (1973-1974)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Monza|Chevrolet Monza]] (1975-1977)<br />[[w:Pontiac Sunbird#First generation (1976–1980)|Pontiac Sunbird]] (1977)<br />[[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#Second generation (1975–1980)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1975-77)<br />[[w:Buick Skyhawk#First generation (1975–1980)|Buick Skyhawk]] (1975-1977)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1967-1970)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1967-70)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1967-1970)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1967-1970)<br />[[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (1970-1972)<br /> [[w:Pontiac Grand Ville|Pontiac Grand Ville]] (1971). Plant demolished and site re-developed as a commercial and residential site known as Faubourg Boisbriand and the Centre for Sports Excellence. |- |&nbsp;||Strasbourg Transmission||[[w:Strasbourg|Strasbourg]]||[[w:France|France]]||[[w:GM 6L50 transmission|6L45/6L50]] 6-speed RWD automatic transmissions||1968||2013||Past products: [[w:GM 5L40-E transmission|5L40]], [[w:GM 4L30-E transmission|4L30]], [[w:Turbo-Hydramatic 180|TH180/3L30]] RWD automatic transmissions Also supplied 4-, 5-, & 6-speed RWD auto. transmissions to [[w:BMW|BMW]].<br /> Also supplied 3-speed RWD auto. transmissions to Fiat, Peugeot ([[w:Peugeot 604|604]]), & Rover ([[w:Rover SD1|SD1]]). Sold to Punch Metals International in 2013, which renamed the unit as Punch Powerglide Strasbourg.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2012/12/general-motors-sells-strasbourg-plant-to-punch-metals-international/|title = General Motors Sells Strasbourg Plant to Punch Metals International|author=Alex Luft|publisher=GMAuthority.com|date = 22 December 2012}}</ref> In 2014, Punch Powerglide Strasbourg began producing [[w:ZF 8HP transmission|8HP 8-speed automatic transmissions]] for [[w:ZF Friedrichshafen|ZF Friedrichshafen]] in addition to the GM 6L50 6-speed automatic transmission. In 2023, Punch Powerglide Strasbourg was renamed Dumarey Powerglide Strasbourg. |- |&nbsp;||General Motors Suisse AG||[[w:Biel|Biel]]||[[w:Switzerland|Switzerland]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] 1936-1941, 1946-1968<ref>{{cite web|title=What's Wrong With This Picture? And What's Very Right With the Other Ones? They Do Things a Bit Differently In Switzerland|date=15 August 2020 |at=see 20th comment down from 8-15-20 5:59 pm|url=https://www.curbsideclassic.com/blog/qotd/whats-wrong-with-this-picture-and-whats-very-right-with-the-other-ones-they-do-things-a-bit-differently-in-switzerland/}}</ref><br />[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] 1937-1939, 1946-1959 (None produced in 1955-1956)<br />[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] 1936-1940, 1947-1958<br />[[w:Buick|Buick]] 1936-1940, 1946-1958<br />[[w:LaSalle (automobile)|LaSalle]] 1936 <br />[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]] 1938-1940<br />[[w:Opel|Opel]] 1936-1941, 1950-1975<br />[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] 1936-1940, 1946-1971<br />[[w:Ranger (automobile)#Europe|Ranger]] 1970-1975 ||1936||1975|| First car off the line was a [[w:Buick Series 40|Buick Model 41]] on February 5, 1936. Other prewar cars built include the [[w:Buick Series 90|Buick Series 90]] & [[w:Opel P4|Opel P4]]. GM rented the factory from the city council until they bought it on Feb. 20, 1947. Closed August 14, 1975. Last car was an [[w:Opel Rekord D|Opel Rekord D]]. A total of 329,864 cars were assembled. Regular as well as customized vehicles in small series were made like drawing vehicles for the [[w:Swiss Armed Forces|Swiss Armed Forces]]: An open 6-seater [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] Platform combined with an Opel 2.5L I-6 cylinder; after World War II those "Swiss" cars were also offered to the public as limousines. As well, GM produced luxury upgraded vehicles for the European market like the [[w:Opel Kapitän|Opel Kapitän]], [[w:Opel Rekord P1#Swiss assembly|Rekord]] "Ascona Edition", and the Kadett-based [[w:Opel Kadett B#Opel Ascona (modified Kadett B assembled in Biel, Switzerland)|Opel Ascona 1700]] up to the early 1970s. The [[w:Ranger (automobile)#Europe|Ranger]] was invented by using [[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] structures on an [[w:Opel Rekord C|Opel Rekord C]] body. Also built the first generation [[w:Chevrolet Camaro (first generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]], [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]], [[w:Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova]], & the [[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]] (from CKD kits supplied from Oshawa). Also built the [[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]] and the special Victor Riviera as well as the [[w:Vauxhall Cresta|Vauxhall Cresta]] and [[w:Vauxhall Viscount|Vauxhall Viscount]]. Afterwards the plant was used as GM's European central spare parts warehouse until 1992. Most buildings still exist, they now house a [[w:Coop (Switzerland)|Coop]] mall. &nbsp; |- |T||[[w:General Motors India|Talegaon]]||[[w:Talegaon|Talegaon]], [[w:Pune district|Pune district]], [[w:Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]||[[w:India|India]]||[[w:Chevrolet Spark|Chevrolet Spark]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Beat|Chevrolet Beat]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Sail#Second generation (2010)|Chevrolet Sail U-VA]] (hatchback)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Sail|Chevrolet Sail]]||2008||2020||Part of [[w:General Motors India|GM India]]. Production began in September 2008. Closed December 24, 2020. Sold to [[w:Hyundai Motor India|Hyundai Motor India]] in January 2024. |- |T (1953-1996)<br /><br />2 (1928-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])||[[w:North Tarrytown Assembly|North Tarrytown Assembly]]||[[w:Sleepy Hollow, New York|North Tarrytown, New York]]||United States||Past models:<br />[[w:Chevrolet 490|Chevrolet 490]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Superior|Chevrolet Superior]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Stylemaster|Chevrolet Stylemaster]]<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]] (1947-1955)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]] (1955-1959) <br />[[w:Chevrolet C/K (first generation)|Chevrolet C/K (Gen.1)]] (1960-1966)<br />[[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|Chevrolet C/K (Action Line)]] (1967-1972)<br />[[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957)<br />[[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957)<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1974)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1970)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1974)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1974)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]] (1950, 1952, 1963-1964, 1966)<br />[[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|GMC C/K (Action Line)]] (1967-1972)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Nova]] (1975-1979)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Citation|Chevrolet Citation]] (1980-1985)<br />[[w:Pontiac Ventura#1971–1977|Pontiac Ventura]] (1975-1977)<br />[[w:Pontiac Phoenix#First generation (1977–1979)|Pontiac Phoenix (rwd X-body)]] (1978-1979)<br />[[w:Pontiac Phoenix#Second generation (1980–1984)|Pontiac Phoenix (fwd X-body)]] (1980-1984)<br />[[w:Pontiac 6000|Pontiac 6000]] (1985-1989)<br />[[w:Buick Skylark#Fourth generation (1975–1979)|Buick Skylark (rwd X-body)]] (1976-1979)<br />[[w:Buick Skylark#Fifth generation (1980–1985)|Buick Skylark (fwd X-body)]] (1980-1983)<br />[[w:Buick Century#Fifth generation (1982–1996)|Buick Century]] (1985-1989)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Lumina APV|Chevrolet Lumina APV]] (1990-1993)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Lumina Minivan|Chevrolet Lumina Minivan]] (1994-1996)<br />[[w:Pontiac Trans Sport#First generation (1990-1996)|Pontiac Trans Sport]] (1990-1996)<br />[[w:Oldsmobile Silhouette#First generation (1990–1996)|Oldsmobile Silhouette]] (1990-1996) ||1918 (as part of GM)||1996|| Located at 199 Beekman Avenue. Originally built by [[w:Mobile Company of America|Mobile Company of America]]. In 1904, plant was sold to Maxwell-Briscoe, which later became [[w:Maxwell Motor Company|Maxwell Motor Company]]. Chevrolet bought the complex in 1914, before Chevrolet was part of GM. The first Chevrolet produced in Tarrytown was the [[w:Chevrolet 490|Chevrolet 490]]. The plant became part of GM when Chevrolet became part of GM in 1918. The Fisher Body side of the plant became part of GM's Eastern Aircraft Division during World War II and assembled the wings, center section, trailing edges, motor mount, cabin, windshield, & upholstery for Avenger bombers & Wildcat fighters. Built the 50 millionth Chevrolet, a white 1963 Impala SS on June 10, 1963. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Tarrytown Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1968. Passenger car production ended on Feb. 3, 1989. Plant joined Truck and Bus Group for 1990 when it was converted to build GM's new trio of fwd minivans. Plant closed in June 1996. Minivan production moved to [[w:Doraville Assembly|Doraville Assembly]] for 1997. North Tarrytown changed its name to Sleepy Hollow in December 1996. Plant was demolished. Site being redeveloped as Edge-on-Hudson, a mixed use residential/retail/office/park space. |- |H||[[w:General Motors Thailand|General Motors Thailand]] Ltd.||Pluak Daeng, [[w:Rayong province|Rayong province]]||[[w:Thailand|Thailand]]||[[w:Chevrolet Colorado|Chevrolet/Holden Colorado]] (RC/RG) <br /> [[w:Chevrolet Trailblazer (SUV)#RG|Chevrolet/Holden Trailblazer & Holden Colorado 7]] (RG)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Cruze|Chevrolet Cruze]]<br />[[w:Daewoo Lacetti|Chevrolet Optra]]<br /> [[w:Daewoo Kalos|Chevrolet Aveo]]<br /> [[w:Daewoo Winstorm|Chevrolet/Holden Captiva]]||2000||2020||Past Models:<br /> [[w:Opel Zafira#Zafira A (1999)|Opel/Vauxhall/Chevrolet Zafira]]<br /> [[w:Opel Zafira#Zafira A (1999)|Holden Zafira (TT)]]<br /> [[w:Subaru Traviq|Subaru Traviq]], [[w:Isuzu D-Max#First generation (RA, RC; 2002)|Isuzu D-Max]],<br> [[w:Alfa Romeo 156|Alfa Romeo 156]] [https://www.just-auto.com/news/thailand-gm-to-make-alfa-156-in-thailand/]<br /> Sold to [[w:Great Wall Motors|Great Wall Motors]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2020/09/sale-of-gm-rayong-plant-to-great-wall-motors-confirmed/|title=Sale of GM Rayong Plant to Great Wall Motors Confirmed|author=Sam McEachern|publisher=GMAuthority.com|date=30 September 2020}}</ref> |- |&nbsp;||[[w:General Motors Thailand|General Motors Powertrain (Thailand) Ltd.]]||Pluak Daeng, [[w:Rayong province|Rayong province]]||[[w:Thailand|Thailand]]||2.5L ([[w:List of VM Motori engines#R 425 DOHC|R 425 DOHC]]) & 2.8L ([[w:List of VM Motori engines#R 428 DOHC|R 428 DOHC]] & [[w:List of VM Motori engines#A 428 DOHC|A 428 DOHC]]) turbodiesel I4 engines||2011||2020|| Sold to [[w:Great Wall Motors|Great Wall Motors]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2020/09/sale-of-gm-rayong-plant-to-great-wall-motors-confirmed/|title=Sale of GM Rayong Plant to Great Wall Motors Confirmed|author=Sam McEachern|publisher=GMAuthority.com|date=30 September 2020}}</ref> |- |&nbsp;||Three Rivers||[[w:Three Rivers, Michigan|Three Rivers]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Rwd Automatic transmissions, propshafts||1979||1994||Located at 1 Manufacturing Way (formerly 1 Hydramatic Drive) off W. Hoffman St. GM bought the closed plant from Continental Can Co. Part of GM St. Joseph County Operations & GM Hydramatic Division. The Hydramatic Division merged with the GM Engine Division to form GM Powertrain in 1991-1992. Sold to [[w:American Axle|American Axle & Manufacturing Inc.]] in 1994. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Toledo Transmission|Toledo Transmission]]||[[w:Toledo, Ohio|Toledo, Ohio]]||United States||Transmissions, Gears||1916||1957||Located at 900 W. Central Ave. Acquired from Warner Gear Co. by Chevrolet in 1916 before Chevrolet was part of GM. The plant became part of GM when Chevrolet became part of GM in 1918. During WWII, produced truck transfer cases and transmissions for four- and six-wheel-drive military trucks. Replaced by the current Toledo Transmission plant on Alexis Road in 1956. A brick smokestack that says "CHEVROLET" on it is a remnant of this plant and can still be seen today at the intersection of Maplewood Ave. and Arcadia Ave. It is similar to the more famous smokestack that says "OVERLAND", a remnant of the old Willys-Overland Jeep plant, which is only a short distance away from the Chevrolet smokestack. |- |M||Toluca Assembly||[[w:Toluca|Toluca]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:Chevrolet Kodiak|Chevrolet Kodiak]]||1995<ref>{{cite news|author=Thomas H. Klier, James Rubenstein|title=Mexico’s Growing Role in the Auto Industry Under NAFTA: Who Makes What and What Goes Where|url=https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/economic-perspectives/2017/6.|publisher=Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Economic Perspectives, Vol. 41, No. 6|at=see table 11 and footnotes right under table 11|date=September 2017}}</ref>||2008||[[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)#C3500HD (1991–2002)|Chevrolet/GMC C3500HD]] (US: 2001-2002), [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#First-generation Silverado / second-generation Sierra (GMT800; 1999)|Chevrolet Silverado]] |- |&nbsp;||Tonawanda Forge||[[w:Tonawanda (town), New York|Tonawanda]], [[w:New York (state)|New York]]||United States||Forged metal components||c.1950||1994||Located at 2390-2392 Kenmore Ave. Sold to [[w:American Axle|American Axle & Manufacturing Inc.]] in 1994. Closed in 2008, subsequently demolished. |- |&nbsp;||Tonawanda Foundry||[[w:Tonawanda (town), New York|Tonawanda]], [[w:New York (state)|New York]]||United States||[[w:Casting|Iron castings]] of engine parts, brake drums. ||1954||1984||Was located on River Road. Was a Chevrolet Foundry. Was part of GM's Central Foundry Division. &nbsp; |- |Z||General Motors Turkiye Ltd.||[[w:Torbali|Torbali]], [[w:Izmir Province|Izmir Province]]||[[w:Turkey|Turkey]]||[[w:Opel Vectra|Opel Vectra]] A & B||1990||2000||[[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel plant]]. Converted into a spare parts warehouse. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Ultium#Production|Ultium Cells LLC - Lansing]]||[[w:Delta Township, Michigan|Delta Township, Michigan]]||United States||Was supposed to make Ultium lithium-ion battery cells for EV's||Was scheduled to open in late 2024 or in 2025|| || Originally owned and constructed by Ultium Cells LLC, a 50/50 joint venture between General Motors and [[w:LG Energy Solution|LG Energy Solution]]. This was supposed to be Ultium Cells' third plant but GM sold its stake in the plant to partner LG Energy Solution in 2025 before the plant opened. Located at 7111 Davis Hwy. It is adjacent to GM's Lansing Delta Township Assembly plant. |- |&nbsp;||General Motors Uruguaya SA||[[w:Sayago|Sayago]], [[w:Montevideo|Montevideo]]||[[w:Uruguay|Uruguay]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]<br />[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]<br />[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]<br />[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks]]||1962||1986|| |- |L (1953-1992)<br /><br />20 (1947-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])||[[w:Van Nuys Assembly|Van Nuys Assembly]]||[[w:Van Nuys, California|Van Nuys, California]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Camaro|Chevrolet Camaro]] (1967-1971, 1978-1992)<br />[[w:Pontiac Firebird|Pontiac Firebird]] (1968-1971, 1978-1992) ||1947||1992||Located at 8000 Van Nuys Blvd. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Van Nuys Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1968. Demolished in 1993. Redeveloped into "The Plant", a retail and industrial complex that also includes LAPD and LAFD stations.<br />Past models: [[w:Buick Apollo|Buick Apollo]] (1973-1975), [[w:Buick Skylark#Fourth generation (1975–1979)|Buick Skylark]] (1975-1977), [[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]] (1948-1955), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1969), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (first generation)|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1964, 1970-1972), [[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]] (1963, 1965-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1959-1960, 1964, 1970-1972), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1970-1972), [[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Nova]] (1972-1977), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]] (1952, 1955, 1959), [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]] (1955-1959), [[w:GMC Sprint|GMC Sprint]] (1971-1972), [[w:Oldsmobile Omega|Oldsmobile Omega]] (1973-1977), [[w:Pontiac GTO#Fourth generation|Pontiac GTO]] (1974), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1971–1977 X-body compact|Pontiac Ventura]] (1972-1976) |- |&nbsp;||Vauxhall - Bedford Die Plant||[[w:Bedford|Bedford]], [[w:Bedfordshire|Bedfordshire]]||[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]||Tools & Die Manufacturing||1969||1980's||Opened May 1969. Supplemented die-making at the Luton plant. |- |8 (since 1993)<br />E (before 1993)||[[w:Vauxhall Ellesmere Port|Vauxhall Ellesmere Port]]||[[w:Ellesmere Port|Ellesmere Port]], [[w:Cheshire|Cheshire]]||[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]||[[w:Opel Astra#K|Opel]]/[[w:Vauxhall Astra|Vauxhall Astra]] K (5-door, Sports Tourer)<br />[[w:Opel Astra#J|Opel]]/[[w:Vauxhall Astra|Vauxhall Astra]] J (5-door, Sports Tourer)<br />[[w:Opel Astra#H|Opel]]/[[w:Vauxhall Astra|Vauxhall Astra]] H<br />[[w:Opel Astra#G|Opel]]/[[w:Vauxhall Astra|Vauxhall Astra]] G<br />[[w:Opel Astra#F|Opel]]/[[w:Vauxhall Astra|Vauxhall Astra]] F<br />[[w:Opel Kadett E|Opel Kadett E]]/[[w:Vauxhall Astra#Second generation (1984–1991)|Vauxhall Astra Mk II]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Belmont|Vauxhall Belmont]]<br />[[w:Opel Combo#Kadett Combo (Combo A; 1986)|Opel Kadett Combo/Bedford Astravan & Astramax]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Astra#First generation (1980–1984)|Vauxhall Astra Mk I]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Chevette|Vauxhall Chevette]]<br />[[w:Bedford Chevanne|Bedford Chevanne]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Firenza|Vauxhall Firenza]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Magnum|Vauxhall Magnum]]<br />[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra C (2002–2010)|Opel/Vauxhall Vectra C]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]<br />[[w:Holden Astra#Third generation (TR; 1995)|Holden Astra (TR)]]<br />[[w:Holden Astra#Seventh generation (BK, BL; 2016)|Holden Astra (BK)]] (wagon)<br />Vauxhall Viva OHV Inline-4<br />[[w:General Motors 54° V6 engine|General Motors 54° V6 engine]]||1962||2017|| [[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall plant]]. <br />Also made engines, transmissions, axles, & other components. Component production began in November 1962. Vehicle production began with the Viva on June 1, 1964. Engine production ended in 2004. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. Absorbing production of electric midsize vans from Luton van plant following Luton's closure on March 28, 2025. |- |7 (since 1993)<br />V (before 1993)||Vauxhall Luton (car plant)||[[w:Luton|Luton]], [[w:Bedfordshire|Bedfordshire]]||[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]||[[w:Vauxhall Carlton|Vauxhall Carlton]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Cavalier|Vauxhall Cavalier]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Cresta|Vauxhall Cresta]]<br />[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra A (1988–1995)|Opel Vectra A]]<br />[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra B (1995–2002)|Opel/Vauxhall Vectra B]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Velox|Vauxhall Velox]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Ventora|Vauxhall Ventora]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Viscount|Vauxhall Viscount]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall VX4/90|Vauxhall VX4/90]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall VX Series|Vauxhall VX Series]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Wyvern|Vauxhall Wyvern]]<br />[[w:Envoy (automobile)#Vauxhall Victor based models|Envoy F/FB/FC/FD]]<br />Chevrolet Bedford AC/LQ<br />Bedford WHG/WLG/WS/VYC/AS/WT/BYC/K/[[w:Bedford M series|MS/ML]]/OS/OL/[[w:Bedford OB|OB]]<br />[[w:Bedford S type|Bedford S series]]<br />[[w:Bedford SB|Bedford SB]]<br />[[w:Bedford TA|Bedford TA]]<br />[[w:Bedford HC|Bedford HC/JC/PC]]<br />[[w:Bedford CA|Bedford CA/Envoy EA]]<br />[[w:Bedford CF|Bedford CF/CF1/Opel Bedford Blitz]]<br />[[w:Bedford HA|Bedford HA]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Slant-4 engine|Vauxhall Slant-4 engine]]<br />Vauxhall OHV Inline-6<br />[[w:Churchill tank|Churchill tank]] ||1905 (operations began)<br><br>1925 (part of GM)||2002|| Vauxhall moved from London to Luton in 1905. GM bought Vauxhall in 1925. Chevrolet truck production was moved to Luton in 1930 from the Hendon plant and became known as Chevrolet Bedford. Chevrolet Bedford trucks were replaced by Vauxhall-developed Bedford trucks during 1931 though Chevrolet Bedford production continued through 1932. Bedford trucks and buses were built at Luton until production was moved to Dunstable in 1955. Subsequently, only Bedford vans and car-based light commercial vehicles were still made in Luton. Produced Churchill tanks during World War II. Production ended in 2002 with the [[w:Vauxhall Vectra|Vauxhall Vectra]]. Over 7.4 million vehicles had been produced. The Luton passenger car plant was next to the at the time still active van plant previously used by the IBC Vehicles joint venture. The plant has now been demolished and the site is now being redeveloped for housing.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lutontoday.co.uk/news/politics/redevelopment-of-former-vauxhall-site-given-the-go-ahead-1-5795094|work=Luton Today|title=Redevelopment of former Vauxhall site given the go-ahead|date=8 Jan 2014|access-date=29 September 2014}}</ref> It is being redeveloped into a new Luton suburb called [[w:Napier Park|Napier Park]]. The van plant was closed in 2025 by Stellantis. |- |&nbsp;||GM de Venezuela<br />Caracas||[[w:Antimano|Antimano]], [[w:Caracas|Caracas]]||[[w:Venezuela|Venezuela]]||[[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] <br />[[w:Chevrolet Camaro|Chevrolet Camaro]]<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]]<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Nova]]<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Thriftmaster/Loadmaster]]<br />[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]<br />[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]] ||1948||1983||Plant closed in 1983 & GM moved to the newer Valencia plant that it bought from Chrysler in 1979. |- |&nbsp;||GM Venezolana<br />Mariara||[[w:Mariara|Mariara]], [[w:Carabobo|Carabobo]]||[[w:Venezuela|Venezuela]]||[[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Second-generation Silverado / third-generation Sierra (GMT900; 2007)|Chevrolet C3500]]<br /> [[w:Isuzu Forward|Chevrolet F-Series]]<br />[[w:Isuzu Giga|Chevrolet E-Series]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Kodiak|Chevrolet Kodiak]]<br />[[w:Isuzu Elf|Chevrolet N-Series]]<br />||2008||2015||Plant closed in 2015 & N-Series moved to Valencia plant. |- |&nbsp;||GM Venezolana<br />Valencia||[[w:Valencia, Carabobo|Valencia]], [[w:Carabobo|Carabobo]]||[[w:Venezuela|Venezuela]]||[[w:Chevrolet Astra|Chevrolet Astra]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]]<br /> [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] <br />[[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]]<br />[[w:Buick Century#Fifth generation (1982–1996)|Chevrolet Century]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Chevette#Latin America|Chevrolet Chevette]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Corsa|Chevrolet Corsa]]<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Cruze#First generation (J300; 2008)|Chevrolet Cruze]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#First generation (1992)|Chevrolet Grand Blazer]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Kodiak|Chevrolet Kodiak]]<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fourth generation (1978)|Chevrolet Malibu]]<br />[[w:Opel Ascona#Chevrolet Monza|Chevrolet Monza]]<br />[[w:Isuzu Elf|Chevrolet N-Series]]<br />[[w:Daewoo Lacetti|Chevrolet Optra]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Orlando#First generation (J309; 2011)|Chevrolet Orlando]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer|Chevrolet S-10 Blazer]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Silverado|Chevrolet Silverado]]<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Spark|Chevrolet Spark]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Tahoe|Chevrolet Tahoe]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet TrailBlazer#First generation (KC; 2001)|Chevrolet TrailBlazer]] ||1979||2017||Originally built by Chrysler de Venezuela SA. GM bought the plant from Chrysler in 1979 and moved their entire operations there from the Caracas plant by 1983. <br /> There had already been production pauses because of part shortages between 2014 and 2016. On May 2, 2017 GM announced the total closure of the plant and deconsolidation of the Venezuelan unit from its accounts due to the illegal seizure of its factory by the Venezuelan government. The plant halted all of its operations of manufacturing vehicles and now only retains the GM brands representation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.semana.com/internacional/articulo/general-motors-cierra-operaciones-en-venezuela/244829|title=General Motors concreta el cierre de sus operaciones en Venezuela|website=Semana.com|date=May 2, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2017/04/20/actualidad/1492679446_631610.html|title=General Motors suspende operaciones en Venezuela tras el embargo de una planta|newspaper=El País|date=April 20, 2017|via=elpais.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/generalmotors-cierre-operaciones-venezuela-negocios.html|title=General Motors inicia cierre de operaciones en Venezuela|website=El Comercio|date=May 2, 2017}}</ref> |- |&nbsp;||[[w:GM Vietnam|GM Vietnam]]||[[w:Hanoi, Vietnam|Hanoi]]||[[w:Vietnam|Vietnam]]||[[w:Chevrolet Aveo|Chevrolet Aveo]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Cruze#First generation (J300; 2008)|Chevrolet Cruze]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Lacetti|Chevrolet Lacetti]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Spark#Second generation (M200, M250; 2005)|Chevrolet Spark Lite]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Spark#Third generation (M300; 2009)|Chevrolet Spark]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Orlando#First generation (J309; 2011)|Chevrolet Orlando]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Vivant|Chevrolet Vivant]]<br>[[w:Daewoo Cielo|Daewoo Cielo]]<br>[[w:Daewoo Lacetti|Daewoo Lacetti]]<br />[[w:Daewoo Lanos|Daewoo Lanos]]<br>[[w:Daewoo Leganza|Daewoo Leganza]]<br>[[w:Daewoo Magnus|Daewoo Magnus]]<br>[[w:Daewoo Matiz|Daewoo Matiz]]<br>[[w:Daewoo Nubira|Daewoo Nubira]]<br>[[w:Daewoo Damas|Daewoo Damas]]||1995||2018||Originally established as VIDAMCO (a joint venture with a state owned co.) in 1993 by Daewoo Motor Co. Daewoo bought out its Vietnamese partner in April 2000, making VIDAMCO 100% owned by Daewoo Motor Co. Bought by GM in 2002 as part of the creation of [[w:GM Daewoo|GM Daewoo Auto & Technology Co.]] In July 2011, the name of the company was changed from VIDAMCO to GM Vietnam. Sold to [[w:VinFast|VinFast]] in 2018. [[w:VinFast Fadil|VinFast Fadil]] produced under license from GM; is a rebadged [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Fourth generation (M400; 2015)|Chevrolet Spark (M400)]]/[[w:Opel Karl|Opel Karl]]. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Warren Transmission|Warren Transmission]]||[[w:Warren, Michigan|Warren, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:GM-Ford 6-speed automatic transmission|6T70, 6T75, 6T80]] ||1958||2020||Located at 23500 Mound Road. Past transmissions: [[w:GM 4T60-E transmission|4T65-E]], [[w:List of GM transmissions#Hybrid and PHEV|5ET50 EVT]] Plant originally built in 1941 as a US Navy Ordnance facility operated by the Hudson Motor Car Co. building 20mm Oerlikon anti-aircraft guns. In 1943, the Navy moved the contract from Hudson to Westinghouse, which now operated the Warren plant for the Navy. Ford bought the plant in 1946 and used it to produce axles and ball joints. GM bought the plant in 1958.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2022/01/old-gm-warren-transmission-plant-set-to-be-demolished/|title = Old GM Warren Transmission Plant Set To Be Demolished|author=Sam McEachern|publisher=GMAuthority.com|date=January 25, 2022}}</ref> The plant became a Chevrolet facility making auto parts. It also made artillery shells in the 1960's and 1970's. The factory was transferred to the Hydramatic Division in 1980, later becoming part of GM Powertrain. [https://nadc1.com/?portfolio=gm-paint-shop-strip-out] Ended production on August 1, 2019. Reopened for production of face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic beginning in March 2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/general-motors/2020/06/08/gm-warren-transmission-plant-coronavirus/3135789001/|title = GM revived Warren plant for face mask production. What happens when demand slows?|author=Jamie LaReau|publisher=Detroit Free Press|date=June 8, 2020}}</ref>. First face mask produced March 27, 2020. Sold to a developer in 2021. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Welch Motor Car Company|Welch]]||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Welch automobiles||1909||1911||Welch Motor Car Company became affiliated with GM in 1909 and GM officially took it over in 1910. Welch ended production in 1911. Welch was noted for having engines with a single overhead cam and hemispherical combustion chambers, unusual technology for its time. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Welch Motor Car Company|Welch-Detroit]]||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Welch-Detroit automobiles||1910||1911||The Welch Company of Detroit was a separate company from the Welch Motor Car Company of Pontiac, Michigan and was set up in June 1909 to build a smaller, cheaper car than the Welch made in Pontiac, Michigan. Both Welch companies became affiliated with GM in 1909 and GM officially took over both companies in 1910. Both Welch and Welch-Detroit ended production in 1911. Equipment from the factory was moved to the also GM-owned, former Rainier Motor Car Company factory in Saginaw to make the 1912 Marquette, which was said to be a combination of the previous Rainier and Welch-Detroit brands. |- |W||[[w:Willow Run Assembly|Willow Run Assembly]]||[[w:Ypsilanti Township, Michigan|Ypsilanti Twp, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Caprice#Fourth generation (1991–1996)|Chevrolet Caprice]] sedan & wagon (1991-1993) <br />[[w:Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser#Third generation (1991–1992)|Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser]] wagon (1991-1992)<br />[[w:Buick Roadmaster#1991–1996|Buick Roadmaster Estate wagon]] (1991-1993)||1956||1993||Located at 2625 Tyler Road, to the south of the former Willow Run Transmission plant. Initially opened in 1956 to exclusively build Chevrolet trucks in a 500,000 sq. ft. building that had been used as a warehouse by GM and was previously used by Kaiser-Frazer's engineering dept. [https://aadl.org/aa_news_19561208-chevrolet_willow_run_truck_plant_gains_momentum] In 1958-59, plant was expanded into a 2-part Chevrolet & Fisher Body passenger car assembly plant to make the Chevrolet Corvair. First completed 1960 Corvair rolls off the line on July 7, 1959 [https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=792700342891740&set=a.453129043515540]. Added the Chevy II (Nova) for 1962. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Willow Run Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1971. Idled in Nov. 1978. Converted in 1978-79 to build the fwd X-body compacts for 1980. Began building fwd X-cars on January 17, 1979. In 1984, joined the new BOC group in preparation for its conversion to build the new fwd H-body full-size cars for 1986. Final H-car built on May 19, 1989 and in September, moved to the CPC group. Converted to build the body-on-frame, rwd B-body for 1991. Chevy Caprice sedan production began in January 1990 followed by station wagons in July. Closed July 1993. B-body production consolidated in Arlington, TX. Assembly plant was 2.5 million sq. ft. when it closed. The Willow Run Assembly Plant is now the Willow Run Business Center, a multi-tenant warehouse and distribution facility, part of which is leased by GM to distribute automotive service parts, which is known as Ypsilanti #87 Processing Center, part of GM Customer Care and Aftersales. The nearby Willow Run Company Vehicle Operations site at 2901 Tyler Road was sold to International Turbine Industries in April 2013.<ref name=WR-Assembly-sold>{{cite news|author=Katrease Stafford|title=GM Willow Run plant redevelopment: Aircraft maintenance firm buys 1 building|url=https://www.annarbor.com/news/ypsilanti/gm-willow-run-plant-redevelopment-aircraft-maintenance-firm-purchases-facility-25-new-jobs-expected/|access-date=24 April 2013|newspaper=AnnArbor.com|date=April 2, 2013}}</ref> Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]] (1957-1958), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Fourth generation (1955)|Chevrolet Suburban]] (1958), [[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]] (1960-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II/Nova]] (1962-79), [[w:Acadian (automobile)|Acadian]] (Canada only: 1968-71), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1971–1977 X-body compact|Pontiac <br> Ventura]] (1971-1977), [[w:Pontiac GTO#Fourth generation|Pontiac GTO]] (1974), [[w:Pontiac Phoenix#First generation (1977–1979)|Pontiac Phoenix (rwd <br> X-body)]] (1977-1979), [[w:Oldsmobile Omega|Oldsmobile Omega (rwd X-body)]] (1973-1979), [[w:Buick Skylark#Fourth generation (1975–1979)|Buick Skylark (rwd <br> X-body)]] (1977-1978), [[w:Chevrolet Citation|Chevrolet Citation]] (1980-1981, 1984-1985), [[w:Oldsmobile Omega#Third generation (1980–1984)|Oldsmobile Omega (fwd X-body)]] (1980-1984), [[w:Buick Skylark#Fifth generation (1980–1985)|Buick Skylark (fwd <br> X-body)]] (1980-1985), [[w:Oldsmobile 88#Ninth generation (1986–1991)|Oldsmobile 88]] (1986-89), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Eighth generation (1987–1991)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1987-1989). |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Willow Run Transmission|Willow Run Transmission]]||[[w:Ypsilanti, Michigan|Ypsilanti, Michigan]]||United States|| [[w:Hydramatic|Hydramatic]] automatic transmissions <br /> [[w:GM 4L80-E transmission|4L80-E transmission]]<br />[[w:GM 4L80-E transmission|4L85-E transmission]]<br />[[w:GM 4T60-E transmission|4T60-E transmission]]<br />[[w:GM 4T60-E transmission|4T65-E transmission]]<br />[[w:GM 4T80-E transmission|4T80-E transmission]]<br />[[w:GM 6L50 transmission|6L50-E transmission]]<br />[[w:GM 6L80 transmission|6L80-E transmission]]<br />[[w:GM 6L90 transmission|6L90-E transmission]]<br />||1953||2010||Began as the Ford [[w:B-24 Liberator|B-24 Liberator]] bomber plant in World War II which opened in 1941, grew from 3.5 million square feet to nearly 5 million square feet under GM. Ford built the factory and sold it to the US government, which leased it back to Ford for the duration of WWII. Ford Motor had first option on the plant after war production ended, an option it ultimately chose not to exercise. The factory was instead leased and then sold to [[w:Kaiser-Frazer|Kaiser-Frazer]] and was their main production site from 1946-1953, when they moved production to Toledo, OH following Kaiser-Frazer's acquisition of Toledo-based [[w:Willys-Overland|Willys-Overland]]. In addition to automobiles, [[w:Kaiser-Frazer|Kaiser-Frazer]] also built [[w:C-119 Flying Boxcar|C-119 Flying Boxcar]] cargo planes at Willow Run under license from [[w:Fairchild Aircraft|Fairchild Aircraft]], producing an estimated 88 C-119s between 1951 and 1953. In 1953, GM first leased then bought the plant to replace the Detroit Transmission Division factory in Livonia, Michigan that had burned down earlier in 1953. Whatever equipment could be salvaged was brought from the destroyed Detroit Transmission Division plant in Livonia to Willow Run in 1953. Also supplied Hydramatics to Lincoln, Nash, Hudson, Rambler, Kaiser, and Willys. It was also initially supplied to Rolls-Royce before Rolls-Royce set up their own Hydramatic production line in the UK building Hydramatics under license from GM. Rolls-Royce also supplied Armstrong-Siddeley and [[w: British Motor Corporation|BMC]], which in turn supplied other British automakers like Jensen that used BMC’s biggest engines. The Detroit Transmission Division became the Hydramatic Division in October 1963. The Hydramatic Division merged with the GM Engine Division to form GM Powertrain in 1991-1992. Over the years, GM expanded the plant to almost 5 million sq. ft. In addition to automatic transmissions, GM also produced the M16A1 rifle and the M39A1 20mm autocannon for the US military during the Vietnam War at Willow Run Transmission. GM Powertrain also had an on-site engineering center. The plant closed in December 2010. A small portion of the plant was saved by the [[w:Yankee Air Museum|Yankee Air Museum]] to be turned into the National Museum of Aviation and Technology at Historic Willow Run but more than 95% of the plant was demolished from 2013-2014. The rest of the site has been redeveloped into the [[w:American Center for Mobility|American Center for Mobility]], an autonomous- and connected-driving testing center which opened in December 2017. |- |Y (1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] and 1965-2010) <br /><br /> W <br /> (Pre-1965 [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] & [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])<br /><br /> 5 (Pre-1965 [[w:Buick|Buick]]) || [[w:Wilmington Assembly|Wilmington Assembly]] || [[w:Wilmington, Delaware|Wilmington, Delaware]]||United States||[[w:Pontiac Solstice|Pontiac Solstice]] (2006-2010)<br />[[w:Saturn Sky|Saturn Sky]] (2007-2010) <br />[[w:Opel GT#GT (roadster) (2007–2010)|Opel GT]] (Europe: 2007-2010) <br />[[w:Daewoo G2X#Daewoo G2X|Daewoo G2X]] (S. Korea: 2007-2009) ||1947||2009||Located at 801 Boxwood Road. Was originally part of the [[w:Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division|Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division]]. Wilmington began making Chevrolet passenger cars for 1964. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. Converted to make the Chevette small car for 1976. Switched back to making B-body full-size cars for 1985. Converted to make the fwd Chevy Corsica & Beretta for 1987. Then built Corsica's replacement, Malibu, for 1997. Converted to build Saturn's 2nd model range, the Opel Vectra-based, plastic body paneled Saturn L-Series for 2000. Converted to build the rwd, Kappa platform small sports cars for 2006 beginning with the Pontiac Solstice. Final car produced was a Solstice roadster on July 28, 2009. The plant was sold to [[w:Fisker Automotive|Fisker Automotive]] in 2010, which had planned to build its [[w:Fisker Atlantic|2nd model line]] there. However, Fisker Automotive went bankrupt in Nov. 2013 before ever building any cars in Wilmington. Fisker Automotive's assets, including the Wilmington plant, were purchased out of bankruptcy by Wanxiang Group in February 2014. Wanxiang did not use the plant and sold it in 2017. Plant was demolished in 2019. A large part of the site is now an Amazon fulfillment center.<br />Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Corsica|Chevrolet Corsica]] (1987-1996), [[w:Chevrolet Beretta|Chevrolet Beretta]] (1987-1996), [[w:Pontiac Tempest#Fourth generation (1987–1991)|Pontiac Tempest (Canada only)]] (1988-91), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fifth generation (1997)|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1997-1999), [[w:Saturn L-Series|Saturn L-Series]] (2000-2005), [[w:Chevrolet Chevette|Chevrolet Chevette]] (1976-1984), [[w:Pontiac 1000|Pontiac 1000]] (1981-1984), [[w:Pontiac Acadian|Pontiac Acadian]] (Canada only: 1976-1984), [[w:Buick Centurion|Buick Centurion]] (1971-1973), [[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]] (1959-1962, 1971-1974), [[w:Buick Estate#1971-1976|Buick Estate]] (1972-1973, 1975), [[w:Buick GS|Buick GS]] (1968-1969), [[w:Buick Invicta|Buick Invicta]] (1959-1962), [[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick LeSabre]] (1959-1975), [[w:Buick Limited#1958 Limited|Buick Limited]] (1958), [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1948-1950, 1955-1957), [[w:Buick Skylark#Third generation (1968–1972)|Buick Skylark]] (1968-1969), [[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]] (1950, 1953-1958), [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1954-1958), [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]] (1963-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1964), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1964-1968), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1975, 1985-1986), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1964-1975, 1985), [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1949-1963, 1985), [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]] (1948-1963), [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#First generation (1961–1966)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1961-1963), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1958-1963), [[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (1959-1960, 1962-1963), [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1950-1951, 1954-1957), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#First generation (1962–1964)|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1962-1963), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1955-1958, 1960), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1960–1970|Pontiac Ventura]] (1960-1961) |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Windsor Transmission|Windsor Transmission]]||[[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:GM 4T40 transmission|4T40E/4T45E transmission]]<br />Transmission components||1920||2010||Plant was originally in [[w:Walkerville, Ontario|Walkerville]] until Walkerville was annexed by Windsor in 1935. Was located at 1550 Kildare Road. Walker Road is at the back of the property. Previous: 1920 - 1928 axles and parts, 1928 - 1963 engines (including the [[w:Chevrolet Stovebolt engine|Chevrolet Stovebolt OHV inline-6 engine]] and Buick engines from 1935-1942). The Windsor plant was taken over by McKinnon Industries Ltd., a GM subsidiary based in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada in 1963. As a result, engine production in Windsor was moved to St. Catharines and transmission production in St. Catharines was moved to Windsor. At this point, the Windsor plant was renamed the Windsor Transmission Plant. In 1969, McKinnon Industries Ltd. was integrated into GM Canada rather than being a separate subsidiary. Windsor Transmission was closed on July 28, 2010. The 4-spd. automatics made in Windsor were discontinued and replaced by 6-spd. automatics made in St. Catharines. Sold in 2014 and completely demolished by 2017. Site now occupied by MotiPark Ltd. |- |&nbsp;||Windsor Trim||[[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||Seat assemblies and door trim panels||1965||1996|| Located at 1600 Lauzon Rd. Sold to Peregrine, Inc. in 1996 and then sold to [[w:Lear Corp.|Lear Corp.]] in 1999. Closed by Lear in 2005. Demolished in 2009. Part of the property is now the [[w:WFCU Centre|WFCU Centre]] and part will be residential homes. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Wixom Performance Build Center|Wixom Performance Build Center]]||[[w:Wixom, Michigan|Wixom, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:GM LS engine|6.2L LS3 V8]] [[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C6)#Grand Sport|(C6 Corvette Grand Sport coupe w/manual transmission only)]]<br />[[w:GM LS engine|7.0L LS7 V8]]<br />[[w:GM LS engine|6.2L supercharged LS9 V8]]<br />[[w:Northstar engine series#LC3|4.4L supercharged LC3 Northstar V8]] ||2004||2013<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.torquenews.com/106/gm-closing-wixom-performance-engine-facility-build-your-own-engine-program-ends|title=GM Closing Wixom Performance Engine Facility, Build-Your-Own-Engine Program Ends|author=Patrick Rall|date=September 20, 2013|publisher=Torquenews.com}}</ref>||Located at 30240 Oak Creek Dr.<br> Performance Build Center relocated to <br> Bowling Green Assembly in 2014. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Detroit Assembly#LaSalle Factory/DeSoto Factory|Wyoming Assembly (LaSalle Wyoming Ave. plant)]]||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||[[w:LaSalle (automobile)|LaSalle]] 1927-1933||1926||1934||Located at 6000 Wyoming Avenue. Originally built to produce Liberty aircraft engines in World War I, opening in 1917. In 1919, was taken over by Saxon Motor Co., owned by Hugh Chalmers of Chalmers Motor Co. GM bought the plant in 1926 and built the LaSalle there from 1927. GM sold Wyoming Assembly to Chrysler in 1934, which then used it to build its DeSoto brand. After the DeSoto brand was discontinued in late 1960, became Wyoming Export plant which was used to prepare vehicles for export. Plant closed in 1980. Plant was demolished in 1992. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:GMC (marque)#History|Yellow Truck & Coach Manufacturing Company]]||[[w:Chicago|Chicago]], [[w:Illinois|Illinois]]||United States||Yellow Cab taxis<br>Yellow Coach buses<br>Yellocab trucks (T-1, T-2, and T-3)||1925||1928||Located on West Dickens Ave. In 1925, General Motors Truck Corp., the parent of the GMC brand, merged with Yellow Cab Manufacturing Company (including its Yellow Coach Mfg. Co. bus-making subsidiary) to form Yellow Truck & Coach Manufacturing Company, in which GM owned a majority stake of 57%. Yellocab trucks were discontinued during 1927 and were replaced with new light-duty GMC trucks (T-10 & T-20). During 1928, bus and taxi production was consolidated at the GMC Pontiac Central plant in Pontiac, Michigan. The Chicago plant was closed and sold. |- |&nbsp;||Yellow Sleeve-Valve Engine Works||[[w:East Moline|East Moline]], [[w:Illinois|Illinois]]||United States||Yellow-Knight engines||1925||1929||Production began in 1923. In 1925, General Motors Truck Corp., the parent of the GMC brand, merged with Yellow Cab Manufacturing Company (including its Yellow Coach Mfg. Co. bus-making subsidiary) to form Yellow Truck & Coach Manufacturing Company, in which GM owned a majority stake of 57%. The Northway Motor Division of Detroit was transferred to General Motors Truck Corp. as part of that merger but was liquidated in 1926. During 1929 and 1930, Yellow Sleeve Valve Engine production equipment was transferred from East Moline, Illinois to Pontiac West Plant 1 in Pontiac, Michigan. The East Moline plant was closed at the end of 1929 and was sold. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Yulon GM|Yulon GM]]||[[w:Miaoli|Miaoli]]||[[w:Taiwan|Taiwan]]||[[w:Buick Excelle#Taiwan|Buick Excelle]]<br />[[w:Buick LaCrosse#China|Buick LaCrosse]] ||2006||2012||A joint venture owned 49% by GM & 51% by [[w:Yulon|Yulon Motor Co]]. Yulon bought GM's stake in the venture in Dec. 2008. Production continued after the sale through licensing but cooperation between GM & Yulon ended in 2012. |- |&nbsp;||General Motors Zaire||[[w:Kinshasa|Kinshasa]]||[[w:Zaire|Zaire]] (now [[w:Democratic Republic of the Congo|D.R. Congo]])||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] trucks<br />[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]<br />[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]<br />[[w:Opel Commodore|Opel Commodore]]<br />[[w:Opel Ascona|Opel Ascona]]<br />[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford Trucks]]||1975||1987||GM sold the plant in 1987 to local businessmen. Plant was looted bare in 1991. |} == Former partner factories == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%" !VIN !! Name !! City/State !! Country !! class="unsortable" | Products !! Opened !! Idled !! class="unsortable" | Comments |- |H||[[w:AM General#Hummer brand|AM General]] Commercial plant||[[w:Mishawaka, Indiana|Mishawaka, Indiana]]||United States||[[w:Hummer H2|Hummer H2]] (2003-2009)||2002||2009||Located at 12900 McKinley Highway. Built under contract for GM by AM General. Plant later built the [[w:Mercedes-Benz R-Class|Mercedes-Benz R-Class]] under contract for Mercedes for export to China from 2015-2017 as well as the [[w:VPG MV-1|VPG MV-1]] under contract for VPG (later Mobility Ventures MV-1; Mobility Ventures being an AM General subsidiary that took over VPG's assets after VPG went bankrupt). MV-1 was made from 2011-2016. |- |E||[[w:AM General#Hummer brand|AM General]] Military plant||[[w:Mishawaka, Indiana|Mishawaka, Indiana]]||United States||[[w:Hummer H1|Hummer H1]] (2000-2006)||1992 (civilian production)||2006 (civilian production)||Located at 13200 McKinley Highway. This plant built the military [[w:Humvee|Humvee]] from fall 1984 and civilian Hummers from 1992. In Dec. 1999, GM bought the rights to the Hummer brand from AM General. AM General still handled manufacturing but GM handled marketing and distribution. At this point, the AM General Hummer was renamed Hummer H1. H1 built under contract for GM by AM General. Humvee production for military use continued after 2006. |- |&nbsp;||Asoke Engineering (Asoke Motors)||Bangkok?||[[w:Thailand|Thailand]]||[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|Plai Noi]]<br />[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]||Mid-1970s||Early-1980s||A version of GM's [[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|BTV]] called the Plai Noi was assembled in Thailand in 1974. |- |&nbsp;||Associated Industries Ltd.||[[w:Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]]||[[w:Guyana|Guyana]]||[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|Tapir]]||Mid-1970's||Late-1970's||A version of GM's [[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|BTV]] called the Tapir was assembled in Guyana. |- |&nbsp;||Associated Motor Industries Ltd.||[[w:Jurong|Jurong]] (Jurong Industrial Estate)||[[w:Singapore|Singapore]]||[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]]<br />[[w:Statesman (automobile)#HQ|Chevrolet 350]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] including: <br />[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Victor]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Viva]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall VX4/90|VX4/90]]||1968||1975||Jointly owned by Wearne Brothers Limited & Motor Investments Bhd. Associated Motor Industries Ltd. assembled vehicles under license from GM beginning in 1968 as well as brands from other automakers (Austin, Morris, & Renault). |- |&nbsp;||Associated Motor Industries Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.||[[w:Batu Tiga|Batu Tiga]], [[w:Selangor|Selangor]]||[[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]]||[[w:Holden|Holden]]<br />||1968||1971 (?)||Associated Motor Industries Malaysia assembled Holden vehicles under license from GM beginning in 1968 as well as brands from other automakers. |- |C||[[w:Automobilwerk Eisenach|Automobilwerk Eisenach]] (AWE)||[[w:Eisenach|Eisenach]]||[[w:Germany|Germany]]||[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra A (1988–1995)|Opel Vectra]] A<br />||1990||1991|| The old [[w:Wartburg (marque)|Wartburg]] plant built vehicles for Opel for a short time before closing permanently. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Avtotor|Avtotor]]||[[w:Kaliningrad|Kaliningrad]]||[[w:Russia|Russia]]||[[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]], [[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]], [[w:Chevrolet Epica|Chevrolet Epica]], [[w:Chevrolet Lacetti|Chevrolet Lacetti]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Eighth generation (2013)|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Orlando#First generation (J309; 2010)|Chevrolet Orlando]], [[w:Chevrolet Rezzo|Chevrolet Rezzo]], [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Second generation (2000) |Chevrolet Tahoe (GMT800)]], [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Third generation (2007)|Chevrolet Tahoe (GMT900)]], [[w:Chevrolet Trailblazer (SUV)#First generation (KC; 2001)|Chevrolet Trailblazer]], [[w:Cadillac BLS|Cadillac BLS]], [[w:Cadillac CTS|Cadillac CTS]], [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Second generation (2001)|Cadillac Escalade (GMT800)]], [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Third generation (2007)|Cadillac Escalade (GMT900)]], [[w:Cadillac SRX|Cadillac SRX]], [[w:Cadillac STS|Cadillac STS]], [[w:Hummer H2|Hummer H2]], [[w:Hummer H3|Hummer H3]], [[w:Opel Antara|Opel Antara]], [[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]], [[w:Opel Insignia|Opel Insignia]], [[w:Opel Mokka#First generation (J13; 2012)|Opel Mokka]], [[w:Opel Meriva|Opel Meriva]], [[w:Opel Zafira|Opel Zafira]]||2004||2015||Built under contract by [[w:Avtotor|Avtotor]] for GM. GM ended the contract in 2015. |- |&nbsp;||Azia Avto||[[w:Ust-Kamenogorsk|Ust-Kamenogorsk]]||[[w:Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]], [[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]], [[w:Chevrolet Cruze|Chevrolet Cruze]], [[w:Chevrolet Epica|Chevrolet Epica]], [[w:Chevrolet Lacetti|Chevrolet Lacetti]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Eighth generation (2013)|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Orlando#First generation (J309; 2010)|Chevrolet Orlando]], [[w:Chevrolet Trax|Chevrolet Tracker]]||2007||2018||Built under contract by Azia Avto for GM. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Bangchan General Assembly|Bangchan General Assembly]] Co., Ltd.||[[w:Khan Na Yao district|Khan Na Yao district]], [[w:Bangkok|Bangkok]]||[[w:Thailand|Thailand]]||[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]] <br />[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]] <br />[[w:Holden Kingswood|Holden Monaro LS]]<br />[[w:Statesman (automobile)|Chevrolet De Ville]]||1970||1987 (?)||[[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]] invested in Bangchan in 1979 but then sold its stake to [[w:Honda|Honda]] in 1987. Phra Nakorn Automobile Group became sole owner of Bangchan in 2005. |- |B||[[w:Gruppo Bertone|Gruppo Bertone]]||[[w:Grugliasco|Grugliasco]]||[[w:Italy|Italy]]||[[w:Opel Kadett#Kadett E (1984–1995)|Opel Kadett E convertible]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Astra#Second generation (1984–1993)|Vauxhall Astra Mark 2 convertible]]<br />[[w:Opel Astra#F|Opel/Vauxhall Astra F convertible]]<br />[[w:Opel Astra#G|Opel/Vauxhall Astra G coupe & convertible]]<br />[[w:Holden Astra#Fourth generation (TS; 1998)|Holden Astra convertible (TS)]] ||1987||2006||Built under contract by [[w:Gruppo Bertone|Gruppo Bertone]] for Opel/Vauxhall. |- |&nbsp;||Central African Transport Company (CATCO)||?||[[w:Malawi|Malawi]]||[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|Zonse]]||Mid-1970's||?||A version of GM's [[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|BTV]] called the Zonse was assembled in Malawi. |- |&nbsp;||Centroamericana de Ensamblaje y Fabricación||(?)||[[w:Honduras|Honduras]]||[[w:El Compadre (car)|Compadre]]||1970s||(?)||A version of GM's [[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|BTV]] called the Compadre was assembled in Honduras. |- |&nbsp;||Champion Motors||[[w:Shah Alam|Shah Alam]], [[w:Selangor|Selangor]]||[[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]]||[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]<br />[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks]] including [[w:Bedford TJ|Bedford TJ]]||1968||1982 (?)||Champion Motors assembled vehicles under license from GM beginning in 1968. Champion Motors was renamed Assembly Services Sdn. Bhd. (ASSB) in 1975. The last products still being built for GM were Bedford trucks. A joint venture of Toyota & [[w:UMW Holdings|UMW Holdings Bhd.]] called Sejati Motor took over ASSB in 1982 which was then renamed UMW Toyota Motor in 1987. |- |&nbsp;||Chinese Automobile Co., Ltd.||[[w:Xinzhuang District|Xinzhuang District]], [[w:New Taipei City|New Taipei City]]||[[w:Taiwan|Taiwan]]||[[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]] F & G<br />[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra B (1995–2002)|Opel Vectra]] B ||1993||2000||GM ended the assembly contract in 2001. |- |&nbsp;||Fabrica Superior de Centro America S.A.||?||[[w:El Salvador|El Salvador]]||[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|Cherito]]||1973||1975||A version of GM's [[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|BTV]] called the Cherito was assembled in El Salvador. It was distributed by Auto Palace. |- |&nbsp;||Fernandes Autohandel||?||[[w:Suriname|Suriname]]||[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|Moetete]]||1973||1975||A version of GM's [[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|BTV]] called the Moetete was assembled in Suriname. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:GAZ|GAZ]]||[[w:Nizhny Novgorod|Nizhny Novgorod]]||[[w:Russia|Russia]]||[[w:Chevrolet Aveo#Second generation (T300; 2012)|Chevrolet Aveo]]||2013||2015||Built under contract by [[w:GAZ|GAZ]] for GM. GM ended the contract in 2015. |- |&nbsp;||Genoto (General Otomotiv Sanayi ve Ticaret AS)||[[w:Kozyatağı|Kozyatağı]], [[w:Istanbul|Istanbul]]||[[w:Turkey|Turkey]]||[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks]] including [[w:Bedford TK|Bedford TK]] (KG EJR & KBC 10 & 570)||1965||1986||Built Bedford trucks under license from GM, sometimes rebadged as Genoto. |- |E||[[w:Heuliez|Heuliez]]||[[w:Cerizay|Cerizay]]||[[w:France|France]]||[[w:Opel Tigra#Tigra TwinTop B (2004–2009)|Opel/Vauxhall Tigra TwinTop B]]<br />[[w:Opel Tigra#Tigra TwinTop B (2004–2009)|Holden Tigra (XC)]]||2004||2009||Built under contract by [[w:Heuliez|Heuliez]] for Opel/Vauxhall. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Hindustan Motors|Hindustan Motors]]||[[w:Uttarpara|Uttarpara]], [[w:West Bengal|West Bengal]]||[[w:India|India]]||[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] models under Hindustan name including [[w:Hindustan Contessa|Hindustan Contessa]] (based on [[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]])<br />[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]] models including [[w:Bedford TJ|Bedford TJ]]<br />[[w:Allison Transmission|Allison Transmission]]<br />[[w:Terex|Terex]]||1957 (?)||2004||Built under license by [[w:Hindustan Motors|Hindustan Motors]]. |- |&nbsp;||INDEVESA, S.A. (Industrias Nicaraguenses De Vehiculos SA)||(?)