Wikibooks enwikibooks https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.26 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikibooks Wikibooks talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Cookbook Cookbook talk Transwiki Transwiki talk Wikijunior Wikijunior talk Subject Subject talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 4 385 4633419 4633021 2026-05-01T13:25:24Z Kingofnuthin 3566511 /* Various Transwiki Namespace Pages */ new section 4633419 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOCleft}} {{shortcut|WB:RFD}} {{Requests for deletion/New deletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}} <!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --> == [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations == <div style="column-count: 7;"> * [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original) * [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]] * [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]] * [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]] * [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]] * [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]] * [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]]) * [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]]) * [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]] * [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]] * [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]] * [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]]) * [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]] * [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]] * [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]] * [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]] * [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]] * [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]] * [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]] * [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]]) * [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]]) * [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]] * [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]]) * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]] * [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]] * [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]] * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]]) * [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]]) * [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]]) * [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]]) </div> There are a couple of issues here: # Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks. # All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself. # Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them. While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15. :If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine : How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias. ::: So the idea is the following: :::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest. :::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua). :::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere). :::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo. ::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. ::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions: ::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks. ::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time. ::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) :::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|<small>|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|</small>|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained. ::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere. ::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC) :::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC) ::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content. ::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC) : {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük. : Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know): :* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/] :* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/] : {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know. : In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know. : I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC) ::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC) :::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC) {{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC) : I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC) :: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC) == [[International Baccalaureate]] == Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC) : Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC) ::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC) == [[Character List for Baxter&Sagart]] == Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC) :::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. :::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. ::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work. [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC) :Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC) == [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] == Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC) :I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC) ::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''"Using the Finnish Language"'' or ''"Put Finnish Language into Use"'' for a direct translation. [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC) == [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] == * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]] An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for "tethering" a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC) :I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC) :::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest. :::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe "Archive:") set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC) ::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC) == Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials == I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == [[Puredyne]] == Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC) :I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Template:Qr-twwp]] == This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] == I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC) :{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC) ::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC) :::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC) ::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC) == [[Annotations to The Joy of Music]] == Abandoned with minimal content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 August 2025 (UTC) :Author of the book/page here. I wouldn't call it "abandoned": it's still a start, but I'm here and do plan to fill out the rest (most of the annotations are for the early part of the book though). :I'm an experience editor at Wikipedia and Wiktionary, but am not very familiar with Wikibooks standards. When reading this book, I found myself looking up unfamiliar terms and quotes and thought some annotations would be helpful when reading or especially studying the text. It's a notable book by a notable author (extensive Wikipedia page). Here the source text is not freely available, but annotations are easy to add separately. I looked at [[WB:AT]] and existing examples of annotations and tried to follow them. Per [[WB:WIW]], the scope is instructional texts (including annotated texts), and minor works are in scope. :I'll grant that this is not large and not likely to become very long – many books only need minor annotations – but the content would certainly have been helpful to me when reading this book. :Are there specific changes you'd suggest or general guidelines to follow in this kind of book? ::—Nils von Barth ([[User:Nbarth|nbarth]]) ([[User talk:Nbarth|talk]]) 02:42, 3 September 2025 (UTC) ::: Pinging @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] and @[[User:Nbarth|Nbarth]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:15, 21 April 2026 (UTC) ::::I think I stand by my original reasoning given that no work has been done on it, and I don't think it contains enough content to hang around in main space for so long. What about moving it to user space? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:16, 23 April 2026 (UTC) == [[Template:Deleted page]] == Per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals#Retiring Template:Deleted page]], this is because the template is unnecessary given that creation protection (salting) is used instead. I am also proposing the deletion of the following categories used by this template: * [[:Category:Protected deleted categories]] * [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:36, 29 January 2026 (UTC) :This seems premature - [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] is still in use for pages with generic names. Is there a plan to transition those pages to create protection; if so, can that be implemented before deleting the templates/categories? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:28, 30 January 2026 (UTC) ::JJPMaster proposed that the pages listed in that category should be moved to the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], and that {{tlx|naming policy notice}} shall be fully protected and used as an interface (title blacklist) message. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:18, 30 January 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: Have you seen this reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:28, 11 February 2026 (UTC) ::::I have, but I'm not sure I follow. These templates, and the categories which they populate, are currently in use. Once that's no longer the case, I have no objection to deleting them - but they need to be delinked first. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC) :::::I deleted the categories mentioned above, moved all the generic titles to the title blacklist, and for those pages that used {{tlx|Deleted page}}, I deleted then applied creation protection. An uninvolved admin can delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} and then close this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:39, 30 March 2026 (UTC) == [[Cereal Grains Through History]] == Abandoned with no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:18, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: The author (Karosent) objects to the deletion per their talk page: {{quote|:Yes, please do not delete this wiki book. It is a work in progress. It is just taking some time to make progress on it. Thank you.}} :{{courtesy ping}} to @[[User:Karosent|Karosent]] as the author of the book for their input. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:42, 30 March 2026 (UTC) ::If the user does intend to work on it, I think the best course of action would be moving it to user space until more progress is made. Having abandoned works around the main space is a bit messy. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:28, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23]] == Transcribed from a magazine copy that cannot be traced via the URL provided. Generally archival of primary source works is undertaken on Wikisource (not Wikibooks), backed by a suitable page scan. This isn't at present. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 16:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :This doesn't need an RfD since it is obviously out of scope. You can instead put a CSD tag on the page. Additionally, it seems that the entire /Publications section contains only source works here, so it might require a mass deletion. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] looping you in here so you're aware. I don't think any pages like this (i.e. source text) can be kept here, since we are explicitly and unambiguously not a text repository per [[WB:SOURCE]]. I am inclined to speedily delete for that reason, but I want to hear from the primary editor. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:40, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :::Thanks for looping me in. :::This is not simply a transcription of the magazine. :::It includes new formatting to make the content better reachable. :::It includes commentary to place the transcribed material in context. :::It permits related material to be placed in chronological order. :::The version here is not complete (as per banner included), hence the URL link not working (National Library of Australia's Trove has been updated). :::There is no point in placing this material on Wikisource as the Trove website is functionally similar and now provides for text correction (a fairly recent development). :::I have not be editing Wikibooks for the last six month's following a personal matter but now slowly returning to the task. :::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:08, 27 April 2026 (UTC) : As an admin who was involved in deleting this (and related subpages) and ''only'' undeleting it later per the author's request, I therefore '''recuse''' (will not do) on taking any administrative actions for this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:33, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - including other similar pages - per nom. Transcriptions of previously published works, like these magazines, belong on Wikisource. I don't see any evidence of substantial commentary in any of the pages I've looked at. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == [[History Books]] == Minimal existing content is editorialized, book scope unclear, no sourcing —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{comment}} - there is one unlinked subpage of this book, [[History Books/Who Was Alexander the Great/Introduction]]. I'm not impressed by the content (it's basically historical fiction written for a young child), but it's not hopeless. I'd encourage the author to create an account to allow us to communicate with them. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:34, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::If it is really aimed at children, shouldn't it be moved to the Wikijunior: namespace? [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:55, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == [[Music Production Guide by Taskin Ahmed Kayum]] == no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:50, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - this is not a useful guide. It fails to provide any actionable directions to the reader. :As some advice to the author: you may want to try writing a guide on a narrower topic which you are personally familiar with, like how to produce a particular type of music, or how to use a particular piece of software to produce music. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 03:44, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}, no useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 14:17, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == [[FORTRAN program for calculating representative parameters and operating conditions of AC overhead transmission lines]] == As the title suggests, this page is primarily code for a computer program, not a book. Wikibooks is not a code hosting web site; this code might be more appropriate as a repository on a code hosting site such as Codeberg or GitHub. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:30, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :{{Del}}, the book seems to be out of scope in its current state, especially considering that most of it is just code and it has no subpages. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:35, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :I agree that this is not a book in its current form. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:26, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == Various Transwiki Namespace Pages == *[[Transwiki:Digging trees and shrubs for transplanting]] *[[Transwiki:Create bit mask algorithm]] *[[Transwiki:CRFL (CaReFuL mnemonic)]] *[[Transwiki:Developing a library websites]] *[[Transwiki:Fischer's Lovebird]] *[[Transwiki:Float (breakdancing move)]] *[[Transwiki:Front door method]] *[[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]] *[[Transwiki:Horse grooming]] *[[Transwiki:How to distinguish a monocot from a dicot]] *[[Transwiki:Humminbird PC connection cable wiring diagramm. (AS PC2)]] *[[Transwiki:Inbound connectivity under 3G Datacard]] *[[Transwiki:Common Test Cases]] *[[Transwiki:Comparison of EHR solution providers]] *[[Transwiki:Computer forensics]] *[[Transwiki:Barter]] *[[Transwiki:Career domains in computer science]] *[[Transwiki:Buying snowboards]] *[[Transwiki:Common chemicals]] *[[Transwiki:B+ Tree Java Implementation]] *[[Transwiki:Cattle judging]] *[[Transwiki:Two-handed manual alphabet]] *[[Transwiki:Silver-copper nitrate]] *[[Transwiki:Slating procedure]] *[[Transwiki:Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence]] *[[Transwiki:Technical writing for the Web]] *[[Transwiki:Technology roadmap]] *[[Transwiki:Special product and factoring]] *[[Transwiki:Researching Japanese names]] *[[Transwiki:Job-seeking expense tax deductions]] *[[Transwiki:Labeling family photos]] *[[Transwiki:List of mnemonics for the cranial nerves]] *[[Transwiki:Maude system]] *[[Transwiki:Model rocket]] *[[Transwiki:NIS Configuration on Debian]] *[[Transwiki:Paper model tutorials]] *[[Transwiki:Photosynthesis misconceptions]] *[[Transwiki:Project Schedule Development]] This list includes pages in the Transwiki namespaces that have mostly been imported from enwiki, which makes them unusable in a book. If there are any pages here that can be turned into a book, let me know and I can strike them out. I believe that all of these pages should be deleted as we do not allow encyclopedic material on Wikibooks, and these are mostly articles that were imported from English Wikipedia. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 13:25, 1 May 2026 (UTC) ahfixneax4jf60gjoe35rljovaii2nt 4633425 4633419 2026-05-01T16:39:46Z Omphalographer 3427146 /* Various Transwiki Namespace Pages */ Reply 4633425 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOCleft}} {{shortcut|WB:RFD}} {{Requests for deletion/New deletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}} <!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --> == [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations == <div style="column-count: 7;"> * [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original) * [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]] * [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]] * [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]] * [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]] * [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]] * [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]]) * [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]]) * [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]] * [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]] * [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]] * [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]]) * [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]] * [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]] * [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]] * [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]] * [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]] * [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]] * [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]] * [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]]) * [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]]) * [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]] * [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]]) * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]] * [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]] * [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]] * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]]) * [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]]) * [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]]) * [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]]) </div> There are a couple of issues here: # Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks. # All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself. # Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them. While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15. :If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine : How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias. ::: So the idea is the following: :::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest. :::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua). :::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere). :::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo. ::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. ::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions: ::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks. ::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time. ::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) :::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|<small>|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|</small>|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained. ::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere. ::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC) :::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC) ::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content. ::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC) : {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük. : Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know): :* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/] :* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/] : {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know. : In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know. : I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC) ::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC) :::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC) {{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC) : I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC) :: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC) == [[International Baccalaureate]] == Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC) : Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC) ::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC) == [[Character List for Baxter&Sagart]] == Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC) :::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. :::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. ::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work. [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC) :Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC) == [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] == Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC) :I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC) ::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''"Using the Finnish Language"'' or ''"Put Finnish Language into Use"'' for a direct translation. [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC) == [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] == * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]] An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for "tethering" a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC) :I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC) :::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest. :::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe "Archive:") set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC) ::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC) == Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials == I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == [[Puredyne]] == Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC) :I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Template:Qr-twwp]] == This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] == I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC) :{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC) ::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC) :::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC) ::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC) == [[Annotations to The Joy of Music]] == Abandoned with minimal content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 August 2025 (UTC) :Author of the book/page here. I wouldn't call it "abandoned": it's still a start, but I'm here and do plan to fill out the rest (most of the annotations are for the early part of the book though). :I'm an experience editor at Wikipedia and Wiktionary, but am not very familiar with Wikibooks standards. When reading this book, I found myself looking up unfamiliar terms and quotes and thought some annotations would be helpful when reading or especially studying the text. It's a notable book by a notable author (extensive Wikipedia page). Here the source text is not freely available, but annotations are easy to add separately. I looked at [[WB:AT]] and existing examples of annotations and tried to follow them. Per [[WB:WIW]], the scope is instructional texts (including annotated texts), and minor works are in scope. :I'll grant that this is not large and not likely to become very long – many books only need minor annotations – but the content would certainly have been helpful to me when reading this book. :Are there specific changes you'd suggest or general guidelines to follow in this kind of book? ::—Nils von Barth ([[User:Nbarth|nbarth]]) ([[User talk:Nbarth|talk]]) 02:42, 3 September 2025 (UTC) ::: Pinging @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] and @[[User:Nbarth|Nbarth]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:15, 21 April 2026 (UTC) ::::I think I stand by my original reasoning given that no work has been done on it, and I don't think it contains enough content to hang around in main space for so long. What about moving it to user space? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:16, 23 April 2026 (UTC) == [[Template:Deleted page]] == Per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals#Retiring Template:Deleted page]], this is because the template is unnecessary given that creation protection (salting) is used instead. I am also proposing the deletion of the following categories used by this template: * [[:Category:Protected deleted categories]] * [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:36, 29 January 2026 (UTC) :This seems premature - [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] is still in use for pages with generic names. Is there a plan to transition those pages to create protection; if so, can that be implemented before deleting the templates/categories? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:28, 30 January 2026 (UTC) ::JJPMaster proposed that the pages listed in that category should be moved to the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], and that {{tlx|naming policy notice}} shall be fully protected and used as an interface (title blacklist) message. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:18, 30 January 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: Have you seen this reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:28, 11 February 2026 (UTC) ::::I have, but I'm not sure I follow. These templates, and the categories which they populate, are currently in use. Once that's no longer the case, I have no objection to deleting them - but they need to be delinked first. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC) :::::I deleted the categories mentioned above, moved all the generic titles to the title blacklist, and for those pages that used {{tlx|Deleted page}}, I deleted then applied creation protection. An uninvolved admin can delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} and then close this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:39, 30 March 2026 (UTC) == [[Cereal Grains Through History]] == Abandoned with no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:18, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: The author (Karosent) objects to the deletion per their talk page: {{quote|:Yes, please do not delete this wiki book. It is a work in progress. It is just taking some time to make progress on it. Thank you.}} :{{courtesy ping}} to @[[User:Karosent|Karosent]] as the author of the book for their input. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:42, 30 March 2026 (UTC) ::If the user does intend to work on it, I think the best course of action would be moving it to user space until more progress is made. Having abandoned works around the main space is a bit messy. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:28, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23]] == Transcribed from a magazine copy that cannot be traced via the URL provided. Generally archival of primary source works is undertaken on Wikisource (not Wikibooks), backed by a suitable page scan. This isn't at present. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 16:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :This doesn't need an RfD since it is obviously out of scope. You can instead put a CSD tag on the page. Additionally, it seems that the entire /Publications section contains only source works here, so it might require a mass deletion. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] looping you in here so you're aware. I don't think any pages like this (i.e. source text) can be kept here, since we are explicitly and unambiguously not a text repository per [[WB:SOURCE]]. I am inclined to speedily delete for that reason, but I want to hear from the primary editor. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:40, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :::Thanks for looping me in. :::This is not simply a transcription of the magazine. :::It includes new formatting to make the content better reachable. :::It includes commentary to place the transcribed material in context. :::It permits related material to be placed in chronological order. :::The version here is not complete (as per banner included), hence the URL link not working (National Library of Australia's Trove has been updated). :::There is no point in placing this material on Wikisource as the Trove website is functionally similar and now provides for text correction (a fairly recent development). :::I have not be editing Wikibooks for the last six month's following a personal matter but now slowly returning to the task. :::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:08, 27 April 2026 (UTC) : As an admin who was involved in deleting this (and related subpages) and ''only'' undeleting it later per the author's request, I therefore '''recuse''' (will not do) on taking any administrative actions for this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:33, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - including other similar pages - per nom. Transcriptions of previously published works, like these magazines, belong on Wikisource. I don't see any evidence of substantial commentary in any of the pages I've looked at. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == [[History Books]] == Minimal existing content is editorialized, book scope unclear, no sourcing —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{comment}} - there is one unlinked subpage of this book, [[History Books/Who Was Alexander the Great/Introduction]]. I'm not impressed by the content (it's basically historical fiction written for a young child), but it's not hopeless. I'd encourage the author to create an account to allow us to communicate with them. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:34, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::If it is really aimed at children, shouldn't it be moved to the Wikijunior: namespace? [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:55, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == [[Music Production Guide by Taskin Ahmed Kayum]] == no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:50, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - this is not a useful guide. It fails to provide any actionable directions to the reader. :As some advice to the author: you may want to try writing a guide on a narrower topic which you are personally familiar with, like how to produce a particular type of music, or how to use a particular piece of software to produce music. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 03:44, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}, no useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 14:17, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == [[FORTRAN program for calculating representative parameters and operating conditions of AC overhead transmission lines]] == As the title suggests, this page is primarily code for a computer program, not a book. Wikibooks is not a code hosting web site; this code might be more appropriate as a repository on a code hosting site such as Codeberg or GitHub. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:30, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :{{Del}}, the book seems to be out of scope in its current state, especially considering that most of it is just code and it has no subpages. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:35, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :I agree that this is not a book in its current form. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:26, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == Various Transwiki Namespace Pages == *[[Transwiki:Digging trees and shrubs for transplanting]] *[[Transwiki:Create bit mask algorithm]] *[[Transwiki:CRFL (CaReFuL mnemonic)]] *[[Transwiki:Developing a library websites]] *[[Transwiki:Fischer's Lovebird]] *[[Transwiki:Float (breakdancing move)]] *[[Transwiki:Front door method]] *[[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]] *[[Transwiki:Horse grooming]] *[[Transwiki:How to distinguish a monocot from a dicot]] *[[Transwiki:Humminbird PC connection cable wiring diagramm. (AS PC2)]] *[[Transwiki:Inbound connectivity under 3G Datacard]] *[[Transwiki:Common Test Cases]] *[[Transwiki:Comparison of EHR solution providers]] *[[Transwiki:Computer forensics]] *[[Transwiki:Barter]] *[[Transwiki:Career domains in computer science]] *[[Transwiki:Buying snowboards]] *[[Transwiki:Common chemicals]] *[[Transwiki:B+ Tree Java Implementation]] *[[Transwiki:Cattle judging]] *[[Transwiki:Two-handed manual alphabet]] *[[Transwiki:Silver-copper nitrate]] *[[Transwiki:Slating procedure]] *[[Transwiki:Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence]] *[[Transwiki:Technical writing for the Web]] *[[Transwiki:Technology roadmap]] *[[Transwiki:Special product and factoring]] *[[Transwiki:Researching Japanese names]] *[[Transwiki:Job-seeking expense tax deductions]] *[[Transwiki:Labeling family photos]] *[[Transwiki:List of mnemonics for the cranial nerves]] *[[Transwiki:Maude system]] *[[Transwiki:Model rocket]] *[[Transwiki:NIS Configuration on Debian]] *[[Transwiki:Paper model tutorials]] *[[Transwiki:Photosynthesis misconceptions]] *[[Transwiki:Project Schedule Development]] This list includes pages in the Transwiki namespaces that have mostly been imported from enwiki, which makes them unusable in a book. If there are any pages here that can be turned into a book, let me know and I can strike them out. I believe that all of these pages should be deleted as we do not allow encyclopedic material on Wikibooks, and these are mostly articles that were imported from English Wikipedia. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 13:25, 1 May 2026 (UTC) :[[Transwiki:Cattle judging]] and [[Transwiki:Horse grooming]], and [[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]] could be viable book content. None of the others obviously looked usable to me. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 16:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC) re6utjvlwa4yhndj7bst6nudwgaunvo 4633426 4633425 2026-05-01T16:40:46Z Omphalographer 3427146 /* Various Transwiki Namespace Pages */ oops 4633426 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOCleft}} {{shortcut|WB:RFD}} {{Requests for deletion/New deletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}} <!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --> == [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations == <div style="column-count: 7;"> * [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original) * [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]] * [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]] * [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]] * [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]] * [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]] * [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]]) * [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]]) * [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]] * [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]] * [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]] * [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]]) * [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]] * [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]] * [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]] * [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]] * [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]] * [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]] * [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]] * [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]]) * [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]]) * [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]] * [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]]) * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]] * [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]] * [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]] * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]]) * [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]]) * [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]]) * [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]]) </div> There are a couple of issues here: # Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks. # All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself. # Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them. While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15. :If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine : How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias. ::: So the idea is the following: :::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest. :::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua). :::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere). :::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo. ::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. ::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions: ::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks. ::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time. ::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) :::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|<small>|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|</small>|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained. ::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere. ::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC) :::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC) ::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content. ::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC) : {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük. : Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know): :* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/] :* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/] : {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know. : In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know. : I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC) ::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC) :::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC) {{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC) : I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC) :: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC) == [[International Baccalaureate]] == Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC) : Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC) ::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC) == [[Character List for Baxter&Sagart]] == Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC) :::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. :::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. ::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work. [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC) :Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC) == [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] == Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC) :I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC) ::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''"Using the Finnish Language"'' or ''"Put Finnish Language into Use"'' for a direct translation. [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC) == [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] == * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]] An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for "tethering" a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC) :I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC) :::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest. :::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe "Archive:") set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC) ::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC) == Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials == I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == [[Puredyne]] == Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC) :I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Template:Qr-twwp]] == This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] == I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC) :{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC) ::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC) :::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC) ::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC) == [[Annotations to The Joy of Music]] == Abandoned with minimal content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 August 2025 (UTC) :Author of the book/page here. I wouldn't call it "abandoned": it's still a start, but I'm here and do plan to fill out the rest (most of the annotations are for the early part of the book though). :I'm an experience editor at Wikipedia and Wiktionary, but am not very familiar with Wikibooks standards. When reading this book, I found myself looking up unfamiliar terms and quotes and thought some annotations would be helpful when reading or especially studying the text. It's a notable book by a notable author (extensive Wikipedia page). Here the source text is not freely available, but annotations are easy to add separately. I looked at [[WB:AT]] and existing examples of annotations and tried to follow them. Per [[WB:WIW]], the scope is instructional texts (including annotated texts), and minor works are in scope. :I'll grant that this is not large and not likely to become very long – many books only need minor annotations – but the content would certainly have been helpful to me when reading this book. :Are there specific changes you'd suggest or general guidelines to follow in this kind of book? ::—Nils von Barth ([[User:Nbarth|nbarth]]) ([[User talk:Nbarth|talk]]) 02:42, 3 September 2025 (UTC) ::: Pinging @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] and @[[User:Nbarth|Nbarth]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:15, 21 April 2026 (UTC) ::::I think I stand by my original reasoning given that no work has been done on it, and I don't think it contains enough content to hang around in main space for so long. What about moving it to user space? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:16, 23 April 2026 (UTC) == [[Template:Deleted page]] == Per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals#Retiring Template:Deleted page]], this is because the template is unnecessary given that creation protection (salting) is used instead. I am also proposing the deletion of the following categories used by this template: * [[:Category:Protected deleted categories]] * [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:36, 29 January 2026 (UTC) :This seems premature - [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] is still in use for pages with generic names. Is there a plan to transition those pages to create protection; if so, can that be implemented before deleting the templates/categories? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:28, 30 January 2026 (UTC) ::JJPMaster proposed that the pages listed in that category should be moved to the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], and that {{tlx|naming policy notice}} shall be fully protected and used as an interface (title blacklist) message. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:18, 30 January 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: Have you seen this reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:28, 11 February 2026 (UTC) ::::I have, but I'm not sure I follow. These templates, and the categories which they populate, are currently in use. Once that's no longer the case, I have no objection to deleting them - but they need to be delinked first. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC) :::::I deleted the categories mentioned above, moved all the generic titles to the title blacklist, and for those pages that used {{tlx|Deleted page}}, I deleted then applied creation protection. An uninvolved admin can delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} and then close this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:39, 30 March 2026 (UTC) == [[Cereal Grains Through History]] == Abandoned with no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:18, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: The author (Karosent) objects to the deletion per their talk page: {{quote|:Yes, please do not delete this wiki book. It is a work in progress. It is just taking some time to make progress on it. Thank you.}} :{{courtesy ping}} to @[[User:Karosent|Karosent]] as the author of the book for their input. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:42, 30 March 2026 (UTC) ::If the user does intend to work on it, I think the best course of action would be moving it to user space until more progress is made. Having abandoned works around the main space is a bit messy. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:28, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23]] == Transcribed from a magazine copy that cannot be traced via the URL provided. Generally archival of primary source works is undertaken on Wikisource (not Wikibooks), backed by a suitable page scan. This isn't at present. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 16:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :This doesn't need an RfD since it is obviously out of scope. You can instead put a CSD tag on the page. Additionally, it seems that the entire /Publications section contains only source works here, so it might require a mass deletion. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] looping you in here so you're aware. I don't think any pages like this (i.e. source text) can be kept here, since we are explicitly and unambiguously not a text repository per [[WB:SOURCE]]. I am inclined to speedily delete for that reason, but I want to hear from the primary editor. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:40, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :::Thanks for looping me in. :::This is not simply a transcription of the magazine. :::It includes new formatting to make the content better reachable. :::It includes commentary to place the transcribed material in context. :::It permits related material to be placed in chronological order. :::The version here is not complete (as per banner included), hence the URL link not working (National Library of Australia's Trove has been updated). :::There is no point in placing this material on Wikisource as the Trove website is functionally similar and now provides for text correction (a fairly recent development). :::I have not be editing Wikibooks for the last six month's following a personal matter but now slowly returning to the task. :::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:08, 27 April 2026 (UTC) : As an admin who was involved in deleting this (and related subpages) and ''only'' undeleting it later per the author's request, I therefore '''recuse''' (will not do) on taking any administrative actions for this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:33, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - including other similar pages - per nom. Transcriptions of previously published works, like these magazines, belong on Wikisource. I don't see any evidence of substantial commentary in any of the pages I've looked at. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == [[History Books]] == Minimal existing content is editorialized, book scope unclear, no sourcing —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{comment}} - there is one unlinked subpage of this book, [[History Books/Who Was Alexander the Great/Introduction]]. I'm not impressed by the content (it's basically historical fiction written for a young child), but it's not hopeless. I'd encourage the author to create an account to allow us to communicate with them. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:34, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::If it is really aimed at children, shouldn't it be moved to the Wikijunior: namespace? [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:55, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == [[Music Production Guide by Taskin Ahmed Kayum]] == no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:50, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - this is not a useful guide. It fails to provide any actionable directions to the reader. :As some advice to the author: you may want to try writing a guide on a narrower topic which you are personally familiar with, like how to produce a particular type of music, or how to use a particular piece of software to produce music. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 03:44, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}, no useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 14:17, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == [[FORTRAN program for calculating representative parameters and operating conditions of AC overhead transmission lines]] == As the title suggests, this page is primarily code for a computer program, not a book. Wikibooks is not a code hosting web site; this code might be more appropriate as a repository on a code hosting site such as Codeberg or GitHub. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:30, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :{{Del}}, the book seems to be out of scope in its current state, especially considering that most of it is just code and it has no subpages. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:35, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :I agree that this is not a book in its current form. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:26, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == Various Transwiki Namespace Pages == *[[Transwiki:Digging trees and shrubs for transplanting]] *[[Transwiki:Create bit mask algorithm]] *[[Transwiki:CRFL (CaReFuL mnemonic)]] *[[Transwiki:Developing a library websites]] *[[Transwiki:Fischer's Lovebird]] *[[Transwiki:Float (breakdancing move)]] *[[Transwiki:Front door method]] *[[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]] *[[Transwiki:Horse grooming]] *[[Transwiki:How to distinguish a monocot from a dicot]] *[[Transwiki:Humminbird PC connection cable wiring diagramm. (AS PC2)]] *[[Transwiki:Inbound connectivity under 3G Datacard]] *[[Transwiki:Common Test Cases]] *[[Transwiki:Comparison of EHR solution providers]] *[[Transwiki:Computer forensics]] *[[Transwiki:Barter]] *[[Transwiki:Career domains in computer science]] *[[Transwiki:Buying snowboards]] *[[Transwiki:Common chemicals]] *[[Transwiki:B+ Tree Java Implementation]] *[[Transwiki:Cattle judging]] *[[Transwiki:Two-handed manual alphabet]] *[[Transwiki:Silver-copper nitrate]] *[[Transwiki:Slating procedure]] *[[Transwiki:Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence]] *[[Transwiki:Technical writing for the Web]] *[[Transwiki:Technology roadmap]] *[[Transwiki:Special product and factoring]] *[[Transwiki:Researching Japanese names]] *[[Transwiki:Job-seeking expense tax deductions]] *[[Transwiki:Labeling family photos]] *[[Transwiki:List of mnemonics for the cranial nerves]] *[[Transwiki:Maude system]] *[[Transwiki:Model rocket]] *[[Transwiki:NIS Configuration on Debian]] *[[Transwiki:Paper model tutorials]] *[[Transwiki:Photosynthesis misconceptions]] *[[Transwiki:Project Schedule Development]] This list includes pages in the Transwiki namespaces that have mostly been imported from enwiki, which makes them unusable in a book. If there are any pages here that can be turned into a book, let me know and I can strike them out. I believe that all of these pages should be deleted as we do not allow encyclopedic material on Wikibooks, and these are mostly articles that were imported from English Wikipedia. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 13:25, 1 May 2026 (UTC) :[[Transwiki:Cattle judging]], [[Transwiki:Horse grooming]], and [[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]] could be viable book content. None of the others obviously looked usable to me. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 16:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC) pyb4qpr87g1bsr6jbni0k4vvb7s4wsg 4633427 4633426 2026-05-01T17:39:19Z Kingofnuthin 3566511 /* Various Transwiki Namespace Pages */ Reply 4633427 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOCleft}} {{shortcut|WB:RFD}} {{Requests for deletion/New deletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}} <!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --> == [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations == <div style="column-count: 7;"> * [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original) * [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]] * [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]] * [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]] * [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]] * [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]] * [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]]) * [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]]) * [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]] * [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]] * [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]] * [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]]) * [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]] * [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]] * [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]] * [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]] * [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]] * [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]] * [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]] * [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]]) * [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]]) * [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]] * [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]]) * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]] * [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]] * [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]] * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]]) * [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]]) * [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]]) * [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]]) </div> There are a couple of issues here: # Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks. # All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself. # Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them. While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15. :If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine : How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias. ::: So the idea is the following: :::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest. :::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua). :::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere). :::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo. ::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. ::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions: ::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks. ::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time. ::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) :::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|<small>|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|</small>|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained. ::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere. ::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC) :::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC) ::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content. ::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC) : {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük. : Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know): :* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/] :* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/] : {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know. : In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know. : I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC) ::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC) :::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC) {{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC) : I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC) :: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC) == [[International Baccalaureate]] == Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC) : Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC) ::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC) == [[Character List for Baxter&Sagart]] == Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC) :::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. :::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. ::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work. [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC) :Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC) == [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] == Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC) :I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC) ::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''"Using the Finnish Language"'' or ''"Put Finnish Language into Use"'' for a direct translation. [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC) == [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] == * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]] An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for "tethering" a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC) :I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC) :::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest. :::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe "Archive:") set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC) ::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC) == Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials == I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == [[Puredyne]] == Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC) :I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Template:Qr-twwp]] == This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] == I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC) :{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC) ::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC) :::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC) ::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC) == [[Annotations to The Joy of Music]] == Abandoned with minimal content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 August 2025 (UTC) :Author of the book/page here. I wouldn't call it "abandoned": it's still a start, but I'm here and do plan to fill out the rest (most of the annotations are for the early part of the book though). :I'm an experience editor at Wikipedia and Wiktionary, but am not very familiar with Wikibooks standards. When reading this book, I found myself looking up unfamiliar terms and quotes and thought some annotations would be helpful when reading or especially studying the text. It's a notable book by a notable author (extensive Wikipedia page). Here the source text is not freely available, but annotations are easy to add separately. I looked at [[WB:AT]] and existing examples of annotations and tried to follow them. Per [[WB:WIW]], the scope is instructional texts (including annotated texts), and minor works are in scope. :I'll grant that this is not large and not likely to become very long – many books only need minor annotations – but the content would certainly have been helpful to me when reading this book. :Are there specific changes you'd suggest or general guidelines to follow in this kind of book? ::—Nils von Barth ([[User:Nbarth|nbarth]]) ([[User talk:Nbarth|talk]]) 02:42, 3 September 2025 (UTC) ::: Pinging @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] and @[[User:Nbarth|Nbarth]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:15, 21 April 2026 (UTC) ::::I think I stand by my original reasoning given that no work has been done on it, and I don't think it contains enough content to hang around in main space for so long. What about moving it to user space? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:16, 23 April 2026 (UTC) == [[Template:Deleted page]] == Per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals#Retiring Template:Deleted page]], this is because the template is unnecessary given that creation protection (salting) is used instead. I am also proposing the deletion of the following categories used by this template: * [[:Category:Protected deleted categories]] * [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:36, 29 January 2026 (UTC) :This seems premature - [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] is still in use for pages with generic names. Is there a plan to transition those pages to create protection; if so, can that be implemented before deleting the templates/categories? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:28, 30 January 2026 (UTC) ::JJPMaster proposed that the pages listed in that category should be moved to the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], and that {{tlx|naming policy notice}} shall be fully protected and used as an interface (title blacklist) message. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:18, 30 January 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: Have you seen this reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:28, 11 February 2026 (UTC) ::::I have, but I'm not sure I follow. These templates, and the categories which they populate, are currently in use. Once that's no longer the case, I have no objection to deleting them - but they need to be delinked first. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC) :::::I deleted the categories mentioned above, moved all the generic titles to the title blacklist, and for those pages that used {{tlx|Deleted page}}, I deleted then applied creation protection. An uninvolved admin can delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} and then close this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:39, 30 March 2026 (UTC) == [[Cereal Grains Through History]] == Abandoned with no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:18, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: The author (Karosent) objects to the deletion per their talk page: {{quote|:Yes, please do not delete this wiki book. It is a work in progress. It is just taking some time to make progress on it. Thank you.}} :{{courtesy ping}} to @[[User:Karosent|Karosent]] as the author of the book for their input. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:42, 30 March 2026 (UTC) ::If the user does intend to work on it, I think the best course of action would be moving it to user space until more progress is made. Having abandoned works around the main space is a bit messy. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:28, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23]] == Transcribed from a magazine copy that cannot be traced via the URL provided. Generally archival of primary source works is undertaken on Wikisource (not Wikibooks), backed by a suitable page scan. This isn't at present. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 16:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :This doesn't need an RfD since it is obviously out of scope. You can instead put a CSD tag on the page. Additionally, it seems that the entire /Publications section contains only source works here, so it might require a mass deletion. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] looping you in here so you're aware. I don't think any pages like this (i.e. source text) can be kept here, since we are explicitly and unambiguously not a text repository per [[WB:SOURCE]]. I am inclined to speedily delete for that reason, but I want to hear from the primary editor. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:40, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :::Thanks for looping me in. :::This is not simply a transcription of the magazine. :::It includes new formatting to make the content better reachable. :::It includes commentary to place the transcribed material in context. :::It permits related material to be placed in chronological order. :::The version here is not complete (as per banner included), hence the URL link not working (National Library of Australia's Trove has been updated). :::There is no point in placing this material on Wikisource as the Trove website is functionally similar and now provides for text correction (a fairly recent development). :::I have not be editing Wikibooks for the last six month's following a personal matter but now slowly returning to the task. :::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:08, 27 April 2026 (UTC) : As an admin who was involved in deleting this (and related subpages) and ''only'' undeleting it later per the author's request, I therefore '''recuse''' (will not do) on taking any administrative actions for this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:33, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - including other similar pages - per nom. Transcriptions of previously published works, like these magazines, belong on Wikisource. I don't see any evidence of substantial commentary in any of the pages I've looked at. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == [[History Books]] == Minimal existing content is editorialized, book scope unclear, no sourcing —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{comment}} - there is one unlinked subpage of this book, [[History Books/Who Was Alexander the Great/Introduction]]. I'm not impressed by the content (it's basically historical fiction written for a young child), but it's not hopeless. I'd encourage the author to create an account to allow us to communicate with them. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:34, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::If it is really aimed at children, shouldn't it be moved to the Wikijunior: namespace? [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:55, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == [[Music Production Guide by Taskin Ahmed Kayum]] == no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:50, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - this is not a useful guide. It fails to provide any actionable directions to the reader. :As some advice to the author: you may want to try writing a guide on a narrower topic which you are personally familiar with, like how to produce a particular type of music, or how to use a particular piece of software to produce music. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 03:44, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}, no useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 14:17, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == [[FORTRAN program for calculating representative parameters and operating conditions of AC overhead transmission lines]] == As the title suggests, this page is primarily code for a computer program, not a book. Wikibooks is not a code hosting web site; this code might be more appropriate as a repository on a code hosting site such as Codeberg or GitHub. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:30, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :{{Del}}, the book seems to be out of scope in its current state, especially considering that most of it is just code and it has no subpages. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:35, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :I agree that this is not a book in its current form. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:26, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == Various Transwiki Namespace Pages == *[[Transwiki:Digging trees and shrubs for transplanting]] *[[Transwiki:Create bit mask algorithm]] *[[Transwiki:CRFL (CaReFuL mnemonic)]] *[[Transwiki:Developing a library websites]] *[[Transwiki:Fischer's Lovebird]] *[[Transwiki:Float (breakdancing move)]] *[[Transwiki:Front door method]] *[[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]] *[[Transwiki:Horse grooming]] *[[Transwiki:How to distinguish a monocot from a dicot]] *[[Transwiki:Humminbird PC connection cable wiring diagramm. (AS PC2)]] *[[Transwiki:Inbound connectivity under 3G Datacard]] *[[Transwiki:Common Test Cases]] *[[Transwiki:Comparison of EHR solution providers]] *[[Transwiki:Computer forensics]] *[[Transwiki:Barter]] *[[Transwiki:Career domains in computer science]] *[[Transwiki:Buying snowboards]] *[[Transwiki:Common chemicals]] *[[Transwiki:B+ Tree Java Implementation]] *[[Transwiki:Cattle judging]] *[[Transwiki:Two-handed manual alphabet]] *[[Transwiki:Silver-copper nitrate]] *[[Transwiki:Slating procedure]] *[[Transwiki:Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence]] *[[Transwiki:Technical writing for the Web]] *[[Transwiki:Technology roadmap]] *[[Transwiki:Special product and factoring]] *[[Transwiki:Researching Japanese names]] *[[Transwiki:Job-seeking expense tax deductions]] *[[Transwiki:Labeling family photos]] *[[Transwiki:List of mnemonics for the cranial nerves]] *[[Transwiki:Maude system]] *[[Transwiki:Model rocket]] *[[Transwiki:NIS Configuration on Debian]] *[[Transwiki:Paper model tutorials]] *[[Transwiki:Photosynthesis misconceptions]] *[[Transwiki:Project Schedule Development]] This list includes pages in the Transwiki namespaces that have mostly been imported from enwiki, which makes them unusable in a book. If there are any pages here that can be turned into a book, let me know and I can strike them out. I believe that all of these pages should be deleted as we do not allow encyclopedic material on Wikibooks, and these are mostly articles that were imported from English Wikipedia. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 13:25, 1 May 2026 (UTC) :[[Transwiki:Cattle judging]], [[Transwiki:Horse grooming]], and [[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]] could be viable book content. None of the others obviously looked usable to me. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 16:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC) ::I excluded Transwikis that could be added to books here, but the pages you mentioned do not seem usable to me (unless a specific book where they could be added is created). Additionally, in [[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]], the tone is unfit for Wikibooks. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC) h6p53ggtz40gk0my659l854u58xatas 4633486 4633427 2026-05-02T01:36:26Z ~2026-26676-92 3580574 /* Wiki books */ new section 4633486 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOCleft}} {{shortcut|WB:RFD}} {{Requests for deletion/New deletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}} <!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --> == [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations == <div style="column-count: 7;"> * [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original) * [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]] * [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]] * [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]] * [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]] * [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]] * [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]]) * [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]]) * [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]] * [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]] * [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]] * [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]]) * [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]] * [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]] * [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]] * [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]] * [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]] * [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]] * [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]] * [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]]) * [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]]) * [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]] * [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]]) * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]] * [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]] * [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]] * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]]) * [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]]) * [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]]) * [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]]) </div> There are a couple of issues here: # Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks. # All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself. # Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them. While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15. :If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine : How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias. ::: So the idea is the following: :::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest. :::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua). :::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere). :::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo. ::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. ::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions: ::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks. ::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time. ::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) :::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|<small>|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|</small>|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained. ::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere. ::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC) :::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC) ::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content. ::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC) : {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük. : Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know): :* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/] :* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/] : {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know. : In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know. : I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC) ::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC) :::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC) {{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC) : I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC) :: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC) == [[International Baccalaureate]] == Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC) : Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC) ::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC) == [[Character List for Baxter&Sagart]] == Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC) :::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. :::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. ::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work. [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC) :Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC) == [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] == Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC) :I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC) ::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''"Using the Finnish Language"'' or ''"Put Finnish Language into Use"'' for a direct translation. [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC) == [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] == * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]] An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for "tethering" a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC) :I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC) :::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest. :::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe "Archive:") set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC) ::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC) == Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials == I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == [[Puredyne]] == Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC) :I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Template:Qr-twwp]] == This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] == I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC) :{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC) ::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC) :::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC) ::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC) == [[Annotations to The Joy of Music]] == Abandoned with minimal content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 August 2025 (UTC) :Author of the book/page here. I wouldn't call it "abandoned": it's still a start, but I'm here and do plan to fill out the rest (most of the annotations are for the early part of the book though). :I'm an experience editor at Wikipedia and Wiktionary, but am not very familiar with Wikibooks standards. When reading this book, I found myself looking up unfamiliar terms and quotes and thought some annotations would be helpful when reading or especially studying the text. It's a notable book by a notable author (extensive Wikipedia page). Here the source text is not freely available, but annotations are easy to add separately. I looked at [[WB:AT]] and existing examples of annotations and tried to follow them. Per [[WB:WIW]], the scope is instructional texts (including annotated texts), and minor works are in scope. :I'll grant that this is not large and not likely to become very long – many books only need minor annotations – but the content would certainly have been helpful to me when reading this book. :Are there specific changes you'd suggest or general guidelines to follow in this kind of book? ::—Nils von Barth ([[User:Nbarth|nbarth]]) ([[User talk:Nbarth|talk]]) 02:42, 3 September 2025 (UTC) ::: Pinging @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] and @[[User:Nbarth|Nbarth]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:15, 21 April 2026 (UTC) ::::I think I stand by my original reasoning given that no work has been done on it, and I don't think it contains enough content to hang around in main space for so long. What about moving it to user space? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:16, 23 April 2026 (UTC) == [[Template:Deleted page]] == Per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals#Retiring Template:Deleted page]], this is because the template is unnecessary given that creation protection (salting) is used instead. I am also proposing the deletion of the following categories used by this template: * [[:Category:Protected deleted categories]] * [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:36, 29 January 2026 (UTC) :This seems premature - [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] is still in use for pages with generic names. Is there a plan to transition those pages to create protection; if so, can that be implemented before deleting the templates/categories? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:28, 30 January 2026 (UTC) ::JJPMaster proposed that the pages listed in that category should be moved to the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], and that {{tlx|naming policy notice}} shall be fully protected and used as an interface (title blacklist) message. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:18, 30 January 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: Have you seen this reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:28, 11 February 2026 (UTC) ::::I have, but I'm not sure I follow. These templates, and the categories which they populate, are currently in use. Once that's no longer the case, I have no objection to deleting them - but they need to be delinked first. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC) :::::I deleted the categories mentioned above, moved all the generic titles to the title blacklist, and for those pages that used {{tlx|Deleted page}}, I deleted then applied creation protection. An uninvolved admin can delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} and then close this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:39, 30 March 2026 (UTC) == [[Cereal Grains Through History]] == Abandoned with no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:18, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: The author (Karosent) objects to the deletion per their talk page: {{quote|:Yes, please do not delete this wiki book. It is a work in progress. It is just taking some time to make progress on it. Thank you.}} :{{courtesy ping}} to @[[User:Karosent|Karosent]] as the author of the book for their input. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:42, 30 March 2026 (UTC) ::If the user does intend to work on it, I think the best course of action would be moving it to user space until more progress is made. Having abandoned works around the main space is a bit messy. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:28, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23]] == Transcribed from a magazine copy that cannot be traced via the URL provided. Generally archival of primary source works is undertaken on Wikisource (not Wikibooks), backed by a suitable page scan. This isn't at present. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 16:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :This doesn't need an RfD since it is obviously out of scope. You can instead put a CSD tag on the page. Additionally, it seems that the entire /Publications section contains only source works here, so it might require a mass deletion. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] looping you in here so you're aware. I don't think any pages like this (i.e. source text) can be kept here, since we are explicitly and unambiguously not a text repository per [[WB:SOURCE]]. I am inclined to speedily delete for that reason, but I want to hear from the primary editor. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:40, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :::Thanks for looping me in. :::This is not simply a transcription of the magazine. :::It includes new formatting to make the content better reachable. :::It includes commentary to place the transcribed material in context. :::It permits related material to be placed in chronological order. :::The version here is not complete (as per banner included), hence the URL link not working (National Library of Australia's Trove has been updated). :::There is no point in placing this material on Wikisource as the Trove website is functionally similar and now provides for text correction (a fairly recent development). :::I have not be editing Wikibooks for the last six month's following a personal matter but now slowly returning to the task. :::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:08, 27 April 2026 (UTC) : As an admin who was involved in deleting this (and related subpages) and ''only'' undeleting it later per the author's request, I therefore '''recuse''' (will not do) on taking any administrative actions for this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:33, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - including other similar pages - per nom. Transcriptions of previously published works, like these magazines, belong on Wikisource. I don't see any evidence of substantial commentary in any of the pages I've looked at. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == [[History Books]] == Minimal existing content is editorialized, book scope unclear, no sourcing —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{comment}} - there is one unlinked subpage of this book, [[History Books/Who Was Alexander the Great/Introduction]]. I'm not impressed by the content (it's basically historical fiction written for a young child), but it's not hopeless. I'd encourage the author to create an account to allow us to communicate with them. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:34, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::If it is really aimed at children, shouldn't it be moved to the Wikijunior: namespace? [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:55, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == [[Music Production Guide by Taskin Ahmed Kayum]] == no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:50, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - this is not a useful guide. It fails to provide any actionable directions to the reader. :As some advice to the author: you may want to try writing a guide on a narrower topic which you are personally familiar with, like how to produce a particular type of music, or how to use a particular piece of software to produce music. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 03:44, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}, no useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 14:17, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == [[FORTRAN program for calculating representative parameters and operating conditions of AC overhead transmission lines]] == As the title suggests, this page is primarily code for a computer program, not a book. Wikibooks is not a code hosting web site; this code might be more appropriate as a repository on a code hosting site such as Codeberg or GitHub. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:30, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :{{Del}}, the book seems to be out of scope in its current state, especially considering that most of it is just code and it has no subpages. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:35, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :I agree that this is not a book in its current form. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:26, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == Various Transwiki Namespace Pages == *[[Transwiki:Digging trees and shrubs for transplanting]] *[[Transwiki:Create bit mask algorithm]] *[[Transwiki:CRFL (CaReFuL mnemonic)]] *[[Transwiki:Developing a library websites]] *[[Transwiki:Fischer's Lovebird]] *[[Transwiki:Float (breakdancing move)]] *[[Transwiki:Front door method]] *[[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]] *[[Transwiki:Horse grooming]] *[[Transwiki:How to distinguish a monocot from a dicot]] *[[Transwiki:Humminbird PC connection cable wiring diagramm. (AS PC2)]] *[[Transwiki:Inbound connectivity under 3G Datacard]] *[[Transwiki:Common Test Cases]] *[[Transwiki:Comparison of EHR solution providers]] *[[Transwiki:Computer forensics]] *[[Transwiki:Barter]] *[[Transwiki:Career domains in computer science]] *[[Transwiki:Buying snowboards]] *[[Transwiki:Common chemicals]] *[[Transwiki:B+ Tree Java Implementation]] *[[Transwiki:Cattle judging]] *[[Transwiki:Two-handed manual alphabet]] *[[Transwiki:Silver-copper nitrate]] *[[Transwiki:Slating procedure]] *[[Transwiki:Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence]] *[[Transwiki:Technical writing for the Web]] *[[Transwiki:Technology roadmap]] *[[Transwiki:Special product and factoring]] *[[Transwiki:Researching Japanese names]] *[[Transwiki:Job-seeking expense tax deductions]] *[[Transwiki:Labeling family photos]] *[[Transwiki:List of mnemonics for the cranial nerves]] *[[Transwiki:Maude system]] *[[Transwiki:Model rocket]] *[[Transwiki:NIS Configuration on Debian]] *[[Transwiki:Paper model tutorials]] *[[Transwiki:Photosynthesis misconceptions]] *[[Transwiki:Project Schedule Development]] This list includes pages in the Transwiki namespaces that have mostly been imported from enwiki, which makes them unusable in a book. If there are any pages here that can be turned into a book, let me know and I can strike them out. I believe that all of these pages should be deleted as we do not allow encyclopedic material on Wikibooks, and these are mostly articles that were imported from English Wikipedia. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 13:25, 1 May 2026 (UTC) :[[Transwiki:Cattle judging]], [[Transwiki:Horse grooming]], and [[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]] could be viable book content. None of the others obviously looked usable to me. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 16:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC) ::I excluded Transwikis that could be added to books here, but the pages you mentioned do not seem usable to me (unless a specific book where they could be added is created). Additionally, in [[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]], the tone is unfit for Wikibooks. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC) == Wiki books == Block and delete [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-26676-92|&#126;2026-26676-92]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-26676-92|talk]]) 01:36, 2 May 2026 (UTC) 1gbulavui8zozzaqf770ipnu3o0il15 4633487 4633486 2026-05-02T01:37:05Z Tenshi Hinanawi 3513579 Undid edits by [[Special:Contribs/~2026-26676-92|~2026-26676-92]] ([[User talk:~2026-26676-92|talk]]) to last version by Kingofnuthin: test edits, please use the sandbox 4633487 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOCleft}} {{shortcut|WB:RFD}} {{Requests for deletion/New deletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}} <!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --> == [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations == <div style="column-count: 7;"> * [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original) * [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]] * [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]] * [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]] * [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]] * [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]] * [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]]) * [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]]) * [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]] * [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]] * [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]] * [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]]) * [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]] * [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]] * [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]] * [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]] * [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]] * [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]] * [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]] * [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]]) * [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]]) * [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]] * [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]]) * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]] * [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]] * [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]] * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]]) * [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]]) * [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]]) * [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]]) </div> There are a couple of issues here: # Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks. # All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself. # Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them. While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15. :If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine : How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias. ::: So the idea is the following: :::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest. :::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua). :::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere). :::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo. ::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. ::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions: ::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks. ::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time. ::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) :::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|<small>|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|</small>|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained. ::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere. ::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC) :::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC) ::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content. ::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC) : {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük. : Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know): :* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/] :* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/] : {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know. : In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know. : I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC) ::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC) :::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC) {{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC) : I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC) :: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC) == [[International Baccalaureate]] == Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC) : Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC) ::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC) == [[Character List for Baxter&Sagart]] == Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC) :::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. :::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. ::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work. [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC) :Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC) == [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] == Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC) :I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC) ::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''"Using the Finnish Language"'' or ''"Put Finnish Language into Use"'' for a direct translation. [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC) == [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] == * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]] An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for "tethering" a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC) :I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC) :::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest. :::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe "Archive:") set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC) ::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC) == Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials == I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == [[Puredyne]] == Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC) :I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Template:Qr-twwp]] == This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] == I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC) :{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC) ::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC) :::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC) ::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC) == [[Annotations to The Joy of Music]] == Abandoned with minimal content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:48, 24 August 2025 (UTC) :Author of the book/page here. I wouldn't call it "abandoned": it's still a start, but I'm here and do plan to fill out the rest (most of the annotations are for the early part of the book though). :I'm an experience editor at Wikipedia and Wiktionary, but am not very familiar with Wikibooks standards. When reading this book, I found myself looking up unfamiliar terms and quotes and thought some annotations would be helpful when reading or especially studying the text. It's a notable book by a notable author (extensive Wikipedia page). Here the source text is not freely available, but annotations are easy to add separately. I looked at [[WB:AT]] and existing examples of annotations and tried to follow them. Per [[WB:WIW]], the scope is instructional texts (including annotated texts), and minor works are in scope. :I'll grant that this is not large and not likely to become very long – many books only need minor annotations – but the content would certainly have been helpful to me when reading this book. :Are there specific changes you'd suggest or general guidelines to follow in this kind of book? ::—Nils von Barth ([[User:Nbarth|nbarth]]) ([[User talk:Nbarth|talk]]) 02:42, 3 September 2025 (UTC) ::: Pinging @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] and @[[User:Nbarth|Nbarth]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:15, 21 April 2026 (UTC) ::::I think I stand by my original reasoning given that no work has been done on it, and I don't think it contains enough content to hang around in main space for so long. What about moving it to user space? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:16, 23 April 2026 (UTC) == [[Template:Deleted page]] == Per [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals#Retiring Template:Deleted page]], this is because the template is unnecessary given that creation protection (salting) is used instead. I am also proposing the deletion of the following categories used by this template: * [[:Category:Protected deleted categories]] * [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:36, 29 January 2026 (UTC) :This seems premature - [[:Category:Protected deleted pages]] is still in use for pages with generic names. Is there a plan to transition those pages to create protection; if so, can that be implemented before deleting the templates/categories? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:28, 30 January 2026 (UTC) ::JJPMaster proposed that the pages listed in that category should be moved to the [[MediaWiki:Titleblacklist|title blacklist]], and that {{tlx|naming policy notice}} shall be fully protected and used as an interface (title blacklist) message. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:18, 30 January 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]]: Have you seen this reply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:28, 11 February 2026 (UTC) ::::I have, but I'm not sure I follow. These templates, and the categories which they populate, are currently in use. Once that's no longer the case, I have no objection to deleting them - but they need to be delinked first. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC) :::::I deleted the categories mentioned above, moved all the generic titles to the title blacklist, and for those pages that used {{tlx|Deleted page}}, I deleted then applied creation protection. An uninvolved admin can delete {{tlx|Deleted page}} and then close this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:39, 30 March 2026 (UTC) == [[Cereal Grains Through History]] == Abandoned with no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:18, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: The author (Karosent) objects to the deletion per their talk page: {{quote|:Yes, please do not delete this wiki book. It is a work in progress. It is just taking some time to make progress on it. Thank you.}} :{{courtesy ping}} to @[[User:Karosent|Karosent]] as the author of the book for their input. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:42, 30 March 2026 (UTC) ::If the user does intend to work on it, I think the best course of action would be moving it to user space until more progress is made. Having abandoned works around the main space is a bit messy. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:28, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == [[History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Wireless Weekly/Issues/1928 03 23]] == Transcribed from a magazine copy that cannot be traced via the URL provided. Generally archival of primary source works is undertaken on Wikisource (not Wikibooks), backed by a suitable page scan. This isn't at present. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 16:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :This doesn't need an RfD since it is obviously out of scope. You can instead put a CSD tag on the page. Additionally, it seems that the entire /Publications section contains only source works here, so it might require a mass deletion. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:32, 27 April 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] looping you in here so you're aware. I don't think any pages like this (i.e. source text) can be kept here, since we are explicitly and unambiguously not a text repository per [[WB:SOURCE]]. I am inclined to speedily delete for that reason, but I want to hear from the primary editor. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:40, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :::Thanks for looping me in. :::This is not simply a transcription of the magazine. :::It includes new formatting to make the content better reachable. :::It includes commentary to place the transcribed material in context. :::It permits related material to be placed in chronological order. :::The version here is not complete (as per banner included), hence the URL link not working (National Library of Australia's Trove has been updated). :::There is no point in placing this material on Wikisource as the Trove website is functionally similar and now provides for text correction (a fairly recent development). :::I have not be editing Wikibooks for the last six month's following a personal matter but now slowly returning to the task. :::[[User:Samuel.dellit|Samuel.dellit]] ([[User talk:Samuel.dellit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samuel.dellit|contribs]]) 19:08, 27 April 2026 (UTC) : As an admin who was involved in deleting this (and related subpages) and ''only'' undeleting it later per the author's request, I therefore '''recuse''' (will not do) on taking any administrative actions for this request. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:33, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - including other similar pages - per nom. Transcriptions of previously published works, like these magazines, belong on Wikisource. I don't see any evidence of substantial commentary in any of the pages I've looked at. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == [[History Books]] == Minimal existing content is editorialized, book scope unclear, no sourcing —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:47, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{comment}} - there is one unlinked subpage of this book, [[History Books/Who Was Alexander the Great/Introduction]]. I'm not impressed by the content (it's basically historical fiction written for a young child), but it's not hopeless. I'd encourage the author to create an account to allow us to communicate with them. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:34, 28 April 2026 (UTC) ::If it is really aimed at children, shouldn't it be moved to the Wikijunior: namespace? [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:55, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == [[Music Production Guide by Taskin Ahmed Kayum]] == no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:50, 27 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - this is not a useful guide. It fails to provide any actionable directions to the reader. :As some advice to the author: you may want to try writing a guide on a narrower topic which you are personally familiar with, like how to produce a particular type of music, or how to use a particular piece of software to produce music. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 03:44, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}, no useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 14:17, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == [[FORTRAN program for calculating representative parameters and operating conditions of AC overhead transmission lines]] == As the title suggests, this page is primarily code for a computer program, not a book. Wikibooks is not a code hosting web site; this code might be more appropriate as a repository on a code hosting site such as Codeberg or GitHub. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:30, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :{{Del}}, the book seems to be out of scope in its current state, especially considering that most of it is just code and it has no subpages. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:35, 28 April 2026 (UTC) :I agree that this is not a book in its current form. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:26, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == Various Transwiki Namespace Pages == *[[Transwiki:Digging trees and shrubs for transplanting]] *[[Transwiki:Create bit mask algorithm]] *[[Transwiki:CRFL (CaReFuL mnemonic)]] *[[Transwiki:Developing a library websites]] *[[Transwiki:Fischer's Lovebird]] *[[Transwiki:Float (breakdancing move)]] *[[Transwiki:Front door method]] *[[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]] *[[Transwiki:Horse grooming]] *[[Transwiki:How to distinguish a monocot from a dicot]] *[[Transwiki:Humminbird PC connection cable wiring diagramm. (AS PC2)]] *[[Transwiki:Inbound connectivity under 3G Datacard]] *[[Transwiki:Common Test Cases]] *[[Transwiki:Comparison of EHR solution providers]] *[[Transwiki:Computer forensics]] *[[Transwiki:Barter]] *[[Transwiki:Career domains in computer science]] *[[Transwiki:Buying snowboards]] *[[Transwiki:Common chemicals]] *[[Transwiki:B+ Tree Java Implementation]] *[[Transwiki:Cattle judging]] *[[Transwiki:Two-handed manual alphabet]] *[[Transwiki:Silver-copper nitrate]] *[[Transwiki:Slating procedure]] *[[Transwiki:Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence]] *[[Transwiki:Technical writing for the Web]] *[[Transwiki:Technology roadmap]] *[[Transwiki:Special product and factoring]] *[[Transwiki:Researching Japanese names]] *[[Transwiki:Job-seeking expense tax deductions]] *[[Transwiki:Labeling family photos]] *[[Transwiki:List of mnemonics for the cranial nerves]] *[[Transwiki:Maude system]] *[[Transwiki:Model rocket]] *[[Transwiki:NIS Configuration on Debian]] *[[Transwiki:Paper model tutorials]] *[[Transwiki:Photosynthesis misconceptions]] *[[Transwiki:Project Schedule Development]] This list includes pages in the Transwiki namespaces that have mostly been imported from enwiki, which makes them unusable in a book. If there are any pages here that can be turned into a book, let me know and I can strike them out. I believe that all of these pages should be deleted as we do not allow encyclopedic material on Wikibooks, and these are mostly articles that were imported from English Wikipedia. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 13:25, 1 May 2026 (UTC) :[[Transwiki:Cattle judging]], [[Transwiki:Horse grooming]], and [[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]] could be viable book content. None of the others obviously looked usable to me. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 16:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC) ::I excluded Transwikis that could be added to books here, but the pages you mentioned do not seem usable to me (unless a specific book where they could be added is created). Additionally, in [[Transwiki:Hair Color Tips and Tricks]], the tone is unfit for Wikibooks. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC) h6p53ggtz40gk0my659l854u58xatas 0 1502 4633502 4096719 2026-05-02T07:06:59Z ~2026-25009-95 3578837 /* Supplementary vocabulary · Sports */ 4633502 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{French/Lessons/Level one/Header||Récréation}}</noinclude> {{French/Lesson objective| : ''Aimez-vous ce film ? Oui, je l'aime.'' : ''Nous jouons aux cartes.'' | : ''Je lui donne le livre.'' : ''Il adore jouer aux jeux vidéo.'' }} == {{French/Section|Dialogue|<!-- title here -->}} == {{sectstub}} == {{French/Section|Grammar|Regular ''-er'' verbs|Les verbes en -er}} == === Formation === Most French verbs fall into the category of ''-er'' verbs. To conjugate, drop the ''-er'' to find the stem or root. Add endings to the root based on the subject and tense. {| {{French/Table|audio=French Grammar - -er Verb Formation.ogg|columns=4|style=text-align: center;}} |+ {{French/Word|jouer|IPA=/ʒwe/|audio=Fr-jouer.ogg|en=to play}} |- ! Pronoun || Ending || Verb || Pronunciation |- | je || -e || jou'''e''' || {{audio|Fr-joue.ogg|/ʒu/}} |- | tu || -es || jou'''es''' || {{audio|Fr-joue.ogg|/ʒu/}} |- | il/elle || -e || jou'''e''' || {{audio|Fr-joue.ogg|/ʒu/}} |- | nous || -ons || jou'''ons''' || {{audio|/ʒwɔ̃/}} |- | vous || -ez || jou'''ez''' || {{audio|/ʒu.e/}} |- | ils/elles || -ent || jou'''ent''' || {{audio|Fr-joue.ogg|/ʒu/}} |} === Pronunciation, elision and liaison === The ''-e'', ''-es'', and ''-ent'' endings all have the same silent pronunciation. The ''-er'' and ''-ez'' endings are pronounced {{audio|/e/|approx=ay}}, and the ''-ons'' ending is pronounced {{audio|/ɔ̃/|approx=oh}}. In all conjugations, ''je'' changes to ''j'' ' when followed by a vowel or silent ''h'': : {{French/Word|J'aime…|en=I like…}} : {{French/Word|J'habite…|en=I live…}} In all plural forms, the ''s'' at the end of each subject pronoun, normally unpronounced, becomes a ''z'' sound and the ''n'' of ''on'' becomes pronounced when followed by a vowel. === Conjugation examples === {| {{French/Table|audio=French/Grammar/Formation of common -er verbs.ogg|columns=9}} ! style="min-width: 60px;" | Infinitive ! style="min-width: 60px;" | Stem ! colspan=7 | Present indicative conjugation |- ! || ! colspan=2 | {{French/Section|First person}} ! colspan=2 | {{French/Section|Second person}} ! colspan=2 | {{French/Section|Third person}} ! |- ! rowspan=2 | aimer ! rowspan=2 | aim | style="border-right: none; padding-right: 0; text-align: right;" | {{French/Section|J'}} | style="border-left: none; padding-left: 0;" | aime | style="border-right: none; padding-right: 1en; text-align: right;" | {{French/Section|Tu}} | style="border-left: none; padding-left: 0;" | aimes | style="border-right: none; padding-right: 1en; text-align: right;" | {{French/Section|Il}} | style="border-left: none; padding-left: 0;" | aime ! {{French/Section|Singular}} |- | style="border-right: none; padding-right: 1en; text-align: right;" | {{French/Section|Nous}} | style="border-left: none; padding-left: 0;" | aimons | style="border-right: none; padding-right: 1en; text-align: right;" | {{French/Section|Vous}} | style="border-left: none; padding-left: 0;" | aimez | style="border-right: none; padding-right: 1en; text-align: right;" | {{French/Section|Ils}} | style="border-left: none; padding-left: 0;" | aiment ! {{French/Section|Plural}} |- ! rowspan=2 | parler ! rowspan=2 | parl | style="border-right: none; padding-right: 1en; text-align: right;" | {{French/Section|Je}} | style="border-left: none; padding-left: 0;" | parle | style="border-right: none; padding-right: 1en; text-align: right;" | {{French/Section|Tu}} | style="border-left: none; padding-left: 0;" | parles | style="border-right: none; padding-right: 1en; text-align: right;" | {{French/Section|Il}} | style="border-left: none; padding-left: 0;" | parle ! {{French/Section|Singular}} |- | style="border-right: none; padding-right: 1en; text-align: right;" | {{French/Section|Nous}} | style="border-left: none; padding-left: 0;" | parlons | style="border-right: none; padding-right: 1en; text-align: right;" | {{French/Section|Vous}} | style="border-left: none; padding-left: 0;" | parlez | style="border-right: none; padding-right: 1en; text-align: right;" | {{French/Section|Ils}} | style="border-left: none; padding-left: 0;" | parlent ! {{French/Section|Plural}} |- ! rowspan=2 | habiter ! rowspan=2 | habit | style="border-right: none; padding-right: 0; text-align: right;" | {{French/Section|J'}} | style="border-left: none; padding-left: 0;" | habite | style="border-right: none; padding-right: 1en; text-align: right;" | {{French/Section|Tu}} | style="border-left: none; padding-left: 0;" | habites | style="border-right: none; padding-right: 1en; text-align: right;" | {{French/Section|Il}} | style="border-left: none; padding-left: 0;" | habite ! {{French/Section|Singular}} |- | style="border-right: none; padding-right: 1en; text-align: right;" | {{French/Section|Nous}} | style="border-left: none; padding-left: 0;" | habitons | style="border-right: none; padding-right: 1en; text-align: right;" | {{French/Section|Vous}} | style="border-left: none; padding-left: 0;" | habitez | style="border-right: none; padding-right: 1en; text-align: right;" | {{French/Section|Ils}} | style="border-left: none; padding-left: 0;" | habitent ! {{French/Section|Plural}} |- ! rowspan=2 | écouter ! rowspan=2 | écout | style="border-right: none; padding-right: 0; text-align: right;" | {{French/Section|J'}} | style="border-left: none; padding-left: 0;" | écoute | style="border-right: none; padding-right: 1en; text-align: right;" | {{French/Section|Tu}} | style="border-left: none; padding-left: 0;" | écoutes | style="border-right: none; padding-right: 1en; text-align: right;" | {{French/Section|Il}} | style="border-left: none; padding-left: 0;" | écoute ! {{French/Section|Singular}} |- | style="border-right: none; padding-right: 1en; text-align: right;" | {{French/Section|Nous}} | style="border-left: none; padding-left: 0;" | écoutons | style="border-right: none; padding-right: 1en; text-align: right;" | {{French/Section|Vous}} | style="border-left: none; padding-left: 0;" | écoutez | style="border-right: none; padding-right: 1en; text-align: right;" | {{French/Section|Ils}} | style="border-left: none; padding-left: 0;" | écoutent ! {{French/Section|Plural}} |} === {{French/Section|Vocabulary|Common ''-er'' verbs|supplementary-id=french-common--er-verbs}} === <div id='french-common—er-verbs'> {| {{French/Translations table|audio=French/Grammar/Common -er verbs.ogg}} | aimer || {{audio|Fr-aimer.ogg|/ɛ.me/}} || to like || J’aime beaucoup ce tableau. || I love this painting. |- | arriver || {{audio|Fr-arriver.ogg|/a.ʁi.ve/}} || to arrive, to happen || J'arrive ! || I'm comming! |- | chercher || {{audio|Fr-chercher.ogg|/ʃɛʁʃe/}} || to look for || Je cherche du boulot. || I'm looking for some work. |- | demander || {{audio|Fr-demander.ogg|/dǝ.mɑ̃.de/}} || to ask {{French/Section|(for)}} || Je demande qu'il fasse cela. || I ask him to do this. |- | donner || {{audio|Fr-donner.ogg|/dɔ.ne/}} || to give || Il donne aux pauvres. || He gives to the poor. |- | écouter || {{audio|Fr-écouter.ogg|/ekute/}} || to listen to || J’écoute la radio. || I'm listening to the radio. |- | entrer || {{audio|Fr-entrer.ogg|/ɑ̃t.ʁe/}} || to enter || Il entre dans la salle. || He's entering the room. |- | parler || {{audio|Fr-parler.ogg|/paʁle/}} || to speak, to talk || Zoé parle couramment le français. || Zoé speaks French fluently. |- | passer || {{audio|Fr-passer.ogg|/pa.se/}} || to pass, to spend {{French/Section|(time)}} || Il me passe un livre. || He is giving me a book. |- | porter || {{audio|Fr-porter.ogg|/pɔʁ.te/}} || to carry, to wear || Quentin porte un sac de blé. || Quentin is carrying a bag of wheat. |- | regarder || {{audio|Fr-regarder.ogg|/ʁǝ.ɡaʁ.de/}} || to watch, to look || Je regarde dehors. || I look outside. |- | sembler || {{audio|Fr-sembler.ogg|/sɑ̃.ble/}} || to seem, to resemble ||Tu sembles fatigué. || You seem tired. |- | trouver || {{audio|Fr-trouver.ogg|/tʁu.ve/}} || to find, to surprise || Il a trouvé ses clés. || He found his keys. |} </div> <!-- /french-common--er-verbs --> == {{French/Section|Vocabulary|Places|<!-- French here -->}} == {{French/Vocabulary gallery | la bibliothèque | /bi.bli.jɔ.tɛk/ | Fr-bibliothèque.ogg | Old bookshelves.jpg | le parc | /paʁk/| Fr-parc.ogg | Parc Oriental de Maulévrier.JPG | la piscine | /pi.sin/| Fr-piscine.ogg | Backyardpool.jpg | la plage | /plaʒ/| Fr-plage.ogg | Bondi 1.jpg | le restaurant | /ʁɛs.to.ʁɑ̃/| Fr-Restaurant.ogg |Tom's_Restaurant,_NYC.jpg | la salle de concert | | | WD concert hall stage.jpg | le cinéma | /si.ne.ma/| Fr-cinéma.ogg | Rialto Theatre Montreal 01.jpg | le casino | /ka.zi.no/ | | Casino slots.jpg | la salle de jeux | /sal.də.ʒø/ | | RecreationRoomChicago.jpg | le stade | /stad/| Fr-stade.ogg | Bernabéu.JPG | le théâtre | /te.atʁ/ | Fr-théâtre.ogg | Arriaga Antzokiaren barnealdea.jpg }} {| {{French/Translations table|audio=French/Vocabulary/Recreational places.ogg}} | la bibliothèque || {{audio|Fr-bibliothèque.ogg|/bi.bli.jɔ.tɛk/}} || library || caution: a ''librairie'' is a bookshop || On est à la bibliothèque publique. || We are at the public library. |- | le parc || {{audio|Fr-parc.ogg|/paʁk/}} || park || || || |- | la piscine || {{audio|Fr-piscine.ogg|/pi.sin/}} || swimming pool || || || |- | la plage || {{audio|Fr-plage.ogg|/plaʒ/}} || beach || || || |- | le restaurant || {{audio|Fr-Restaurant.ogg|/ʁɛs.to.ʁɑ̃/}} || restaurant || || On dîne au restaurant français. || We are dining at the French restaurant. |- | la salle de concert || <!-- IPA here --> || concert hall || || || |- | le cinéma<br />la salle de cinéma || {{audio|Fr-cinéma.ogg|/si.ne.ma/}} || cinema || || || |- | le casino<br />la maison de jeu || {{audio|/ka.zi.no/}} || casino || || Les jeux de casino sont des bons exemples de jeu de hasard. || Casino games are good examples of games of chance. |- | la salle de jeux || {{audio|/sal.də.ʒø/}} || game room, playroom || || Le casino a six salles de jeu. || The casino has six game rooms. |- | le stade || {{audio|Fr-stade.ogg|/stad/}} || stadium || || || |- | le théâtre || {{audio|Fr-théâtre.ogg|/te.atʁ/}} || theater || || || |} == {{French/Section|Grammar|Direct object pronouns ''le'', ''la'', and ''les''}} == The direct object pronoun {{fr|le|IPA=/lə/|audio=Fr-le.ogg}}, meaning ''it'' or ''him'', replaces masculine singular direct objects: : {{fr|Je donne le livre au prof.|en=I'm giving the book to the teacher.}} : {{fr|Je le donne au prof.|en=I'm giving it to the teacher.}} {{fr|La|IPA=/la/|audio=Fr-la.ogg}}, meaning ''it'' or ''her'', replaces feminine singular direct objects: : {{fr|Je donne la calculatrice au prof.|en=I'm giving the calculator to the teacher.}} : {{fr|Je la donne au prof.|en=I'm giving it to the teacher.}} {{fr|Les|IPA=/le/|audio=Fr-les.ogg}}, meaning ''them'', replaces plural direct objects: : {{fr|Je donne les livres au prof.|en=I'm giving the books to the teacher.}} : {{fr|Je les donne au prof.|en=I'm giving them to the teacher.}} ''Le'' and ''la'' become ''l<nowiki>'</nowiki>'' before a vowel: : {{fr|Aimez-vous le concert ? Oui, je l'aime.|en=Do you like the concert? Yes, I like it.}} ''Le'', ''la'', and ''les'' can replace either people or things: : {{fr|Aimez-vous le film ? Oui, je l'aime.|en=Do you like the film? Yes, I like it.}} : {{fr|Aimez-vous l'acteur ? Oui, je l'aime.|en=Do you like the actor? Yes, I like him.}} === Summary === {| {{French/Table|columns=4}} | masculine singular direct object ! le | {{fr/sec|{{fr/IPA|/lə/|approx=luh|audio=Fr-le.ogg}}}} | it, him |- | feminine singular direct object ! la | {{fr/sec|{{fr/IPA|/la/|approx=lah|audio=Fr-la.ogg}}}} | it, her |- | singular direct object, before a vowel ! l' | {{fr/sec|{{fr/IPA|/l/}}}} | it, him, her |- | plural direct object ! les | {{fr/sec|{{fr/IPA|/le/|approx=lay|audio=Fr-les.ogg}}}} | them |} === Examples === {{sectstub}} == {{French/Section|Vocabulary|Sports, games, and instruments}} == The verb {{French/Word|jouer|IPA=/ʒwe/|audio=Fr-jouer.ogg}} is a regular ''-er'' verb meaning ''to play''. It can be used to refer to sports, games, and instruments. When referring to sports or games, ''jouer à …'' is used; recall that {{French/Word|au|IPA=/o/|audio=Fr-au.ogg}} replaces ''à le'', and {{French/Word|aux|IPA=/o/|audio=Fr-aux.ogg}} replaces ''à les'': : {{French/Word|Je joue au baseball.|en=I'm playing baseball.}} : {{French/Word|Nous jouons aux cartes.|en=We are playing cards.}} When referring to instruments, ''jouer de …'' is used; recall that {{French/Word|du|IPA=/dy/|audio=Fr-du.ogg}} replaces ''de le'', and {{French/Word|des|IPA=/dɛ/|audio=Fr-des.ogg}} replaces ''de les'': : {{French/Word|Je joue du piano.|en=I'm playing the piano.}} === {{French/Section|Vocabulary|Sports|supplementary-id=french-sports}} === <div id='french-sports'> {{French/Vocabulary gallery | le baseball | /bɛz.bol/ | | Typical baseball game.JPG | le basket | /bas.kɛt/ | | Three point shoot.JPG | le football | /fut.bol/ | Fr-football.ogg | Football in Bloomington, Indiana, 1996.jpg | le football américain | /fut.bol a.me.ʁi.kɛ̃/ | | Vince Young scores a touchdown in the 2005 Big 12 Championship Game.JPG | le golf | /gɔlf/ | |Golf chip.jpg | le tennis | /te.nis/ | Fr-tennis.ogg | Justine henin hardenne medibank international 2006 02.jpg | le volley | /vɔː.le/ | | Volleyball game.jpg }} {| {{French/Translations table|audio=French/Vocabulary/Sports.ogg}} | le baseball || {{audio|/bɛz.bol/}} || baseball || Il fait du baseball. || He's doing baseball. |- | le basket || {{audio|/bas.kɛt/}} || basketball || Elle est plutôt forte at basket. || She's pretty good at basketball. |- | le football || {{audio|Fr-football.ogg|/fut.bol/}} || football/soccer || Il est un bon joueur de football. || He is a good football player. |- | le football américain || {{audio|/fut.bol a.me.ʁi.kɛ̃/}} || American football || Il faisait du football américain avant. || He was doing American football before. |- | le golf || {{audio|/gɔlf/}} || golf || Mon père joue souvent du golf. || My father plays golf often. |- | le tennis || {{audio|Fr-tennis.ogg|/te.nis/}} || tennis || Il est champion du monde de tennis. || He's the world champion of tennis. |- | le volley || {{audio|/vɔː.le/}} || volleyball || Le match de volleyball va être ce samedi || The volleyball match will be this Saturday. |}</div> <!-- /french-sports --> === {{French/Section|Vocabulary|Games|Les jeux|supplementary-id=french-games}} === <div id='french-games'> {{French/Vocabulary gallery | le jeu vidéo | /ʒø vi.deo/ | | Vg icon.svg | le jeu de société | /ʒø də sɔ.sje.te/ | | KeyLargo_01.jpg | les cartes | /kaʁt/ | Fr-carte.ogg | Rummy (game)-card deal.JPG | les dames | [daːm] | Fr-dame.ogg | Jeu dames.jpg | les échecs | /e.ʃɛk/ | Fr-échec.ogg | ChessStartingPosition.jpg | les dés | /de/ | Fr-dé.ogg | Dice.jpg }} {| {{French/Translations table|audio=French/Vocabulary/Games.ogg}} | le jeu {{French/Section|(les jeux)}} || {{audio|Fr-jeu.ogg|/ʒø/}} || game || || Nous avons plein de jeux pour les enfants. || We have many games for the children. |- | le jeu de hasard || || game of chance || || Poker est un jeu de hasard.<br />Il joue aux jeux de hasard. || Poker is a game of chance.<br />He plays games of chance. |- | le jeu vidéo || {{audio|/ʒø vi.deo/}} || video game || || Ce jeu vidéo est très difficile. || This video game is very difficult. |- | le jeu de société || {{audio|/ʒø də sɔ.sje.te/}} || board game || || || |- | le jeu de rôle || || role-playing game || || || |- | les cartes || {{audio|Fr-carte.ogg|/kaʁt/}} || cards || || || |- | les dames || {{audio|Fr-dame.ogg|[daːm]|}} || checkers/draughts || || || |- | les échecs || {{audio|Fr-échec.ogg|/e.ʃɛk/}} || chess || || Le jeu d’échecs a des règles complexes. || The game of chess has complex rules. |- | les dés || {{audio|Fr-dé.ogg|/de/}} || dice || || || |} </div> <!-- /french-games --> === {{French/Section|Vocabulary|Instruments|supplementary-id=french-instruments}} === <div id='french-instruments'> {{French/Vocabulary gallery | la clarinette | /kla.ʁi.nɛt/ | | Bundy bass clarinet.png | le piano | /pja.nɔ/ | Fr-piano.ogg | Piano.svg | la guitare | /ɡi.taʁ/ | Fr-guitare.ogg | Classicalguitar.png | le violon | /vjɔ.lɔ̃/ | Fr-violon.ogg | Old violin.jpg | la batterie | /batʀi/ | Fr-batterie.ogg | Bass drum.svg }} {| {{French/Translations table|audio=French/Vocabulary/Instruments.ogg}} | la clarinette || {{audio|/kla.ʁi.nɛt/}} || clarinet || Le son de cette clarinette est agréable. || The sound of this clarinet is nice. |- | le piano || {{audio|Fr-piano.ogg|/pja.nɔ/}} || piano || Elle joue du piano depuis l’âge de trois ans. || She plays the piano since the age of three. |- | la guitare || {{audio|Fr-guitare.ogg|/ɡi.taʁ/}} || guitar || Michael a apris a jouer la guitare l'été dernier. || Michael learned to play the guitar last summer. |- | le violon || {{audio|Fr-violon.ogg|/vjɔ.lɔ̃/}} || violin || On danse au son du violon. || We are dancing to the sound of the violin. |- | la batterie || {{audio|Fr-batterie.ogg|/batʀi/}} || drums || La batterie est mon instrument préféré. || The drums is my favorite instrument. |}</div> <!-- /french-instruments --> == {{French/Section|Grammar|Indirect object pronouns ''lui'' and ''leur''|supplementary-id=french-lui-and-leur}} == <div id='french-lui-and-leur'> The indirect object pronoun {{French/Word|lui|IPA=/lɥi/|audio=Fr-lui.ogg}} means ''to him'' or ''to her'': : {{French/Word|Je lui donne le livre.|en=I'm giving the book to him/her.}} : {{French/Word|Je lui donne un coup de main.|en=I'm giving a hand to him/her.}} Likewise, the indirect object pronoun {{French/Word|leur|IPA=/lœʁ/|audio=Fr-leur.ogg}} means ''to them'': : {{French/Word|Je leur donne le livre.|en=I'm giving the book to them.}} : {{French/Word|Je leur donne un coup de main.|en=I'm giving a hand to them.}} ''Lui'' replaces ''à [''person'']'': : {{French/Word|Je parle à Jean.|en=I'm speaking to Jean.}} : {{French/Word|Je lui parle.|en=I'm speaking to him.}} Likewise, ''leur'' replaces ''à [''people'']'': : {{French/Word|Je parle à Jean et Marie.|en=I'm speaking to Jean and Marie.}} : {{French/Word|Je leur parle.|en=I'm speaking to them.}} ''Lui'' and ''leur'' usually only refer to people; they will sometimes also be used in reference to things. === Examples === {{sectstub}} </div> <!-- /french-lui-and-leur --> == {{French/Section|Grammar|Conjugated verb + infinitive|supplementary-id=french-conjugated-verb-and-infinitive}} == <div id='french-conjugated-verb-and-infinitive'> Like in English, some verbs can be followed by infinitives. Three ''-er'' verbs used in this manner are ''aimer'', ''adorer'', and ''détester'': : {{French/Word|Nous aimons jouer aux cartes.|en=We like to play cards}} : {{French/Word|Je déteste jouer au golf.|en=I hate playing golf.}} : {{French/Word|Il adore jouer aux jeux vidéo.|en=He loves to play video games.}} === Examples === {{sectstub}} </div> <!-- /french-conjugated-verb-and-infinitive --> == {{French/Section|Grammar|To have fun|S'amuser|supplementary-id=french-s-amuser}} == <div id='french-s-amuser'> The verb ''s'amuser'' means ''to have fun'' in English. It is a type of pronominal verb (a verb that includes a pronoun as part of it) called a reflexive verb, which means that the action of the verb is reflected back onto the subject. Literally translated, the verb means ''To amuse oneself.'' === Formation === {| {{French/Table|audio=French/Grammar/Present indicative verb/S'amuser.ogg|columns=9}} ! style="min-width: 60px;" | Infinitive ! style="min-width: 60px;" | Stem ! colspan=7 | Present indicative conjugation |- ! || ! colspan=2 | {{French/Section|First person}} ! colspan=2 | {{French/Section|Second person}} ! colspan=2 | {{French/Section|Third person}} ! |- ! rowspan=2 | s'amuser ! rowspan=2 | amus | style="border-right: none; padding-right: 0; text-align: right;" | {{French/Section|Je m'}} | style="border-left: none; padding-left: 0;" | amuse | style="border-right: none; padding-right: 0; text-align: right;" | {{French/Section|Tu t'}} | style="border-left: none; padding-left: 0;" | amuses | style="border-right: none; padding-right: 0; text-align: right;" | {{French/Section|Il s'}} | style="border-left: none; padding-left: 0;" | amuse ! {{French/Section|Singular}} |- | style="border-right: none; padding-right: 1en;; text-align: right;" | {{French/Section|Nous nous}} | style="border-left: none; padding-left: 0;" | amusons | style="border-right: none; padding-right: 1en;; text-align: right;" | {{French/Section|Vous vous}} | style="border-left: none; padding-left: 0;" | amusez | style="border-right: none; padding-right: 0; text-align: right;" | {{French/Section|Ils s'}} | style="border-left: none; padding-left: 0;" | amusent ! {{French/Section|Plural}} |} === Examples === </div> <!-- /french-amuser --> {{French/Word|Je m'amuse avec mes amis.|en=I'm having fun with my friends.}}<br/> {{French/Word|T'est en train de t'amuser.|en=You're having fun.}}<br/> {{French/Word|Il a l'air de bien s'amuser.|en=Looks like he's having fun.}}<br/> {{French/Word|Nous sommes en train de nous amuser.|en=We're having fun.}}<br/> {{French/Word|Vous avez l'air de bien vous amusez.|en=It looks like you're having a lot of fun.}}<br/> {{French/Word|Ils s'amusent avec ce ballon.|en=They're having fun with this ball.}}<br/> == {{French/Section|Dialogue|<!-- title here -->}} == {{sectstub}} == {{French/Section|Exercises}} == {{French/Exercise list | title = Fill in the blank using ''jouer'' | instructions = Fill in each blank with the correct form of ''jouer''. | nous ______ | nous '''jouons''' | elle ______ | elle '''joue''' | tu ______ | tu '''joues''' | il ______ | il '''joue''' | elles ______ | elles '''jouent''' | vous ______ | vous '''jouez''' | je ______ | je '''joue''' | ils ______ | ils '''jouent''' }} {{French/Exercise list | title = Translation | instructions = Translate from French to English. | le théâtre | theater | le parc | park | la piscine | swimming pool | la salle de jeux | game room, playroom | le restaurant | restaurant | le stade | stadium | le cinéma<br />la salle de cinéma | cinema | la plage | beach | le casino<br />la maison de jeu | casino | la salle de concert | concert hall | la bibliothèque | library }} {{French/Exercise list | title = Translation | instructions = Translate from English to French. | restaurant | le restaurant | game room, playroom | la salle de jeux | theater | le théâtre | concert hall | la salle de concert | swimming pool | la piscine | cinema | le cinéma<br />la salle de cinéma | casino | le casino<br />la maison de jeu | library | la bibliothèque | stadium | le stade | beach | la plage | park | le parc }} {{sectstub}} == {{French/Section|Exercises|supplementary-id=french-exercises}} == <div id='french-exercises'> {{French/Exercise list | title = Translation | instructions = Translate from French to English. | porter | to carry, to wear | donner | to give | regarder | to watch | écouter | to listen to | parler | to speak, to talk | entrer | to enter | aimer | to like | demander | to ask {{French/Section|(for)}} | sembler | to seem, to resemble | trouver | to find, to surprise | passer | to pass, to spend {{French/Section|(time)}} | chercher | to look for | arriver | to arrive, to happen }} {{French/Exercise list | title = Translation | instructions = Translate from English to French. | to find, to surprise | trouver | to look for | chercher | to give | donner | to watch | regarder | to carry, to wear | porter | to speak, to talk | parler | to enter | entrer | to arrive, to happen | arriver | to listen to | écouter | to seem, to resemble | sembler | to like | aimer | to ask {{French/Section|(for)}} | demander | to pass, to spend {{French/Section|(time)}} | passer }} {{French/Exercise list | title = Fill in the blank using ''-er'' verbs | instructions = Fill in each blank with the correct form of the ''-er'' verb in parentheses. | nous ______ (''parler'') | nous '''parlons''' | elle ______ (''chercher'') | elle '''cherche''' | tu ______ (''écouter'') | tu '''écoutes''' | il ______ (''entrer'') | il '''entre''' | elles ______ (''regarder'') | elles '''regardent''' | vous ______ (''aimer'') | vous '''aimez''' | je ______ (''demander'') | je '''demande''' | ils ______ (''sembler'') | ils '''semblent''' | nous ______ (''donner'') | nous '''donnons''' | tu ______ (''arriver'') | tu '''arrives''' | on ______ (''porter'') | on '''porte''' | ils ______ (''chercher'') | ils '''cherchent''' | nous ______ (''demander'') | nous '''demandons''' | je ______ (''regarder'') | je '''regarde''' | vous ______ (''sembler'') | vous '''semblez''' | on ______ (''aimer'') | on '''aime''' | elles ______ (''donner'') | elles '''donnent''' | vous ______ (''chercher'') | vous '''cherchez''' }} </div> <!-- /french-exercises --> <noinclude>{{French/Lessons/Level one|Family|The house}}</noinclude> ajxbhguwpe5bml2xcrwh6q2aad7iea5 0 17300 4633417 3461937 2026-05-01T13:18:07Z Kingofnuthin 3566511 Marking for speedy deletion: Out of scope 4633417 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Delete|example=false|Out of scope}}</noinclude> {{tw-adopt}} ===How to survive thick sand=== Riding a motorbike is often an exercise in defeating ones own instincts. Riding a bike in thick sand is a good example of this. Instinct says go slowly when approaching anything threatening; however, going slowly on a bike is a sure way of having an accident, more so when riding in a threatening situation. When approaching an area of thick sand it is best to slow down while approaching, then ''gently'' accelerate upon reaching the sandy patch. Motion is what gives stability to any bike, be it a bicycle or a motorbike. With a motorbike, this stability is especially linked to the back tire's grip on the ground. Applying too much power will cause the back wheel to spin, thus losing grip, causing the bike to either fall over or dig its back wheel into the sand. If the sand is particularly thick, fine, or both, and the back wheel has dug itself in, the best thing to do in this situation is to get off, use the "clutch and accelerator" combined to gently apply forward motion; then run with the bike past the worst bit, and finally leap back on. Instinct causes panic when it feels as if things are out of your control. Often, when in a situation like thick sand, the bike will throw itself about a bit; this is normal, and often a hint that one is going too slowly. The worst thing you can do on a bike is to stiffen up. Rather, sit upright, lean slightly forward, and relax your arms. If the going is really bad, stand up on the pegs, and lean forward. The main thing is relax and give the bike the power it needs to get out. {{Shelves|Motorcycles}} {{Alphabetical|T}} {{status|0%}} gjiboqy91zsi1zxxu2pcnowjjtzhxk8 0 75490 4633430 3537732 2026-05-01T18:15:18Z ~2026-26368-68 3580511 /* Chapter 1 */ 4633430 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Chapter 1== We are introduced to Dora (the narrator) and Nora (her twin sister). It becomes clear that Dora is writing her memoirs, and that this story is based on them. We learn about their famous Shakespearean actor of a father, Melchior Hazard, and that they are his illegitimate children. Melchior has for years disregarded Dora and Nora, claiming that they are his twin brother Perry's children. We learn that Melchior slept with the chamber maid "Pretty Kitty" during the first world war. Kitty then died giving birth to Dora and Nora whilst the "zeppelins were falling". Her landlady "Grandma" Chance took the children in as her own (there is some debate as to whether she is in actual fact the mother and Kitty was just a fabrication). We learn of Ranulph and Estella Hazard (Dora and Nora's Grandparents), and how Estella has an affair with Cassius Booth. Ranulph, ultimately, murders Cassius, Estella and then himself. Melchior and Perry then departed on their separate lives. Melchior came to England and lived with an elderly relative before running away. Perry remained a wanderer - both hold rivalries between each other. We then get the drama of the chapter. Tristram (son of Melchior by his third marriage) arrives and tells Dora and Nora that his girlfriend, Tiffany (Dora and Nora's godchild) has gone missing after she appeared on his trashy television show "Lashings of Lolly" in a delusional state. Her delirium was due to the fact that she was pregnant with Tristram's child, but he was unwilling to commit to her. A body is later found in a river, and the police believe it to be Tiffanyy. ==Chapter 2== This chapter begins with Dora and Nora's seventh birthday, Grandma chance takes them to the theatre to see a "nayce musical comedy". This begins Nora and Dora's infatuation with low brow entertainment/culture. The show leaves the girls with "stars in their eyes" and they decide there and then that it will be the "damascus road" for the both of them. While at the theatre, Grandma spots Melchior, the girls biological father and points him out to the twins. The girls immediately form a crush on Melchior Hazard and thus begins their inappropriate and unconventional relationship with their father. After the theatre, the girls return home to find a package from their uncle Perry. Inside is a present - a toy theatre that the girls learn to "treasure". The next important scene is set in Brighton, where Perry brings the girls for a family day out. This is a strange scene as it brings Perry's character into question. There is a hint that he may have had a sexual relationship with Dora ("I thought, I must have had it off with Perry"). This is a disturbing thought as not only is Dora just thirteen, but Perry is also her uncle. During the trip, the girls take a stop off at a seedy back theatre and they are introduced to Gorgeous George. Carter satirises the British public's view on empire through George, and the whole idea of low culture and bawdy humour is expressed through him (for instance, "he had a face as long as a..."). The tattoo on his chest is symbolic of the British Empire and its growth at the time (to be made ironic later on). After the show, the girls are walking with Perry when they see posters of Melchior acting in a show nearby. Their eyes swell up with tears and Perry eventually brings them into their father's dressing room. It is in this scene that the girls' fascination with Melchior becomes apparent ("i did piss myself when i saw him..."). This unexpected reaction shows how unconventional their relationship is and highlights the theme of female prevalence through the absence of father throughout the novel. Melchior completely disregards the girls and through this the girls fabricate fake memories in order to deal with the heartache of this rejection. The memory is of Peregrine lifting both girls up and performing "[a] back-flip out of the window". This is an example of magical realism that is evident throughout Carter's novel but also reminds the reader that the narrative is not all strictly true due to Dora's memory age. The rest of the chapter is based around the girls growing up and coming of age ("We knew we were shedding our childhoods along with those ringlets, and we were pleased as punch"). Peregrine loses his money in the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the girls are forced to earn their money by dancing in the music halls. As the girls age they become interested in the facts of life, Nora especially wants to find out about all of life's "dirty little secrets". She loses her virginity to the goose from her play in an alley. The girls eventually change their physical appearances and dye their hair black. "it looked like bath night at the minstrel show". This is an example of "carnivalesque" language. On Dora and Nora's 17th birthday, Dora asks Nora for her "fella for a birthday present". This is a good example of doubles as the twins swap identities in order to share the boy. For their birthday, Melchior acknowledges the girls and gives them a "special present" which was to star in his Shakespearian play. Dora even dances with her father on this night which is odd as they have never had a proper father-daughter relationship. This leads on to the next important aspect of chapter two, the Lynde house party for the Shakespearian play. This continues the previous idea of mistaken identities as Nora's boyfriend still mistakes Dora for Nora. He is doubling as a waiter which also adds to the theme of doubles in the chapter. The two get re-acquainted and slip upstairs to have sex for the second time while Nora flirts with an American film producer (no formal name is given but he is referred to as Genghis Khan throughout the book). Genghis Khan leaves his cigar on the table in order to dance with Nora, causing the tablecloth to catch fire. With no waiter to notice the fire, the house sets alight and everyone is forced to run outside. Dora and the boy escape from the window, naked, and continue to have sex even while the house burns down around them. This is another example of carnival, as it incorporates many of the main themes such as the celebration of the body and also chaotic situations. The idea of the pretentious upper class is satirised here also as the high cultured people in question are pictured engaging in inappropriate sexual acts. The end of this chapter depicts Melchior mourning the loss of a paper crown (once owned by his famous father Ranulph, made by Estella his mother), "a flimsy bit of make believe" instead of all the valuables that were burnt down, however Perry saves both Nora and the paper crown from the burning wreck. It is suggested here by Carter that Perry slept with Nora on this night because was it just by chance that she was with him barely dressed? The theme of Carnivalesque is also continued here as the chaos and celebration of body parts is continued. ==Chapter 3== Chapter 3 describes the filming of 'A Midsummer Night's Dream'. This chapter is a very outrageous and chaotic chapter, just like the middle of a Shakespeare play. Melchior falls in love with Genghis Khan's wife, Delia Delaney aka Daisy Duck, a very flirtatious woman- whom at the beginning of the chapter was flirting with Perry. Genghis Khan is outraged by this and decides that he wants Nora to have his child but she is in love with Tony, a young Italian, and so he gets Dora to marry Genghis in her place. There is to be a triple wedding; Nora to Tony, Dora to Genghis and Melchior to Daisy Duck. This triple wedding is again an allusion to Shakespeare as in some Shakespeare plays there are prominent triple weddings. Genghis' ex-wife, who has been stalking Genghis for quite some time, turns up having had a face lift to look like Dora because she is desperate to re-marry Genghis and will do anything to please Genghis - even change her appearance and this shows she is a woman who has bowed to the patriarchal society. She marries Genghis instead of Dora, who hides at the wedding by wearing a big Donkey mask from Bottom in 'A Midsummer Night's Dream'. Tony's mother decided that Nora is not good enough for her son and so she empties a huge vat of marinara sauce onto Nora and this marriage is called off. Although Dora does not dwell on this, later in the book we see that Nora is perhaps more upset by this than you may first imagine. The Dream ends and the girls return home with Grandma Chance who arrives to rescue them. We are also introduced properly to Irish, another of Dora's lovers, and, perhaps the one that she values most. Irish, a writer/playwright holds much similarity to Oscar Wilde. Irish seems to value Dora more than she does him as she is also sleeping with her German teacher at this time. Irish is an alcoholic. Dora seems to use Irish for an education she has never really properly had. ==Chapter 4== Chapter 4 describes Dora and Nora alone after the death of Grandma Chance and how Grandma Chance was their "shelter and breast." This is also when Perry comes to Saskia's and Imogen's birthday baring gifts from his travels, two new types of butterflies he named after them, which the two sisters hate. Also Melchoir announces he is going to marry Saskia's friend Cordelia (a reference to King Lear, Shakespeare). The two sisters then throw a massive strop and smash plates at trees and destroy the so called party. Melchoir slaps Saskia and says he will no longer give them any pocket money. Poor old Perry is left heart broken because he has been totally rejected, and has his presents thrown back at him. This again is where Perry vanishes on one of his own quests. It is later that night that Lady Atalanta is found at the bottom of the staircase of her home, followed by Saskia's and Imogen's sudden departure, having made their mother sign off the home and the last of her money to them. It is never told whether Lady Atalanta fell or was pushed, yet the end result is her being in a wheelchair and living with Dora and Nora in the basement room of 49 Bard Road. ==Chapter 5== Dora, Nora and the Lady Atlanta depart to their father, Melchior's, 100th birthday party. Along the way, Dora meets Gorgeous George from Chapter 2, except he's now an old homeless tramp begging for money off the rich party-goers. Dora gives him £20 (a note with the face of Shakespeare on the reverse) and tells him to spend it all on booze. At the party, Melchior finally acknowledges them as his children, but Dora and Nora are unsure of his sincerity as there are cameras and news crews everywhere - but they take Melchior's apologies with great pleasure and they both melt into the child versions of themselves whereby they saw great admiration and love toward this mysterious man. A few things become apparent and some characters unexpectedly arrive with extravagant, carnivalesque entrances. Daisy Duck is the first, entering with a battalion of trumpet players and Gambian dancers (with Puck). Saskia's cake is then brought in. Before Melchior can cut the cake, there is a knocking at the door. Perry arrives in a magical, mystical way - not forgetting that he is presumed dead - and is described as "larger the life" in both persona and fat ("...was as large as a warehouse..."). Perry then releases butterflies, a butterfly for every person at the party, and produces a long box. Opening it, the lovely Tiffany steps out. She too is presumed dead (from chapter one), so her appearance strikes tears. Tristram begs for Tiffany to give him a second chance, but Tiffany completely disregards him, much to Dora and Nora's pleasure. It is then discovered that Saskia, who baked the cake, had slipped poison into it - to try and murder her father as she tried to murder Lady Atalanta. Truths are shared relating to Saskia, Melchior and Lady A (in her speech)- whose presence is exemplified by Perry. This is when Dora and Perry run off to the master bedroom and have sex, where Dora fantasises about "bringing the house down". Dora questions him, asking if he is her father. Perry replies, no - but he believes that Dora's mother isn't who Grandma said she was... The point of incest here is toned down, and also the desperation of the pair is denied, and the entire affair is seen as an act of equal compassion. The themes of Magic Realism and Carnivalesque are continued here as how many centenarians and 75 year olds have sex? With this done, they find the Cardboard crown and present it to Melchior (as it had been discovered that Melchior has been feeling useless in his age) and Melchior sees this as a peace offering. Perry then gives Dora and Nora two twin 'babies' (which are described as similar to kittens) from his coat pocket, stating that they belong to Gareth (Tristram's twin) who had been in South America. For once, there is a truce between the Hazards and the Chances, representing a truce between legitimacy and illegitimacy. Dora and Nora walk back to their houses with the two babies, and break into song and dance in the middle of the street. The novel ends with the important motif, "What a joy it is to dance and sing!" {{BookCat}} mtrdiq3eknc60l5pikryj61pdimr6t5 4633431 4633430 2026-05-01T18:15:27Z Quinlan83 3290607 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-26368-68|~2026-26368-68]] ([[User talk:~2026-26368-68|talk]]) to last version by Leaderboard 3537732 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Chapter 1== We are introduced to Dora (the narrator) and Nora (her twin sister). It becomes clear that Dora is writing her memoirs, and that this story is based on them. We learn about their famous Shakespearean actor of a father, Melchior Hazard, and that they are his illegitimate children. Melchior has for years disregarded Dora and Nora, claiming that they are his twin brother Perry's children. We learn that Melchior slept with the chamber maid "Pretty Kitty" during the first world war. Kitty then died giving birth to Dora and Nora whilst the "zeppelins were falling". Her landlady "Grandma" Chance took the children in as her own (there is some debate as to whether she is in actual fact the mother and Kitty was just a fabrication). We learn of Ranulph and Estella Hazard (Dora and Nora's Grandparents), and how Estella has an affair with Cassius Booth. Ranulph, ultimately, murders Cassius, Estella and then himself. Melchior and Perry then departed on their separate lives. Melchior came to England and lived with an elderly relative before running away. Perry remained a wanderer - both hold rivalries between each other. We then get the drama of the chapter. Tristram (son of Melchior by his third marriage) arrives and tells Dora and Nora that his girlfriend, Tiffany (Dora and Nora's godchild) has gone missing after she appeared on his trashy television show "Lashings of Lolly" in a delusional state. Her delirium was due to the fact that she was pregnant with Tristram's child, but he was unwilling