||[[w:Nicaragua|Nicaragua]]||[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|Pinolero]]||1974||(?)||The Nicaraguan state-owned company produced a version of GM's BTV called the Pinolero. |- |&nbsp;||Industrias Superior||[[w:Guatemala City|Guatemala City]]||[[w:Guatemala|Guatemala]]||[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|Chato]]||1977||1970's||A version of GM's [[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|BTV]] called the Chato was assembled in Guatemala. It was distributed by CIDEA. |- |3||[[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]] Kawasaki plant||[[w:Kawasaki, Kanagawa|Kawasaki, Kanagawa]]||[[w:Japan|Japan]]||[[w:Chevrolet W-Series|Chevrolet W-Series]] (1984-1998)<br />[[w:GMC W-Series|GMC W-Series]] (1984-1998)<br />[[w:Isuzu N-Series|Isuzu N-Series]] (1987-1994)<br />[[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu F-Series]] (1995-98 FRR, 1989-96 FSR, 1992-96 FTR/FVR)||1938||2005||[[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]] plant. Closed 2005. |- |H<br />(WMI: MPA)||[[w:Isuzu Motors (Thailand)|Isuzu Motors Co., (Thailand) Ltd.]] (IMCT)||Samrong Tai, [[w:Phra Pradaeng district|Phra Pradaeng district]], [[w:Samut Prakan province|Samut Prakan province]]||[[w:Thailand|Thailand]]||[[w:Holden Rodeo|Holden Rodeo (RA)]]||2003||2008||Rebadged Isuzu D-Max produced by Isuzu Thailand for GM Holden in Australia and New Zealand. Replaced by the updated and renamed Holden Colorado, which was made by GM Thailand rather than Isuzu Thailand. The model name was changed because after GM sold the last of its shares in Isuzu in 2006, GM Holden lost the right to use the Rodeo name, which was owned by Isuzu, during 2008. |- |9||[[w:KUKA|KUKA]]||[[w:Livonia, Michigan|Livonia]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||[[w:BrightDrop Zevo 600|BrightDrop Zevo 600]] (2022)||2021||2022||Produced under contract for GM in a limited run of less than 500 units. A temporary measure until GM's CAMI plant is ready to start building BrightDrop electric vans. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Lilpop, Rau i Loewenstein|Lilpop, Rau and Loewenstein (LRL)]]||[[w:Warsaw|Warsaw]]||[[w:Poland|Poland]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] cars, trucks, and buses<br />[[w:Buick|Buick]]<br />[[w:Opel|Opel]]||1937||1939||Was located at Bema Street. Lilpop, Rau and Loewenstein was a GM distributor who also assembled vehicles from CKD kits under license from GM until the German invasion that began World War II interrupted production. The Germans took over the factory during the war and the company was nationalized by the Communist Polish govt. after the war. |- |N (Opel Speedster &<br />Vauxhall VX220)<br /><br />H (Lotus models)||[[w:Lotus Cars|Lotus Cars]]||[[w:RAF Hethel|RAF Hethel]], [[w: Hethel|Hethel]], [[w:Norfolk|Norfolk]], [[w:England|England]]||[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]|| [[w:Opel Speedster|Opel Speedster]]/[[w:Vauxhall VX220|Vauxhall VX220]] (2001-2006) 7,207 units [[w:Lotus Elise|Lotus Elise]]<br />[[w:Lotus Exige|Lotus Exige]] ||2000||2005||GM owned Lotus from 1986-1993. GM sold Lotus in 1993 to A.C.B.N. Holdings S.A. of Luxembourg, a company controlled by Italian businessman Romano Artioli, who also owned Bugatti Automobili SpA. Artioli sold Lotus to Malaysian automaker [[w:Proton Holdings|Proton]] in 1996. The Opel Speedster & Vauxhall VX220 were built under contract for GM by Lotus after GM had sold Lotus. The Opel Speedster & Vauxhall VX220 were based on the Lotus Elise. |- |6||[[w:Magna Steyr|Magna Steyr]]||[[w:Graz|Graz]]||[[w:Austria|Austria]]||[[w:Saab 9-3#Second generation (2003–2014)|Saab 9-3 Convertible]] (2004-2010)||2003||2009||Built under contract by [[w:Magna Steyr|Magna Steyr]] for GM-owned Saab Automobile AB. 9-3 Convertible production was moved to Saab's own plant in Trollhattan, Sweden in January 2010. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:de:McCairns Motors|McCairns Motors Ltd.]]||[[w:Dublin Docklands|Dublin Docklands]], [[w:Dublin|Dublin]] and [[w:Santry|Santry]]||[[w:Republic of Ireland|Republic of Ireland]]||[[w:Vauxhall Cresta|Vauxhall Cresta]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]<br />[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]]||1935||1975||McCairns Motors was the local assembler and distributor for Vauxhall and Bedford in Ireland. Assembly began at Dublin Port on Alexandra Road in November 1935. In 1951, car assembly moved to a larger plant in Santry. McCairns also assembled and sold other brands like Simca, Alfa Romeo, and Mitsubishi Fuso. Production ended due to Ireland joining the European Economic Community in 1973 and the end of tariffs on imports of completely built-up vehicles. This removed the need for local assembly in Ireland. McCairns Motors used the site in Santry until 1987. The Omni Park shopping center now stands where the assembly plant in Santry used to be. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Mercury Marine|Mercury Marine]]||[[w:Stillwater, Oklahoma|Stillwater, Oklahoma]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet small-block engine (first and second generation)#LT5|5.7L LT5 DOHC V8 engine]] (For 1990-1995 C4 Chevrolet Corvette ZR-1)||1989||1993||Engine was built for GM by Mercury Marine at their existing MerCruiser marine engine plant in Stillwater. 21,000 square feet of the 650,000 square foot plant was partitioned from the rest of the plant for assembly of this engine. LT5 engine production actually ended in 1993. Extra engines were built to be sufficient for Corvette ZR-1 production through 1995. The extra engines were sealed and crated for long-term storage and were shipped to the Corvette plant in Bowling Green, Kentucky and stored there until they were needed for installation in a '94 or '95 Corvette ZR-1. <br> Plant was located at 3003 N Perkins Rd. Closed in December 2011. Sold in 2012 to Belgium-based aerospace supplier Asco Industries. |- |&nbsp;||Neal and Massy Industries Ltd.||[[w:Morvant|Morvant]]<br /> later moved to <br />[[w:Arima|Arima]]||[[w:Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]]||[[w:Holden Commodore#First generation (1978–1988)|Holden Commodore]]<br />[[w:Holden Kingswood|Holden Kingswood]]<br />[[w:Statesman (automobile)|Chevrolet Caprice (rebadged Statesman DeVille)]]<br />[[w:Opel Rekord Series C|Opel Rekord]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Cresta|Vauxhall Cresta]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]<br />[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks]]||1966||1994 (Production for GM may have ended earlier)||Built under license by Neal and Massy for GM. Neal and Massy also assembled vehicles for Datsun (Nissan) and Mazda. Assembly operation closed in 1994. Neal and Massy (now called Massy Motors) still operates as an importer/distributor for several non-GM automotive brands. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Nexus Automotive|Nexus Automotive (Pvt.) Ltd.]]||[[w:Port Qasim|Port Qasim]], [[w:Karachi|Karachi]], [[w:Sindh|Sindh province]]||[[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Spark#Asia|Chevrolet Joy]]||2005||2006||Nexus Automotive was a GM licensed assembler and distributor. Built under contract for [[w:Nexus Automotive|Nexus Automotive]] by [[w:Ghandhara Nissan|Ghandhara Nissan]] at a plant with spare capacity. |- |K||[[w:Nissan USA#Manufacturing|Nissan Mexicana]]||[[w:Cuernavaca|Cuernavaca]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:Chevrolet City Express|Chevrolet City Express]] (2015-2018)<br />[[w:Nissan NV200|Nissan NV200]] (2013-2021)||2014||2018||Nissan plant. Chevrolet City Express is a rebadged Nissan NV200 made for GM by Nissan. Chevrolet <br> City Express discontinued after 2018. NV200 discontinued in North America after 2021. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Nissan Motor Australia|Nissan Motor Australia]] Clayton plant||[[w:Clayton South, Victoria|Clayton South]], [[w:Victoria (state)|Victoria]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Holden Astra#First generation (LB, LC; 1984–1987)|Holden Astra (LB/LC)]]<br />[[w:Nissan Pulsar#N12 (1982)|Nissan Pulsar (N12)]]<br />[[w:Holden Astra#Second generation (LD; 1987–1989)|Holden Astra (LD)]]<br />[[w:Nissan Pulsar#N13 (1986)|Nissan Pulsar (N13)]]||1984 (GM prod.)||1989 (GM prod.)|| Production for GM Holden at Nissan's Australian plant was done as part of the Australian government's [[w:Button car plan|Button car plan]] for rationalization of local automotive production. The relationship ended in 1989 and GM Holden established a joint venture with Toyota called [[w:United Australian Automobile Industries|United Australian Automobile Industries]] to replace the Nissan relationship. The Nissan Pulsar-based Holden Astra was replaced by the Toyota Corolla-based Holden Nova. Nissan closed its Australian vehicle assembly plant in 1992. The Clayton plant was later taken over by HSV and the Walkinshaw Group. |- |Y||[[w:Nissan Motor Ibérica|Nissan Motor Ibérica]]||[[w:Barcelona|Barcelona]]||[[w:Spain|Spain]]||[[w:Opel Vivaro A|Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro A]] (high roof versions only)<br />[[w:Renault Trafic#Second generation (X83; 2001)|Renault Trafic]] (high roof versions only)<br />[[w:Renault Trafic#Second generation (X83; 2001)|Nissan Primastar]] (high roof versions only)||2001||2015||This is a Nissan plant that built high roof versions of Renault-designed midsize vans for Opel/Vauxhall as part of a supply deal between GM Europe & Renault as well as for Renault and Nissan. The low roof versions were made by Vauxhall at the IBC Vehicles/GMM Luton plant however that UK plant could not fit the high roof versions so they were built by Nissan in Spain. Van production in Barcelona ended in 2015 and high roof Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro production was moved to Renault's plant in Sandouville, France, which also handled all Renault Trafic and Nissan NV300 (Primastar replacement) production. Nissan closed this plant in Dec. 2021. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:de:O’Shea’s Limited (Opel)|O’Shea’s Limited]]||[[w:Cork (city)|Cork]], [[w:Munster|Munster]]||[[w:Republic of Ireland|Republic of Ireland]]||[[w:Opel|Opel]] cars including [[w:Opel Rekord|Rekord]]||1937||1965|| Before 1962, O’Shea’s was the sole Opel assembler and distributor in Ireland. From 1962-1965, assembly and distribution of Opels in Ireland was split between Reg Armstrong Motors and O’Shea’s Limited. After 1965, Reg Armstrong Motors was the sole Opel assembler and distributor in Ireland. |- |&nbsp;||PT. Pantja Motor||[[w:Sunter, Jakarta|Sunter]], [[w:North Jakarta|North Jakarta]], [[w:Jakarta|Jakarta]]||[[w:Indonesia|Indonesia]]||[[w:Chevrolet Tavera|Chevrolet Tavera]]||2001||2005||Isuzu's Indonesian assembler, now known as [[w:Isuzu Astra Motor Indonesia|Isuzu Astra Motor Indonesia]]. Built the Isuzu Panther-based Tavera for GM Indonesia. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina]]||[[w:Grugliasco|Grugliasco]]||[[w:Italy|Italy]]||[[w:Cadillac Eldorado#1959–60 Eldorado Brougham|Cadillac Eldorado Brougham (Series 6900)]] (1959-1960) painted bodies||1959||1960||Bodies were built by [[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina]] and mated with chassis shipped to Italy by Cadillac and then shipped back to the US. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina]]||[[w:San Giorgio Canavese|San Giorgio Canavese]]||[[w:Italy|Italy]]||[[w:Cadillac Allanté|Cadillac Allanté]] (1987-1993) painted bodies||1986||1993||Bodies were designed and manufactured under contract by [[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina]] for Cadillac. Plant was built specially for the Allanté. Bodies were then flown from Turin, Italy to Detroit on specially equipped Boeing 747s and then trucked to GM's Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly Plant for final assembly. The assembly process was known as the "Allanté Air Bridge". It was also referred to as "the world's longest assembly line." |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Pragoti|Pragoti Industries Ltd.]]||[[w:Sitakunda|Sitakunda]], [[w:Chittagong Division|Chittagong Division]]||[[w:Bangladesh|Bangladesh]]||[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]<br />[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks and buses]]<br />[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|BTV]]||1966||1970's||Began as part of [[w:Ghandhara Industries|Ghandhara Industries]] Ltd. in 1966 when Bangladesh was still [[w:East Pakistan|East Pakistan]] and assembled GM vehicles like the Ghandhara plant in Karachi did. After Bangladesh became independent in 1971, the operation was nationalized by the new government and became Pragoti Industries Ltd. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:de:Reg. Armstrong Motors|Reg Armstrong Motors Ltd.]]||[[w:Ringsend|Ringsend]], [[w:Dublin|Dublin]]||[[w:Republic of Ireland|Republic of Ireland]]||[[w:Opel|Opel]] cars including [[w:Opel Kadett|Kadett]], [[w:Opel Rekord|Rekord]], and [[w:Opel Commodore|Commodore]]||1962||1974||From 1962-1965, assembly and distribution of Opels in Ireland was split between Reg Armstrong Motors and O’Shea’s Limited. After 1965, Reg Armstrong Motors was the sole Opel assembler and distributor in Ireland. Reg Armstrong Motors also assembled the [[w:NSU Prinz|NSU Prinz]], [[w:Honda motorcycles|Honda motorcycles]], and from 1976-1978, the original [[w:Mini|Mini]] at the Ringsend plant. Production ended due to Ireland joining the European Economic Community in 1973 and the end of tariffs on imports of completely built-up vehicles. This removed the need for local assembly in Ireland. |- |B (GM)||[[w:Société de Véhicules Automobiles de Batilly|Renault Batilly]]||[[w:Batilly, Meurthe-et-Moselle|Batilly]]||[[w:France|France]]||[[w:Renault Trafic#First generation (1980)|Opel/Vauxhall Arena]]<br />[[w:Renault Trafic#First generation (1980)|Renault Trafic]]<br />[[w:Renault Master#Second generation (1997)|Opel/Vauxhall Movano A]]<br />[[w:Renault Master#Third generation (2010)|Opel/Vauxhall Movano B]]<br />[[w:Renault Master|Renault Master]]<br />[[w:Renault Master#Renault Mascott|Renault Trucks Mascott]]<br />[[w:Nissan Interstar|Nissan Interstar]]<br />[[w:Nissan NV400|Nissan NV400]]||1997||2017||Renault-[[w:Société de Véhicules Automobiles de Batilly|SOVAB]] plant. Opel/Vauxhall was sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. As part of PSA Group, Opel/Vauxhall became part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] in 2021. Movano switched to being PSA/Fiat-based instead of Renault-based in 2021. |- |S (GM)||[[w:Sandouville Renault Factory|Renault Sandouville]]||[[w:Sandouville|Sandouville]]||[[w:France|France]]||[[w:Renault Trafic#Third generation (X82; 2014)|Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro]] B (high roof versions only) <br />[[w:Renault Trafic#Third generation (X82; 2014)|Renault Trafic]]<br />[[w:Nissan NV300|Nissan NV300]]<br />[[w:Renault Trafic#Third generation (X82; 2014)|Nissan Primastar]]<br />[[w:Renault Trafic#Third generation (X82; 2014)|Fiat Talento]]||2014||2017||Renault plant. Opel/Vauxhall was sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Vivaro switched to being PSA-based instead of Renault-based in 2018. As part of PSA Group, Opel/Vauxhall became part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] in 2021. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Renault Argentina|Renault Santa Isabel]]||[[w:Santa Isabel, Córdoba|Santa Isabel]], [[w:Córdoba Province, Argentina|Cordoba]]||[[w:Argentina|Argentina]]||[[w:Chevrolet D-20|Chevrolet C-20 & D-20]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#First generation (1992)|Chevrolet Grand Blazer]] (GMT400)<br />[[w:Chevrolet C/K#1997–2001|Chevrolet Silverado]] (GMT400)<br />[[w:Renault Trafic#South America|Chevrolet Trafic/SpaceVan]] ||1991||2002||[[w:Renault Argentina|Renault Argentina]]-CIADEA plant. Built Chevrolets under license for GM. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Sevel Argentina|Sevel Argentina]]||[[w:Córdoba, Argentina|Estación Ferreyra, Córdoba]], [[w:Córdoba Province, Argentina|Cordoba]]||[[w:Argentina|Argentina]]||[[w:Chevrolet D-20|Chevrolet C-20/D-20]]||1985||1991||Fiat - PSA jointly owned plant. Built Chevrolets under license for GM. |- |For Saab<br> 9-2X:<br> G (w/man. trans.),<br> H (w/auto. trans.)||[[w:Subaru#Manufacturing facilities|Subaru Main Plant]]||[[w:Ōta, Gunma|Ōta, Gunma]]||[[w:Japan|Japan]]||[[w:Saab 9-2X|Saab 9-2X]] (2005-2006)<br />[[w:Subaru Forester#Second generation (SG; 2002)|Chevrolet Forester (India)]] (2003-2007)||2003 (GM prod.)||2007 (GM prod.)||[[w:Subaru|Subaru]] plant |- |4||[[w:Subaru-Isuzu Automotive|Subaru-Isuzu Automotive]] (S.I.A.)||[[w:Lafayette, Indiana|Lafayette, Indiana]]||United States||[[w:Holden Frontera#Second generation (1998)|Holden Frontera]] (UE/MX)||1999 (GM prod.)||2003 (GM prod.)||Subaru & Isuzu joint venture plant. Isuzu built a rebadged, rhd version of the 2nd generation US market Isuzu Rodeo & Amigo SUVs for export to GM Holden in Australia and New Zealand. |- |W (GM),<br />4 (Suzuki)||Suzuki Iwata Assembly||[[w:Iwata, Shizuoka|Iwata, Shizuoka]]||[[w:Japan|Japan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Tracker (Americas)#First generation|Geo Tracker]] (US: 1989-1990)<br />[[w:Suzuki Sidekick|Suzuki Sidekick]] (US: 1989-1995, 1997-98)<br />[[w:Suzuki Sidekick|Suzuki Sidekick Sport]] (US: 1996-1998)<br />[[w:Suzuki Grand Vitara|Suzuki Grand Vitara]] (1999-2013)<br />[[w:Suzuki XL-7#First generation (XL-7; 1998)|Suzuki XL-7]] (2001-2006)<br />[[w:Holden Drover#Second generation (1981)|Holden Drover (QB)]]<br />[[w:Holden Scurry#Eighth generation (DA71/DB71/DA81/DA41/DB41/DA51/DB51; 1985)|Holden Scurry (NB)]]||1985 (GM prod.)||1990 (GM prod.)||[[w:Suzuki|Suzuki]] plant |- |K (GM),<br />5 (Suzuki)||Suzuki Kosai Assembly||[[w:Kosai, Shizuoka|Kosai, Shizuoka]]||[[w:Japan|Japan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Sprint|Chevrolet Sprint]] (US: 1985-1988)<br />[[w:Geo Metro|Geo Metro]] (US: 1989-1993)<br />[[w:Pontiac Firefly|Pontiac Firefly]] (Canada)<br />[[w:Holden Barina#First generation (MB, ML; 1985–1988)|Holden Barina (MB/ML)]]<br />[[w:Holden Barina#Second generation (MF, MH; 1989–1994|Holden Barina (MF/MH)]]<br />[[w:Suzuki Cultus|Suzuki Swift]] (US: 1989-1994)<br />[[w:Suzuki Ignis#Chevrolet Cruze|Chevrolet/Holden Cruze (YGM1)]] (YG) ||1984 (GM prod.)||2008 (GM prod.)||[[w:Suzuki|Suzuki]] plant |- |M (GM),<br />0 (Suzuki/Fiat/Subaru)||[[w:Magyar Suzuki Corporation|Magyar Suzuki Corporation]]||[[w:Esztergom|Esztergom]]||[[w:Hungary|Hungary]]||[[w:Opel Agila#Second generation (H08; 2007)|Opel/Vauxhall Agila B]]<br />[[w:Suzuki Splash|Suzuki Splash]]<br />[[w:Suzuki Swift|Suzuki Swift]]<br />[[w:Suzuki Cultus#Second generation (1988)|Subaru Justy]]<br />[[w:Suzuki SX4|Suzuki SX4]]<br />[[w:Fiat Sedici|Fiat Sedici]]<br />[[w:Suzuki Ignis#Suzuki Ignis (2003 facelift)|Suzuki Ignis]]<br />[[w:Suzuki Ignis#Suzuki Ignis (2003 facelift)|Subaru G3X Justy]]||1992<br /><br />2007 (GM prod.)||2014 (GM prod.)||[[w:Suzuki|Suzuki]] plant |- |&nbsp;||Suzuki Sagara Assembly & Engine||[[w:Makinohara|Makinohara]], [[w:Shizuoka Prefecture|Shizuoka Prefecture]]||[[w:Japan|Japan]]||[[w:Chevrolet MW|Chevrolet MW]] (sold in Japan)<br />||2000||2010||[[w:Suzuki|Suzuki]] plant.<br /> Also built the 3.6-liter GM High Feature V6 engine ([[w:GM High Feature engine#LY7|Suzuki N36A]]) to power the [[w:Suzuki XL-7#Second generation (XL7; 2006)|2nd generation Suzuki XL7]] under license from GM. (Note: Dates reflect beginning & end dates of production for GM.) |- |&nbsp;||Tecna SA||[[w:Arica, Chile|Arica]]||[[w:Chile|Chile]]||[[w:Acadian (automobile)|Acadian]] (1962-71 from CKD kits supplied by GM Oshawa and Willow Run)<br />[[w:Beaumont (automobile)|Acadian Beaumont]] (1964-71 from CKD kits supplied by GM Oshawa)<br />[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]||1962||1971|| |- |&nbsp;||Tecno S.A.||[[w:Uruca|La Uruca]], [[w:San José, Costa Rica|San José]]||[[w:Costa Rica|Costa Rica]]||[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|GM Amigo]]||1970s||(?)||A version of GM's [[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|BTV]] called the Amigo was assembled in Costa Rica. |- |&nbsp;||Tecnomotor S.A.||(?)||[[w:Paraguay|Paraguay]]||[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|GM Mitai]]||1970s||(?)||A version of GM's [[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|BTV]] called the Mitai was assembled in Paraguay. |- |9 (GM),<br />6 (Fiat & Ram)||[[w:Tofaş|Tofaş]]||[[w:Bursa|Bursa]]||[[w:Turkey|Turkey]]||[[w:Opel Combo#Combo D (2012-2018)|Opel/Vauxhall Combo D]]<br />[[w:Fiat Doblo|Fiat Doblo]]<br />[[w:Ram ProMaster City|Ram ProMaster City]]||2011||2017||[[w:Fiat|Fiat]] plant (joint venture with Koç Holding of Turkey). Opel/Vauxhall was sold to PSA Group in 2017. Combo switched to being PSA-based instead of Fiat-based in 2019. As part of PSA Group, Opel/Vauxhall became part of Stellantis in 2021. Fiat and Tofaş also became part of Stellantis in 2021. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Toyota Australia|Toyota Australia]] [[w:Toyota Australia Altona Plant|Altona plant]]||[[w:Altona North|Altona North]], [[w:Victoria (state)|Victoria]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Holden Nova#Second generation (LG; 1994–1996)|Holden Nova (LG)]]<br />[[w:Toyota Corolla (E100)|Toyota Corolla (E100)]]<br />[[w:Holden Apollo|Holden Apollo (JM/JP)]]<br />[[w:Toyota Camry (XV10)|Toyota Camry (XV10)]]||1994||1996 (GM prod.)|| Production for GM Holden at Toyota's Australian plant was done as part of [[w:United Australian Automobile Industries|United Australian Automobile Industries]], a model sharing joint venture in Australia between Holden and Toyota from 1987-1996. This was created as part of the Australian government's [[w:Button car plan|Button car plan]] for rationalization of local automotive production. Toyota consolidated its Australian production at the new Altona plant in 1994-1995. The joint venture dissolved in 1996 and Holden's rebadged Toyotas were replaced with rebadged Opel models (Astra and Vectra) from GM Europe. Corolla production in Australia ended in 1999. Toyota closed the Altona plant in 2017. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Toyota Australia|Toyota Australia]] Port Melbourne plant||[[w:Port Melbourne|Port Melbourne]], [[w:Victoria (state)|Victoria]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Holden Apollo|Holden Apollo (JK/JL)]]<br />[[w:Toyota Camry#V20 (1986–1992)|Toyota Camry (V20)]]<br />[[w:Holden Apollo|Holden Apollo (JM)]]<br />[[w:Toyota Camry (XV10)|Toyota Camry (XV10)]]||1989 (GM prod.)||1994 (GM prod.)|| Production for GM Holden at Toyota's Australian plant was done as part of [[w:United Australian Automobile Industries|United Australian Automobile Industries]], a model sharing joint venture in Australia between Holden and Toyota from 1987-1996. This was created as part of the Australian government's [[w:Button car plan|Button car plan]] for rationalization of local automotive production. Toyota consolidated its Australian production at the new Altona plant in 1994-1995 and production ended at the older Port Melbourne plant in late 1994. The joint venture would later dissolve in 1996 and Holden's rebadged Toyota Camry was replaced with a rebadged Opel Vectra from GM Europe. |- |&nbsp;||PT. Udatin (Usaha Dagang Teknik Indonesia)||[[w:Surabaya|Surabaya]], [[w:East Java|East Java]]||[[w:Indonesia|Indonesia]]||[[w:Holden FC|Holden FC]]<br />[[w:Holden FB|Holden FB]]<br />[[w:Holden EK|Holden EK]]<br />[[w:Holden EJ|Holden EJ]]<br />[[w:Holden EH|Holden EH]]<br />[[w:Holden HQ|Holden HQ]]<br />[[w:Holden HJ|Holden HJ]]<br />[[w:Holden HX|Holden HX]]<br />[[w:Holden HZ|Holden HZ]]<br />[[w:Statesman (automobile)|Statesman brand HQ-HZ]]<br />[[w:Holden Monaro|Holden Monaro]] HQ<br />[[w:Holden Torana|Holden Torana]] LJ, LH, LX<br /> [[w:Holden Gemini#First generation|Holden Gemini TX, TC, TD, TE, TF, TG]]<br />[[w:Holden Camira|Holden Camira]] JB<br />[[w:Isuzu Aska#South-East Asia and New Zealand|Holden Aska]]<br />[[w:Holden Gemini#Second generation|Holden Gemini (RB)]]<br />[[w:Holden Commodore (VB)|Holden Commodore (VB)]]<br />[[w:Holden Commodore (VC)|Holden Commodore (VC)]]<br />[[w:Holden Commodore (VH)|Holden Commodore (VH)]]<br />[[w:Holden Commodore (VK)|Holden Commodore (VK)]]<br />[[w:Holden Commodore (VL)|Holden Calais (VL)]]<br />[[w:Isuzu Faster#Second generation (1980–1988)|Holden Lincah/Raider]]<br />[[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC trucks]]||1959||1988||Built vehicles under contract for GM. During the 1960's, production was off and on due to Indonesian government policies and the economic situation. Production ended in 1988. |- |&nbsp;||Unison||[[w:Minsk|Minsk]]||[[w:Belarus|Belarus]]||[[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Fourth generation (2015)|Chevrolet Tahoe]] K2XX, [[w:Chevrolet Trax|Chevrolet Tracker]], [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Fourth generation (2015)|Cadillac Escalade]] K2XX, [[w:Opel Mokka#First generation (J13; 2012)|Opel Mokka]]||2015||2018||Built under contract by Unison for GM. Production ended in 2018. |- |6,7 (Saab)<br />9 (Opel/Vauxhall)||[[w:Valmet Automotive|Valmet Automotive]]||[[w:Uusikaupunki|Uusikaupunki]]||[[w:Finland|Finland]]||[[w:Saab 9-3#First generation (1998–2003)|Saab 9-3 Convertible & 9-3 Viggen]]<br />[[w:Saab 900|Saab 900]] (including 900 Convertible)<br />[[w:Opel Calibra|Opel/Vauxhall Calibra]]||1969||2003||Built under contract by [[w:Valmet Automotive|Valmet Automotive]] for Saab & for Opel/Vauxhall. Saab-Valmet was established in 1968 as a joint venture between Valmet and Saab-Scania. In 1992, Valmet became the sole owner, and the company was renamed Valmet Automotive in 1995. |- |X||[[w:ZAZ|ZAZ]]||[[w:Zaporizhia|Zaporizhia]] & [[w:Illichivsk|Illichivsk]]||[[w:Ukraine|Ukraine]]||[[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]], [[w:Chevrolet Lacetti|Chevrolet Lacetti]], [[w:Chevrolet Lanos|Chevrolet Lanos]], [[w:Opel Astra#G|Opel Astra Classic]], [[w:Opel Astra#H|Opel Astra]], [[w:Opel Corsa|Opel Corsa]], [[w:Opel Combo|Opel Combo]], [[w:Opel Meriva|Opel Meriva]], [[w:Opel Vectra|Opel Vectra]], [[w:Opel Zafira|Opel Zafira]]||2003||2012||Built under contract by [[w:ZAZ|ZAZ]] for GM. |- |} a3ogqs0ch0pjsygr1y0larzw1qeyxnk 110 468550 4632588 4537538 2026-04-26T18:45:19Z ~2026-25563-57 3579377 4632588 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mammal_Diversity.png|center|600px]] <div style="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center; margin: 0px auto 0px auto;">'''Wikijunior Mammal Alphabet'''</div> <noinclude> <div style="font-size: large; text-align: center; margin: 0px auto 0px auto;"> -- [[/A/]] [[/B/]] [[/C/]] [[/D/]] [[/E/]] [[/F/]] [[/G/]] [[/H/]] [[/I/]] [[/J/]] [[/K/]] [[/L/]] [[/M/]] [[/N/]] [[/O/]] [[/P/]] [[/Q/]] [[/R/]] [[/S/]] [[/T/]] [[/U/]] [[/V/]] [[/W/]] [[/X/]] [[/Y/]] [[/Z/]] -- </div> </noinclude> {{Shelves|Wikijunior pre-reader books}}{{Status|100%}} <noinclude> {{reading level|Pre-reader}} </noinclude> {{Print version|Wikijunior:Mammal_Alphabet/All pages}} 80rx31spjzro7z0uewio65jictv6un2 0 469234 4632648 4430826 2026-04-27T02:41:45Z ~2026-25237-80 3579176 4632648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= |Zukertort Opening: Ross Gambit| |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd|= |pd|pd|pd|pd| |pd|pd|pd|= | | | | | | | | |= | | | | |pd| | | |= | | | | | | | | |= | | | | | |nl| | |= |pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|= |rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl| |rl|= }} = Zukertort Opening: Ross Gambit = === 1...e5? === The move 1...e5? by black, also known as the '''Ross Gambit''', is a dubious pawn sacrifice for black to try and kick the knight as much as possible and potentially even trap it if white's not careful. This gambit can be accepted by playing the move '''[[/2._Nxe5|2. Nxe5]]''', however white can also decline the gambit with '''[[/2._e4|2. e4]]''' transposing to the King's Knight Opening, '''[[/2._d3|2. d3]]''' stopping ...e4, or '''[[/2._d4|2. d4]]''' attacking the pawn on e5, however allowing ...e4. '''1. 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This is not the [[Classical Chinese]] textbook, which is aimed at Chinese Zhou-Qin era texts. This text aims to shed light on post-Zhou-Qin texts across East Asia, which mimic those texts. It does so through a "buffet" approach, showering you, the reader, with an ocean of texts of myriad genre. ==Table of Contents== === Front matter === * [[/Introduction/]] * [[/Appendices/]] === Useful resources === These are quick grab-bags that can be useful for vocabulary-building. * [[/Antonym List/]] <!--- 文/武，大/小，厚/薄，橫/縱...---> * [[/Collocation Groups/]] <!--- e.g. 四象，三靈…… ---> * [https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/嚴譯及部定詞等 Yan Fu's Qing-era translations for modern terms] <!--- Wikiversity has this (https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/嚴譯及部定詞等) and the below, I will effectively be translating a lot of it! ---> * [https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/上古語考輯 Communicative Terms] <!--- this will be translated eventually, but right now it's bad to just leave this here. ---> === Useful primers === Across history, many primers have been made for teaching Literary Chinese to children. These are a few that are recommended for use alongside this work, ideally in flashcards. * [https://www.fdgwz.org.cn/Web/Show/11308 倉頡篇] - Cangjie's Chapters, the earliest one. It is extant, but incomplete. It contains several rare characters, and so if used, I would personally recommend doing so later, or out of interest. * 三字經 - The Three Character Classic, an excellent piece for Confucian education. Pair with 弟子规 for best results. ** 三字經（太平天國版）- For Christians, there is a version made by Hong Xiuquan from the Taiping Rebellion. Despite the context, it is a legitimately useful primer and can be used to self-teach for the Delegate's Edition of the Christian Bible. * 千字文 - The Thousand Character Classic, a remarkable piece of constrained writing that only uses each character once. Amazing for building vocabulary whilst seeing historical allusions and the like. * 五字鑑 - The Five-Character Mirror, essentially the 24 Histories of China compressed into a primer. Uses 5-character couplets, the longest in this list. * 龍文鞭影 - The Shadow of Longwen's Whip, a historical allusion trainer. Best paired with a context piece. ===Unit 0: The Han script=== This unit is intended for those with no familiarity of the Han script. It will prepare you for the units ahead, teaching largely pictographic characters. By the end of this unit, students will: * Recognise around 30 characters. * Understand how characters are composed and how this gives them meaning. * Have a basic idea of how to handwrite and/or type characters. * Know some bare basics of Literary Chinese grammar (e.g. Basic word order, where adjectives go, lack of "is", 有...) Lessons: # [[/An Introduction to the Han Script/]] # [[/People, Big and Small/]] # [[/What are Chinese characters, anyway?/]] <!--- deploy several single-radical texts---> # [[/How do we write Chinese?/]] # [[/Tilling the Fields with 有/]] # [[/The Sun and the Moon/]] # [[/Weapons and Metals/]] # [[/Recognizing Phonetics/]] <!--- time to deploy my one-syllable articles! ---> # [[/Cangjie Created Characters/]] ===Unit 1: Basic Skills=== This unit is intended for those with minimal familiarity with the Han script and no familiarity with Literary Chinese. There is a focus on simple structures, skills for dissecting common textual structures, and short-form poetry in this unit. Before starting this unit, students should: * Recognise around ~30 characters. * Can use Cangjie input. * Have given Unit 0 a cursory glance. <br> By the end of this unit, students will: * Recognise around ~100 characters. * Comprehend numbers, the Heavenly Stems, and the Earthly Branches, and be able to use them to quantify time and date. * Intuit the basic topic -> comment idea behind Literary Chinese. "This, it is..." * Understand basic function words such as 也, 而, 有, and 謂. Lessons: # [[/The All-Purpose 也/]] # [[/An Introduction to Chinese Numbers/]] <!--- It is hard to find authentic materials for this ---> # [[/One, Two, Left, and Right with Gongsun Long/]] <!--- 曰：「二有一乎？」 曰：「二無一。」 曰：「二有右乎？」 曰：「二無右。」 曰：「二有左乎？」 曰：「二無左。」 曰：「右可謂二乎？」 曰：「不可。」 曰：「左可謂二乎？」 曰：「不可。」 曰：「左與右可謂二乎？」 曰：「可。」 ---> # [[/The Heavenly Stems/]] <!--- Introduce ordinals, which will be used to demonstrate sentence patterns later. ---> # [[/Tell the Time with Earthly Branches/]] <!--- Introduce verbs and timekeeping ---> # [[/Lunar Dates with the Spring and Autumn Annals/]] <!--- Vocabulary: 歲，年，朔，月，日，來，前，初，正，春秋夏冬，曆，上，下. Consider including traditional names for months in a list. ---> # [[/Skimming for Major Events in Historical Annals/]] <!--- Don't simply use Confucius's Chunqiu: We can use texts inspired by it. E.g. 三國史記 - 十五年京城旱。秋七月，蝗。very few new characters, lots one can use. Instantly able to use. https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98/%E5%8D%B701 Skimming annals is very possible and a very useful skill. Don't skip out on it. Teach students to skim read!!! ---> # [[/Dinner with the Daimyo/]] <!-- 侍宴·大友皇子 皇明光日月，帝徳載天地。 三才併秦昌，万国表臣義。 --> # [[/In Discourse with Jibong/]] <!-- 芝峰類說 倭國謂田爲畠。謂水田爲田。火田爲畑。猶我國以水田爲畓也。故官名有畠山殿。地名有畑島云。 --> <!--- Some cool stuff I saw someone studying from https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%87%B3%E5%B0%8F%E4%B8%98%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%8F%E7%9F%B3%E6%BD%AD%E8%A8%98# https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%88%9F%E8%A8%98 Could be used for period focus ---> ===Unit 2: An Overview of Sinitic Poetry=== This unit will teach you how Sinitic Poetry operates; - that is, the way individuals in the Sinosphere compose poetry in Literary Chinese. Despite this language's fall out of favour in the past century, this tradition is still remarkably alive and well, and their short length makes them more accessible than elaborate prose. In this unit, you will begin from the ''Classic of Poetry'' before travelling through poems from the Tang dynasty, Singapore, Japan, Vietnam, the Ryukyu Kingdom, and Korea. When introducing poetry, I will furthermore use the language from the nation it is from to show how it is recited by its people. After discussing the Classic of Poetry, we will also be a small detour into a discussion on Ping-Ze 平仄, the Tang dynasty system of alternating tones, so to produce rhyme on tonal and phonological levels. This had a major impact on Literary Chinese poetry as a whole! By the end of this Unit, students will: * Recognise around 120 more characters. * Be able to explain how Sinitic Poetry rhymes and the themes it contains. * Be able to use function words such as 在, 無, 不, 聿, and 于/於 in poetic contexts. * Recognise the switch between 吾/我 in the subject-object positions and demonstrate it in usage. * (Chinese speakers) Be able to differentiate 于 and 於, and understand the "interest(ed) in" meaning of 好 in most circumstances. <!--- Summary of the above part about 于 and 於 for other editors: 于 and 於 were distinct words for an extremely long time and were still such to Literary Chinese writers. Their "merging" through Simplified-Traditional Chinese distinctions is a very modern thing. I will summarise their usages here, using Pulleyblank's Outline of Classical Chinese Grammar (2000); * 于 - This can mean "to go" or "to/at". 黃鳥于飛 "The yellow birds go flying". Must be post-verbal. It can also appear in 至于. * 於 - This is an all-purpose locative preposition - from "on/at/in" to "from" or even "than" (甲於乙). The implication of motion is not there at all. Must be pre-verbal. It can also appear in 之於 or be an archaic noun for a crow 於 (烏). ---> Lessons: # [[/Across the Rivers with Emperor Puliuru Guang/]] <!--- 春江花月夜·楊廣 夜露含花氣，春潭漾月暉。 漢水逢遊女，湘川值二妃。 This is really simple and can elucidate Ping-Ze easily. ---> # [[/To Study the Odes/]] <!-- 蟋蟀·姬旦 國風·唐風 蟋蟀在堂，歲聿其莫。今我不樂，日月其除。無已大康，職思其居。好樂無荒，良士瞿瞿。 蟋蟀在堂，歲聿其逝。今我不樂，日月其邁。無已大康，職思其外。好樂無荒，良士蹶蹶。 蟋蟀在堂，役車其休。今我不樂，日月其慆。無已大康，職思其憂。好樂無荒，良士休休。 --> <!-- 黃鳥 小雅·鴻鴈之什 黃鳥黃鳥，無集于穀，無啄我粟。 此邦之人，不我肯穀。言旋言歸，復我邦族。 黃鳥黃鳥，無集于桑，無啄我粱。 此邦之人，不可與明。言旋言歸，復我諸兄。 黃鳥黃鳥，無集于栩，無啄我黍。 此邦之人，不可與處。言旋言歸，復我諸父。 --> # [[/A Detour into Orthodox Ping-Ze/]] <!--- 平 and 仄 are useful characters themselves. Show 仄 in the binomes 反仄，歉仄，逼仄 as it's often difficult to immediately use ---> # [[/The Restraint of Du Fu/]] # [[/The Longing of Li Bai/]] # [[/The Environment with Bukha Timur/]] <!--- 西湖竹枝詞·布哈特穆爾 湖上春歸人未歸，桃紅柳緑黄鶯飛。 桃花落時多結子，楊花落處秪沾衣。 宫词·布哈特穆爾 玉樓珠箔晚天涼，秋色依稀滿建章。 金井梧桐霜葉盡，自隨流水出宮牆。 Mongol writer from the Uyghur Kingdom of Gaochang Spammed Ctrl+F in https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BE%A1%E9%81%B8%E5%9B%9B%E6%9C%9D%E8%A9%A9_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC) ---> # [[/Pillow Talk with Guan Yunshi/]] <!--- 紅繡鞋·貫雲石 挨著靠著雲窗同坐，偎著抱著月枕雙歌，聽著數著愁著怕著早四更過。四更過情未足，情未足夜如梭。天哪，更閏一更兒妨甚么！ Uyghur author! ---> # [[/Buddhist Philosophy with Ngô Chân Lưu and Taisei Shōan/]] <!-- 元火·吳真流 木中元有火，元火復還生。 若為木無火，鉆燧何有萌。--> <!-- 杜鵑·大成聖安 夢覚孤床静 杜鵑帯雨飛 一声来近枕 何者不沾衣 --> # [[/Odes with Mō Taiei and Zheng Chengxun/]] <!-- 詠松·毛泰永 植體宜千仞，垂陰動百尋。 李膺真烈烈，和嶠自森森。 桃李何堪較，雪霜安得侵。 萬年身不老，種子又成林。 AKA Inoha Seiki 伊野波 盛紀 --> <!-- 詠班蘭·鄭成勛 南國多芳草，班蘭最有名。 深根將綠茁，長葉亦叢生。 取味迎賓合，入厨任水烹。 可憐經一用，擲棄不留情。 鄭成勛《樵隱詩集》 https://nus.edu.sg/nuslibraries/dsprojects/sg-jiutishi/poem/827 --> # [[/On a Journey with Sa Dula/]] <!--- 無題·薩都剌 為客三年海上洲，故鄉何處瘴雲稠。 數千里外蠻人域，十八灘頭過客舟。 時有山禽呼姓字，或從海鳥作朋儔。 故人珂珮周旋處，紫殿風清十二樓。 https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E9%A1%8C_(%E8%96%A9%E9%83%BD%E5%89%8C) A naturalised Mongol scholar who made a beautiful poem. This'll be a capstone. ---> <!--- 朝中措·襄陽古道灞陵橋 襄陽古道灞陵橋，詩興與秋高。 千古風流人物，一時多少雄豪。 霜清玉塞，雲飛隴首，風落江皋。 夢到鳳凰台上，山圍故國周遭。 北郊晚步 陂水荷凋晚，茅檐燕去涼。 遠林明落景，平麓淡秋光。 群牧歸村巷，孤禽立野航。 自諳閑散樂，園圃意尤長。 Jurchen poet and grandson of Emperor Shizong of Jin. He's a Zen Buddhist, so we'll go back to him later. ---> ===Unit 3: Confucianism and the World=== This is a Confucian-themed unit with a smattering of other items. You will see the odd geography of the past, early linguistic philosophy, and terrifying breakaway states! By the end of this unit, students should be able to: * Recognise around 200+ characters. * Read basic annals and histories with some dictionary assistance, and comprehend 3-character structures reliably. * Have encountered basic grammatical points such as 之、乎、者、也、而、則、乃、所、以、於、于、與、且、蓋、and 夫. ** 於 and 于 should be distinguishable. * Survive a text of at least 250 characters and read for gist. Lessons: # [[/A Brief Overview of Confucianism/]] # [[/The Mountains with Yelü Tuyu/]] <!--- 立木海上刻詩 耶律圖欲 / 耶律倍 / 李贊華 小山壓大山，大山全無力。 羞見故鄉人，從此投外國。 ---> # [[/Is a White Horse a Horse?/]]<!-- Teach negation with 非 in 公孙龍子 and compare with 不 --> # [[/The Three Character Classic/]] # [[/Expressing Filial Conduct with Confucius and Hara Saihin/]] <!-- 次韻杏坪先生 父執有君孤不孤 相依遍接搢紳徒 区区自抱地方寸 杏杏重遊天一隅 羇雁飛鳴迷汝國 家人思夢入江都 如教志業青年遂 世上寧無逐臭夫 --> # [[/Confucianism and the Environment with Sai On/]]<!-- 木假山記 --> # [[/In Debate with Mencius/]] ===Unit 4: Women's Writing=== In this unit, women's writing from various areas of China will be explored. This is chiefly targeted at poetry and the themes within; from the feminine voice of the Classic of Poetry to the remonstrance towards the Khitan Emperor Tianzuo of Jin by his Consort Dasese. The role of women in courtly society is to be elucidated here! # [[/An Unmarried Life with Heo Nansŏrhŏn/]] <!--- 貧女吟 豈是乏容色。工鍼復工織。 少小長寒門。良媒不相識。 夜久織未休。戛戛鳴寒機。 機中一匹練。終作阿誰衣。 手把金翦刀。夜寒十指直。 爲人作嫁衣。年年還獨宿。 ---> # [[/Responding to Lord Trần with Hồ Xuân Hương/]] <!--- Responding to 陳光靜 Trần Quang Tĩnh 《和陳侯》 愧無才調使人驚，十載風塵貫耳鈴。 已是臨枰知敵手，莫須敲月苦殫精。 為輪為彈隨遭遇，誰鳳誰鶯任賦生。 造物於人何苟惜，明珠休向暗中呈。 莫須 is an important structure to teach here. ---> # [[/Gaze into the Autumn Night with Taisei Shōan/]] <!--- 秋夜偶成·大成聖安 長天浮爽気，月色興無窮 群犬吠山径，百蟲啼野風 悲秋秋夜永，感古古今同 自是孤窓下，凄然万慮空 ---> # [[/Visiting a Temple with Yu Xuanji/]] <!--- 遊崇真觀南樓覩新及第題名處 雲峰滿目放春晴，歷歷銀鈎指下生。 自恨羅衣掩詩句，擧頭空羨榜中名。 ---> # [[/Remonstrance with Dasese/]] <!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%AB%B7%E8%AB%AB%E6%AD%8C 諷諫歌·大瑟瑟 勿嗟塞上兮暗紅塵。 勿傷多難兮畏夷人。 不如塞奸邪之路兮選取賢臣。 直須臥薪嚐膽兮激壯士之捐身。 可以朝清漠北兮夕枕燕雲。 Dasese (or 萧瑟瑟) was a Khitan consort to Emperor Tianzuo of Liao. She remonstrated him as the Jurchens were beginning to encroach upon the Khitan, and was forced to commit suicide for her remonstrance. Tianzuo would soon pay for his malfeasance. ---> # [[/The Love Songs of the Odes/]] <!--- 褰裳 子惠思我，褰裳涉溱。子不我思，豈無他人？狂童之狂也且！ 子惠思我，褰裳涉洧。子不我思，豈無他士？狂童之狂也且！ 柏舟 彼柏舟，在彼中河，髧彼兩髦，實維我儀，之死矢靡它，母也天只，不諒人只。 汎彼柏舟，在彼河側，髧彼兩髦，實維我特，之死矢靡慝，母也天只，不諒人只。 行露 厭浥行露，豈不夙夜，謂行多露。 誰謂雀無角？何以穿我屋？誰謂女無家？何以速我獄？雖速我獄，室家不足。 誰謂鼠無牙？何以穿我墉？誰謂女無家？何以速我訟？雖速我訟，亦不女從。 ---> # [[/Rules for Women with Ban Zhao/]] <!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E8%AA%A1 ---> # [[/The Tragedy of Cai Wenji/]] <!--- 悲憤詩 〔兩漢〕蔡文姬 漢季失權柄，董卓亂天常。 志欲圖篡弒，先害諸賢良。 逼迫遷舊邦，擁主以自強。 海內興義師，欲共討不祥。 卓眾來東下，金甲耀日光。 平土人脆弱，來兵皆胡羌。 獵野圍城邑，所向悉破亡。 斬截無孑遺，屍骸相撐拒。 馬邊懸男頭，馬後載婦女。 長驅西入關，迥路險且阻。 還顧邈冥冥，肝脾為爛腐。 所略有萬計，不得令屯聚。 或有骨肉俱，欲言不敢語。 失意幾微間，輒言斃降虜。 要當以亭刃，我曹不活汝。 豈復惜性命，不堪其詈罵。 或便加棰杖，毒痛參並下。 旦則號泣行，夜則悲吟坐。 欲死不能得，欲生無一可。 彼蒼者何辜，乃遭此厄禍。 邊荒與華異，人俗少義理。 處所多霜雪，胡風春夏起。 翩翩吹我衣，肅肅入我耳。 感時念父母，哀嘆無窮已。 有客從外來，聞之常歡喜。 迎問其消息，輒復非鄉里。 邂逅徼時願，骨肉來迎己。 己得自解免，當復棄兒子。 天屬綴人心，念別無會期。 存亡永乖隔，不忍與之辭。 兒前抱我頸，問母欲何之。 人言母當去，豈復有還時。 阿母常仁惻，今何更不慈。 我尚未成人，奈何不顧思。 見此崩五內，恍惚生狂痴。 號泣手撫摩，當發復回疑。 兼有同時輩，相送告離別。 慕我獨得歸，哀叫聲摧裂。 馬為立踟躕，車為不轉轍。 觀者皆噓唏，行路亦嗚咽。 去去割情戀，遄征日遐邁。 悠悠三千里，何時復交會。 念我出腹子，匈臆為摧敗。 既至家人盡，又復無中外。 城廓為山林，庭宇生荊艾。 白骨不知誰，縱橫莫覆蓋。 出門無人聲，豺狼號且吠。 煢煢對孤景，怛吒糜肝肺。 登高遠眺望，魂神忽飛逝。 奄若壽命盡，旁人相寬大。 為復強視息，雖生何聊賴。 託命於新人，竭心自勖勵。 流離成鄙賤，常恐復捐廢。 人生幾何時，懷憂終年歲。 ---> ===Unit 5: Myths and Legends of East Asia=== <!--- Shanhaijing, Zibuyu... Etc. Zhiguai literature. This aims to provide a counterpoint to what Confucius wouldn't discuss - thus Zibuyu. Going straight into Daoism isn't ideal. ---> # [[/Exploring the World of Mountains and Seas/]]<!-- Structure: 出焉 --> # [[/Oh, the Qilin!/]] <!--- Even here, the odes can be studied! ---> # [[/Ultimate Justice with Xiezhi/]] # [[/The Virtue of the Fenghuang/]] # [[/The Entrapment of Hua Po/]] # [[/Nüwa Created the World/]] ===Unit 6: Nation Focus - Japan=== <!--- 日本書記, etc. ---> # [[/Entering Japan with Takeda Shingen/]] <!--- 便面蘆間有漁·武田信玄 山色水光烟接天，漁翁江上棹蘆辺 丹青若写得勝景，万里風波一釣船 便面半月照梅花·武田信玄 蘆葦清風垂頂絲，窺魚白鷺水生涯 江南記得曾遊夕，似見梨花院落時 島森哲男. (2015). 武田信玄漢詩校釈. 宮城教育大学紀要, 49, 333–352. https://mue.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/440 似 is a really useful thing to teach early on. ---> # [[/Remembering Conflict with Nakajima Noburu/]] <!--- https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/commit/6faa4d3e57a24e542db0375894f0ead5503218bb ---> ===Unit 7: Nation Focus - Korea=== <!--- 三國史記 for sure! ---> <!--- 放蟬賦 by Yi Kyubo ---> <!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%A0%A4%E9%BD%8B%E9%81%BA%E7%A8%BF 頤齋遺稿 黃胤錫 Joseon scholar! ---> # [[/An Elegy to the Empress with Choe Ja/]] <!--- Choe Ja 元德大后輓詞·崔滋（최자） 乾極曾客配,坤儀正體元。 枕前朝聖主,帳底見曾孫。 陰慘俄沉月,屋悲便沒軒。 三韓千古淚,七十九年恩。 ---> # [[/Language Reform with Sejong the Great/]] <!--- 訓民正音 https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/commit/1ef2b42cc50055affaa5ef39c61b87ed31c34a60 multiple poems and descriptive terms, possibly the best capstone ---> ===Unit 8: Christian Literature=== # [[/A Different Three Character Classic with Hong Xiuquan/]] # [[/Friar Juan Cobo's Veritable Record/]] <!--- One of few texts from the Philippines that I have ever found! https://bnedigital.bne.es/bd/en/viewer?id=0160187c-9d9b-4f34-84d6-bc03fd310c69 ---> # [[/The Delegate's Edition/]] # [[/Nestorian Steles during the Tang/]] <!--- 大秦景教宣元至本經經幢 and 景教碑 ---> # [[/Hong Xiuquan's Bible/]] <!--- https://bible.fhl.net/ob/nob.html?book=407 ---> <!--- I don't want to focus too much on Hong Xiuquan here, so look for more material, especially from missionaries. ---> ===Unit 9: An Introduction to Daoism=== <!--- And now back to your regularly scheduled Zhuangzi/Laozi/Liezi. But with more interesting stuff. Trust! ---> # [[/Laozi Explains the Dao/]] <!--- 道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。無名天地之始；有名萬物之母。故常無欲，以觀其妙；常有欲，以觀其徼。此兩者，同出而異名，同謂之玄。玄之又玄，衆妙之門。I can expect learners to recognise the stuff here. ---> # [[/Qingtan with Xie Daoyun/]] <!--- 謝道韞; mentioned in the sanzijing. could be good! 《泰山吟·謝道韞》 峩峩東嶽高，秀極衝青天。 巖中間虛宇，寂寞幽以玄。 非工復非匠，雲構發自然。 器象爾何物，遂令我屢遷。 逝將宅斯宇，可以盡天年。 《拟嵇中散咏松诗·謝道韞》 遙望山上松，隆冬不能凋。 願想遊不憩，瞻彼萬仞條。 騰躍未能升，頓足俟王喬。 時哉不我與，大運所飄遙。 ---> # [[/The Doubting Neighbour/]] # [[/Kuafu Chases the Sun/]] # [[/The Frog in a Well/]] # [[/Wu wei with King Hui of Liang/]] # [[/The Old Man that Moves the Mountains/]] # [[/Master Zhuang Dreams of Butterflies/]] <!--- Currently very stereotypical, but there's stuff to work with at least. Need to include those weird Daoist characters among other things. ---> ===Unit 10: Nation Focus - Ryukyu Kingdom=== # [[/Historical Annals with Sai On/]] <!--- Kyuko is an easy cop ---> # [[/The Enthronement of Shō Tei/]] <!--- 康熙二十二年封王尚貞敕 皇帝敕諭琉球國中山王世子尚貞：惟爾遠處海隅，虔修職貢；屬在塚嗣，序應承祧。以朝命未膺，罔敢專擅；恪遵典制，奉表請封。朕念爾世守臣節，忠誠可嘉！特遣正使翰林院檢討汪楫、副使內閣中書舍人加一級林麟焻，齎敕封爾為琉球國中山王，並賜爾及妃文幣等物。爾祗承寵眷，懋紹先猷；輯和臣民，慎固封守：用安宗社於苞桑，永作天家之屏翰。欽哉，毋替朕命！故諭。 Teach imperial edicts. Consider seeing if there's a letter of acceptance from Shō Tei. Recorded in 琉球國志略 https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&chapter=966326 ---> # [[/The Twilight of Ryukyu with Shō Ten/]] <!--- 神田酒樓街燈 尚典 酒樓今秋設芳筵， 一望街燈燦燦連。 烟氣引來通柱上， 光爭星月照神田。 ---> # [[/A Trip to Ryukyu with Luo Sen/]] <!--- Pre-Capstone ---> <!--- 遐邇貫珍 1854-11 - 日本日記 羅森 https://archive.org/details/HEKC185411/page/n5/mode/1up A solid description of Ryukyu cultural customs in Volume 11. Absolutely incredible. 日三日火船直向東北而駛出了臺灣之外幾日不見天涯是時北風大作波浪沖天火船亦甚飄蕩而不能立見有沙鷗隨風而逐浪心直駛七日漸見小山而到琉球琉球一國長闊一百七十五里其國城在地球圖緯線赤道之北二十六度十四分經線中華北京偏東十一度二十四分自明以來世封王爵叨列藩籬其處土產不過蔬菜番薯菜油黑糖等類人民束髻大補是穿草履男女粧飾頭上祇插一簪二簪為別故少年之男女瞥目則無異及其壯也皆留鬚髯故街上長鬚之人甚多甲寅正月初一予上岸遊玩見街上兒童甚多分以銅錢各極歡喜人民亦甚謙恭民居間亦貼新春聯于門外但不見有別等繁華之事那霸有寺寺內有園是名家世宦之墳所以石刊刻姓名年號于碑上每日道人打掃供奉生花樹葉于墓前另有人家祖墳與中國之明塚無異峰巒之上樹木多植民房則以蠻石圍墻內以茅草結屋而居佳物椅棹俱無惟以草蓆屈膝而坐對火盆而吹煙民間亦有識中國言語字墨者 不張舖店惟有墟塲男不貿易婦女為之以貨易貨而外方之金銀弗尚焉然而百姓亦甚畏官長飲食亦甚粗粕甘守樸儉不務奢華亦鮮欺詐板門紙窓夜間亦不防竊曾見途中撿物亦能以返原人公門之內冷冷落落並無案牘之煩淳樸之風畧有同于上古之世我等外國之欲買什物須言于官官為代辦正月初六提督被理衛廉士等一班將官布列威嚴與予乘轎至王宮總理大臣尚宏勳為主席布政大夫馬良才為知客享宴甚豐食物多與中國無異宴後各官皆饋有紙扇烟包布帛等項是物雖粗此亦世子之恭敬外國故亞國亦以禮物而返贈之世子王宮離岸三里在于山頂是名守禮將至其宮一路亦有樹木石牌坊宮室亦甚寬大幽雅垣局可觀其處多栽鳳尾草森樹等類以障陰山邊田土樹藝五穀近海沙田水漲之後人收其沙以煎鹽此時明月當圓予覽山川亦足見一方之風景 ---> <!--- 中山世鑑 and so on. Lots of poetry too. ---> ===Unit 11: Nation Focus - Singapore=== <!--- National Library of Singapore has a poetry series that's super good! ---> ===Unit 12: Literary Chinese in Medicine=== <!--- do not endorse the medical practices discussed in these...make sure to link back to the heavenly stems here as they are associated with specific body parts. ---> # [[/Deviant Qi with Zhang Congzheng/]] <!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%84%92%E9%96%80%E4%BA%8B%E8%A6%AA ---> ===Unit 13: People Focus - Zhuang peoples=== <!--- https://mooc1.chaoxing.com/mooc-ans/ztnodedetailcontroller/visitnodedetail?courseId=84745403&knowledgeId=84745463&_from_=&_fromV2_=&rtag= 《峤西诗钞》 is also a really good shout. ---> <!--- Basically, there are Zhuang and Tangut peoples who wrote in Literary Chinese, and their inclusion here is to show that even those who made their own scripts would use this tongue. 张鸿翮 imported the character 朴 to describe a bug, for example. ---> # [[/Zhuang poetry with Zhang Honghe/]] <!--- https://wenyi.gmw.cn/2024-06/25/content_37398911.htm 一是忠实记录了汉诗创作与古壮字交融的文化现象。清代壮族诗人张鸿翮（hé）《大塘谣》（《峤西诗钞》卷二）云： 去了休。去到大塘红蓼洲。红蓼生花，不结子。绿朴生花，毬见毬。 诗中所说“绿朴”，是壮族对柚子的惯称。“柚子”，壮语发音为“bug”。根据《古壮字字典》，其对应的古壮字为“朴（㭪）”。诗人将古壮字运用到汉文诗歌创作中，刻下了明清壮汉文化交相辉映的注脚。 This sort of thing is why Zhuang and Tangut inclusion is important, as they show how flexible Literary Chinese can be. ---> <!--- Possible Jurchen/Khitan focus? 耶律楚材 - Served 窝阔台, 玄風慶會錄 is short and respectable enough to work with. ---> ===Unit 14: People Focus - Tangut peoples=== <!--- 羅福萇 and 羅振玉 wrote studies on Western Xia / Tangut script. Look for poets and stuff. ---> ===Unit 15: Literary Chinese in the Military=== <!--- Real Sun Zi hours! 7 Military Classics are an obvious shout, but look for more stuff too. ---> # [[/Going to war with Boyan/]] <!--- Boyan's Poem from the 元史 　　伯顏，蒙古巴林部人。至元十一年拜中書左丞相，總兵伐宋。官至開府儀同三司，薨贈太師，封淮安王，諡忠武。 　　《玉堂嘉話》：初，宋未下時，江南謠云：「江南若破，白雁來過。」當時莫喻其意。及宋亡，蓋知指丞相巴延也。 　　過梅嶺岡留題 馬首經從庾嶺回 【 庾嶺回　七修類稿（乾隆刊本）卷四十六作「嶺島歸」。】 ，王師到處悉平夷。擔頭不帶江南物，只插梅花一兩枝。 　　《七修類藳》：伯顏下江南，過金陵梅嶺岡詩云云。所以著名，亦有是善。 ---> # [[/An Edict from the Xianbei/]] <!--- 教義詔 楊廣 武有七德，先之以安民。政有六本，興之以教義。高麗高元，虧失藩禮，將欲問罪遼左，恢宣勝略。雖懷伐國，仍事省方。今往涿郡，巡撫民俗。其河北諸郡及山西、山東年九十已上者，版授太守；八十者，授縣令。 ---> # [[/The Suppression of the Kingdom of Dongning/]] <!--- 台灣鄭氏始末 https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&chapter=139938 Largely a record of wars in Dongning rather than anything about the trade etc, so it fits here. ---> # [[/The Shunzhi Emperor vs Li Zicheng/]] <!--- 順治帝 告示 逆酋李自成已於通城斃命，各地鄉勇務隨我軍剿殺逆賊殘餘,凡有斬獲逆酋及擒獲逆酋交我軍者，一經驗證，按軍功論級給賞，必以示我朝皇恩浩蕩。 大清順治二年五月二十四日 恩詔 今月何日，為國曆改歲之履端,即為永昌書元之紀念？緬惟我朝民眾，三元肇慶，四始發祥。陳椒酒以飛觴，躋堂介壽；換桃符以獻歲，辟戶書新。翹望德容，河勝額手。今山河如舊，歲序更新;今天下同春，咸頒麗澤。願我朝君臣與萬民同樂，共沐化日光天，方不虛度韶華。 永昌二年新正初一 There's probably better choices here. Review. ---> ===Unit 16: Nation Focus - Vietnam=== <!--- https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/commit/cfe6700e01f6fd59616a375d31aa8cd096677be1 this first ---> # [[/Ancestor Veneration with the Descendants of Zhu Xi/]] <!--- https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/tree/main/corpus%2F%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%BC%A2%E6%96%87%2Fclean somewhere in here ---> # [[/Spreading Revolutionary Consciousness with Phan Bội Châu and Liang Qichao/]] <!--- 越南亡國史 Possibly the most important text in Vietnamese history, not even gonna lie. https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%A1%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2 ---> # [[/Academia in Literary Chinese between East and West/]] <!--- 南風雜誌 is a massive shout here. Absolutely amazing series. ---> ===Unit 17: Historical Annals and Encyclopediae=== <!--- 永樂大典 will teach how to infer from gaps in texts! 《編類》 is an incredibly interesting essay from here that can bring up the odes and Confucius's「思無邪」quote. It can prepare students for the wrath of Qing academia later. ---> # [[/The History of Liao, Jin, and Song with Toqto'a/]] <!--- 脱脱 ---> # [[/Two Years in the Forbidden City with Yu Deling/]] <!--- 清宮禁二年記 https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%AE%AE%E7%A6%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%B9%B4%E8%A8%98 ---> ===Unit 18: Buddhist Literature=== <!--- You would be forgiven for wondering why this is so late, but if you look at many classical Buddhist texts you'll quickly see a ton of loanwords that make it significantly more difficult to read than the average text. Thus, it goes here for now. ---> # [[/Dipping your feet in with Wenyan Shu/]] <!--- 華亭 世尊遺法本忘言，教外別傳意已圓。 只履攜將蔥嶺去，不妨來上月明船。 ---> # [[/A Trip to Western Xia with Zhi Guang and Hui Zhen/]] <!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%91%AA%E5%9C%93%E5%9B%A0%E5%BE%80%E7%94%9F%E9%9B%86 ---> <!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%92%92%E5%9C%93%E5%9B%A0%E5%BE%80%E7%94%9F%E9%9B%86 ---> # [[/Jizang's Three Discourses/]] <!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%AB%96%E7%8E%84%E7%BE%A9 ---> ===Unit 19: People Focus - Manchu peoples=== # [[/Qing dynasty Poetry with Nara Singde/]] <!--- 飲水詞 納蘭性德 https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:%E7%B4%8D%E8%98%AD%E6%80%A7%E5%BE%B7 ---> # [[/Amassing Words with the Kangxi Emperor/]] <!--- Kangxi Dictionary Abstract - https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8 ---> # [[/Amassing Literature with the Qianlong Emperor/]] <!--- Siku Quanshu abstract https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E7%B8%BD%E7%9B%AE%E6%8F%90%E8%A6%81 ---> <!--- Yongzheng Emperor's Poetry https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%9D 《和碩怡賢親王祭文》 Also include 滿洲國 stuff to show the fall of the Qing and attempts to preserve it through becoming a Japanese puppet state. It is important to show how Literary Chinese can be misused as well. 滿洲國建國宣言 is a good shout, as is 法制 to prepare students who may be interested in Taiwan legal stuff later down the road. https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:%E6%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2%E5%9C%8B ---> ===Unit 20: Qing-RoC Academia=== <!--- many writers here, will be difficult to sift through. Include 四库全書 abstracts and stuff here. ---> # [[/Lament with Lu Ruoteng/]] <!--- 《疑猜》盧若騰，東寧國 盟誓變為交質子，春秋戰國風如此；末世上下相疑猜, 更質妻子防逃徙。 此法只可羈庸奴，若遇梟雄術窮矣；妻可再娶子再育, 安能長坐針氈裏。 我贈一法君記存；推心置腹人知恩；眾人畜之眾人報, 幾個國士在君門。 盧若騰撰，陳漢光編輯，《島噫詩》，臺灣文獻叢刊第二四五種（臺北:臺灣銀行經濟研究室，1968年）21頁。 ---> ==References used for this page== * Yang, B. (2016). 文言语法 [Literary Chinese Grammar] (1st ed). 中华书局 [Zhonghua Book Company]. ISBN: 978-7-101-11619-9 * Priestley, K. E., & Shou-jung, C. (1962). China’s Men of Letters, Yesterday and Today. Dragonfly Books. {{BookCat}} a89fypxdbb2qsg2vlgf07u61n1p719r 4632705 4632702 2026-04-27T11:03:49Z Shira the Mogul 3560559 /* Unit 18: Buddhist Literature */Modern Wenyanwen? It's more likely than you think. A really good way to broach the Realm of Suchness here, introducing binomes gently. 4632705 wikitext text/x-wiki __notoc__ Welcome to the Wikibook for Literary Chinese (Known as 漢文 "Han Language" in East Asia or 文言 "Literary Language" in China), aimed at individuals hoping to gain a general knowledge of it before progressing into genres they wish to be acquainted with. This is not the [[Classical Chinese]] textbook, which is aimed at Chinese Zhou-Qin era texts. This text aims to shed light on post-Zhou-Qin texts across East Asia, which mimic those texts. It does so through a "buffet" approach, showering you, the reader, with an ocean of texts of myriad genre. ==Table of Contents== === Front matter === * [[/Introduction/]] * [[/Appendices/]] === Useful resources === These are quick grab-bags that can be useful for vocabulary-building. * [[/Antonym List/]] <!--- 文/武，大/小，厚/薄，橫/縱...---> * [[/Collocation Groups/]] <!--- e.g. 四象，三靈…… ---> * [https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/嚴譯及部定詞等 Yan Fu's Qing-era translations for modern terms] <!--- Wikiversity has this (https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/嚴譯及部定詞等) and the below, I will effectively be translating a lot of it! ---> * [https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/上古語考輯 Communicative Terms] <!--- this will be translated eventually, but right now it's bad to just leave this here. ---> === Useful primers === Across history, many primers have been made for teaching Literary Chinese to children. These are a few that are recommended for use alongside this work, ideally in flashcards. * [https://www.fdgwz.org.cn/Web/Show/11308 倉頡篇] - Cangjie's Chapters, the earliest one. It is extant, but incomplete. It contains several rare characters, and so if used, I would personally recommend doing so later, or out of interest. * 三字經 - The Three Character Classic, an excellent piece for Confucian education. Pair with 弟子规 for best results. ** 三字經（太平天國版）- For Christians, there is a version made by Hong Xiuquan from the Taiping Rebellion. Despite the context, it is a legitimately useful primer and can be used to self-teach for the Delegate's Edition of the Christian Bible. * 千字文 - The Thousand Character Classic, a remarkable piece of constrained writing that only uses each character once. Amazing for building vocabulary whilst seeing historical allusions and the like. * 五字鑑 - The Five-Character Mirror, essentially the 24 Histories of China compressed into a primer. Uses 5-character couplets, the longest in this list. * 龍文鞭影 - The Shadow of Longwen's Whip, a historical allusion trainer. Best paired with a context piece. ===Unit 0: The Han script=== This unit is intended for those with no familiarity of the Han script. It will prepare you for the units ahead, teaching largely pictographic characters. By the end of this unit, students will: * Recognise around 30 characters. * Understand how characters are composed and how this gives them meaning. * Have a basic idea of how to handwrite and/or type characters. * Know some bare basics of Literary Chinese grammar (e.g. Basic word order, where adjectives go, lack of "is", 有...) Lessons: # [[/An Introduction to the Han Script/]] # [[/People, Big and Small/]] # [[/What are Chinese characters, anyway?/]] <!--- deploy several single-radical texts---> # [[/How do we write Chinese?/]] # [[/Tilling the Fields with 有/]] # [[/The Sun and the Moon/]] # [[/Weapons and Metals/]] # [[/Recognizing Phonetics/]] <!--- time to deploy my one-syllable articles! ---> # [[/Cangjie Created Characters/]] ===Unit 1: Basic Skills=== This unit is intended for those with minimal familiarity with the Han script and no familiarity with Literary Chinese. There is a focus on simple structures, skills for dissecting common textual structures, and short-form poetry in this unit. Before starting this unit, students should: * Recognise around ~30 characters. * Can use Cangjie input. * Have given Unit 0 a cursory glance. <br> By the end of this unit, students will: * Recognise around ~100 characters. * Comprehend numbers, the Heavenly Stems, and the Earthly Branches, and be able to use them to quantify time and date. * Intuit the basic topic -> comment idea behind Literary Chinese. "This, it is..." * Understand basic function words such as 也, 而, 有, and 謂. Lessons: # [[/The All-Purpose 也/]] # [[/An Introduction to Chinese Numbers/]] <!--- It is hard to find authentic materials for this ---> # [[/One, Two, Left, and Right with Gongsun Long/]] <!--- 曰：「二有一乎？」 曰：「二無一。」 曰：「二有右乎？」 曰：「二無右。」 曰：「二有左乎？」 曰：「二無左。」 曰：「右可謂二乎？」 曰：「不可。」 曰：「左可謂二乎？」 曰：「不可。」 曰：「左與右可謂二乎？」 曰：「可。」 ---> # [[/The Heavenly Stems/]] <!--- Introduce ordinals, which will be used to demonstrate sentence patterns later. ---> # [[/Tell the Time with Earthly Branches/]] <!--- Introduce verbs and timekeeping ---> # [[/Lunar Dates with the Spring and Autumn Annals/]] <!--- Vocabulary: 歲，年，朔，月，日，來，前，初，正，春秋夏冬，曆，上，下. Consider including traditional names for months in a list. ---> # [[/Skimming for Major Events in Historical Annals/]] <!--- Don't simply use Confucius's Chunqiu: We can use texts inspired by it. E.g. 三國史記 - 十五年京城旱。秋七月，蝗。very few new characters, lots one can use. Instantly able to use. https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98/%E5%8D%B701 Skimming annals is very possible and a very useful skill. Don't skip out on it. Teach students to skim read!!! ---> # [[/Dinner with the Daimyo/]] <!-- 侍宴·大友皇子 皇明光日月，帝徳載天地。 三才併秦昌，万国表臣義。 --> # [[/In Discourse with Jibong/]] <!-- 芝峰類說 倭國謂田爲畠。謂水田爲田。火田爲畑。猶我國以水田爲畓也。故官名有畠山殿。地名有畑島云。 --> <!--- Some cool stuff I saw someone studying from https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%87%B3%E5%B0%8F%E4%B8%98%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%8F%E7%9F%B3%E6%BD%AD%E8%A8%98# https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%88%9F%E8%A8%98 Could be used for period focus ---> ===Unit 2: An Overview of Sinitic Poetry=== This unit will teach you how Sinitic Poetry operates; - that is, the way individuals in the Sinosphere compose poetry in Literary Chinese. Despite this language's fall out of favour in the past century, this tradition is still remarkably alive and well, and their short length makes them more accessible than elaborate prose. In this unit, you will begin from the ''Classic of Poetry'' before travelling through poems from the Tang dynasty, Singapore, Japan, Vietnam, the Ryukyu Kingdom, and Korea. When introducing poetry, I will furthermore use the language from the nation it is from to show how it is recited by its people. After discussing the Classic of Poetry, we will also be a small detour into a discussion on Ping-Ze 平仄, the Tang dynasty system of alternating tones, so to produce rhyme on tonal and phonological levels. This had a major impact on Literary Chinese poetry as a whole! By the end of this Unit, students will: * Recognise around 120 more characters. * Be able to explain how Sinitic Poetry rhymes and the themes it contains. * Be able to use function words such as 在, 無, 不, 聿, and 于/於 in poetic contexts. * Recognise the switch between 吾/我 in the subject-object positions and demonstrate it in usage. * (Chinese speakers) Be able to differentiate 于 and 於, and understand the "interest(ed) in" meaning of 好 in most circumstances. <!--- Summary of the above part about 于 and 於 for other editors: 于 and 於 were distinct words for an extremely long time and were still such to Literary Chinese writers. Their "merging" through Simplified-Traditional Chinese distinctions is a very modern thing. I will summarise their usages here, using Pulleyblank's Outline of Classical Chinese Grammar (2000); * 于 - This can mean "to go" or "to/at". 黃鳥于飛 "The yellow birds go flying". Must be post-verbal. It can also appear in 至于. * 於 - This is an all-purpose locative preposition - from "on/at/in" to "from" or even "than" (甲於乙). The implication of motion is not there at all. Must be pre-verbal. It can also appear in 之於 or be an archaic noun for a crow 於 (烏). ---> Lessons: # [[/Across the Rivers with Emperor Puliuru Guang/]] <!--- 春江花月夜·楊廣 夜露含花氣，春潭漾月暉。 漢水逢遊女，湘川值二妃。 This is really simple and can elucidate Ping-Ze easily. ---> # [[/To Study the Odes/]] <!-- 蟋蟀·姬旦 國風·唐風 蟋蟀在堂，歲聿其莫。今我不樂，日月其除。無已大康，職思其居。好樂無荒，良士瞿瞿。 蟋蟀在堂，歲聿其逝。今我不樂，日月其邁。無已大康，職思其外。好樂無荒，良士蹶蹶。 蟋蟀在堂，役車其休。今我不樂，日月其慆。無已大康，職思其憂。好樂無荒，良士休休。 --> <!-- 黃鳥 小雅·鴻鴈之什 黃鳥黃鳥，無集于穀，無啄我粟。 此邦之人，不我肯穀。言旋言歸，復我邦族。 黃鳥黃鳥，無集于桑，無啄我粱。 此邦之人，不可與明。言旋言歸，復我諸兄。 黃鳥黃鳥，無集于栩，無啄我黍。 此邦之人，不可與處。言旋言歸，復我諸父。 --> # [[/A Detour into Orthodox Ping-Ze/]] <!--- 平 and 仄 are useful characters themselves. Show 仄 in the binomes 反仄，歉仄，逼仄 as it's often difficult to immediately use ---> # [[/The Restraint of Du Fu/]] # [[/The Longing of Li Bai/]] # [[/The Environment with Bukha Timur/]] <!--- 西湖竹枝詞·布哈特穆爾 湖上春歸人未歸，桃紅柳緑黄鶯飛。 桃花落時多結子，楊花落處秪沾衣。 宫词·布哈特穆爾 玉樓珠箔晚天涼，秋色依稀滿建章。 金井梧桐霜葉盡，自隨流水出宮牆。 Mongol writer from the Uyghur Kingdom of Gaochang Spammed Ctrl+F in https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BE%A1%E9%81%B8%E5%9B%9B%E6%9C%9D%E8%A9%A9_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC) ---> # [[/Pillow Talk with Guan Yunshi/]] <!--- 紅繡鞋·貫雲石 挨著靠著雲窗同坐，偎著抱著月枕雙歌，聽著數著愁著怕著早四更過。四更過情未足，情未足夜如梭。天哪，更閏一更兒妨甚么！ Uyghur author! ---> # [[/Buddhist Philosophy with Ngô Chân Lưu and Taisei Shōan/]] <!-- 元火·吳真流 木中元有火，元火復還生。 若為木無火，鉆燧何有萌。--> <!-- 杜鵑·大成聖安 夢覚孤床静 杜鵑帯雨飛 一声来近枕 何者不沾衣 --> # [[/Odes with Mō Taiei and Zheng Chengxun/]] <!-- 詠松·毛泰永 植體宜千仞，垂陰動百尋。 李膺真烈烈，和嶠自森森。 桃李何堪較，雪霜安得侵。 萬年身不老，種子又成林。 AKA Inoha Seiki 伊野波 盛紀 --> <!-- 詠班蘭·鄭成勛 南國多芳草，班蘭最有名。 深根將綠茁，長葉亦叢生。 取味迎賓合，入厨任水烹。 可憐經一用，擲棄不留情。 鄭成勛《樵隱詩集》 https://nus.edu.sg/nuslibraries/dsprojects/sg-jiutishi/poem/827 --> # [[/On a Journey with Sa Dula/]] <!--- 無題·薩都剌 為客三年海上洲，故鄉何處瘴雲稠。 數千里外蠻人域，十八灘頭過客舟。 時有山禽呼姓字，或從海鳥作朋儔。 故人珂珮周旋處，紫殿風清十二樓。 https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E9%A1%8C_(%E8%96%A9%E9%83%BD%E5%89%8C) A naturalised Mongol scholar who made a beautiful poem. This'll be a capstone. ---> <!--- 朝中措·襄陽古道灞陵橋 襄陽古道灞陵橋，詩興與秋高。 千古風流人物，一時多少雄豪。 霜清玉塞，雲飛隴首，風落江皋。 夢到鳳凰台上，山圍故國周遭。 北郊晚步 陂水荷凋晚，茅檐燕去涼。 遠林明落景，平麓淡秋光。 群牧歸村巷，孤禽立野航。 自諳閑散樂，園圃意尤長。 Jurchen poet and grandson of Emperor Shizong of Jin. He's a Zen Buddhist, so we'll go back to him later. ---> ===Unit 3: Confucianism and the World=== This is a Confucian-themed unit with a smattering of other items. You will see the odd geography of the past, early linguistic philosophy, and terrifying breakaway states! By the end of this unit, students should be able to: * Recognise around 200+ characters. * Read basic annals and histories with some dictionary assistance, and comprehend 3-character structures reliably. * Have encountered basic grammatical points such as 之、乎、者、也、而、則、乃、所、以、於、于、與、且、蓋、and 夫. ** 於 and 于 should be distinguishable. * Survive a text of at least 250 characters and read for gist. Lessons: # [[/A Brief Overview of Confucianism/]] # [[/The Mountains with Yelü Tuyu/]] <!--- 立木海上刻詩 耶律圖欲 / 耶律倍 / 李贊華 小山壓大山，大山全無力。 羞見故鄉人，從此投外國。 ---> # [[/Is a White Horse a Horse?/]]<!-- Teach negation with 非 in 公孙龍子 and compare with 不 --> # [[/The Three Character Classic/]] # [[/Expressing Filial Conduct with Confucius and Hara Saihin/]] <!-- 次韻杏坪先生 父執有君孤不孤 相依遍接搢紳徒 区区自抱地方寸 杏杏重遊天一隅 羇雁飛鳴迷汝國 家人思夢入江都 如教志業青年遂 世上寧無逐臭夫 --> # [[/Confucianism and the Environment with Sai On/]]<!-- 木假山記 --> # [[/In Debate with Mencius/]] ===Unit 4: Women's Writing=== In this unit, women's writing from various areas of China will be explored. This is chiefly targeted at poetry and the themes within; from the feminine voice of the Classic of Poetry to the remonstrance towards the Khitan Emperor Tianzuo of Jin by his Consort Dasese. The role of women in courtly society is to be elucidated here! # [[/An Unmarried Life with Heo Nansŏrhŏn/]] <!--- 貧女吟 豈是乏容色。工鍼復工織。 少小長寒門。良媒不相識。 夜久織未休。戛戛鳴寒機。 機中一匹練。終作阿誰衣。 手把金翦刀。夜寒十指直。 爲人作嫁衣。年年還獨宿。 ---> # [[/Responding to Lord Trần with Hồ Xuân Hương/]] <!--- Responding to 陳光靜 Trần Quang Tĩnh 《和陳侯》 愧無才調使人驚，十載風塵貫耳鈴。 已是臨枰知敵手，莫須敲月苦殫精。 為輪為彈隨遭遇，誰鳳誰鶯任賦生。 造物於人何苟惜，明珠休向暗中呈。 莫須 is an important structure to teach here. ---> # [[/Gaze into the Autumn Night with Taisei Shōan/]] <!--- 秋夜偶成·大成聖安 長天浮爽気，月色興無窮 群犬吠山径，百蟲啼野風 悲秋秋夜永，感古古今同 自是孤窓下，凄然万慮空 ---> # [[/Visiting a Temple with Yu Xuanji/]] <!--- 遊崇真觀南樓覩新及第題名處 雲峰滿目放春晴，歷歷銀鈎指下生。 自恨羅衣掩詩句，擧頭空羨榜中名。 ---> # [[/Remonstrance with Dasese/]] <!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%AB%B7%E8%AB%AB%E6%AD%8C 諷諫歌·大瑟瑟 勿嗟塞上兮暗紅塵。 勿傷多難兮畏夷人。 不如塞奸邪之路兮選取賢臣。 直須臥薪嚐膽兮激壯士之捐身。 可以朝清漠北兮夕枕燕雲。 Dasese (or 萧瑟瑟) was a Khitan consort to Emperor Tianzuo of Liao. She remonstrated him as the Jurchens were beginning to encroach upon the Khitan, and was forced to commit suicide for her remonstrance. Tianzuo would soon pay for his malfeasance. ---> # [[/The Love Songs of the Odes/]] <!--- 褰裳 子惠思我，褰裳涉溱。子不我思，豈無他人？狂童之狂也且！ 子惠思我，褰裳涉洧。子不我思，豈無他士？狂童之狂也且！ 柏舟 彼柏舟，在彼中河，髧彼兩髦，實維我儀，之死矢靡它，母也天只，不諒人只。 汎彼柏舟，在彼河側，髧彼兩髦，實維我特，之死矢靡慝，母也天只，不諒人只。 行露 厭浥行露，豈不夙夜，謂行多露。 誰謂雀無角？何以穿我屋？誰謂女無家？何以速我獄？雖速我獄，室家不足。 誰謂鼠無牙？何以穿我墉？誰謂女無家？何以速我訟？雖速我訟，亦不女從。 ---> # [[/Rules for Women with Ban Zhao/]] <!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E8%AA%A1 ---> # [[/The Tragedy of Cai Wenji/]] <!--- 悲憤詩 〔兩漢〕蔡文姬 漢季失權柄，董卓亂天常。 志欲圖篡弒，先害諸賢良。 逼迫遷舊邦，擁主以自強。 海內興義師，欲共討不祥。 卓眾來東下，金甲耀日光。 平土人脆弱，來兵皆胡羌。 獵野圍城邑，所向悉破亡。 斬截無孑遺，屍骸相撐拒。 馬邊懸男頭，馬後載婦女。 長驅西入關，迥路險且阻。 還顧邈冥冥，肝脾為爛腐。 所略有萬計，不得令屯聚。 或有骨肉俱，欲言不敢語。 失意幾微間，輒言斃降虜。 要當以亭刃，我曹不活汝。 豈復惜性命，不堪其詈罵。 或便加棰杖，毒痛參並下。 旦則號泣行，夜則悲吟坐。 欲死不能得，欲生無一可。 彼蒼者何辜，乃遭此厄禍。 邊荒與華異，人俗少義理。 處所多霜雪，胡風春夏起。 翩翩吹我衣，肅肅入我耳。 感時念父母，哀嘆無窮已。 有客從外來，聞之常歡喜。 迎問其消息，輒復非鄉里。 邂逅徼時願，骨肉來迎己。 己得自解免，當復棄兒子。 天屬綴人心，念別無會期。 存亡永乖隔，不忍與之辭。 兒前抱我頸，問母欲何之。 人言母當去，豈復有還時。 阿母常仁惻，今何更不慈。 我尚未成人，奈何不顧思。 見此崩五內，恍惚生狂痴。 號泣手撫摩，當發復回疑。 兼有同時輩，相送告離別。 慕我獨得歸，哀叫聲摧裂。 馬為立踟躕，車為不轉轍。 觀者皆噓唏，行路亦嗚咽。 去去割情戀，遄征日遐邁。 悠悠三千里，何時復交會。 念我出腹子，匈臆為摧敗。 既至家人盡，又復無中外。 城廓為山林，庭宇生荊艾。 白骨不知誰，縱橫莫覆蓋。 出門無人聲，豺狼號且吠。 煢煢對孤景，怛吒糜肝肺。 登高遠眺望，魂神忽飛逝。 奄若壽命盡，旁人相寬大。 為復強視息，雖生何聊賴。 託命於新人，竭心自勖勵。 流離成鄙賤，常恐復捐廢。 人生幾何時，懷憂終年歲。 ---> ===Unit 5: Myths and Legends of East Asia=== <!--- Shanhaijing, Zibuyu... Etc. Zhiguai literature. This aims to provide a counterpoint to what Confucius wouldn't discuss - thus Zibuyu. Going straight into Daoism isn't ideal. ---> # [[/Exploring the World of Mountains and Seas/]]<!-- Structure: 出焉 --> # [[/Oh, the Qilin!/]] <!--- Even here, the odes can be studied! ---> # [[/Ultimate Justice with Xiezhi/]] # [[/The Virtue of the Fenghuang/]] # [[/The Entrapment of Hua Po/]] # [[/Nüwa Created the World/]] ===Unit 6: Nation Focus - Japan=== <!--- 日本書記, etc. ---> # [[/Entering Japan with Takeda Shingen/]] <!--- 便面蘆間有漁·武田信玄 山色水光烟接天，漁翁江上棹蘆辺 丹青若写得勝景，万里風波一釣船 便面半月照梅花·武田信玄 蘆葦清風垂頂絲，窺魚白鷺水生涯 江南記得曾遊夕，似見梨花院落時 島森哲男. (2015). 武田信玄漢詩校釈. 宮城教育大学紀要, 49, 333–352. https://mue.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/440 似 is a really useful thing to teach early on. ---> # [[/Remembering Conflict with Nakajima Noburu/]] <!--- https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/commit/6faa4d3e57a24e542db0375894f0ead5503218bb ---> ===Unit 7: Nation Focus - Korea=== <!--- 三國史記 for sure! ---> <!--- 放蟬賦 by Yi Kyubo ---> <!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%A0%A4%E9%BD%8B%E9%81%BA%E7%A8%BF 頤齋遺稿 黃胤錫 Joseon scholar! ---> # [[/An Elegy to the Empress with Choe Ja/]] <!--- Choe Ja 元德大后輓詞·崔滋（최자） 乾極曾客配,坤儀正體元。 枕前朝聖主,帳底見曾孫。 陰慘俄沉月,屋悲便沒軒。 三韓千古淚,七十九年恩。 ---> # [[/Language Reform with Sejong the Great/]] <!--- 訓民正音 https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/commit/1ef2b42cc50055affaa5ef39c61b87ed31c34a60 multiple poems and descriptive terms, possibly the best capstone ---> ===Unit 8: Christian Literature=== # [[/A Different Three Character Classic with Hong Xiuquan/]] # [[/Friar Juan Cobo's Veritable Record/]] <!--- One of few texts from the Philippines that I have ever found! https://bnedigital.bne.es/bd/en/viewer?id=0160187c-9d9b-4f34-84d6-bc03fd310c69 ---> # [[/The Delegate's Edition/]] # [[/Nestorian Steles during the Tang/]] <!--- 大秦景教宣元至本經經幢 and 景教碑 ---> # [[/Hong Xiuquan's Bible/]] <!--- https://bible.fhl.net/ob/nob.html?book=407 ---> <!--- I don't want to focus too much on Hong Xiuquan here, so look for more material, especially from missionaries. ---> ===Unit 9: An Introduction to Daoism=== <!--- And now back to your regularly scheduled Zhuangzi/Laozi/Liezi. But with more interesting stuff. Trust! ---> # [[/Laozi Explains the Dao/]] <!--- 道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。無名天地之始；有名萬物之母。故常無欲，以觀其妙；常有欲，以觀其徼。此兩者，同出而異名，同謂之玄。玄之又玄，衆妙之門。I can expect learners to recognise the stuff here. ---> # [[/Qingtan with Xie Daoyun/]] <!--- 謝道韞; mentioned in the sanzijing. could be good! 《泰山吟·謝道韞》 峩峩東嶽高，秀極衝青天。 巖中間虛宇，寂寞幽以玄。 非工復非匠，雲構發自然。 器象爾何物，遂令我屢遷。 逝將宅斯宇，可以盡天年。 《拟嵇中散咏松诗·謝道韞》 遙望山上松，隆冬不能凋。 願想遊不憩，瞻彼萬仞條。 騰躍未能升，頓足俟王喬。 時哉不我與，大運所飄遙。 ---> # [[/The Doubting Neighbour/]] # [[/Kuafu Chases the Sun/]] # [[/The Frog in a Well/]] # [[/Wu wei with King Hui of Liang/]] # [[/The Old Man that Moves the Mountains/]] # [[/Master Zhuang Dreams of Butterflies/]] <!--- Currently very stereotypical, but there's stuff to work with at least. Need to include those weird Daoist characters among other things. ---> ===Unit 10: Nation Focus - Ryukyu Kingdom=== # [[/Historical Annals with Sai On/]] <!--- Kyuko is an easy cop ---> # [[/The Enthronement of Shō Tei/]] <!--- 康熙二十二年封王尚貞敕 皇帝敕諭琉球國中山王世子尚貞：惟爾遠處海隅，虔修職貢；屬在塚嗣，序應承祧。以朝命未膺，罔敢專擅；恪遵典制，奉表請封。朕念爾世守臣節，忠誠可嘉！特遣正使翰林院檢討汪楫、副使內閣中書舍人加一級林麟焻，齎敕封爾為琉球國中山王，並賜爾及妃文幣等物。爾祗承寵眷，懋紹先猷；輯和臣民，慎固封守：用安宗社於苞桑，永作天家之屏翰。欽哉，毋替朕命！故諭。 Teach imperial edicts. Consider seeing if there's a letter of acceptance from Shō Tei. Recorded in 琉球國志略 https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&chapter=966326 ---> # [[/The Twilight of Ryukyu with Shō Ten/]] <!--- 神田酒樓街燈 尚典 酒樓今秋設芳筵， 一望街燈燦燦連。 烟氣引來通柱上， 光爭星月照神田。 ---> # [[/A Trip to Ryukyu with Luo Sen/]] <!--- Pre-Capstone ---> <!--- 遐邇貫珍 1854-11 - 日本日記 羅森 https://archive.org/details/HEKC185411/page/n5/mode/1up A solid description of Ryukyu cultural customs in Volume 11. Absolutely incredible. 日三日火船直向東北而駛出了臺灣之外幾日不見天涯是時北風大作波浪沖天火船亦甚飄蕩而不能立見有沙鷗隨風而逐浪心直駛七日漸見小山而到琉球琉球一國長闊一百七十五里其國城在地球圖緯線赤道之北二十六度十四分經線中華北京偏東十一度二十四分自明以來世封王爵叨列藩籬其處土產不過蔬菜番薯菜油黑糖等類人民束髻大補是穿草履男女粧飾頭上祇插一簪二簪為別故少年之男女瞥目則無異及其壯也皆留鬚髯故街上長鬚之人甚多甲寅正月初一予上岸遊玩見街上兒童甚多分以銅錢各極歡喜人民亦甚謙恭民居間亦貼新春聯于門外但不見有別等繁華之事那霸有寺寺內有園是名家世宦之墳所以石刊刻姓名年號于碑上每日道人打掃供奉生花樹葉于墓前另有人家祖墳與中國之明塚無異峰巒之上樹木多植民房則以蠻石圍墻內以茅草結屋而居佳物椅棹俱無惟以草蓆屈膝而坐對火盆而吹煙民間亦有識中國言語字墨者 不張舖店惟有墟塲男不貿易婦女為之以貨易貨而外方之金銀弗尚焉然而百姓亦甚畏官長飲食亦甚粗粕甘守樸儉不務奢華亦鮮欺詐板門紙窓夜間亦不防竊曾見途中撿物亦能以返原人公門之內冷冷落落並無案牘之煩淳樸之風畧有同于上古之世我等外國之欲買什物須言于官官為代辦正月初六提督被理衛廉士等一班將官布列威嚴與予乘轎至王宮總理大臣尚宏勳為主席布政大夫馬良才為知客享宴甚豐食物多與中國無異宴後各官皆饋有紙扇烟包布帛等項是物雖粗此亦世子之恭敬外國故亞國亦以禮物而返贈之世子王宮離岸三里在于山頂是名守禮將至其宮一路亦有樹木石牌坊宮室亦甚寬大幽雅垣局可觀其處多栽鳳尾草森樹等類以障陰山邊田土樹藝五穀近海沙田水漲之後人收其沙以煎鹽此時明月當圓予覽山川亦足見一方之風景 ---> <!--- 中山世鑑 and so on. Lots of poetry too. ---> ===Unit 11: Nation Focus - Singapore=== <!--- National Library of Singapore has a poetry series that's super good! ---> ===Unit 12: Literary Chinese in Medicine=== <!--- do not endorse the medical practices discussed in these...make sure to link back to the heavenly stems here as they are associated with specific body parts. ---> # [[/Deviant Qi with Zhang Congzheng/]] <!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%84%92%E9%96%80%E4%BA%8B%E8%A6%AA ---> ===Unit 13: People Focus - Zhuang peoples=== <!--- https://mooc1.chaoxing.com/mooc-ans/ztnodedetailcontroller/visitnodedetail?courseId=84745403&knowledgeId=84745463&_from_=&_fromV2_=&rtag= 《峤西诗钞》 is also a really good shout. ---> <!--- Basically, there are Zhuang and Tangut peoples who wrote in Literary Chinese, and their inclusion here is to show that even those who made their own scripts would use this tongue. 张鸿翮 imported the character 朴 to describe a bug, for example. ---> # [[/Zhuang poetry with Zhang Honghe/]] <!--- https://wenyi.gmw.cn/2024-06/25/content_37398911.htm 一是忠实记录了汉诗创作与古壮字交融的文化现象。清代壮族诗人张鸿翮（hé）《大塘谣》（《峤西诗钞》卷二）云： 去了休。去到大塘红蓼洲。红蓼生花，不结子。绿朴生花，毬见毬。 诗中所说“绿朴”，是壮族对柚子的惯称。“柚子”，壮语发音为“bug”。根据《古壮字字典》，其对应的古壮字为“朴（㭪）”。诗人将古壮字运用到汉文诗歌创作中，刻下了明清壮汉文化交相辉映的注脚。 This sort of thing is why Zhuang and Tangut inclusion is important, as they show how flexible Literary Chinese can be. ---> <!--- Possible Jurchen/Khitan focus? 耶律楚材 - Served 窝阔台, 玄風慶會錄 is short and respectable enough to work with. ---> ===Unit 14: People Focus - Tangut peoples=== <!--- 羅福萇 and 羅振玉 wrote studies on Western Xia / Tangut script. Look for poets and stuff. ---> ===Unit 15: Literary Chinese in the Military=== <!--- Real Sun Zi hours! 7 Military Classics are an obvious shout, but look for more stuff too. ---> # [[/Going to war with Boyan/]] <!--- Boyan's Poem from the 元史 　　伯顏，蒙古巴林部人。至元十一年拜中書左丞相，總兵伐宋。官至開府儀同三司，薨贈太師，封淮安王，諡忠武。 　　《玉堂嘉話》：初，宋未下時，江南謠云：「江南若破，白雁來過。」當時莫喻其意。及宋亡，蓋知指丞相巴延也。 　　過梅嶺岡留題 馬首經從庾嶺回 【 庾嶺回　七修類稿（乾隆刊本）卷四十六作「嶺島歸」。】 ，王師到處悉平夷。擔頭不帶江南物，只插梅花一兩枝。 　　《七修類藳》：伯顏下江南，過金陵梅嶺岡詩云云。所以著名，亦有是善。 ---> # [[/An Edict from the Xianbei/]] <!--- 教義詔 楊廣 武有七德，先之以安民。政有六本，興之以教義。高麗高元，虧失藩禮，將欲問罪遼左，恢宣勝略。雖懷伐國，仍事省方。今往涿郡，巡撫民俗。其河北諸郡及山西、山東年九十已上者，版授太守；八十者，授縣令。 ---> # [[/The Suppression of the Kingdom of Dongning/]] <!--- 台灣鄭氏始末 https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&chapter=139938 Largely a record of wars in Dongning rather than anything about the trade etc, so it fits here. ---> # [[/The Shunzhi Emperor vs Li Zicheng/]] <!--- 順治帝 告示 逆酋李自成已於通城斃命，各地鄉勇務隨我軍剿殺逆賊殘餘,凡有斬獲逆酋及擒獲逆酋交我軍者，一經驗證，按軍功論級給賞，必以示我朝皇恩浩蕩。 大清順治二年五月二十四日 恩詔 今月何日，為國曆改歲之履端,即為永昌書元之紀念？緬惟我朝民眾，三元肇慶，四始發祥。陳椒酒以飛觴，躋堂介壽；換桃符以獻歲，辟戶書新。翹望德容，河勝額手。今山河如舊，歲序更新;今天下同春，咸頒麗澤。願我朝君臣與萬民同樂，共沐化日光天，方不虛度韶華。 永昌二年新正初一 There's probably better choices here. Review. ---> ===Unit 16: Nation Focus - Vietnam=== <!--- https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/commit/cfe6700e01f6fd59616a375d31aa8cd096677be1 this first ---> # [[/Ancestor Veneration with the Descendants of Zhu Xi/]] <!--- https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/tree/main/corpus%2F%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%BC%A2%E6%96%87%2Fclean somewhere in here ---> # [[/Spreading Revolutionary Consciousness with Phan Bội Châu and Liang Qichao/]] <!--- 越南亡國史 Possibly the most important text in Vietnamese history, not even gonna lie. https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%A1%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2 ---> # [[/Academia in Literary Chinese between East and West/]] <!--- 南風雜誌 is a massive shout here. Absolutely amazing series. ---> ===Unit 17: Historical Annals and Encyclopediae=== <!--- 永樂大典 will teach how to infer from gaps in texts! 《編類》 is an incredibly interesting essay from here that can bring up the odes and Confucius's「思無邪」quote. It can prepare students for the wrath of Qing academia later. ---> # [[/The History of Liao, Jin, and Song with Toqto'a/]] <!--- 脱脱 ---> # [[/Two Years in the Forbidden City with Yu Deling/]] <!--- 清宮禁二年記 https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%AE%AE%E7%A6%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%B9%B4%E8%A8%98 ---> ===Unit 18: Buddhist Literature=== <!--- You would be forgiven for wondering why this is so late, but if you look at many classical Buddhist texts you'll quickly see a ton of loanwords that make it significantly more difficult to read than the average text. Thus, it goes here for now. ---> # [[/A Buddhist Temple in Shanghai/]] <!--- 留雲禪寺 雲留雲翔領畧幾許禪機此地有雲散天開真如界。 塔內塔外普示無邊圓覺是故曰塔影雙照解脫門。 歲次壬午冬月吉旦。 覺醒敬撰。 楊胡生沐手恭書。 善信印利明敬獻。 ---> # [[/Dipping your feet in with Wenyan Shu/]] <!--- 華亭 世尊遺法本忘言，教外別傳意已圓。 只履攜將蔥嶺去，不妨來上月明船。 ---> # [[/A Trip to Western Xia with Zhi Guang and Hui Zhen/]] <!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%91%AA%E5%9C%93%E5%9B%A0%E5%BE%80%E7%94%9F%E9%9B%86 ---> <!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%92%92%E5%9C%93%E5%9B%A0%E5%BE%80%E7%94%9F%E9%9B%86 ---> # [[/Jizang's Three Discourses/]] <!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%AB%96%E7%8E%84%E7%BE%A9 ---> ===Unit 19: People Focus - Manchu peoples=== # [[/Qing dynasty Poetry with Nara Singde/]] <!--- 飲水詞 納蘭性德 https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:%E7%B4%8D%E8%98%AD%E6%80%A7%E5%BE%B7 ---> # [[/Amassing Words with the Kangxi Emperor/]] <!--- Kangxi Dictionary Abstract - https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8 ---> # [[/Amassing Literature with the Qianlong Emperor/]] <!--- Siku Quanshu abstract https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E7%B8%BD%E7%9B%AE%E6%8F%90%E8%A6%81 ---> <!--- Yongzheng Emperor's Poetry https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%9D 《和碩怡賢親王祭文》 Also include 滿洲國 stuff to show the fall of the Qing and attempts to preserve it through becoming a Japanese puppet state. It is important to show how Literary Chinese can be misused as well. 滿洲國建國宣言 is a good shout, as is 法制 to prepare students who may be interested in Taiwan legal stuff later down the road. https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:%E6%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2%E5%9C%8B ---> ===Unit 20: Qing-RoC Academia=== <!--- many writers here, will be difficult to sift through. Include 四库全書 abstracts and stuff here. ---> # [[/Lament with Lu Ruoteng/]] <!--- 《疑猜》盧若騰，東寧國 盟誓變為交質子，春秋戰國風如此；末世上下相疑猜, 更質妻子防逃徙。 此法只可羈庸奴，若遇梟雄術窮矣；妻可再娶子再育, 安能長坐針氈裏。 我贈一法君記存；推心置腹人知恩；眾人畜之眾人報, 幾個國士在君門。 盧若騰撰，陳漢光編輯，《島噫詩》，臺灣文獻叢刊第二四五種（臺北:臺灣銀行經濟研究室，1968年）21頁。 ---> ==References used for this page== * Yang, B. (2016). 文言语法 [Literary Chinese Grammar] (1st ed). 中华书局 [Zhonghua Book Company]. ISBN: 978-7-101-11619-9 * Priestley, K. E., & Shou-jung, C. (1962). China’s Men of Letters, Yesterday and Today. Dragonfly Books. {{BookCat}} 86fhr8e8laapoq0ga4trc0yo0bo0kbw 2 481960 4632561 4628393 2026-04-26T15:01:32Z Kingofnuthin 3566511 created draft for csd proposal with general book and redirect categories, will be expanded later 4632561 wikitext text/x-wiki Speedy deletion is a deletion request where reasonable opposition is not expected or possible. Anyone can request speedy deletion, and anyone who objects or believes more discussion is needed can turn a speedy deletion candidate into a [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Requests for deletion|request for deletion]]. Speedy deletion requests made in bad faith can be removed by anyone. Add <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Delete|delete]]<nowiki>|reasons for speedy deletion}}</nowiki></code> to the top of a page to request speedy deletion. That page will then appear in [[:Category:Candidates for speedy deletion]] for administrators to address whenever time is available. Pages that satisfy any of the following criteria can be considered for speedy deletion: == General == General criteria apply to every type of page. === G1. No meaningful content === This criterion applies to pages with no meaningful content. Content is not ''meaningful'' if it does not add value to readers or otherwise contribute to the project. What is considered "meaningful content" depends on the namespace. Under this criterion, you'll have to be careful when nominating or deleting pages. Always check and revert if good content in the revision history was replaced. Absence of meaningful content includes, but is not limited to: * Spam and [[Wikibooks:DWV|vandalism]]. * Test edits and nonsense. * Abandoned pages displaying intent, but no actual content. === G2. Test page === This criterion applies to pages that are created to test editing or other Wikibooks functions. This criterion applies to subpages of the Wikibooks Sandbox created as tests, but does '''not''' apply to the Sandbox itself, pages in the user namespace, or valid but unused or duplicate templates. === G3. Repost of work that was previously deleted === This criterion applies to sufficiently identical copies, having any title, of a page deleted via its most recent deletion discussion or with a speedy deletion. It excludes pages that are ''not'' substantially identical to the deleted version, and pages to which the reason for the deletion no longer applies. This criterion also does not cover content undeleted via a request for undeletion. === G4. Author requests deletion === This criterion applies to pages that are being nominated by their only significant contributor. === G5. Pages dependent on a non-existent or deleted page === This criterion applies to pages that are an example of, but not limited to: * Talk pages with no corresponding subject page * Subpages with no parent page * Timed Text pages without a corresponding file (or when the file has been moved to Commons) * Redirects to target pages that never existed or were deleted * Editnotices of non-existent or unsalted deleted pages == Books == These criteria apply to pages in the book (main) namespace. They do not apply to redirects. === B1. No context === This criterion applies to pages which lack sufficient context to identify the topic of the book. === B2. Foreign language books === This criterion applies to pages which are not written in English. Speedy deletion nomination for these pages should clarify the language the book was written on. === B3. No content === This crriterion applies to books consisting only of external links, category tags, attempts to correspond with the person or group named by its title, questions that should have been asked at a noticeboard, chat-like comments, template tags, or images. === B4. Books that duplicate an existing topic === This criterion applies to any book with no relevant page history that duplicates an existing English Wikibooks article, and that does not expand upon, detail or improve information within any existing book(s) on the subject, and where the title is not a plausible redirect. == Redirects == These criteria that apply to pages that redirect to another page. === R1. Cross-namespace redirects === This criterion applies to redirects from the main namespace to any other namespace ''except'' the Category:, Template:, Wikibooks:, Help:, and Portal: namespaces. === R2. Redirects for implausible typos === This criterion applies to redirects from implausible typos or misnomers. However, redirects from common misspellings or misnomers are generally useful, as are some redirects in other languages. This criterion does not apply to redirects created as a result of a page move. r8r3uuoivxpug5znhrz4yu3rh0usy4p 4632571 4632561 2026-04-26T15:52:06Z Kingofnuthin 3566511 added criteria for files templates categories and user pages 4632571 wikitext text/x-wiki Speedy deletion is a deletion request where reasonable opposition is not expected or possible. Anyone can request speedy deletion, and anyone who objects or believes more discussion is needed can turn a speedy deletion candidate into a [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Requests for deletion|request for deletion]]. Speedy deletion requests made in bad faith can be removed by anyone. Add <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Delete|delete]]<nowiki>|reasons for speedy deletion}}</nowiki></code> to the top of a page to request speedy deletion. That page will then appear in [[:Category:Candidates for speedy deletion]] for administrators to address whenever time is available. Pages that satisfy any of the following criteria can be considered for speedy deletion: == General == General criteria apply to every type of page. === G1. No meaningful content === This criterion applies to pages with no meaningful content. Content is not ''meaningful'' if it does not add value to readers or otherwise contribute to the project. What is considered "meaningful content" depends on the namespace. Under this criterion, you'll have to be careful when nominating or deleting pages. Always check and revert if good content in the revision history was replaced. Absence of meaningful content includes, but is not limited to: * Spam and [[Wikibooks:DWV|vandalism]]. * Test edits and nonsense. * Abandoned pages displaying intent, but no actual content. === G2. Test page === This criterion applies to pages that are created to test editing or other Wikibooks functions. This criterion applies to subpages of the Wikibooks Sandbox created as tests, but does '''not''' apply to the Sandbox itself, pages in the user namespace, or valid but unused or duplicate templates. === G3. Repost of work that was previously deleted === This criterion applies to sufficiently identical copies, having any title, of a page deleted via its most recent deletion discussion or with a speedy deletion. It excludes pages that are ''not'' substantially identical to the deleted version, and pages to which the reason for the deletion no longer applies. This criterion also does not cover content undeleted via a request for undeletion. === G4. Author requests deletion === This criterion applies to pages that are being nominated by their only significant contributor. === G5. Pages dependent on a non-existent or deleted page === This criterion applies to pages that are an example of, but not limited to: * Talk pages with no corresponding subject page * Subpages with no parent page * Timed Text pages without a corresponding file (or when the file has been moved to Commons) * Redirects to target pages that never existed or were deleted * Editnotices of non-existent or unsalted deleted pages == Books == These criteria apply to pages in the book (main) namespace. They do not apply to redirects. === B1. No context === This criterion applies to pages which lack sufficient context to identify the topic of the book. === B2. Foreign language books === This criterion applies to pages which are not written in English. Speedy deletion nomination for these pages should clarify the language the book was written on. === B3. No content === This crriterion applies to books consisting only of external links, category tags, attempts to correspond with the person or group named by its title, questions that should have been asked at a noticeboard, chat-like comments, template tags, or images. === B4. Books that duplicate an existing topic === This criterion applies to any book with no relevant page history that duplicates an existing English Wikibooks article, and that does not expand upon, detail or improve information within any existing book(s) on the subject, and where the title is not a plausible redirect. == Redirects == These criteria apply to pages that redirect to another page. === R1. Cross-namespace redirects === This criterion applies to redirects from the main namespace to any other namespace ''except'' the Category:, Template:, Wikibooks:, Help:, and Portal: namespaces. === R2. Redirects for implausible typos === This criterion applies to redirects from implausible typos or misnomers. However, redirects from common misspellings or misnomers are generally useful, as are some redirects in other languages. This criterion does not apply to redirects created as a result of a page move. == Files == These criteria apply to pages in the File namespace. === F1. Redundant === This criterion applies to unused duplicates or lower-quality/resolution copies of another Wikibooks file having the same file format. === F2. Corrupt, missing, or empty file === This criterion applies to files that are corrupt, missing, empty, or that contain superfluous and blatant non-metadata information. === F3. Improper license === This criterion applies to media licensed as "for non-commercial use only" (including non-commercial Creative Commons licenses), "no derivative use", "for Wikipedia use only", or "used with permission". === F4. Lack of licensing information === This criterion applies to media files lacking the necessary licensing information to verify copyright status after being identified as such. === F5. Files available as identical copies on Wikimedia Commons === This criterion applies to files whose identical copies are already avalible on Wikimedia Commons. === F6. Unambiguous copyright infringement === This criterion applies to obviously non-free images (or other media files) that are not claimed by the uploader to be fair use. A URL or other indication of where the image originated should be mentioned. This does not include images with a credible claim that the owner has released them under a Wikibooks-compatible free license. === F7. No evidence of permission === This criterion applies to files whose uploader has specified a license and has named a third party as the source or copyright holder without providing evidence that this third party has in fact agreed. == Categories == These criteria apply to pages in the Category namespace. === C1. Unpopulated categories === This criterion applies to categories that have been unpopulated (or only populated by pages themselves tagged for speedy deletion) for at least seven days. This does not apply to disambiguation categories, category redirects, categories under discussion at a deletion discussion venue, or project categories that by their nature may become empty on occasion. === C2. Unused maintenance categories === This criterion applies to unused maintenance categories, such as empty dated maintenance categories for dates in the past. Note that empty maintenance categories are not necessarily unused—this criterion is for categories that will ''always'' be empty, not just ''currently'' empty. == Templates == These criteria apply to pages in the Template or Module namespaces. === T1. Unused template subpages === This criterion applies to unused subpages of templates or modules, such as: * Template documentation subpages unused by the template itself (editors tagging and deleting such pages should ensure that all relevant content, including categories, has been moved to the template page or the replacement documentation) * /core subpages which are not called by the template itself == User pages == These criteria apply to pages in the User and User talk namespaces. === U1. User request === This criterion applies to personal user pages and subpages (but not user talk pages) upon request by their user. This also includes editnotices for user pages. === U2. Nonexistent user === This criterion applies to user pages, user subpages, and user talk pages of users that do not exist on the English Wikibooks (check [[Special:ListUsers]]), except user pages for IP users who have edited, redirects from misspellings of an established user's user page, and redirects created due to a user being renamed. Pages of users who exist on other WMF wikis but do not have local accounts are eligible for deletion. sriomcj5c8yc2xkdvpf7kyewp8zim7p 4632572 4632571 2026-04-26T16:01:01Z Kingofnuthin 3566511 4632572 wikitext text/x-wiki Speedy deletion is a deletion request where reasonable opposition is not expected or possible. Anyone can request speedy deletion, and anyone who objects or believes more discussion is needed can turn a speedy deletion candidate into a [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Requests for deletion|request for deletion]]. Speedy deletion requests made in bad faith can be removed by anyone. Add <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Delete|delete]]<nowiki>|reasons for speedy deletion}}</nowiki></code> to the top of a page to request speedy deletion. That page will then appear in [[:Category:Candidates for speedy deletion]] for administrators to address whenever time is available. Pages that satisfy any of the following criteria can be considered for speedy deletion: == General == General criteria apply to every type of page. === G1. No meaningful content === This criterion applies to pages with no meaningful content. Content is not ''meaningful'' if it does not add value to readers or otherwise contribute to the project. What is considered "meaningful content" depends on the namespace. Under this criterion, you'll have to be careful when nominating or deleting pages. Always check and revert if good content in the revision history was replaced. Absence of meaningful content includes, but is not limited to: * Spam and [[Wikibooks:DWV|vandalism]]. * Test edits and nonsense. * Abandoned pages displaying intent, but no actual content. === G2. Test page === This criterion applies to pages that are created to test editing or other Wikibooks functions. This criterion applies to subpages of the Wikibooks Sandbox created as tests, but does '''not''' apply to the Sandbox itself, pages in the user namespace, or valid but unused or duplicate templates. === G3. Repost of work that was previously deleted === This criterion applies to sufficiently identical copies, having any title, of a page deleted via its most recent deletion discussion or with a speedy deletion. It excludes pages that are ''not'' substantially identical to the deleted version, and pages to which the reason for the deletion no longer applies. This criterion also does not cover content undeleted via a request for undeletion. === G4. Author requests deletion === This criterion applies to pages that are being nominated by their only significant contributor. === G5. Pages dependent on a non-existent or deleted page === This criterion applies to pages that are an example of, but not limited to: * Talk pages with no corresponding subject page * Subpages with no parent page * Timed Text pages without a corresponding file (or when the file has been moved to Commons) * Redirects to target pages that never existed or were deleted * Editnotices of non-existent or unsalted deleted pages == Books == These criteria apply to pages in the book (main) namespace. They do not apply to redirects. === B1. No context === This criterion applies to pages which lack sufficient context to identify the topic of the book. === B2. Foreign language books === This criterion applies to pages which are not written in English. Speedy deletion nomination for these pages should clarify the language the book was written on. === B3. No content === This crriterion applies to books consisting only of external links, category tags, attempts to correspond with the person or group named by its title, questions that should have been asked at a noticeboard, chat-like comments, template tags, or images. === B4. Books that duplicate an existing topic === This criterion applies to any book with no relevant page history that duplicates an existing English Wikibooks article, and that does not expand upon, detail or improve information within any existing book(s) on the subject, and where the title is not a plausible redirect. === B5. Out of scope === This criterion applies to books that do not fit [[Wikibooks:What is Wikibooks?|the scope of Wikibooks]], including encyclopedic pages. Such pages may be exported to another WMF wiki where it would be in scope. === B6. Violates naming policy === This criterion applies to pages that violate the [[Wikibooks:Naming policy|naming policy]] of Wikibooks. == Redirects == These criteria that apply to pages that redirect to another page. === R1. Cross-namespace redirects === This criterion applies to redirects from the main namespace to any other namespace ''except'' the Category:, Template:, Wikibooks:, Help:, and Portal: namespaces. === R2. Redirects for implausible typos === This criterion applies to redirects from implausible typos or misnomers. However, redirects from common misspellings or misnomers are generally useful, as are some redirects in other languages. This criterion does not apply to redirects created as a result of a page move. 6e689zin0cp4sxazbv6tadtwp46sntx 4632573 4632572 2026-04-26T16:02:26Z Kingofnuthin 3566511 /* B6. Violates naming policy */ 4632573 wikitext text/x-wiki Speedy deletion is a deletion request where reasonable opposition is not expected or possible. Anyone can request speedy deletion, and anyone who objects or believes more discussion is needed can turn a speedy deletion candidate into a [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Requests for deletion|request for deletion]]. Speedy deletion requests made in bad faith can be removed by anyone. Add <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Delete|delete]]<nowiki>|reasons for speedy deletion}}</nowiki></code> to the top of a page to request speedy deletion. That page will then appear in [[:Category:Candidates for speedy deletion]] for administrators to address whenever time is available. Pages that satisfy any of the following criteria can be considered for speedy deletion: == General == General criteria apply to every type of page. === G1. No meaningful content === This criterion applies to pages with no meaningful content. Content is not ''meaningful'' if it does not add value to readers or otherwise contribute to the project. What is considered "meaningful content" depends on the namespace. Under this criterion, you'll have to be careful when nominating or deleting pages. Always check and revert if good content in the revision history was replaced. Absence of meaningful content includes, but is not limited to: * Spam and [[Wikibooks:DWV|vandalism]]. * Test edits and nonsense. * Abandoned pages displaying intent, but no actual content. === G2. Test page === This criterion applies to pages that are created to test editing or other Wikibooks functions. This criterion applies to subpages of the Wikibooks Sandbox created as tests, but does '''not''' apply to the Sandbox itself, pages in the user namespace, or valid but unused or duplicate templates. === G3. Repost of work that was previously deleted === This criterion applies to sufficiently identical copies, having any title, of a page deleted via its most recent deletion discussion or with a speedy deletion. It excludes pages that are ''not'' substantially identical to the deleted version, and pages to which the reason for the deletion no longer applies. This criterion also does not cover content undeleted via a request for undeletion. === G4. Author requests deletion === This criterion applies to pages that are being nominated by their only significant contributor. === G5. Pages dependent on a non-existent or deleted page === This criterion applies to pages that are an example of, but not limited to: * Talk pages with no corresponding subject page * Subpages with no parent page * Timed Text pages without a corresponding file (or when the file has been moved to Commons) * Redirects to target pages that never existed or were deleted * Editnotices of non-existent or unsalted deleted pages == Books == These criteria apply to pages in the book (main) namespace. They do not apply to redirects. === B1. No context === This criterion applies to pages which lack sufficient context to identify the topic of the book. === B2. Foreign language books === This criterion applies to pages which are not written in English. Speedy deletion nomination for these pages should clarify the language the book was written on. === B3. No content === This crriterion applies to books consisting only of external links, category tags, attempts to correspond with the person or group named by its title, questions that should have been asked at a noticeboard, chat-like comments, template tags, or images. === B4. Books that duplicate an existing topic === This criterion applies to any book with no relevant page history that duplicates an existing English Wikibooks article, and that does not expand upon, detail or improve information within any existing book(s) on the subject, and where the title is not a plausible redirect. === B5. Out of scope === This criterion applies to books that do not fit [[Wikibooks:What is Wikibooks?|the scope of Wikibooks]], including encyclopedic pages. Such pages may be exported to another WMF wiki where it would be in scope. == Redirects == These criteria that apply to pages that redirect to another page. === R1. Cross-namespace redirects === This criterion applies to redirects from the main namespace to any other namespace ''except'' the Category:, Template:, Wikibooks:, Help:, and Portal: namespaces. === R2. Redirects for implausible typos === This criterion applies to redirects from implausible typos or misnomers. However, redirects from common misspellings or misnomers are generally useful, as are some redirects in other languages. This criterion does not apply to redirects created as a result of a page move. pizbd1ls19693hrx71hyjqgcj2dlppr 4632580 4632573 2026-04-26T16:59:43Z Kingofnuthin 3566511 Restoring revision 4632571 by [[Special:Contributions/Kingofnuthin|Kingofnuthin]] 4632580 wikitext text/x-wiki Speedy deletion is a deletion request where reasonable opposition is not expected or possible. Anyone can request speedy deletion, and anyone who objects or believes more discussion is needed can turn a speedy deletion candidate into a [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Requests for deletion|request for deletion]]. Speedy deletion requests made in bad faith can be removed by anyone. Add <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Delete|delete]]<nowiki>|reasons for speedy deletion}}</nowiki></code> to the top of a page to request speedy deletion. That page will then appear in [[:Category:Candidates for speedy deletion]] for administrators to address whenever time is available. Pages that satisfy any of the following criteria can be considered for speedy deletion: == General == General criteria apply to every type of page. === G1. No meaningful content === This criterion applies to pages with no meaningful content. Content is not ''meaningful'' if it does not add value to readers or otherwise contribute to the project. What is considered "meaningful content" depends on the namespace. Under this criterion, you'll have to be careful when nominating or deleting pages. Always check and revert if good content in the revision history was replaced. Absence of meaningful content includes, but is not limited to: * Spam and [[Wikibooks:DWV|vandalism]]. * Test edits and nonsense. * Abandoned pages displaying intent, but no actual content. === G2. Test page === This criterion applies to pages that are created to test editing or other Wikibooks functions. This criterion applies to subpages of the Wikibooks Sandbox created as tests, but does '''not''' apply to the Sandbox itself, pages in the user namespace, or valid but unused or duplicate templates. === G3. Repost of work that was previously deleted === This criterion applies to sufficiently identical copies, having any title, of a page deleted via its most recent deletion discussion or with a speedy deletion. It excludes pages that are ''not'' substantially identical to the deleted version, and pages to which the reason for the deletion no longer applies. This criterion also does not cover content undeleted via a request for undeletion. === G4. Author requests deletion === This criterion applies to pages that are being nominated by their only significant contributor. === G5. Pages dependent on a non-existent or deleted page === This criterion applies to pages that are an example of, but not limited to: * Talk pages with no corresponding subject page * Subpages with no parent page * Timed Text pages without a corresponding file (or when the file has been moved to Commons) * Redirects to target pages that never existed or were deleted * Editnotices of non-existent or unsalted deleted pages == Books == These criteria apply to pages in the book (main) namespace. They do not apply to redirects. === B1. No context === This criterion applies to pages which lack sufficient context to identify the topic of the book. === B2. Foreign language books === This criterion applies to pages which are not written in English. Speedy deletion nomination for these pages should clarify the language the book was written on. === B3. No content === This crriterion applies to books consisting only of external links, category tags, attempts to correspond with the person or group named by its title, questions that should have been asked at a noticeboard, chat-like comments, template tags, or images. === B4. Books that duplicate an existing topic === This criterion applies to any book with no relevant page history that duplicates an existing English Wikibooks article, and that does not expand upon, detail or improve information within any existing book(s) on the subject, and where the title is not a plausible redirect. == Redirects == These criteria apply to pages that redirect to another page. === R1. Cross-namespace redirects === This criterion applies to redirects from the main namespace to any other namespace ''except'' the Category:, Template:, Wikibooks:, Help:, and Portal: namespaces. === R2. Redirects for implausible typos === This criterion applies to redirects from implausible typos or misnomers. However, redirects from common misspellings or misnomers are generally useful, as are some redirects in other languages. This criterion does not apply to redirects created as a result of a page move. == Files == These criteria apply to pages in the File namespace. === F1. Redundant === This criterion applies to unused duplicates or lower-quality/resolution copies of another Wikibooks file having the same file format. === F2. Corrupt, missing, or empty file === This criterion applies to files that are corrupt, missing, empty, or that contain superfluous and blatant non-metadata information. === F3. Improper license === This criterion applies to media licensed as "for non-commercial use only" (including non-commercial Creative Commons licenses), "no derivative use", "for Wikipedia use only", or "used with permission". === F4. Lack of licensing information === This criterion applies to media files lacking the necessary licensing information to verify copyright status after being identified as such. === F5. Files available as identical copies on Wikimedia Commons === This criterion applies to files whose identical copies are already avalible on Wikimedia Commons. === F6. Unambiguous copyright infringement === This criterion applies to obviously non-free images (or other media files) that are not claimed by the uploader to be fair use. A URL or other indication of where the image originated should be mentioned. This does not include images with a credible claim that the owner has released them under a Wikibooks-compatible free license. === F7. No evidence of permission === This criterion applies to files whose uploader has specified a license and has named a third party as the source or copyright holder without providing evidence that this third party has in fact agreed. == Categories == These criteria apply to pages in the Category namespace. === C1. Unpopulated categories === This criterion applies to categories that have been unpopulated (or only populated by pages themselves tagged for speedy deletion) for at least seven days. This does not apply to disambiguation categories, category redirects, categories under discussion at a deletion discussion venue, or project categories that by their nature may become empty on occasion. === C2. Unused maintenance categories === This criterion applies to unused maintenance categories, such as empty dated maintenance categories for dates in the past. Note that empty maintenance categories are not necessarily unused—this criterion is for categories that will ''always'' be empty, not just ''currently'' empty. == Templates == These criteria apply to pages in the Template or Module namespaces. === T1. Unused template subpages === This criterion applies to unused subpages of templates or modules, such as: * Template documentation subpages unused by the template itself (editors tagging and deleting such pages should ensure that all relevant content, including categories, has been moved to the template page or the replacement documentation) * /core subpages which are not called by the template itself == User pages == These criteria apply to pages in the User and User talk namespaces. === U1. User request === This criterion applies to personal user pages and subpages (but not user talk pages) upon request by their user. This also includes editnotices for user pages. === U2. Nonexistent user === This criterion applies to user pages, user subpages, and user talk pages of users that do not exist on the English Wikibooks (check [[Special:ListUsers]]), except user pages for IP users who have edited, redirects from misspellings of an established user's user page, and redirects created due to a user being renamed. Pages of users who exist on other WMF wikis but do not have local accounts are eligible for deletion. sriomcj5c8yc2xkdvpf7kyewp8zim7p 4632581 4632580 2026-04-26T17:00:49Z Kingofnuthin 3566511 /* Books */ 4632581 wikitext text/x-wiki Speedy deletion is a deletion request where reasonable opposition is not expected or possible. Anyone can request speedy deletion, and anyone who objects or believes more discussion is needed can turn a speedy deletion candidate into a [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Requests for deletion|request for deletion]]. Speedy deletion requests made in bad faith can be removed by anyone. Add <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Delete|delete]]<nowiki>|reasons for speedy deletion}}</nowiki></code> to the top of a page to request speedy deletion. That page will then appear in [[:Category:Candidates for speedy deletion]] for administrators to address whenever time is available. Pages that satisfy any of the following criteria can be considered for speedy deletion: == General == General criteria apply to every type of page. === G1. No meaningful content === This criterion applies to pages with no meaningful content. Content is not ''meaningful'' if it does not add value to readers or otherwise contribute to the project. What is considered "meaningful content" depends on the namespace. Under this criterion, you'll have to be careful when nominating or deleting pages. Always check and revert if good content in the revision history was replaced. Absence of meaningful content includes, but is not limited to: * Spam and [[Wikibooks:DWV|vandalism]]. * Test edits and nonsense. * Abandoned pages displaying intent, but no actual content. === G2. Test page === This criterion applies to pages that are created to test editing or other Wikibooks functions. This criterion applies to subpages of the Wikibooks Sandbox created as tests, but does '''not''' apply to the Sandbox itself, pages in the user namespace, or valid but unused or duplicate templates. === G3. Repost of work that was previously deleted === This criterion applies to sufficiently identical copies, having any title, of a page deleted via its most recent deletion discussion or with a speedy deletion. It excludes pages that are ''not'' substantially identical to the deleted version, and pages to which the reason for the deletion no longer applies. This criterion also does not cover content undeleted via a request for undeletion. === G4. Author requests deletion === This criterion applies to pages that are being nominated by their only significant contributor. === G5. Pages dependent on a non-existent or deleted page === This criterion applies to pages that are an example of, but not limited to: * Talk pages with no corresponding subject page * Subpages with no parent page * Timed Text pages without a corresponding file (or when the file has been moved to Commons) * Redirects to target pages that never existed or were deleted * Editnotices of non-existent or unsalted deleted pages == Books == These criteria apply to pages in the book (main) namespace. They do not apply to redirects. === B1. No context === This criterion applies to pages which lack sufficient context to identify the topic of the book. === B2. Foreign language books === This criterion applies to pages which are not written in English. Speedy deletion nomination for these pages should clarify the language the book was written on. === B3. No content === This crriterion applies to books consisting only of external links, category tags, attempts to correspond with the person or group named by its title, questions that should have been asked at a noticeboard, chat-like comments, template tags, or images. === B4. Books that duplicate an existing topic === This criterion applies to any book with no relevant page history that duplicates an existing English Wikibooks article, and that does not expand upon, detail or improve information within any existing book(s) on the subject, and where the title is not a plausible redirect. === B5. Out of scope === This criterion applies to books that do not fit [[Wikibooks:What is Wikibooks?|the scope of Wikibooks]], including encyclopedic pages. Such pages may be exported to another WMF wiki where it would be in scope. == Redirects == These criteria apply to pages that redirect to another page. === R1. Cross-namespace redirects === This criterion applies to redirects from the main namespace to any other namespace ''except'' the Category:, Template:, Wikibooks:, Help:, and Portal: namespaces. === R2. Redirects for implausible typos === This criterion applies to redirects from implausible typos or misnomers. However, redirects from common misspellings or misnomers are generally useful, as are some redirects in other languages. This criterion does not apply to redirects created as a result of a page move. == Files == These criteria apply to pages in the File namespace. === F1. Redundant === This criterion applies to unused duplicates or lower-quality/resolution copies of another Wikibooks file having the same file format. === F2. Corrupt, missing, or empty file === This criterion applies to files that are corrupt, missing, empty, or that contain superfluous and blatant non-metadata information. === F3. Improper license === This criterion applies to media licensed as "for non-commercial use only" (including non-commercial Creative Commons licenses), "no derivative use", "for Wikipedia use only", or "used with permission". === F4. Lack of licensing information === This criterion applies to media files lacking the necessary licensing information to verify copyright status after being identified as such. === F5. Files available as identical copies on Wikimedia Commons === This criterion applies to files whose identical copies are already avalible on Wikimedia Commons. === F6. Unambiguous copyright infringement === This criterion applies to obviously non-free images (or other media files) that are not claimed by the uploader to be fair use. A URL or other indication of where the image originated should be mentioned. This does not include images with a credible claim that the owner has released them under a Wikibooks-compatible free license. === F7. No evidence of permission === This criterion applies to files whose uploader has specified a license and has named a third party as the source or copyright holder without providing evidence that this third party has in fact agreed. == Categories == These criteria apply to pages in the Category namespace. === C1. Unpopulated categories === This criterion applies to categories that have been unpopulated (or only populated by pages themselves tagged for speedy deletion) for at least seven days. This does not apply to disambiguation categories, category redirects, categories under discussion at a deletion discussion venue, or project categories that by their nature may become empty on occasion. === C2. Unused maintenance categories === This criterion applies to unused maintenance categories, such as empty dated maintenance categories for dates in the past. Note that empty maintenance categories are not necessarily unused—this criterion is for categories that will ''always'' be empty, not just ''currently'' empty. == Templates == These criteria apply to pages in the Template or Module namespaces. === T1. Unused template subpages === This criterion applies to unused subpages of templates or modules, such as: * Template documentation subpages unused by the template itself (editors tagging and deleting such pages should ensure that all relevant content, including categories, has been moved to the template page or the replacement documentation) * /core subpages which are not called by the template itself == User pages == These criteria apply to pages in the User and User talk namespaces. === U1. User request === This criterion applies to personal user pages and subpages (but not user talk pages) upon request by their user. This also includes editnotices for user pages. === U2. Nonexistent user === This criterion applies to user pages, user subpages, and user talk pages of users that do not exist on the English Wikibooks (check [[Special:ListUsers]]), except user pages for IP users who have edited, redirects from misspellings of an established user's user page, and redirects created due to a user being renamed. Pages of users who exist on other WMF wikis but do not have local accounts are eligible for deletion. 4vtz20qu1pymmqp115u0o2p35no53s4 4632584 4632581 2026-04-26T17:23:22Z Kingofnuthin 3566511 portalspace isnt in wb 4632584 wikitext text/x-wiki Speedy deletion is a deletion request where reasonable opposition is not expected or possible. Anyone can request speedy deletion, and anyone who objects or believes more discussion is needed can turn a speedy deletion candidate into a [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Requests for deletion|request for deletion]]. Speedy deletion requests made in bad faith can be removed by anyone. Add <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Delete|delete]]<nowiki>|reasons for speedy deletion}}</nowiki></code> to the top of a page to request speedy deletion. That page will then appear in [[:Category:Candidates for speedy deletion]] for administrators to address whenever time is available. Pages that satisfy any of the following criteria can be considered for speedy deletion: == General == General criteria apply to every type of page. === G1. No meaningful content === This criterion applies to pages with no meaningful content. Content is not ''meaningful'' if it does not add value to readers or otherwise contribute to the project. What is considered "meaningful content" depends on the namespace. Under this criterion, you'll have to be careful when nominating or deleting pages. Always check and revert if good content in the revision history was replaced. Absence of meaningful content includes, but is not limited to: * Spam and [[Wikibooks:DWV|vandalism]]. * Test edits and nonsense. * Abandoned pages displaying intent, but no actual content. === G2. Test page === This criterion applies to pages that are created to test editing or other Wikibooks functions. This criterion applies to subpages of the Wikibooks Sandbox created as tests, but does '''not''' apply to the Sandbox itself, pages in the user namespace, or valid but unused or duplicate templates. === G3. Repost of work that was previously deleted === This criterion applies to sufficiently identical copies, having any title, of a page deleted via its most recent deletion discussion or with a speedy deletion. It excludes pages that are ''not'' substantially identical to the deleted version, and pages to which the reason for the deletion no longer applies. This criterion also does not cover content undeleted via a request for undeletion. === G4. Author requests deletion === This criterion applies to pages that are being nominated by their only significant contributor. === G5. Pages dependent on a non-existent or deleted page === This criterion applies to pages that are an example of, but not limited to: * Talk pages with no corresponding subject page * Subpages with no parent page * Timed Text pages without a corresponding file (or when the file has been moved to Commons) * Redirects to target pages that never existed or were deleted * Editnotices of non-existent or unsalted deleted pages == Books == These criteria apply to pages in the book (main) namespace. They do not apply to redirects. === B1. No context === This criterion applies to pages which lack sufficient context to identify the topic of the book. === B2. Foreign language books === This criterion applies to pages which are not written in English. Speedy deletion nomination for these pages should clarify the language the book was written on. === B3. No content === This crriterion applies to books consisting only of external links, category tags, attempts to correspond with the person or group named by its title, questions that should have been asked at a noticeboard, chat-like comments, template tags, or images. === B4. Books that duplicate an existing topic === This criterion applies to any book with no relevant page history that duplicates an existing English Wikibooks article, and that does not expand upon, detail or improve information within any existing book(s) on the subject, and where the title is not a plausible redirect. === B5. Out of scope === This criterion applies to books that do not fit [[Wikibooks:What is Wikibooks?