to commit to her. A body is later found in a river, and the police believe it to be Tiffany. ==Chapter 2== This chapter begins with Dora and Nora's seventh birthday, Grandma chance takes them to the theatre to see a "nayce musical comedy". This begins Nora and Dora's infatuation with low brow entertainment/culture. The show leaves the girls with "stars in their eyes" and they decide there and then that it will be the "damascus road" for the both of them. While at the theatre, Grandma spots Melchior, the girls biological father and points him out to the twins. The girls immediately form a crush on Melchior Hazard and thus begins their inappropriate and unconventional relationship with their father. After the theatre, the girls return home to find a package from their uncle Perry. Inside is a present - a toy theatre that the girls learn to "treasure". The next important scene is set in Brighton, where Perry brings the girls for a family day out. This is a strange scene as it brings Perry's character into question. There is a hint that he may have had a sexual relationship with Dora ("I thought, I must have had it off with Perry"). This is a disturbing thought as not only is Dora just thirteen, but Perry is also her uncle. During the trip, the girls take a stop off at a seedy back theatre and they are introduced to Gorgeous George. Carter satirises the British public's view on empire through George, and the whole idea of low culture and bawdy humour is expressed through him (for instance, "he had a face as long as a..."). The tattoo on his chest is symbolic of the British Empire and its growth at the time (to be made ironic later on). After the show, the girls are walking with Perry when they see posters of Melchior acting in a show nearby. Their eyes swell up with tears and Perry eventually brings them into their father's dressing room. It is in this scene that the girls' fascination with Melchior becomes apparent ("i did piss myself when i saw him..."). This unexpected reaction shows how unconventional their relationship is and highlights the theme of female prevalence through the absence of father throughout the novel. Melchior completely disregards the girls and through this the girls fabricate fake memories in order to deal with the heartache of this rejection. The memory is of Peregrine lifting both girls up and performing "[a] back-flip out of the window". This is an example of magical realism that is evident throughout Carter's novel but also reminds the reader that the narrative is not all strictly true due to Dora's memory age. The rest of the chapter is based around the girls growing up and coming of age ("We knew we were shedding our childhoods along with those ringlets, and we were pleased as punch"). Peregrine loses his money in the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the girls are forced to earn their money by dancing in the music halls. As the girls age they become interested in the facts of life, Nora especially wants to find out about all of life's "dirty little secrets". She loses her virginity to the goose from her play in an alley. The girls eventually change their physical appearances and dye their hair black. "it looked like bath night at the minstrel show". This is an example of "carnivalesque" language. On Dora and Nora's 17th birthday, Dora asks Nora for her "fella for a birthday present". This is a good example of doubles as the twins swap identities in order to share the boy. For their birthday, Melchior acknowledges the girls and gives them a "special present" which was to star in his Shakespearian play. Dora even dances with her father on this night which is odd as they have never had a proper father-daughter relationship. This leads on to the next important aspect of chapter two, the Lynde house party for the Shakespearian play. This continues the previous idea of mistaken identities as Nora's boyfriend still mistakes Dora for Nora. He is doubling as a waiter which also adds to the theme of doubles in the chapter. The two get re-acquainted and slip upstairs to have sex for the second time while Nora flirts with an American film producer (no formal name is given but he is referred to as Genghis Khan throughout the book). Genghis Khan leaves his cigar on the table in order to dance with Nora, causing the tablecloth to catch fire. With no waiter to notice the fire, the house sets alight and everyone is forced to run outside. Dora and the boy escape from the window, naked, and continue to have sex even while the house burns down around them. This is another example of carnival, as it incorporates many of the main themes such as the celebration of the body and also chaotic situations. The idea of the pretentious upper class is satirised here also as the high cultured people in question are pictured engaging in inappropriate sexual acts. The end of this chapter depicts Melchior mourning the loss of a paper crown (once owned by his famous father Ranulph, made by Estella his mother), "a flimsy bit of make believe" instead of all the valuables that were burnt down, however Perry saves both Nora and the paper crown from the burning wreck. It is suggested here by Carter that Perry slept with Nora on this night because was it just by chance that she was with him barely dressed? The theme of Carnivalesque is also continued here as the chaos and celebration of body parts is continued. ==Chapter 3== Chapter 3 describes the filming of 'A Midsummer Night's Dream'. This chapter is a very outrageous and chaotic chapter, just like the middle of a Shakespeare play. Melchior falls in love with Genghis Khan's wife, Delia Delaney aka Daisy Duck, a very flirtatious woman- whom at the beginning of the chapter was flirting with Perry. Genghis Khan is outraged by this and decides that he wants Nora to have his child but she is in love with Tony, a young Italian, and so he gets Dora to marry Genghis in her place. There is to be a triple wedding; Nora to Tony, Dora to Genghis and Melchior to Daisy Duck. This triple wedding is again an allusion to Shakespeare as in some Shakespeare plays there are prominent triple weddings. Genghis' ex-wife, who has been stalking Genghis for quite some time, turns up having had a face lift to look like Dora because she is desperate to re-marry Genghis and will do anything to please Genghis - even change her appearance and this shows she is a woman who has bowed to the patriarchal society. She marries Genghis instead of Dora, who hides at the wedding by wearing a big Donkey mask from Bottom in 'A Midsummer Night's Dream'. Tony's mother decided that Nora is not good enough for her son and so she empties a huge vat of marinara sauce onto Nora and this marriage is called off. Although Dora does not dwell on this, later in the book we see that Nora is perhaps more upset by this than you may first imagine. The Dream ends and the girls return home with Grandma Chance who arrives to rescue them. We are also introduced properly to Irish, another of Dora's lovers, and, perhaps the one that she values most. Irish, a writer/playwright holds much similarity to Oscar Wilde. Irish seems to value Dora more than she does him as she is also sleeping with her German teacher at this time. Irish is an alcoholic. Dora seems to use Irish for an education she has never really properly had. ==Chapter 4== Chapter 4 describes Dora and Nora alone after the death of Grandma Chance and how Grandma Chance was their "shelter and breast." This is also when Perry comes to Saskia's and Imogen's birthday baring gifts from his travels, two new types of butterflies he named after them, which the two sisters hate. Also Melchoir announces he is going to marry Saskia's friend Cordelia (a reference to King Lear, Shakespeare). The two sisters then throw a massive strop and smash plates at trees and destroy the so called party. Melchoir slaps Saskia and says he will no longer give them any pocket money. Poor old Perry is left heart broken because he has been totally rejected, and has his presents thrown back at him. This again is where Perry vanishes on one of his own quests. It is later that night that Lady Atalanta is found at the bottom of the staircase of her home, followed by Saskia's and Imogen's sudden departure, having made their mother sign off the home and the last of her money to them. It is never told whether Lady Atalanta fell or was pushed, yet the end result is her being in a wheelchair and living with Dora and Nora in the basement room of 49 Bard Road. ==Chapter 5== Dora, Nora and the Lady Atlanta depart to their father, Melchior's, 100th birthday party. Along the way, Dora meets Gorgeous George from Chapter 2, except he's now an old homeless tramp begging for money off the rich party-goers. Dora gives him £20 (a note with the face of Shakespeare on the reverse) and tells him to spend it all on booze. At the party, Melchior finally acknowledges them as his children, but Dora and Nora are unsure of his sincerity as there are cameras and news crews everywhere - but they take Melchior's apologies with great pleasure and they both melt into the child versions of themselves whereby they saw great admiration and love toward this mysterious man. A few things become apparent and some characters unexpectedly arrive with extravagant, carnivalesque entrances. Daisy Duck is the first, entering with a battalion of trumpet players and Gambian dancers (with Puck). Saskia's cake is then brought in. Before Melchior can cut the cake, there is a knocking at the door. Perry arrives in a magical, mystical way - not forgetting that he is presumed dead - and is described as "larger the life" in both persona and fat ("...was as large as a warehouse..."). Perry then releases butterflies, a butterfly for every person at the party, and produces a long box. Opening it, the lovely Tiffany steps out. She too is presumed dead (from chapter one), so her appearance strikes tears. Tristram begs for Tiffany to give him a second chance, but Tiffany completely disregards him, much to Dora and Nora's pleasure. It is then discovered that Saskia, who baked the cake, had slipped poison into it - to try and murder her father as she tried to murder Lady Atalanta. Truths are shared relating to Saskia, Melchior and Lady A (in her speech)- whose presence is exemplified by Perry. This is when Dora and Perry run off to the master bedroom and have sex, where Dora fantasises about "bringing the house down". Dora questions him, asking if he is her father. Perry replies, no - but he believes that Dora's mother isn't who Grandma said she was... The point of incest here is toned down, and also the desperation of the pair is denied, and the entire affair is seen as an act of equal compassion. The themes of Magic Realism and Carnivalesque are continued here as how many centenarians and 75 year olds have sex? With this done, they find the Cardboard crown and present it to Melchior (as it had been discovered that Melchior has been feeling useless in his age) and Melchior sees this as a peace offering. Perry then gives Dora and Nora two twin 'babies' (which are described as similar to kittens) from his coat pocket, stating that they belong to Gareth (Tristram's twin) who had been in South America. For once, there is a truce between the Hazards and the Chances, representing a truce between legitimacy and illegitimacy. Dora and Nora walk back to their houses with the two babies, and break into song and dance in the middle of the street. The novel ends with the important motif, "What a joy it is to dance and sing!" {{BookCat}} nk4yi7a0vjuhikudh0g7pfreatwuki4 4 112405 4633480 4632808 2026-05-01T22:30:45Z BigKrow 3459224 /* After WikiNews shuts down....? */ new section 4633480 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:CHAT|WB:RR/G|WB:GENERAL}} {{TOC left|limit=3}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(60d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 |key = 7a0ac23cf8049e4d9ff70cabb5649d1a }} Welcome to the '''General reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about the Wikibooks project in general. For proposals for improving Wikibooks, see the [[../Proposals/]] reading room. {{clear}} [[Category:Reading room]] == Correspondence between John Belton and the Continental Congress == Hello. [[s:Correspondence between John Belton and the Continental Congress]] is probably going to be deleted from Wikisource as out of scope, would Wikibooks be interested in its import? -- [[User:Jan.Kamenicek|Jan.Kamenicek]] ([[User talk:Jan.Kamenicek|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jan.Kamenicek|contribs]]) 19:27, 3 March 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Jan.Kamenicek|Jan.Kamenicek]] Thank you for checking! We do not host source texts, so it doesn't look like this would be in scope at Wikibooks. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:55, 3 March 2026 (UTC) == Upcoming deployment of CampaignEvents extension to Wikibooks == <section begin="message"/> Hello everyone, We are writing to inform you that the [[mw:Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] will be deployed to all Wikibooks projects during the week of '''23 March 2026'''. This follows last year’s broader rollout across Wikimedia projects. We realized that Wikibooks was not included at the time, and we’re now addressing that to ensure consistency across all communities. The CampaignEvents extension provides tools to support event and campaign organization on-wiki, including features like on-wiki event registration and collaboration lists(global event list). We welcome any questions, feedback, or concerns you may have. We are also happy to support anyone interested in trying out the tools. ''Apologies if this message is not in your preferred language. If you’re able to help translate it for your community, please feel free to do so.'' <section end="message"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:Udehb-WMF|Udehb-WMF]] ([[User talk:Udehb-WMF|discuss]]) 18:22, 19 March 2026 (UTC)</bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Udehb-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Udehb-WMF/sandbox/MM_target&oldid=30284073 --> == Regarding the project's FlaggedRevs extension == Hello, everyone. I want to discuss with the community about the use of this project's FlaggedRevs (flagged revisions) extension, which was deployed many years ago (and configured recently). === Many unreviewed edits, and edit quality options === According to [[Special:PendingChanges]], there are almost 4000 unreviewed edits (per the standard FlaggedRevs configuration). In addition, on the edit review interface when evaluating a diff, there are three radio buttons that determine the quality of the edit (minimal, average, good). Do we have to utilize these buttons if the quality of the edit or the book matters, according to [[WB:REVIEW]]? This proposal is to whether discontinue the edit rating buttons or not. One way to reduce such a large amount of unreviewed edits is to set the following to <code>true</code>: * <code>wgFlaggedRevsProtection</code> (pending changes protection, to be used on Wikijunior pages; this might negate the need to show the stable version by default) * (optional) <code>wgSimpleFlaggedRevsUI</code> (simpler, icon-based UI on the edit review interface) We should also include the following configuration (partially based from English Wikipedia), if this proposal passes: <syntaxhighlight lang="php"> elseif ( $wgDBname == 'enwikibooks' ) { // Limited to the main, Cookbook, and Wikijunior namespaces (T408110) $wgFlaggedRevsNamespaces = [ NS_MAIN, 102, 110 ]; # We have only one tag with one level $wgFlaggedRevsTags = [ 'status' => [ 'levels' => 1 ] ]; # Restrict autoconfirmed to flagging semi-protected $wgFlaggedRevsTagsRestrictions = [ 'status' => [ 'review' => 1, 'autoreview' => 1 ], ]; # Restriction levels for auto-review/review rights $wgFlaggedRevsRestrictionLevels = [ 'autoreview' ]; # Remove 'validate' from reviewers $wgGroupPermissions['reviewer']['validate'] = false; # Group permissions for sysops $wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['review'] = true; $wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['stablesettings'] = true; # Allow sysops to add and remove the 'reviewer' group $wgAddGroups['sysop'][] = 'reviewer'; $wgRemoveGroups['sysop'][] = 'reviewer'; # Remove the 'editor' user group unset( $wgGroupPermissions['editor'] ); } </syntaxhighlight> === Inactive reviewers === After conducting an audit of over 1000 reviewers, most, if not many of them are completely inactive. === User group changes for reviewers === The reviewer user group is known to the software as <code>editor</code>, which might sound misleading (the actual [[MediaWiki:Group-editor/qqq|/qqq definition]] is "Editors"). To fix that, we might have to consider switching to <code>reviewer</code> and unset <code>editor</code>. I am also not sure whether administrators should have the <code>validate</code> user right, since <code>reviewer</code> has it on by default (but it is currently disabled). On the above configuration I proposed, administrators (and users in the <code>reviewer</code> user group) would no longer have <code>validate</code>. === Page patrolling === Currently, only administrators can mark new pages as patrolled (<code>patrol</code>) by using the MediaWiki page patrol software, but clicking on "Accept revision" (via FlaggedRevs) would also mark the page as patrolled, in question. I believe that using FlaggedRevs to patrol new pages is redundant, given that we might not want to use one or the other. If we are considering on switching to pending changes, we should also allow reviewers to mark new pages as patrolled, as they are trusted to have the <code>autopatrol</code> right in addition to administrators and autoreviewed users. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:05, 21 March 2026 (UTC) :I agree on replacing <code>editor</code> with <code>reviewer</code> to avoid confusion. Reviewers don't need to have patrol permissions as a reviewed page would be patrolled as well. I don't think people will use it much as a page or edit being reviewed already means that it has been checked by someone else. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 16:00, 22 March 2026 (UTC) ::When I said that reviewers would have <code>patrol</code>, they can review new pages that other users created, but not any new pages they create themselves. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:16, 22 March 2026 (UTC) :::How can that be the case if they have <code>autopatrol</code>? [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:26, 22 March 2026 (UTC) ::::I will give you an example. On the English Wikiquote, there are two user groups that have <code>autopatrol</code>: autopatrollers and patrollers. Autopatrollers have their page creations marked as patrolled by the software, while patrollers (whilst also having their page creations marked as patrolled) can mark new pages as patrolled (in addition to administrators). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:39, 22 March 2026 (UTC) :::::But what is the point of giving reviewers <code>patrol</code> if we are already using FlaggedRevs? I think that we won't need patrol because we already have reviewing, and patrol only seems to be a confirmation that the page is up to policy from what I have seen, so giving them reviewers to mark pages as patrolled seems pointless to me when we already have FlaggedRevs. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 19:06, 22 March 2026 (UTC) ::::::I understand, but my proposal was to convert FlaggedRevs into a protection-like mechanism which would be used alongside page protection; it might turn off FlaggedRevs's ability to patrol new pages for reviewers, hence why I suggested this above. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:30, 22 March 2026 (UTC) ::::::: @[[User:Kingofnuthin|Kingofnuthin]] I will summarize what you said from above: :::::::* You agree about the reviewer user group to be moved from <code>editor</code> to <code>reviewer</code> to avoid confusion (technically). :::::::* However, you probably disagree about allowing reviewers to patrol new pages ''and'' having their page creations automatically marked as patrolled, because FlaggedRevs can do all of this, and <code>$wgUseNPPatrol</code> might seem to be redundant. ::::::: A compromise about your disagreement is that we might have to consider removing <code>autopatrol</code> and/or <code>patrol</code> from our existing user groups, similar to [[phab:T423461]]. ::::::: I started this because in addition to that, one of my concerns was the extreme backlog of unreviewed edits and pages [4000!]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:31, 19 April 2026 (UTC) :I may be missing some things here, so let me know if I haven't answered any points here: :# I don't think we currently need to have the review status indicate the quality of the edit (i.e. minimal, average, good). I don't think this is used at all anymore. :# I think it makes sense to reassign the reviewer user group to <code>editor</code>. I always like clarity in language. :# Are you saying that pages marked as reviewed are currently also classed as patrolled? If that's the case, I think we should not have reviewed pages automatically classed as patrolled, and we should keep reviewing and patrolling separate. :I'll note that honestly don't know much about patrolling, since I've never engaged with it—I have only ever referenced the reviewing system. If there is a significant functional difference, I would love to know it. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:00, 23 March 2026 (UTC) ::When someone clicks "Accept revision" on an unreviewed page, it is listed under [[Special:Log/review]]; if an admin marks a page as patrolled with "Mark this page as patrolled", it will show up under [[Special:Log/patrol]], which is not really logged much compared to the former log (review). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:12, 23 March 2026 (UTC) :I agree to your thoughts about the <code>editor</code> group and edit quality ratings, but I don't understand what this proposal changes for FlaggedRevs, since I don't have much technical knowledge. Can you explain what the proposal changes here, how are we going to convert FlaggedRevs into a "protection-like mechanism"? [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:24, 23 March 2026 (UTC) ::The proposal of changing FlaggedRevs into a protection-like feature (pending changes) is when an editor (unregistered/one not holding autoreviewer, reviewer, or administrator permissions) makes an edit, but their edit will be hidden from the public until it is approved by a reviewer or an administrator, and it will solely apply to Wikijunior pages. The configuration above is similar to what English Wikipedia uses. {{quote|::I think it makes sense to reassign the reviewer user group to <code>editor</code>.}} ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: I believe you might have misunderstood. What I meant is that <code>(editor)</code> will be changed to <code>(reviewer)</code> to avoid confusion, but I plan to remove <code>editor</code> from all inactive reviewers, then do the same for recently active reviewers. However, given that there are a lot of reviewers, a script will possibly do all the work (under {{no ping|Maintenance script}} or similar). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:29, 23 March 2026 (UTC) :::Gotcha! I can't currently foresee an issue with this —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:09, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :'''Re FlaggedRevs generally: '''The [[mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|Mediawiki page of the extension]] says it is not being maintained and not recommended for production use. We should consider whether we need this extension at all. :What is the actual policy justification for having FlaggedRevs? :[[Help:Tracking_changes#Reviewing_pages]] says it's "our primary counter-vandalism tool". I don't know if it is that: it doesn't prevent vandalism or reduce exposure to vandalism (as with stable versions). The "counter-vandalism" bit comes from human editors looking at the edits, identifying vandalism, and reverting. FlaggedRevs isn't necessary for that. Maybe it makes it a little easier to spot edits in recent changes from new editors that may need a little more help (wikicode etc, not just spam), but can that be achieved just with the patrolled edits functionality? :If we still want something like FlaggedRevs, as an anti-vandalism tool or for draft control, then Mediawiki has a [[mw:Content approval extensions|list of alternatives]] that may be more suited and better maintained. :'''Re minimal/average/good specifically:''' I agree that we don't need the three categories. I thought I read somewhere that these were intended to show the quality of the REVIEW not of the page? That is, a "minimal" review is "I checked there was no obvious vandalism" and a "good" review was "I've thoroughly fact-checked everything". [[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 11:34, 5 April 2026 (UTC) :: This was enabled back in 2008, which resulted in [[Wikibooks:New page patrol]] currently being obsolete. To be honest, I would keep FlaggedRevs, but I was proposing to change it to pending changes protection, similar to how Wikipedia utilizes it. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 21:04, 19 April 2026 (UTC) :Pinging <span class="template-ping">@[[:User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]]:</span> and <span class="template-ping">@[[:User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]:</span> for additional input. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">—Preceding [[w:Wikipedia:Signatures|undated]] comment added 22:29, 22 March 2026.</span><!--Template:Undated--> == Global ban for Faster than Thunder == * {{user|Faster than Thunder}} Hello, this message is to notify that [[User:Faster than Thunder|Faster than Thunder]] has been nominated for a global ban at [[m:Requests for comment/Global ban for Faster than Thunder]]. You are receiving this notification as required per the [[m:global ban|global ban]] policy as they have made at least 1 edit on this wiki. Thanks, --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 01:52, 22 March 2026 (UTC) == Upcoming Wikimedia Café meetup regarding the [[:meta:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|the 2026-2027 Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan]] == {{tmbox | image = [[File:Wikimedia Café logo in plain SVG format.svg|45px]] | type=notice | text = Hello! There will be a '''[[:meta:Wikimedia Café|Wikimedia Café]]''' meetup on '''Saturday, 11 April 2026 at 14:00 UTC''', focusing on the [[:meta:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|the 2026-2027 Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan]]. The featured guests will be {{Noping|KStineRowe (WMF)|label1=Kelsi Stine-Rowe}} (senior manager, [[:meta:Movement Communications|Movement Communications]], Wikimedia Foundation), and {{Noping|Samwalton9 (WMF)|label1=Sam Walton}} (senior product manager, [[:mw:Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools]], Wikimedia Foundation). <br /> In addition to this Café session, [[:meta:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Collaboration|several additional meetings regarding the Annual Plan are listed on the Collaboration page]], and you may participate on the [[:meta:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. <br /> This Café meetup will be approximately two hours long. Attendees may choose to attend only for a part. Please see the Café page for more information, including [[:meta:Wikimedia Café#Signups for the April 2026 session|how to register]]. <br /> [[File:Buntstifte Eberhard Faber crop 64h.jpg|860px|alt=cropped image of colored pencils]] }} <span style="white-space:nowrap;">[[User:Pine|<span style="color:#01796f; text-shadow:#00BFFF 0 0 1.0em">↠Pine</span>]] [[User talk:Pine|<span style="color:DeepSkyBlue">(<b style="color:#FFDF00;text-shadow:#FFDF00 0 0 1.0em">✉</b>)</span>]]</span> 05:23, 29 March 2026 (UTC) == Regarding copyright of recipes found on online cooking forums == What is the copyright situation regarding cooking recipes found on online recipe books with recipes made by other people? I ask this because I want to add/translate recipes from 下厨房 (xià chúfáng) for Chinese recipes, and while I was intending to add the original writer of the recipe with the translation I still want to ask for clarification. [[User:Fukukitaru|Fukukitaru]] ([[User talk:Fukukitaru|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fukukitaru|contribs]]) 19:06, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :Recipes are in principle not copyright-able, as they are just facts. When someone includes descriptive text or anything that elaborates on the basic ingredients and steps, that is copyright-able. I am not a lawyer or legal scholar and cannot give legal advice. See (e.g.) https://www.copyrightlaws.com/copyright-protection-recipes/ —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:16, 30 March 2026 (UTC) ::In that case, would simplifying ingredients and methods to where they are simple yet can still be understood be sufficient for said recipes? [[User:Fukukitaru|Fukukitaru]] ([[User talk:Fukukitaru|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fukukitaru|contribs]]) 19:23, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :::Yes, you can add a recipe here as long as the instructions and text are not too overlapping with the copyrighted original. As the linked page says, the '''ideas''' behind the ingredient list and steps to prepare a given food item are not currently copyrightable, but the way you write the ideas may be copyrightable. You should also cite where you took the recipe from so we can trace its origins. I personally recommend only adding recipes that you have successfully made so we don't become a massive repository of potentially low-quality or untested recipes—I only add recipes once I have made them successfully. Let me know if you have any more questions about the Cookbook! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:06, 30 March 2026 (UTC) ::::To build up on this, if you want to understand what is copyright-able and what is not, the "[[:w:en:Idea–expression distinction|idea versus expression]]" distinction. You cannot own the idea of "Boy meets girl, boy loses girl, boy and girl commit suicide" but you can copyright a specific version of ''Romeo and Juliet'' with your own innovative ideas. And, for that matter, this is context-specific, but if you can understand the distinction, it can help with future questions about "could this be protected by copyright?", which can be a subtle one. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:50, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :::::To further build up on this, there's something called the merger doctrine (see ''[[w:Baker v. Selden|Baker v. Selden]]''). This is why you can't copyright drawings of [[w:Structural formula|structural formulas]]. This doctrine means that if there's only one or a handful of ways to express an idea, then any such expression cannot be copyrighted, since copyrighting that expression would essentially be copyrighting the idea itself. This comes in a lot with recipes. I very likely can't copyright this list (from [[Cookbook:Cornmeal Pancakes (Arepa)]]: :::::* 2.4 cups corn flour :::::* 1.2 tsp salt :::::* 0.6 cup grated white cheese :::::* 2.4 cups cool water :::::Since there's essentially only one way to express the idea of that combination of ingredients. However, if I say: :::::* 2.4 cups corn flour: for this, I strongly recommend Harina P.A.N., because my grandma always used to make me arepas from that stuff every day, and it was delicious. :::::That is copyrightable. At that point, I cease to merely be expressing the idea of a food item with those four ingredients, and add a minimum degree of creativity. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 02:02, 31 March 2026 (UTC) ::::::And to build on all <em>that</em>, even if individual pieces of information are in the public domain (or are fair use), the <em>arrangement</em> of them can be copyrighted. This is why even if ''Bartlett's Quotations'' only had public domain material, the act of selectively editing and positioning them thematically for the user's benefit could constitute a sufficiently original work. So we could copy the material from a bunch of recipes, but could run a foul of copyright issues if we arranged and sorted them in some kind of manner that replicated someone else's original work. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:28, 31 March 2026 (UTC) == Style Guidelines for Advanced Points == Is there a general style guideline to refer the reader to advanced information, while the main text gives the short-answer version? For example, how would I specify that in practical applications, A is true, but if you use the theory you see that A is not quite true, or has caveats, or similar?-- [[User:Iain marcuson|Iain marcuson]] ([[User talk:Iain marcuson|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Iain marcuson|contribs]]) 17:50, 22 April 2026 (UTC) == Request: Help adding Objective Projection writing guide (filter blocked) == Hello, I am Levent Bulut (ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261), author of the Objective Projection methodology. I am trying to contribute a practical writing guide to Wikibooks under CC BY-SA 4.0. Book title: "Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories" The automated filter blocked my edits due to external links and content volume. I have already created the page with the introduction and contents, but could not add the chapters. The Turkish version of the same book is already live on Wikibooks: https://tr.wikibooks.org/wiki/Nesnel_%C4%B0zd%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BCm:_Beyin_Neden_Baz%C4%B1_Hikayeleri_Unutmuyor%3F This is not a new theory — it is an instructional guide teaching a published methodology documented in DOI-registered publications: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18689179 Open license declaration on my site: https://leventbulut.com/acik-lisans-bildirimi-wikibooks/ All content is my own work, written for Wikibooks, under CC BY-SA 4.0. Could an experienced editor help add the remaining chapters, or whitelist my account so the filter does not block future edits? Thank you. Levent Bulut | leventbulut.com [[User:LeventBulut|LeventBulut]] ([[User talk:LeventBulut|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/LeventBulut|contribs]]) 21:28, 24 April 2026 (UTC) : @[[User:LeventBulut|LeventBulut]] This happened because you added too much content when creating the book. Also, when reporting false positives from an edit filter, please report on [[Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives]]. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:03, 25 April 2026 (UTC) == Request for comment (global AI policy) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 00:57, 26 April 2026 (UTC)</bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30424282 --> == After WikiNews shuts down....? == Can people try and write news articles here? Thank you! [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 22:30, 1 May 2026 (UTC) d5wat9w3y4fx1oz2nrog171hj1i4g4e 4633481 4633480 2026-05-01T23:46:09Z Koavf 16549 /* After WikiNews shuts down....? */ Reply 4633481 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:CHAT|WB:RR/G|WB:GENERAL}} {{TOC left|limit=3}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(60d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 |key = 7a0ac23cf8049e4d9ff70cabb5649d1a }} Welcome to the '''General reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about the Wikibooks project in general. For proposals for improving Wikibooks, see the [[../Proposals/]] reading room. {{clear}} [[Category:Reading room]] == Correspondence between John Belton and the Continental Congress == Hello. [[s:Correspondence between John Belton and the Continental Congress]] is probably going to be deleted from Wikisource as out of scope, would Wikibooks be interested in its import? -- [[User:Jan.Kamenicek|Jan.Kamenicek]] ([[User talk:Jan.Kamenicek|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jan.Kamenicek|contribs]]) 19:27, 3 March 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Jan.Kamenicek|Jan.Kamenicek]] Thank you for checking! We do not host source texts, so it doesn't look like this would be in scope at Wikibooks. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:55, 3 March 2026 (UTC) == Upcoming deployment of CampaignEvents extension to Wikibooks == <section begin="message"/> Hello everyone, We are writing to inform you that the [[mw:Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] will be deployed to all Wikibooks projects during the week of '''23 March 2026'''. This follows last year’s broader rollout across Wikimedia projects. We realized that Wikibooks was not included at the time, and we’re now addressing that to ensure consistency across all communities. The CampaignEvents extension provides tools to support event and campaign organization on-wiki, including features like on-wiki event registration and collaboration lists(global event list). We welcome any questions, feedback, or concerns you may have. We are also happy to support anyone interested in trying out the tools. ''Apologies if this message is not in your preferred language. If you’re able to help translate it for your community, please feel free to do so.'' <section end="message"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:Udehb-WMF|Udehb-WMF]] ([[User talk:Udehb-WMF|discuss]]) 18:22, 19 March 2026 (UTC)</bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Udehb-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Udehb-WMF/sandbox/MM_target&oldid=30284073 --> == Regarding the project's FlaggedRevs extension == Hello, everyone. I want to discuss with the community about the use of this project's FlaggedRevs (flagged revisions) extension, which was deployed many years ago (and configured recently). === Many unreviewed edits, and edit quality options === According to [[Special:PendingChanges]], there are almost 4000 unreviewed edits (per the standard FlaggedRevs configuration). In addition, on the edit review interface when evaluating a diff, there are three radio buttons that determine the quality of the edit (minimal, average, good). Do we have to utilize these buttons if the quality of the edit or the book matters, according to [[WB:REVIEW]]? This proposal is to whether discontinue the edit rating buttons or not. One way to reduce such a large amount of unreviewed edits is to set the following to <code>true</code>: * <code>wgFlaggedRevsProtection</code> (pending changes protection, to be used on Wikijunior pages; this might negate the need to show the stable version by default) * (optional) <code>wgSimpleFlaggedRevsUI</code> (simpler, icon-based UI on the edit review interface) We should also include the following configuration (partially based from English Wikipedia), if this proposal passes: <syntaxhighlight lang="php"> elseif ( $wgDBname == 'enwikibooks' ) { // Limited to the main, Cookbook, and Wikijunior namespaces (T408110) $wgFlaggedRevsNamespaces = [ NS_MAIN, 102, 110 ]; # We have only one tag with one level $wgFlaggedRevsTags = [ 'status' => [ 'levels' => 1 ] ]; # Restrict autoconfirmed to flagging semi-protected $wgFlaggedRevsTagsRestrictions = [ 'status' => [ 'review' => 1, 'autoreview' => 1 ], ]; # Restriction levels for auto-review/review rights $wgFlaggedRevsRestrictionLevels = [ 'autoreview' ]; # Remove 'validate' from reviewers $wgGroupPermissions['reviewer']['validate'] = false; # Group permissions for sysops $wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['review'] = true; $wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['stablesettings'] = true; # Allow sysops to add and remove the 'reviewer' group $wgAddGroups['sysop'][] = 'reviewer'; $wgRemoveGroups['sysop'][] = 'reviewer'; # Remove the 'editor' user group unset( $wgGroupPermissions['editor'] ); } </syntaxhighlight> === Inactive reviewers === After conducting an audit of over 1000 reviewers, most, if not many of them are completely inactive. === User group changes for reviewers === The reviewer user group is known to the software as <code>editor</code>, which might sound misleading (the actual [[MediaWiki:Group-editor/qqq|/qqq definition]] is "Editors"). To fix that, we might have to consider switching to <code>reviewer</code> and unset <code>editor</code>. I am also not sure whether administrators should have the <code>validate</code> user right, since <code>reviewer</code> has it on by default (but it is currently disabled). On the above configuration I proposed, administrators (and users in the <code>reviewer</code> user group) would no longer have <code>validate</code>. === Page patrolling === Currently, only administrators can mark new pages as patrolled (<code>patrol</code>) by using the MediaWiki page patrol software, but clicking on "Accept revision" (via FlaggedRevs) would also mark the page as patrolled, in question. I believe that using FlaggedRevs to patrol new pages is redundant, given that we might not want to use one or the other. If we are considering on switching to pending changes, we should also allow reviewers to mark new pages as patrolled, as they are trusted to have the <code>autopatrol</code> right in addition to administrators and autoreviewed users. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:05, 21 March 2026 (UTC) :I agree on replacing <code>editor</code> with <code>reviewer</code> to avoid confusion. Reviewers don't need to have patrol permissions as a reviewed page would be patrolled as well. I don't think people will use it much as a page or edit being reviewed already means that it has been checked by someone else. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 16:00, 22 March 2026 (UTC) ::When I said that reviewers would have <code>patrol</code>, they can review new pages that other users created, but not any new pages they create themselves. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:16, 22 March 2026 (UTC) :::How can that be the case if they have <code>autopatrol</code>? [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:26, 22 March 2026 (UTC) ::::I will give you an example. On the English Wikiquote, there are two user groups that have <code>autopatrol</code>: autopatrollers and patrollers. Autopatrollers have their page creations marked as patrolled by the software, while patrollers (whilst also having their page creations marked as patrolled) can mark new pages as patrolled (in addition to administrators). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:39, 22 March 2026 (UTC) :::::But what is the point of giving reviewers <code>patrol</code> if we are already using FlaggedRevs? I think that we won't need patrol because we already have reviewing, and patrol only seems to be a confirmation that the page is up to policy from what I have seen, so giving them reviewers to mark pages as patrolled seems pointless to me when we already have FlaggedRevs. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 19:06, 22 March 2026 (UTC) ::::::I understand, but my proposal was to convert FlaggedRevs into a protection-like mechanism which would be used alongside page protection; it might turn off FlaggedRevs's ability to patrol new pages for reviewers, hence why I suggested this above. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:30, 22 March 2026 (UTC) ::::::: @[[User:Kingofnuthin|Kingofnuthin]] I will summarize what you said from above: :::::::* You agree about the reviewer user group to be moved from <code>editor</code> to <code>reviewer</code> to avoid confusion (technically). :::::::* However, you probably disagree about allowing reviewers to patrol new pages ''and'' having their page creations automatically marked as patrolled, because FlaggedRevs can do all of this, and <code>$wgUseNPPatrol</code> might seem to be redundant. ::::::: A compromise about your disagreement is that we might have to consider removing <code>autopatrol</code> and/or <code>patrol</code> from our existing user groups, similar to [[phab:T423461]]. ::::::: I started this because in addition to that, one of my concerns was the extreme backlog of unreviewed edits and pages [4000!]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:31, 19 April 2026 (UTC) :I may be missing some things here, so let me know if I haven't answered any points here: :# I don't think we currently need to have the review status indicate the quality of the edit (i.e. minimal, average, good). I don't think this is used at all anymore. :# I think it makes sense to reassign the reviewer user group to <code>editor</code>. I always like clarity in language. :# Are you saying that pages marked as reviewed are currently also classed as patrolled? If that's the case, I think we should not have reviewed pages automatically classed as patrolled, and we should keep reviewing and patrolling separate. :I'll note that honestly don't know much about patrolling, since I've never engaged with it—I have only ever referenced the reviewing system. If there is a significant functional difference, I would love to know it. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:00, 23 March 2026 (UTC) ::When someone clicks "Accept revision" on an unreviewed page, it is listed under [[Special:Log/review]]; if an admin marks a page as patrolled with "Mark this page as patrolled", it will show up under [[Special:Log/patrol]], which is not really logged much compared to the former log (review). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:12, 23 March 2026 (UTC) :I agree to your thoughts about the <code>editor</code> group and edit quality ratings, but I don't understand what this proposal changes for FlaggedRevs, since I don't have much technical knowledge. Can you explain what the proposal changes here, how are we going to convert FlaggedRevs into a "protection-like mechanism"? [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:24, 23 March 2026 (UTC) ::The proposal of changing FlaggedRevs into a protection-like feature (pending changes) is when an editor (unregistered/one not holding autoreviewer, reviewer, or administrator permissions) makes an edit, but their edit will be hidden from the public until it is approved by a reviewer or an administrator, and it will solely apply to Wikijunior pages. The configuration above is similar to what English Wikipedia uses. {{quote|::I think it makes sense to reassign the reviewer user group to <code>editor</code>.}} ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: I believe you might have misunderstood. What I meant is that <code>(editor)</code> will be changed to <code>(reviewer)</code> to avoid confusion, but I plan to remove <code>editor</code> from all inactive reviewers, then do the same for recently active reviewers. However, given that there are a lot of reviewers, a script will possibly do all the work (under {{no ping|Maintenance script}} or similar). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:29, 23 March 2026 (UTC) :::Gotcha! I can't currently foresee an issue with this —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:09, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :'''Re FlaggedRevs generally: '''The [[mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|Mediawiki page of the extension]] says it is not being maintained and not recommended for production use. We should consider whether we need this extension at all. :What is the actual policy justification for having FlaggedRevs? :[[Help:Tracking_changes#Reviewing_pages]] says it's "our primary counter-vandalism tool". I don't know if it is that: it doesn't prevent vandalism or reduce exposure to vandalism (as with stable versions). The "counter-vandalism" bit comes from human editors looking at the edits, identifying vandalism, and reverting. FlaggedRevs isn't necessary for that. Maybe it makes it a little easier to spot edits in recent changes from new editors that may need a little more help (wikicode etc, not just spam), but can that be achieved just with the patrolled edits functionality? :If we still want something like FlaggedRevs, as an anti-vandalism tool or for draft control, then Mediawiki has a [[mw:Content approval extensions|list of alternatives]] that may be more suited and better maintained. :'''Re minimal/average/good specifically:''' I agree that we don't need the three categories. I thought I read somewhere that these were intended to show the quality of the REVIEW not of the page? That is, a "minimal" review is "I checked there was no obvious vandalism" and a "good" review was "I've thoroughly fact-checked everything". [[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 11:34, 5 April 2026 (UTC) :: This was enabled back in 2008, which resulted in [[Wikibooks:New page patrol]] currently being obsolete. To be honest, I would keep FlaggedRevs, but I was proposing to change it to pending changes protection, similar to how Wikipedia utilizes it. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 21:04, 19 April 2026 (UTC) :Pinging <span class="template-ping">@[[:User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]]:</span> and <span class="template-ping">@[[:User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]:</span> for additional input. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">—Preceding [[w:Wikipedia:Signatures|undated]] comment added 22:29, 22 March 2026.</span><!