|the scope of Wikibooks]], including encyclopedic pages. Such pages may be exported to another WMF wiki where it would be in scope. == Redirects == These criteria apply to pages that redirect to another page. === R1. Cross-namespace redirects === This criterion applies to redirects from the main namespace to any other namespace ''except'' the Category:, Template:, Wikibooks:, and Help: namespaces. === R2. Redirects for implausible typos === This criterion applies to redirects from implausible typos or misnomers. However, redirects from common misspellings or misnomers are generally useful, as are some redirects in other languages. This criterion does not apply to redirects created as a result of a page move. == Files == These criteria apply to pages in the File namespace. === F1. Redundant === This criterion applies to unused duplicates or lower-quality/resolution copies of another Wikibooks file having the same file format. === F2. Corrupt, missing, or empty file === This criterion applies to files that are corrupt, missing, empty, or that contain superfluous and blatant non-metadata information. === F3. Improper license === This criterion applies to media licensed as "for non-commercial use only" (including non-commercial Creative Commons licenses), "no derivative use", "for Wikipedia use only", or "used with permission". === F4. Lack of licensing information === This criterion applies to media files lacking the necessary licensing information to verify copyright status after being identified as such. === F5. Files available as identical copies on Wikimedia Commons === This criterion applies to files whose identical copies are already avalible on Wikimedia Commons. === F6. Unambiguous copyright infringement === This criterion applies to obviously non-free images (or other media files) that are not claimed by the uploader to be fair use. A URL or other indication of where the image originated should be mentioned. This does not include images with a credible claim that the owner has released them under a Wikibooks-compatible free license. === F7. No evidence of permission === This criterion applies to files whose uploader has specified a license and has named a third party as the source or copyright holder without providing evidence that this third party has in fact agreed. == Categories == These criteria apply to pages in the Category namespace. === C1. Unpopulated categories === This criterion applies to categories that have been unpopulated (or only populated by pages themselves tagged for speedy deletion) for at least seven days. This does not apply to disambiguation categories, category redirects, categories under discussion at a deletion discussion venue, or project categories that by their nature may become empty on occasion. === C2. Unused maintenance categories === This criterion applies to unused maintenance categories, such as empty dated maintenance categories for dates in the past. Note that empty maintenance categories are not necessarily unused—this criterion is for categories that will ''always'' be empty, not just ''currently'' empty. == Templates == These criteria apply to pages in the Template or Module namespaces. === T1. Unused template subpages === This criterion applies to unused subpages of templates or modules, such as: * Template documentation subpages unused by the template itself (editors tagging and deleting such pages should ensure that all relevant content, including categories, has been moved to the template page or the replacement documentation) * /core subpages which are not called by the template itself == User pages == These criteria apply to pages in the User and User talk namespaces. === U1. User request === This criterion applies to personal user pages and subpages (but not user talk pages) upon request by their user. This also includes editnotices for user pages. === U2. Nonexistent user === This criterion applies to user pages, user subpages, and user talk pages of users that do not exist on the English Wikibooks (check [[Special:ListUsers]]), except user pages for IP users who have edited, redirects from misspellings of an established user's user page, and redirects created due to a user being renamed. Pages of users who exist on other WMF wikis but do not have local accounts are eligible for deletion. hso28jmstkr9q3v4lnvxbaj5ve5gy66 0 481968 4632622 4632535 2026-04-26T23:32:58Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 5, Engine: */ 4632622 wikitext text/x-wiki ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * WP0 - Porsche passenger car * WP1 - Porsche SUV ===Position 4, Body Style:=== '''718 / 911:''' * A = Coupe * B = Targa (911) * C = Cabriolet '''Panamera / Taycan:''' * A = sedan (SWB) * B = LWB sedan (Panamera Executive) or Cross Turismo (Taycan) * C = Sport Turismo '''Macan / Cayenne:''' * A = SUV (wagon) * B = Coupe-styled SUV (Cayenne Coupe) ===Position 5, Engine:=== '''718:''' *A = 2.0L turbo flat-4, 300 hp (718 Boxster '18-'25, 718 Boxster T '20-'23, 718 Boxster Style Edition '24-'25, 718 Cayman '18-'25, 718 Cayman T '20-'23, 718 Cayman Style Edition '24-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 350 hp (718 Boxster S, 718 Cayman S '18-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 365 hp (718 Boxster GTS, 718 Cayman GTS '18-'19) *D = 4.0L flat-6, 394 hp (718 Boxster GTS 4.0 '21-'25, 718 Boxster 25 Years '21, 718 Cayman GTS 4.0 '21-'25) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 414 hp (718 Spyder, 718 Cayman GT4 '20-'23) *E = 4.0L flat-6, 493 hp (718 Spyder RS '24-'25, 718 Cayman GT4 RS '23-'25) '''911:''' Type 991: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 370 hp (911 Carrera '18-'19, Carrera T '18-'19, Carrera 4 '18-'19, Targa 4 '18-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 420 hp (911 Carrera S '18-'19, Carrera 4S '18-'19, Targa 4S '18-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 450 hp (911 Carrera GTS '18-'19, Carrera 4 GTS '18-'19, Targa 4 GTS '18-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 540 hp (911 Turbo '18-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 580 hp (911 Turbo S '18-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 607 hp (911 Turbo S Exclusive Series '18-'19) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '18-'19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 Speedster '19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 520 hp (911 GT3 RS '19) *E = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 690 hp (911 GT2 RS '18-'19) Type 992: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 379 hp (911 Carrera '20-'24, Carrera T '23-'24, Carrera 4 '20-'24, Targa 4 '21-'24) *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 388 hp (911 Carrera, Carrera T '25-) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 443 hp (911 Carrera S '20-'24, Carrera 4S '20-'24, Targa 4S '21-'24) *H = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera S '26-, Carrera 4S '26-, Targa 4S '26-) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera GTS '22-'24, Carrera 4 GTS '22-'24, Targa 4 GTS '22-'24, Dakar '23-'24) *B = Hybrid: 3.6L turbo flat-6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 532 hp (911 Carrera GTS, Carrera 4 GTS, Targa 4 GTS '25-, 911 Spirit 70 '26) *G = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 543 hp (911 Sport Classic '23) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 572 hp (911 Turbo '21-'25) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 640 hp (911 Turbo S '21-'25) *D = Hybrid: 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 701 hp (911 Turbo S '26-) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '22-'26) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 518 hp (911 GT3 RS '23-'25, 911 S/T '24) '''Panamera:''' *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 330 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '1-'20) *J = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 325 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '21-'23) *A = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 348 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '24-) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid -'23) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '25-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 440 hp (Panamera 4S '1-'20) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 443 hp (Panamera 4S '21-'23) *K = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 552 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *C = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 536 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '25-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Panamera GTS '19-'20) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 473 hp (Panamera GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Panamera GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo -'20) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 620 hp (Panamera Turbo S '21-'23) *F = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Panamera Turbo E-Hybrid '25-) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 680 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '1-'20) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 690 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 771 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '25-) '''Taycan:''' *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 469 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan '21-'24) *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4 '25-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 522 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 562 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '20-'24) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 590 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '25-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 590 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '22-'24) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 690 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 670 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 750 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 871 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 938 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1019 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo GT '25-) '''Macan:''' *A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 248 hp (Macan -'21) *A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 261 hp (Macan '22-, Macan T '23-) *B = 3.0L turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 340 hp (Macan S -'18) *B = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Macan S '19-'21) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan S '22-) *G = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 360 hp (Macan GTS -'18) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan GTS '20-'21) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan GTS '22-) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 400 hp (Macan Turbo -'18) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Macan Turbo w/Performance Package -'18) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan Turbo '20-'21) '''Macan Electric:''' *D = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4 '24-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 509 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 563 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric GTS '26-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 630 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric Turbo '24-) '''Cayenne:''' 958 or 92A: *A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° VR6, 300 hp (Cayenne '16-'18) *B = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 420 hp (Cayenne S '16-'18) *E = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '16-'18) *D = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Cayenne GTS '16-'18) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo '16-'18) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '16-'18) *F = 3.0L turbodiesel Audi EA897 90° V6, 240 hp (Cayenne Diesel -'16) 9YA/9YB: *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 335 hp (Cayenne '19-'23) *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Cayenne '24-) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '19-'23) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '24-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Cayenne S '19-'23) *L = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 468 hp (Cayenne S '24-) *N = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 512 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '24-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Cayenne GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Cayenne GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 541 hp (Cayenne Turbo '19-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Cayenne Turbo S E-Hybrid '20-'23) *M = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 729 hp (Cayenne Turbo E-Hybrid '24-) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 631 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '22-'23) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 650 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '24-) '''Cayenne Electric:''' *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 435 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric '26-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1139 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric Turbo '26-) ===Position 6, Restraint Systems:=== *1 = Seat Belts only *2 = Passive Restraint System - Airbags (Driver and Passenger Front Airbags) ===Position 7-8, Vehicle Type Code=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN Pos. 7-8 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |92 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |93 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |92 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |94 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |95 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |96 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |92 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |98 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |98 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |A8 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |A8 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |A8 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |91 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |93 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |96 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |99 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |99 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |99 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |A9 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |A9 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |A9 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |98 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |A1 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |A7 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |A7 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |YA | |Panamera (2024-) |976 |- |Y1 |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |A5 |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |XA | |Macan Electric (2024-) |XAB |- |9P |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |AP |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A2 |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |AY |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |- |X1 | |Cayenne Electric (2026-) |E4 |} ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * S: Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen, Germany * L: Leipzig, Germany * D: Bratislava, Slovakia (VW plant - Cayenne '19-) * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW plant - Cayenne '16-'18, Boxster '13-15, Cayman '14-'16, 718 Boxster '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'18, '20-'21, '23-'25) * N: Neckarsulm, Germany (Audi plant - 924, 944) * U: Uusikaupunki, Finland (Valmet plant - Boxster '98-'11, Cayman '06-'12) ===Position 12, 3rd Digit of Vehicle Type Code=== Note: Only applies to models with a 3-digit Vehicle Type Code. Models with a 2-digit Vehicle Type Code use pos. 12 for the serial number. {| class="wikitable" |+Position 12 !VIN Pos. 12 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |4 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |1 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |4 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |4 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |1 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |8 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |8 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |6 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |7 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |7 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |1 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |2 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |1 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |0 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |4 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |3 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |6 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |7 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |7 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |1 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |2 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |0 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |8 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |0 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |1 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |A |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |B |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |A |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |A |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |A |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |} '''Positions 12–17 or 13–17, Serial Number''' {{BookCat}} mt9758fxitj4bzgsqpgxrkyt7w4ppi2 4632629 4632622 2026-04-27T00:59:47Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 5, Engine: */ 4632629 wikitext text/x-wiki ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * WP0 - Porsche passenger car * WP1 - Porsche SUV ===Position 4, Body Style:=== '''718 / 911:''' * A = Coupe * B = Targa (911) * C = Cabriolet '''Panamera / Taycan:''' * A = sedan (SWB) * B = LWB sedan (Panamera Executive) or Cross Turismo (Taycan) * C = Sport Turismo '''Macan / Cayenne:''' * A = SUV (wagon) * B = Coupe-styled SUV (Cayenne Coupe) ===Position 5, Engine:=== '''718:''' *A = 2.0L turbo flat-4, 300 hp (718 Boxster '18-'25, 718 Boxster T '20-'23, 718 Boxster Style Edition '24-'25, 718 Cayman '18-'25, 718 Cayman T '20-'23, 718 Cayman Style Edition '24-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 350 hp (718 Boxster S, 718 Cayman S '18-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 365 hp (718 Boxster GTS, 718 Cayman GTS '18-'19) *D = 4.0L flat-6, 394 hp (718 Boxster GTS 4.0 '21-'25, 718 Boxster 25 Years '21, 718 Cayman GTS 4.0 '21-'25) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 414 hp (718 Spyder, 718 Cayman GT4 '20-'23) *E = 4.0L flat-6, 493 hp (718 Spyder RS '24-'25, 718 Cayman GT4 RS '23-'25) '''911:''' Type 991: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 370 hp (911 Carrera '18-'19, Carrera T '18-'19, Carrera 4 '18-'19, Targa 4 '18-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 420 hp (911 Carrera S '18-'19, Carrera 4S '18-'19, Targa 4S '18-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 450 hp (911 Carrera GTS '18-'19, Carrera 4 GTS '18-'19, Targa 4 GTS '18-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 540 hp (911 Turbo '18-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 580 hp (911 Turbo S '18-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 607 hp (911 Turbo S Exclusive Series '18-'19) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '18-'19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 Speedster '19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 520 hp (911 GT3 RS '19) *E = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 690 hp (911 GT2 RS '18-'19) Type 992: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 379 hp (911 Carrera '20-'24, Carrera T '23-'24, Carrera 4 '20-'24, Targa 4 '21-'24) *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 388 hp (911 Carrera, Carrera T '25-) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 443 hp (911 Carrera S '20-'24, Carrera 4S '20-'24, Targa 4S '21-'24) *H = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera S '26-, Carrera 4S '26-, Targa 4S '26-) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera GTS '22-'24, Carrera 4 GTS '22-'24, Targa 4 GTS '22-'24, Dakar '23-'24) *B = Hybrid: 3.6L turbo flat-6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 532 hp (911 Carrera GTS, Carrera 4 GTS, Targa 4 GTS '25-, 911 Spirit 70 '26) *G = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 543 hp (911 Sport Classic '23) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 572 hp (911 Turbo '21-'25) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 640 hp (911 Turbo S '21-'25) *D = Hybrid: 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 701 hp (911 Turbo S '26-) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '22-'26) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 518 hp (911 GT3 RS '23-'25, 911 S/T '24) '''Panamera:''' *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 330 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '1-'20) *J = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 325 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '21-'23) *A = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 348 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '24-) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid -'23) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '25-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 440 hp (Panamera 4S '1-'20) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 443 hp (Panamera 4S '21-'23) *K = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 552 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *C = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 536 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '25-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Panamera GTS '19-'20) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 473 hp (Panamera GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Panamera GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo -'20) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 620 hp (Panamera Turbo S '21-'23) *F = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Panamera Turbo E-Hybrid '25-) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 680 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '1-'20) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 690 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 771 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '25-) '''Taycan:''' *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 469 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan '21-'24) *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4 '25-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 522 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 562 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '20-'24) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 590 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '25-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 590 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '22-'24) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 690 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 670 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 750 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 871 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 938 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1019 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo GT '25-) '''Macan:''' *A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 248 hp (Macan '17-'21) *A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 261 hp (Macan '22-, Macan T '23-) *B = 3.0L turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 340 hp (Macan S '16-'18) *B = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Macan S '19-'21) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan S '22-) *G = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 360 hp (Macan GTS '17-'18) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan GTS '20-'21) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan GTS '22-) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 400 hp (Macan Turbo '16-'18) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Macan Turbo w/Performance Package '17-'18) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan Turbo '20-'21) '''Macan Electric:''' *D = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4 '24-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 509 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 563 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric GTS '26-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 630 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric Turbo '24-) '''Cayenne:''' 958 or 92A: *A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° VR6, 300 hp (Cayenne '16-'18) *B = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 420 hp (Cayenne S '16-'18) *E = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '16-'18) *D = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Cayenne GTS '16-'18) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo '16-'18) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '16-'18) *F = 3.0L turbodiesel Audi EA897 90° V6, 240 hp (Cayenne Diesel -'16) 9YA/9YB: *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 335 hp (Cayenne '19-'23) *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Cayenne '24-) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '19-'23) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '24-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Cayenne S '19-'23) *L = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 468 hp (Cayenne S '24-) *N = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 512 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '24-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Cayenne GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Cayenne GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 541 hp (Cayenne Turbo '19-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Cayenne Turbo S E-Hybrid '20-'23) *M = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 729 hp (Cayenne Turbo E-Hybrid '24-) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 631 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '22-'23) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 650 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '24-) '''Cayenne Electric:''' *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 435 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric '26-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1139 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric Turbo '26-) ===Position 6, Restraint Systems:=== *1 = Seat Belts only *2 = Passive Restraint System - Airbags (Driver and Passenger Front Airbags) ===Position 7-8, Vehicle Type Code=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN Pos. 7-8 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |92 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |93 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |92 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |94 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |95 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |96 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |92 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |98 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |98 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |A8 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |A8 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |A8 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |91 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |93 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |96 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |99 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |99 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |99 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |A9 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |A9 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |A9 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |98 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |A1 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |A7 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |A7 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |YA | |Panamera (2024-) |976 |- |Y1 |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |A5 |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |XA | |Macan Electric (2024-) |XAB |- |9P |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |AP |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A2 |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |AY |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |- |X1 | |Cayenne Electric (2026-) |E4 |} ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * S: Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen, Germany * L: Leipzig, Germany * D: Bratislava, Slovakia (VW plant - Cayenne '19-) * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW plant - Cayenne '16-'18, Boxster '13-15, Cayman '14-'16, 718 Boxster '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'18, '20-'21, '23-'25) * N: Neckarsulm, Germany (Audi plant - 924, 944) * U: Uusikaupunki, Finland (Valmet plant - Boxster '98-'11, Cayman '06-'12) ===Position 12, 3rd Digit of Vehicle Type Code=== Note: Only applies to models with a 3-digit Vehicle Type Code. Models with a 2-digit Vehicle Type Code use pos. 12 for the serial number. {| class="wikitable" |+Position 12 !VIN Pos. 12 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |4 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |1 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |4 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |4 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |1 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |8 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |8 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |6 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |7 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |7 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |1 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |2 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |1 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |0 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |4 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |3 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |6 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |7 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |7 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |1 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |2 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |0 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |8 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |0 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |1 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |A |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |B |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |A |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |A |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |A |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |} '''Positions 12–17 or 13–17, Serial Number''' {{BookCat}} p957kbqtb50mxgdzuh65qudmlvzo1nb 4632630 4632629 2026-04-27T01:01:45Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 5, Engine: */ 4632630 wikitext text/x-wiki ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * WP0 - Porsche passenger car * WP1 - Porsche SUV ===Position 4, Body Style:=== '''718 / 911:''' * A = Coupe * B = Targa (911) * C = Cabriolet '''Panamera / Taycan:''' * A = sedan (SWB) * B = LWB sedan (Panamera Executive) or Cross Turismo (Taycan) * C = Sport Turismo '''Macan / Cayenne:''' * A = SUV (wagon) * B = Coupe-styled SUV (Cayenne Coupe) ===Position 5, Engine:=== '''718:''' *A = 2.0L turbo flat-4, 300 hp (718 Boxster '18-'25, 718 Boxster T '20-'23, 718 Boxster Style Edition '24-'25, 718 Cayman '18-'25, 718 Cayman T '20-'23, 718 Cayman Style Edition '24-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 350 hp (718 Boxster S, 718 Cayman S '18-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 365 hp (718 Boxster GTS, 718 Cayman GTS '18-'19) *D = 4.0L flat-6, 394 hp (718 Boxster GTS 4.0 '21-'25, 718 Boxster 25 Years '21, 718 Cayman GTS 4.0 '21-'25) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 414 hp (718 Spyder, 718 Cayman GT4 '20-'23) *E = 4.0L flat-6, 493 hp (718 Spyder RS '24-'25, 718 Cayman GT4 RS '23-'25) '''911:''' Type 991: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 370 hp (911 Carrera '18-'19, Carrera T '18-'19, Carrera 4 '18-'19, Targa 4 '18-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 420 hp (911 Carrera S '18-'19, Carrera 4S '18-'19, Targa 4S '18-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 450 hp (911 Carrera GTS '18-'19, Carrera 4 GTS '18-'19, Targa 4 GTS '18-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 540 hp (911 Turbo '18-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 580 hp (911 Turbo S '18-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 607 hp (911 Turbo S Exclusive Series '18-'19) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '18-'19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 Speedster '19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 520 hp (911 GT3 RS '19) *E = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 690 hp (911 GT2 RS '18-'19) Type 992: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 379 hp (911 Carrera '20-'24, Carrera T '23-'24, Carrera 4 '20-'24, Targa 4 '21-'24) *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 388 hp (911 Carrera, Carrera T '25-) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 443 hp (911 Carrera S '20-'24, Carrera 4S '20-'24, Targa 4S '21-'24) *H = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera S '26-, Carrera 4S '26-, Targa 4S '26-) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera GTS '22-'24, Carrera 4 GTS '22-'24, Targa 4 GTS '22-'24, Dakar '23-'24) *B = Hybrid: 3.6L turbo flat-6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 532 hp (911 Carrera GTS, Carrera 4 GTS, Targa 4 GTS '25-, 911 Spirit 70 '26) *G = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 543 hp (911 Sport Classic '23) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 572 hp (911 Turbo '21-'25) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 640 hp (911 Turbo S '21-'25) *D = Hybrid: 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 701 hp (911 Turbo S '26-) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '22-'26) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 518 hp (911 GT3 RS '23-'25, 911 S/T '24) '''Panamera:''' *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 330 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '1-'20) *J = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 325 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '21-'23) *A = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 348 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '24-) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid -'23) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '25-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 440 hp (Panamera 4S '1-'20) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 443 hp (Panamera 4S '21-'23) *K = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 552 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *C = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 536 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '25-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Panamera GTS '19-'20) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 473 hp (Panamera GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Panamera GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo -'20) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 620 hp (Panamera Turbo S '21-'23) *F = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Panamera Turbo E-Hybrid '25-) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 680 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '1-'20) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 690 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 771 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '25-) '''Taycan:''' *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 469 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan '21-'24) *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4 '25-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 522 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 562 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '20-'24) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 590 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '25-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 590 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '22-'24) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 690 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 670 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 750 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 871 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 938 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1019 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo GT '25-) '''Macan:''' *A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 248 hp (Macan '17-'21) *A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 261 hp (Macan '22-, Macan T '23-) *B = 3.0L turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 340 hp (Macan S '15-'18) *B = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Macan S '19-'21) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan S '22-) *G = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 360 hp (Macan GTS '17-'18) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan GTS '20-'21) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan GTS '22-) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 400 hp (Macan Turbo '15-'18) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Macan Turbo w/Performance Package '17-'18) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan Turbo '20-'21) '''Macan Electric:''' *D = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4 '24-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 509 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 563 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric GTS '26-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 630 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric Turbo '24-) '''Cayenne:''' 958 or 92A: *A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° VR6, 300 hp (Cayenne '16-'18) *B = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 420 hp (Cayenne S '16-'18) *E = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '16-'18) *D = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Cayenne GTS '16-'18) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo '16-'18) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '16-'18) *F = 3.0L turbodiesel Audi EA897 90° V6, 240 hp (Cayenne Diesel -'16) 9YA/9YB: *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 335 hp (Cayenne '19-'23) *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Cayenne '24-) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '19-'23) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '24-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Cayenne S '19-'23) *L = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 468 hp (Cayenne S '24-) *N = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 512 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '24-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Cayenne GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Cayenne GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 541 hp (Cayenne Turbo '19-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Cayenne Turbo S E-Hybrid '20-'23) *M = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 729 hp (Cayenne Turbo E-Hybrid '24-) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 631 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '22-'23) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 650 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '24-) '''Cayenne Electric:''' *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 435 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric '26-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1139 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric Turbo '26-) ===Position 6, Restraint Systems:=== *1 = Seat Belts only *2 = Passive Restraint System - Airbags (Driver and Passenger Front Airbags) ===Position 7-8, Vehicle Type Code=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN Pos. 7-8 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |92 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |93 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |92 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |94 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |95 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |96 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |92 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |98 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |98 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |A8 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |A8 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |A8 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |91 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |93 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |96 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |99 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |99 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |99 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |A9 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |A9 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |A9 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |98 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |A1 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |A7 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |A7 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |YA | |Panamera (2024-) |976 |- |Y1 |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |A5 |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |XA | |Macan Electric (2024-) |XAB |- |9P |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |AP |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A2 |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |AY |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |- |X1 | |Cayenne Electric (2026-) |E4 |} ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * S: Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen, Germany * L: Leipzig, Germany * D: Bratislava, Slovakia (VW plant - Cayenne '19-) * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW plant - Cayenne '16-'18, Boxster '13-15, Cayman '14-'16, 718 Boxster '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'18, '20-'21, '23-'25) * N: Neckarsulm, Germany (Audi plant - 924, 944) * U: Uusikaupunki, Finland (Valmet plant - Boxster '98-'11, Cayman '06-'12) ===Position 12, 3rd Digit of Vehicle Type Code=== Note: Only applies to models with a 3-digit Vehicle Type Code. Models with a 2-digit Vehicle Type Code use pos. 12 for the serial number. {| class="wikitable" |+Position 12 !VIN Pos. 12 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |4 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |1 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |4 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |4 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |1 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |8 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |8 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |6 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |7 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |7 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |1 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |2 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |1 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |0 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |4 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |3 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |6 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |7 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |7 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |1 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |2 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |0 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |8 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |0 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |1 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |A |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |B |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |A |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |A |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |A |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |} '''Positions 12–17 or 13–17, Serial Number''' {{BookCat}} nul49xfbg0uzf22t1iq4i79sucax50i 4632633 4632630 2026-04-27T01:14:59Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 5, Engine: */ 4632633 wikitext text/x-wiki ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * WP0 - Porsche passenger car * WP1 - Porsche SUV ===Position 4, Body Style:=== '''718 / 911:''' * A = Coupe * B = Targa (911) * C = Cabriolet '''Panamera / Taycan:''' * A = sedan (SWB) * B = LWB sedan (Panamera Executive) or Cross Turismo (Taycan) * C = Sport Turismo '''Macan / Cayenne:''' * A = SUV (wagon) * B = Coupe-styled SUV (Cayenne Coupe) ===Position 5, Engine:=== '''718:''' *A = 2.0L turbo flat-4, 300 hp (718 Boxster '18-'25, 718 Boxster T '20-'23, 718 Boxster Style Edition '24-'25, 718 Cayman '18-'25, 718 Cayman T '20-'23, 718 Cayman Style Edition '24-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 350 hp (718 Boxster S, 718 Cayman S '18-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 365 hp (718 Boxster GTS, 718 Cayman GTS '18-'19) *D = 4.0L flat-6, 394 hp (718 Boxster GTS 4.0 '21-'25, 718 Boxster 25 Years '21, 718 Cayman GTS 4.0 '21-'25) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 414 hp (718 Spyder, 718 Cayman GT4 '20-'23) *E = 4.0L flat-6, 493 hp (718 Spyder RS '24-'25, 718 Cayman GT4 RS '23-'25) '''911:''' Type 991: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 370 hp (911 Carrera '18-'19, Carrera T '18-'19, Carrera 4 '18-'19, Targa 4 '18-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 420 hp (911 Carrera S '18-'19, Carrera 4S '18-'19, Targa 4S '18-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 450 hp (911 Carrera GTS '18-'19, Carrera 4 GTS '18-'19, Targa 4 GTS '18-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 540 hp (911 Turbo '18-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 580 hp (911 Turbo S '18-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 607 hp (911 Turbo S Exclusive Series '18-'19) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '18-'19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 Speedster '19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 520 hp (911 GT3 RS '19) *E = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 690 hp (911 GT2 RS '18-'19) Type 992: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 379 hp (911 Carrera '20-'24, Carrera T '23-'24, Carrera 4 '20-'24, Targa 4 '21-'24) *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 388 hp (911 Carrera, Carrera T '25-) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 443 hp (911 Carrera S '20-'24, Carrera 4S '20-'24, Targa 4S '21-'24) *H = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera S '26-, Carrera 4S '26-, Targa 4S '26-) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera GTS '22-'24, Carrera 4 GTS '22-'24, Targa 4 GTS '22-'24, Dakar '23-'24) *B = Hybrid: 3.6L turbo flat-6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 532 hp (911 Carrera GTS, Carrera 4 GTS, Targa 4 GTS '25-, 911 Spirit 70 '26) *G = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 543 hp (911 Sport Classic '23) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 572 hp (911 Turbo '21-'25) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 640 hp (911 Turbo S '21-'25) *D = Hybrid: 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 701 hp (911 Turbo S '26-) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '22-'26) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 518 hp (911 GT3 RS '23-'25, 911 S/T '24) '''Panamera:''' *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 330 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '17-'20) *J = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 325 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '21-'23) *A = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 348 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '24-) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '18-'23) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '25-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 440 hp (Panamera 4S '17-'20) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 443 hp (Panamera 4S '21-'23) *K = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 552 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *C = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 536 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '25-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Panamera GTS '19-'20) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 473 hp (Panamera GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Panamera GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo '17-'20) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 620 hp (Panamera Turbo S '21-'23) *F = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Panamera Turbo E-Hybrid '25-) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 680 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '18-'20) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 690 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 771 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '25-) '''Taycan:''' *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 469 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan '21-'24) *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4 '25-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 522 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 562 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '20-'24) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 590 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '25-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 590 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '22-'24) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 690 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 670 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 750 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 871 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 938 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1019 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo GT '25-) '''Macan:''' *A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 248 hp (Macan '17-'21) *A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 261 hp (Macan '22-, Macan T '23-) *B = 3.0L turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 340 hp (Macan S '15-'18) *B = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Macan S '19-'21) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan S '22-) *G = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 360 hp (Macan GTS '17-'18) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan GTS '20-'21) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan GTS '22-) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 400 hp (Macan Turbo '15-'18) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Macan Turbo w/Performance Package '17-'18) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan Turbo '20-'21) '''Macan Electric:''' *D = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4 '24-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 509 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 563 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric GTS '26-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 630 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric Turbo '24-) '''Cayenne:''' 958 or 92A: *A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° VR6, 300 hp (Cayenne '16-'18) *B = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 420 hp (Cayenne S '16-'18) *E = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '16-'18) *D = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Cayenne GTS '16-'18) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo '16-'18) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '16-'18) *F = 3.0L turbodiesel Audi EA897 90° V6, 240 hp (Cayenne Diesel -'16) 9YA/9YB: *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 335 hp (Cayenne '19-'23) *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Cayenne '24-) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '19-'23) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '24-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Cayenne S '19-'23) *L = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 468 hp (Cayenne S '24-) *N = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 512 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '24-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Cayenne GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Cayenne GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 541 hp (Cayenne Turbo '19-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Cayenne Turbo S E-Hybrid '20-'23) *M = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 729 hp (Cayenne Turbo E-Hybrid '24-) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 631 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '22-'23) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 650 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '24-) '''Cayenne Electric:''' *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 435 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric '26-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1139 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric Turbo '26-) ===Position 6, Restraint Systems:=== *1 = Seat Belts only *2 = Passive Restraint System - Airbags (Driver and Passenger Front Airbags) ===Position 7-8, Vehicle Type Code=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN Pos. 7-8 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |92 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |93 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |92 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |94 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |95 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |96 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |92 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |98 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |98 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |A8 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |A8 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |A8 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |91 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |93 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |96 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |99 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |99 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |99 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |A9 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |A9 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |A9 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |98 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |A1 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |A7 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |A7 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |YA | |Panamera (2024-) |976 |- |Y1 |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |A5 |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |XA | |Macan Electric (2024-) |XAB |- |9P |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |AP |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A2 |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |AY |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |- |X1 | |Cayenne Electric (2026-) |E4 |} ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * S: Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen, Germany * L: Leipzig, Germany * D: Bratislava, Slovakia (VW plant - Cayenne '19-) * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW plant - Cayenne '16-'18, Boxster '13-15, Cayman '14-'16, 718 Boxster '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'18, '20-'21, '23-'25) * N: Neckarsulm, Germany (Audi plant - 924, 944) * U: Uusikaupunki, Finland (Valmet plant - Boxster '98-'11, Cayman '06-'12) ===Position 12, 3rd Digit of Vehicle Type Code=== Note: Only applies to models with a 3-digit