--Template:Undated--> == Global ban for Faster than Thunder == * {{user|Faster than Thunder}} Hello, this message is to notify that [[User:Faster than Thunder|Faster than Thunder]] has been nominated for a global ban at [[m:Requests for comment/Global ban for Faster than Thunder]]. You are receiving this notification as required per the [[m:global ban|global ban]] policy as they have made at least 1 edit on this wiki. Thanks, --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 01:52, 22 March 2026 (UTC) == Upcoming Wikimedia Café meetup regarding the [[:meta:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|the 2026-2027 Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan]] == {{tmbox | image = [[File:Wikimedia Café logo in plain SVG format.svg|45px]] | type=notice | text = Hello! There will be a '''[[:meta:Wikimedia Café|Wikimedia Café]]''' meetup on '''Saturday, 11 April 2026 at 14:00 UTC''', focusing on the [[:meta:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|the 2026-2027 Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan]]. The featured guests will be {{Noping|KStineRowe (WMF)|label1=Kelsi Stine-Rowe}} (senior manager, [[:meta:Movement Communications|Movement Communications]], Wikimedia Foundation), and {{Noping|Samwalton9 (WMF)|label1=Sam Walton}} (senior product manager, [[:mw:Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools]], Wikimedia Foundation). <br /> In addition to this Café session, [[:meta:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Collaboration|several additional meetings regarding the Annual Plan are listed on the Collaboration page]], and you may participate on the [[:meta:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. <br /> This Café meetup will be approximately two hours long. Attendees may choose to attend only for a part. Please see the Café page for more information, including [[:meta:Wikimedia Café#Signups for the April 2026 session|how to register]]. <br /> [[File:Buntstifte Eberhard Faber crop 64h.jpg|860px|alt=cropped image of colored pencils]] }} <span style="white-space:nowrap;">[[User:Pine|<span style="color:#01796f; text-shadow:#00BFFF 0 0 1.0em">↠Pine</span>]] [[User talk:Pine|<span style="color:DeepSkyBlue">(<b style="color:#FFDF00;text-shadow:#FFDF00 0 0 1.0em">✉</b>)</span>]]</span> 05:23, 29 March 2026 (UTC) == Regarding copyright of recipes found on online cooking forums == What is the copyright situation regarding cooking recipes found on online recipe books with recipes made by other people? I ask this because I want to add/translate recipes from 下厨房 (xià chúfáng) for Chinese recipes, and while I was intending to add the original writer of the recipe with the translation I still want to ask for clarification. [[User:Fukukitaru|Fukukitaru]] ([[User talk:Fukukitaru|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fukukitaru|contribs]]) 19:06, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :Recipes are in principle not copyright-able, as they are just facts. When someone includes descriptive text or anything that elaborates on the basic ingredients and steps, that is copyright-able. I am not a lawyer or legal scholar and cannot give legal advice. See (e.g.) https://www.copyrightlaws.com/copyright-protection-recipes/ —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:16, 30 March 2026 (UTC) ::In that case, would simplifying ingredients and methods to where they are simple yet can still be understood be sufficient for said recipes? [[User:Fukukitaru|Fukukitaru]] ([[User talk:Fukukitaru|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fukukitaru|contribs]]) 19:23, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :::Yes, you can add a recipe here as long as the instructions and text are not too overlapping with the copyrighted original. As the linked page says, the '''ideas''' behind the ingredient list and steps to prepare a given food item are not currently copyrightable, but the way you write the ideas may be copyrightable. You should also cite where you took the recipe from so we can trace its origins. I personally recommend only adding recipes that you have successfully made so we don't become a massive repository of potentially low-quality or untested recipes—I only add recipes once I have made them successfully. Let me know if you have any more questions about the Cookbook! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:06, 30 March 2026 (UTC) ::::To build up on this, if you want to understand what is copyright-able and what is not, the "[[:w:en:Idea–expression distinction|idea versus expression]]" distinction. You cannot own the idea of "Boy meets girl, boy loses girl, boy and girl commit suicide" but you can copyright a specific version of ''Romeo and Juliet'' with your own innovative ideas. And, for that matter, this is context-specific, but if you can understand the distinction, it can help with future questions about "could this be protected by copyright?", which can be a subtle one. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:50, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :::::To further build up on this, there's something called the merger doctrine (see ''[[w:Baker v. Selden|Baker v. Selden]]''). This is why you can't copyright drawings of [[w:Structural formula|structural formulas]]. This doctrine means that if there's only one or a handful of ways to express an idea, then any such expression cannot be copyrighted, since copyrighting that expression would essentially be copyrighting the idea itself. This comes in a lot with recipes. I very likely can't copyright this list (from [[Cookbook:Cornmeal Pancakes (Arepa)]]: :::::* 2.4 cups corn flour :::::* 1.2 tsp salt :::::* 0.6 cup grated white cheese :::::* 2.4 cups cool water :::::Since there's essentially only one way to express the idea of that combination of ingredients. However, if I say: :::::* 2.4 cups corn flour: for this, I strongly recommend Harina P.A.N., because my grandma always used to make me arepas from that stuff every day, and it was delicious. :::::That is copyrightable. At that point, I cease to merely be expressing the idea of a food item with those four ingredients, and add a minimum degree of creativity. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 02:02, 31 March 2026 (UTC) ::::::And to build on all <em>that</em>, even if individual pieces of information are in the public domain (or are fair use), the <em>arrangement</em> of them can be copyrighted. This is why even if ''Bartlett's Quotations'' only had public domain material, the act of selectively editing and positioning them thematically for the user's benefit could constitute a sufficiently original work. So we could copy the material from a bunch of recipes, but could run a foul of copyright issues if we arranged and sorted them in some kind of manner that replicated someone else's original work. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:28, 31 March 2026 (UTC) == Style Guidelines for Advanced Points == Is there a general style guideline to refer the reader to advanced information, while the main text gives the short-answer version? For example, how would I specify that in practical applications, A is true, but if you use the theory you see that A is not quite true, or has caveats, or similar?-- [[User:Iain marcuson|Iain marcuson]] ([[User talk:Iain marcuson|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Iain marcuson|contribs]]) 17:50, 22 April 2026 (UTC) == Request: Help adding Objective Projection writing guide (filter blocked) == Hello, I am Levent Bulut (ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261), author of the Objective Projection methodology. I am trying to contribute a practical writing guide to Wikibooks under CC BY-SA 4.0. Book title: "Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories" The automated filter blocked my edits due to external links and content volume. I have already created the page with the introduction and contents, but could not add the chapters. The Turkish version of the same book is already live on Wikibooks: https://tr.wikibooks.org/wiki/Nesnel_%C4%B0zd%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BCm:_Beyin_Neden_Baz%C4%B1_Hikayeleri_Unutmuyor%3F This is not a new theory — it is an instructional guide teaching a published methodology documented in DOI-registered publications: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18689179 Open license declaration on my site: https://leventbulut.com/acik-lisans-bildirimi-wikibooks/ All content is my own work, written for Wikibooks, under CC BY-SA 4.0. Could an experienced editor help add the remaining chapters, or whitelist my account so the filter does not block future edits? Thank you. Levent Bulut | leventbulut.com [[User:LeventBulut|LeventBulut]] ([[User talk:LeventBulut|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/LeventBulut|contribs]]) 21:28, 24 April 2026 (UTC) : @[[User:LeventBulut|LeventBulut]] This happened because you added too much content when creating the book. Also, when reporting false positives from an edit filter, please report on [[Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives]]. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:03, 25 April 2026 (UTC) == Request for comment (global AI policy) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 00:57, 26 April 2026 (UTC)</bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30424282 --> == After WikiNews shuts down....? == Can people try and write news articles here? Thank you! [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 22:30, 1 May 2026 (UTC) :Thanks for asking. You have a similar thread at our sister project Wikiversity and I am the equivalent of an admin there (we have a "curators" and "custodians" that are similar to admins on other projects). I'm not an admin here, but speaking as someone who has generally contributed here, writing news articles would not be appropriate. It would be great to write a textbook on [[journalism]]: we could use a great guide for ethics, finding sources, asking questions, objectivity and neutrality, etc. Unlike on Wikiversity, where the learning materials can be virtually anything, this project is specifically for a textbook/guide/manual, so writing news articles and posting them here is not really appropriate, but you could have a few example articles that you write for the purpose of having a textbook. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 23:46, 1 May 2026 (UTC) pnykz42y2qbjsoqtxf2qig57oz3kvt9 4633489 4633481 2026-05-02T02:11:34Z Codename Noreste 3441010 /* After WikiNews shuts down....? */ reply to Koavf ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 4633489 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:CHAT|WB:RR/G|WB:GENERAL}} {{TOC left|limit=3}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(60d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 |key = 7a0ac23cf8049e4d9ff70cabb5649d1a }} Welcome to the '''General reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about the Wikibooks project in general. For proposals for improving Wikibooks, see the [[../Proposals/]] reading room. {{clear}} [[Category:Reading room]] == Correspondence between John Belton and the Continental Congress == Hello. [[s:Correspondence between John Belton and the Continental Congress]] is probably going to be deleted from Wikisource as out of scope, would Wikibooks be interested in its import? -- [[User:Jan.Kamenicek|Jan.Kamenicek]] ([[User talk:Jan.Kamenicek|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jan.Kamenicek|contribs]]) 19:27, 3 March 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Jan.Kamenicek|Jan.Kamenicek]] Thank you for checking! We do not host source texts, so it doesn't look like this would be in scope at Wikibooks. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:55, 3 March 2026 (UTC) == Upcoming deployment of CampaignEvents extension to Wikibooks == <section begin="message"/> Hello everyone, We are writing to inform you that the [[mw:Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] will be deployed to all Wikibooks projects during the week of '''23 March 2026'''. This follows last year’s broader rollout across Wikimedia projects. We realized that Wikibooks was not included at the time, and we’re now addressing that to ensure consistency across all communities. The CampaignEvents extension provides tools to support event and campaign organization on-wiki, including features like on-wiki event registration and collaboration lists(global event list). We welcome any questions, feedback, or concerns you may have. We are also happy to support anyone interested in trying out the tools. ''Apologies if this message is not in your preferred language. If you’re able to help translate it for your community, please feel free to do so.'' <section end="message"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:Udehb-WMF|Udehb-WMF]] ([[User talk:Udehb-WMF|discuss]]) 18:22, 19 March 2026 (UTC)</bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Udehb-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Udehb-WMF/sandbox/MM_target&oldid=30284073 --> == Regarding the project's FlaggedRevs extension == Hello, everyone. I want to discuss with the community about the use of this project's FlaggedRevs (flagged revisions) extension, which was deployed many years ago (and configured recently). === Many unreviewed edits, and edit quality options === According to [[Special:PendingChanges]], there are almost 4000 unreviewed edits (per the standard FlaggedRevs configuration). In addition, on the edit review interface when evaluating a diff, there are three radio buttons that determine the quality of the edit (minimal, average, good). Do we have to utilize these buttons if the quality of the edit or the book matters, according to [[WB:REVIEW]]? This proposal is to whether discontinue the edit rating buttons or not. One way to reduce such a large amount of unreviewed edits is to set the following to <code>true</code>: * <code>wgFlaggedRevsProtection</code> (pending changes protection, to be used on Wikijunior pages; this might negate the need to show the stable version by default) * (optional) <code>wgSimpleFlaggedRevsUI</code> (simpler, icon-based UI on the edit review interface) We should also include the following configuration (partially based from English Wikipedia), if this proposal passes: <syntaxhighlight lang="php"> elseif ( $wgDBname == 'enwikibooks' ) { // Limited to the main, Cookbook, and Wikijunior namespaces (T408110) $wgFlaggedRevsNamespaces = [ NS_MAIN, 102, 110 ]; # We have only one tag with one level $wgFlaggedRevsTags = [ 'status' => [ 'levels' => 1 ] ]; # Restrict autoconfirmed to flagging semi-protected $wgFlaggedRevsTagsRestrictions = [ 'status' => [ 'review' => 1, 'autoreview' => 1 ], ]; # Restriction levels for auto-review/review rights $wgFlaggedRevsRestrictionLevels = [ 'autoreview' ]; # Remove 'validate' from reviewers $wgGroupPermissions['reviewer']['validate'] = false; # Group permissions for sysops $wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['review'] = true; $wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['stablesettings'] = true; # Allow sysops to add and remove the 'reviewer' group $wgAddGroups['sysop'][] = 'reviewer'; $wgRemoveGroups['sysop'][] = 'reviewer'; # Remove the 'editor' user group unset( $wgGroupPermissions['editor'] ); } </syntaxhighlight> === Inactive reviewers === After conducting an audit of over 1000 reviewers, most, if not many of them are completely inactive. === User group changes for reviewers === The reviewer user group is known to the software as <code>editor</code>, which might sound misleading (the actual [[MediaWiki:Group-editor/qqq|/qqq definition]] is "Editors"). To fix that, we might have to consider switching to <code>reviewer</code> and unset <code>editor</code>. I am also not sure whether administrators should have the <code>validate</code> user right, since <code>reviewer</code> has it on by default (but it is currently disabled). On the above configuration I proposed, administrators (and users in the <code>reviewer</code> user group) would no longer have <code>validate</code>. === Page patrolling === Currently, only administrators can mark new pages as patrolled (<code>patrol</code>) by using the MediaWiki page patrol software, but clicking on "Accept revision" (via FlaggedRevs) would also mark the page as patrolled, in question. I believe that using FlaggedRevs to patrol new pages is redundant, given that we might not want to use one or the other. If we are considering on switching to pending changes, we should also allow reviewers to mark new pages as patrolled, as they are trusted to have the <code>autopatrol</code> right in addition to administrators and autoreviewed users. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:05, 21 March 2026 (UTC) :I agree on replacing <code>editor</code> with <code>reviewer</code> to avoid confusion. Reviewers don't need to have patrol permissions as a reviewed page would be patrolled as well. I don't think people will use it much as a page or edit being reviewed already means that it has been checked by someone else. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 16:00, 22 March 2026 (UTC) ::When I said that reviewers would have <code>patrol</code>, they can review new pages that other users created, but not any new pages they create themselves. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:16, 22 March 2026 (UTC) :::How can that be the case if they have <code>autopatrol</code>? [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:26, 22 March 2026 (UTC) ::::I will give you an example. On the English Wikiquote, there are two user groups that have <code>autopatrol</code>: autopatrollers and patrollers. Autopatrollers have their page creations marked as patrolled by the software, while patrollers (whilst also having their page creations marked as patrolled) can mark new pages as patrolled (in addition to administrators). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:39, 22 March 2026 (UTC) :::::But what is the point of giving reviewers <code>patrol</code> if we are already using FlaggedRevs? I think that we won't need patrol because we already have reviewing, and patrol only seems to be a confirmation that the page is up to policy from what I have seen, so giving them reviewers to mark pages as patrolled seems pointless to me when we already have FlaggedRevs. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 19:06, 22 March 2026 (UTC) ::::::I understand, but my proposal was to convert FlaggedRevs into a protection-like mechanism which would be used alongside page protection; it might turn off FlaggedRevs's ability to patrol new pages for reviewers, hence why I suggested this above. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:30, 22 March 2026 (UTC) ::::::: @[[User:Kingofnuthin|Kingofnuthin]] I will summarize what you said from above: :::::::* You agree about the reviewer user group to be moved from <code>editor</code> to <code>reviewer</code> to avoid confusion (technically). :::::::* However, you probably disagree about allowing reviewers to patrol new pages ''and'' having their page creations automatically marked as patrolled, because FlaggedRevs can do all of this, and <code>$wgUseNPPatrol</code> might seem to be redundant. ::::::: A compromise about your disagreement is that we might have to consider removing <code>autopatrol</code> and/or <code>patrol</code> from our existing user groups, similar to [[phab:T423461]]. ::::::: I started this because in addition to that, one of my concerns was the extreme backlog of unreviewed edits and pages [4000!]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:31, 19 April 2026 (UTC) :I may be missing some things here, so let me know if I haven't answered any points here: :# I don't think we currently need to have the review status indicate the quality of the edit (i.e. minimal, average, good). I don't think this is used at all anymore. :# I think it makes sense to reassign the reviewer user group to <code>editor</code>. I always like clarity in language. :# Are you saying that pages marked as reviewed are currently also classed as patrolled? If that's the case, I think we should not have reviewed pages automatically classed as patrolled, and we should keep reviewing and patrolling separate. :I'll note that honestly don't know much about patrolling, since I've never engaged with it—I have only ever referenced the reviewing system. If there is a significant functional difference, I would love to know it. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:00, 23 March 2026 (UTC) ::When someone clicks "Accept revision" on an unreviewed page, it is listed under [[Special:Log/review]]; if an admin marks a page as patrolled with "Mark this page as patrolled", it will show up under [[Special:Log/patrol]], which is not really logged much compared to the former log (review). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:12, 23 March 2026 (UTC) :I agree to your thoughts about the <code>editor</code> group and edit quality ratings, but I don't understand what this proposal changes for FlaggedRevs, since I don't have much technical knowledge. Can you explain what the proposal changes here, how are we going to convert FlaggedRevs into a "protection-like mechanism"? [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:24, 23 March 2026 (UTC) ::The proposal of changing FlaggedRevs into a protection-like feature (pending changes) is when an editor (unregistered/one not holding autoreviewer, reviewer, or administrator permissions) makes an edit, but their edit will be hidden from the public until it is approved by a reviewer or an administrator, and it will solely apply to Wikijunior pages. The configuration above is similar to what English Wikipedia uses. {{quote|::I think it makes sense to reassign the reviewer user group to <code>editor</code>.}} ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: I believe you might have misunderstood. What I meant is that <code>(editor)</code> will be changed to <code>(reviewer)</code> to avoid confusion, but I plan to remove <code>editor</code> from all inactive reviewers, then do the same for recently active reviewers. However, given that there are a lot of reviewers, a script will possibly do all the work (under {{no ping|Maintenance script}} or similar). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:29, 23 March 2026 (UTC) :::Gotcha! I can't currently foresee an issue with this —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:09, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :'''Re FlaggedRevs generally: '''The [[mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|Mediawiki page of the extension]] says it is not being maintained and not recommended for production use. We should consider whether we need this extension at all. :What is the actual policy justification for having FlaggedRevs? :[[Help:Tracking_changes#Reviewing_pages]] says it's "our primary counter-vandalism tool". I don't know if it is that: it doesn't prevent vandalism or reduce exposure to vandalism (as with stable versions). The "counter-vandalism" bit comes from human editors looking at the edits, identifying vandalism, and reverting. FlaggedRevs isn't necessary for that. Maybe it makes it a little easier to spot edits in recent changes from new editors that may need a little more help (wikicode etc, not just spam), but can that be achieved just with the patrolled edits functionality? :If we still want something like FlaggedRevs, as an anti-vandalism tool or for draft control, then Mediawiki has a [[mw:Content approval extensions|list of alternatives]] that may be more suited and better maintained. :'''Re minimal/average/good specifically:''' I agree that we don't need the three categories. I thought I read somewhere that these were intended to show the quality of the REVIEW not of the page? That is, a "minimal" review is "I checked there was no obvious vandalism" and a "good" review was "I've thoroughly fact-checked everything". [[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 11:34, 5 April 2026 (UTC) :: This was enabled back in 2008, which resulted in [[Wikibooks:New page patrol]] currently being obsolete. To be honest, I would keep FlaggedRevs, but I was proposing to change it to pending changes protection, similar to how Wikipedia utilizes it. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 21:04, 19 April 2026 (UTC) :Pinging <span class="template-ping">@[[:User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]]:</span> and <span class="template-ping">@[[:User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]:</span> for additional input. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">—Preceding [[w:Wikipedia:Signatures|undated]] comment added 22:29, 22 March 2026.</span><!--Template:Undated--> == Global ban for Faster than Thunder == * {{user|Faster than Thunder}} Hello, this message is to notify that [[User:Faster than Thunder|Faster than Thunder]] has been nominated for a global ban at [[m:Requests for comment/Global ban for Faster than Thunder]]. You are receiving this notification as required per the [[m:global ban|global ban]] policy as they have made at least 1 edit on this wiki. Thanks, --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 01:52, 22 March 2026 (UTC) == Upcoming Wikimedia Café meetup regarding the [[:meta:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|the 2026-2027 Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan]] == {{tmbox | image = [[File:Wikimedia Café logo in plain SVG format.svg|45px]] | type=notice | text = Hello! There will be a '''[[:meta:Wikimedia Café|Wikimedia Café]]''' meetup on '''Saturday, 11 April 2026 at 14:00 UTC''', focusing on the [[:meta:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|the 2026-2027 Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan]]. The featured guests will be {{Noping|KStineRowe (WMF)|label1=Kelsi Stine-Rowe}} (senior manager, [[:meta:Movement Communications|Movement Communications]], Wikimedia Foundation), and {{Noping|Samwalton9 (WMF)|label1=Sam Walton}} (senior product manager, [[:mw:Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools]], Wikimedia Foundation). <br /> In addition to this Café session, [[:meta:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Collaboration|several additional meetings regarding the Annual Plan are listed on the Collaboration page]], and you may participate on the [[:meta:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. <br /> This Café meetup will be approximately two hours long. Attendees may choose to attend only for a part. Please see the Café page for more information, including [[:meta:Wikimedia Café#Signups for the April 2026 session|how to register]]. <br /> [[File:Buntstifte Eberhard Faber crop 64h.jpg|860px|alt=cropped image of colored pencils]] }} <span style="white-space:nowrap;">[[User:Pine|<span style="color:#01796f; text-shadow:#00BFFF 0 0 1.0em">↠Pine</span>]] [[User talk:Pine|<span style="color:DeepSkyBlue">(<b style="color:#FFDF00;text-shadow:#FFDF00 0 0 1.0em">✉</b>)</span>]]</span> 05:23, 29 March 2026 (UTC) == Regarding copyright of recipes found on online cooking forums == What is the copyright situation regarding cooking recipes found on online recipe books with recipes made by other people? I ask this because I want to add/translate recipes from 下厨房 (xià chúfáng) for Chinese recipes, and while I was intending to add the original writer of the recipe with the translation I still want to ask for clarification. [[User:Fukukitaru|Fukukitaru]] ([[User talk:Fukukitaru|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fukukitaru|contribs]]) 19:06, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :Recipes are in principle not copyright-able, as they are just facts. When someone includes descriptive text or anything that elaborates on the basic ingredients and steps, that is copyright-able. I am not a lawyer or legal scholar and cannot give legal advice. See (e.g.) https://www.copyrightlaws.com/copyright-protection-recipes/ —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:16, 30 March 2026 (UTC) ::In that case, would simplifying ingredients and methods to where they are simple yet can still be understood be sufficient for said recipes? [[User:Fukukitaru|Fukukitaru]] ([[User talk:Fukukitaru|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fukukitaru|contribs]]) 19:23, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :::Yes, you can add a recipe here as long as the instructions and text are not too overlapping with the copyrighted original. As the linked page says, the '''ideas''' behind the ingredient list and steps to prepare a given food item are not currently copyrightable, but the way you write the ideas may be copyrightable. You should also cite where you took the recipe from so we can trace its origins. I personally recommend only adding recipes that you have successfully made so we don't become a massive repository of potentially low-quality or untested recipes—I only add recipes once I have made them successfully. Let me know if you have any more questions about the Cookbook! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:06, 30 March 2026 (UTC) ::::To build up on this, if you want to understand what is copyright-able and what is not, the "[[:w:en:Idea–expression distinction|idea versus expression]]" distinction. You cannot own the idea of "Boy meets girl, boy loses girl, boy and girl commit suicide" but you can copyright a specific version of ''Romeo and Juliet'' with your own innovative ideas. And, for that matter, this is context-specific, but if you can understand the distinction, it can help with future questions about "could this be protected by copyright?", which can be a subtle one. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:50, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :::::To further build up on this, there's something called the merger doctrine (see ''[[w:Baker v. Selden|Baker v. Selden]]''). This is why you can't copyright drawings of [[w:Structural formula|structural formulas]]. This doctrine means that if there's only one or a handful of ways to express an idea, then any such expression cannot be copyrighted, since copyrighting that expression would essentially be copyrighting the idea itself. This comes in a lot with recipes. I very likely can't copyright this list (from [[Cookbook:Cornmeal Pancakes (Arepa)]]: :::::* 2.4 cups corn flour :::::* 1.2 tsp salt :::::* 0.6 cup grated white cheese :::::* 2.4 cups cool water :::::Since there's essentially only one way to express the idea of that combination of ingredients. However, if I say: :::::* 2.4 cups corn flour: for this, I strongly recommend Harina P.A.N., because my grandma always used to make me arepas from that stuff every day, and it was delicious. :::::That is copyrightable. At that point, I cease to merely be expressing the idea of a food item with those four ingredients, and add a minimum degree of creativity. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 02:02, 31 March 2026 (UTC) ::::::And to build on all <em>that</em>, even if individual pieces of information are in the public domain (or are fair use), the <em>arrangement</em> of them can be copyrighted. This is why even if ''Bartlett's Quotations'' only had public domain material, the act of selectively editing and positioning them thematically for the user's benefit could constitute a sufficiently original work. So we could copy the material from a bunch of recipes, but could run a foul of copyright issues if we arranged and sorted them in some kind of manner that replicated someone else's original work. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:28, 31 March 2026 (UTC) == Style Guidelines for Advanced Points == Is there a general style guideline to refer the reader to advanced information, while the main text gives the short-answer version? For example, how would I specify that in practical applications, A is true, but if you use the theory you see that A is not quite true, or has caveats, or similar?-- [[User:Iain marcuson|Iain marcuson]] ([[User talk:Iain marcuson|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Iain marcuson|contribs]]) 17:50, 22 April 2026 (UTC) == Request: Help adding Objective Projection writing guide (filter blocked) == Hello, I am Levent Bulut (ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261), author of the Objective Projection methodology. I am trying to contribute a practical writing guide to Wikibooks under CC BY-SA 4.0. Book title: "Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories" The automated filter blocked my edits due to external links and content volume. I have already created the page with the introduction and contents, but could not add the chapters. The Turkish version of the same book is already live on Wikibooks: https://tr.wikibooks.org/wiki/Nesnel_%C4%B0zd%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BCm:_Beyin_Neden_Baz%C4%B1_Hikayeleri_Unutmuyor%3F This is not a new theory — it is an instructional guide teaching a published methodology documented in DOI-registered publications: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18689179 Open license declaration on my site: https://leventbulut.com/acik-lisans-bildirimi-wikibooks/ All content is my own work, written for Wikibooks, under CC BY-SA 4.0. Could an experienced editor help add the remaining chapters, or whitelist my account so the filter does not block future edits? Thank you. Levent Bulut | leventbulut.com [[User:LeventBulut|LeventBulut]] ([[User talk:LeventBulut|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/LeventBulut|contribs]]) 21:28, 24 April 2026 (UTC) : @[[User:LeventBulut|LeventBulut]] This happened because you added too much content when creating the book. Also, when reporting false positives from an edit filter, please report on [[Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives]]. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:03, 25 April 2026 (UTC) == Request for comment (global AI policy) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 00:57, 26 April 2026 (UTC)</bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30424282 --> == After WikiNews shuts down....? == Can people try and write news articles here? Thank you! [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 22:30, 1 May 2026 (UTC) :Thanks for asking. You have a similar thread at our sister project Wikiversity and I am the equivalent of an admin there (we have a "curators" and "custodians" that are similar to admins on other projects). I'm not an admin here, but speaking as someone who has generally contributed here, writing news articles would not be appropriate. It would be great to write a textbook on [[journalism]]: we could use a great guide for ethics, finding sources, asking questions, objectivity and neutrality, etc. Unlike on Wikiversity, where the learning materials can be virtually anything, this project is specifically for a textbook/guide/manual, so writing news articles and posting them here is not really appropriate, but you could have a few example articles that you write for the purpose of having a textbook. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 23:46, 1 May 2026 (UTC) :: Heads up, a wiki was created: <span class="plainlinks">[https://news.wikioasis.org/wiki/Main_Page news.wikioasis.org]</span>. @[[User:Koavf|Koavf]]; I was temporarily granted some user rights to manage the wiki's setup and migration. I'll give you sysop rights since you are currently one on English Wikinews. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:11, 2 May 2026 (UTC) 4en8dmfcgo5gtsdz0e4v3jlgfyg7ien 4633490 4633489 2026-05-02T02:14:25Z Koavf 16549 /* After WikiNews shuts down....? */ Reply 4633490 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:CHAT|WB:RR/G|WB:GENERAL}} {{TOC left|limit=3}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(60d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 |key = 7a0ac23cf8049e4d9ff70cabb5649d1a }} Welcome to the '''General reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about the Wikibooks project in general. For proposals for improving Wikibooks, see the [[../Proposals/]] reading room. {{clear}} [[Category:Reading room]] == Correspondence between John Belton and the Continental Congress == Hello. [[s:Correspondence between John Belton and the Continental Congress]] is probably going to be deleted from Wikisource as out of scope, would Wikibooks be interested in its import? -- [[User:Jan.Kamenicek|Jan.Kamenicek]] ([[User talk:Jan.Kamenicek|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jan.Kamenicek|contribs]]) 19:27, 3 March 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Jan.Kamenicek|Jan.Kamenicek]] Thank you for checking! We do not host source texts, so it doesn't look like this would be in scope at Wikibooks. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:55, 3 March 2026 (UTC) == Upcoming deployment of CampaignEvents extension to Wikibooks == <section begin="message"/> Hello everyone, We are writing to inform you that the [[mw:Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] will be deployed to all Wikibooks projects during the week of '''23 March 2026'''. This follows last year’s broader rollout across Wikimedia projects. We realized that Wikibooks was not included at the time, and we’re now addressing that to ensure consistency across all communities. The CampaignEvents extension provides tools to support event and campaign organization on-wiki, including features like on-wiki event registration and collaboration lists(global event list). We welcome any questions, feedback, or concerns you may have. We are also happy to support anyone interested in trying out the tools. ''Apologies if this message is not in your preferred language. If you’re able to help translate it for your community, please feel free to do so.'' <section end="message"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:Udehb-WMF|Udehb-WMF]] ([[User talk:Udehb-WMF|discuss]]) 18:22, 19 March 2026 (UTC)</bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Udehb-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Udehb-WMF/sandbox/MM_target&oldid=30284073 --> == Regarding the project's FlaggedRevs extension == Hello, everyone. I want to discuss with the community about the use of this project's FlaggedRevs (flagged revisions) extension, which was deployed many years ago (and configured recently). === Many unreviewed edits, and edit quality options === According to [[Special:PendingChanges]], there are almost 4000 unreviewed edits (per the standard FlaggedRevs configuration). In addition, on the edit review interface when evaluating a diff, there are three radio buttons that determine the quality of the edit (minimal, average, good). Do we have to utilize these buttons if the quality of the edit or the book matters, according to [[WB:REVIEW]]? This proposal is to whether discontinue the edit rating buttons or not. One way to reduce such a large amount of unreviewed edits is to set the following to <code>true</code>: * <code>wgFlaggedRevsProtection</code> (pending changes protection, to be used on Wikijunior pages; this might negate the need to show the stable version by default) * (optional) <code>wgSimpleFlaggedRevsUI</code> (simpler, icon-based UI on the edit review interface) We should also include the following configuration (partially based from English Wikipedia), if this proposal passes: <syntaxhighlight lang="php"> elseif ( $wgDBname == 'enwikibooks' ) { // Limited to the main, Cookbook, and Wikijunior namespaces (T408110) $wgFlaggedRevsNamespaces = [ NS_MAIN, 102, 110 ]; # We have only one tag with one level $wgFlaggedRevsTags = [ 'status' => [ 'levels' => 1 ] ]; # Restrict autoconfirmed to flagging semi-protected $wgFlaggedRevsTagsRestrictions = [ 'status' => [ 'review' => 1, 'autoreview' => 1 ], ]; # Restriction levels for auto-review/review rights $wgFlaggedRevsRestrictionLevels = [ 'autoreview' ]; # Remove 'validate' from reviewers $wgGroupPermissions['reviewer']['validate'] = false; # Group permissions for sysops $wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['review'] = true; $wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['stablesettings'] = true; # Allow sysops to add and remove the 'reviewer' group $wgAddGroups['sysop'][] = 'reviewer'; $wgRemoveGroups['sysop'][] = 'reviewer'; # Remove the 'editor' user group unset( $wgGroupPermissions['editor'] ); } </syntaxhighlight> === Inactive reviewers === After conducting an audit of over 1000 reviewers, most, if not many of them are completely inactive. === User group changes for reviewers === The reviewer user group is known to the software as <code>editor</code>, which might sound misleading (the actual [[MediaWiki:Group-editor/qqq|/qqq definition]] is "Editors"). To fix that, we might have to consider switching to <code>reviewer</code> and unset <code>editor</code>. I am also not sure whether administrators should have the <code>validate</code> user right, since <code>reviewer</code> has it on by default (but it is currently disabled). On the above configuration I proposed, administrators (and users in the <code>reviewer</code> user group) would no longer have <code>validate</code>. === Page patrolling === Currently, only administrators can mark new pages as patrolled (<code>patrol</code>) by using the MediaWiki page patrol software, but clicking on "Accept revision" (via FlaggedRevs) would also mark the page as patrolled, in question. I believe that using FlaggedRevs to patrol new pages is redundant, given that we might not want to use one or the other. If we are considering on switching to pending changes, we should also allow reviewers to mark new pages as patrolled, as they are trusted to have the <code>autopatrol</code> right in addition to administrators and autoreviewed users. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:05, 21 March 2026 (UTC) :I agree on replacing <code>editor</code> with <code>reviewer</code> to avoid confusion. Reviewers don't need to have patrol permissions as a reviewed page would be patrolled as well. I don't think people will use it much as a page or edit being reviewed already means that it has been checked by someone else. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 16:00, 22 March 2026 (UTC) ::When I said that reviewers would have <code>patrol</code>, they can review new pages that other users created, but not any new pages they create themselves. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:16, 22 March 2026 (UTC) :::How can that be the case if they have <code>autopatrol</code>? [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:26, 22 March 2026 (UTC) ::::I will give you an example. On the English Wikiquote, there are two user groups that have <code>autopatrol</code>: autopatrollers and patrollers. Autopatrollers have their page creations marked as patrolled by the software, while patrollers (whilst also having their page creations marked as patrolled) can mark new pages as patrolled (in addition to administrators). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:39, 22 March 2026 (UTC) :::::But what is the point of giving reviewers <code>patrol</code> if we are already using FlaggedRevs? I think that we won't need patrol because we already have reviewing, and patrol only seems to be a confirmation that the page is up to policy from what I have seen, so giving them reviewers to mark pages as patrolled seems pointless to me when we already have FlaggedRevs. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 19:06, 22 March 2026 (UTC) ::::::I understand, but my proposal was to convert FlaggedRevs into a protection-like mechanism which would be used alongside page protection; it might turn off FlaggedRevs's ability to patrol new pages for reviewers, hence why I suggested this above. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:30, 22 March 2026 (UTC) ::::::: @[[User:Kingofnuthin|Kingofnuthin]] I will summarize what you said from above: :::::::* You agree about the reviewer user group to be moved from <code>editor</code> to <code>reviewer</code> to avoid confusion (technically). :::::::* However, you probably disagree about allowing reviewers to patrol new pages ''and'' having their page creations automatically marked as patrolled, because FlaggedRevs can do all of this, and <code>$wgUseNPPatrol</code> might seem to be redundant. ::::::: A compromise about your disagreement is that we might have to consider removing <code>autopatrol</code> and/or <code>patrol</code> from our existing user groups, similar to [[phab:T423461]]. ::::::: I started this because in addition to that, one of my concerns was the extreme backlog of unreviewed edits and pages [4000!]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:31, 19 April 2026 (UTC) :I may be missing some things here, so let me know if I haven't answered any points here: :# I don't think we currently need to have the review status indicate the quality of the edit (i.e. minimal, average, good). I don't think this is used at all anymore. :# I think it makes sense to reassign the reviewer user group to <code>editor</code>. I always like clarity in language. :# Are you saying that pages marked as reviewed are currently also classed as patrolled? If that's the case, I think we should not have reviewed pages automatically classed as patrolled, and we should keep reviewing and patrolling separate. :I'll note that honestly don't know much about patrolling, since I've never engaged with it—I have only ever referenced the reviewing system. If there is a significant functional difference, I would love to know it. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:00, 23 March 2026 (UTC) ::When someone clicks "Accept revision" on an unreviewed page, it is listed under [[Special:Log/review]]; if an admin marks a page as patrolled with "Mark this page as patrolled", it will show up under [[Special:Log/patrol]], which is not really logged much compared to the former log (review). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:12, 23 March 2026 (UTC) :I agree to your thoughts about the <code>editor</code> group and edit quality ratings, but I don't understand what this proposal changes for FlaggedRevs, since I don't have much technical knowledge. Can you explain what the proposal changes here, how are we going to convert FlaggedRevs into a "protection-like mechanism"? [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:24, 23 March 2026 (UTC) ::The proposal of changing FlaggedRevs into a protection-like feature (pending changes) is when an editor (unregistered/one not holding autoreviewer, reviewer, or administrator permissions) makes an edit, but their edit will be hidden from the public until it is approved by a reviewer or an administrator, and it will solely apply to Wikijunior pages. The configuration above is similar to what English Wikipedia uses. {{quote|::I think it makes sense to reassign the reviewer user group to <code>editor</code>.}} ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: I believe you might have misunderstood. What I meant is that <code>(editor)</code> will be changed to <code>(reviewer)</code> to avoid confusion, but I plan to remove <code>editor</code> from all inactive reviewers, then do the same for recently active reviewers. However, given that there are a lot of reviewers, a script will possibly do all the work (under {{no ping|Maintenance script}} or similar). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:29, 23 March 2026 (UTC) :::Gotcha! I can't currently foresee an issue with this —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:09, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :'''Re FlaggedRevs generally: '''The [[mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|Mediawiki page of the extension]] says it is not being maintained and not recommended for production use. We should consider whether we need this extension at all. :What is the actual policy justification for having FlaggedRevs? :[[Help:Tracking_changes#Reviewing_pages]] says it's "our primary counter-vandalism tool". I don't know if it is that: it doesn't prevent vandalism or reduce exposure to vandalism (as with stable versions). The "counter-vandalism" bit comes from human editors looking at the edits, identifying vandalism, and reverting. FlaggedRevs isn't necessary for that. Maybe it makes it a little easier to spot edits in recent changes from new editors that may need a little more help (wikicode etc, not just spam), but can that be achieved just with the patrolled edits functionality? :If we still want something like FlaggedRevs, as an anti-vandalism tool or for draft control, then Mediawiki has a [[mw:Content approval extensions|list of alternatives]] that may be more suited and better maintained. :'''Re minimal/average/good specifically:''' I agree that we don't need the three categories. I thought I read somewhere that these were intended to show the quality of the REVIEW not of the page? That is, a "minimal" review is "I checked there was no obvious vandalism" and a "good" review was "I've thoroughly fact-checked everything". [[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 11:34, 5 April 2026 (UTC) :: This was enabled back in 2008, which resulted in [[Wikibooks:New page patrol]] currently being obsolete. To be honest, I would keep FlaggedRevs, but I was proposing to change it to pending changes protection, similar to how Wikipedia utilizes it. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 21:04, 19 April 2026 (UTC) :Pinging <span class="template-ping">@[[:User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]]:</span> and <span class="template-ping">@[[:User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]:</span> for additional input. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">—Preceding [[w:Wikipedia:Signatures|undated]] comment added 22:29, 22 March 2026.</span><!--Template:Undated--> == Global ban for Faster than Thunder == * {{user|Faster than Thunder}} Hello, this message is to notify that [[User:Faster than Thunder|Faster than Thunder]] has been nominated for a global ban at [[m:Requests for comment/Global ban for Faster than Thunder]]. You are receiving this notification as required per the [[m:global ban|global ban]] policy as they have made at least 1 edit on this wiki. Thanks, --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 01:52, 22 March 2026 (UTC) == Upcoming Wikimedia Café meetup regarding the [[:meta:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|the 2026-2027 Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan]] == {{tmbox | image = [[File:Wikimedia Café logo in plain SVG format.svg|45px]] | type=notice | text = Hello! There will be a '''[[:meta:Wikimedia Café|Wikimedia Café]]''' meetup on '''Saturday, 11 April 2026 at 14:00 UTC''', focusing on the [[:meta:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|the 2026-2027 Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan]]. The featured guests will be {{Noping|KStineRowe (WMF)|label1=Kelsi Stine-Rowe}} (senior manager, [[:meta:Movement Communications|Movement Communications]], Wikimedia Foundation), and {{Noping|Samwalton9 (WMF)|label1=Sam Walton}} (senior product manager, [[:mw:Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools]], Wikimedia Foundation). <br /> In addition to this Café session, [[:meta:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Collaboration|several additional meetings regarding the Annual Plan are listed on the Collaboration page]], and you may participate on the [[:meta:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. <br /> This Café meetup will be approximately two hours long. Attendees may choose to attend only for a part. Please see the Café page for more information, including [[:meta:Wikimedia Café#Signups for the April 2026 session|how to register]]. <br /> [[File:Buntstifte Eberhard Faber crop 64h.jpg|860px|alt=cropped image of colored pencils]] }} <span style="white-space:nowrap;">[[User:Pine|<span style="color:#01796f; text-shadow:#00BFFF 0 0 1.0em">↠Pine</span>]] [[User talk:Pine|<span style="color:DeepSkyBlue">(<b style="color:#FFDF00;text-shadow:#FFDF00 0 0 1.0em">✉</b>)</span>]]</span> 05:23, 29 March 2026 (UTC) == Regarding copyright of recipes found on online cooking forums == What is the copyright situation regarding cooking recipes found on online recipe books with recipes made by other people? I ask this because I want to add/translate recipes from 下厨房 (xià chúfáng) for Chinese recipes, and while I was intending to add the original writer of the recipe with the translation I still want to ask for clarification. [[User:Fukukitaru|Fukukitaru]] ([[User talk:Fukukitaru|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fukukitaru|contribs]]) 19:06, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :Recipes are in principle not copyright-able, as they are just facts. When someone includes descriptive text or anything that elaborates on the basic ingredients and steps, that is copyright-able. I am not a lawyer or legal scholar and cannot give legal advice. See (e.g.) https://www.copyrightlaws.com/copyright-protection-recipes/ —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:16, 30 March 2026 (UTC) ::In that case, would simplifying ingredients and methods to where they are simple yet can still be understood be sufficient for said recipes? [[User:Fukukitaru|Fukukitaru]] ([[User talk:Fukukitaru|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fukukitaru|contribs]]) 19:23, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :::Yes, you can add a recipe here as long as the instructions and text are not too overlapping with the copyrighted original. As the linked page says, the '''ideas''' behind the ingredient list and steps to prepare a given food item are not currently copyrightable, but the way you write the ideas may be copyrightable. You should also cite where you took the recipe from so we can trace its origins. I personally recommend only adding recipes that you have successfully made so we don't become a massive repository of potentially low-quality or untested recipes—I only add recipes once I have made them successfully. Let me know if you have any more questions about the Cookbook! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:06, 30 March 2026 (UTC) ::::To build up on this, if you want to understand what is copyright-able and what is not, the "[[:w:en:Idea–expression distinction|idea versus expression]]" distinction. You cannot own the idea of "Boy meets girl, boy loses girl, boy and girl commit suicide" but you can copyright a specific version of ''Romeo and Juliet'' with your own innovative ideas. And, for that matter, this is context-specific, but if you can understand the distinction, it can help with future questions about "could this be protected by copyright?", which can be a subtle one. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:50, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :::::To further build up on this, there's something called the merger doctrine (see ''[[w:Baker v. Selden|Baker v. Selden]]''). This is why you can't copyright drawings of [[w:Structural formula|structural formulas]]. This doctrine means that if there's only one or a handful of ways to express an idea, then any such expression cannot be copyrighted, since copyrighting that expression would essentially be copyrighting the idea itself. This comes in a lot with recipes. I very likely can't copyright this list (from [[Cookbook:Cornmeal Pancakes (Arepa)]]: :::::* 2.4 cups corn flour :::::* 1.2 tsp salt :::::* 0.6 cup grated white cheese :::::* 2.4 cups cool water :::::Since there's essentially only one way to express the idea of that combination of ingredients. However, if I say: :::::* 2.4 cups corn flour: for this, I strongly recommend Harina P.A.N., because my grandma always used to make me arepas from that stuff every day, and it was delicious. :::::That is copyrightable. At that point, I cease to merely be expressing the idea of a food item with those four ingredients, and add a minimum degree of creativity. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 02:02, 31 March 2026 (UTC) ::::::And to build on all <em>that</em>, even if individual pieces of information are in the public domain (or are fair use), the <em>arrangement</em> of them can be copyrighted. This is why even if ''Bartlett's Quotations'' only had public domain material, the act of selectively editing and positioning them thematically for the user's benefit could constitute a sufficiently original work. So we could copy the material from a bunch of recipes, but could run a foul of copyright issues if we arranged and sorted them in some kind of manner that replicated someone else's original work. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:28, 31 March 2026 (UTC) == Style Guidelines for Advanced Points == Is there a general style guideline to refer the reader to advanced information, while the main text gives the short-answer version? For example, how would I specify that in practical applications, A is true, but if you use the theory you see that A is not quite true, or has caveats, or similar?-- [[User:Iain marcuson|Iain marcuson]] ([[User talk:Iain marcuson|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Iain marcuson|contribs]]) 17:50, 22 April 2026 (UTC) == Request: Help adding Objective Projection writing guide (filter blocked) == Hello, I am Levent Bulut (ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261), author of the Objective Projection methodology. I am trying to contribute a practical writing guide to Wikibooks under CC BY-SA 4.0. Book title: "Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories" The automated filter blocked my edits due to external links and content volume. I have already created the page with the introduction and contents, but could not add the chapters. The Turkish version of the same book is already live on Wikibooks: https://tr.wikibooks.org/wiki/Nesnel_%C4%B0zd%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BCm:_Beyin_Neden_Baz%C4%B1_Hikayeleri_Unutmuyor%3F This is not a new theory — it is an instructional guide teaching a published methodology documented in DOI-registered publications: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18689179 Open license declaration on my site: https://leventbulut.com/acik-lisans-bildirimi-wikibooks/ All content is my own work, written for Wikibooks, under CC BY-SA 4.0. Could an experienced editor help add the remaining chapters, or whitelist my account so the filter does not block future edits? Thank you. Levent Bulut | leventbulut.com [[User:LeventBulut|LeventBulut]] ([[User talk:LeventBulut|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/LeventBulut|contribs]]) 21:28, 24 April 2026 (UTC) : @[[User:LeventBulut|LeventBulut]] This happened because you added too much content when creating the book. Also, when reporting false positives from an edit filter, please report on [[Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives]]. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:03, 25 April 2026 (UTC) == Request for comment (global AI policy) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 00:57, 26 April 2026 (UTC)</bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30424282 --> == After WikiNews shuts down....? == Can people try and write news articles here? Thank you! [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 22:30, 1 May 2026 (UTC) :Thanks for asking. You have a similar thread at our sister project Wikiversity and I am the equivalent of an admin there (we have a "curators" and "custodians" that are similar to admins on other projects). I'm not an admin here, but speaking as someone who has generally contributed here, writing news articles would not be appropriate. It would be great to write a textbook on [[journalism]]: we could use a great guide for ethics, finding sources, asking questions, objectivity and neutrality, etc. Unlike on Wikiversity, where the learning materials can be virtually anything, this project is specifically for a textbook/guide/manual, so writing news articles and posting them here is not really appropriate, but you could have a few example articles that you write for the purpose of having a textbook. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 23:46, 1 May 2026 (UTC) :: Heads up, a wiki was created: <span class="plainlinks">[https://news.wikioasis.org/wiki/Main_Page news.wikioasis.org]</span>. @[[User:Koavf|Koavf]]; I was temporarily granted some user rights to manage the wiki's setup and migration. I'll give you sysop rights since you are currently one on English Wikinews. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:11, 2 May 2026 (UTC) :::Thanks. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:14, 2 May 2026 (UTC) ic7ep9j1v1ltnble98j2ffrh5wi6asf 4 140081 4633505 4633066 2026-05-02T08:10:30Z ArchiverBot 1227662 Bot: Archiving 1 thread (older than 14 days) to [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/2026/April]] 4633505 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{shortcut|WB:AN|WB:AA}} {{TOC left}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} {{ombox|type=content|text='''To request a rename or usurpation''', go to the global request page at Meta [[meta:SRUC|here]].<br />''Please do not post those requests here!''}} {{Clear}} Welcome to the '''Administrative Assistance reading room'''. You can request assistance from [[WB:ADMIN|administrators]] for handling a variety of problems here and alert them about problems which may require special actions not normally used during regular content editing. Please be patient as administrators are often quite busy with either their own projects or trying to perform general maintenance and cleanup. You can deal with most vandalism yourself: [[Wikibooks:Dealing with vandalism|fix it]], then [[Wikibooks:Templates/User_notices|warn the user]]. If there is repeated vandalism by one user, lots of vandalism on a single page, or vandalism from many users, tell an admin here, or in [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikibooks #wikibooks] (say <code>!admin</code> to get attention). For more general questions and assistance that doesn't require an administrator, please use the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]]. {{clear}} [[Category:Reading room]] == Jhon12345154321 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jhon12345154321}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/311699]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jhon12345154321/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:23, 22 April 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:21, 23 April 2026 (UTC) == Amuckgoads reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Amuckgoads}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Amuckgoads/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:25, 22 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. The account has been blocked indefinitely, and the talk page has been salted under autoconfirmed protection indefinitely. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:50, 22 April 2026 (UTC) == Adetoro muiz4 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Adetoro muiz4}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Adetoro muiz4/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:45, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Owolabi Habeeb ola reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Owolabi Habeeb ola}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Owolabi Habeeb ola/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:46, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Toni Tagiam reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Toni Tagiam}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Toni Tagiam/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:00, 24 April 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Globally blocked}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:37, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Kianpatterson53 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kianpatterson53}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kianpatterson53/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:06, 25 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}} by WikiBayer (GS); it's an LTA. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:41, 25 April 2026 (UTC) == Everythingis99 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Everythingis99}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Everythingis99/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:19, 25 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:38, 26 April 2026 (UTC) == Mirko Privitera reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Mirko Privitera}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/Mirko Privitera/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:57, 26 April 2026 (UTC) == Kevinsteinfeldt reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kevinsteinfeldt}} Cross-wiki issues: Vandalism-only account <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kevinsteinfeldt/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 05:15, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == Your username will be adjusted to "Mutesstud" due to technical restrictions reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Your username will be adjusted to "Mutesstud" due to technical restrictions}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/Your username will be adjusted to "Mutesstud" due to technical restrictions/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:02, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == Degroot1 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Degroot1}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Degroot1/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:47, 28 April 2026 (UTC) == Jalwagamesonline reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jalwagamesonline}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jalwagamesonline/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 22:30, 28 April 2026 (UTC) gk1jukdyae21mdvs0z3j8nzutz2sf4m 0 166771 4633476 4396033 2026-05-01T21:19:03Z ~2026-26447-86 3580547 ਪਖਵਾੜਾ = Fortnight 4633476 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Punjabi/Mobile}} == ਵਾਰ - Weekdays == Week is ਪਖਵਾੜਾ or ਹਫ਼ਤਾ in Punjabi and day is ਦਿਹਾੜ. Following are the Punjabi days of the week. #ਐਤਵਾਰ = Sunday (aitvaar) #ਸੋਮਵਾਰ = Monday ( somvaar) #ਮੰਗਲਵਾਰ = Tuesday ( mangalvaar also depicted as 'ਕਰੜਾ-ਵਾਰ') #ਬੁੱਧਵਾਰ = Wednesday ( budhvaar) #ਵੀਰਵਾਰ = Thursday ( veervaar) #ਸ਼ੁੱਕਰਵਾਰ / ਜੁੰਮਾ = Friday ( shukarvaar) #ਸ਼ਨਿੱਚਰਵਾਰ = Saturday ( shanicharvaar) ਸ਼ਨਿੱਚਰਵਾਰ is sometimes written or spoken as ਸ਼ਨੀਵਾਰ ( shanivār). === Week/day related other words === #ਅੱਜ = Today #ਅੱਜੇ = Very today. #ਕੱਲ੍ਹ = Yesterday #ਭੱਲਕੇ = Tomorrow #ਪਰਸੋਂ = A day after tomorrow (or the day before yesterday) #ਚੌਥੇ = A day after ਪਰਸੋਂ #ਇਸ ਪਖਵਾੜੇ = This fortnight (ਇਸ = This) #ਅਗਲੇ ਪਖਵਾੜੇ = Next fortnight (ਅਗਲੇ = Next) #ਪਿਛਲੇ ਪਖਵਾੜੇ = Last fortnight (ਪਿਛਲੇ = Last) === Exercises === 1. Write the names of the days of week in Punjabi. {{Punjabi}} ee07q3wy2uepfz2gi2i0gurpo6l5oc1 2 179702 4633416 4472569 2026-05-01T12:55:29Z Kingofnuthin 3566511 removed maintenance templates (unfit for user page) 4633416 wikitext text/x-wiki Potential background information that probably should be bookified for an intro * [[w:Electoral system]] * [[w:Constituancy]] (i.e. electorate) * [[w:Plurality voting]] * [[w:Two-round system]] * [[w:Preferential voting]] ** [[w:Instant-runoff voting]] ** [[w:Condorcet method]] * [[w:Rated voting]] ** w:Approval voting ** [[w:Score voting]] This article describes an example election using geographical proximity to create hypothetical preferences of a group of voters, and then compares the results of such preferences with ten different voting systems. It does not, however, address any of the voting systems that are based on proportional representation. '''Note that the examples given below may not reflect real-world elections, because, among other things, all of the ballots have only four unique sets of preferences.''' There is a wide number of possible single-winner voting systems, each with different strengths and weaknesses. Each system of voting places different demands on voters and offers different opportunities for strategy to affect the winner. == Picking the capital city in Tennessee == [[Image:Tennessee map for voting example.svg|right|500px|Tennessee's four cities are spread throughout the state]] Imagine that Tennessee is having an election on the location of its capital. The population of Tennessee is concentrated around its four major cities, which are spread throughout the state. For this example, suppose that the entire electorate lives in these four cities, and that everyone wants to live as near the capital as possible. The candidates for the capital are: * Memphis, the state's largest city, with 42% of the voters, but located far from the other cities * Nashville, with 26% of the voters * Knoxville, with 17% of the voters * Chattanooga, with 15% of the voters The preferences of the voters would be divided like this: {| class="wikitable" ! width=25% style="background-color: #ffdddd" | 42% of voters<br /><small>(close to Memphis)</small> ! width=25% style="background-color: #ccffcc" | 26% of voters<br /><small>(close to Nashville)</small> ! width=25% style="background-color: #ddddff" | 15% of voters<br /><small>(close to Chattanooga)</small> ! width=25% style="background-color: #ffeedd" | 17% of voters<br /><small>(close to Knoxville)</small> |- | # '''Memphis''' # Nashville # Chattanooga # Knoxville | # '''Nashville''' # Chattanooga # Knoxville # Memphis | # '''Chattanooga''' # Knoxville # Nashville # Memphis | # '''Knoxville''' # Chattanooga # Nashville # Memphis |} We can pretend that these are "true preferences" among voters and that this implies how they would vote. However in an actual election, within a specific voting system, there will be incentives to vote differently (compromising) to improve influence for an acceptable winner. == One-vote systems == [[Image:Plurality ballot.svg|thumb|right]] Two systems, plurality and runoff voting, allow voters to offer only one vote at a time. The runoff system is two (or more) sequential plurality counts with candidate elimination between. These are simple systems to vote because they only have to consider one top choice at a time, but require strategies of compromise when there is more than one "good" choice available. === Plurality voting system === :''Winner: Memphis'' In the plurality voting system each voter is allowed to vote for one candidate, and the winner of the election is whichever candidate represents a plurality of voters by receiving the largest number of votes. This makes the plurality voting system among the simplest of all voting systems. In this example, if voting follows sincere preferences, Memphis is selected with the most votes. Note that this system does not require that the winner have a [[Simple majority|majority]], but only a [[plurality]]. That is, Memphis wins because it has the most votes, even though more than half of the voters preferred another option ''and'' in all other regions Memphis was the '''last place''' choice. === Runoff voting (two-round runoff) === :''Winner: Nashville'' In two-round systems there first is a preliminary election, where voters select their preferred candidate. If a candidate reaches the election threshold (usually fifty percent of the valid votes, plus one), they are elected. Otherwise, the top candidates (usually the top two) are placed on a secondary ballot. Whoever receives the most votes on the second ballot is declared elected. In this example, assuming each voter voted for his preferred city (for a more sophisticated approach, see below), the first ballot results would be as follows: *Memphis: 42% *Nashville: 26% *Knoxville: 17% *Chattanooga: 15% In a two round runoff, Knoxville and Chattanooga are eliminated, while Nashville and Memphis advance to the second ballot. The voters from Knoxville and Chattanooga prefer Nashville, because it is closer, over Memphis, so the results of the second ballot would be: *Nashville: 58% *Memphis: 42% Nashville would then be declared the winner. Note on strategy: A two round runoff encourages candidates to unite to make the top two cut. Since Chattanooga and Knoxville both prefer each other second, knowing their divided vote might eliminate them both, they might work together before the election and decide for only Chattanooga to run. That would cause the defeat of Nashville (third place) and Chattanooga could win the final runoff round against Memphis. Something similar would happen with a multi-round elimination ballot, where only the last-place finisher is eliminated. ==== Potential for tactical voting ==== The runoff system encourages voters to "compromise" by not voting for their favorite candidate in their first round. In the above two-round example, if all voters from Chattanooga "compromised" for Knoxville in the first round, Knoxville would advance to the second round, where it would defeat Memphis. This would be a better result for the Chattanooga voters than sincere voting would get them. The Memphis supporters voters could respond by voting for Nashville instead of Memphis as a way to prevent Knoxville or Chattanooga winning. Plurality voting also allows this possibility; however, it is much less likely, given that more than two candidates often have to combine forces to win against a candidate with a near-majority. In the above example, all three cities would have had to collude in order to defeat Memphis. Runoff voting can also encourage voters to vote for "pushovers", in order to set up a more favorable second-round matchup. == Preferential voting systems == [[Image:Preferential ballot.svg|thumb|right]] Preferential voting systems allow voters to rank all the candidates from highest to lowest preference. === Instant-runoff voting === :''Winner: Knoxville'' A system used in a few jurisdictions in the United States is sometimes called "instant-runoff voting", but as of 2025, it is more frequently referred to as "ranked-choice voting". In other parts of the world, it is called "preference voting" or the "alternative vote". In this system, first choices are tallied. If no candidate has the support of a majority of voters, the candidate with the least support is eliminated. A second round of counting takes place, with the votes of supporters of the eliminated candidate now counting for their second choice candidate. After a candidate is eliminated, they may not receive any more votes. This process of counting and eliminating is repeated until one candidate has over half the votes. {| border=1 class="floatright" !City !Round 1 !Round 2 !Round 3 |- !bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|Memphis |bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|42 |bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|42 |bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|42 |- !bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|Nashville |bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|26 |bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|26 |bgcolor="#e0e0ff"|<strike>26</strike> 0 |- !bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|Chattanooga |bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|15 |bgcolor="#e0e0ff"|<strike>15</strike> 0 |bgcolor="#e0e0ff"|0 |- !bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|Knoxville |bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|17 |bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|<strike>17</strike> 32 |bgcolor="#ffffc0"|<strike>32</strike> 58 |} Chattanooga, having the smallest vote, is eliminated in the first round. All of the votes for Chattanooga have Knoxville as a second choice, so they are transferred to Knoxville. Nashville now has the smallest vote, so it is eliminated. The votes for Nashville have Chattanooga as a second choice, but as Chattanooga has been eliminated, they instead transfer to their third choice, Knoxville. Knoxville now has 58% of the vote, and it is the winner. In a real election, of course, voters would show greater variation in the rankings they cast, which could influence the result. However, the result of Knoxville winning shows that in this case, a capital which is the last choice of 42% of the state's population can win; some would say that this is an undesirable result. The reason for this result is that the preferences of those who voted for Memphis are not counted beyond their first choice, because Memphis isn't eliminated until the last "round". In Condorcet methods (a different category of system), all preferences are counted, and Nashville, a compromise city toward the geographic center of the state, would win. When voters vote, both methods appear the same, as the ballot is identical in most ranked choice voting methods. The method of counting (and in this case, the outcome) of the votes differs. ==== Supplementary vote (IRV variant) ==== : ''Winner: Memphis'' {| border=1 class="floatright" !City!!Round 1!!Round2 |- !Memphis |bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|42% |bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|42% |- !Nashville |bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|26% |bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|26% |- !Chattanooga |bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|15% |bgcolor="#e0e0ff"|<strike>15%</strike> 0 |- !Knoxville |bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|17% |bgcolor="#e0e0ff"|<strike>17%</strike> 0 |} The [[Supplementary Vote]] may be understood both as a special variant of Instant runoff voting (also known as the "alternative vote") in which there are only two rounds of counting and the voter is restricted to expressing only a first and a second preference, and of runoff voting (also known as the two-round system) in which both 'rounds' may occur without the need for a second poll. Assuming each voter votes according to their sincere preferences (for a more sophisticated approach, see below), Nashville and Memphis would receive the most votes and advance to the second round. The second preference of voters from Chattanooga is for Knoxville while the second preference of voters from Knoxville is for Chattanooga. For this reason, in this particular case, no votes from either Chattanooga or Knoxville may be transferred to the two remaining candidates. On the second and final count, Memphis still has more votes than Nashville, and wins. ==== Sri Lankan supplementary vote (IRV variant) ==== :''Winner: Nashville'' {| border=1 class="floatright" !City!!Round 1!!Round2 |- !Memphis |bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|42% |bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|42% |- !Nashville |bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|26% |bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|58% |- !Chattanooga |bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|15% |bgcolor="#e0e0ff"|<strike>15%</strike> 0 |- !Knoxville |bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|17% |bgcolor="#e0e0ff"|<strike>17%</strike> 0 |} The Sri Lankan supplementary vote may be understood both as a special variant of instant-runoff voting in which there are only two rounds of counting and the voter is restricted to expressing only a first, second, and third preference, and of runoff voting (also known as the two-round system) in which both "rounds" may occur without the need for a second poll. Assuming each voter votes according to their sincere preferences (for a more sophisticated approach, see below), Nashville and Memphis would receive the most votes and advance to the second round. The second preference of voters from Chattanooga is for Knoxville. However, Knoxville has been eliminated, so the votes must be transferred to the third choice of Chattanooga voters: Nashville, which remains in the race. The second preference of voters from Knoxville is for Chattanooga. Chattanooga has been eliminated so their votes also transfer to their third choice--again, Nashville. On the second and final count, therefore, all the votes from the two eliminated candidates transfer to Nashville. Nashville now has more votes than Memphis and so '''Nashville is declared the winner'''. Note that under "conventional" SV the winner would have been Memphis. === Coombs' method (least-disliked runoff) === :''Winner: Nashville'' {| border="1" class="floatright" |+ Coombs' Method Election Results |- ! rowspan="2" | City ! colspan="2" | Round 1 ! colspan="2" | Round 2 |- ! First ! Last ! First ! Last |- ! bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | Memphis | bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | 42 | bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | 58 | bgcolor="#e0e0ff" | <del>42</del> 0 | bgcolor="#c0c0c0" rowspan="4" | |- ! bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | Nashville | bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | 26 | bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | 0 | bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | <del>26</del> 68 |- ! bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | Chattanooga | bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | 15 | bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | 0 | bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | 15 |- ! bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | Knoxville | bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | 17 | bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | 42 | bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | 17 |} Like instant-runoff voting, in Coombs' method if one candidate is ranked first by an absolute majority of the voters, then this is the winner. Otherwise votes are tallied for the "lowest preferred" non-eliminated candidate from each ballot. The candidate with the most votes is eliminated. (This method usually requires full rank preferences to be given on every ballot.) Coombs' method can also be equivalently run like instant-runoff voting with multiple votes counted per ballot. For each ballot, a candidate marked above '''n'''th place is given a point (among '''n''' candidates remaining in a given round). This counting approach allows truncated preference ballots to be counted, since ranked candidates will always have more votes than unranked candidates. Assuming all of the voters vote sincerely (strategic voting is discussed below), the results would be as follows, by percentage: * In the first round, no candidate has an absolute majority of first place votes (51). * Memphis, having the most last place votes (26+15+17=58), is therefore eliminated. * In the second round, Memphis is out of the running, and so must be factored out. Memphis was ranked first on Group A's ballots, so the second choice of Group A, Nashville, gets an additional 42 first place votes, giving it an absolute majority of first place votes (68 versus 15+17=32) and making it thus the winner. Note that the last place votes are disregarded in the final round. Note that although Coomb's method chose the [[Condorcet winner]] here, this is not necessarily the case. === Borda count (ranked scoring) === :''Winner: Nashville'' {| class="wikitable floatright" !City||First||Second||Third||Fourth||Points |- !Memphis |42||0||0||58||126 |- !Nashville |26||42||32||0||194 |- !Chattanooga |15||43||42||0||173 |- !Knoxville |17||15||26||42||107 |} In Borda count each voter ranks all the candidates on their ballot. If there are '''n''' candidates in the election, then the first-place candidate on a ballot receives '''n'''−1 points, the second-place candidate receives '''n'''−2, and in general the candidate in ''x''th place receives '''n'''−''x'' points. The candidate ranked last on the ballot therefore receives zero points. Nashville is the winner in this election, as it has the most points. Nashville also happens to be the Condorcet winner in this case. While the Borda count does not always select the Condorcet winner as the Borda Count winner, it always ranks the Condorcet winner above the Condorcet loser. === Bucklin voting (a ranked approval) === :''Winner: Nashville'' {| border=1 class="floatright" !City !Round 1 !Round 2 |- !bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|Memphis |bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|42 |bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|42 |- !bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|Nashville |bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|26 |bgcolor="#ffc0ff"|68 |- !bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|Chattanooga |bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|15 |bgcolor="#e0e0ff"|58 |- !bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|Knoxville |bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|17 |bgcolor="#ffc0c0"|32 |} In Bucklin voting first choice votes are counted first. If one candidate has a majority, that candidate wins. Otherwise the second choices are added to the first choices. Again, if a candidate with a majority vote is found, the winner is the candidate with the most votes in that round. Lower rankings are added as needed. The first round has no majority winner. Therefore the second rank votes are added. This moves Nashville and Chatanooga above 50%, so a winner can be determined. Since Nashville is supported by a higher majority (68% versus 58%), Nashville is the winner. === Majority choice approval === :''Winner: Nashville'' Majority-choice approval (MCA) is a voting system devised by Forest Simmons in April 2002 for use with three-slot ballots. That is, a voter has three possible choices for rating each candidate: ‘favored’, ‘accepted’, or ‘disapproved’. A rating of either ‘favored’ or ‘accepted’ signifies approval of the candidate. If at least one candidate is marked ‘favored’ by more than 50% of the voters, then the candidate marked ‘favored’ on the most ballots is elected. Otherwise, the winner is the candidate with the highest approval (i.e., the sum of ‘favored’ and ‘accepted’ marks). Ties can be broken based on the number of ‘favored’ marks. Thus, MCA is equivalent to [[Bucklin voting]] with the voter only able to classify in two slots, but able to vote any number of candidates in those slots. In this example, like with Bucklin, we see that Nashville wins, and that everyone would accept Chattanooga as an alternative. (The majority of voters did not disapprove of Chattanooga.) The results would be as follows: (Assume the voters favor the first city, accept the next 2 cities, and reject the last city.) {| border="1" |- ! City ! Favor ! Accept ! Dislike |- | Memphis | 42 | 0 | 58 |- | Nashville | 26 | 74 | 0 |- | Chattanooga | 15 | 85 | 0 |- | Knoxville | 17 | 41 | 42 |} No city is favored by a majority, so the city with most approval votes (favored + accepted) wins. Nashville and Chattanooga are tied at 100% approval since nobody voted against either. However, Nashville has more favored votes than the other, so it wins. The higher number of favored votes is what breaks the tie. === Condorcet method === :''Winner: Nashville'' {| class="wikitable floatright" |+ Pairwise Election Results ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! colspan=4 bgcolor="#c0c0ff" | A |- ! bgcolor="#c0c0ff" | Memphis ! bgcolor="#c0c0ff" | Nashville ! bgcolor="#c0c0ff" | Chattanooga ! bgcolor="#c0c0ff" | Knoxville |- ! bgcolor="#ffc0c0" rowspan=4 | B ! bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | Memphis | | bgcolor="#e0e0ff" | [A] 58%<br />[B] 42% | bgcolor="#e0e0ff" | [A] 58%<br />[B] 42% | bgcolor="#e0e0ff" | [A] 58%<br />[B] 42% |- ! bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | Nashville | bgcolor="#ffe0e0" | [A] 42%<br />[B] 58% | | bgcolor="#ffe0e0" | [A] 32%<br />[B] 68% | bgcolor="#ffe0e0" | [A] 32%<br />[B] 68% |- ! bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | Chattanooga | bgcolor="#ffe0e0" | [A] 42%<br />[B] 58% | bgcolor="#e0e0ff" | [A] 68%<br />[B] 32% | | bgcolor="#ffe0e0" | [A] 17%<br />[B] 83% |- ! bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | Knoxville | bgcolor="#ffe0e0" | [A] 42%<br />[B] 58% | bgcolor="#e0e0ff" | [A] 68%<br />[B] 32% | bgcolor="#e0e0ff" | [A] 83%<br />[B] 17% | |- ! colspan=2 bgcolor="#c0c0ff" | Ranking<br />(by repeatedly removing<br />Condorcet winner) | bgcolor="#ffffff" | 4th | bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1st | bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2nd | bgcolor="#fffffe" | 3rd |} In Condorcet methods, ballots are counted by considering all possible sets of two-candidate elections from all available candidates. Each candidate is considered against each and every other candidate. A candidate is considered to "win" against another on a single ballot if they are ranked higher than their opponent. If a candidate is preferred over all other candidates, that candidate is the Condorcet winner. However, a Condorcet winner may not exist, due to a fundamental paradox: It is possible for the electorate to prefer A over B, B over C, and C over A simultaneously. This is called a majority rule cycle, and it must be resolved by some other mechanism. In this example, the results would be tabulated as follows: * [A] indicates voters who preferred the candidate listed in the column caption to the candidate listed in the row caption * [B] indicates voters who preferred the candidate listed in the row caption to the candidate listed in the column caption In this election, Nashville is the Condorcet winner and thus the winner under all possible Condorcet methods. Notice how [[first-past-the-post]] and [[instant-runoff voting]] would have selected Memphis and Knoxville here, respectively, even though when compared to either of them, most people would have preferred Nashville. ==== Ranked pairs (Condorcet method) ==== :''Winner: Nashville'' {| class="wikitable floatright" |+ Pairwise Election Results ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! colspan=4 bgcolor="#c0c0ff" | A |- ! bgcolor="#c0c0ff" | Memphis ! bgcolor="#c0c0ff" | Nashville ! bgcolor="#c0c0ff" | Chattanooga ! bgcolor="#c0c0ff" | Knoxville |- ! bgcolor="#ffc0c0" rowspan=4 | B ! bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | Memphis | | bgcolor="#e0e0ff" | [A] 58%<br />[B] 42% | bgcolor="#e0e0ff" | [A] 58%<br />[B] 42% | bgcolor="#e0e0ff" | [A] 58%<br />[B] 42% |- ! bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | Nashville | bgcolor="#ffe0e0" | [A] 42%<br />[B] 58% | | bgcolor="#ffe0e0" | [A] 32%<br />[B] 68% | bgcolor="#ffe0e0" | [A] 32%<br />[B] 68% |- ! bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | Chattanooga | bgcolor="#ffe0e0" | [A] 42%<br />[B] 58% | bgcolor="#e0e0ff" | [A] 68%<br />[B] 32% | | bgcolor="#ffe0e0" | [A] 17%<br />[B] 83% |- ! bgcolor="#ffc0c0" | Knoxville | bgcolor="#ffe0e0" | [A] 42%<br />[B] 58% | bgcolor="#e0e0ff" | [A] 68%<br />[B] 32% | bgcolor="#e0e0ff" | [A] 83%<br />[B] 17% | |- ! colspan=2 bgcolor="#c0c0ff" | Pairwise election results<br />(won-lost-tied): | bgcolor="#ffffff" | 0-3-0 | bgcolor="#feffff" | 3-0-0 | bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2-1-0 | bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1-2-0 |- ! colspan=2 bgcolor="#c0c0ff" | Votes against<br />in worst pairwise defeat: | bgcolor="#ffffff" | 58% | bgcolor="#fffeff" | N/A | bgcolor="#ffffff" | 68% | bgcolor="#ffffff" | 83% |} In [[Ranked pairs]] if there is a candidate that is preferred over the other candidates, when compared in turn with each of the others, RP guarantees that that candidate will win. Because of this property, RP is (by definition) a '''[[Condorcet method]]'''. The results in table: * [A] indicates voters who preferred the candidate listed in the column caption to the candidate listed in the row caption * [B] indicates voters who preferred the candidate listed in the row caption to the candidate listed in the column caption * [NP] indicates voters who expressed no preference between either candidate ===== Tally ===== First, list every pair, and determine the winner: {| border="1" !Pair!!Winner |- | Memphis (42%) vs. Nashville (58%)|| Nashville 58% |- | Memphis (42%) vs. Chattanooga (58%)|| Chattanooga 58% |- | Memphis (42%) vs. Knoxville (58%)|| Knoxville 58% |- | Nashville (68%) vs. Chattanooga (32%)|| Nashville 68% |- | Nashville (68%) vs. Knoxville (32%)||Nashville 68% |- | Chattanooga (83%) vs. Knoxville (17%)|| Chattanooga: 83% |} Note that absolute counts of votes can be used as well as the percentages of the total number of votes; it makes no difference. ===== Sort ===== The votes are then sorted. The largest majority is "Chattanooga over Knoxville"; 83% of the voters prefer Chattanooga. Nashville (68%) beats both Chattanooga and Knoxville by a score of 68% over 32% (an exact tie, which is unlikely in real life for this many voters). Since Chattanooga &gt; Knoxville, and they're the losers, Nashville vs. Knoxville will be added first, followed by Nashville vs. Chattanooga. Thus, the pairs from above would be sorted this way: {| border="1" !Pair!!Winner |- | Chattanooga (83%) vs. Knoxville (17%)|| Chattanooga 83% |- | Nashville (68%) vs. Knoxville (32%)||Nashville 68% |- | Nashville (68%) vs. Chattanooga (32%)|| Nashville 68% |- | Memphis (42%) vs. Nashville (58%)|| Nashville 58% |- | Memphis (42%) vs. Chattanooga (58%)|| Chattanooga 58% |- | Memphis (42%) vs. Knoxville (58%)|| Knoxville 58% |} ===== Lock ===== [[Image:Tennessee-vote.svg|right]] The pairs are then locked in order, skipping any pairs that would create a cycle: * Lock Chattanooga over Knoxville. * Lock Nashville over Knoxville. * Lock Nashville over Chattanooga. * Lock Nashville over Memphis. * Lock Chattanooga over Memphis. * Lock Knoxville over Memphis. In this case, no cycles are created by any of the pairs, so every single one is locked in. Every "lock in" would add another arrow to the graph showing the relationship between the candidates. Here is the final graph (where arrows point from the winner). In this example, Nashville is the winner using RP. ===== Ambiguity resolution example ===== Let's say there was an ambiguity. For a simple situation involving candidates A, B, and C. * A > B 68% * B > C 72% * C > A 52% In this situation we "lock in" the majorities starting with the greatest one first. * Lock B > C * Lock A > B * We don't lock in the final C > A as it creates an ambiguity. Therefore, A is the winner. ===== Summary ===== In the example election, the winner is Nashville. This would be true for any Condorcet method. Using the plurality election system system and some other systems, Memphis would have won the election by having the most people, even though Nashville won every simulated pairwise election outright. Using instant-runoff voting in this example would have resulted in Knoxville winning, even though more people preferred Nashville over Knoxville. == Rated voting == [[Image:Approval ballot.svg|thumb|right|Approval ballot]] Rated voting methods are often referred to as "cardinal methods". Two prominent systems in this category are "approval voting" and "score voting". These two systems encourage voters to evaluate each candidate independently and assign point scores to each candidate. In score voting, voters may express their strength of support of each candidates. However voters are also rewarded by "exaggerating" their ratings to maximize the votes for acceptable candidates over unacceptable ones. Approval voting can be considered a score voting system that recognizes only this strategic approach of maximizing support for acceptable over unacceptable candidates. === Approval (yes/no rating) === :''Winner: Nashville'' In [[Approval voting]] the voters can vote for as many or as few candidates as desired. The candidate with the most votes wins. In this example, supposing that voters voted for their two favorite candidates, the results would be as follows (a more sophisticated approach to voting is discussed below): *Memphis: 42 total votes *Nashville: 68 total votes (wins) *Chattanooga: 58 total votes *Knoxville: 32 total votes ====Potential for tactical voting==== Approval voting passes the [[monotonicity criterion]], in that voting for a candidate never lowers that candidate's chance of winning. Indeed, there is never a reason for a voter to [[tactical voting|tactically vote]] for a candidate X without voting for all candidates he or she prefers to candidate X. It is also never necessary for a voter to vote for a candidate liked ''less'' than X in order to elect X. However, as approval voting does not offer a single method of expressing sincere preferences, but rather a plethora of them, voters are encouraged to analyze their fellow voters' preferences and use that information to decide which candidates to vote for. This feature of approval voting makes it difficult for theoreticians to predict how approval will play out in practice. One good tactic is to vote for every candidate the voter prefers to the leading candidate, and to also vote for the leading candidate if that candidate is preferred to the current second-place candidate. When all voters use this tactic, there is a good chance that the [[Condorcet method|Condorcet winner]] will be elected. It should be noted that approval voting does not satisfy the [[Condorcet criterion]]. It is even possible that a Condorcet loser can be elected. In the above election, if Chattanooga is perceived as the strongest challenger to Nashville, voters from Nashville will only vote for Nashville, because it is the leading candidate and they prefer no alternative to it. Voters from Chattanooga and Knoxville will withdraw their support from Nashville, the leading candidate, because they do not support it over Chattanooga. The new results would be: *Memphis: 42 *Nashville: 68 *Chattanooga: 32 *Knoxville: 32 If, however, Memphis were perceived as the strongest challenger, voters from Memphis would withdraw their votes from Nashville, whereas voters from Chattanooga and Knoxville would support Nashville over Memphis. The results would then be: *Memphis: 42 *Nashville: 58 *Chattanooga: 32 *Knoxville: 32 The mathematics of approval voting lend it to some manipulation and tactical voting. As each vote counts as one vote and the winner is the one with the highest total, each vote equally helps the candidate/issue (city in this example) selected win. Because of this, voters are more likely to only vote for their favorite. Because approval voting has not been used much for real elections, this phenomenon is not well documented. === Range voting (scored ratings) === :''Winner: Nashville'' [[Range voting]] (also called ratings summation, or average voting, or cardinal ratings, or 0-99 voting, or the score system or point system) is a voting system used for single-seat elections in which votes are graded. In this example, suppose that voters each decided to grant from 1 to 10 points to each city such that their most liked choice got 10 points, and least liked choice got 1 point, with the intermediate choices getting 5 points and 2 points. <TABLE BORDER=1 style="empty-cells: show"> <TR> <TH>Voter from/<br/>City Choice </TH> <TH>Memphis</TH> <TH>Nashville</TH> <TH>Chattanooga</TH> <TH>Knoxville</TH> <TH>Total</TH> </TR> <TR> <TD>Memphis</TD> <TD>420 (42 × 10)</TD> <TD>26 (26 × 1)</TD> <TD>15 (15 × 1)</TD> <TD>17 (17 × 1)</TD> <TD>478</TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>Nashville</TD> <TD>210 (42 × 5)</TD> <TD>260 (26 × 10)</TD> <TD>30 (15 × 2)</TD> <TD>34 (17 × 2)</TD> <TD>534</TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>Chattanooga</TD> <TD>84 (42 × 2)</TD> <TD>130 (26 × 5)</TD> <TD>150 (15 × 10)</TD> <TD>85 (17 × 5)</TD> <TD>449</TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>Knoxville</TD> <TD>42 (42 × 1)</TD> <TD>52 (26 × 2)</TD> <TD>75 (15 × 5)</TD> <TD>170 (17 × 10)</TD> <TD>339</TD> </TR> </TABLE> Nashville wins, but Memphis would have won if the voters from Memphis had reduced the points they gave Nashville from 5 down to 1 and all other votes had remained the same. Voters from Chattanooga or Knoxville could restore Nashville to first place over Memphis if they raised the points they gave Nashville from 2 up to 10. ==Multiple winners== Although the example is about choosing a state capital, it can also be used to consider some multiple winner elections. ===Block voting=== With [[block voting]], for one vote each and one winner, Memphis wins, as in plurality voting. With two votes each, and two winners, Nashville and Chattanooga win as the support is (adding up to 200) * Memphis: 42 total votes * Nashville: 68 total votes (wins) * Chattanooga: 58 total votes (wins) * Knoxville: 32 total votes. With three votes each, and three winners, Nashville, Chattanooga and Knoxville win, as the support is (adding up to 300) * Memphis: 42 total votes * Nashville: 100 total votes (wins) * Chattanooga: 100 total votes (wins) * Knoxville: 58 total votes (wins). So Memphis wins if there is one winner but loses if there are two or three winners. ===Limited voting=== With [[limited voting]], voters have multiple votes, but fewer than the number of winners. If for example voters have two votes each and the top three cities are chosen then Memphis, Nashville and Chattanooga win as the support is (adding up to 200) * Memphis: 42 total votes (wins) * Nashville: 68 total votes (wins) * Chattanooga: 58 total votes (wins) * Knoxville: 32 total votes. ===Single non-transferable vote=== In the single non-transferable vote system, the cities in rank order of support are Memphis, Nashville, Knoxville and finally Chattanooga: so with one winner Memphis wins; with two winners Memphis and Nashville win; and with three winners Memphis, Nashville and Knoxville win. A city which wins an election will also win if the number of winners is increased. ===Single transferable vote=== In the single transferable vote system with just one winner, Knoxville wins, as with instant-runoff voting. *'''Round 1:''' No city meets the quota so Chattanooga is eliminated. *'''Round 2:''' Chattanooga votes transfer to Knoxville raising Knoxville's support to 32%. No city meets the quota so Nashville is eliminated. *'''Round 3:''' Nashville's votes transfer to Knoxville raising Knoxville's support to 58%. Knoxville now exceeds the quota and wins. If two winners were to be selected, Memphis and Nashville would win. The quota would be about 34%: *'''Round 1:''' Memphis exceeds the quota and wins. *'''Round 2:''' Memphis's surplus of 8% transfers to Nashville raising Nashville's support to 34%. Nashville now meets the quota and takes the second winning place. If three winners were to be selected, Memphis, Nashville and Chattanooga would win. The quota would be about 26%: *'''Round 1:''' Memphis exceeds the quota and wins. Nashville meets the quota and wins. *'''Round 2:''' Memphis's surplus of 16% transfers to Chattanooga raising Chattanooga's support to 31%. Chattanooga now exceeds the quota and takes the third winning place. So Knoxville wins if there is one winner but loses if there are two or three winners. oqdrsx4l1owa3mmlrepir81dx9cqakd 0 226127 4633501 4442703 2026-05-02T06:36:48Z ~2026-26690-51 3580622 4633501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Adventist Adventurer Awards/Header |class=Builder }} == Learn a little about