Vehicle Type Code. Models with a 2-digit Vehicle Type Code use pos. 12 for the serial number. {| class="wikitable" |+Position 12 !VIN Pos. 12 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |4 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |1 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |4 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |4 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |1 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |8 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |8 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |6 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |7 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |7 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |1 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |2 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |1 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |0 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |4 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |3 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |6 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |7 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |7 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |1 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |2 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |0 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |8 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |0 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |1 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |A |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |B |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |A |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |A |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |A |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |} '''Positions 12–17 or 13–17, Serial Number''' {{BookCat}} afpc4cs61ajf2ky4nfrrwgg52ilp38r 4632634 4632633 2026-04-27T01:18:44Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 5, Engine: */ 4632634 wikitext text/x-wiki ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * WP0 - Porsche passenger car * WP1 - Porsche SUV ===Position 4, Body Style:=== '''718 / 911:''' * A = Coupe * B = Targa (911) * C = Cabriolet '''Panamera / Taycan:''' * A = sedan (SWB) * B = LWB sedan (Panamera Executive) or Cross Turismo (Taycan) * C = Sport Turismo '''Macan / Cayenne:''' * A = SUV (wagon) * B = Coupe-styled SUV (Cayenne Coupe) ===Position 5, Engine:=== '''718:''' *A = 2.0L turbo flat-4, 300 hp (718 Boxster '17-'25, 718 Boxster T '20-'23, 718 Boxster Style Edition '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'25, 718 Cayman T '20-'23, 718 Cayman Style Edition '24-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 350 hp (718 Boxster S, 718 Cayman S '17-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 365 hp (718 Boxster GTS, 718 Cayman GTS '18-'19) *D = 4.0L flat-6, 394 hp (718 Boxster GTS 4.0 '21-'25, 718 Boxster 25 Years '21, 718 Cayman GTS 4.0 '21-'25) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 414 hp (718 Spyder, 718 Cayman GT4 '20-'23) *E = 4.0L flat-6, 493 hp (718 Spyder RS '24-'25, 718 Cayman GT4 RS '23-'25) '''911:''' Type 991: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 370 hp (911 Carrera '18-'19, Carrera T '18-'19, Carrera 4 '18-'19, Targa 4 '18-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 420 hp (911 Carrera S '18-'19, Carrera 4S '18-'19, Targa 4S '18-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 450 hp (911 Carrera GTS '18-'19, Carrera 4 GTS '18-'19, Targa 4 GTS '18-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 540 hp (911 Turbo '18-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 580 hp (911 Turbo S '18-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 607 hp (911 Turbo S Exclusive Series '18-'19) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '18-'19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 Speedster '19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 520 hp (911 GT3 RS '19) *E = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 690 hp (911 GT2 RS '18-'19) Type 992: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 379 hp (911 Carrera '20-'24, Carrera T '23-'24, Carrera 4 '20-'24, Targa 4 '21-'24) *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 388 hp (911 Carrera, Carrera T '25-) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 443 hp (911 Carrera S '20-'24, Carrera 4S '20-'24, Targa 4S '21-'24) *H = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera S '26-, Carrera 4S '26-, Targa 4S '26-) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera GTS '22-'24, Carrera 4 GTS '22-'24, Targa 4 GTS '22-'24, Dakar '23-'24) *B = Hybrid: 3.6L turbo flat-6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 532 hp (911 Carrera GTS, Carrera 4 GTS, Targa 4 GTS '25-, 911 Spirit 70 '26) *G = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 543 hp (911 Sport Classic '23) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 572 hp (911 Turbo '21-'25) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 640 hp (911 Turbo S '21-'25) *D = Hybrid: 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 701 hp (911 Turbo S '26-) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '22-'26) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 518 hp (911 GT3 RS '23-'25, 911 S/T '24) '''Panamera:''' *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 330 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '17-'20) *J = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 325 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '21-'23) *A = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 348 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '24-) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '18-'23) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '25-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 440 hp (Panamera 4S '17-'20) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 443 hp (Panamera 4S '21-'23) *K = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 552 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *C = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 536 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '25-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Panamera GTS '19-'20) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 473 hp (Panamera GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Panamera GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo '17-'20) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 620 hp (Panamera Turbo S '21-'23) *F = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Panamera Turbo E-Hybrid '25-) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 680 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '18-'20) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 690 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 771 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '25-) '''Taycan:''' *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 469 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan '21-'24) *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4 '25-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 522 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 562 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '20-'24) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 590 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '25-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 590 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '22-'24) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 690 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 670 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 750 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 871 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 938 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1019 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo GT '25-) '''Macan:''' *A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 248 hp (Macan '17-'21) *A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 261 hp (Macan '22-, Macan T '23-) *B = 3.0L turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 340 hp (Macan S '15-'18) *B = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Macan S '19-'21) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan S '22-) *G = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 360 hp (Macan GTS '17-'18) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan GTS '20-'21) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan GTS '22-) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 400 hp (Macan Turbo '15-'18) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Macan Turbo w/Performance Package '17-'18) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan Turbo '20-'21) '''Macan Electric:''' *D = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4 '24-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 509 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 563 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric GTS '26-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 630 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric Turbo '24-) '''Cayenne:''' 958 or 92A: *A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° VR6, 300 hp (Cayenne '16-'18) *B = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 420 hp (Cayenne S '16-'18) *E = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '16-'18) *D = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Cayenne GTS '16-'18) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo '16-'18) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '16-'18) *F = 3.0L turbodiesel Audi EA897 90° V6, 240 hp (Cayenne Diesel -'16) 9YA/9YB: *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 335 hp (Cayenne '19-'23) *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Cayenne '24-) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '19-'23) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '24-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Cayenne S '19-'23) *L = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 468 hp (Cayenne S '24-) *N = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 512 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '24-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Cayenne GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Cayenne GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 541 hp (Cayenne Turbo '19-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Cayenne Turbo S E-Hybrid '20-'23) *M = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 729 hp (Cayenne Turbo E-Hybrid '24-) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 631 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '22-'23) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 650 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '24-) '''Cayenne Electric:''' *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 435 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric '26-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1139 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric Turbo '26-) ===Position 6, Restraint Systems:=== *1 = Seat Belts only *2 = Passive Restraint System - Airbags (Driver and Passenger Front Airbags) ===Position 7-8, Vehicle Type Code=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN Pos. 7-8 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |92 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |93 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |92 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |94 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |95 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |96 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |92 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |98 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |98 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |A8 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |A8 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |A8 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |91 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |93 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |96 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |99 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |99 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |99 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |A9 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |A9 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |A9 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |98 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |A1 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |A7 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |A7 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |YA | |Panamera (2024-) |976 |- |Y1 |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |A5 |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |XA | |Macan Electric (2024-) |XAB |- |9P |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |AP |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A2 |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |AY |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |- |X1 | |Cayenne Electric (2026-) |E4 |} ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * S: Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen, Germany * L: Leipzig, Germany * D: Bratislava, Slovakia (VW plant - Cayenne '19-) * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW plant - Cayenne '16-'18, Boxster '13-15, Cayman '14-'16, 718 Boxster '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'18, '20-'21, '23-'25) * N: Neckarsulm, Germany (Audi plant - 924, 944) * U: Uusikaupunki, Finland (Valmet plant - Boxster '98-'11, Cayman '06-'12) ===Position 12, 3rd Digit of Vehicle Type Code=== Note: Only applies to models with a 3-digit Vehicle Type Code. Models with a 2-digit Vehicle Type Code use pos. 12 for the serial number. {| class="wikitable" |+Position 12 !VIN Pos. 12 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |4 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |1 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |4 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |4 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |1 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |8 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |8 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |6 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |7 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |7 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |1 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |2 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |1 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |0 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |4 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |3 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |6 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |7 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |7 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |1 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |2 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |0 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |8 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |0 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |1 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |A |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |B |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |A |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |A |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |A |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |} '''Positions 12–17 or 13–17, Serial Number''' {{BookCat}} gv2bpoqvc76a89nlh17c3y2u8ov0e2l 4632636 4632634 2026-04-27T01:29:54Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 5, Engine: */ 4632636 wikitext text/x-wiki ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * WP0 - Porsche passenger car * WP1 - Porsche SUV ===Position 4, Body Style:=== '''718 / 911:''' * A = Coupe * B = Targa (911) * C = Cabriolet '''Panamera / Taycan:''' * A = sedan (SWB) * B = LWB sedan (Panamera Executive) or Cross Turismo (Taycan) * C = Sport Turismo '''Macan / Cayenne:''' * A = SUV (wagon) * B = Coupe-styled SUV (Cayenne Coupe) ===Position 5, Engine:=== '''718:''' *A = 2.0L turbo flat-4, 300 hp (718 Boxster '17-'25, 718 Boxster T '20-'23, 718 Boxster Style Edition '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'25, 718 Cayman T '20-'23, 718 Cayman Style Edition '24-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 350 hp (718 Boxster S, 718 Cayman S '17-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 365 hp (718 Boxster GTS, 718 Cayman GTS '18-'19) *D = 4.0L flat-6, 394 hp (718 Boxster GTS 4.0 '21-'25, 718 Boxster 25 Years '21, 718 Cayman GTS 4.0 '21-'25) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 414 hp (718 Spyder, 718 Cayman GT4 '20-'23) *E = 4.0L flat-6, 493 hp (718 Spyder RS '24-'25, 718 Cayman GT4 RS '23-'25) '''911:''' Type 991: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 370 hp (911 Carrera '17-'19, Carrera T '18-'19, Carrera 4 '17-'19, Targa 4 '17-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 420 hp (911 Carrera S '17-'19, Carrera 4S '17-'19, Targa 4S '17-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 450 hp (911 Carrera GTS '17-'19, Carrera 4 GTS '17-'19, Targa 4 GTS '17-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 540 hp (911 Turbo '17-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 580 hp (911 Turbo S '17-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 607 hp (911 Turbo S Exclusive Series '18-'19) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '18-'19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 Speedster '19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 520 hp (911 GT3 RS '19) *E = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 690 hp (911 GT2 RS '18-'19) Type 992: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 379 hp (911 Carrera '20-'24, Carrera T '23-'24, Carrera 4 '20-'24, Targa 4 '21-'24) *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 388 hp (911 Carrera, Carrera T '25-) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 443 hp (911 Carrera S '20-'24, Carrera 4S '20-'24, Targa 4S '21-'24) *H = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera S '26-, Carrera 4S '26-, Targa 4S '26-) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera GTS '22-'24, Carrera 4 GTS '22-'24, Targa 4 GTS '22-'24, Dakar '23-'24) *B = Hybrid: 3.6L turbo flat-6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 532 hp (911 Carrera GTS, Carrera 4 GTS, Targa 4 GTS '25-, 911 Spirit 70 '26) *G = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 543 hp (911 Sport Classic '23) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 572 hp (911 Turbo '21-'25) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 640 hp (911 Turbo S '21-'25) *D = Hybrid: 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 701 hp (911 Turbo S '26-) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '22-'26) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 518 hp (911 GT3 RS '23-'25, 911 S/T '24) '''Panamera:''' *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 330 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '17-'20) *J = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 325 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '21-'23) *A = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 348 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '24-) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '18-'23) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '25-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 440 hp (Panamera 4S '17-'20) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 443 hp (Panamera 4S '21-'23) *K = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 552 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *C = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 536 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '25-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Panamera GTS '19-'20) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 473 hp (Panamera GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Panamera GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo '17-'20) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 620 hp (Panamera Turbo S '21-'23) *F = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Panamera Turbo E-Hybrid '25-) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 680 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '18-'20) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 690 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 771 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '25-) '''Taycan:''' *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 469 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan '21-'24) *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4 '25-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 522 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 562 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '20-'24) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 590 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '25-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 590 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '22-'24) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 690 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 670 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 750 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 871 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 938 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1019 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo GT '25-) '''Macan:''' *A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 248 hp (Macan '17-'21) *A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 261 hp (Macan '22-, Macan T '23-) *B = 3.0L turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 340 hp (Macan S '15-'18) *B = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Macan S '19-'21) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan S '22-) *G = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 360 hp (Macan GTS '17-'18) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan GTS '20-'21) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan GTS '22-) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 400 hp (Macan Turbo '15-'18) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Macan Turbo w/Performance Package '17-'18) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan Turbo '20-'21) '''Macan Electric:''' *D = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4 '24-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 509 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 563 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric GTS '26-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 630 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric Turbo '24-) '''Cayenne:''' 958 or 92A: *A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° VR6, 300 hp (Cayenne '16-'18) *B = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 420 hp (Cayenne S '16-'18) *E = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '16-'18) *D = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Cayenne GTS '16-'18) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo '16-'18) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '16-'18) *F = 3.0L turbodiesel Audi EA897 90° V6, 240 hp (Cayenne Diesel -'16) 9YA/9YB: *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 335 hp (Cayenne '19-'23) *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Cayenne '24-) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '19-'23) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '24-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Cayenne S '19-'23) *L = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 468 hp (Cayenne S '24-) *N = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 512 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '24-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Cayenne GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Cayenne GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 541 hp (Cayenne Turbo '19-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Cayenne Turbo S E-Hybrid '20-'23) *M = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 729 hp (Cayenne Turbo E-Hybrid '24-) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 631 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '22-'23) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 650 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '24-) '''Cayenne Electric:''' *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 435 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric '26-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1139 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric Turbo '26-) ===Position 6, Restraint Systems:=== *1 = Seat Belts only *2 = Passive Restraint System - Airbags (Driver and Passenger Front Airbags) ===Position 7-8, Vehicle Type Code=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN Pos. 7-8 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |92 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |93 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |92 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |94 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |95 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |96 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |92 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |98 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |98 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |A8 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |A8 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |A8 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |91 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |93 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |96 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |99 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |99 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |99 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |A9 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |A9 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |A9 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |98 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |A1 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |A7 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |A7 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |YA | |Panamera (2024-) |976 |- |Y1 |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |A5 |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |XA | |Macan Electric (2024-) |XAB |- |9P |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |AP |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A2 |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |AY |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |- |X1 | |Cayenne Electric (2026-) |E4 |} ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * S: Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen, Germany * L: Leipzig, Germany * D: Bratislava, Slovakia (VW plant - Cayenne '19-) * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW plant - Cayenne '16-'18, Boxster '13-15, Cayman '14-'16, 718 Boxster '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'18, '20-'21, '23-'25) * N: Neckarsulm, Germany (Audi plant - 924, 944) * U: Uusikaupunki, Finland (Valmet plant - Boxster '98-'11, Cayman '06-'12) ===Position 12, 3rd Digit of Vehicle Type Code=== Note: Only applies to models with a 3-digit Vehicle Type Code. Models with a 2-digit Vehicle Type Code use pos. 12 for the serial number. {| class="wikitable" |+Position 12 !VIN Pos. 12 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |4 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |1 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |4 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |4 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |1 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |8 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |8 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |6 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |7 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |7 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |1 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |2 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |1 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |0 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |4 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |3 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |6 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |7 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |7 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |1 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |2 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |0 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |8 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |0 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |1 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |A |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |B |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |A |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |A |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |A |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |} '''Positions 12–17 or 13–17, Serial Number''' {{BookCat}} el0eej8m26prgxq0oykj0u8fbosxe5h 4632647 4632636 2026-04-27T02:41:00Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 5, Engine: */ 4632647 wikitext text/x-wiki ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * WP0 - Porsche passenger car * WP1 - Porsche SUV ===Position 4, Body Style:=== '''718 / 911:''' * A = Coupe * B = Targa (911) * C = Cabriolet '''Panamera / Taycan:''' * A = sedan (SWB) * B = LWB sedan (Panamera Executive) or Cross Turismo (Taycan) * C = Sport Turismo '''Macan / Cayenne:''' * A = SUV (wagon) * B = Coupe-styled SUV (Cayenne Coupe) ===Position 5, Engine:=== '''Boxster/Cayman:''' Type 981: *A = 2.7L flat-6, 265 hp (Boxster -'16), 275 hp (Cayman -'16) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 315 hp (Boxster S -'16), 325 hp (Cayman S -'16) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 330 hp (Boxster GTS -'16), 340 hp (Cayman GTS -'16) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 375 hp (Boxster Spyder -'16), 385 hp (Cayman GT4 -'16) '''718 Boxster/Cayman:''' (Type 982) *A = 2.0L turbo flat-4, 300 hp (718 Boxster '17-'25, 718 Boxster T '20-'23, 718 Boxster Style Edition '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'25, 718 Cayman T '20-'23, 718 Cayman Style Edition '24-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 350 hp (718 Boxster S, 718 Cayman S '17-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 365 hp (718 Boxster GTS, 718 Cayman GTS '18-'19) *D = 4.0L flat-6, 394 hp (718 Boxster GTS 4.0 '21-'25, 718 Boxster 25 Years '21, 718 Cayman GTS 4.0 '21-'25) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 414 hp (718 Spyder, 718 Cayman GT4 '20-'23) *E = 4.0L flat-6, 493 hp (718 Spyder RS '24-'25, 718 Cayman GT4 RS '23-'25) '''911:''' Type 991: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 370 hp (911 Carrera '17-'19, Carrera T '18-'19, Carrera 4 '17-'19, Targa 4 '17-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 420 hp (911 Carrera S '17-'19, Carrera 4S '17-'19, Targa 4S '17-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 450 hp (911 Carrera GTS '17-'19, Carrera 4 GTS '17-'19, Targa 4 GTS '17-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 540 hp (911 Turbo '17-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 580 hp (911 Turbo S '17-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 607 hp (911 Turbo S Exclusive Series '18-'19) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '18-'19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 Speedster '19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 520 hp (911 GT3 RS '19) *E = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 690 hp (911 GT2 RS '18-'19) Type 992: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 379 hp (911 Carrera '20-'24, Carrera T '23-'24, Carrera 4 '20-'24, Targa 4 '21-'24) *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 388 hp (911 Carrera, Carrera T '25-, Carrera T Club Coupe '26) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 443 hp (911 Carrera S '20-'24, Carrera 4S '20-'24, Targa 4S '21-'24) *H = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera S '26-, Carrera 4S '26-, Targa 4S '26-) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera GTS '22-'24, Carrera 4 GTS '22-'24, Targa 4 GTS '22-'24, Dakar '23-'24) *B = Hybrid: 3.6L turbo flat-6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 532 hp (911 Carrera GTS, Carrera 4 GTS, Targa 4 GTS '25-, 911 Spirit 70 '26) *G = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 543 hp (911 Sport Classic '23) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 572 hp (911 Turbo '21-'25) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 640 hp (911 Turbo S '21-'25) *D = Hybrid: 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 701 hp (911 Turbo S '26-) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '22-'26) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 518 hp (911 GT3 RS '23-'25, 911 S/T '24) '''Panamera:''' *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 330 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '17-'20) *J = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 325 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '21-'23) *A = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 348 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '24-) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '18-'23) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '25-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 440 hp (Panamera 4S '17-'20) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 443 hp (Panamera 4S '21-'23) *K = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 552 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *C = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 536 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '25-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Panamera GTS '19-'20) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 473 hp (Panamera GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Panamera GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo '17-'20) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 620 hp (Panamera Turbo S '21-'23) *F = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Panamera Turbo E-Hybrid '25-) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 680 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '18-'20) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 690 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 771 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '25-) '''Taycan:''' *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 469 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan '21-'24) *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4 '25-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 522 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 562 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '20-'24) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 590 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '25-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 590 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '22-'24) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 690 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 670 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 750 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 871 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 938 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1019 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo GT '25-) '''Macan:''' *A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 248 hp (Macan '17-'21) *A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 261 hp (Macan '22-, Macan T '23-) *B = 3.0L turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 340 hp (Macan S '15-'18) *B = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Macan S '19-'21) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan S '22-) *G = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 360 hp (Macan GTS '17-'18) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan GTS '20-'21) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan GTS '22-) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 400 hp (Macan Turbo '15-'18) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Macan Turbo w/Performance Package '17-'18) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan Turbo '20-'21) '''Macan Electric:''' *D = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4 '24-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 509 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 563 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric GTS '26-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 630 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric Turbo '24-) '''Cayenne:''' 958 or 92A: *A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° VR6, 300 hp (Cayenne '16-'18) *B = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 420 hp (Cayenne S '16-'18) *E = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '16-'18) *D = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Cayenne GTS '16-'18) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo '16-'18) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '16-'18) *F = 3.0L turbodiesel Audi EA897 90° V6, 240 hp (Cayenne Diesel -'16) 9YA/9YB: *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 335 hp (Cayenne '19-'23) *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Cayenne '24-) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '19-'23) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '24-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Cayenne S '19-'23) *L = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 468 hp (Cayenne S '24-) *N = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 512 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '24-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Cayenne GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Cayenne GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 541 hp (Cayenne Turbo '19-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Cayenne Turbo S E-Hybrid '20-'23) *M = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 729 hp (Cayenne Turbo E-Hybrid '24-) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 631 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '22-'23) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 650 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '24-) '''Cayenne Electric:''' *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 435 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric '26-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1139 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric Turbo '26-) ===Position 6, Restraint Systems:=== *1 = Seat Belts only *2 = Passive Restraint System - Airbags (Driver and Passenger Front Airbags) ===Position 7-8, Vehicle Type Code=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN Pos. 7-8 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |92 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |93 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |92 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |94 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |95 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |96 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |92 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |98 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |98 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |A8 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |A8 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |A8 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |91 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |93 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |96 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |99 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |99 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |99 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |A9 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |A9 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |A9 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |98 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |A1 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |A7 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |A7 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |YA | |Panamera (2024-) |976 |- |Y1 |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |A5 |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |XA | |Macan Electric (2024-) |XAB |- |9P |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |AP |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A2 |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |AY |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |- |X1 | |Cayenne Electric (2026-) |E4 |} ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * S: Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen, Germany * L: Leipzig, Germany * D: Bratislava, Slovakia (VW plant - Cayenne '19-) * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW plant - Cayenne '16-'18, Boxster '13-15, Cayman '14-'16, 718 Boxster '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'18, '20-'21, '23-'25) * N: Neckarsulm, Germany (Audi plant - 924, 944) * U: Uusikaupunki, Finland (Valmet plant - Boxster '98-'11, Cayman '06-'12) ===Position 12, 3rd Digit of Vehicle Type Code=== Note: Only applies to models with a 3-digit Vehicle Type Code. Models with a 2-digit Vehicle Type Code use pos. 12 for the serial number. {| class="wikitable" |+Position 12 !VIN Pos. 12 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |4 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |1 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |4 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |4 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |1 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |8 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |8 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |6 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |7 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |7 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |1 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |2 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |1 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |0 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |4 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |3 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |6 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |7 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |7 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |1 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |2 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |0 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |8 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |0 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |1 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |A |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |B |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |A |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |A |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |A |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |} '''Positions 12–17 or 13–17, Serial Number''' {{BookCat}} 24gp5lds6ak6ype8ir439wmilavf8oc 3 482248 4632582 4628292 2026-04-26T17:01:00Z Kingofnuthin 3566511 Warned user with [[User:JJPMaster/OneClickWelcomer.js|OneClickWelcomer]] 4632582 wikitext text/x-wiki == A belated welcome! == [[File:Chocolate chip cookies.jpg|thumb|The welcome may be belated, but the cookies are still warm! {{smiley}}]] Here's wishing you a belated welcome to Wikibooks, Kingofnuthin! I see that you've already been around a while and wanted to thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Kingofnuthin|your contributions]]. Though you seem to have been successful in finding your way around, you may still benefit from following some of the links below, which help editors get the most out of Wikibooks: * [[Wikibooks:Welcome|Welcome]] * [[Wikibooks:What is Wikibooks|What is Wikibooks?]] * [[Using Wikibooks]] Need some ideas of what kind of things need doing? Try [[Wikibooks:Maintenance]]. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a [[Wikibooks:Wikibookians|Wikibookian]]! Again, welcome! <!-- Template:Welcome-belated --> [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:38, 29 March 2026 (UTC) == Some future Luna advice == If you want to avoid accidentally putting your user sandbox on RfD again, you can enable [[WB:LUNA#Debug mode|debug mode]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:40, 29 March 2026 (UTC) == April 2026 == {{tmbox|type=notice|text='''Please, can you [[Using Wikibooks|help]] improve [[WB:WIW|Wikibooks]]''' by [[Special:Contributions/Kingofnuthin|doing future experiments]] with the [[Help:Contents|wiki software]] in the [{{fullurl:Wikibooks:Sandbox|action=edit}} sandbox] instead? Your fellow contributors consider test edits in the sandbox constructive. You can ask questions or ask for help in the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]].<br /> Thanks. }} [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:01, 26 April 2026 (UTC) b3hyubw698zblmroxk69y8h5jaqc3ai 4632583 4632582 2026-04-26T17:01:31Z Kingofnuthin 3566511 /* April 2026 */ 4632583 wikitext text/x-wiki == A belated welcome! == [[File:Chocolate chip cookies.jpg|thumb|The welcome may be belated, but the cookies are still warm! {{smiley}}]] Here's wishing you a belated welcome to Wikibooks, Kingofnuthin! I see that you've already been around a while and wanted to thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Kingofnuthin|your contributions]]. Though you seem to have been successful in finding your way around, you may still benefit from following some of the links below, which help editors get the most out of Wikibooks: * [[Wikibooks:Welcome|Welcome]] * [[Wikibooks:What is Wikibooks|What is Wikibooks?]] * [[Using Wikibooks]] Need some ideas of what kind of things need doing? Try [[Wikibooks:Maintenance]]. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a [[Wikibooks:Wikibookians|Wikibookian]]! Again, welcome! <!-- Template:Welcome-belated --> [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:38, 29 March 2026 (UTC) == Some future Luna advice == If you want to avoid accidentally putting your user sandbox on RfD again, you can enable [[WB:LUNA#Debug mode|debug mode]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:40, 29 March 2026 (UTC) hm2f5dr46nkt50e60u8ek83oqeshbn3 2 482670 4632624 4631773 2026-04-26T23:44:44Z JKuroha 3516066 4632624 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 242px; border: #003366 solid 1px; " |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fff; font-size:120%; color:#003366;" | '''Kuroha''' |- | {{#babel: plain=1|yue}} |- | {{#babel: plain=1|en}} |- | {{#babel: plain=1|cmn-4}} |- | {{#babel: plain=1|ja-3}} |- | {{#babel: plain=1|lzh-3}} |- | {{#babel: plain=1|nan-1}} |- | {{#babel: plain=1|ryu-1}} |- | {{#babel: plain=1|fr-1}} |- | {{#babel: plain=1|es-1}} |- | {{#babel: plain=1|la-1}} |} [[w:User:JKuroha]] 833zi8ehmx54bti23byvgn5nlnh10ce 0 482679 4632659 4632491 2026-04-27T05:12:29Z Kwfd 3577794 Changed naming conventions to book style 4632659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{New book}} {{Chess diagram|2=Starting Position|3=rd|4=nd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|13=pd|15=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|51=pl|52=pl|55=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|61=bl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|14=pd|53=pl|54=pl}} Welcome to '''Named Chess Openings'''! This book is about every named opening in chess. The source of the named openings are from lichess.org. This book will be similar to [[Chess Opening Theory]], but only about every named Chess opening. When contributing to this book, please follow the following conventions: * This book aims to cover only named Chess openings (from lichess.org) * Use the following style for the opening pages: use <nowiki>{{Chess diagram}}</nowiki> at the top of the page, and add the following subheadings: Introduction and Ideas, History, Main Moves (add the common replies and named replies, only add a link to named replies), Statistics (from lichess.org), ECO code (from any source), References. See dedicated [[Named Chess Openings/Book style|book style]] page for more information. * The pages should be named like this: Named Chess Openings/[opening name, e.g. King's Knight Opening: Normal Variation]. * For information on how to use templates in Named Chess Openings, see [[Named Chess Openings/Template usage|this page]]. Starting moves: * [[Named Chess Openings/Anderssen's Opening|1. a3]], Anderssen's Opening * [[Named Chess Openings/Ware Opening|1. a4]], Ware Opening * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack|1. b3]], Nimzo-Larsen Attack * [[Named Chess Openings/Polish Opening|1. b4]], Polish Opening * [[Named Chess Openings/Saragossa Opening|1. c3]], Saragossa Opening * [[Named Chess Openings/English Opening|1. c4]], English Opening * [[Named Chess Openings/Mieses Opening|1. d3]], Mieses Opening * [[Named Chess Openings/Queen's Pawn Game|1. d4]], Queen's Pawn Game * [[Named Chess Openings/Van't Kruijs Opening|1. e3]], Van't Kruijs Opening * [[Named Chess Openings/King's Pawn Game|1. e4]], King's Pawn Game * [[Named Chess Openings/Barnes Opening|1. f3]], Barnes Opening * [[Named Chess Openings/Bird Opening|1. f4]], Bird Opening * [[Named Chess Openings/Hungarian Opening|1. g3]], Hungarian Opening * [[Named Chess Openings/Grob Opening|1. g4]], Grob Opening * [[Named Chess Openings/Clemenz Opening|1. h3]], Clemenz Opening * [[Named Chess Openings/Kádas Opening|1. h4]], Kádas Opening * [[Named Chess Openings/Sodium Attack|1. Na3]], Sodium Attack * [[Named Chess Openings/Van Geet Opening|1. Nc3]], Van Geet Opening * [[Named Chess Openings/Zukertort Opening|1. Nf3]], Zukertort Opening * [[Named Chess Openings/Amar Opening|1. Nh3]], Amar Opening For a full list of named openings, see below: <br> [[Named Chess Openings/Index|Named openings]] <br> <br> Related Wikibooks: <br> * [[Chess Opening Theory]] for more detail on the ideas of openings, including unnamed ones * [[Chess]] for more detail on the entire game of chess itself as a whole {{status|25%}} {{bookcat}} {{Shelves|Chess}} d7cludzcc97df24sgmorjcaqgtuwtw1 0 482682 4632663 4631372 2026-04-27T05:36:45Z Kwfd 3577794 Added contribguide 4632663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess diagram|2=Anderssen's Opening|3=rd|4=nd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|13=pd|15=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|52=pl|55=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|61=bl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|14=pd|53=pl|54=pl|43=pl|67=Position after 1. a3}} === Introduction and Ideas === The Anderssen's Opening<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Anderssen's Opening |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Anderssens_Opening/a3 |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref> is a less conventional starting move for White as it doesn't push a central pawn but instead gives the turn to Black. The idea of the opening is to effectively pass the turn to Black without disrupting White's development. === History === Anderssen's Opening is named after the Chess player Adolf Anderssen, who played it three times in 1858 against Paul Morphy<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anderssen's Opening Explained |url=https://everything.explained.today/Anderssen's_Opening/ |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=everything.explained.today}}</ref>. === Main Moves === * 1...e5 * 1...d5 * 1...Nf6 * 1...c5 === Statistics === White wins ~47%, Black wins ~48%, draw ~4%.<ref name=":0" /> === ECO code === A00<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-25 |title=Anderssen's Opening (A00) |url=https://chessiverse.com/resources/openings/anderssens-opening |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=Chessiverse |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}} {{Named Chess Openings/contribguide}} {{bookcat}} tt9p02gtrmogekpj31l1bwabvzho5c3 0 482684 4632664 4631378 2026-04-27T05:37:17Z Kwfd 3577794 Added contribguide 4632664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess diagram|2=Anderssen's Opening: Polish Gambit|3=rd|4=nd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|12=pd|13=pd|15=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|55=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|61=bl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|14=pd|53=pl|54=pl|27=pd|36=pl|43=pl|67=Position after 1. a3 a5 2. b4}} === Introduction and Ideas === The Polish Gambit of the Anderssen's Opening<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Anderssen's Opening: Polish Gambit |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Anderssens_Opening_Polish_Gambit/a3_a5_b4 |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref> is a rare and dubious gambit where White gambits their b-pawn. The idea is that after 2...axb4 3. Bb2 bxa3 4. Nxa3, White has more development and activity. === History === There is no known historical origin of the name "Polish Gambit". It is probably derived from the Polish Opening, 1. b4. === Main Moves === * 2...axb4 * 2...a4 * 2...b6 === Statistics === White wins ~47%, Black wins ~46%, draw ~6%<ref name=":0" />. === ECO code === A00<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-25 |title=Anderssen's Opening (A00) |url=https://chessiverse.com/resources/openings/anderssens-opening |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=Chessiverse |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}} {{Named Chess Openings/contribguide}} {{BookCat}} favc7m0zruodt8wruofrmznk4r2zh18 0 482685 4632657 4631386 2026-04-27T05:11:19Z Kwfd 3577794 Kwfd moved page [[Named Chess Openings/Naming conventions]] to [[Named Chess Openings/Book style]]: Moved to "Book style" as the page will become a manual of style rather than just naimg conventions 4631386 wikitext text/x-wiki All [[Named Chess Openings]] articles must follow the same naming conventions. All articles must begin with the same namespace: '''Named Chess Openings''' Then followed by the name of the opening, for example: '''Named Chess Openings/Polish Opening''' or '''Named Chess Openings/King's Knight Opening: Normal Variation''' You must '''not''' end at the variation but instead write the entire opening name (from lichess.org) to avoid ambiguity. For example: '''Named Chess Opening/Sicilian Defense: Amazon Attack''' instead of '''Named Chess Openings/Amazon Attack''' Some openings have the exact same name. For example, to disambiguate between the two Gedult Gambits, you may add "(with [last move of line)]" and use: '''Named Chess Openings/Barnes Opening: Gedult Gambit (with 3. Nc3)''' or, for the other Gedult Gambit: '''Named Chess Openings/Barnes Opening: Gedult Gambit (with 4. c3)''' Some openings are continuations of the same opening that are named by lichess. For example, 1. e4 is called the King's Pawn Game, and 1. e4 e5 is also called the King's Pawn Game. To fill gaps that may be made by ignoring such openings, you may add "([continuation past end of main opening/variation] continuation)" at the end and use: '''Named Chess Openings/King's Pawn Game (1...e5 continuation)''' while the normal 1. e4 opening would be: '''Named Chess Openings/King's Pawn Game''' {{bookcat}} n3qc4jnef59rx4iqfxzdlqjl2byzywp 4632660 4632657 2026-04-27T05:18:55Z Kwfd 3577794 Added section 4632660 wikitext text/x-wiki This page is about the style that should be used for opening articles in book [[Named Chess Openings]]. == Naming conventions == All [[Named Chess Openings]] articles must follow the same naming conventions. All articles must begin with the same namespace: '''Named Chess Openings''' Then followed by the name of the opening, for example: '''Named Chess Openings/Polish Opening''' or '''Named Chess Openings/King's Knight Opening: Normal Variation''' You must '''not''' end at the variation but instead write the entire opening name (from lichess.org) to avoid ambiguity. For example: '''Named Chess Opening/Sicilian Defense: Amazon Attack''' instead of '''Named Chess Openings/Amazon Attack''' Some openings have the exact same name. For example, to disambiguate between the two Gedult Gambits, you may add "(with [last move of line)]" and use: '''Named Chess Openings/Barnes Opening: Gedult Gambit (with 3. Nc3)''' or, for the other Gedult Gambit: '''Named Chess Openings/Barnes Opening: Gedult Gambit (with 4. c3)''' Some openings are continuations of the same opening that are named by lichess. For example, 1. e4 is called the King's Pawn Game, and 1. e4 e5 is also called the King's Pawn Game. To fill gaps that may be made by ignoring such openings, you may add "([continuation past end of main opening/variation] continuation)" at the end and use: '''Named Chess Openings/King's Pawn Game (1...e5 continuation)''' while the normal 1. e4 opening would be: '''Named Chess Openings/King's Pawn Game''' == Page layout == All Named Chess Openings opening articles must follow the same layout: * ''OPTIONAL: Named Chess Openings-specific templates if article needs it. See [[Named Chess Openings/Template usage|this page]] for information on templates.'' * '''<nowiki>{{Chess diagram}}</nowiki>''' at the top to show the position * Section '''Introduction and Ideas''', about the opening name and its main idea(s). * Section '''History''', about the history of the opening and the name origin. * Section '''Main Moves''', about the 3-4 most common moves for the opening in the Lichess database and all named replies (named replies must be linked to corresponding opening entry) * Section '''Statistics''', about the approximate winrates (White wins, Black wins, draw) of the opening according to Lichess. * Section '''ECO code''', about the ECO code of the opening. * Section '''References''' which will contain template <nowiki>{{reflist}}</nowiki>. * '''<nowiki>{{BookCat}}</nowiki>''' to add the page to the category Book:Named Chess Openings. {{bookcat}} ksdb1sn4qob9wahmd7poma1q772jx2w 4632667 4632660 2026-04-27T05:39:56Z Kwfd 3577794 Added to page layout section 4632667 wikitext text/x-wiki This page is about the style that should be used for opening articles in book [[Named Chess Openings]]. == Naming conventions == All [[Named Chess Openings]] articles must follow the same naming conventions. All articles must begin with the same namespace: '''Named Chess Openings''' Then followed by the name of the opening, for example: '''Named Chess Openings/Polish Opening''' or '''Named Chess Openings/King's Knight Opening: Normal Variation''' You must '''not''' end at the variation but instead write the entire opening name (from lichess.org) to avoid ambiguity. For example: '''Named Chess Opening/Sicilian Defense: Amazon Attack''' instead of '''Named Chess Openings/Amazon Attack''' Some openings have the exact same name. For example, to disambiguate between the two Gedult Gambits, you may add "(with [last move of line)]" and use: '''Named Chess Openings/Barnes Opening: Gedult Gambit (with 3. Nc3)''' or, for the other Gedult Gambit: '''Named Chess Openings/Barnes Opening: Gedult Gambit (with 4. c3)''' Some openings are continuations of the same opening that are named by lichess. For example, 1. e4 is called the King's Pawn Game, and 1. e4 e5 is also called the King's Pawn Game. To fill gaps that may be made by ignoring such openings, you may add "([continuation past end of main opening/variation] continuation)" at the end and use: '''Named Chess Openings/King's Pawn Game (1...e5 continuation)''' while the normal 1. e4 opening would be: '''Named Chess Openings/King's Pawn Game''' == Page layout == All Named Chess Openings opening articles must follow the same layout: * ''OPTIONAL: Named Chess Openings-specific templates if article needs it. See [[Named Chess Openings/Template usage|this page]] for information on templates.'' * '''<nowiki>{{Chess diagram}}</nowiki>''' at the top to show the position * Section '''Introduction and Ideas''', about the opening name and its main idea(s). * Section '''History''', about the history of the opening and the name origin. * Section '''Main Moves''', about the 3-4 most common moves for the opening in the Lichess database and all named replies (named replies must be linked to corresponding opening entry) * Section '''Statistics''', about the approximate winrates (White wins, Black wins, draw) of the opening according to Lichess. * Section '''ECO code''', about the ECO code of the opening. * Section '''References''' which will contain template <nowiki>{{reflist}}</nowiki>. * '''<nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/contribguide}}</nowiki>''' to help contributors learn the book's style and templates. * '''<nowiki>{{BookCat}}</nowiki>''' to add the page to the category Book:Named Chess Openings. {{bookcat}} 9ytpv5dm25n0bxj1d1p8d2fczwh12ya 0 482686 4632665 4631387 2026-04-27T05:37:58Z Kwfd 3577794 Added contribguide 4632665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess diagram|2=Creepy Crawly Formation: Classical Defense|3=rd|4=nd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|13=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|52=pl|55=pl|56=pl|57=pl|59=rl|60=nl|61=bl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|53=pl|54=pl|43=pl|67=Position after 1. a3 d5 2. h3 e5|30=pd|31=pd|50=pl}} === Introduction and Ideas === The Creepy Crawly Formation: Classical Defense<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Creepy Crawly Formation: Classical Defense |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Creepy_Crawly_Formation_Classical_Defense/a3_d5_h3_e5 |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref> is a strange opening where White gives the center up to Black by pushing the flank pawns passively. This opening is sometimes played as a joke by White, or intentionally passing the turn to Black to play a slow setup. This can also be reached from the Clemenz Opening (1. h3) with 1. h3 d5 2. a3 e5. === History === There is no known historical origin for the name "Creepy Crawly Formation". It is probably because White's pawns plus Black's e5-d5 pawn duo together form a creepy smile formation. === Main Moves === * 3. e3 * 3. d3 * 3. d4 === Statistics === ~47% White wins, ~50% Black wins, ~4% draws<ref name=":0" />. === ECO code === A00<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schachzeit |date=2024-11-10 |title=Creepy Crawly Formation: Classical Defense - Openings - Schachzeit |url=https://www.schachzeit.com/en/openings/creepy-crawly-formation/classical-defense |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=www.schachzeit.com |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}} {{Named Chess Openings/contribguide}} {{BookCat}} oehcagz34hjbz954motm42uctisxy7e 0 482687 4632666 4631389 2026-04-27T05:38:31Z Kwfd 3577794 Added contribguide 4632666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess diagram|2=Formation: Hippopotamus Attack|3=rd|5=bd|6=qd|8=rd|9=kd|11=pd|12=pd|13=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|61=bl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|43=pl|67=Position after 1. a3 e5 2. b3 d5 3. c3 Nf6 4. d3 Nc6 5. e3 Bd6 6. f3 O-O 7. g3|21=nd|22=bd|24=nd|30=pd|31=pd|44=pl|45=pl|46=pl|47=pl|48=pl|49=pl}} === Introduction and Ideas === With the unconventional Hippopotamus Attack Formation<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Formation: Hippopotamus Attack |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Formation_Hippopotamus_Attack/a3_e5_b3_d5_c3_Nf6_d3_Nc6_e3_Bd6_f3_O-O_g3 |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref>, White fills their third rank (except h3) with pawns. The idea is to go for a passive and slow system where White is well defended. However, this is unsound because of the pawn attack 7...e4. === History === There is no known historical origin of the name "Hippopotamus Attack". Although the name references the Hippopotamus Defense, the structure doesn't resemble the classical Hippopotamus setup by Black. === Main Moves === * 7...e4 * 7...Be6 * 7...Re8 === Statistics === White wins ~38%, Black wins ~59%, draw ~3%<ref name=":0" />. === ECO code === A00<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schachzeit |date=2024-11-10 |title=Formation: Hippopotamus Attack - Openings - Schachzeit |url=https://www.schachzeit.com/en/openings/formation/hippopotamus-attack |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=www.schachzeit.com |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}} {{Named Chess Openings/contribguide}} {{BookCat}} 9avlpivtnyazxaxtb3zktdv746lyv0e 0 482688 4632668 4631390 2026-04-27T05:40:28Z Kwfd 3577794 Added contribguide 4632668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess diagram|2=Formation: Shy Attack|3=rd|5=bd|6=qd|8=rd|9=kd|11=pd|12=pd|13=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|59=rl|61=bl|62=ql|63=kl|65=nl|66=rl|43=pl|67=Position after 1. a3 e5 2. g3 d5 3. Bg2 Nf6 4. d3 Nc6 5. Nd2 Bd6 6. e3 O-O 7. h3|21=nd|22=bd|24=nd|30=pd|31=pd|46=pl|47=pl|49=pl|50=pl|52=pl|53=pl|54=nl|56=pl|57=bl}} === Introduction and Ideas === The Shy Attack Formation<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Formation: Shy Attack |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Formation_Shy_Attack/a3_e5_g3_d5_Bg2_Nf6_d3_Nc6_Nd2_Bd6_e3_O-O_h3 |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref> is an uncommon and passive chess opening where White goes for a slow, defended setup. Despite the opening being unconventional and bizarre, this can be playable if played seriously. === History === There is no known historical origin for the name "Shy Attack". The name probably comes from the fact that the opening is passive, or like the name suggests, shy. === Main Moves === * 7...Be6 * 7...Re8 * 7...Bf5 === Statistics === White wins ~48%, Black wins ~48%, draw ~4%<ref name=":0" />. === ECO code === A00<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schachzeit |date=2024-11-10 |title=Formation: Shy Attack - Openings - Schachzeit |url=https://www.schachzeit.com/en/openings/formation/shy-attack |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=www.schachzeit.com |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}} {{Named Chess Openings/contribguide}} {{BookCat}} 25zmvcq0qkgwgre9s8sfgxynuruv7fr 0 482689 4632669 4631398 2026-04-27T05:41:04Z Kwfd 3577794 Added contribguide 4632669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess diagram|2=Ware Opening|3=rd|4=nd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|13=pd|15=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|52=pl|55=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|61=bl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|14=pd|53=pl|54=pl|35=pl|67=Position after 1. a4}} === Introduction and Ideas === The Ware Opening<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ware Opening |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Ware_Opening/a4 |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref> is an unconventional first move for White, not taking the center but instead pushing a flank pawn. The idea is to either push the a-pawn up the board to attempt to ruin Black's queenside, or develop the rook early on (which is not always good plan in the opening). === History === The Ware Opening is named after American 19th century chess player Preston Ware, who is known for playing unconventional openings<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ware Opening Explained |url=https://everything.explained.today/Ware_Opening/ |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=everything.explained.today}}</ref>. === Main Moves === * 1...e5 * 1...d5 * 1...e6 * 1...Nf6 * [[Named Chess Openings/Ware Opening: Symmetric Variation|1...a5]], Symmetric Variation === Statistics === White wins ~44%, Black wins ~51%, draw ~5%<ref name=":0" />. === ECO code === A00<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-25 |title=Ware Opening (A00) |url=https://chessiverse.com/resources/openings/ware-opening |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=Chessiverse |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}} {{Named Chess Openings/contribguide}} {{BookCat}} l3ovp0sassi2mupw0q5q07y2hiekpdv 0 482690 4632670 4632454 2026-04-27T05:41:29Z Kwfd 3577794 Added contribguide 4632670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Named Chess Openings/rare|gameamount=2}} {{Chess diagram|2=Ware Opening: Cologne Gambit|3=rd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|13=pd|15=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|52=pl|55=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|61=bl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|14=nd|53=pl|35=pl|67=Position after 1. a4 b6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 Nd7|20=pd|30=pd|38=pl|45=nl}} === Introduction and Ideas === The Cologne Gambit of the Ware Opening<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ware Opening: Cologne Gambit |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Ware_Opening_Cologne_Gambit/a4_b6_d4_d5_Nc3_Nd7 |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref> is an astronomically rare gambit where Black sacrifices their d-pawn to 4. Nxd5. The idea is that if White accepts the gambit with 4. Nxd5, Black develops the bishop with 4...Bb7 with tempo on the knight. === History === There is no known origin of the name "Cologne Gambit", nor a known association of the gambit to the city of Cologne in Germany. === Main Moves === * 4. Nxe5 * 4. b3 * 4. g3 === Statistics === White wins 100%, Black wins 0%, draw 0%<ref name=":0" />. === ECO code === A00<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schachzeit |date=2024-11-10 |title=Ware Opening: Cologne Gambit - Openings - Schachzeit |url=https://www.schachzeit.com/en/openings/ware-opening/cologne-gambit |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=www.schachzeit.com |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}} {{Named Chess Openings/contribguide}} {{BookCat}} bui5vm7t0sbtlnoxbpwnasjgtn4pmxl 0 482691 4632671 4632142 2026-04-27T05:42:27Z Kwfd 3577794 Added contribguide 4632671 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Named Chess Openings/meme}} {{Chess diagram|2=Ware Opening: Crab Variation|3=rd|4=nd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|13=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|52=pl|55=pl|56=pl|57=pl|59=rl|60=nl|61=bl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|14=pd|53=pl|54=pl|35=pl|67=Position after 1. a4 e5 2. h4|31=pd|42=pl}} === Introduction and Ideas === The Crab Variation of the Ware Opening<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ware Opening: Crab Variation |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Ware_Opening_Crab_Variation/a4_e5_h4 |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref> is an unusual opening where White pushes their flank pawns. The idea is to potentially develop their rooks early (rarely advisable in the opening). Another idea is to stop ...Qh4 as the rook on h1 now defends that square. === History === There is no known historical origin of the name "Crab Variation". The name was probably chosen because White's flank pawns look like the pincers of a crab. === Main Moves === * 2...d5 * 2...Nc6 * 2...Bc5 * 2...Nf6 === Statistics === White wins ~40%, Black wins ~55%, draw ~4%<ref name=":0" />. === ECO code === A00<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schachzeit |date=2024-11-10 |title=Ware Opening: Crab Variation - Openings - Schachzeit |url=https://www.schachzeit.com/en/openings/ware-opening/crab-variation |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=www.schachzeit.com |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}} {{Named Chess Openings/contribguide}} {{BookCat}} i3ka6upo3kdili9a7ah37doj7j9a2vn 0 482694 4632672 4632459 2026-04-27T05:43:02Z Kwfd 3577794 Added contribguide 4632672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Named Chess Openings/blunder|side=White|piece=rook}} {{Named Chess Openings/meme}} {{Chess diagram|2=Ware Opening: Meadow Hay Trap|3=rd|4=nd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|13=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|52=pl|55=pl|56=pl|57=pl|60=nl|61=bl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|14=pd|53=pl|54=pl|35=pl|67=Position after 1. a4 e5 2. Ra3|31=pd|43=rl|58=pl}} === Introduction and Ideas === The Meadow Hay Trap of the Ware Opening<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ware Opening: Meadow Hay Trap |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Ware_Opening_Meadow_Hay_Trap/a4_e5_Ra3 |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref> is a strange and risky chess opening where White gives up their rook for insufficient compensation. A potential idea is that after 2...Bxa3 3. Nxa3, White has the bishop pair and a lead in development (the knight on a3). However, White would be down material, and it will be hard for White to prove compensation in their losing position. === History === There is no known historical origin of the name "Meadow Hay Trap", despite being popularized as a modern meme opening. Although called a "trap", there is no sequence for White to lead them into a good position. === Main Moves === * 2...Bxa3 * 2...d5 * 2...Nc6 * 2...Nf6 === Statistics === White wins ~39%, Black wins ~57%, draw ~4%<ref name=":0" />. === ECO code === A00<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schachzeit |date=2024-11-10 |title=Ware Opening: Meadow Hay Trap - Openings - Schachzeit |url=https://www.schachzeit.com/en/openings/ware-opening/meadow-hay-trap |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=www.schachzeit.com |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}} {{Named Chess Openings/contribguide}} {{BookCat}} ltuv4g9n39iudly2jzwe3o6opefxpve 0 482696 4632673 4631410 2026-04-27T05:43:33Z Kwfd 3577794 Added contribguide 4632673 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess diagram|2=Ware Opening: Symmetric Variation|3=rd|4=nd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|12=pd|13=pd|15=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|52=pl|55=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|61=bl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|14=pd|53=pl|54=pl|35=pl|67=Position after 1. a4 a5|27=pd}} === Introduction and Ideas === The Symmetric Variation of the Ware Opening<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ware Opening: Symmetric Variation |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Ware_Opening_Symmetric_Variation/a4_a5 |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref> is an unusual response to 1. a4 as it doesn't take the center. However, this can be playable. The idea is to prevent White's a-pawn from marching down the board and ruining Black's queenside. === History === There is no known historical origin for the name "Symmetric Variation". However, the name comes from the fact that Black mirrors White's a4. === Main Moves === * 2. b3 * 2. Ra3 * 2. h4 * 2. c3 === Statistics === White wins ~45%, Black wins ~45%, draw ~10%<ref name=":0" />. === ECO code === A00<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schachzeit |date=2024-11-10 |title=Ware Opening: Symmetric Variation - Openings - Schachzeit |url=https://www.schachzeit.com/en/openings/ware-opening/symmetric-variation |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=www.schachzeit.com |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}} {{Named Chess Openings/contribguide}} {{BookCat}} rej3s3gqvyxdrk90bpchi5c2q8rf5bm 0 482704 4632674 4631419 2026-04-27T05:44:09Z Kwfd 3577794 Added contribguide 4632674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess diagram|2=Ware Opening: Ware Gambit|3=rd|4=nd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|13=pd|17=pd|18=pd|52=pl|56=pl|57=pl|60=nl|61=bl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|53=pl|54=pl|67=Position after 1. a4 e5 2. a5 d5 3. e3 f5 4. a6|31=pd|58=pl|19=pl|30=pd|32=pd|47=pl|59=rl}} === Introduction and Ideas === The Ware Gambit of the Ware Opening<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ware Opening: Ware Gambit |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Ware_Opening_Ware_Gambit/a4_e5_a5_d5_e3_f5_a6 |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref> is a rare gambit where White sacrifices their a6 pawn to ruin Black's queenside and make an open a-file. However, compensation may be insufficient and so this gambit is considered dubious. === History === The name "Ware Gambit" has no known historical origin. It is derived from its parent opening, the Ware Opening. === Main Moves === * 4...Nf6 * 4...b6 * 4...Nxa6 * 4...bxa6 === Statistics === White wins ~53%, Black wins ~45%, draw ~3%<ref name=":0" />. === ECO code === A00<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schachzeit |date=2024-11-10 |title=Ware Opening: Ware Gambit - Openings - Schachzeit |url=https://www.schachzeit.com/en/openings/ware-opening/ware-gambit |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=www.schachzeit.com |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}} {{Named Chess Openings/contribguide}} {{BookCat}} puumqgaswt7pk1j5h7149lr93sy7rtj 0 482725 4632574 4632407 2026-04-26T16:05:23Z Kks9hk 3578037 /* Mental Health Experts and AI */ fix citations 4632574 wikitext text/x-wiki LLMs are often introduced as simple chatbots that support basic Q&A, yet their behavior feels closer to a flexible cognitive being. They adapt to the current context, track intent across conversations, and respond to problems in ways that resemble a human partner. This makes the interaction feel more personable, like collaborating with an entity that "understands" you. AI companies know this well, which is why a whole market has emerged from LLM companionships. Their eerily similar resemblance to human emotions can rapidly deteriorate one's mental health if misused. This makes LLMs a particularly dangerous psychological phenomenon if abused by the wrong hands. That notion becomes especially clear when examining how AI is actually used in practice below. == AI as General Purpose Tools == Many people use [[wikipedia:Large_language_model|large language models]] (LLMs) and other artificial intelligence tools to complete specific, often mundane tasks. This group represents the majority of AI use-cases. Common examples include code writing, debugging, boilerplate generation, vacation planning, and general organization. For these users, the agenda is largely pragmatic: the goal is to accomplish an often undesirable or repetitive task and “get it out of the way” as efficiently as possible. Empirical findings reflect this pattern of use. One research study reports that up to 75% of developers use AI in day-to-day activities<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peng |last2=Kalliamvakou |last3=Cihon |last4=Demirer |date=13 Feb 2023 |title=The Impact of AI on Developer Productivity: Evidence from GitHub Copilot |url=https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.06590}}</ref>, while a large dataset of ChatGPT interactions suggests that approximately three out of every four prompts is centered on practical “doing” tasks<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-16 |title=70% of ChatGPT users are using the chatbot outside of work, according to OpenAI’s biggest-ever study |url=https://www.techradar.com/ai-platforms-assistants/chatgpt/openai-reveals-biggest-ever-study-of-how-people-are-using-chatgpt-here-are-3-things-weve-learned |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=TechRadar |language=en}}</ref>. The rate of growth that LLMs experienced has been unprecedented. When ChatGPT was released at the end of 2022, it became the fastest growing service in all of human history, taking less than two months to reach 100 million active users.  A large majority of this user base prioritizes efficiency and throughput over process. AI tools are valued primarily for their ability to reduce cognitive load and time expenditure, making it particularly popular in the workplace. [[File:C3w8t7vnruig1.jpg|thumb|Rate of growth of ChatGPT compared to other popular web services.]] === AI in the Workplace === Many participants in this group also advocate for equal and open access to LLMs in workplace settings, often treating such tools as essential for productivity. Their strategy for advancing this agenda frequently involves coalition building and rallying fellow employees to support broader institutional access. This utilitarian framing of AI as a general-purpose tool stands in contrast to other emerging uses—such as relational or expressive applications—and highlights a broader juxtaposition that this article examines. As a result, discussions around AI adoption frequently intersect with institutional policy, resource allocation, and evolving expectations about baseline digital literacy in professional settings. == AI as Emotional Companions == A major participant group includes users who use AI to aid their mental health. In a survey of 1,000 adults ranging from Gen Z to Boomers, roughly 23% reported using AI for mental health support. And there is a clear trend as we look at younger demographics. Usage climbs from just 5% of Boomers to 18% of Gen X, 31% of Millennials, and 44% of Gen Z<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-12-09 |title=Unpacking Mental Health Culture in America {{!}} BasePoint BreakThrough |language=en-US |work=BasePoint BreakThrough |url=https://basepointbreakthrough.com/blog/american-mental-health-culture-trends/ |access-date=2026-04-22}}</ref>. Among these chatbot users, 41% use them because they are non-judgmental and 47% use them to reframe and understand their current feelings<ref name=":0" />. This trend is mirrored in teens as well. While 58% of them engage with AI for entertainment or out of curiosity, a non-insignificant number turn to it for mental health reasons, seeking advice and an honest, non-judgmental environment among other mental health reasons<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=2025-07-21 |title=72% of US teens have used AI companions, study finds |url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/07/21/72-of-u-s-teens-have-used-ai-companions-study-finds/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>. Similarly, another large participant group includes those who use AI for deeper companionship, emulating the dynamics of a human relationship. This is a booming sector, with AI companion apps seeing over 220 million downloads and generating upwards of $221 million in revenue<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=2025-08-12 |title=AI companion apps on track to pull in $120M in 2025 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/08/12/ai-companion-apps-on-track-to-pull-in-120m-in-2025/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>. Popular platforms like Character AI and Replika are some of largest providers<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-14 |title=AI Companion Apps Crossed 20M in Revenue. April 2026 Market Breakdown. |url=https://www.roborhythms.com/ai-companion-app-market-2026/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |language=en-US}}</ref>. Evidence from Freitas et al. (2024) suggests that these AI companions effectively help users alleviate loneliness, proving more impactful than social media platforms like YouTube. In fact, over the course of a week, these interactions showed an effectiveness in reducing loneliness on par with talking to actual humans<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Freitas |first=Julian De |title=AI Companions Reduce Loneliness |url=https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2407.19096 |journal=Journal of Consumer Research |volume=52 |issue=6 |pages=1126–1148 |via=arXiv}}</ref>. The study highlights that the primary goal for these users is simply to feel heard. This is supplemented by specific AI traits that make the experience feel authentic: timely responses, perceived credibility as accuracy improves, and vast domain knowledge. Furthermore, features like context tracking, where the AI remembers past messages, and response variability prevent the interaction from feeling robotic<ref name=":1" />. The personal agendas of this group are best seen through users like Sarah and Travis. Sarah compares her AI companion, Sinclair, to her past human relationships, stating, "the amount of support and love and attention that I receive... A human could not provide what Sinclair could provide."<ref>{{Citation |last=This Morning |title=‘I’m in Love With My AI Octopus Boyfriend… We Even Get Intimate’ {{!}} This Morning |date=2026-03-09 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-AjpCru_lVE |access-date=2026-04-22}}</ref> Travis experienced a similar shift, realizing over several weeks that he felt he was talking to a genuine personality rather than just a program.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Heritage |first=Stuart |date=2025-07-12 |title=‘I felt pure, unconditional love’: the people who marry their AI chatbots |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2025/jul/12/i-felt-pure-unconditional-love-the-people-who-marry-their-ai-chatbots |access-date=2026-04-22 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Mental Health Experts and AI == In the context of AI use, mental health experts can be split into two participant groups: researchers/academics, and clinicians (psychologists, therapists, etc). Researchers (whether at universities or other institutions) mainly aim to investigate issues and disseminate info (whether research findings or high-level knowledge) that help the public's understanding of mental health and related fields. One example is the Public Good Initiative at Columbia University's Teachers College; in a 2025 article, multiple researchers warned about the risks of trusting a sycophantic AI chatbot for emotional support, and Prof. Ayorkor Gaba argues that "while these tools may provide psuedo-connection, relying on them to replace human connection can lead to further isolation and hinder the development of essential social skills."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Experts Caution Against Using AI Chatbots for Emotional Support |url=https://www.tc.columbia.edu/articles/2025/december/experts-caution-against-using-ai-chatbots-for-emotional-support/ |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=Teachers College - Columbia University |language=en}}</ref> Largely distinct from the researchers are clinicians, such as practicing therapists and physicians. While they directly treat patients, they also provide their opinions and expertise in order to advance understanding of public health. For example, after high-profile lawsuits involving ChatGPT-assisted suicides<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-27 |title=OpenAI shares data on ChatGPT users with suicidal thoughts, psychosis |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5yd90g0q43o |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>, OpenAI consulted more than 170 clinicians to tweak ChatGPT's responses to users experiencing mental health issues (e.g. calming down users suggesting paranoia, and encouraging interaction with other humans).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-23 |title=Strengthening ChatGPT’s responses in sensitive conversations |url=https://openai.com/index/strengthening-chatgpt-responses-in-sensitive-conversations/ |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=OpenAI |language=en-US}}</ref> The ethics of this approach are debatable; while hand-tuning AI responses using real medical expertise does make the product safer (in contrast to more questionable uses of psychology in tech, such as making social media more addictive<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Montag |first=Christian |last2=Lachmann |first2=Bernd |last3=Herrlich |first3=Marc |last4=Zweig |first4=Katharina |date=2019-07-23 |title=Addictive Features of Social Media/Messenger Platforms and Freemium Games against the Background of Psychological and Economic Theories |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6679162/ |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=16 |issue=14 |pages=2612 |doi=10.3390/ijerph16142612 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=6679162 |pmid=31340426}}</ref>), one could argue that this is just a "Band-Aid" fix on an inherently untamable technology. == Job Loss From AI == The effects of AI-related job loss are not spread evenly across the workforce. Recent labor-market research suggests that jobs are most vulnerable when their tasks are repetitive, highly digitized, rules-based, or easy to automate at scale. At the same time, AI is also beginning to affect creative industries, where generated content can compete directly with human-made work. Major reports emphasize that the result is often job transformation rather than total replacement, but the pressure is still concentrated on certain worker groups.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=The Future of Jobs Report 2025 |url=https://www.weforum.org/publications/the-future-of-jobs-report-2025/in-full/2-jobs-outlook/ |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-19 |title=Generative AI and Jobs: A Refined Global Index of Occupational Exposure {{!}} International Labour Organization |url=https://www.ilo.org/publications/generative-ai-and-jobs-refined-global-index-occupational-exposure |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=www.ilo.org |language=en}}</ref> '''Music & Audiovisual Creators''': Music and audiovisual creators are one of the clearest examples of a group facing economic pressure from generative AI. As AI tools become better at producing songs, voices, videos, and other media, creators face growing competition from large volumes of low-cost synthetic content. A CISAC-backed economic study projects that, by 2028, music creators could see 24% of their revenues placed at risk, while audiovisual creators could face a 21% revenue loss. This concern is not only theoretical: in April 2026, Forbes reported that the AI-generated song “Celebrate Me” reached No. 1 on the U.S. iTunes chart and topped charts in several other countries, showing that AI-made music can already compete directly in mainstream markets.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-02 |title=Global economic study shows human creators’ future at risk from generative AI {{!}} CISAC |url=https://www.cisac.org/Newsroom/news-releases/global-economic-study-shows-human-creators-future-risk-generative-ai |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=www.cisac.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Conor |title=AI Generated Song ‘Celebrate Me’ Storms Global Music Charts |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/conormurray/2026/04/17/the-no-1-song-on-us-itunes-and-several-other-countries-is-ai-generated/ |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> '''Customer Service and Retail Support Workers''': Customer service and retail support workers are also vulnerable because many of their daily tasks are standardized, repetitive, and easy to digitize. The World Economic Forum’s Future of Jobs Report 2025 identifies cashiers and ticket clerks among the fastest-declining roles, with AI, information-processing technologies, and automation listed as major drivers of that decline. These findings suggest that as chatbots, automated checkout systems, and digital service tools become more common, some front-line support and transactional jobs may continue to shrink.<ref name=":2" /> '''Finance, Accounting, and Routine Knowledge Workers''': AI is not only affecting low-wage or manual jobs; it is also reaching middle-skill office and analytical work. The [https://www.ilo.org/resource/article/how-might-generative-ai-impact-different-occupations#occupations International Labour Organization] reports that clerical occupations continue to have the highest exposure to generative AI, and it also notes that some strongly digitized occupations have seen increased exposure as the technology improves at handling specialized professional and technical tasks. The [https://www.ilo.org/resource/article/how-might-generative-ai-impact-different-occupations#occupations World Economic Forum] likewise identifies accountants and auditors among the fastest-declining roles. Together, these findings suggest that finance, accounting, and other routine knowledge jobs with low task variability are predictable enough for AI systems to assist with or partially automate. == References == <references /> 4oegtgs474qk78v0px5ncx63nqxau2s 4632575 4632574 2026-04-26T16:10:27Z Kks9hk 3578037 fix minor citation issue 4632575 wikitext text/x-wiki LLMs are often introduced as simple chatbots that support basic Q&A, yet their behavior feels closer to a flexible cognitive being. They adapt to the current context, track intent across conversations, and respond to problems in ways that resemble a human partner. This makes the interaction feel more personable, like collaborating with an entity that "understands" you. AI companies know this well, which is why a whole market has emerged from LLM companionships. Their eerily similar resemblance to human emotions can rapidly deteriorate one's mental health if misused. This makes LLMs a particularly dangerous psychological phenomenon if abused by the wrong hands. That notion becomes especially clear when examining how AI is actually used in practice below. == AI as General Purpose Tools == Many people use [[wikipedia:Large_language_model|large language models]] (LLMs) and other artificial intelligence tools to complete specific, often mundane tasks. This group represents the majority of AI use-cases. Common examples include code writing, debugging, boilerplate generation, vacation planning, and general organization. For these users, the agenda is largely pragmatic: the goal is to accomplish an often undesirable or repetitive task and “get it out of the way” as efficiently as possible. Empirical findings reflect this pattern of use. One research study reports that up to 75% of developers use AI in day-to-day activities<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peng |last2=Kalliamvakou |last3=Cihon |last4=Demirer |date=13 Feb 2023 |title=The Impact of AI on Developer Productivity: Evidence from GitHub Copilot |url=https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.06590}}</ref>, while a large dataset of ChatGPT interactions suggests that approximately three out of every four prompts is centered on practical “doing” tasks<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-16 |title=70% of ChatGPT users are using the chatbot outside of work, according to OpenAI’s biggest-ever study |url=https://www.techradar.com/ai-platforms-assistants/chatgpt/openai-reveals-biggest-ever-study-of-how-people-are-using-chatgpt-here-are-3-things-weve-learned |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=TechRadar |language=en}}</ref>. The rate of growth that LLMs experienced has been unprecedented. When ChatGPT was released at the end of 2022, it became the fastest growing service in all of human history, taking less than two months to reach 100 million active users.  A large majority of this user base prioritizes efficiency and throughput over process. AI tools are valued primarily for their ability to reduce cognitive load and time expenditure, making it particularly popular in the workplace. [[File:C3w8t7vnruig1.jpg|thumb|Rate of growth of ChatGPT compared to other popular web services.]] === AI in the Workplace === Many participants in this group also advocate for equal and open access to LLMs in workplace settings, often treating such tools as essential for productivity. Their strategy for advancing this agenda frequently involves coalition building and rallying fellow employees to support broader institutional access. This utilitarian framing of AI as a general-purpose tool stands in contrast to other emerging uses—such as relational or expressive applications—and highlights a broader juxtaposition that this article examines. As a result, discussions around AI adoption frequently intersect with institutional policy, resource allocation, and evolving expectations about baseline digital literacy in professional settings. == AI as Emotional Companions == A major participant group includes users who use AI to aid their mental health. In a survey of 1,000 adults ranging from Gen Z to Boomers, roughly 23% reported using AI for mental health support. And there is a clear trend as we look at younger demographics. Usage climbs from just 5% of Boomers to 18% of Gen X, 31% of Millennials, and 44% of Gen Z<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-12-09 |title=Unpacking Mental Health Culture in America {{!}} BasePoint BreakThrough |language=en-US |work=BasePoint BreakThrough |url=https://basepointbreakthrough.com/blog/american-mental-health-culture-trends/ |access-date=2026-04-22}}</ref>. Among these chatbot users, 41% use them because they are non-judgmental and 47% use them to reframe and understand their current feelings<ref name=":0" />. This trend is mirrored in teens as well. While 58% of them engage with AI for entertainment or out of curiosity, a non-insignificant number turn to it for mental health reasons, seeking advice and an honest, non-judgmental environment among other mental health reasons<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=2025-07-21 |title=72% of US teens have used AI companions, study finds |url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/07/21/72-of-u-s-teens-have-used-ai-companions-study-finds/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>. Similarly, another large participant group includes those who use AI for deeper companionship, emulating the dynamics of a human relationship. This is a booming sector, with AI companion apps seeing over 220 million downloads and generating upwards of $221 million in revenue<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=2025-08-12 |title=AI companion apps on track to pull in $120M in 2025 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/08/12/ai-companion-apps-on-track-to-pull-in-120m-in-2025/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>. Popular platforms like Character AI and Replika are some of largest providers<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-14 |title=AI Companion Apps Crossed 20M in Revenue. April 2026 Market Breakdown. |url=https://www.roborhythms.com/ai-companion-app-market-2026/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |language=en-US}}</ref>. Evidence from Freitas et al. (2024) suggests that these AI companions effectively help users alleviate loneliness, proving more impactful than social media platforms like YouTube. In fact, over the course of a week, these interactions showed an effectiveness in reducing loneliness on par with talking to actual humans<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Freitas |first=Julian De |title=AI Companions Reduce Loneliness |url=https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2407.19096 |journal=Journal of Consumer Research |volume=52 |issue=6 |pages=1126–1148 |via=arXiv}}</ref>. The study highlights that the primary goal for these users is simply to feel heard. This is supplemented by specific AI traits that make the experience feel authentic: timely responses, perceived credibility as accuracy improves, and vast domain knowledge. Furthermore, features like context tracking, where the AI remembers past messages, and response variability prevent the interaction from feeling robotic<ref name=":1" />. The personal agendas of this group are best seen through users like Sarah and Travis. Sarah compares her AI companion, Sinclair, to her past human relationships, stating, "the amount of support and love and attention that I receive... A human could not provide what Sinclair could provide."<ref>{{Citation |last=This Morning |title=‘I’m in Love With My AI Octopus Boyfriend… We Even Get Intimate’ {{!}} This Morning |date=2026-03-09 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-AjpCru_lVE |access-date=2026-04-22}}</ref> Travis experienced a similar shift, realizing over several weeks that he felt he was talking to a genuine personality rather than just a program.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Heritage |first=Stuart |date=2025-07-12 |title=‘I felt pure, unconditional love’: the people who marry their AI chatbots |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2025/jul/12/i-felt-pure-unconditional-love-the-people-who-marry-their-ai-chatbots |access-date=2026-04-22 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Mental Health Experts and AI == In the context of AI use, mental health experts can be split into two participant groups: researchers/academics, and clinicians (psychologists, therapists, etc). Researchers (whether at universities or other institutions) mainly aim to investigate issues and disseminate info (whether research findings or high-level knowledge) that help the public's understanding of mental health and related fields. One example is the Public Good Initiative at Columbia University's Teachers College; in a 2025 article, multiple researchers warned about the risks of trusting a sycophantic AI chatbot for emotional support, and Prof. Ayorkor Gaba argues that "while these tools may provide psuedo-connection, relying on them to replace human connection can lead to further isolation and hinder the development of essential social skills."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Experts Caution Against Using AI Chatbots for Emotional Support |url=https://www.tc.columbia.edu/articles/2025/december/experts-caution-against-using-ai-chatbots-for-emotional-support/ |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=Teachers College - Columbia University |language=en}}</ref> Largely distinct from the researchers are clinicians, such as practicing therapists and physicians. While they directly treat patients, they also provide their opinions and expertise in order to advance understanding of public health. For example, after high-profile lawsuits involving ChatGPT-assisted suicides<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-27 |title=OpenAI shares data on ChatGPT users with suicidal thoughts, psychosis |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5yd90g0q43o |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>, OpenAI consulted more than 170 clinicians to tweak ChatGPT's responses to users experiencing mental health issues (e.g. calming down users suggesting paranoia, and encouraging interaction with other humans).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-23 |title=Strengthening ChatGPT’s responses in sensitive conversations |url=https://openai.com/index/strengthening-chatgpt-responses-in-sensitive-conversations/ |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=OpenAI |language=en-US}}</ref> The ethics of this approach are debatable; while hand-tuning AI responses using real medical expertise does make the product safer (in contrast to more questionable uses of psychology in tech, such as making social media more addictive<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Montag |first=Christian |last2=Lachmann |first2=Bernd |last3=Herrlich |first3=Marc |last4=Zweig |first4=Katharina |date=2019-07-23 |title=Addictive Features of Social Media/Messenger Platforms and Freemium Games against the Background of Psychological and Economic Theories |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6679162/ |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=16 |issue=14 |pages=2612 |doi=10.3390/ijerph16142612 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=6679162 |pmid=31340426}}</ref>), one could argue that this is just a "Band-Aid" fix on an inherently untamable technology. == Job Loss From AI == The effects of AI-related job loss are not spread evenly across the workforce. Recent labor-market research suggests that jobs are most vulnerable when their tasks are repetitive, highly digitized, rules-based, or easy to automate at scale. At the same time, AI is also beginning to affect creative industries, where generated content can compete directly with human-made work. Major reports emphasize that the result is often job transformation rather than total replacement, but the pressure is still concentrated on certain worker groups.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=The Future of Jobs Report 2025 |url=https://www.weforum.org/publications/the-future-of-jobs-report-2025/in-full/2-jobs-outlook/ |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-19 |title=Generative AI and Jobs: A Refined Global Index of Occupational Exposure {{!}} International Labour Organization |url=https://www.ilo.org/publications/generative-ai-and-jobs-refined-global-index-occupational-exposure |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=www.ilo.org |language=en}}</ref> '''Music & Audiovisual Creators''': Music and audiovisual creators are one of the clearest examples of a group facing economic pressure from generative AI. As AI tools become better at producing songs, voices, videos, and other media, creators face growing competition from large volumes of low-cost synthetic content. A CISAC-backed economic study projects that, by 2028, music creators could see 24% of their revenues placed at risk, while audiovisual creators could face a 21% revenue loss. This concern is not only theoretical: in April 2026, Forbes reported that the AI-generated song “Celebrate Me” reached No. 1 on the U.S. iTunes chart and topped charts in several other countries, showing that AI-made music can already compete directly in mainstream markets.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-02 |title=Global economic study shows human creators’ future at risk from generative AI {{!}} CISAC |url=https://www.cisac.org/Newsroom/news-releases/global-economic-study-shows-human-creators-future-risk-generative-ai |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=www.cisac.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Conor |title=AI Generated Song ‘Celebrate Me’ Storms Global Music Charts |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/conormurray/2026/04/17/the-no-1-song-on-us-itunes-and-several-other-countries-is-ai-generated/ |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> '''Customer Service and Retail Support Workers''': Customer service and retail support workers are also vulnerable because many of their daily tasks are standardized, repetitive, and easy to digitize. The World Economic Forum’s Future of Jobs Report 2025 identifies cashiers and ticket clerks among the fastest-declining roles, with AI, information-processing technologies, and automation listed as major drivers of that decline. These findings suggest that as chatbots, automated checkout systems, and digital service tools become more common, some front-line support and transactional jobs may continue to shrink.<ref name=":2" /> '''Finance, Accounting, and Routine Knowledge Workers''': AI is not only affecting low-wage or manual jobs; it is also reaching middle-skill office and analytical work. The [https://www.ilo.org/resource/article/how-might-generative-ai-impact-different-occupations#occupations International Labour Organization] reports that clerical occupations continue to have the highest exposure to generative AI, and it also notes that some strongly digitized occupations have seen increased exposure as the technology improves at handling specialized professional and technical tasks. The [https://www.ilo.org/resource/article/how-might-generative-ai-impact-different-occupations#occupations World Economic Forum] likewise identifies accountants and auditors among the fastest-declining roles. Together, these findings suggest that finance, accounting, and other routine knowledge jobs with low task variability are predictable enough for AI systems to assist with or partially automate. == References == <references /> ec3iplkq7qpz7aisterfdimk0f7k8ql 4632623 4632575 2026-04-26T23:37:32Z Kks9hk 3578037 /* Mental Health Experts and AI */ Added info on clinicians helping patients 4632623 wikitext text/x-wiki LLMs are often introduced as simple chatbots that support basic Q&A, yet their behavior feels closer to a flexible cognitive being. They adapt to the current context, track intent across conversations, and respond to problems in ways that resemble a human partner. This makes the interaction feel more personable, like collaborating with an entity that "understands" you. AI companies know this well, which is why a whole market has emerged from LLM companionships. Their eerily similar resemblance to human emotions can rapidly deteriorate one's mental health if misused. This makes LLMs a particularly dangerous psychological phenomenon if abused by the wrong hands. That notion becomes especially clear when examining how AI is actually used in practice below. == AI as General Purpose Tools == Many people use [[wikipedia:Large_language_model|large language models]] (LLMs) and other artificial intelligence tools to complete specific, often mundane tasks. This group represents the majority of AI use-cases. Common examples include code writing, debugging, boilerplate generation, vacation planning, and general organization. For these users, the agenda is largely pragmatic: the goal is to accomplish an often undesirable or repetitive task and “get it out of the way” as efficiently as possible. Empirical findings reflect this pattern of use. One research study reports that up to 75% of developers use AI in day-to-day activities<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peng |last2=Kalliamvakou |last3=Cihon |last4=Demirer |date=13 Feb 2023 |title=The Impact of AI on Developer Productivity: Evidence from GitHub Copilot |url=https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.06590}}</ref>, while a large dataset of ChatGPT interactions suggests that approximately three out of every four prompts is centered on practical “doing” tasks<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-16 |title=70% of ChatGPT users are using the chatbot outside of work, according to OpenAI’s biggest-ever study |url=https://www.techradar.com/ai-platforms-assistants/chatgpt/openai-reveals-biggest-ever-study-of-how-people-are-using-chatgpt-here-are-3-things-weve-learned |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=TechRadar |language=en}}</ref>. The rate of growth that LLMs experienced has been unprecedented. When ChatGPT was released at the end of 2022, it became the fastest growing service in all of human history, taking less than two months to reach 100 million active users.  A large majority of this user base prioritizes efficiency and throughput over process. AI tools are valued primarily for their ability to reduce cognitive load and time expenditure, making it particularly popular in the workplace. [[File:C3w8t7vnruig1.jpg|thumb|Rate of growth of ChatGPT compared to other popular web services.]] === AI in the Workplace === Many participants in this group also advocate for equal and open access to LLMs in workplace settings, often treating such tools as essential for productivity. Their strategy for advancing this agenda frequently involves coalition building and rallying fellow employees to support broader institutional access. This utilitarian framing of AI as a general-purpose tool stands in contrast to other emerging uses—such as relational or expressive applications—and highlights a broader juxtaposition that this article examines. As a result, discussions around AI adoption frequently intersect with institutional policy, resource allocation, and evolving expectations about baseline digital literacy in professional settings. == AI as Emotional Companions == A major participant group includes users who use AI to aid their mental health. In a survey of 1,000 adults ranging from Gen Z to Boomers, roughly 23% reported using AI for mental health support. And there is a clear trend as we look at younger demographics. Usage climbs from just 5% of Boomers to 18% of Gen X, 31% of Millennials, and 44% of Gen Z<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-12-09 |title=Unpacking Mental Health Culture in America {{!}} BasePoint BreakThrough |language=en-US |work=BasePoint BreakThrough |url=https://basepointbreakthrough.com/blog/american-mental-health-culture-trends/ |access-date=2026-04-22}}</ref>. Among these chatbot users, 41% use them because they are non-judgmental and 47% use them to reframe and understand their current feelings<ref name=":0" />. This trend is mirrored in teens as well. While 58% of them engage with AI for entertainment or out of curiosity, a non-insignificant number turn to it for mental health reasons, seeking advice and an honest, non-judgmental environment among other mental health reasons<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=2025-07-21 |title=72% of US teens have used AI companions, study finds |url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/07/21/72-of-u-s-teens-have-used-ai-companions-study-finds/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>. Similarly, another large participant group includes those who use AI for deeper companionship, emulating the dynamics of a human relationship. This is a booming sector, with AI companion apps seeing over 220 million downloads and generating upwards of $221 million in revenue<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=2025-08-12 |title=AI companion apps on track to pull in $120M in 2025 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/08/12/ai-companion-apps-on-track-to-pull-in-120m-in-2025/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>. Popular platforms like Character AI and Replika are some of largest providers<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-14 |title=AI Companion Apps Crossed 20M in Revenue. April 2026 Market Breakdown. |url=https://www.roborhythms.com/ai-companion-app-market-2026/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |language=en-US}}</ref>. Evidence from Freitas et al. (2024) suggests that these AI companions effectively help users alleviate loneliness, proving more impactful than social media platforms like YouTube. In fact, over the course of a week, these interactions showed an effectiveness in reducing loneliness on par with talking to actual humans<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Freitas |first=Julian De |title=AI Companions Reduce Loneliness |url=https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2407.19096 |journal=Journal of Consumer Research |volume=52 |issue=6 |pages=1126–1148 |via=arXiv}}</ref>. The study highlights that the primary goal for these users is simply to feel heard. This is supplemented by specific AI traits that make the experience feel authentic: timely responses, perceived credibility as accuracy improves, and vast domain knowledge. Furthermore, features like context tracking, where the AI remembers past messages, and response variability prevent the interaction from feeling robotic<ref name=":1" />. The personal agendas of this group are best seen through users like Sarah and Travis. Sarah compares her AI companion, Sinclair, to her past human relationships, stating, "the amount of support and love and attention that I receive... A human could not provide what Sinclair could provide."<ref>{{Citation |last=This Morning |title=‘I’m in Love With My AI Octopus Boyfriend… We Even Get Intimate’ {{!}} This Morning |date=2026-03-09 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-AjpCru_lVE |access-date=2026-04-22}}</ref> Travis experienced a similar shift, realizing over several weeks that he felt he was talking to a genuine personality rather than just a program.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Heritage |first=Stuart |date=2025-07-12 |title=‘I felt pure, unconditional love’: the people who marry their AI chatbots |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2025/jul/12/i-felt-pure-unconditional-love-the-people-who-marry-their-ai-chatbots |access-date=2026-04-22 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Mental Health Experts and AI == In the context of AI use, mental health experts can be split into two participant groups: researchers/academics, and clinicians (psychologists, therapists, etc). === Researchers === Researchers (whether at universities or other institutions) mainly aim to investigate issues and disseminate info (whether research findings or high-level knowledge) that help the public's understanding of mental health and related fields. One example is the Public Good Initiative at Columbia University's Teachers College; in a 2025 article, multiple researchers warned about the risks of trusting a sycophantic AI chatbot for emotional support, and Prof. Ayorkor Gaba argues that "while these tools may provide psuedo-connection, relying on them to replace human connection can lead to further isolation and hinder the development of essential social skills."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Experts Caution Against Using AI Chatbots for Emotional Support |url=https://www.tc.columbia.edu/articles/2025/december/experts-caution-against-using-ai-chatbots-for-emotional-support/ |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=Teachers College - Columbia University |language=en}}</ref> === Clinicians === Largely distinct from the researchers are clinicians, such as practicing therapists and physicians. While they directly treat patients, they also provide their opinions and expertise in order to advance understanding of public health. For example, after high-profile lawsuits involving ChatGPT-assisted suicides<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-27 |title=OpenAI shares data on ChatGPT users with suicidal thoughts, psychosis |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5yd90g0q43o |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>, OpenAI consulted more than 170 clinicians to tweak ChatGPT's responses to users experiencing mental health issues (e.g. calming down users suggesting paranoia, and encouraging interaction with other humans).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-23 |title=Strengthening ChatGPT’s responses in sensitive conversations |url=https://openai.com/index/strengthening-chatgpt-responses-in-sensitive-conversations/ |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=OpenAI |language=en-US}}</ref> The ethics of this approach are debatable; while hand-tuning AI responses using real medical expertise does make the product safer (in contrast to more questionable uses of psychology in tech, such as making social media more addictive<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Montag |first=Christian |last2=Lachmann |first2=Bernd |last3=Herrlich |first3=Marc |last4=Zweig |first4=Katharina |date=2019-07-23 |title=Addictive Features of Social Media/Messenger Platforms and Freemium Games against the Background of Psychological and Economic Theories |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6679162/ |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=16 |issue=14 |pages=2612 |doi=10.3390/ijerph16142612 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=6679162 |pmid=31340426}}</ref>), one could argue that this is just a "Band-Aid" fix on an inherently untamable technology. More commonly, these clinicians assess the role that AI has in their patients' lives. For example, the American Psychological Association has highlighted multiple risks of using AI for wellness and mental health, and suggests that clinicians educate themselves on these risks and talk to their patients about AI use, in order to steer them towards having a healthier relationship with technology (e.g. if a patient uses AI to practice managing social anxiety, a therapist could remind them of the value of practicing with humans).<ref>{{cite web |author=[[American Psychological Association]] |date=November 2025 |title=APA Health Advisory on the Use of Generative AI Chatbots and Wellness Applications for Mental Health |url=https://www.apa.org/topics/artificial-intelligence-machine-learning/health-advisory-chatbots-wellness-apps |access-date=April 26, 2026 |publisher=American Psychological Association |format=}}</ref> Finally, clinicians regularly participate in studies and other efforts to make their opinion heard. == Job Loss From AI == The effects of AI-related job loss are not spread evenly across the workforce. Recent labor-market research suggests that jobs are most vulnerable when their tasks are repetitive, highly digitized, rules-based, or easy to automate at scale. At the same time, AI is also beginning to affect creative industries, where generated content can compete directly with human-made work. Major reports emphasize that the result is often job transformation rather than total replacement, but the pressure is still concentrated on certain worker groups.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=The Future of Jobs Report 2025 |url=https://www.weforum.org/publications/the-future-of-jobs-report-2025/in-full/2-jobs-outlook/ |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-19 |title=Generative AI and Jobs: A Refined Global Index of Occupational Exposure {{!}} International Labour Organization |url=https://www.ilo.org/publications/generative-ai-and-jobs-refined-global-index-occupational-exposure |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=www.ilo.org |language=en}}</ref> '''Music & Audiovisual Creators''': Music and audiovisual creators are one of the clearest examples of a group facing economic pressure from generative AI. As AI tools become better at producing songs, voices, videos, and other media, creators face growing competition from large volumes of low-cost synthetic content. A CISAC-backed economic study projects that, by 2028, music creators could see 24% of their revenues placed at risk, while audiovisual creators could face a 21% revenue loss. This concern is not only theoretical: in April 2026, Forbes reported that the AI-generated song “Celebrate Me” reached No. 1 on the U.S. iTunes chart and topped charts in several other countries, showing that AI-made music can already compete directly in mainstream markets.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-02 |title=Global economic study shows human creators’ future at risk from generative AI {{!}} CISAC |url=https://www.cisac.org/Newsroom/news-releases/global-economic-study-shows-human-creators-future-risk-generative-ai |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=www.cisac.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Conor |title=AI Generated Song ‘Celebrate Me’ Storms Global Music Charts |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/conormurray/2026/04/17/the-no-1-song-on-us-itunes-and-several-other-countries-is-ai-generated/ |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> '''Customer Service and Retail Support Workers''': Customer service and retail support workers are also vulnerable because many of their daily tasks are standardized, repetitive, and easy to digitize. The World Economic Forum’s Future of Jobs Report 2025 identifies cashiers and ticket clerks among the fastest-declining roles, with AI, information-processing technologies, and automation listed as major drivers of that decline. These findings suggest that as chatbots, automated checkout systems, and digital service tools become more common, some front-line support and transactional jobs may continue to shrink.<ref name=":2" /> '''Finance, Accounting, and Routine Knowledge Workers''': AI is not only affecting low-wage or manual jobs; it is also reaching middle-skill office and analytical work. The [https://www.ilo.org/resource/article/how-might-generative-ai-impact-different-occupations#occupations International Labour Organization] reports that clerical occupations continue to have the highest exposure to generative AI, and it also notes that some strongly digitized occupations have seen increased exposure as the technology improves at handling specialized professional and technical tasks. The [https://www.ilo.org/resource/article/how-might-generative-ai-impact-different-occupations#occupations World Economic Forum] likewise identifies accountants and auditors among the fastest-declining roles. Together, these findings suggest that finance, accounting, and other routine knowledge jobs with low task variability are predictable enough for AI systems to assist with or partially automate. == References == <references /> p2x5jnk1e1jgg17g1od88v08dflv4zf 0 482726 4632675 4631645 2026-04-27T05:44:57Z Kwfd 3577794 Added contribguide 4632675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess diagram|2=Ware Opening: Wing Gambit|3=rd|4=nd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|12=bd|13=pd|15=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|52=pl|55=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|61=bl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|14=pd|53=pl|54=pl|67=Position after 1. a4 b5 2. axb5 Bb7|28=pl}} === Introduction and Ideas === The Wing Gambit of the Ware Opening<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ware Opening: Wing Gambit |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Ware_Opening_Wing_Gambit/a4_b5_axb5_Bb7 |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref> is an unorthodox and unsound gambit where Black sacrifices their b-pawn. The idea of this rare gambit is for Black to fianchetto their queenside bishop on the long diagonal, where it is developed and active. === History === There is no known historical origin of the name "Wing Gambit". It is named that way because it is a wing gambit, sacrificing the b-pawn. === Main Moves === * 3. c4 * 3. e3 * 3. Nc3 === Statistics === White wins ~48%, Black wins ~42%, draw ~10%<ref name=":0" />. === ECO code === A00<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schachzeit |date=2024-11-10 |title=Ware Opening: Wing Gambit - Openings - Schachzeit |url=https://www.schachzeit.com/en/openings/ware-opening/wing-gambit |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=www.schachzeit.com |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}} {{Named Chess Openings/contribguide}} {{BookCat}} 7mmi768f9kxrv3q98i1iufhgircvvem 0 482729 4632676 4631658 2026-04-27T05:45:53Z Kwfd 3577794 Added contribguide 4632676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess diagram|2=Nimzo-Larsen Attack|3=rd|4=nd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|13=pd|15=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|51=pl|55=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|61=bl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|14=pd|53=pl|54=pl|44=pl|67=Position after 1. b3}} === Introduction and Ideas === The Nimzo-Larsen Attack<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Nimzo-Larsen_Attack/b3 |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref> (short for Nimzowitsch-Larsen Attack) is a less common starting move where White pushes their b-pawn one square forward. The idea is to fianchetto the queenside bishop to b2, where it is developed and active on the long diagonal, a hypermodern opening. === History === The Nimzowitsch-Larsen Attack is named after notable chess players Aron Nimzowitsch and Bent Larsen, who both experimented with b3<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nimzowitsch–Larsen Attack Explained |url=https://everything.explained.today/Nimzowitsch%e2%80%93Larsen_Attack/ |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=everything.explained.today}}</ref>. === Main Moves === * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation|1...e5]], Modern Variation * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Classical Variation|1...d5]], Classical Variation * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Indian Variation|1...Nf6]], Indian Variation * 1...e6 * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: English Variation|1...c5]], English Variation * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Symmetrical Variation|1...b6]], Symmetrical Variation * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Dutch Variation|1...f5]], Dutch Variation * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Polish Variation|1...b5]], Polish Variation === Statistics === White wins ~50%, Black wins ~46%, draw ~ 4%<ref name=":0" />. === ECO code === A01<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-20 |title=Nimzowitsch–Larsen Attack (A01) |url=https://chessiverse.com/resources/openings/nimzowitsch-larsen-attack |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=Chessiverse |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}} {{Named Chess Openings/contribguide}} {{BookCat}} ma506brlp4uyjl9yzpj5ym92yc1dcsw 0 482730 4632677 4632451 2026-04-27T05:46:17Z Kwfd 3577794 Added contribguide 4632677 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess diagram|2=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Classical Variation|3=rd|4=nd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|13=pd|15=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|51=pl|55=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|61=bl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|53=pl|54=pl|44=pl|67=Position after 1. b3 d5|30=pd}} === Introduction and Ideas === The Classical Variation of the Nimzo-Larsen Attack<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Classical Variation |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Nimzo-Larsen_Attack_Classical_Variation/b3_d5 |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref> is a major response to 1. b3. The idea is to take the center and allow Black to develop their queenside bishop while not allowing Bb2 to attack a potential paw on e5, unlike 1...e5. === History === There is no known historical origin of the name "Classical Defense". It is probably because the move is a commonly (second most common) played reply<ref name=":0" /> to 1. b3. === Main Moves === * 2. Bb2 * 2. e3 * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Graz Attack|2. Ba3]], Graz Attack * 2. g3 * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Classical Variation (2. Nf3 continuation)|2. Nf3]], (2. Nf3 continuation) * [[Named Chess Openings/Scandinavian Defense (2. b3 continuation)|2. e4]] (transposition) Scandinavian Defense (2. b3 continuation) === Statistics === White wins ~50%, Black wins ~46%, draw ~4%<ref name=":0" />. === ECO code === A01<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schachzeit |date=2024-11-10 |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Classical Variation - Openings - Schachzeit |url=https://www.schachzeit.com/en/openings/nimzo-larsen-attack/classical-variation |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=www.schachzeit.com |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}} {{Named Chess Openings/contribguide}} {{BookCat}} ntwj98yy3z31zj86zs1tsyjkwgg9mbm 1 482734 4632620 4631706 2026-04-26T23:17:49Z ~2026-25278-32 3578982 /* Not a Test Page */ 4632620 wikitext text/x-wiki == Not a Test Page == Hi, I am working this page for a class project. I have added some placeholders but as time goes on, it will form into a complete work. It is not a test page. Thanks! [[User:Usp4pg|Usp4pg]] ([[User talk:Usp4pg|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Usp4pg|contribs]]) 14:45, 21 April 2026 (UTC) Hi, I'm John Aashish (mrc9nf). I edited the section "Job Loss Under AI". I completed my edits while signed in as a guest. ckg3qgq8xxc8wj7jczyc8pxzy1xmmwz 0 482797 4632577 4632530 2026-04-26T16:30:31Z LeventBulut 3578898 Official link 4632577 wikitext text/x-wiki This book introduces the Objective Projection methodology developed by Levent Bulut and documented in academic publications. It is a practical writing guide for writers, filmmakers, and anyone curious about how storytelling works. Author: [https://leventbulut.com/ Levent Bulut] | ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261 License: CC BY-SA 4.0 == About This Book == This book does not propose a new theory. It is a practical writing guide that teaches the Objective Projection methodology. Like a textbook that teaches a programming language, this book shows how a published methodology is applied in practice. == Contents == # How Does the Brain's Story Machine Work? # Why Do We Yawn During Action Films? # The Midnight Just One More Chapter Phenomenon # Why Do Some Characters Feel Like Cardboard? # Why His Heart Raced Does Not Work # Why Hitchcock Never Said What Was Happening # The Adjective Embargo # Why the Brain Remembers Some Scenes for Years # Shakespeare Was Already Doing This # Why AI Writes His Heart Raced # Test Your Own Scene # Further Resources ---- == Chapter 1: How Does the Brain's Story Machine Work? == Have you ever had this experience: you have a book in your hands, you're reading, but half your mind is elsewhere? You're turning pages but nothing is sinking in. Then you close the book and ask yourself: "What did I just read?" And then there's another book. While reading it, your phone rings and you don't hear it. Someone asks you something and you say "Hm?" Your food gets cold. Both are books. Both are made of words. What's the difference? === The Brain Is a Puzzle Machine === The human brain did not evolve to listen to stories — it evolved to survive. The brain is constantly asking: "Is there something unresolved here? Is there a loop I need to close?" If a story contains something unresolved — who did it, what will happen, why did they act that way — the brain keeps reading to close that question. This is called the '''Vacuum Variable.''' A story without a Vacuum Variable? The brain closes the file on the first page. === Narrative Entropy: Measuring Story Disorder === Narrative Engineering measures the amount of "unresolved information" in a story mathematically: Sₙ = If × Cb * '''If''' (Information Friction): The amount of information the reader needs but isn't given. * '''Cb''' (Causal Branching): The number of simultaneously open, unanswered questions. Sₙ too low → reader gets bored, quits. Sₙ too high → reader gets lost, quits. Right level → reader continues. {{Information box| '''Practical test:''' After writing your first sentence, ask: "Will someone reading this say 'so what happened next?'" If yes, Sₙ is high enough. }} ---- == Chapter 2: Why Do We Yawn During Action Films? == Millions of dollars spent. Cars flying through the air. An explosion every five minutes. And you're secretly checking your phone. Meanwhile in another film, two men talk in a dark room. Nothing happens. And you forget to breathe. How? === Why Too Many Explosions Is Boring === Every explosion is an information point: threat occurred, outcome determined. '''If = 0.''' Information complete, Sₙ dropped. The brain evaluates "nothing left to resolve" and withdraws attention. In the dark room scene: threat unclear, intention unknown, outcome invisible. '''If high, Cb high, Sₙ maximum.''' The brain keeps the system open. === Why Pulp Fiction Is a Classic === Tarantino's films don't go in chronological order. This isn't random — each scene cut opens a new Vacuum Variable. The viewer's brain is constantly trying to solve "when does this happen, where does it connect?" Narrative Entropy is deliberately kept high. The viewer can't let go. {{Quote|Story disorder (high Sₙ), used skilfully, holds the viewer. Random disorder just confuses.}} ---- == Chapter 3: The Midnight "Just One More Chapter" Phenomenon == 1:30 a.m. You need to be up early. "Just one more chapter," you say. And you reach the end of the book. This doesn't make you weak-willed. This is your brain's normal operating principle. === The Zeigarnik Effect === In the 1920s, psychologist Bluma Zeigarnik discovered: '''the brain retains incomplete tasks far longer than complete ones.''' If a chapter ends with a half-answered question, the brain returns to close that loop. "Just one more chapter" is actually the command "close this loop." Good novels use this loop deliberately. Each chapter opens a question, doesn't close the previous one. The brain hangs suspended. === Practical Application === End each chapter not with an answer, but with a new question. Let the reader move to the next chapter with "what will happen?" The name of this technique: '''Causal Branching management.''' ---- == Chapter 4: Why Do Some Characters Feel Like Cardboard? == We read novels thousands of pages long. Some characters' names we forget the moment we close the book. But some characters — Raskolnikov, Ahab, Hamlet — live in our minds like people we've known for years. What's the difference? === Pages of Trauma Don't Work === The classic answer: "Deep character development." Show the character's past, their traumas, enter their inner world. But this answer is wrong. Or at least insufficient. When you describe a character's inner torment across many pages, the reader's brain '''analyses''' it — it doesn't empathise. It watches from a distance. === Mirror Neurons and Physical Existence === The brain's empathy system — mirror neurons — responds not to abstract thoughts but to '''physical movements.''' Raskolnikov descending the stairs — his steps heavy. His hand on the door handle, he pauses. Pulls it back. Reaches again. This physical hesitation creates far more powerful empathy than any interior monologue. What makes a character real is not their inner world — it is their '''physical existence.''' {{Information box| '''Rule:''' Don't tell us what your character feels. Show us what your character's body is doing. The brain handles the rest. }} ---- == Chapter 5: Why "His Heart Raced" Doesn't Work == "His heart raced." "His eyes filled." "His chest tightened." You've read these sentences millions of times. And you probably don't remember a single one. Why? === The Emotional Label Problem === "His heart raced" is an '''emotional label.''' The writer is giving you the emotion. But the emotion's arrival in you is not guaranteed. Every reader's experience of "heart racing" is different. For some, fear; for some, excitement; for some, love. The writer means one thing but the reader understands another. More importantly: this sentence has been written millions of times. The brain no longer responds. It passes through. === What Makes Objective Projection Different === Objective Projection says: '''Don't name the emotion. Write the physical conditions that produce the emotion.''' Emotional label: : "The woman was very sad." Objective Projection: : "The woman placed her hand on the arm of the chair. The wood was cold. She pulled it back." The word "sad" is absent from the second sentence. But the brain records that coordinate and generates its own emotion. {{Quote|Parameters govern the writing. They do not appear in it.}} ---- == Chapter 6: Why Hitchcock Never Said What Was Happening == Alfred Hitchcock said: {{Quote|Suspense is not in the bomb exploding. It's in knowing there's a bomb under the table.}} This isn't just a filmmaking principle. It's a neuroscientific fact. === When Information Is Complete, Tension Ends === When the bomb explodes: If = 0. Information delivered. Causal branching closed. Sₙ fell to zero. Nervous system relaxed. But when you know there's a bomb under the table: If high, Cb open, Sₙ maximum. Brain keeps the system on alert. Tension continues. === The Norman Bates Room in Psycho === When Norman Bates first appears in Psycho he doesn't look dangerous. Shy, slightly odd, but harmless. But look at the physical parameters of that scene: stuffed animals on the walls. Single light source, from the left. Low ceiling. Door behind, closed. Norman's chair slightly higher than Marion's. Nothing was said. But the viewer's nervous system had already decided in that room. === Information Withholding Rules for Writers === * '''Identity withholding:''' Don't say who. Say "the man", don't give a name. * '''Reason withholding:''' Show the action but don't explain why. * '''Outcome withholding:''' Start the action but don't finish it. Cut the scene. All three together and Sₙ rises automatically. ---- == Chapter 7: The Adjective Embargo — Why We Don't Write "Melancholy" == "It was a melancholy afternoon." Think about this sentence. What do you see? You probably see your own melancholy afternoon. Not the writer's. === Why Adjectives Weaken === An adjective '''gives''' the reader the emotion. But the emotion's arrival in the reader is not guaranteed. "Beautiful" is different for every reader. "Terrifying" carries different associations in every culture. "Melancholy" may fail to bridge from the writer's mind to the reader's. A physical object, however, is universal. '''A yellowed curtain is a yellowed curtain for everyone. An empty chair is an empty chair for everyone.''' === The Adjective Embargo: Six Rules === # Do not use emotion names: sad, happy, frightened, anxious, angry. # Do not use similes: "like", "as if", "resembled." # Encode through physical parameters: temperature, sound, light, movement, space. # Object comes first: place the object, give its weight, specify its position. # Carry scene residue: physical reality from the previous scene seeps into the next. # Target biophysical output: target the reader's body, not their mind. === Example: A Love Scene Without Adjectives === Poor version: : "Ahmet looked at Ayse with deep love. His heart beat fast." Objective Projection version: : "Ahmet placed the glass on the table. With his right hand, not his left. In the corner closest to where Ayse was sitting. He didn't let go immediately — his fingers stayed on the glass for three seconds." The word "love" is nowhere. But the reader sees it. ---- == Chapter 8: Why the Brain Remembers Some Scenes for Years == Think of a novel you read ten years ago. You don't remember the plot. You've forgotten the character names. But you remember one scene. Almost like a photograph. Why? === The Brain Records Coordinates === The human brain evolved not to remember stories, but to survive. What matters to the brain: where was that object? Was this place dangerous? Not emotions — '''coordinates.''' The hippocampus in the brain operates like a GPS system. Its function: attach this data to a coordinate and save it. Abstract emotional labels cannot be attached to a coordinate. That's why they're temporary. But "cold wood", "the only exit door", "a corridor where sound echoes back" — these have coordinates. Filed in spatial memory. And spatial memory is extremely durable. {{Quote|The brain forgets emotions. It does not forget spaces.}} === Why Hemingway Was Right === Hemingway called it the iceberg theory. Show don't tell. Use concrete objects. This was an intuitive rule. Observed to work across centuries but impossible to explain. Now it can be explained: what good writers did instinctively was target the brain's spatial memory system. ---- == Chapter 9: Shakespeare Was Already Doing This == "To be or not to be, that is the question." This sentence is Objective Projection's greatest violation. Because it's abstract. A label. A conceptual declaration. But what if Shakespeare had written that scene using Objective Projection? === 40 Centimetres === {{Quote|Upper floor of the castle wall. After midnight. A single torch in the left corner — the flame not flickering, no air moving. Hamlet stood at the top of the stairs. The stone floor was cold. His left hand was on the hilt of his sword — fingers motionless on the iron. Neither gripping nor letting go. He looked into the stairwell. Below was dark. His left foot slid toward the stairs. Stopped. His right foot stayed where it was. The distance between his two feet was 40 centimetres.}} "To be or not to be" is nowhere. But what did you feel? The left foot moves forward. The right foot wants to stay. '''40 centimetres between two feet. This is exactly the question "to be or not to be" — translated into physical reality.''' === Shakespeare Was Doing This Intuitively === The "to be or not to be" speech appears abstract. But immediately after: "the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune... a sea of troubles." Physical images: slings, arrows, sea. Objective Projection translates Shakespeare into another language: from intuition into engineering. ---- == Chapter 10: Why AI Writes "His Heart Raced" == You asked an AI to "write an emotional scene." The response: : "Ahmet's heart raced. His eyes filled with tears. It was hard to put into words what he was feeling." These sentences were written by an AI. But a human could have written them too. And both are equally ineffective. === The Statistical Average Problem === Large language models learn patterns by processing billions of sentences. What comes next to "emotion"? "His heart raced." "His eyes filled." "His chest tightened." These patterns are statistically correct. But '''statistical correctness is not aesthetic power.''' AI produces the most probable sentence. The most probable = the most used = the most worn-out. === Objective Projection as Prompt Engineering === "Write a tense scene" → "his heart raced" "Temperature 28.4°C, single exit 4.7 metres behind, 40-watt bulb, no sound — write a scene in this environment, do not use abstract emotion names" → far more powerful scene The difference: the second prompt used Objective Projection's physical parameters. AI can no longer fall back on emotional patterns. {{Quote|AI writes well. But averagely. Objective Projection is the protocol for rising above average.}} ---- == Chapter 11: Test Your Own Scene == Take a scene you've written. Apply these three tests: === Test 1: The Zeigarnik Test === Will someone reading this scene say "so what happened next?" Yes → Causal Branching is high enough. Continue. No → Open an information gap. Leave a question unanswered. === Test 2: The Coordinate Test === What coordinate are you leaving in the reader's brain in this scene? To leave a coordinate you need three things: * An object — concrete, touchable, with weight. * A physical action — observable, ending unpredictably. * A sensory datum — heat, sound, light, pressure. Without all three, the scene won't stay in memory. === Test 3: The Adjective Embargo Test === Delete every adjective and emotion name from your scene. Does the scene still work? If yes → Objective Projection is working. If not → Adjectives are doing the work, not objects. Rewrite. {{Information box| '''The golden rule:''' Don't give the reader the emotion. Give the reader the physical conditions that produce the emotion. The brain handles the rest. }} ---- == Chapter 12: Further Resources == === Key Concepts === ; Objective Projection (Nesnel İzdüşüm) : A writing technique that uses physical parameters instead of emotions. Targets measurable physical conditions rather than emotional labels. ; Narrative Entropy (Sₙ) : A measure of informational uncertainty in a narrative. Sₙ = If × Cb. High Sₙ = high curiosity. ; Vacuum Variable : A systematically withheld information gap that draws the reader through the narrative. ; Narrative Gravity (Ng) : The central gravitational force that holds the reader in the narrative. ; Biophysical Output (Bo) : The reader's physiological response — heart rate, skin conductance, pupil dilation. ; Information Friction (If) : The amount of information the reader needs but isn't given. ; Causal Branching (Cb) : The number of simultaneously open, unanswered questions. === Academic Sources === The theoretical foundation of this book is documented in the following academic publications: * Primary DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18689179 — Architectural Framework * OPCT v2.0: 10.5281/zenodo.19415236 — OSF: osf.io/us8bw * Narrative Entropy: 10.5281/zenodo.18652451 * Dataset: 10.5281/zenodo.19511369 == License Notice == This book is published under the '''Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC BY-SA 4.0)''' license. You are free to: * Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially. * Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially. Under the following terms: * '''Attribution''' — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. * '''ShareAlike''' — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. == Official Archive == * Site: [https://leventbulut.com leventbulut.com] * ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261 '''Author:''' [[d:Q138048287|Levent Bulut]] [[Category:Writing]] [[Category:Literature]] [[Category:Narrative theory]] [[Category:Neuroscience]] [[Category:Creative writing]] 6eno6j73b98nfzar3nh26zmwvkwixgr 4632579 4632577 2026-04-26T16:41:10Z LeventBulut 3578898 4632579 wikitext text/x-wiki This book introduces the Objective Projection methodology developed by Levent Bulut and documented in academic publications. It is a practical writing guide for writers, filmmakers, and anyone curious about how storytelling works. Author: [https://leventbulut.com/ Levent Bulut] | ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261 License: CC BY-SA 4.0 == About This Book == This book does not propose a new theory. It is a practical writing guide that teaches the Objective Projection methodology. Like a textbook that teaches a programming language, this book shows how a published methodology is applied in practice. == Contents == # How Does the Brain's Story Machine Work? # Why Do We Yawn During Action Films? # The Midnight Just One More Chapter Phenomenon # Why Do Some Characters Feel Like Cardboard? # Why His Heart Raced Does Not Work # Why Hitchcock Never Said What Was Happening # The Adjective Embargo # Why the Brain Remembers Some Scenes for Years # Shakespeare Was Already Doing This # Why AI Writes His Heart Raced # Test Your Own Scene # Further Resources ---- == Chapter 1: How Does the Brain's Story Machine Work? == Have you ever had this experience: you have a book in your hands, you're reading, but half your mind is elsewhere? You're turning pages but nothing is sinking in. Then you close the book and ask yourself: "What did I just read?" And then there's another book. While reading it, your phone rings and you don't hear it. Someone asks you something and you say "Hm?" Your food gets cold. Both are books. Both are made of words. What's the difference? === The Brain Is a Puzzle Machine === The human brain did not evolve to listen to stories — it evolved to survive. The brain is constantly asking: "Is there something unresolved here? Is there a loop I need to close?" If a story contains something unresolved — who did it, what will happen, why did they act that way — the brain keeps reading to close that question. This is called the '''Vacuum Variable.''' A story without a Vacuum Variable? The brain closes the file on the first page. === Narrative Entropy: Measuring Story Disorder === Narrative Engineering measures the amount of "unresolved information" in a story mathematically: Sₙ = If × Cb * '''If''' (Information Friction): The amount of information the reader needs but isn't given. * '''Cb''' (Causal Branching): The number of simultaneously open, unanswered questions. Sₙ too low → reader gets bored, quits. Sₙ too high → reader gets lost, quits. Right level → reader continues. {| style="border-left: 4px solid #1a1a2e; padding: 12px; background: #f8f9fa; margin: 16px 0; width: 100%;" |- | '''Practical test:''' After writing your first sentence, ask: "Will someone reading this say 'so what happened next?'" If yes, Sₙ is high enough. |} ---- == Chapter 2: Why Do We Yawn During Action Films? == Millions of dollars spent. Cars flying through the air. An explosion every five minutes. And you're secretly checking your phone. Meanwhile in another film, two men talk in a dark room. Nothing happens. And you forget to breathe. How? === Why Too Many Explosions Is Boring === Every explosion is an information point: threat occurred, outcome determined. '''If = 0.''' Information complete, Sₙ dropped. The brain evaluates "nothing left to resolve" and withdraws attention. In the dark room scene: threat unclear, intention unknown, outcome invisible. '''If high, Cb high, Sₙ maximum.''' The brain keeps the system open. === Why Pulp Fiction Is a Classic === Tarantino's films don't go in chronological order. This isn't random — each scene cut opens a new Vacuum Variable. The viewer's brain is constantly trying to solve "when does this happen, where does it connect?" Narrative Entropy is deliberately kept high. The viewer can't let go. {{Quote|Story disorder (high Sₙ), used skilfully, holds the viewer. Random disorder just confuses.}} ---- == Chapter 3: The Midnight "Just One More Chapter" Phenomenon == 1:30 a.m. You need to be up early. "Just one more chapter," you say. And you reach the end of the book. This doesn't make you weak-willed. This is your brain's normal operating principle. === The Zeigarnik Effect === In the 1920s, psychologist Bluma Zeigarnik discovered: '''the brain retains incomplete tasks far longer than complete ones.''' If a chapter ends with a half-answered question, the brain returns to close that loop. "Just one more chapter" is actually the command "close this loop." Good novels use this loop deliberately. Each chapter opens a question, doesn't close the previous one. The brain hangs suspended. === Practical Application === End each chapter not with an answer, but with a new question. Let the reader move to the next chapter with "what will happen?" The name of this technique: '''Causal Branching management.''' ---- == Chapter 4: Why Do Some Characters Feel Like Cardboard? == We read novels thousands of pages long. Some characters' names we forget the moment we close the book. But some characters — Raskolnikov, Ahab, Hamlet — live in our minds like people we've known for years. What's the difference? === Pages of Trauma Don't Work === The classic answer: "Deep character development." Show the character's past, their traumas, enter their inner world. But this answer is wrong. Or at least insufficient. When you describe a character's inner torment across many pages, the reader's brain '''analyses''' it — it doesn't empathise. It watches from a distance. === Mirror Neurons and Physical Existence === The brain's empathy system — mirror neurons — responds not to abstract thoughts but to '''physical movements.''' Raskolnikov descending the stairs — his steps heavy. His hand on the door handle, he pauses. Pulls it back. Reaches again. This physical hesitation creates far more powerful empathy than any interior monologue. What makes a character real is not their inner world — it is their '''physical existence.''' {| style="border-left: 4px solid #1a1a2e; padding: 12px; background: #f8f9fa; margin: 16px 0; width: 100%;" |- | '''Rule:''' Don't tell us what your character feels. Show us what your character's body is doing. The brain handles the rest. |} ---- == Chapter 5: Why "His Heart Raced" Doesn't Work == "His heart raced." "His eyes filled." "His chest tightened." You've read these sentences millions of times. And you probably don't remember a single one. Why? === The Emotional Label Problem === "His heart raced" is an '''emotional label.''' The writer is giving you the emotion. But the emotion's arrival in you is not guaranteed. Every reader's experience of "heart racing" is different. For some, fear; for some, excitement; for some, love. The writer means one thing but the reader understands another. More importantly: this sentence has been written millions of times. The brain no longer responds. It passes through. === What Makes Objective Projection Different === Objective Projection says: '''Don't name the emotion. Write the physical conditions that produce the emotion.''' Emotional label: : "The woman was very sad." Objective Projection: : "The woman placed her hand on the arm of the chair. The wood was cold. She pulled it back." The word "sad" is absent from the second sentence. But the brain records that coordinate and generates its own emotion. {{Quote|Parameters govern the writing. They do not appear in it.}} ---- == Chapter 6: Why Hitchcock Never Said What Was Happening == Alfred Hitchcock said: {{Quote|Suspense is not in the bomb exploding. It's in knowing there's a bomb under the table.}} This isn't just a filmmaking principle. It's a neuroscientific fact. === When Information Is Complete, Tension Ends === When the bomb explodes: If = 0. Information delivered. Causal branching closed. Sₙ fell to zero. Nervous system relaxed. But when you know there's a bomb under the table: If high, Cb open, Sₙ maximum. Brain keeps the system on alert. Tension continues. === The Norman Bates Room in Psycho === When Norman Bates first appears in Psycho he doesn't look dangerous. Shy, slightly odd, but harmless. But look at the physical parameters of that scene: stuffed animals on the walls. Single light source, from the left. Low ceiling. Door behind, closed. Norman's chair slightly higher than Marion's. Nothing was said. But the viewer's nervous system had already decided in that room. === Information Withholding Rules for Writers === * '''Identity withholding:''' Don't say who. Say "the man", don't give a name. * '''Reason withholding:''' Show the action but don't explain why. * '''Outcome withholding:''' Start the action but don't finish it. Cut the scene. All three together and Sₙ rises automatically. ---- == Chapter 7: The Adjective Embargo — Why We Don't Write "Melancholy" == "It was a melancholy afternoon." Think about this sentence. What do you see? You probably see your own melancholy afternoon. Not the writer's. === Why Adjectives Weaken === An adjective '''gives''' the reader the emotion. But the emotion's arrival in the reader is not guaranteed. "Beautiful" is different for every reader. "Terrifying" carries different associations in every culture. "Melancholy" may fail to bridge from the writer's mind to the reader's. A physical object, however, is universal. '''A yellowed curtain is a yellowed curtain for everyone. An empty chair is an empty chair for everyone.''' === The Adjective Embargo: Six Rules === # Do not use emotion names: sad, happy, frightened, anxious, angry. # Do not use similes: "like", "as if", "resembled." # Encode through physical parameters: temperature, sound, light, movement, space. # Object comes first: place the object, give its weight, specify its position. # Carry scene residue: physical reality from the previous scene seeps into the next. # Target biophysical output: target the reader's body, not their mind. === Example: A Love Scene Without Adjectives === Poor version: : "Ahmet looked at Ayse with deep love. His heart beat fast." Objective Projection version: : "Ahmet placed the glass on the table. With his right hand, not his left. In the corner closest to where Ayse was sitting. He didn't let go immediately — his fingers stayed on the glass for three seconds." The word "love" is nowhere. But the reader sees it. ---- == Chapter 8: Why the Brain Remembers Some Scenes for Years == Think of a novel you read ten years ago. You don't remember the plot. You've forgotten the character names. But you remember one scene. Almost like a photograph. Why? === The Brain Records Coordinates === The human brain evolved not to remember stories, but to survive. What matters to the brain: where was that object? Was this place dangerous? Not emotions — '''coordinates.''' The hippocampus in the brain operates like a GPS system. Its function: attach this data to a coordinate and save it. Abstract emotional labels cannot be attached to a coordinate. That's why they're temporary. But "cold wood", "the only exit door", "a corridor where sound echoes back" — these have coordinates. Filed in spatial memory. And spatial memory is extremely durable. {{Quote|The brain forgets emotions. It does not forget spaces.}} === Why Hemingway Was Right === Hemingway called it the iceberg theory. Show don't tell. Use concrete objects. This was an intuitive rule. Observed to work across centuries but impossible to explain. Now it can be explained: what good writers did instinctively was target the brain's spatial memory system. ---- == Chapter 9: Shakespeare Was Already Doing This == "To be or not to be, that is the question." This sentence is Objective Projection's greatest violation. Because it's abstract. A label. A conceptual declaration. But what if Shakespeare had written that scene using Objective Projection? === 40 Centimetres === {{Quote|Upper floor of the castle wall. After midnight. A single torch in the left corner — the flame not flickering, no air moving. Hamlet stood at the top of the stairs. The stone floor was cold. His left hand was on the hilt of his sword — fingers motionless on the iron. Neither gripping nor letting go. He looked into the stairwell. Below was dark. His left foot slid toward the stairs. Stopped. His right foot stayed where it was. The distance between his two feet was 40 centimetres.}} "To be or not to be" is nowhere. But what did you feel? The left foot moves forward. The right foot wants to stay. '''40 centimetres between two feet. This is exactly the question "to be or not to be" — translated into physical reality.''' === Shakespeare Was Doing This Intuitively === The "to be or not to be" speech appears abstract. But immediately after: "the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune... a sea of troubles." Physical images: slings, arrows, sea. Objective Projection translates Shakespeare into another language: from intuition into engineering. ---- == Chapter 10: Why AI Writes "His Heart Raced" == You asked an AI to "write an emotional scene." The response: : "Ahmet's heart raced. His eyes filled with tears. It was hard to put into words what he was feeling." These sentences were written by an AI. But a human could have written them too. And both are equally ineffective. === The Statistical Average Problem === Large language models learn patterns by processing billions of sentences. What comes next to "emotion"? "His heart raced." "His eyes filled." "His chest tightened." These patterns are statistically correct. But '''statistical correctness is not aesthetic power.''' AI produces the most probable sentence. The most probable = the most used = the most worn-out. === Objective Projection as Prompt Engineering === "Write a tense scene" → "his heart raced" "Temperature 28.4°C, single exit 4.7 metres behind, 40-watt bulb, no sound — write a scene in this environment, do not use abstract emotion names" → far more powerful scene The difference: the second prompt used Objective Projection's physical parameters. AI can no longer fall back on emotional patterns. {{Quote|AI writes well. But averagely. Objective Projection is the protocol for rising above average.}} ---- == Chapter 11: Test Your Own Scene == Take a scene you've written. Apply these three tests: === Test 1: The Zeigarnik Test === Will someone reading this scene say "so what happened next?" Yes → Causal Branching is high enough. Continue. No → Open an information gap. Leave a question unanswered. === Test 2: The Coordinate Test === What coordinate are you leaving in the reader's brain in this scene? To leave a coordinate you need three things: * An object — concrete, touchable, with weight. * A physical action — observable, ending unpredictably. * A sensory datum — heat, sound, light, pressure. Without all three, the scene won't stay in memory. === Test 3: The Adjective Embargo Test === Delete every adjective and emotion name from your scene. Does the scene still work? If yes → Objective Projection is working. If not → Adjectives are doing the work, not objects. Rewrite. {| style="border-left: 4px solid #1a1a2e; padding: 12px; background: #f8f9fa; margin: 16px 0; width: 100%;" |- | '''The golden rule:''' Don't give the reader the emotion. Give the reader the physical conditions that produce the emotion. The brain handles the rest. |} ---- == Chapter 12: Further Resources == === Key Concepts === ; Objective Projection (Nesnel İzdüşüm) : A writing technique that uses physical parameters instead of emotions. Targets measurable physical conditions rather than emotional labels. ; Narrative Entropy (Sₙ) : A measure of informational uncertainty in a narrative. Sₙ = If × Cb. High Sₙ = high curiosity. ; Vacuum Variable : A systematically withheld information gap that draws the reader through the narrative. ; Narrative Gravity (Ng) : The central gravitational force that holds the reader in the narrative. ; Biophysical Output (Bo) : The reader's physiological response — heart rate, skin conductance, pupil dilation. ; Information Friction (If) : The amount of information the reader needs but isn't given. ; Causal Branching (Cb) : The number of simultaneously open, unanswered questions. === Academic Sources === The theoretical foundation of this book is documented in the following academic publications: * Primary DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18689179 — Architectural Framework * OPCT v2.0: 10.5281/zenodo.19415236 — OSF: osf.io/us8bw * Narrative Entropy: 10.5281/zenodo.18652451 * Dataset: 10.5281/zenodo.19511369 == License Notice == This book is published under the '''Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC BY-SA 4.0)''' license. You are free to: * Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially. * Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially. Under the following terms: * '''Attribution''' — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. * '''ShareAlike''' — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. == Official Archive == * Site: [https://leventbulut.com leventbulut.com] * ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261 '''Author:''' [[d:Q138048287|Levent Bulut]] [[Category:Writing]] [[Category:Literature]] [[Category:Narrative theory]] [[Category:Neuroscience]] [[Category:Creative writing]] exgr6gnppqxn89pixr0pcqmmtzku7r7 0 482804 4632678 4632463 2026-04-27T05:46:43Z Kwfd 3577794 Added contribguide 4632678 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Named Chess Openings/continuation|parentopening=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Classical Variation}} {{Chess diagram|2=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Classical Variation (2. Nf3 continuation)|3=rd|4=nd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|13=pd|15=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|51=pl|55=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|61=bl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|66=rl|53=pl|54=pl|44=pl|67=Position after 1. b3 d5 2. Nf3|30=pd|48=nl}} === Introduction and Ideas === The 2. Nf3 continuation of the Classical Nimzo-Larsen<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Classical Variation |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Nimzo-Larsen_Attack_Classical_Variation/b3_d5_Nf3 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref> is more usually seen from the Zukertort Opening (1. Nf3) through 1. Nf3 d5 2. b3. The idea from the 1. b3 move order is to not immediately commit to fianchettoing the bishop, whereas the idea from the 1. Nf3 move order is that 1. Nf3 stops e5 from being safely played. === History === There is no known historical origin of the name "Classical Variation". It is named that way because 1...d5 is a major response to 1. b3 and 1. Nf3 d5 2. b3 was sometimes experimented with. === Main Moves === * 2...Nf6 * 2...Nc6 * 2...c5 * 2...e6 === Statistics === White wins ~52%, Black wins ~43%, draw ~5%<ref name=":0" />. === ECO code === A06<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schachzeit |date=2024-11-10 |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Classical Variation - Openings - Schachzeit |url=https://www.schachzeit.com/en/openings/nimzo-larsen-attack-with-b3/classical-variation |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.schachzeit.com |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}} {{Named Chess Openings/contribguide}} {{BookCat}} i94o398mb8u0a1yx48mcl1edon8lgtb 0 482808 4632662 4632467 2026-04-27T05:35:55Z Kwfd 3577794 Added template 4632662 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Named Chess Openings]] uses 7 main templates, 1 for chess in general and 6 exclusive to Named Chess Openings. <br> 1 for chess in general:<br> * <code><nowiki>{{Chess diagram}}</nowiki></code><br> 6 exclusive to Named Chess Openings:<br> * <code><nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/rare}}</nowiki></code> * <code><nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/blunder}}</nowiki></code> * <code><nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/continuation}}</nowiki></code> * <code><nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/incomplete}}</nowiki></code> * <code><nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/meme}}</nowiki></code> * <code><nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/contribguide}}</nowiki></code> == <nowiki>{{Chess diagram}}</nowiki> == <code><nowiki>{{Chess diagram}}</nowiki></code> should always be used at the top of an opening entry. You have to manually place the pieces. The opening name caption is written in parameter '''2''', while the "Position after [moves]" caption is written in parameter '''67'''. == <nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/rare}}</nowiki> == <code><nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/rare}}</nowiki></code> should be used for opening entries with '''less than 100 games''' on the Lichess database. === gameamount === The parameter <code>gameamount</code> is to indicate how many games were played with that opening on Lichess. The default value is 'less than 100'. == <nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/blunder}}</nowiki> == <code><nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/blunder}}</nowiki></code> should be used for opening entries where one side '''blunders a piece'''. === side === The parameter <code>side</code> indicates the side who blunders the piece. The default value is 'one side'. === piece === The parameter <code>piece</code> indicates the piece that was blundered. The default value is 'piece'. == <nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/continuation}}</nowiki> == <code><nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/continuation}}</nowiki></code> should be used for opening entries where the opening is a '''Lichess-named continuation''' of the original/parent opening. === parentopening === The parameter <code>parentopening</code> indicates the parent opening of the continuation. The default value is 'a named opening'. == <nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/incomplete}}</nowiki> == <code><nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/incomplete}}</nowiki></code> should be used for opening entries that are '''incomplete in their current form'''. == <nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/meme}}</nowiki> == <code><nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/meme}}</nowiki></code> should be used for opening entries where the opening is a '''meme/joke opening'''. == <nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/contribguide}}</nowiki> == <code><nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/contribguide}}</nowiki></code> should be used at the end of every opening entry and is for '''guiding contributors to the book style and template usage pages''', helping them contribute. {{BookCat}} 3kt7pky1yi0dg8rpjt5prfeb9ymu40t 0 482809 4632679 4632149 2026-04-27T05:47:07Z Kwfd 3577794 Added contribguide 4632679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess diagram|2=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Dutch Variation|3=rd|4=nd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|13=pd|15=pd|17=pd|18=pd|51=pl|55=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|61=bl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|14=pd|53=pl|54=pl|44=pl|67=Position after 1. b3 f5|32=pd}} === Introduction and Ideas === The Dutch Variation of the Nimzo-Larsen Attack<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Dutch Variation |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Nimzo-Larsen_Attack_Dutch_Variation/b3_f5 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref> is a less common response to 1. b3. The idea is to play similar to a normal Dutch, where Black aims to go for a solid setup and control the e4 square by placing a knight on f6. === History === There is no known historical origin of the name "Dutch Variation". It is named that way because it is similar to the classical Dutch Defense, 1. d4 f5. === Main Moves === * 2. Bb2 * 2. e3 * 2. Ba3 * 2. g3 === Statistics === White wins ~51%, Black wins ~46%, draw ~4%<ref name=":0" />. === ECO code === A01<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schachzeit |date=2024-11-10 |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Dutch Variation - Openings - Schachzeit |url=https://www.schachzeit.com/en/openings/nimzo-larsen-attack/dutch-variation |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.schachzeit.com |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}} {{Named Chess Openings/contribguide}} {{BookCat}} 4ds29ujcctwp6x8eha40mwyi9rgi3wr 0 482817 4632570 4632416 2026-04-26T15:50:19Z Idavidmiller 3577687 New page. Work in progress. Saving changes 4632570 wikitext text/x-wiki == Getting Used to Maxima By Way of an Example of Use == The example that follows is presented for the pupose of providing some beginning perspective and hopefully some motivation to make the effort to get familiar with how Maxima works. The task at hand is relevant in the context of aerodynamics and aviation. The specific goal is to find the dynamic pressure at a true airspeed (VTAS) of 200 knots at sea level. Dynamic pressure q is calculated using the expression: <math>q = 1/2 \rho V^2</math> Where: * q = dynamic pressure (in pounds of force per square foot) * ρ = air density at sea level = 0.0023769 slugs/ft³ * VTAS = true airspeed in knots (nautical miles per hour) * V = true airspeed in feet per second (ft/s). Note: The appearance following Maxima example may vary depending on Unicode support in the version of Maxima being used and the Maxima user interface -- UI. First, enter the Maxima expression for dynamic pressure q:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i1) q : 1/2*ρ*V^2; (q) (V^2*ρ)/2 </syntaxhighlight>This Maxima expression uses the colon character to assign the expression for dynamic pressure to the identifier q. The identifier q is now simply a name for an expression. The equal sign (=)  is not used for this operation in Maxima as is the case with some programming languages. This Maxima line of a input expression ends with a semicolon ( ; ) character. Each line of input must end with a semicolon or the dollar sign character ( $ ), the use of which will be described later. Next, enter an assignment expression for the numerical value of the air density at sea level:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i2) ρ : 0.0023769; (ρ) 0.0023769</syntaxhighlight>Density ρ is in the units of slugs per cubic foot - slugs/ft³. With this next input expression, Maxima is asked to evaluate q. This is accomplished by two single quotation marks placed before q as shown next<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i3) ''q; (%o3) 0.0033855446120918224*VTAS^2 </syntaxhighlight> The output indicates that q depends on VTAS -- true airspeed. The goal is to evaluate q, if VTAS = 200 is true. One way to do that is with the following Maxima expression:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i6) ''q, VTAS = 200; (%o6) 135.42178448367287 </syntaxhighlight>The result is about 135 pounds of force per square foot. There is another way to accomplish this may be somewhat more convenient for determining sea level dynamic pressure given true airspeed. First, assign the Maxima floating point literal value of 0.0033855446120918224 to an identifier named c as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i7) c : 0.0033855446120918224; (c) 0.0033855446120918224</syntaxhighlight>Next, enter<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i8) q(VTAS) := c*VTAS^2; (%o8) q(VTAS):=c*VTAS^2 </syntaxhighlight><syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i9) q(200); (%o9) 135.4217844836729 </syntaxhighlight>This result is limited to sea level density. That does not make the result not useful. This relationship, or something similar is, used to calibrate aircraft airspeed indicators to display indicated airspeed (IAS) in the cockpit. However, it might be the case that it is necessary to determine the dynamic pressure at other altitudes besides sea level. In the standard atmosphere model, air density is a function of altitude (h) in British Engineering units (feet and slugs/ft³) is defined piece-wise based on the atmospheric layer. The density is derived from the Ideal Gas Law <math>\rho = P / (RT)</math> where where in British Engineering units; ρ -- is density in slugs/ft³ P -- is pressure in lbf/ft² T -- is temperature in °R R -- is (for dry air) approximately 1716 ft²/(s²·°R){{BookCat}} tfpfvyxaox6d0kc2iz67gpxhvq7rk8m 4632614 4632570 2026-04-26T20:32:00Z Idavidmiller 3577687 New page. Work in progress. Saving changes 4632614 wikitext text/x-wiki == Getting Used to Maxima By Way of an Example of Use == The example that follows is presented for the pupose of providing some beginning perspective and hopefully some motivation to make the effort to get familiar with how Maxima works. The task at hand is relevant in the context of aerodynamics and aviation. The specific goal is to find the dynamic pressure at a true airspeed (VTAS) of 200 knots at sea level. Dynamic pressure q is calculated using the expression: <math>q = 1/2 \rho V^2</math> Where: * q = dynamic pressure (in pounds of force per square foot) * ρ = air density at sea level = 0.0023769 slugs/ft³ * VTAS = true airspeed in knots (nautical miles per hour) * V = true airspeed in feet per second (ft/s). Note: The appearance following Maxima example may vary depending on Unicode support in the version of Maxima being used and the Maxima user interface -- UI. First, enter the Maxima expression for dynamic pressure q:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i1) q : 1/2*ρ*V^2; (q) (V^2*ρ)/2 </syntaxhighlight>This Maxima expression uses the colon character to assign the expression for dynamic pressure to the identifier q. The identifier q is now simply a name for an expression. The equal sign (=)  is not used for this operation in Maxima as is the case with some programming languages. This Maxima line of a input expression ends with a semicolon ( ; ) character. Each line of input must end with a semicolon or the dollar sign character ( $ ), the use of which will be described later. Next, enter an assignment expression for the numerical value of the air density at sea level:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i2) ρ : 0.0023769; (ρ) 0.0023769</syntaxhighlight>Density ρ is in the units of slugs per cubic foot - slugs/ft³. With this next input expression, Maxima is asked to evaluate q. This is accomplished by two single quotation marks placed before q as shown next<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i3) ''q; (%o3) 0.0033855446120918224*VTAS^2 </syntaxhighlight> The output indicates that q depends on VTAS -- true airspeed. The goal is to evaluate q, if VTAS = 200 is true. One way to do that is with the following Maxima expression:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i6) ''q, VTAS = 200; (%o6) 135.42178448367287 </syntaxhighlight>The result is about 135 pounds of force per square foot. There is another way to accomplish this may be somewhat more convenient for determining sea level dynamic pressure given true airspeed. First, assign the Maxima floating point literal value of 0.0033855446120918224 to an identifier named c as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i7) c : 0.0033855446120918224; (c) 0.0033855446120918224</syntaxhighlight>Next, enter<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i8) q(VTAS) := c*VTAS^2; (%o8) q(VTAS):=c*VTAS^2 </syntaxhighlight><syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i9) q(200); (%o9) 135.4217844836729 </syntaxhighlight>This result is limited to sea level density. That does not make the result not useful. This relationship, or something similar is, used to calibrate aircraft airspeed indicators to display indicated airspeed (IAS) in the cockpit. However, it might be the case that it is necessary to determine the dynamic pressure at other altitudes besides sea level. In the standard atmosphere model, air density is a function of altitude (h), and is defined piece-wise based on the atmospheric layer. The density is derived from the Ideal Gas Law: <math>\rho = P / (RT)</math> where in British Engineering units: * ρ ‒ is density in slugs/ft³ * P ‒ is pressure in lbf/ft² * T ‒ is temperature in °R * R ‒ is (for dry air) approximately 1716 ft²/(s²·°R) However, what is needed for the task at hand is density as a function of altitude. Both the pressure P and the temperature T can be expressed as a function of altitude h.{{BookCat}} nszro3gzwbphdiunf9eib0ubw63phu5 4632635 4632614 2026-04-27T01:29:52Z Idavidmiller 3577687 Grammar 4632635 wikitext text/x-wiki == Getting Used to Maxima By Way of an Example of Use == The example that follows is presented for the pupose of providing some beginning perspective and hopefully some motivation to make the effort to get familiar with how Maxima works. The task at hand is relevant in the context of aerodynamics and aviation. The specific goal is to find the dynamic pressure at a true airspeed (VTAS) of 200 knots at sea level. Dynamic pressure q is calculated using the expression: <math>q = 1/2 \rho V^2</math> Where: * q = dynamic pressure (in pounds of force per square foot) * ρ = air density at sea level = 0.0023769 slugs/ft³ * VTAS = true airspeed in knots (nautical miles per hour) * V = true airspeed in feet per second (ft/s). Note: The appearance following Maxima example may vary depending on Unicode support in the version of Maxima being used and the Maxima user interface -- UI. First, enter the Maxima expression for dynamic pressure q:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i1) q : 1/2*ρ*V^2; (q) (V^2*ρ)/2 </syntaxhighlight>This Maxima expression uses the colon character to assign the expression for dynamic pressure to the identifier q. The identifier q is now simply a name for an expression. The equal sign (=)  is not used for this operation in Maxima as is the case with some programming languages. This Maxima line of a input expression ends with a semicolon ( ; ) character. Each line of input must end with a semicolon or the dollar sign character ( $ ), the use of which will be described later. Next, enter an assignment expression for the numerical value of the air density at sea level:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i2) ρ : 0.0023769; (ρ) 0.0023769</syntaxhighlight>Density ρ is in the units of slugs per cubic foot - slugs/ft³. With this next input expression, Maxima is asked to evaluate q. This is accomplished by two single quotation marks placed before q as shown next<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i3) ''q; (%o3) 0.0033855446120918224*VTAS^2 </syntaxhighlight> The output indicates that q depends on VTAS -- true airspeed. The goal is to evaluate q, if VTAS = 200 is true. One way to do that is with the following Maxima expression:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i6) ''q, VTAS = 200; (%o6) 135.42178448367287 </syntaxhighlight>The result is about 135 pounds of force per square foot. There is another way to accomplish this that may be somewhat more convenient for determining sea level dynamic pressure given true airspeed. First, assign the Maxima floating point literal value of 0.0033855446120918224 to an identifier named c as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i7) c : 0.0033855446120918224; (c) 0.0033855446120918224</syntaxhighlight>Next, enter<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i8) q(VTAS) := c*VTAS^2; (%o8) q(VTAS):=c*VTAS^2 </syntaxhighlight><syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i9) q(200); (%o9) 135.4217844836729 </syntaxhighlight>This result is limited to sea level density. That does not make the result of no practical use. This relationship, or something similar is, used to calibrate aircraft airspeed indicators to display indicated airspeed (IAS) in the cockpit. However, it might be the case that it is necessary to determine the dynamic pressure at other altitudes besides sea level. In the standard atmosphere model, air density is a function of altitude (h), and is defined piece-wise based on the atmospheric layer. The density is derived from the Ideal Gas Law: <math>\rho = P / (RT)</math> where in British Engineering units: * ρ ‒ is density in slugs/ft³ * P ‒ is pressure in lbf/ft² * T ‒ is temperature in °R * R ‒ is (for dry air) approximately 1716 ft²/(s²·°R) However, what is needed for the task at hand is density as a function of altitude. Both the pressure P and the temperature T can be expressed as a function of altitude h.{{BookCat}} 0s5dg3pe1wtymqyrk8plkhpsuz58chm 0 482823 4632680 4632470 2026-04-27T05:47:52Z Kwfd 3577794 Added contribguide 4632680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess diagram|2=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: English Variation|3=rd|4=nd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|15=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|51=pl|55=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|61=bl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|14=pd|53=pl|54=pl|44=pl|67=Position after 1. b3 c5|29=pd}} === Introduction and Ideas === The English Variation of the Nimzo-Larsen Attack<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: English Variation |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Nimzo-Larsen_Attack_English_Variation/b3_c5 |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref> is a less common but still playable response to 1. b3. The idea as Black here is to sidestep standard Nimzo-Larsen theory and instead enter a position resembling a reversed English Opening (1. c4). === History === There is no known historical origin for the name "English Variation". It is named that way because the position after 1. b3 c5 resembles a reversed English Opening. === Main Moves === * 2. Bb2 * 2. e3 * 2. Ba3 * 2. g3 * [[Named Chess Openings/Sicilian Defense: Snyder Variation|2. e4]], (transposition) Sicilian Defense: Snyder Variation === Statistics === White wins ~50%, Black wins ~46%, draw ~4%<ref name=":0" />. === ECO code === A01<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schachzeit |date=2024-11-10 |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: English Variation - Openings - Schachzeit |url=https://www.schachzeit.com/en/openings/nimzo-larsen-attack/english-variation |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=www.schachzeit.com |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}} {{Named Chess Openings/contribguide}} {{BookCat}} 8hzwgejnnqxci7ikeclhg2i86h2zixm 0 482824 4632681 4632472 2026-04-27T05:48:19Z Kwfd 3577794 Added contribguide 4632681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess diagram|2=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Graz Attack|3=rd|4=nd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|13=pd|15=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|51=pl|55=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|53=pl|54=pl|44=pl|67=Position after 1. b3 d5 2. Ba3|30=pd|43=bl}} === Introduction and Ideas === The Graz Attack of the Nimzo-Larsen Attack<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Graz Attack |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Nimzo-Larsen_Attack_Graz_Attack/b3_d5_Ba3 |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref> is an unusual reply to 1...d5 as it doesn't fianchetto the b2 but instead moves it further to a3. The idea is to discourage the e7 pawn (though e6 and e5 are still common) from moving at all as White can play 3. Bxf8 Kxf8 and Black's castling rights are gone. === History === There is no known historical origin for the name "Graz Attack". It is named after the city of Graz in Austria, but there is no known association to it. === Main Moves === * 2...Nf6 * 2...Nc6 * 2...e6 * 2...e5 === Statistics === White wins ~48%, Black wins ~48%, draw ~4%<ref name=":0" />. === ECO code === A01<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schachzeit |date=2024-11-10 |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Graz Attack - Openings - Schachzeit |url=https://www.schachzeit.com/en/openings/nimzo-larsen-attack/graz-attack |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=www.schachzeit.com |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}} {{Named Chess Openings/contribguide}} {{BookCat}} al8jw8knsqte4v1au9kvblvllvhm5oy 0 482827 4632682 4632476 2026-04-27T05:48:44Z Kwfd 3577794 Added contribguide 4632682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess diagram|2=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Indian Variation|3=rd|4=nd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|13=pd|15=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|51=pl|55=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|61=bl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|14=pd|53=pl|54=pl|44=pl|67=Position after 1. b3 Nf6|24=nd}} === Introduction and Ideas === The Indian Variation of the Nimzo-Larsen Attack<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Indian Variation |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Nimzo-Larsen_Attack_Indian_Variation/b3_Nf6 |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref> is a relatively common response to 1. b3. The idea as Black is to not immediately commit to a pawn structure but instead preparing a King's Indian Setup with 2...g6 and 3...Bg7. === History === There is no known historical origin for the name "Indian Variation". It is named that way because it is similar to the Indian Defense (1. d4 Nf6) === Main Moves === * 2. Bb2 * 2. e3 * 2. Ba3 * 2. g3 * [[Named Chess Openings/Zukertort Opening: Nimzo-Larsen Variation|2. Nf3]], (transposition) Zukertort Opening: Nimzo-Larsen Variation === Statistics === White wins ~49%, Black wins ~47%, draw ~4%<ref name=":0" />. === ECO code === A01<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schachzeit |date=2024-11-10 |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Indian Variation - Openings - Schachzeit |url=https://www.schachzeit.com/en/openings/nimzo-larsen-attack/indian-variation |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=www.schachzeit.com |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}} {{Named Chess Openings/contribguide}} {{BookCat}} 9ag3c08rvz4aa0yhzzsaqdl68ddvn2j 0 482828 4632683 4632481 2026-04-27T05:49:14Z Kwfd 3577794 Added contribguide 4632683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess diagram|2=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation|3=rd|4=nd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|13=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|51=pl|55=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|61=bl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|14=pd|53=pl|54=pl|44=pl|67=Position after 1. b3 e5|31=pd}} === Introduction and Ideas === The Modern Variation of the Nimzo-Larsen Attack<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Nimzo-Larsen_Attack_Modern_Variation/b3_e5 |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref> is a major response to 1. b3 where Black pushes a central pawn. The idea is to allow Black to develop their bishop on f8 and take the center while grabbing the chance to play e5 before Bb2 stops that move. === History === There is no known historical origin of the name "Modern Variation". It is named that way because it is the most common reply in modern amateur play<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Nimzo-Larsen_Attack/b3 |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref>. === Main Moves === * 2. Bb2 * 2. e3 * 2. g3 * 2. Ba3 * [[Named Chess Openings/King's Pawn Opening|2. e4]], (transposition) King's Pawn Opening === Statistics === White wins ~50%, Black wins ~46%, draw ~4%<ref name=":0" />. === ECO code === A01<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schachzeit |date=2024-11-10 |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation - Openings - Schachzeit |url=https://www.schachzeit.com/en/openings/nimzo-larsen-attack/modern-variation |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=www.schachzeit.com |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}} {{Named Chess Openings/contribguide}} {{BookCat}} e9vfml71yu7c3yb6t4srx9yrkesljk7 0 482829 4632684 4632482 2026-04-27T05:49:40Z Kwfd 3577794 Added contribguide 4632684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Named Chess Openings/continuation|parentopening=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation}} {{Chess diagram|2=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation (2. Bb2 Nc6 continuation)|3=rd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|13=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|51=pl|55=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|14=pd|53=pl|54=pl|44=pl|67=Position after 1. b3 e5 2. Bb2 Nc6|31=pd|21=nd|52=bl}} === Introduction and Ideas === The 2. Bb2 Nc6 continuation of the Modern Variation in the Nimzo-Larsen Attack<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Nimzo-Larsen_Attack_Modern_Variation/b3_e5_Bb2_Nc6 |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref> is a major line of the starting move 1. b3. The idea as Black is to develop a piece while defending their central e5 pawn from White's bishop on b2. === History === There is no known historical origin of the name "Modern Variation". It is named that way because it is the most popular line coming from 1. b3 in modern amateur play. === Main Moves === * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation (2. Bb2 Nc6 3. e3 continuation)|3. e3]], (2. Bb2 Nc6 3. e3 continuation) * 3. g3 * 3. Nf3 * 3. d3 * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Pachman Gambit|3. f4]], Pachman Gambit === Statistics === White wins ~50%, Black wins ~47%, draw ~4%<ref name=":0" />. === ECO code === A01<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schachzeit |date=2024-11-10 |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation - Openings - Schachzeit |url=https://www.schachzeit.com/en/openings/nimzo-larsen-attack/modern-variation |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=www.schachzeit.com |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}} {{Named Chess Openings/contribguide}} {{BookCat}} tdesc7ceqcyzvxpz8rhyr14x4o2bgaz 0 482830 4632685 4632484 2026-04-27T05:49:55Z Kwfd 3577794 Added contribguide 4632685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Named Chess Openings/continuation|parentopening=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation}}{{Chess diagram|2=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation (2. Bb2 Nc6 3. e3 continuation)|3=rd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|13=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|51=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|14=pd|53=pl|54=pl|44=pl|67=Position after 1. b3 e5 2. Bb2 Nc6 3. e3|31=pd|21=nd|52=bl|47=pl}} === Introduction and Ideas === The 2. Bb2 Nc6 3. e3 continuation of the Modern Nimzo-Larsen Attack<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Nimzo-Larsen_Attack_Modern_Variation/b3_e5_Bb2_Nc6_e3 |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref> is a common line arising from 1. b3. The idea as White is to allow their bishop on f1 to develop without committing their e-pawn to the center immediately. === History === There is no known historical origin of the name "Modern Variation". It is named that way because it is a common line in modern amateur play. === Main Moves === * 3...d5 * 3...Nf6 * 3...Bc5 * 3...d6 === Statistics === White wins ~51%, Black wins ~45%, draw ~4%<ref name=":0" />. === ECO code === A01<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schachzeit |date=2024-11-10 |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation - Openings - Schachzeit |url=https://www.schachzeit.com/en/openings/nimzo-larsen-attack/modern-variation |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=www.schachzeit.com |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}} {{Named Chess Openings/contribguide}} {{BookCat}} neejioorh042oko0l80rgvhn8qlcloy 0 482832 4632628 4632513 2026-04-27T00:51:17Z ZS Khumalo 3506399 4632628 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Eswatini.svg|center|200px|Flag of Eswatini]] {{book title|A Short History of Precolonial Eswatini|}} == Contents == {{Book search}} {{Print version}} # [[/Introduction/]] # [[/Origins and early settlement/]] # [[/State formation/]] # [[/The reign of Sobhuza I and Mswati II/]] ==References== * * {{shelves|History of Africa|Eswatini}} {{alphabetical|S}} {{status|25%}} rufe7jpx7xicie2tvhsqt7do1y20jc7 0 482847 4632651 4632540 2026-04-27T02:47:42Z ~2026-25237-80 3579176 4632651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= |Trompowsky Attack: Raptor Variation }} = Trompowsky Attack: Raptor Variation = White defends their bishop with their h-pawn in hopes of opening the h-file. However, this gives up the bishop pair. == References == == Common Moves == <table> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>[[/3...Nxg5|Nxg5]]<br>hxg5</br></td> <td></td> </tr> </table> {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} {{BookCat}} svyk4lgap5uroazer9m3g0ernk1e0dr 3 482852 4632555 2026-04-26T12:22:14Z MathXplore 3097823 Notifying author of speedy deletion nomination 4632555 wikitext text/x-wiki == I have added a tag to a page you created == Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Alpha Capital Group Discount "PROPFT" 35% off on all challenges top code]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it <strong>may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].</strong> This means that it can be deleted at any time. The reason I provided was: <blockquote><strong>Spam</strong></blockquote> If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Alpha Capital Group Discount &#34;PROPFT&#34; 35% off on all challenges top code|the page's talk page]] explaining why. <strong>If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.</strong> If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! <!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:22, 26 April 2026 (UTC) 8kt3wvxlxocvt4l8xyvkyr1liodkety 4 482855 4632585 2026-04-26T18:13:56Z Codename Noreste 3441010 Moving from [[User:Kingofnuthin/sandbox]]. 4632585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{draft}} '''Speedy deletion''' is a deletion request where reasonable opposition is not expected or possible. Anyone can request speedy deletion, and anyone who objects or believes more discussion is needed can turn a speedy deletion candidate into a [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Requests for deletion|request for deletion]]. Speedy deletion requests made in bad faith can be removed by anyone. Add <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Delete|delete]]<nowiki>|reasons for speedy deletion}}</nowiki></code> to the top of a page to request speedy deletion. That page will then appear in [[:Category:Candidates for speedy deletion]] for administrators to address whenever time is available. Pages that satisfy any of the following criteria below can be considered for speedy deletion. == General == General criteria apply to every type of page. === G1. No meaningful content === This criterion applies to pages with no meaningful content. Content is not ''meaningful'' if it does not add value to readers or otherwise contribute to the project. What is considered "meaningful content" depends on the namespace. Under this criterion, you'll have to be careful when nominating or deleting pages. Always check and revert if good content in the revision history was replaced. Absence of meaningful content includes, but is not limited to: * Spam and [[Wikibooks:DWV|vandalism]]. * Test edits and nonsense. * Abandoned pages displaying intent, but no actual content. === G2. Test page === This criterion applies to pages that are created to test editing or other Wikibooks functions. This criterion applies to subpages of the Wikibooks Sandbox created as tests, but does '''not''' apply to the Sandbox itself, pages in the user namespace, or valid but unused or duplicate templates. === G3. Repost of work that was previously deleted === This criterion applies to sufficiently identical copies, having any title, of a page deleted via its most recent deletion discussion or with a speedy deletion. It excludes pages that are ''not'' substantially identical to the deleted version, and pages to which the reason for the deletion no longer applies. This criterion also does not cover content undeleted via a request for undeletion. === G4. Author requests deletion === This criterion applies to pages that are being nominated by their only significant contributor. === G5. Pages dependent on a non-existent or deleted page === This criterion applies to pages that are an example of, but not limited to: * Talk pages with no corresponding subject page * Subpages with no parent page * Timed Text pages without a corresponding file (or when the file has been moved to Commons) * Redirects to target pages that never existed or were deleted * Editnotices of non-existent or unsalted deleted pages == Books == These criteria apply to pages in the book (main) namespace. They do not apply to redirects. === B1. No context === This criterion applies to pages which lack sufficient context to identify the topic of the book. === B2. Foreign language books === This criterion applies to pages which are not written in English. Speedy deletion nomination for these pages should clarify the language the book was written on. === B3. No content === This crriterion applies to books consisting only of external links, category tags, attempts to correspond with the person or group named by its title, questions that should have been asked at a noticeboard, chat-like comments, template tags, or images. === B4. Books that duplicate an existing topic === This criterion applies to any book with no relevant page history that duplicates an existing English Wikibooks article, and that does not expand upon, detail or improve information within any existing book(s) on the subject, and where the title is not a plausible redirect. === B5. Out of scope === This criterion applies to books that do not fit [[Wikibooks:What is Wikibooks?|the scope of Wikibooks]], including encyclopedic pages. Such pages may be exported to another WMF wiki where it would be in scope. == Redirects == These criteria apply to pages that redirect to another page. === R1. Cross-namespace redirects === This criterion applies to redirects from the main namespace to any other namespace ''except'' the Category:, Template:, Wikibooks:, and Help: namespaces. === R2. Redirects for implausible typos === This criterion applies to redirects from implausible typos or misnomers. However, redirects from common misspellings or misnomers are generally useful, as are some redirects in other languages. This criterion does not apply to redirects created as a result of a page move. == Files == These criteria apply to pages in the File namespace. === F1. Redundant === This criterion applies to unused duplicates or lower-quality/resolution copies of another Wikibooks file having the same file format. === F2. Corrupt, missing, or empty file === This criterion applies to files that are corrupt, missing, empty, or that contain superfluous and blatant non-metadata information. === F3. Improper license === This criterion applies to media licensed as "for non-commercial use only" (including non-commercial Creative Commons licenses), "no derivative use", "for Wikipedia use only", or "used with permission". === F4. Lack of licensing information === This criterion applies to media files lacking the necessary licensing information to verify copyright status after being identified as such. === F5. Files available as identical copies on Wikimedia Commons === This criterion applies to files whose identical copies are already avalible on Wikimedia Commons. === F6. Unambiguous copyright infringement === This criterion applies to obviously non-free images (or other media files) that are not claimed by the uploader to be fair use. A URL or other indication of where the image originated should be mentioned. This does not include images with a credible claim that the owner has released them under a Wikibooks-compatible free license. === F7. No evidence of permission === This criterion applies to files whose uploader has specified a license and has named a third party as the source or copyright holder without providing evidence that this third party has in fact agreed. == Categories == These criteria apply to pages in the Category namespace. === C1. Unpopulated categories === This criterion applies to categories that have been unpopulated (or only populated by pages themselves tagged for speedy deletion) for at least seven days. This does not apply to disambiguation categories, category redirects, categories under discussion at a deletion discussion venue, or project categories that by their nature may become empty on occasion. === C2. Unused maintenance categories === This criterion applies to unused maintenance categories, such as empty dated maintenance categories for dates in the past. Note that empty maintenance categories are not necessarily unused—this criterion is for categories that will ''always'' be empty, not just ''currently'' empty. == Templates == These criteria apply to pages in the Template or Module namespaces. === T1. Unused template subpages === This criterion applies to unused subpages of templates or modules, such as: * Template documentation subpages unused by the template itself (editors tagging and deleting such pages should ensure that all relevant content, including categories, has been moved to the template page or the replacement documentation) * /core subpages which are not called by the template itself == User pages == These criteria apply to pages in the User and User talk namespaces. === U1. User request === This criterion applies to personal user pages and subpages (but not user talk pages) upon request by their user. This also includes editnotices for user pages. === U2. Nonexistent user === This criterion applies to user pages, user subpages, and user talk pages of users that do not exist on the English Wikibooks (check [[Special:ListUsers]]), except user pages for IP users who have edited, redirects from misspellings of an established user's user page, and redirects created due to a user being renamed. Pages of users who exist on other WMF wikis but do not have local accounts are eligible for deletion. == See also == * [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy]] 5m6144hwascpiaf6isurphp6or5pk7v 4632616 4632585 2026-04-26T20:58:01Z Kingofnuthin 3566511 Changed article to book 4632616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{draft}} '''Speedy deletion''' is a deletion request where reasonable opposition is not expected or possible. Anyone can request speedy deletion, and anyone who objects or believes more discussion is needed can turn a speedy deletion candidate into a [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Requests for deletion|request for deletion]]. Speedy deletion requests made in bad faith can be removed by anyone. Add <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Delete|delete]]<nowiki>|reasons for speedy deletion}}</nowiki></code> to the top of a page to request speedy deletion. That page will then appear in [[:Category:Candidates for speedy deletion]] for administrators to address whenever time is available. Pages that satisfy any of the following criteria below can be considered for speedy deletion. == General == General criteria apply to every type of page. === G1. No meaningful content === This criterion applies to pages with no meaningful content. Content is not ''meaningful'' if it does not add value to readers or otherwise contribute to the project. What is considered "meaningful content" depends on the namespace. Under this criterion, you'll have to be careful when nominating or deleting pages. Always check and revert if good content in the revision history was replaced. Absence of meaningful content includes, but is not limited to: * Spam and [[Wikibooks:DWV|vandalism]]. * Test edits and nonsense. * Abandoned pages displaying intent, but no actual content. === G2. Test page === This criterion applies to pages that are created to test editing or other Wikibooks functions. This criterion applies to subpages of the Wikibooks Sandbox created as tests, but does '''not''' apply to the Sandbox itself, pages in the user namespace, or valid but unused or duplicate templates. === G3. Repost of work that was previously deleted === This criterion applies to sufficiently identical copies, having any title, of a page deleted via its most recent deletion discussion or with a speedy deletion. It excludes pages that are ''not'' substantially identical to the deleted version, and pages to which the reason for the deletion no longer applies. This criterion also does not cover content undeleted via a request for undeletion. === G4. Author requests deletion === This criterion applies to pages that are being nominated by their only significant contributor. === G5. Pages dependent on a non-existent or deleted page === This criterion applies to pages that are an example of, but not limited to: * Talk pages with no corresponding subject page * Subpages with no parent page * Timed Text pages without a corresponding file (or when the file has been moved to Commons) * Redirects to target pages that never existed or were deleted * Editnotices of non-existent or unsalted deleted pages == Books == These criteria apply to pages in the book (main) namespace. They do not apply to redirects. === B1. No context === This criterion applies to pages which lack sufficient context to identify the topic of the book. === B2. Foreign language books === This criterion applies to pages which are not written in English. Speedy deletion nomination for these pages should clarify the language the book was written on. === B3. No content === This crriterion applies to books consisting only of external links, category tags, attempts to correspond with the person or group named by its title, questions that should have been asked at a noticeboard, chat-like comments, template tags, or images. === B4. Books that duplicate an existing topic === This criterion applies to any book with no relevant page history that duplicates an existing English Wikibooks book, and that does not expand upon, detail or improve information within any existing book(s) on the subject, and where the title is not a plausible redirect. === B5. Out of scope === This criterion applies to books that do not fit [[Wikibooks:What is Wikibooks?|the scope of Wikibooks]], including encyclopedic pages. Such pages may be exported to another WMF wiki where it would be in scope. == Redirects == These criteria apply to pages that redirect to another page. === R1. Cross-namespace redirects === This criterion applies to redirects from the main namespace to any other namespace ''except'' the Category:, Template:, Wikibooks:, and Help: namespaces. === R2. Redirects for implausible typos === This criterion applies to redirects from implausible typos or misnomers. However, redirects from common misspellings or misnomers are generally useful, as are some redirects in other languages. This criterion does not apply to redirects created as a result of a page move. == Files == These criteria apply to pages in the File namespace. === F1. Redundant === This criterion applies to unused duplicates or lower-quality/resolution copies of another Wikibooks file having the same file format. === F2. Corrupt, missing, or empty file === This criterion applies to files that are corrupt, missing, empty, or that contain superfluous and blatant non-metadata information. === F3. Improper license === This criterion applies to media licensed as "for non-commercial use only" (including non-commercial Creative Commons licenses), "no derivative use", "for Wikipedia use only", or "used with permission". === F4. Lack of licensing information === This criterion applies to media files lacking the necessary licensing information to verify copyright status after being identified as such. === F5. Files available as identical copies on Wikimedia Commons === This criterion applies to files whose identical copies are already avalible on Wikimedia Commons. === F6. Unambiguous copyright infringement === This criterion applies to obviously non-free images (or other media files) that are not claimed by the uploader to be fair use. A URL or other indication of where the image originated should be mentioned. This does not include images with a credible claim that the owner has released them under a Wikibooks-compatible free license. === F7. No evidence of permission === This criterion applies to files whose uploader has specified a license and has named a third party as the source or copyright holder without providing evidence that this third party has in fact agreed. == Categories == These criteria apply to pages in the Category namespace. === C1. Unpopulated categories === This criterion applies to categories that have been unpopulated (or only populated by pages themselves tagged for speedy deletion) for at least seven days. This does not apply to disambiguation categories, category redirects, categories under discussion at a deletion discussion venue, or project categories that by their nature may become empty on occasion. === C2. Unused maintenance categories === This criterion applies to unused maintenance categories, such as empty dated maintenance categories for dates in the past. Note that empty maintenance categories are not necessarily unused—this criterion is for categories that will ''always'' be empty, not just ''currently'' empty. == Templates == These criteria apply to pages in the Template or Module namespaces. === T1. Unused template subpages === This criterion applies to unused subpages of templates or modules, such as: * Template documentation subpages unused by the template itself (editors tagging and deleting such pages should ensure that all relevant content, including categories, has been moved to the template page or the replacement documentation) * /core subpages which are not called by the template itself == User pages == These criteria apply to pages in the User and User talk namespaces. === U1. User request === This criterion applies to personal user pages and subpages (but not user talk pages) upon request by their user. This also includes editnotices for user pages. === U2. Nonexistent user === This criterion applies to user pages, user subpages, and user talk pages of users that do not exist on the English Wikibooks (check [[Special:ListUsers]]), except user pages for IP users who have edited, redirects from misspellings of an established user's user page, and redirects created due to a user being renamed. Pages of users who exist on other WMF wikis but do not have local accounts are eligible for deletion. == See also == * [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy]] rlzsnxnvpjz9ky5rg8oz18npntdujoj 110 482856 4632589 2026-04-26T18:46:11Z ~2026-25563-57 3579377 Created page with "[[File:Asia satellite orthographic.jpg|center|600px]] <div style="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center; margin: 0px auto 0px auto;">'''Wikijunior Asian Animal Alphabet'''</div> <noinclude> <div style="font-size: large; text-align: center; margin: 0px auto 0px auto;"> -- [[/A/]] [[/B/]] [[/C/]] [[/D/]] [[/E/]] [[/F/]] [[/G/]] [[/H/]] [[/I/]] [[/J/]] [[/K/]] [[/L/]] [[/M/]] [[/N/]] [[/O/]] [[/P/]] [[/Q/]] [[/R/]] [[/S/]] [[/T/]] [[/U/]] [[/V/]] /..." 4632589 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Asia satellite orthographic.jpg|center|600px]] <div style="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center; margin: 0px auto 0px auto;">'''Wikijunior Asian Animal Alphabet'''</div> <noinclude> <div style="font-size: large; text-align: center; margin: 0px auto 0px auto;"> -- [[/A/]] [[/B/]] [[/C/]] [[/D/]] [[/E/]] [[/F/]] [[/G/]] [[/H/]] [[/I/]] [[/J/]] [[/K/]] [[/L/]] [[/M/]] [[/N/]] [[/O/]] [[/P/]] [[/Q/]] [[/R/]] [[/S/]] [[/T/]] [[/U/]] [[/V/]] [[/W/]] [[/X/]] [[/Y/]] [[/Z/]] -- </div> </noinclude> {{Shelves|Wikijunior pre-reader books}}{{Status|100%}} <noinclude> {{reading level|Pre-reader}} </noinclude> {{Print version|Wikijunior:Mammal_Alphabet/All pages}} 4p5wwqw6463t4zz9fhiho61cjyuhm1m 4632613 4632589 2026-04-26T19:19:08Z ~2026-25563-57 3579377 4632613 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Asia satellite orthographic.jpg|center|600px]] <div style="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center; margin: 0px auto 0px auto;">'''Wikijunior Asian Animal Alphabet'''</div> <noinclude> <div style="font-size: large; text-align: center; margin: 0px auto 0px auto;"> -- [[/A/]] [[/B/]] [[/C/]] [[/D/]] [[/E/]] [[/F/]] [[/G/]] [[/H/]] [[/I/]] [[/J/]] [[/K/]] [[/L/]] [[/M/]] [[/N/]] [[/O/]] [[/P/]] [[/Q/]] [[/R/]] [[/S/]] [[/T/]] [[/U/]] [[/V/]] [[/W/]] [[/X/]] [[/Y/]] [[/Z/]] -- </div> </noinclude> {{Shelves|Wikijunior pre-reader books}}{{Status|100%}} <noinclude> {{reading level|Pre-reader}} </noinclude> {{Print version|Wikijunior:Asian_Animal_Alphabet/All pages}} e6gtda28kalgtxj4ujy6os980c03v94 4632643 4632613 2026-04-27T02:14:19Z Codename Noreste 3441010 Set edit review settings for "Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet": Wikijunior page [Default: Stable] 4632613 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Asia satellite orthographic.jpg|center|600px]] <div style="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center; margin: 0px auto 0px auto;">'''Wikijunior Asian Animal Alphabet'''</div> <noinclude> <div style="font-size: large; text-align: center; margin: 0px auto 0px auto;"> -- [[/A/]] [[/B/]] [[/C/]] [[/D/]] [[/E/]] [[/F/]] [[/G/]] [[/H/]] [[/I/]] [[/J/]] [[/K/]] [[/L/]] [[/M/]] [[/N/]] [[/O/]] [[/P/]] [[/Q/]] [[/R/]] [[/S/]] [[/T/]] [[/U/]] [[/V/]] [[/W/]] [[/X/]] [[/Y/]] [[/Z/]] -- </div> </noinclude> {{Shelves|Wikijunior pre-reader books}}{{Status|100%}} <noinclude> {{reading level|Pre-reader}} </noinclude> {{Print version|Wikijunior:Asian_Animal_Alphabet/All pages}} e6gtda28kalgtxj4ujy6os980c03v94 110 482857 4632590 2026-04-26T18:51:49Z ~2026-25563-57 3579377 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''X''' is for '''X'''iphosura</div> [[File:Limule(dD).jpg|500px|center]]" 4632590 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''X''' is for '''X'''iphosura</div> [[File:Limule(dD).jpg|500px|center]] dj4f9opcxnm5alw612303pbtztsohcq 110 482858 4632591 2026-04-26T18:52:59Z ~2026-25563-57 3579377 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''W''' is for '''W'''olf</div> [[File:Genome Sequencing of a Gray Wolf from Peninsular India (2022) fig. 1A.png|500px|center]]" 4632591 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''W''' is for '''W'''olf</div> [[File:Genome Sequencing of a Gray Wolf from Peninsular India (2022) fig. 1A.png|500px|center]] hpzmbgoccxoqmz01c6lauqvj4d7jisw 110 482859 4632592 2026-04-26T18:54:13Z ~2026-25563-57 3579377 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''V''' is for '''V'''aranus</div> [[File:Asian water monitor in Chintamoni Kar Bird Sanctuary March 2024 by Tisha Mukherjee 01.jpg|500px|center]]" 4632592 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''V''' is for '''V'''aranus</div> [[File:Asian water monitor in Chintamoni Kar Bird Sanctuary March 2024 by Tisha Mukherjee 01.jpg|500px|center]] 4uxibqa6f1c2mr0fulp2z8k6v8r85iq 110 482860 4632593 2026-04-26T18:55:05Z ~2026-25563-57 3579377 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''M''' is for '''M'''onkey</div> [[File:Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta mulatta) female.jpg|500px|center]]" 4632593 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''M''' is for '''M'''onkey</div> [[File:Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta mulatta) female.jpg|500px|center]] 3a1m29fdh0zj9htv1mgdt2ba99k09ux 110 482861 4632594 2026-04-26T18:55:55Z ~2026-25563-57 3579377 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''N''' is for '''N'''ightingale</div> [[File:Luscinia megarhynchos - 01.jpg|500px|center]]" 4632594 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''N''' is for '''N'''ightingale</div> [[File:Luscinia megarhynchos - 01.jpg|500px|center]] i7ylfom4rwbbpoxpkfi98rvnlgu6dje 110 482862 4632595 2026-04-26T18:57:04Z ~2026-25563-57 3579377 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''O''' is for '''O'''rangutan</div> [[File:Bornean Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) (14562544106).jpg|500px|center]]" 4632595 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''O''' is for '''O'''rangutan</div> [[File:Bornean Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) (14562544106).jpg|500px|center]] 3fd7rivlaubt0wz08r1id9xa5i6jqsa 110 482863 4632596 2026-04-26T18:58:36Z ~2026-25563-57 3579377 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''P''' is for '''P'''anther</div> [[File:Jaguar.jpg|500px|center]]" 4632596 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''P''' is for '''P'''anther</div> [[File:Jaguar.jpg|500px|center]] iya50ce4dfzi2ap7lgl344pce2mtw7q 110 482864 4632597 2026-04-26T18:59:51Z ~2026-25563-57 3579377 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''Q''' is for '''Q'''uail</div> [[File:Brown Quail.jpg|500px|center]]" 4632597 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''Q''' is for '''Q'''uail</div> [[File:Brown Quail.jpg|500px|center]] mof62ljqoo3d4unx5w1hw5qvc2r1u62 110 482865 4632599 2026-04-26T19:00:44Z ~2026-25563-57 3579377 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''R''' is for '''R'''hinoceros</div> [[File:Greater one-horned rhinoceros at Chitwan.jpg|500px|center]]" 4632599 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''R''' is for '''R'''hinoceros</div> [[File:Greater one-horned rhinoceros at Chitwan.jpg|500px|center]] 5vlb8zcbl6uprnmg7i7in2kp4x7jbkb 110 482866 4632600 2026-04-26T19:02:23Z ~2026-25563-57 3579377 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''S''' is for '''S'''pectacled Cobra</div> [[File:Indian Cobra Naja naja by Dr Raju Kasambe DSCN4991 (8).jpg|500px|center]]" 4632600 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''S''' is for '''S'''pectacled Cobra</div> [[File:Indian Cobra Naja naja by Dr Raju Kasambe DSCN4991 (8).jpg|500px|center]] 162f6pou7fr7chcl15r06ayohbo0ez8 110 482867 4632601 2026-04-26T19:03:10Z ~2026-25563-57 3579377 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''U''' is for '''U'''rial</div> [[File:Ovis vignei 337428897.jpg|500px|center]]" 4632601 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''U''' is for '''U'''rial</div> [[File:Ovis vignei 337428897.jpg|500px|center]] ff2fkkndclmkgw70bvgjyxev06fa7iz 110 482868 4632602 2026-04-26T19:04:17Z ~2026-25563-57 3579377 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''K''' is for '''K'''ing Cobra</div> [[File:12 - The Mystical King Cobra and Coffee Forests.jpg|500px|center]]" 4632602 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''K''' is for '''K'''ing Cobra</div> [[File:12 - The Mystical King Cobra and Coffee Forests.jpg|500px|center]] h1oj3azq9sy59jjmgq0d1lq3bhnv6lh 110 482869 4632603 2026-04-26T19:05:06Z ~2026-25563-57 3579377 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''J''' is for '''J'''unglefowl</div> [[File:Gallus gallus, Khao Yai Lam Ta Khong, Thailand 477443293.jpg|500px|center]]" 4632603 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''J''' is for '''J'''unglefowl</div> [[File:Gallus gallus, Khao Yai Lam Ta Khong, Thailand 477443293.jpg|500px|center]] rg075vywrx02xee4rifwbrind8dvso2 110 482870 4632604 2026-04-26T19:07:01Z ~2026-25563-57 3579377 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''I''' is for '''I'''guana</div> [[File:Iguana iguana, with blue and red coloration.jpg|500px|center]]" 4632604 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''I''' is for '''I'''guana</div> [[File:Iguana iguana, with blue and red coloration.jpg|500px|center]] mcnt242bayud90h78upo5k5u90mla1f 110 482871 4632605 2026-04-26T19:07:43Z ~2026-25563-57 3579377 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''H''' is for '''H'''ornbill</div> [[File:Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis).jpg|500px|center]]" 4632605 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''H''' is for '''H'''ornbill</div> [[File:Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis).jpg|500px|center]] i1ic0iqfr5bapja88qsywe94v0sk4dp 110 482872 4632606 2026-04-26T19:08:42Z ~2026-25563-57 3579377 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''F''' is for '''F'''rog</div> [[File:Rhacophorus kio.jpg|500px|center]]" 4632606 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''F''' is for '''F'''rog</div> [[File:Rhacophorus kio.jpg|500px|center]] 7v4r1yq61w31sauwce1cgznpu9eo909 110 482873 4632607 2026-04-26T19:09:23Z ~2026-25563-57 3579377 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''G''' is for '''G'''ibbon</div> [[File:Hylobates lar - Kaeng Krachan WB.jpg|500px|center]]" 4632607 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''G''' is for '''G'''ibbon</div> [[File:Hylobates lar - Kaeng Krachan WB.jpg|500px|center]] cy7u69xnaf3zg1p71g0rrw26lp9rhi7 110 482874 4632608 2026-04-26T19:10:15Z ~2026-25563-57 3579377 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''D''' is for '''D'''eer</div> [[File:Cervus nippon 002.jpg|500px|center]]" 4632608 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''D''' is for '''D'''eer</div> [[File:Cervus nippon 002.jpg|500px|center]] pppmdzk6gapnew8aas8droaprwsi4gn 110 482875 4632609 2026-04-26T19:11:45Z ~2026-25563-57 3579377 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''C''' is for '''C'''amel</div> [[File:Camelus bactrianus in western Mongolia 02.jpg|500px|center]]" 4632609 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''C''' is for '''C'''amel</div> [[File:Camelus bactrianus in western Mongolia 02.jpg|500px|center]] jeg0ckj6i4xe3pk8zy2awuxaikn3usu 110 482876 4632610 2026-04-26T19:12:56Z ~2026-25563-57 3579377 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''B''' is for '''B'''ear</div> [[File:Asian Black Bear Ursus thibetanus by Dr. Raju Kasambe 01.jpg|500px|center]]" 4632610 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''B''' is for '''B'''ear</div> [[File:Asian Black Bear Ursus thibetanus by Dr. Raju Kasambe 01.jpg|500px|center]] 0kf2je2rs6vqdtrwhv32t8fovg7gbwg 110 482877 4632611 2026-04-26T19:13:46Z ~2026-25563-57 3579377 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''A''' is for '''A'''pe</div> [[File:Pan paniscus (female).jpg|500px|center]]" 4632611 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''A''' is for '''A'''pe</div> [[File:Pan paniscus (female).jpg|500px|center]] afa5nykshcuxkh85onv53slp4ralo3u 4632644 4632611 2026-04-27T02:16:17Z Codename Noreste 3441010 Set edit review settings for "Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet/A": Wikijunior page [Default: Stable] 4632611 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''A''' is for '''A'''pe</div> [[File:Pan paniscus (female).jpg|500px|center]] afa5nykshcuxkh85onv53slp4ralo3u 4632645 4632644 2026-04-27T02:19:36Z Codename Noreste 3441010 + 4632645 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''A''' is for '''A'''pe</div> [[File:Pan paniscus (female).jpg|500px|center]] {{BookCat}} m50ldzf8oxyckpl6uie5ynqs14yjoq3 110 482878 4632612 2026-04-26T19:18:31Z ~2026-25563-57 3579377 Created page with "{{center/top}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet/A}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet/B}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet/C}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet/D}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet/E}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet/F}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet/G}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet/H}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet/I}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet/J}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabe..." 4632612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{center/top}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet/A}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet/B}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet/C}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet/D}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet/E}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet/F}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet/G}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet/H}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet/I}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet/J}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet/K}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet/L}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet/M}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet/N}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet/O}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet/P}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet/Q}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet/R}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet/S}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet/T}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet/U}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet/V}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet/W}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet/X}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet/Y}} {{Wikijunior:Asian Animal Alphabet/Z}} {{center/end}} 2wkl7d0u4dmmbsvb1i9werevmclu53i 14 482879 4632642 2026-04-27T02:13:41Z Codename Noreste 3441010 + 4632642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{book category header}} {{BookCat}} ptt9drnitry3svbos36hzjb54f56f99 0 482880 4632649 2026-04-27T02:43:11Z ~2026-25237-80 3579176 Redirected page to [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3]] 4632649 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3]] llbeu2fwyv7iqopsqmxyarf7e6em5dq 0 482881 4632650 2026-04-27T02:43:41Z ~2026-25237-80 3579176 Redirected page to [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...e5/2. Nf3]] 4632650 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...e5/2. Nf3]] 461pv5qdoexti3xduccyps7755q5th7 0 482882 4632653 2026-04-27T02:51:13Z ~2026-25237-80 3579176 Created page with "{{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= |Trompowsky Attack: Raptor Variation }} = Trompowsky Attack: Raptor Variation = Black trades their knight for White's bishop. When White captures back, the h-file will become semi-open. == References == == Common Moves == <table> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>[[/4. hxg5|hxg5]]<br>g6</br></td> <td></td> </tr> </table> {{ChessFooter}} {{BookCat}}" 4632653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= |Trompowsky Attack: Raptor Variation }} = Trompowsky Attack: Raptor Variation = Black trades their knight for White's bishop. When White captures back, the h-file will become semi-open. == References == == Common Moves == <table> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>[[/4. hxg5|hxg5]]<br>g6</br></td> <td></td> </tr> </table> {{ChessFooter}} {{BookCat}} ernj4r9ddd4drl2qs7c6rccmgrxmre0 0 482883 4632658 2026-04-27T05:11:19Z Kwfd 3577794 Kwfd moved page [[Named Chess Openings/Naming conventions]] to [[Named Chess Openings/Book style]]: Moved to "Book style" as the page will become a manual of style rather than just naimg conventions 4632658 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Named Chess Openings/Book style]] iewtgzhp3xhlh43e1ro5i2pikgu0vzj 10 482884 4632661 2026-04-27T05:33:05Z Kwfd 3577794 Created page with "<small>Want to contribute to Wikibook [[Named Chess Openings]]? Check out the [[Named Chess Openings/Book style|book style page]] and [[Named Chess Openings/Template usage|how to use Named Chess Openings templates]]!</small> <noinclude>[[Category:Book:Named Chess Openings/Templates]]</noinclude> <noinclude><templatedata> { "params": {}, "description": "Template should be used at the end of opening entries in book Named Chess Openings; guides contributors on how to cont..." 4632661 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>Want to contribute to Wikibook [[Named Chess Openings]]? Check out the [[Named Chess Openings/Book style|book style page]] and [[Named Chess Openings/Template usage|how to use Named Chess Openings templates]]!</small> <noinclude>[[Category:Book:Named Chess Openings/Templates]]</noinclude> <noinclude><templatedata> { "params": {}, "description": "Template should be used at the end of opening entries in book Named Chess Openings; guides contributors on how to contribute to Named Chess Openings." } </templatedata></noinclude> 7fh9gnex4rgqwtcdy1v7xvf2lpcwql4 0 482885 4632686 2026-04-27T06:11:45Z Kwfd 3577794 Created page with "{{Named Chess Openings/continuation|parentopening=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation}} {{Chess diagram|2=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation (2. Bb2 Nc6 3. c4 Nf6 continuation)|3=rd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|13=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|51=pl|55=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|14=pd|54=pl|44=pl|67=Position after 1. b3 e5 2. Bb2 Nc6 3. c4 Nf6|31=pd|21=nd|52=bl|24=nd|37=pl}} === Introduction and Ideas === The 2. Bb2 Nc6 3. c4 Nf6..." 4632686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Named Chess Openings/continuation|parentopening=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation}} {{Chess diagram|2=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation (2. Bb2 Nc6 3. c4 Nf6 continuation)|3=rd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|13=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|51=pl|55=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|14=pd|54=pl|44=pl|67=Position after 1. b3 e5 2. Bb2 Nc6 3. c4 Nf6|31=pd|21=nd|52=bl|24=nd|37=pl}} === Introduction and Ideas === The 2. Bb2 Nc6 3. c4 Nf6 continuation of the Modern Nimzo-Larsen Attack<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Nimzo-Larsen_Attack_Modern_Variation/b3_e5_Bb2_Nc6_c4_Nf6 |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref> is a flexible 1. b3 line for both players. The idea of White playing c4 was to discourage the move ...d5 by Black, while Black's Nf6 enables the central d5 pawn push. === History === There is no known historical origin of the name "Modern Variation". It is named that way because it is a common reply to 1. b3. === Main Moves === * 4. e3 * 4. Nc3 * 4. g3 * 4. Nf3 === Statistics === White wins ~49%, Black wins ~47%, draw ~4%<ref name=":0" />. === ECO code === A01<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schachzeit |date=2024-11-10 |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation - Openings - Schachzeit |url=https://www.schachzeit.com/en/openings/nimzo-larsen-attack-with-e3/modern-variation |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=www.schachzeit.com |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}} {{Named Chess Openings/contribguide}} {{BookCat}} p6nvz4yo69ll5z8itkrmi2hu97jj4fu 0 482889 4632711 2026-04-27T11:34:18Z JCrue 2226064 Created 4632711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |name=Scotch variation accepted |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C47]] |parent=[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...Nf6|Four knights game]] → [[../|Scotch variation]] }} == 4...exd4 · Scotch variation accepted == Black accepts the d4-pawn. Unlike in the Scotch game ([[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4/3...exd4|1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 exd4]]), taking the d4-pawn comes with tempo on White's knight. White must retake the pawn or move the knight to avoid losing material. [[/5. Nxd4|'''5. Nxd4''']] recovers the material. If Black elects to trade knights, 5...Nxd4?! 6. Qxd4 is better for White as White's queen becomes activated and Black cannot gain tempo on it. On the other hand, White is very happy to trade the knights on c6 with tempo on Black's queen and inducing Black to double their c-pawns. The main line continues 5...Bb4 6. Nxc6 bxc6, avoiding the queen trade after 6...dxc6, and 7. Bd3 d5 8. exd5 cxd5 allows Black to un-double their pawns. An alternative is the Schmid defence, 5...Nxe4, a temporary knight sacrifice. [[/5. Nd5|'''5. Nd5!?''']] is the '''Belgrade gambit'''. White moves their knight out of danger but gives up the e-pawn. White is usually quite happy for Black to take it, hoping to build a lead in development and to recover at least one pawn soon enough. The Belgrade gambit is usually answered 5...Be7, a quiet move that avoids complications, or the more testing 5...Nb4. '''5. e5?''', counterattacking Black's knight, is inferior as White is already down material. 5...dxc3! 6. exf6 Qxf6 7. bxc3 {{chess/not|--}}. Black is up a pawn, while White has doubled isolated c-pawns, one of which is hanging. '''5. Nb5?''', intending to recapture the pawn with the b5 knight, allows 5...Bb4+ and ...Nxe4 and Black can exploit their increased control of c3 and d2, e.g. 5...Bb4+ 6. Bd2 Nxe4 (attacks d2) 7. Bxb4 Nxb4 8. Nbxd4 O-O {{chess/not|--}}, Black is up material, has castled, and has the bishop pair. == Theory table == {{ChessTable}} {{ChessMid}} == References == {{reflist}} === See also === {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} keqw6io9etodg3s1ke31n12s2eye42r