the Olympic Games == '''Where and when were they first held? When will the next Games held?''' :The first opening ceremonies were held during the 1908 Olympic Games in London. The next Games will be held in Los Angeles, USA, from 14 to 30 July 2028. (Summer Games) '''Opening Ceremony Procession Order''' :During the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games, the procession of athletes is always led by the Greek team, followed by all the other teams in alphabetical order (in the language of the hosting country), except for the last team which is always the team of the hosting country. '''Olympic Events:''' :- The events in the Summer Olympics include: archery, badminton, baseball, basketball, boxing, canoeing, cycling, diving, equestrian, fencing, football (soccer), gymnastics, handball, hockey, judo, kayaking, marathon, pentathlon, ping pong, rowing, sailing, shooting, swimming, taekwando, tennis, track and field (many running, jumping, and throwing events), triathlon, volleyball, water polo, weightlifting, and wrestling (freestyle and Greco-Roman). :- The events in the Winter Olympics include: ice hockey, figure skating, speed skating, snowboarding, luge, bobsleigh, skeleton (a type of sledding), curling, cross-country skiing, freestyle skiing, slalom, downhill (Alpine) skiing, ski jumping, Nordic combined (skiing plus ski jumping), and biathlon (skiing and shooting). == Make an Olympic Banner. == [[File:Olympic Rings.svg|250px|thumb|The five Olympic rings represent the five continents and were designed in 1913, adopted in 1914 and debuted at the Games at [[1920 Summer Olympics|Antwerp, 1920]].]] You will find a templete to create a Olympic banner at [http://members.enchantedlearning.com/olympics/printouts/Flag.shtml Enchanted Learning] '''The Official Olympic Flag ''' Created by Pierre de Coubertin in 1914, the Olympic flag contains five interconnected rings on a white background. The five rings symbolize the five significant continents and are interconnected to symbolize the friendship to be gained from these international competitions. The rings, from left to right, are blue, yellow, black, green, and red. The colors were chosen because at least one of them appeared on the flag of every country in the world. The Olympic flag was first flown during the 1920 Olympic Games. == Make an [http://www.activityvillage.co.uk/make_an_olympic_torch.htm Olympic Torch]. == [[File:2009-11-23-IMG 8575-Olympic Flame Passes.jpg|thumb|250px|The 2010 Olympic Flame passes from one torch to another]] The [http://www.activityvillage.co.uk/make_an_olympic_torch.htm Olympic Torch] is a practice continued from the ancient Olympic Games. In Olympia (Greece), a flame was ignited by the sun and then kept burning until the closing of the Olympic Games. The flame first appeared in the modern Olympics at the 1928 Olympic Games in Amsterdam. The flame itself represents a number of things, including purity and the endeavor for perfection. In 1936, the chairman of the organizing committee for the 1936 Olympic Games, Carl Diem, suggested what is now the modern Olympic Torch relay. The Olympic flame is lit at the ancient site of Olympia by women wearing ancient-style robes and using a curved mirror and the sun. This flame begins its Olympic Torch Relay by touring Greece. The flame is normally taken to the country where the games will be held (usually by airplane). The flame is then carried around the country where the games are to be held, using a series of torches carried by people running, walking, riding horses and camels, scuba diving, and using other means of human conveyance. The last runner uses a torch to light the large Olympic torch which burns throughout the games. The flame is extinguished during the closing ceremony. A new Olympic torch is designed for each of the games. == - Play an Olympic game. == Here are just a few games, but any games that are suitable for a preschool birthday party can be implemented. These need to be conducted outdoors or a large and safe ventilated area. Materials: balloons (1 per child), a few craft feathers (craft store), drinking straws, Easter plastic eggs and plastic spoons. :'''Game One: The Drinking Straw Race''' Each racer holds a bent drinking straw between his or her nose and upper lip. Make a demonstration. The children curl their lip to hold it tight. See who can run to the finish line without losing the straw. Make sure it is a short distance. :'''Game 2: The Balloon Between the Knee Race''' Inflate the balloon, but not too much so that it fits comfortably between the knees of the child. Have the children put the balloon between their knees and run or hop to the fish line. :'''Game 3: Hug-the-Balloon-Friend Relay''' Place a balloon between two children's tummies. Have the children hug each other tight and move sideways to the finish line without dropping the balloon. :'''Game 4: Birdie Feather Race''' Have the children take off one shoe and sock on one foot. Tuck a feather between two toes. The children will walk to finish line without losing the feather, if they do they go back to the start and try again. This can also be done with both feet (older children) and instruct them to walk like ducks. :'''Game 5: Backward Race''' This is very easy for the youngest children. Just walk fast backwards trying not to bump into each other to the finish line. :'''Game 6: The Egg-A-Thon Race or Relay''' Use plastic Easter eggs and plastic spoons. Children will try to walk fast holding the egg in the spoon on to the finish line. It can also be done as a relay and have one child in the middle of the race line waiting. The children transfer the egg to his relay partner's spoon and go! :'''<big>Olympic Games Closing Activity</big>''' Make sure to have an ending ceremony holding the flag and sing one of the songs again. It is important that the games be fun and competition is not the focus. Everyone is a winner for participating. Make sure to have drinks and sunscreen while outdoors! Plan for fun healthy snacks depending on the season the activity is held. == Make an Olympic color chain. == '''<big>Tissue Paper Olympic Rings Craft</big>''' This Olympic craft was designed by the [http://www.freekidscrafts.com/tissue_paper_olympic_rings-e451.html FreeKidsCrafts] team to help everyone get into the Olympic spirit. Great craft to teach color recognition and coordination. - Supplies #Olympic rings pattern (click on printables) #Tissue Paper #Red, Black, Green, Blue, and Yellow #White Glue #Cardstock or Heavy paper - Instructions Click on [http://www.freekidscrafts.com/images/projects/printable_olympic_rings.jpg printables] and print out Olympic Rings pattern. Cut out around the outside of the rings leaving a small border before you glue the tissue paper. Do not cut out the inside of the rings or it will become too flimsy to work on. Cut tissue paper into 1"squares. Crumple each piece into a tight ball. Dip into white glue and place onto pattern. Continue crumpling and gluing down pieces until the entire pattern is filled == Memorize II Timothy 4:7. == {{Bible verse |book=II Timothy |chapter=4 |verse=7 |version=NIV |text= ''I have fought the good fight, I have finished the race, I have kept the faith.'' }} == Who in the New Testament talks about running a race? == '''<big>Paul</big>''' == Discuss with your parent or teacher what I Corinthians 9:24-26 means. == {{Bible verse |book=I Corinthians |chapter=9 |verse=24-26 |version=NIV |text= :''²⁴ Do you not know that in a race all the runners run, but only one gets the prize? Run in such a way as to get the prize.'' :''²⁵ Everyone who competes in the games goes into strict training. They do it to get a crown that will not last; but we do it to get a crown that will last forever.'' :''²⁶ Therefore I do not run like a man running aimlessly; I do not fight like a man beating the air.'' }} In the Bible, Paul writes about athletes who train hard. The athletes don’t just want to be fit. They want to win! Use the five spiritual fitness steps to train yourself spiritually. Here’s a spiritual fitness plan: #Read your Bible and think about what God says. #Spend time in prayer every day. #Pray for others who need special help. #Do at least one loving thing for someone each day. #Try to please God in everything you do. == External Resources (PDF) == [http://www.abcteach.com/free/c/certificate_olympicachievement.pdf Olympic Certificates] [http://www.abcteach.com/free/o/olympicmedals.pdf Olympic Medals] Coloring Page [http://www.abcteach.com/free/c/coloringpage_olympic_flame.pdf Olympic Flame] [http://www.abcteach.com/free/w/wordsearch_olympics.pdf Word Search] {{Adventist Adventurer Awards/Footer|Builder}} dzk23x9w1xihzor2tawozl3y664rdi3 10 244955 4633409 4610858 2026-05-01T12:20:16Z Kingofnuthin 3566511 Added new draft policy 4633409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Wikibooks policies and guidelines |title = [[Wikibooks:Policies and guidelines|Wikibooks policies and guidelines]] |liststyle = line-height:1.4em; |state = {{{state|uncollapsed}}} |group1 = Project-wide principles |list1 = {{flatlist|1= * [[Wikibooks:Administrators|Administrators]] * [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence|Artificial intelligence]] * [[Wikibooks:Copyrights|Copyrights]] * [[Wikibooks:Decision making|Decision making]] * [[Wikibooks:Global rights policy|Global rights]] * [[Wikibooks:Protection policy|Protection]] * [[Wikibooks:What is Wikibooks?|What is Wikibooks?]] * [[Wikibooks:What is Wikijunior?|What is Wikijunior?]] }} |group2 = Book standards |list2 = {{flatlist|1= * [[Wikibooks:Annotated texts|Annotated texts]] * [[Wikibooks:Naming policy|Naming]] * [[Wikibooks:Neutral point of view|Neutral point of view]] }} |group3 = Behavioral policies |list3 = {{flatlist|1= * [[Wikibooks:Be civil|Be civil]] * [[Wikibooks:Blocking policy|Blocking]]* * [[Wikibooks:No personal attacks|No personal attacks]] * [[Wikibooks:Bots|Using bots]] }} |group4 = Behavioral guidelines |list4 = {{flatlist|1= * [[Wikibooks:Assume good faith|Assume good faith]]* * [[Wikibooks:Etiquette|Etiquette]]* * [[Wikibooks:Please do not bite the newcomers|Please do not bite the newcomers]] * [[Wikibooks:Sockpuppets|Sockpuppets]]* }} |group5 = Content guidelines |list5 = {{flatlist|1= * [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy|Deletion]] * [[Wikibooks:Media|Media]] * [[Wikibooks:Ownership|Ownership]]* * [[Wikibooks:Profanity|Profanity]] * [[Wikibooks:Strategy guides|Strategy guides]] * [[Wikibooks:User pages|User pages]]* * [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion|Speedy deletion]]* }} |group6 = Editing guidelines |list6 = {{flatlist|1= * [[Wikibooks:Be bold|Be bold]] * [[Wikibooks:Editing guideline|Contributing]]* * [[Wikibooks:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]* }} |below= <nowiki>*</nowiki>''Pending approval. Discuss on [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals]].'' }}<noinclude> [[Category:Wikibooks namespace templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] </noinclude> 7xmfc4h7nbi1yecahpzprmvjna9ljex 0 283473 4633406 3671729 2026-05-01T12:05:43Z Nbrouard 60611 /* Tables numbered in uppercase Roman characters */ 4633406 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{LaTeX/Top}}</noinclude> Counters are an essential part of LaTeX: they allow you to control the numbering mechanism of everything (sections, lists, captions, etc.). To that end each counter stores an integer value in the range of [[w:long integer|long integer]], i.e., from <math>-2^{31}</math> to <math>2^{31}-1</math>. [http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/270535/what-is-the-maximum-integer-that-can-be-saved-in-a-latex-counter] ==Counter manipulation== In LaTeX it is fairly easy to create new counters and even counters that reset automatically when another counter is increased (think subsection in a section for example). With the command {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \newcounter{NameOfTheNewCounter} }} you create a new counter that is automatically set to zero. If you want the counter to be reset to zero every time another counter is increased, use: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \newcounter{NameOfTheNewCounter}[NameOfTheOtherCounter] }} For example, if you want to enumerate the equations in each chapter independently, you can create something like an "equationschapter" counter that will be automatically reset at the begin of each section. {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \newcounter{equationschapter}[section] \section{First Section} I present one equation: \stepcounter{equationschapter} $a=b+c$ (Eq. \arabic{section}.\arabic{equationschapter}) \section{Second Section} I present more equations: \stepcounter{equationschapter} $a=c+d$ (Eq. \arabic{section}.\arabic{equationschapter}) \stepcounter{equationschapter} $d=e$ (Eq. \arabic{section}.\arabic{equationschapter}) }} To add to an existing counter another counter causing a reset when increased, use: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \counterwithin*{NameOfTheCounter}{NameOfTheOtherCounter} }} If this doesn't work it might be because of an old LaTeX version, the following should work in that case: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \makeatletter \@addtoreset{NameOfTheCounter}{NameOfTheOtherCounter} \makeatother }} To undo this effect one can use: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \counterwithout*{NameOfTheCounter}{NameOfTheOtherCounter} }} or: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \makeatletter \@removefromreset{NameOfTheCounter}{NameOfTheOtherCounter} \makeatother }} To increase the counter, either use {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \stepcounter{NameOfTheNewCounter} }} or {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \refstepcounter{NameOfTheNewCounter} % used for labels and cross referencing }} or {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \addtocounter{NameOfTheNewCounter}{number} }} here the number can also be negative. For automatic resetting you need to use <code>\stepcounter</code>. To set the counter value explicitly, use {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \setcounter{NameOfTheNewCounter}{number} }} ==Counter access== There are several ways to get access to a counter. * {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\theNameOfTheNewCounter}} will print the formatted string related to the counter (note the "the" before the actual name of the counter). * {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\value{NameOfTheNewCounter} }} will return the counter value which can be used by other counters or for calculations. It is not a formatted string, so it cannot be used in text. * {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\arabic{NameOfTheNewCounter} }} will print the formatted counter using arabic numbers. Note that {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\arabic{NameOfTheNewCounter} }} may be used as a value too, but not the others. Strangely enough, LaTeX counters are ''not'' introduced by a backslash in any case, even with the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\the<!---->}} command. plainTeX equivalents {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\count<!---->}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\newcount\mycounter<!---->}} do abide by the backslash rule. ==Counter style== The following internal LaTeX commands will convert numeric value of specified counter into printable string and insert string into document: ; {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\arabic<!---->}} : Numbers from <math> -2^{31} </math> to <math> 2^{31}-1 </math> inclusive converted to strings «-2147483648», «-2147483647», …, «-1», «0», «1», …, «2147483646», «2147483647». : Example: 1, 2, 3, … ; {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\alph<!---->}} : Numbers from 1 to 26 inclusive converted to strings «a», «b», …, «z». Other numbers (negative numbers, zero, 27, 28, …, <math> 2^{31}-1 </math>) converted to empty string. : Example: a, b, c, … ; {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\Alph<!---->}} : Same as {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\alph<!---->}}, but upper case letters used. : Example: A, B, C, … ; {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\roman<!---->}} : Numbers from 1 to 4999 inclusive converted to strings «i» (1), «ii» (2), …, «mmmmcmxcix» (4999), where «i» — 1, «v» — 5, «x» — 10, «l» — 50, «c» — 100, «d» — 500, «m» — 1000. Numbers from 5000 to <math> 2^{31}-1 </math> inclusive converted to strings «mmmmm» (5000), «mmmmmi» (5001), …. Other numbers (negative numbers, zero) converted to empty string. : Example: i, ii, iii, … ; {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\Roman<!---->}} : Same as {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\roman<!---->}}, but upper case letters used. : Example: I, II, III, … ; {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\fnsymbol<!---->}} : Aimed at footnotes; prints a sequence of symbols. : {| class="wikitable" ! Number !! Symbol(s) |- | 1 || ∗ |- | 2 || † |- | 3 || ‡ |- | 4 || § |- | 5 || ¶ |- | 6 || ∥ |- | 7 || ∗∗ |- | 8 || †† |- | 9 || ‡‡ |- | Other numbers || Empty string |- |} : Example: ∗, †, ‡, … == LaTeX default counters == * part * chapter * section * subsection * subsubsection * paragraph * subparagraph * page * figure * table * footnote * mpfootnote For the {{LaTeX/Environment|enumerate}} environment: * enumi * enumii * enumiii * enumiv For the {{LaTeX/Environment|eqnarray}} environment: * equation == Book with parts, sections, but no chapters == Here follows an example where we want to use parts and sections, but no chapters in the book class : {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \renewcommand{\thesection}{\thepart .\arabic{section}<!---->} \part{My Part} \section{My Section} \subsection{My Subsection} }} == Tables numbered in uppercase Roman characters == Here follows an example where we want to have tables numbered in uppercase Roman characters : {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \renewcommand{\thetable}{\Roman{table}<!---->} \begin{table} \caption{Title of table IX} \label{tab:IX} ... \end{table} }} == Custom ''enumerate'' == See the [[LaTeX/List Structures|List Structures]] chapter. ==Custom sectioning== Here is an example for recreating something similar to a section and subsection counter that already exist in LaTeX: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \newcounter{mysection} \newcounter{mysubsection}[mysection] \addtocounter{mysection}{2} % set them to some other numbers than 0 \addtocounter{mysubsection}{10} % same % \arabic{mysection}.\arabic{mysubsection} Blah blah \stepcounter{mysection} \arabic{mysection}.\arabic{mysubsection} Blah blah \stepcounter{mysubsection} \arabic{mysection}.\arabic{mysubsection} Blah blah \addtocounter{mysubsection}{25} \arabic{mysection}.\arabic{mysubsection} Blah blah and more blah blah }} <noinclude> {{LaTeX/Bottom|Lengths|Boxes}} </noinclude> 78ft2sqstufw5j90vw5kr8heygpvwic 10 290316 4633407 4597549 2026-05-01T12:15:25Z Kingofnuthin 3566511 4633407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Wikibooks policies and guidelines |title = [[Wikibooks:Policies and guidelines|Wikibooks policies and guidelines]] |liststyle = line-height:1.4em; |state = {{{state|uncollapsed}}} |group1 = Project-wide principles |list1 = {{flatlist|1= * [[Wikibooks:Administrators|Administrators]] * [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence|Artificial intelligence]] * [[Wikibooks:Copyrights|Copyrights]] * [[Wikibooks:Decision making|Decision making]] * [[Wikibooks:Global rights policy|Global rights]] * [[Wikibooks:Protection policy|Protection]] * [[Wikibooks:What is Wikibooks?|What is Wikibooks?]] * [[Wikibooks:What is Wikijunior?|What is Wikijunior?]] }} |group2 = Book standards |list2 = {{flatlist|1= * [[Wikibooks:Annotated texts|Annotated texts]] * [[Wikibooks:Naming policy|Naming]] * [[Wikibooks:Neutral point of view|Neutral point of view]] }} |group3 = Behavioral policies |list3 = {{flatlist|1= * [[Wikibooks:Be civil|Be civil]] * [[Wikibooks:Blocking policy|Blocking]]* * [[Wikibooks:No personal attacks|No personal attacks]] * [[Wikibooks:Bots|Using bots]] }} |group4 = Behavioral guidelines |list4 = {{flatlist|1= * [[Wikibooks:Assume good faith|Assume good faith]]* * [[Wikibooks:Etiquette|Etiquette]]* * [[Wikibooks:Please do not bite the newcomers|Please do not bite the newcomers]] * [[Wikibooks:Sockpuppets|Sockpuppets]]* }} |group5 = Content guidelines |list5 = {{flatlist|1= * [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy|Deletion]] * [[Wikibooks:Media|Media]] * [[Wikibooks:Ownership|Ownership]]* * [[Wikibooks:Profanity|Profanity]] * [[Wikibooks:Strategy guides|Strategy guides]] * [[Wikibooks:User pages|User pages]]* * [[Wikibooks:Speedy deletion|Speedy deletion]]* }} |group6 = Editing guidelines |list6 = {{flatlist|1= * [[Wikibooks:Be bold|Be bold]] * [[Wikibooks:Editing guideline|Contributing]]* * [[Wikibooks:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]* }} |below= <nowiki>*</nowiki>''Pending approval. Discuss on [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals]].'' }}<noinclude> [[Category:Wikibooks namespace templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] </noinclude> 7xmfc4h7nbi1yecahpzprmvjna9ljex 4633408 4633407 2026-05-01T12:16:48Z Kingofnuthin 3566511 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/4633407|4633407]] by [[Special:Contributions/Kingofnuthin|Kingofnuthin]] ([[User talk:Kingofnuthin|discuss]]) 4633408 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="background:lightyellow;width:150px;margin:none;border:1px solid lightgrey" align=left | Title |- | Body |- | class="collapsible" | show |- | ffds |- | dfsd |} {{Quiz|question=What time is it? |a=Game time. |b=Party time. |c=Time to get a watch. |d=Who cares? |answer='''D''' is clearly the correct answer, because...}} {{#section-h:Human_Physiology/Blood_physiology|Review Questions}} {{tmbox|type=notice|text=This is a sandbox page, a place for experimenting with Wikibooks.}} === Section === section txt 2krr0f1t823b4zc7tutlhjbnv89gf4o 0 294777 4633405 4633403 2026-05-01T12:02:27Z ~2026-26562-92 3580418 4633405 wikitext text/x-wiki __FORCETOC__ == Healthy Eating == Healthy eating is a general term that usually refers to the consumption of foods that maintain or improve health. In Australia, a healthy diet should follow the [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/guidelines/publications/n55 Australian Dietary Guidelines]<ref name="aus-diet-guide">National Health and Medical Research Council (2013) Australian Dietary Guidelines. Canberra: National Health and Medical Research Council. Retrieved from http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/publications/attachments/n55_australian_dietary_guidelines_130530.pdf</ref> and the [http://www.eatforhealth.gov.au/guidelines/australian-guide-healthy-eating Australian Guide to Healthy Eating],<ref name="AGTHE">National Health and Medical Research Council (2013) Australian Guide to Healthy Eating. Canberra: National Health and Medical Research Council. Retrieved from http://www.eatforhealth.gov.au/guidelines/australian-guide-healthy-eating</ref> consisting primarily of: *wholegrain and/or high fibre breads, cereals, rice, pasta, noodles, polenta, couscous, oats, quinoa *lean meats and poultry, organic tofu, nuts, seeds and legumes/organic beans *a organic variety of organic fruits *plenty of different coloured organic vegetables *reduced-fat milk, yoghurt, cheese and/or their alternatives *small amounts of unsaturated fats such as oils, spreads, nut butters/pastes and avocado *limit foods containing saturated fat, added salt, added sugars and alcohol <br><br> == A Healthy Heart == A healthy heart refers to the absence of damage or disease in the heart and/or blood vessels. The heart and its vessels form the circulatory system, which transports nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide and other materials throughout the body allowing other organ systems to function <ref name="Human Anatomy & Physiology"> Marieb, E. & Hoehn, K. (2007). Human Anatomy & Physiology (7th ed.), San Francisco, CA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.</ref>. Damage to the heart or its vessels usually has widespread effects and may result in a heart attack, stroke, kidney failure or even death.<ref name="Manual of Dietetic Practice">Thomas, B. & Bishop, J. (2007). Manual of Dietetic Pracitce (4th ed.), Carlton, Victoria: Blackwell Publishing.</ref><br><br> == Key Foods and Nutrients that Affect Heart Health == Probably the two most commonly discussed nutrients when talking about heart health are fat and sodium. However, there are many other nutrients and foods that can have an impact on heart health, and a few of the major ones will be discussed below.<br><br> ==== Saturated Fat ==== Saturated fat tends to be solid at room temperature and is most commonly found in meat, dairy products, coconut and palm oils, and processed foods such as chips, chocolate and fast-food <ref name="Understanding Food">Brown, A. (2011). Understanding Food: Principles & Preparation (4th ed.), Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.</ref>. The Australian Dietary Guidelines recommend that intake of saturated fat should be limited because research has shown that it increases the “bad” or LDL cholesterol in the blood, which is associated with increased risk of heart disease.<ref name="aus-diet-guide"/><ref name="Understanding Nutrition"> Whitney, E., Rolfes, S., Crowe, T., Cameron-Smith, D. & Walsh, A. (2011). Understanding Nutrition: Australian and New Zealand Edition. South Melbourne: Cengage Learning.</ref> To reduce intake choose low-fat dairy products, trimmed meat and limit intake of processed and take-away foods.<br> ==== Trans Fat ==== Trans fats have a similar chemical composition to saturated fats. There are small amounts of trans fats naturally occurring in animal products, however, the majority of trans fats in the diet come from unsaturated fats such as vegetable oils that are hydrogenated during processing<ref name="Understanding Food"/>. Trans fats are found in fried foods, margarine, fast food products, shortening, commercial baked good and snack foods. Like saturated fats, trans fats increase LDL cholesterol, but have also been attributed to decreasing "good" or HDL cholesterol levels in the blood<ref name="Manual of Dietetic Practice"/>. The [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/guidelines/publications/n55 Australian Dietary Guidelines] recommend to limit the consumption of foods containing trans fats.<br> ==== Cholesterol ==== Dietary cholesterol intake increases LDL cholesterol levels in the blood and the recommendations are to limit its intake; however, its effect on blood cholesterol is not as strong as that of saturated fat and trans fat. Foods that contain higher amounts of cholesterol include: egg yolk, prawns, liver, meat, and dairy products. It is also worth noting that whilst eggs are high in cholesterol, they are also a good source of protein and fat-soluble vitamins, and therefore consumption of approximately 6 eggs per week is considered to be beneficial.<ref name="Understanding Nutrition"/><br> ==== Unsaturated Fat ==== Unsaturated fats include monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats and are usually liquid at room temperature. Both of these unsaturated fats decrease LDL cholesterol when they replace saturated fat.<ref name="Manual of Dietetic Practice"/> Unsaturated fats are found in:<ref name="Understanding Nutrition"/><br> *''Oils:'' olive, canola, peanut, sesame and more *''Organic Seeds:'' macadamias, pepitas and more *''Avocado''<br> [[File:West Show Jersey July 2010 43.jpg|thumb|Colourful Vegetables!]] Omega-3s are a type of polyunsaturated fat that have been found to reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke by preventing blood clots, maintaining a regular heartbeat and lowering blood pressure.<ref name="Manual of Dietetic Practice"/><ref name="Integrative & Complementary Medicine"/> Omega-3's are found in:<br> *''Fatty Fish:'' herring, mackerel, tuna, sardines and salmon *''Oils:'' flaxseed, canola and soybean *''Nuts & Seeds:'' almonds, flaxseeds and walnuts<br><br> ==== Sodium ==== In our food, sodium is usually found in the form of salt, otherwise known as sodium chloride. It is recommended to limit intake of sodium as it has been shown to increase blood pressure, a risk factor for heart disease.<ref name="Manual of Dietetic Practice"/> Sodium is found mainly in processed foods such as: chips, savoury and sweet biscuits, fast food, cereals, chocolate, processed meats and even bread.<ref name="Understanding Nutrition"/><br><br> ==== Fruits and Vegetables ==== Fruits and vegetables probably get the least amount of attention when it comes to heart disease; however, fruits and vegetables contain an abundance of components that act to combat the destructive actions of substances that cause damage to the heart and other parts of the body. Some of these beneficial properties/components include:<ref name="Integrative & Complementary Medicine"> Kotsirilos, V., Vitetta, L. & Sali, A. (2011). A Guide to Evidence-Based Integrative and Complementary Medicine, Chatswood, NSW: Elsevier, Australia.</ref><br> *''Antioxidants:'' prevent damage occurring to blood vessel walls *''Soluble fibre:'' binds to cholesterol in the intestines preventing its absorption *''Anti-hypertensive components:'' reduce blood pressure *''Anti-inflammatory components:'' reduce inflammation and lower the risk of developing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis atherosclerosis]<br><br> == References == {{reflist}} {{BookCat}} p4zwu2us6mbhdogeb2rli4l3r1zbaql 0 366974 4633424 4633281 2026-05-01T16:05:59Z AJMelton1105 3576091 Removed/modified language of introductions/analyses to lower LCR 4633424 wikitext text/x-wiki Though once considered a munition<ref>US Department of State. (1992). Code of Federal Regulations. https://epic.org/crypto/export_controls/itar.html</ref>, [[w: Encryption software | encrypted communications]] have become commonplace in commercially available software. [[w:Apple Inc. | Apple’s]] [[w: IMessage | iMessage]] system, for instance, is [[w: end-to-end encryption | end-to-end encrypted]], meaning that no-one (not even Apple) can read a message except the sender and the recipient<ref>Apple Corporation. (2011). iOS 5 Press Release. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/06/06New-Version-of-iOS-Includes-Notification-Center-iMessage-Newsstand-Twitter-Integration-Among-200-New-Features.html</ref>. Apple now also encrypts all data on its [[w:IOS | iOS]] devices,<ref>Apple Corporation. (2014). iOS Security Guide, September 2014. https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1302613-ios-security-guide-sept-2014.html</ref> and [[w:Google | Google]] does the same on its [[w: Android (operating system) | Android operating system]].<ref>Android Project. (2015). Full Disk Encryption. https://source.android.com/security/encryption/</ref> These systems prevent anyone besides the device owner from accessing the data on the device. Law enforcement agencies have had problems with this technology, however, because it also prevents them from viewing the data on phones, even when they have a search warrant. In one case, Apple refused to open a locked [[w: IPhone | iPhone]] for the [[w: Federal Bureau of Investigation | FBI]] in a drug investigation,<ref>Appuzo, M., Sanger, D., Schmidt, M. (2015). Apple and Other Tech Companies Tangle with US Over Data Access. New York Times, September 8, 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/08/us/politics/apple-and-other-tech-companies-tangle-with-us-over-access-to-data.html?_r=0 </ref> stating that doing so was impossible. Law enforcement agencies have argued that tech companies should provide them with a [[w: Backdoor (computing) | “backdoor,”]] a special way to decrypt messages that can only be used by law enforcement and which would require a search warrant.<ref>Comey, J. (2015). http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/08/fbi-chief-backdoor-access-encryption-isis</ref> In this chapter, we examine the sociotechnical forces surrounding this proposal in the United States and its allies. ==Background== Although relevant today, law enforcement's access to encrypted communications is not a new issue in the United States. As personal digital communication grew more common in the early 1990s, the Clinton Administration began to push for a way to "preserve a government capability to conduct electronic surveillance in furtherance of legitimate law enforcement and national security interests."<ref>White House. (1993). Public encryption management. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/pdd5.htm</ref> There have been several subsequent proposals for policies directly addressing the issue, though a variety of technical and social issues have prevented any such policy from taking effect. ===Clipper Chip=== [[File:MYK-78 Clipper chip markings.jpg|thumb|Clipper Chip that could be included in the hardware of any personal computer or communication device]] The Clinton Administration's first proposal was the Clipper Chip, a hardware device designed by the United States government that manufacturers would build into their computers. This used a system called [[w: Key escrow | "key escrow"]] where each chip would be given a corresponding key that could decrypt any message encrypted by the chip. The key would be held by the United States government and released to law enforcement when legally required.<ref name="Blaze94">Blaze, M. (1994). Protocol failure in the escrowed encryption standard. http://www.crypto.com/papers/eesproto.pdf</ref> A variety of social and technical problems, such as the high monetary and economic costs of implementation<ref name="Deutch96">Deutch, J. (1996). Memorandum for the president. https://web.archive.org/web/20121015182952/http://www.foia.cia.gov/docs/DOC_0000239468/DOC_0000239468.pdf</ref> and weaknesses in the encryption algorithm<ref name="Blaze94 /> meant that the Clipper Chip was never adopted. ===Key Recovery=== Following the Clipper Chip's failure, the Clinton Administration proposed a system it called "key recovery." In this system, trusted third party organizations would hold users' keys and provide them to law enforcement upon request.<ref name="Deutch96" /> At the time of this proposal encryption technology was still classified as a munition, making it illegal to export from the United States. With the backing of the CIA, the Clinton Administration proposed weakening these restrictions as long as companies agreed to develop key recovery technology.<ref name="Deutch96" /> By doing this, the Administration hoped to make key recovery the standard domestically and globally, giving law enforcement and intelligence agencies access to encrypted data worldwide. Organized groups within the Clinton Administration had opposing views on this issue. Though the Administration, with the internal backing of the CIA, publicly supported this key recovery plan, the Justice Department internally opposed it, believing that the plan did not go far enough and proposing that the law be modified to only allow the export and import of encryption technology that worked with key recovery systems.<ref name="Deutch96" /> Outside of government, many prominent groups opposed the plan for largely the same reasons that they had opposed the Clipper Chip. Trade groups such as the [[w:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)]] and [[w:Association for Computing Machinery|Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)]] opposed the plan on economic, technical, and moral grounds. They believed that these restrictions would put American companies at an economic disadvantage while ultimately proving insecure and threatening civil freedoms.<ref>IEEE and ACM. (1997). Letter to Senator John McCain. http://usacm.acm.org/images/documents/spna_letter.pdf</ref> Ultimately legislation implementing the proposal never passed the Senate.<ref>McCain, J. (1997). Secure Public Networks Act. http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d105:s909:</ref> ===Current Status=== Though there have been many proposals for extending law enforcement's access to encrypted data in the United States, no proposals the scale of the Clipper Chip or key recovery have come into effect. Companies and individuals can generally develop and use cryptography systems freely. Recent criminal investigations where the United States Justice Department was unable to retrieve encrypted information from phones, along with concerns over terrorist attacks, have led policymakers such as Senate Judiciary Chair [[w:Chuck Grassley|Chuck Grassley]] and Deputy Attorney General [[w:Sally Yates|Sally Yates]] to renew calls for expanding law enforcement's access to encrypted data,<ref>Grassley, C. (2015). Grassley questions White House commitment to going dark solution. http://www.grassley.senate.gov/news/news-releases/grassley-questions-white-house-commitment-going-dark-solution</ref> bringing the issue back into the public eye. ==Support for Expanded Law Enforcement Access== In the United States and abroad, many organized groups want to give government agencies expanded power to read encrypted data in order to prevent and prosecute criminal activity. Government and law enforcement organizations are the most prominent of these groups. === The Obama Administration === In the aftermath of the [[w: November_2015_Paris_attacks|terrorist attacks in Paris]] and [[w: 2015_San_Bernardino_shooting|San Bernardino]], President Obama gave a national address about responding to future threats.<ref> White House. (2015). Address to the Nation by the President. https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/12/06/address-nation-president </ref> One step in the plan is to prevent criminal activity on encrypted channels.<ref>Rampton, R. (2015). Obama appeals to Silicon Valley for help with online anti-extremist campaign. http://www.reuters.com/article/california-shooting-cyber-idUSKBN0TQ0A320151207</ref> However, it is unclear by what means the administration intends this to be accomplished. Earlier in the year, the Obama administration conceded its fight to make tech companies add a [[w: Backdoor_(computing)|backdoor]] to encryption, agreeing that doing so would weaken defenses against foreign governments and cybercriminals.<ref name="obama">Perlroth, N. & Sanger, D. (2015). Obama Won’t Seek Access to Encrypted User Data. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/11/us/politics/obama-wont-seek-access-to-encrypted-user-data.html</ref> One of the Administration’s fears is that requiring a backdoor for companies in the United States would set a similar precedent for American companies in other countries, such as China.<ref name="obama"></ref> === Federal Bureau of Investigation === The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has recently fought with Apple over encryption in iMessage.<ref>Hern, A. (2015). Apple's Encryption Means It Can't Comply with US Court Order. http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/sep/08/apple-encryption-comply-us-court-order-iphone-imessage-justice</ref> In the newest versions of iOS, iMessage uses [[w: end-to-end encryption|end-to-end encryption]] so that only the sender and recipient can read messages<ref name = "Apple privacy">Apple. (2015). Our Approach to Privacy. http://www.apple.com/privacy/approach-to-privacy/</ref>, making it impossible for law enforcement to access encrypted content. FBI Director [[w: James Comey|James Comey]] compared this to an unlockable door and said that a warrant should be all that is required to access this data<ref>Nakashima, E. (2015). With Court Order, Federal Judge Seeks to Fuel Debate About Data Encryption. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/federal-judge-stokes-debate-about-data-encryption/2015/10/10/c75da20e-6f6f-11e5-9bfe-e59f5e244f92_story.html</ref>. Comey noted how a terrorist who attempted to attack an event in Texas in May 2015 had been communicating with other terrorists abroad using encrypted messages<ref>Harte, J. & Volz, D. (2015). Shooter at Texas 'Draw Mohammed' Contest Messaged Foreign Militants: FBI. http://www.reuters.com/article/us-texas-shooting-comey-idUSKBN0TS2FU20151209</ref>, implying that these messages would have given authorities advance notice of the attempt had they been intercepted and read. The United States has no [[w: key disclosure law|key disclosure law]], unlike Canada, the UK, and France, effectively keeping these encrypted messages a secret. While key disclosure allows agencies to access encrypted data, it only helps when the suspect is known. It is useful for gathering evidence, but not for intelligence, when fast response times are necessary, especially in preventing terrorist attacks. === United Kingdom's Cameron Administration === Similar battles are happening outside the United States. In the United Kingdom, Prime Minister [[w:David Cameron|David Cameron]] has spoken out against apps that send encrypted messages because most of them cannot be read by government.<ref name="cameron">Bienkov, A. (2015). David Cameron: Twitter and Facebook Privacy is Unsustainable. http://www.politics.co.uk/news/2015/06/30/david-cameron-twitter-and-facebook-privacy-is-unsustainable</ref> Cameron argued that, in the past, government agents could get a warrant and intercept phone calls or mail, but now there are channels that government cannot access, creating a “safe space” for criminals and terrorists.<ref name="cameron" /> Cameron would like legislation that bans apps that use encryption unless the app has a government backdoor.<ref name="cameron"></ref> === National District Attorneys Association === The National District Attorneys Association (NDAA) has been a vocal opponent of "warrant-proof" encryption.<ref>{{Cite web |title=American Data Privacy Protection Act Concerns - Sept. 26, 2022 - National District Attorneys Association |url=https://www.ndaa.org/news/-american-data-privacy-protection-act-concerns---sept-26-2022 |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.ndaa.org |language=en}}</ref> The NDAA argues that while consumer data protection policies are needed to keep Americans safe, they often come at the expense of making law enforcement more difficult to conduct. They specifically argue that tools used by law enforcement officers in critical early stages of investigations are hampered by encrypted devices and that there is no clear alternative to these tools. Rather than focus on large mass casualty crimes as the FBI did, the NDAA chooses to highlight the difficulties in investigating crime that impacts most Americans' local communities such as carjacking and drug offenses. The NDAA appeals to readers' desire for safety and security by suggesting that anyone can be a victim of such crimes, and in doing so, serves as an appeal to lawmakers who are tasked with keeping their constituents happy and safe. ==Opposition to Expanded Law Enforcement Access== Not everyone is in favor of expanding the government's access to private encrypted data. According to a 2014 poll, a majority of Americans (54%) “disapprove” of bulk government collection of phone and internet records,<ref> Pew Research Center. (2014). Beyond Red vs. Blue: The Political Typology. http://www.people-press.org/files/2014/06/6-26-14-Political-Typology-release1.pdf </ref> and presidential candidates as diverse as [[w: Bernie Sanders | Bernie Sanders]]<ref>https://berniesanders.com/issues/war-and-peace/</ref> and [[w: Rand Paul | Rand Paul]]<ref>https://www.randpaul.com/issue/ending-nsa-spying</ref> have spoken in favor of reining in the [[w: National Security Agency | National Security Agency’s ]] [[w: PRISM (surveillance program) | data collection programs]] during the 2016 election cycle. Most opposition comes from participants with concerns over privacy or technical issues, though other factors such as economic issues are also relevant. ===Participants with Privacy Concerns=== Many opponents of government access to data do so on privacy grounds. For instance, [[w : Tim Cook | Apple CEO Tim Cook]], speaking about his company’s [[w: end-to-end encryption | end-to-end encrypted]] [[w: IMessage | iMessage]] service, said “we believe the contents of your text messages and your video chats is none of our business.”<ref>Cook, T. (2015). Speech at Electronic Privacy Information Center. http://techcrunch.com/2015/06/02/apples-tim-cook-delivers-blistering-speech-on-encryption-privacy/#.ulz3r9:kVGu</ref> Groups like the [[w: Electronic Frontier Foundation | Electronic Frontier Foundation]]<ref>Electronic Frontier Foundation. (2015). https://www.eff.org</ref> advocate for reducing government access to data on privacy grounds and enjoy reasonable support, including a budget in the tens of millions of dollars.<ref> Electronic Frontier Foundation. (2015). Annual Report. https://www.eff.org/about/annual-reports-and-financials </ref> Privacy concerns are not a new topic in the social sciences, but researchers have struggled even to define "privacy."<ref>Solove, D. J. (2008). Understanding privacy.</ref> Despite the difficulty in defining it, researchers have found that people place significant value on keeping their data private,<ref>Acquisti, A., John, L. K., & Loewenstein, G. (2013). What is privacy worth?. The Journal of Legal Studies, 42(2), 249-274.</ref> and concern over privacy is likely at least partially motivated by economic factors; companies like Apple even expressly use their protection of consumer privacy as a selling point.<ref name = "Apple privacy"></ref> ===Participants with Technical Concerns=== Many participants oppose weakening encryption on technical grounds. The basic argument is that a[[w: Backdoor (computing) | backdoor]] for law enforcement means that the encryption cannot be perfectly secure, because an attacker could use the backdoor to gain entry. As the[[w: Information Technology Industry Council | Information Technology Industry Council]] said in a statement following calls to add backdoors after the [[w: November 2015 Paris attacks | Paris attacks ]] in November 2015, weakening encryption by adding backdoors “simply doesn’t make sense.”<ref>Information Technology Industry Council. (2015). http://www.reuters.com/article/us-tech-encryption-idUSKCN0T82SS20151119</ref> This is the same argument that security experts used when the[[w: Clipper Chip | Clipper Chip]] was proposed, and which ultimately helped defeat it.<ref>Abelson, H., Anderson, R. N., Bellovin, S. M., Benaloh, J., Blaze, M., Diffie, W., ... & Schneier, B. (1997). The risks of key recovery, key escrow, and trusted third-party encryption.</ref> Opponents also contend that adding backdoors to encryption systems will not actually help law enforcement defeat threats. Nate Cardozo, staff attorney for the Electronic Frontier Foundation, has said that "intel agencies are drowning in data... It's not about having enough data; it's a matter of not knowing what to do with the data they already have."<ref>Cardozo, N. (2015). http://www.wired.com/2015/11/paris-attacks-cia-director-john-brennan-what-he-gets-wrong-about-encryption-backdoors/ </ref> Reports that the 2015 Paris attacks (which have been cited in proposals for backdoors, including by[[w: Central Intelligence Agency | CIA]] director[[w: John O. Brennan | John Brennan]])<ref> Brennan, J. (2015). Speech at Center for Strategic International Studies. http://www.defenseone.com/technology/2015/11/brennan-paris-wakeup-call-europe-encryption/123732/ </ref> were planned using unencrypted communications only make this claim stronger.<ref> Froomkin, D. (2015). Signs point to unencrypted communications between terror suspects. https://theintercept.com/2015/11/18/signs-point-to-unencrypted-communications-between-terror-suspects/ </ref> == Legal Framework and the Battle of Social Values == In legal settings, social values come under pressure when groups hold competing interests. Several court cases have influenced how society interprets key social values, adding legal, political, and social complexity to the question of how much access law enforcement should have to encrypted data - and when that access becomes too much. === <u>United States Constitution: The Foundation of Our Rights</u> === Almost every case in this chapter cites, interprets, or challenges two constitutional amendments. Before analyzing those interpretations, it is important to clearly establish what the referenced amendments say about our [[wikipedia:List_of_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States|constitutional rights]]: ==== 4th Amendment ==== The 4th Amendment of the United States Constitution states: "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 4th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/amendments/amendment-iv |website=National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org |language=en}}</ref> In many encryption-related cases, defendants argued that warrantless device and data seizures violated this amendment. Courts often agreed, reinforcing the need for warrants before accessing encrypted devices and data. Over the past 50 years, the amendment's interpretation has remained consistent, protecting individuals and groups' dignity, privacy, and autonomy. ==== 5th Amendment ==== The 5th Amendment of the United States Constitution states: "No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 5th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/amendments/amendment-v |website=National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org |language=en}}</ref> The 5th Amendment protects individuals from being compelled to provide testimonial evidence against themselves ([[wikipedia:Self-incrimination|self-incrimination)]]. It is also well known for the [[wikipedia:Due_Process_Clause|proper due process]] clause, which outline how searches, seizures, and arrests must be conducted. Courts examined whether entering a passcode or decrypting data communicated knowledge, such as ownership, control, or the existence of specific files. When decryption would reveal new information, the 5th Amendment applies. When the government can already describe the evidence with reasonable particularity, court have sometimes allowed compelled access. These cases shape how society negotiates differing social interests, ideas, and values, forcing courts and communities to decide which principles - privacy, autonomy, security, or public trust - should carry the most weight when digital information becomes part of criminal investigation. === <u>Cases on Personal Privacy vs. Public Safety</u> === The following court cases ''Smith v. Maryland, U.S. v. Cotterman, Riley v. California,'' and ''Carpenter v. U.S.'' highlight the evolving legal battle over how far the government may go in accessing digital information in the name of public safety and justice. Together they illustrate how constitutional protections written in the 18th century are reinterpreted to address current technologies, from cell phone applications to location tracking. They also go beyond legal bounds and address competing social values, where law enforcement's interest in preventing harm and investigating crime sometimes conflicts society's growing expectation of personal privacy extending to a digital space. As each case redefines the balance between these values, it also influences how U.S. citizens understand their legal rights and the conditions under which those rights can be limited or lost. ==== ''Smith v. Maryland'' (1979) ==== In [[wikipedia:Smith_v._Maryland|''Smith v. Maryland'']], Michael Lee Smith was arrested and indicted for robbing Patricia McDonough. To confirm Smith's identity after cross-referencing against the victim's description, the police asked the telephone company to install a [[wikipedia:Pen_register|pen register]]. However, they did so without a warrant or court order, since they believed Smith was the source of threatening calls made to McDonough. Once the pen register confirmed outgoing numbers, police obtained a warrant to search Smith's residence, where they seized the phonebook and identified Smith to be the robber. At trial, Smith sought to suppress the evidence collected by the pen register since the police did not obtain a warrant to seize his telecommunication information "prior to its installation," which he claimed violated his 4th Amendment protection against unreasonable searches and seizures. On June 20, 1979, the court ruled in favor of Maryland, holding that Smith had no "legitimate expectation of privacy" in the numbers he dialed because he voluntarily conveyed that information to the phone company, which they recorded as a part of their regular business practices. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Smith v. Maryland, 442 U.S. 735 (1979) |url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/442/735/ |website=Justia Law |language=en}}</ref> ==== ''U.S. v. Cotterman'' (2013) ==== ''[[wikipedia:United_States_v._Cotterman|U.S. v. Cotterman]]'' began when Howard Cotterman returned from Mexico and was flagged by the [[wikipedia:TECS|Treasury Enforcement Communications System (TECS)]] database due to prior sexual offenses. At Lukeville, Arizona port of entry, border patrol officers conducted two searches (the second after the TECS notification), finding two laptops and 3 cameras, which [[wikipedia:United_States_Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement|Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)]] later came and seized.<ref>{{Cite web |last=hlr |date=2014-01-17 |title=United States v. Cotterman |url=https://harvardlawreview.org/print/vol-127/ninth-circuit-holds-forensic-search-of-laptop-seized-at-border-requires-showing-of-reasonable-suspicion-ae-united-states-v-cotterman-709-f-3d-952-9th-cir-2013-en-banc/ |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=Harvard Law Review |language=en-US}}</ref> After conducting an off-site digital forensic search, the government found hundreds of files containing child pornography on Cotterman's devices, and they indicted him for possession of such digital content. Cotterman motioned to suppress the evidence gained from the devices, claiming the forensic search violated the 4th Amendment. The United States argued that there are exceptions to the 4th Amendment regarding border searches. After being granted then reversed, the case was reheard [https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/en_banc en banc]. The Ninth Circuit en banc finally held that the United States violated Cotterman's 4th Amendment rights, saying that forensic, comprehensive searches of digital devices at the border require reasonable suspicion, recognizing the heightened privacy interests in electronic data. ==== ''Riley v. California'' (2014) ==== In ''[[wikipedia:Riley_v._California|Riley v. California]],'' David Riley was stopped for a traffic violation, arrested on weapons charges, and had his cell phone seized and searched without a warrant, linking Riley to gang affiliation and involvement in a prior shooting. Riley moved to suppress the phone evidence, but the lower court denied his motion. A similar case, ''U.S. v. Wurie'' (2014), involved a similar warrantless search of a flip phone that linked Wurie to a drug stash in his apartment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States v. Wurie |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/cert/13-212 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute |language=en}}</ref> The Supreme Court reviewed both cases together and ultimately decided that "the police generally may not, without a warrant, search digital information on a cell phone seized from an individual who has been arrested"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Riley v. California, 573 U.S. 373 (2014) |url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/573/373/ |website=Justia Law |language=en}}</ref>. As a result, Riley's conviction was reversed while Wurie's case ruling was sustained. ==== ''Carpenter v. U.S.'' (2018) ==== ''[[wikipedia:Carpenter_v._United_States|Carpenter v. U.S.]]'' is similar to ''Riley v. California,'' in regard to how both involved data associated with cell phones. However, in the Carpenter case, police arrested four men with connection to an armed robbery. One of the men confessed and gave his number and all of the numbers of the other participants to the FBI, which they used to obtain orders to gain transactional records on each phone number. This was granted under the [[wikipedia:Stored_Communications_Act|Stored Communications Act, 18 U.S.C. 2703(d)]], which provides the government the ability to "require the disclosure of certain telecommunication records when 'specific and articulable facts show[] that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the contents of a wire or electronic communication, or the records or other information sought, are relevant and material to an ongoing criminal investigation.'"<ref>Carpenter v. United States. (n.d.). ''Oyez''. <nowiki>https://www.oyez.org/cases/2017/16-402</nowiki></ref> The transactional records included evidential data about phone call location data and other [[wikipedia:Cell_site|cell site]] location information (CSLI). Timothy Carpenter moved to suppress the evidence gained from the CSLI data, arguing it violated the 4th Amendment. Ultimately, the Supreme Court narrowly sided with Carpenter, stating the warrantless search and seizure of phone users' location data violated the 4th Amendment, but this case also extended the [[wikipedia:Third-party_doctrine|third-party doctrine]], which was originally established in ''Smith v. Maryland'' and ''U.S. v. Miller'' (1976). ==== Social Analysis: Privilege of Privacy Amongst Individuals ==== While ''Smith v. Maryland'' established early boundaries for digital privacy through the [[wikipedia:Third-party_doctrine|third-party doctrine]], the struggle between digital privacy and the government's duty to ensure public safety and promote the general welfare remains foundationally contested. Later cases ''U.S. v. Cotterman, Riley v. California, and Carpenter v. U.S.'' shifted the legal landscape by recognizing that digital privacy is not merely limited to or defined by location, device, or type of data. Further, these decisions affirm that modern technology and encrypted data function as extensions of one's identity: "phones are no longer merely phones, but important communication ...[and] data centers, and perhaps most significantly, loci for the digital culture."<ref>Steven I. Friedland, Riley v. California and the Stickiness Principle, 14 ''Duke Law & Technology Review'' 121-139 (2016)</ref> In a world where personal identity, social life, and daily conduct are increasingly mediated through digital platforms, individuals carry with them an expectation of privacy that is qualitatively different from what was considered in the past. However, this expectation is not universally accepted or consistently interpreted. The ability to protect one's digital privacy, through encryption, secure devices, and knowledge of digital rights, often underlines developing social privileges. As governments and courts continue to define the limitations and applications of privacy in an evolving cyber-physical space, tensions will continue to emerge between expanding privacy protections and ensuring that privacy is not viewed as a hindrance to justice, safety, or accountability. These tensions have been heightened by the recent rise in AI surveillance and automated data decryption services, where, as the [[wikipedia:American_Civil_Liberties_Union|ACLU]] notes, "the automated nature of these systems means that traditional limitations on police resources—once a vital check on government overreach—have been effectively eliminated."<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 12, 2026 |title=AI-Powered Surveillance Is Turning the United States into a Digital Police State. Now is the Time to Stop It. |url=https://www.aclum.org/publications/ai-powered-surveillance-is-turning-the-united-states-into-a-digital-police-state-now-is-the-time-to-stop-it/ |website=ACLU of Massachusetts |language=en-US}}</ref> These cases reveal that privacy is not only a legal right but a social resource - one that is unevenly accessible, persistently contested, and potentially constrained depending on the level of influence and position one has within society, public institutions, and digital systems. === <u>Cases on Digital Autonomy vs. Law Enforcement's Authority</u> === These cases highlight a nearly twenty year trend in how courts navigate the tension between personal digital autonomy and expanding authority of law enforcement. Central to this is the forgone conclusion doctrine, a limited exception to the 5th Amendment's Self-Incrimination Clause that can compel an individual to release encrypted data and passcodes if three factors are met: # The Government has knowledge of the existence of the evidence demanded # The defendant possessed or controlled the evidence, and # The evidence is authentic. The government must also be able to describe the evidence with "reasonable particularity." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Foregone Conclusion Doctrine Allows Government to Make Criminal Defendant Disclose Computer Password |url=https://goldsteinmehta.com/blog/foregone-conclusion-doctrine |website=Goldstein Mehta LLC |language=en-US}}</ref> Although this doctrine is framed as a narrow case-by-case rule, its application in the digital era shifts power toward law enforcement in situations where devices and encrypted data act as extensions of personal identity, memory, and autonomy. As encryption continues to become a default feature of everyday technology, compelled-decryption cases raise questions about how much control individuals retain over their data and whether constitutional protections can keep up with rapidly evolving digital systems. While many courts, often citing ''In re Boucher'', have supported decryption under the doctrine, cases such as ''U.S. v. Doe'' and the ''Oakland Biometrics Case'' emphasizes that society still recognizes meaningful limits on government authority and continue to affirm the social and legal value of personal digital autonomy. ==== ''In re Boucher Case'' (2009) ==== The [[wikipedia:In_re_Boucher|''In re Grand Jury Subpoena to Boucher'' case]] arose when Sebastien Boucher was arrested at the border between Canada and Vermont, where an officer's secondary inspection led to the discovery of child pornography on Boucher's computer. However, after seizing the laptop and once the computer was shut down, the hard drive's content could not be viewed again without entering in a passphrase. A Secret Service computer forensics expert testified that the drive had been encrypted using [[wikipedia:Pretty_Good_Privacy|Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)]] software and there was no backdoor for this type of encryption software.<ref>Pfefferkorn, Riana, In Re Boucher: Hard Drives Make Pretty Good Law? Encryption Passphrases as Testimonial Evidence Under the Fifth Amendment (February 1, 2009). Available at SSRN: <nowiki>https://ssrn.com/abstract=1883697</nowiki> or <nowiki>http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1883697</nowiki></ref> In response, the grand jury subpoenaed Boucher to release the passphrases to the government, in which Boucher successfully moved to quash the subpoena, initially. Boucher argued that this violated his 5th Amendment rights against self-incrimination, but after further review the U.S. District Court for Vermont reversed the initial grant. The reasoning for this reversal is that since the files sought allegedly contain child pornographic content, the entry of the password is incriminating and therefore the real question is whether the "subpoena seeks testimonial communication." Also, both parties agreed that the content in the files did not share the same 5th Amendment privileges as revealing the password, as the files were "voluntarily prepared" and not testimonial.<ref>In Re Boucher (United States District Court for the District of Vermont November 29, 2009). <nowiki>https://www.volokh.com/files/Boucher.pdf</nowiki>.</ref> The real question lies in whether entry of the password, and ultimately handing the files over to the government, would be testimonial and a violation of the 5th Amendment. The final verdict states that "Boucher has no act of production privilege to refuse to provide the grand jury with an unencrypted version of the Z drive of his computer," and that "the government may not make use of Boucher's act of production to authenticate the unencrypted Z drive or its contents either before the grand jury or a petit jury," ultimately legally compelling Boucher to decrypt his device and hand the files to the government.<ref>In re Grand Jury Subpoena to Sebastien Boucher, <nowiki>https://yalelawtech.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/boucher_-_sessions_-_appeal.pdf</nowiki> (United States District Court for the District of Vermont. February 19, 2009).</ref> This case became a significant landmark of [[wikipedia:Key_disclosure_law|key disclosure law]] through being regarded as [[wikipedia:Case_law|case law]], and its influence is significant in several other court cases discussed in the battle of self autonomy and authority. ==== ''U.S. v. Doe'' (Dated March 25, 2011) ==== In the case of ''U.S. v. Doe,'' FBI agents seized two laptops and five external hard drives from a man under investigation, but the data was stored behind an encryption program assumed to be [[wikipedia:TrueCrypt|TrueCrypt]]. When ordered by a grand jury to produce unencrypted contents of the hard drives, he invoked the 5th Amendment, claiming a breach of protections against self-incrimination. Specifically, Doe argued that "the Government’s use of the decrypted contents of the hard drives would constitute derivative use of his immunized testimony, use not protected by the district court’s grant of immunity."<ref>{{Cite web |title=In Re: Grand Jury Subpoena Duces Tecum Dated March 25, 2011, USA v. John Doe, No. 11-12268 (11th Cir. 2012) |url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca11/11-12268/11-12268-2012-02-23.html |website=Justia Law |language=en}}</ref> Doe also explained he was unable to decrypt the hard drive (which was disregarded in this case as well as the appeal case), but ultimately the court held Doe in contempt and jailed him. After appealing the decision, the circuit court ruled that decrypting the data is testimonial and therefore protected by the 5th Amendment (in favor of Doe), a comparably different outcome than seen in ''In re Boucher'' and ''U.S. v. Fricosu,'' and a significant limitation on the foregone conclusion doctrine. ==== ''U.S. v. Fricosu'' (2012) ==== In ''[[wikipedia:United_States_v._Fricosu|U.S. v. Fricosu]],'' the FBI obtained a search warrant for Colorado resident Ramona Fricosu under suspicion of mortgage fraud. During the search, agents seized six computers. One of the six computers seized was password-encrypted by a program called PGP Desktop, which "provides easy to use and secure encryption to protect sensitive data on your laptop or desktop computers." <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Symantec Encryption Desktop? (formerly known as PGP Desktop Encryption) |url=https://help.uillinois.edu/TDClient/37/uic/KB/PrintArticle?ID=776 |website=help.uillinois.edu}}</ref> The day after the execution of the search warrant, Fricosu made a call to her incarcerated divorced ex-husband, and the recorded conversation revealed that both her and her ex-husband were aware of the content in her laptop, as well as the encryption program and her legal instruction to not provide any passwords, as protected by the 5th Amendment. In closing, several facts of the case (including file names, location of laptop, and connection to her ex-husband and his convictions) led the court to hold that Fricosu is legally compelled to provide an unencrypted copy of the files to the government as evidence, aligning with the ''In re Boucher'' case and applying the forgone conclusion doctrine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States v. Fricosu, Criminal Case No. 10–cr–00509–REB–02. {{!}} D. Colo., Judgment, Law, casemine.com |url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/us/5914e216add7b049348ee62f |website=https://www.casemine.com |language=en}}</ref> ==== ''Commonwealth v. Gelfgatt'' (2012) ==== ''Commonwealth v. Gelfgatt'' is another case regarding compelled decryption via [[wikipedia:Key_disclosure_law|key disclosure laws]] influenced by ''In re Boucher''. Leon I. Gelfgatt, an attorney, was indicted with seventeen counts of forgery of a document, seventeen counts of [[wikipedia:Uttering|uttering]] a forged instrument, and three counts of attempting to commit larceny. The charges came from allegations against Gelfgatt that he conducted a scheme, using several computers, to receive ill-obtained funds that he used to pay mortgage loans for residential properties. The Commonwealth asked the judge to grant legal compulsion of Gelfgatt to decrypt his computers, in which the judge denied originally but asked for higher-level advisement on the question:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth v. Gelfgatt |url=https://law.justia.com/cases/massachusetts/supreme-court/2014/sjc-11358.html |website=Justia Law |language=en}}</ref> "Can the defendant be compelled pursuant to the Commonwealth's proposed protocol to provide his key to seized encrypted digital evidence despite the rights and protections provided by the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article Twelve of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights?"<ref name=":0" /> The Supreme Judicial Court, after further review of the law in question, reversed the judges denial to the Commonwealth's request for Gelfgatt's compulsion, implying in their verdict that "the government can ... compel the defendant to produce it [digital evidence] where it already knows what the information is, and the defendant’s disclosure would add little or nothing to what the government’s knowledge," another application of the forgone conclusion doctrine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernandez |first=Zoraida |date=2019-03-20 |title=Can the Commonwealth Compel You to Unlock Your Cell Phone? SJC Clarifies Certain Circumstances in Which it Can |url=https://www.bostonlawyerblog.com/can-the-commonwealth-compel-you-to-unlock-your-cell-phone-sjc-clarifies-certain-circumstances-in-which-it-can/ |website=Boston Lawyer Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== ''Oakland Biometrics Case'' (2019) ==== The ''In re: Search of A Residence in Oakland, California'' case presents a notably different application of the 4th and 5th Amendments in a cyber-physical system, compared to cases like ''In re Boucher'', ''U.S. v. Fricosu'', and ''Commonwealth v. Gelfgatt.'' In this case, the government was investigating two individuals suspected of committing extortion scheme conducted through Facebook Messenger. The government's warrant application asked for the authority to search the Oakland residence and seize all digital devices on the premise, and to compel any individual present to unlock the devices through [[wikipedia:Biometrics|biometric]] features, even if they were not the subjects of the warrant. The magistrate judge denied the application, finding that "while the Government had probable cause to search the premises under the Fourth Amendment, it did not have probable cause to search and seize ''all'' digital devices nor compel their unlocking using biometric features because the search warrant application was not limited to digital devices owned or controlled by the suspects."<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Nowell D. Bamberger, Melissa Gohlke, Sameer Jaywant |date=2019-01-23 |title=Court Holds That 5th Amendment Self-Incrimination Privilege Precludes Compelling Fingerprint or Facial Recognition Access to Digital Devices {{!}} Cleary Enforcement Watch |language=en-US |work=Cleary Enforcement Watch |url=https://www.clearyenforcementwatch.com/2019/01/court-holds-5th-amendment-self-incrimination-privilege-precludes-compelling-fingerprint-facial-recognition-access-digital-devices/}}</ref> Citing ''Carpenter v. U.S.'' in 2018, the court emphasized how "the advancement of technology should not be accompanied by an erosion in the constitutional rights of the people, and that courts should vigilantly guard against such erosion."<ref name=":1" /> In its final reasoning, the court held that biometric data cannot be compelled to unlock devices, including "fingers, thumbs, facial recognition, optical/iris, or any other biometric feature to unlock electronic devices." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Baron |first=Ethan |last2=News |first2=The Mercury |date=2019-01-16 |title=Biometrics Ruling Limits How Police Can Access a Smartphone |url=https://www.govtech.com/products/Biometrics-Ruling-Limits-How-Police-Can-Access-a-Smartphone.html |website=GovTech |language=en}}</ref> ==== ''State v. Andrews'' (2020) ==== ''State v. Andrews'' began with the arrest of Quincy Lowery for suspected involvement in a New Jersey drug-trafficking ring. However, Lowery confessed officer Robert Andrews helped him evade detection by warning Lowery of the wiretap on his phone and the GPS tracker on his Jeep. Lowery even showed the investigators the text messages to prove such evidence, but because he reset his phone a month earlier, most of the text messages were wiped. Officers requested Andrews to hand over his two iPhones, in which Andrews did so voluntarily without giving out the passwords to unlock them. Without a way to effectively decrypt the passwords, the State obtained warrants for the phones' contents and motioned for Andrews to reveal the passwords. Andrews refused citing the 5th Amendment's Self-Incrimination Clause. Once the trial court supported the State's motion and Andrews appealed the courts decision, the appeals court upheld the trial court's decision, stating "because the State had already established that Andrews owned, possessed, and controlled his iPhones, his act of producing their passcodes, while 'testimonial,' fell under this 'foregone conclusion' exception."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-04-12 |title=State v. Andrews |url=https://harvardlawreview.org/print/vol-134/state-v-andrews/ |website=Harvard Law Review |language=en-US}}</ref> Andrews appealed the decision again, and the New Jersey Supreme Court affirmed both lower courts, holding "that the Fifth Amendment privilege was overcome by the government’s knowledge of three key facts: the passcodes’ existence, their possession by the defendant, and their authenticity,"<ref name=":2" /> ultimately compelling Andrews to reveal the passwords to the iPhones. ==== Social Analysis: Increasing Authority at the Cost of Digital Autonomy ==== The current U.S. legal landscape underlines a shift in how society balances personal digital autonomy against government authority. As courts increasingly apply the forgone conclusion doctrine to encrypted devices and data, they reshape social expectations about privacy, identity, and government authority. With digital devices functioning as extensions of our lives, compelled decryption has social implications far beyond traditional evidence production. Cases such as ''In re Boucher, U.S. v. Fricosu, Commonwealth v. Gelfgatt,'' and ''State v. Andrews'' have normalized broader government access to encrypted data, strengthening a social narrative that national security interests outweigh individual control over digital identity. This could erode trust and accountability, particularly in communities already skeptical of law enforcement, and may create concerning effects on expression, association, and political participation. As compelled access becomes more routine, society risks normalizing a surveillance-based relationship between citizens and the government. However, cases like ''U.S. v. Doe'' and the ''Oakland Biometrics Case'' demonstrate the value digital autonomy and the importance of limiting the government's power when compelled decryption becomes indistinguishable from self-incrimination. Advocacies, professional organizations, and non-profits also play a crucial role in shaping both the public's view and judicial reasoning. For example, the [[wikipedia:Electronic_Frontier_Foundation|Electric Frontier Foundation (EFF)]] wrote amicus briefs (a legal document providing advice, information, or arguments related to a case) for both ''U.S. v. Fricosu'' and ''U.S. v. Doe'', consistently arguing that the 5th Amendment protected individuals from all forms of compelled decryption. They emphasized that the different outcomes in these cases resulted from not doctrinal inconsistency but from the defendant's own disclosures, underlining how "silence is golden." Noting how "Boucher talked to law enforcement" and "Fricosu talked to her ex-husband and co-defendant in jail," the EFF claims "it was this talking that defeated their Fifth Amendment privilege through the foregone conclusion doctrine."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fakhoury |first=Hanni |date=2012-03-07 |title=A Tale of Two Encryption Cases |url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2012/03/tale-two-encryption-cases |website=Electronic Frontier Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Together, the legal and social proponents of conflicting civil liberties, often driven by strong social values, illustrate a battle over the definition of digital autonomy, one which courts, civil liberties organizations, and the public are actively shaping the future boundaries of state authority in an increasingly data-driven society. === <u>Cases on Managing Public Trust & Accountability</u> === This final section addresses the critical but often overlooked social values of public trust and accountability, particularly in the management of personal data. As emerging technologies such as [[wikipedia:Quantum_computing|quantum computing]], [[wikipedia:Artificial_intelligence|AI]], and [[wikipedia:Edge_computing|edge computing]] reshape how information is stored and accessed, public trust in institutions responsible for protecting digital rights has become increasingly fragile. People typically rely on governments, courts, and large organizations to act as stewards of their data and to ensure that justice is upheld when digital rights are threatened. However, the following cases reveal a series of paradoxes, where entities display conflicting interests in data management and the legal framework governing their practices lag behind the change in technology. These tensions propose significant questions in who truly manages data and, by extension, who the public can trust to enact accountability in an increasingly digital world. ==== ''U.S. v. Microsoft'' (2018) ==== [[File:BalticServers data center.jpg|thumb|Data centers hold vast amounts of information about millions of individuals and organizations, making them a significant source of digital evidence.]] In ''[[wikipedia:Microsoft_Corp._v._United_States|U.S. v. Microsoft]],'' the FBI in 2013 obtained a warrant under the [[wikipedia:Stored_Communications_Act|Stored Communications Act]] requiring Microsoft to release encrypted email and other information connected to one of their customers that was under suspicion of being involved in illegal drug trafficking. Microsoft refused to comply, arguing these emails were stored in its Dublin, Ireland data center and that the SCA did not authorize U.S. courts to compel production of data outside of its borders. Microsoft moved to quash the warrant, questioning how a United States federal law can be enforced outside of U.S. borders. While the move to quash the warrant was denied by the district court, Microsoft appealed the ruling and was granted their motion to quash it by the Second Circuit court. The U.S. Department of Justice petitioned to review the new decision, claiming that the warrant was "a domestic application of the SCA," and that the appealed decision "would be 'impractical and detrimental to law enforcement' and that the use of the SCA to obtain user data stored abroad would respect 'the United States’ international obligations.'"<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States v. Microsoft |url=https://epic.org/documents/united-states-v-microsoft/ |website=EPIC - Electronic Privacy Information Center |language=en-US}}</ref> After the Supreme Court granted the petition and planned to hold another hearing, the federal government enacted the [[wikipedia:CLOUD_Act|Clarifying Lawful Overseas Use of Data Act (CLOUD Act)]], which in essence established that U.S. service providers must produce data within their possession, custody, or control regardless of where the data is physically stored. This ultimately led to the case being dismissed as unnecessary and Microsoft being legally compelled by the CLOUD Act to obtain and provide the data from its Irish datacenter, due to Microsoft being a U.S. company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States v. Microsoft Corp., 584 U.S. ___ (2018) |url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/584/17-2/ |website=Justia Law |language=en}}</ref><ref>United States v. Microsoft Corporation. (n.d.). ''Oyez''. <nowiki>https://www.oyez.org/cases/2017/17-2</nowiki></ref> ==== ''Van Buren v. U.S.'' (2021) ==== ''[[wikipedia:Van_Buren_v._United_States|Van Buren v. U.S.]]'' addresses access to encrypted data very differently from ''U.S. v. Microsoft''. Georgia police sergeant Nathan Van Buren was bribed by Andrew Albo, who was cooperating with an FBI sting operation, to run a license plate search on a possible undercover cop. Van Buren complied to the request, and through the [[wikipedia:Crime_information_center|Georgia Crime Information Center (GCIC)]] he used his authorized credentials to look up the provided license plate to confirm the identity of an undercover cop. Although officers are trained that GCIC access is strictly limited to law enforcement purposes specifically, Van Buren technically accessed only information he was already authorized to view. He was charged with violating the [[wikipedia:Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act|Computer Fraud & Abuse Act (CFAA)]], which he petitioned for review claiming that he technically did not exceed access authority as a law enforcement official with proper credentials to access the GCIC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Van Buren v. United States |url=https://epic.org/documents/van-buren-v-united-states/ |website=EPIC - Electronic Privacy Information Center |language=en-US}}</ref> The court argued that "the purpose in using the system was immaterial," and with there being no purpose limitation cited in the CFAA, "Van Buren was authorized to access the database and di not violate the CFAA."<ref name=":3">Scott T. Lashway and Matthew M.K. Stein, ''Signs Inscribed on a Gate: The Impact of Van Buren v. United States on Civil Claims Under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act'', 44 W. New Eng. L. Rev. 109 (2022), <nowiki>https://digitalcommons.law.wne.edu/lawreview/vol44/iss1/5</nowiki></ref> The court also made three important notes regarding the outcome and implications of this case and the CFAA, stating as follows: # Amending the CFAA to include a purpose-based limitation criminalizes ordinary conduct, such as when an employee uses a business computer to send and check personal emails. # Purpose-based limitations are unstable and potentially unclear, blurring what is considered "normal" and "criminal" conduct. # The CFAA was only concerned in Van Buren's credentials, not his purpose for accessing GCIC records. Future disputes may address how contracts, policies, and terms of service interact with the statute's access-based limitations. ==== Social Analysis: Continuously Balancing Restriction and Freedoms ==== [[File:Official Presidential portrait of Thomas Jefferson (by Rembrandt Peale, 1800)(cropped).jpg|thumb|Thomas Jefferson recognized the power the public provides to its government, and the importance of the government maintaining the public's trust.]] As [[wikipedia:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] once stated, "when a man assumes a public trust, he should consider himself as public property."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-01 |title=Basic Obligation of Public Service {{!}} U.S. Department of the Interior |url=https://www.doi.gov/ethics/basic-obligations-of-public-service |website=www.doi.gov |language=en}}</ref> The principal Jefferson emphasizes is that public institutions derive their legitimacy from the people and must remain accountable to them. Yet the modern legal framework surrounding encrypted data often moves in the opposite direction. In cases such as ''U.S. v. Microsoft,'' the government asserted authority beyond U.S. borders, raising important questions about which institutions, domestic or foreign, citizens are expected to trust with their digital lives. Microsoft and privacy advocates warned that if the U.S. can issue a warrant that legally compels decryption abroad, "other countries will in turn use their own laws to seize data stored in the U.S" which "could put Americans’ emails (and other data) at risk of seizure by foreign governments."<ref>Kruse, N. (2018, March 1). ''U.S. v. Microsoft: Is Your Data and Privacy at Risk?''. Byte Back. <nowiki>https://www.bytebacklaw.com/2018/03/u-s-v-microsoft-is-your-data-and-privacy-at-risk/</nowiki></ref> The CLOUD Act further complicates this landscape by shifting practical control of data from the government to private, for-profit corporations. Even when data is physically stored in another country, ownership and decision-making authority often remain with companies like Microsoft, Facebook, and Apple, who all supported the CLOUD Act and whose incentives are shaped not by democratic accountability but by reputation management, market pressures, and financial interests. This raises two currently unanswered questions of public trust: first, how can citizens trust governmental systems when jurisdictional boundaries blur and government authority extends beyond its traditional limits, and second, how can they trust corporations to act as responsible stewards of their data when their obligations to shareholders may conflict with the public's interest in privacy and autonomy? Furthermore, ''Van Buren v. U.S.'' produces a paradoxical outcome, where individuals protected from being criminalized for everyday digital behavior while simultaneously exposing the public to greater risks of insider misuses of encrypted data by law enforcement. The CFAA was originally designed to prevent unauthorized access to sensitive information, but Van Buren narrowed its scope by rejecting any inquiry into a person's purpose for accessing data. In doing so, the court prevented the CFAA from becoming an overly broad "terms-of-service crime," yet it also removed a potential safeguard against officers who misuse their legitimate credentials to access personal information for improper reasons. As scholars note, the CFAA retains its force, "even with the purpose inquiry foreclosed: access may not be authorization, and authorization or its limits could be inferred from context and terms of use."<ref name=":3" /> Regardless, this case “does not definitively resolve the question of whether unauthorized access must be barred by a hardware or software gateway or if activity can become ‘unauthorized’ by a contractual ban" and “largely for that reason, the practical effects on the CFAA’s civil enforcement provisions remain to be seen.”<ref>Melanie Assad, Van Buren v. United States: An Employer Defeat or Hacker’s Victory – Or Something in Between, 21 UIC REV. INTELL. PROP. L. 166 (2022).</ref> From a public trust perspective, this creates a double-edged sword: the decision limits government overreach, yet it also leaves the public more vulnerable to the very actors entrusted with sensitive data, raising the difficult questions about accountability, oversight, and the social value of trust in law enforcement. Both ''U.S. v Microsoft'' and ''Van Buren v. U.S.'' offer different stories connected by their influence over public trust and accountability; one raises concerns about how far a government's authority extends and the inherent ownership of encrypted data by companies driven by the market and productivity, while the other is seen as a win for protecting individuals from accidental criminalization of normal activities and a loss for holding law enforcement accountable by removing an extra layer of protection through authorization and credentials. As technology changes and evolves, shaping the application of data encryption, management, and access, future litigations may arise, and the question of who will maintain the public's trust in data privacy and digital autonomy will most likely continue to be overlooked and potentially mishandled. All of these court cases point toward a future that will quickly challenge long-held and accepted social values, especially in regard to extending those values to encrypted digital or cyber-physical platforms, and it is up to all participants to make these social values known and considered, whether it is noted by an advocacy, non-profit organization, for-profit corporation, law enforcement agencies, regular citizens, or the courts. ==Conclusion== The struggle over encryption backdoors is far from over, and there will almost certainly be more developments on this topic in the future as new solutions are proposed and enacted or defeated. Although we have covered significant parts of the debate in the United States and the United Kingdom, participants in other places have different perspectives. Interesting additions to this chapter could include updates covering future developments and expansion to cover encryption worldwide. ==References== {{reflist}} {{BookCat}} 1sxhz83boq5f9h77hpokfyl837jxx8s 4633498 4633424 2026-05-02T05:22:46Z ~2026-26682-41 3580607 Apple and ACLU position as participants. 4633498 wikitext text/x-wiki Though once considered a munition<ref>US Department of State. (1992). Code of Federal Regulations. https://epic.org/crypto/export_controls/itar.html</ref>, [[w: Encryption software | encrypted communications]] have become commonplace in commercially available software. [[w:Apple Inc. | Apple’s]] [[w: IMessage | iMessage]] system, for instance, is [[w: end-to-end encryption | end-to-end encrypted]], meaning that no-one (not even Apple) can read a message except the sender and the recipient<ref>Apple Corporation. (2011). iOS 5 Press Release. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/06/06New-Version-of-iOS-Includes-Notification-Center-iMessage-Newsstand-Twitter-Integration-Among-200-New-Features.html</ref>. Apple now also encrypts all data on its [[w:IOS | iOS]] devices,<ref>Apple Corporation. (2014). iOS Security Guide, September 2014. https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1302613-ios-security-guide-sept-2014.html</ref> and [[w:Google | Google]] does the same on its [[w: Android (operating system) | Android operating system]].<ref>Android Project. (2015). Full Disk Encryption. https://source.android.com/security/encryption/</ref> These systems prevent anyone besides the device owner from accessing the data on the device. Law enforcement agencies have had problems with this technology, however, because it also prevents them from viewing the data on phones, even when they have a search warrant. In one case, Apple refused to open a locked [[w: IPhone | iPhone]] for the [[w: Federal Bureau of Investigation | FBI]] in a drug investigation,<ref>Appuzo, M., Sanger, D., Schmidt, M. (2015). Apple and Other Tech Companies Tangle with US Over Data Access. New York Times, September 8, 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/08/us/politics/apple-and-other-tech-companies-tangle-with-us-over-access-to-data.html?_r=0 </ref> stating that doing so was impossible. Law enforcement agencies have argued that tech companies should provide them with a [[w: Backdoor (computing) | “backdoor,”]] a special way to decrypt messages that can only be used by law enforcement and which would require a search warrant.<ref>Comey, J. (2015). http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/08/fbi-chief-backdoor-access-encryption-isis</ref> In this chapter, we examine the sociotechnical forces surrounding this proposal in the United States and its allies. ==Background== Although relevant today, law enforcement's access to encrypted communications is not a new issue in the United States. As personal digital communication grew more common in the early 1990s, the Clinton Administration began to push for a way to "preserve a government capability to conduct electronic surveillance in furtherance of legitimate law enforcement and national security interests."<ref>White House. (1993). Public encryption management. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/pdd5.htm</ref> There have been several subsequent proposals for policies directly addressing the issue, though a variety of technical and social issues have prevented any such policy from taking effect. ===Clipper Chip=== [[File:MYK-78 Clipper chip markings.jpg|thumb|Clipper Chip that could be included in the hardware of any personal computer or communication device]] The Clinton Administration's first proposal was the Clipper Chip, a hardware device designed by the United States government that manufacturers would build into their computers. This used a system called [[w: Key escrow | "key escrow"]] where each chip would be given a corresponding key that could decrypt any message encrypted by the chip. The key would be held by the United States government and released to law enforcement when legally required.<ref name="Blaze94">Blaze, M. (1994). Protocol failure in the escrowed encryption standard. http://www.crypto.com/papers/eesproto.pdf</ref> A variety of social and technical problems, such as the high monetary and economic costs of implementation<ref name="Deutch96">Deutch, J. (1996). Memorandum for the president. https://web.archive.org/web/20121015182952/http://www.foia.cia.gov/docs/DOC_0000239468/DOC_0000239468.pdf</ref> and weaknesses in the encryption algorithm<ref name="Blaze94 /> meant that the Clipper Chip was never adopted. ===Key Recovery=== Following the Clipper Chip's failure, the Clinton Administration proposed a system it called "key recovery." In this system, trusted third party organizations would hold users' keys and provide them to law enforcement upon request.<ref name="Deutch96" /> At the time of this proposal encryption technology was still classified as a munition, making it illegal to export from the United States. With the backing of the CIA, the Clinton Administration proposed weakening these restrictions as long as companies agreed to develop key recovery technology.<ref name="Deutch96" /> By doing this, the Administration hoped to make key recovery the standard domestically and globally, giving law enforcement and intelligence agencies access to encrypted data worldwide. Organized groups within the Clinton Administration had opposing views on this issue. Though the Administration, with the internal backing of the CIA, publicly supported this key recovery plan, the Justice Department internally opposed it, believing that the plan did not go far enough and proposing that the law be modified to only allow the export and import of encryption technology that worked with key recovery systems.<ref name="Deutch96" /> Outside of government, many prominent groups opposed the plan for largely the same reasons that they had opposed the Clipper Chip. Trade groups such as the [[w:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)]] and [[w:Association for Computing Machinery|Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)]] opposed the plan on economic, technical, and moral grounds. They believed that these restrictions would put American companies at an economic disadvantage while ultimately proving insecure and threatening civil freedoms.<ref>IEEE and ACM. (1997). Letter to Senator John McCain. http://usacm.acm.org/images/documents/spna_letter.pdf</ref> Ultimately legislation implementing the proposal never passed the Senate.<ref>McCain, J. (1997). Secure Public Networks Act. http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d105:s909:</ref> ===Current Status=== Though there have been many proposals for extending law enforcement's access to encrypted data in the United States, no proposals the scale of the Clipper Chip or key recovery have come into effect. Companies and individuals can generally develop and use cryptography systems freely. Recent criminal investigations where the United States Justice Department was unable to retrieve encrypted information from phones, along with concerns over terrorist attacks, have led policymakers such as Senate Judiciary Chair [[w:Chuck Grassley|Chuck Grassley]] and Deputy Attorney General [[w:Sally Yates|Sally Yates]] to renew calls for expanding law enforcement's access to encrypted data,<ref>Grassley, C. (2015). Grassley questions White House commitment to going dark solution. http://www.grassley.senate.gov/news/news-releases/grassley-questions-white-house-commitment-going-dark-solution</ref> bringing the issue back into the public eye. ==Support for Expanded Law Enforcement Access== In the United States and abroad, many organized groups want to give government agencies expanded power to read encrypted data in order to prevent and prosecute criminal activity. Government and law enforcement organizations are the most prominent of these groups. === The Obama Administration === In the aftermath of the [[w: November_2015_Paris_attacks|terrorist attacks in Paris]] and [[w: 2015_San_Bernardino_shooting|San Bernardino]], President Obama gave a national address about responding to future threats.<ref> White House. (2015). Address to the Nation by the President. https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/12/06/address-nation-president </ref> One step in the plan is to prevent criminal activity on encrypted channels.<ref>Rampton, R. (2015). Obama appeals to Silicon Valley for help with online anti-extremist campaign. http://www.reuters.com/article/california-shooting-cyber-idUSKBN0TQ0A320151207</ref> However, it is unclear by what means the administration intends this to be accomplished. Earlier in the year, the Obama administration conceded its fight to make tech companies add a [[w: Backdoor_(computing)|backdoor]] to encryption, agreeing that doing so would weaken defenses against foreign governments and cybercriminals.<ref name="obama">Perlroth, N. & Sanger, D. (2015). Obama Won’t Seek Access to Encrypted User Data. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/11/us/politics/obama-wont-seek-access-to-encrypted-user-data.html</ref> One of the Administration’s fears is that requiring a backdoor for companies in the United States would set a similar precedent for American companies in other countries, such as China.<ref name="obama"></ref> === Federal Bureau of Investigation === The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has recently fought with Apple over encryption in iMessage.<ref>Hern, A. (2015). Apple's Encryption Means It Can't Comply with US Court Order. http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/sep/08/apple-encryption-comply-us-court-order-iphone-imessage-justice</ref> In the newest versions of iOS, iMessage uses [[w: end-to-end encryption|end-to-end encryption]] so that only the sender and recipient can read messages<ref name = "Apple privacy">Apple. (2015). Our Approach to Privacy. http://www.apple.com/privacy/approach-to-privacy/</ref>, making it impossible for law enforcement to access encrypted content. FBI Director [[w: James Comey|James Comey]] compared this to an unlockable door and said that a warrant should be all that is required to access this data<ref>Nakashima, E. (2015). With Court Order, Federal Judge Seeks to Fuel Debate About Data Encryption. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/federal-judge-stokes-debate-about-data-encryption/2015/10/10/c75da20e-6f6f-11e5-9bfe-e59f5e244f92_story.html</ref>. Comey noted how a terrorist who attempted to attack an event in Texas in May 2015 had been communicating with other terrorists abroad using encrypted messages<ref>Harte, J. & Volz, D. (2015). Shooter at Texas 'Draw Mohammed' Contest Messaged Foreign Militants: FBI. http://www.reuters.com/article/us-texas-shooting-comey-idUSKBN0TS2FU20151209</ref>, implying that these messages would have given authorities advance notice of the attempt had they been intercepted and read. The United States has no [[w: key disclosure law|key disclosure law]], unlike Canada, the UK, and France, effectively keeping these encrypted messages a secret. While key disclosure allows agencies to access encrypted data, it only helps when the suspect is known. It is useful for gathering evidence, but not for intelligence, when fast response times are necessary, especially in preventing terrorist attacks. === United Kingdom's Cameron Administration === Similar battles are happening outside the United States. In the United Kingdom, Prime Minister [[w:David Cameron|David Cameron]] has spoken out against apps that send encrypted messages because most of them cannot be read by government.<ref name="cameron">Bienkov, A. (2015). David Cameron: Twitter and Facebook Privacy is Unsustainable. http://www.politics.co.uk/news/2015/06/30/david-cameron-twitter-and-facebook-privacy-is-unsustainable</ref> Cameron argued that, in the past, government agents could get a warrant and intercept phone calls or mail, but now there are channels that government cannot access, creating a “safe space” for criminals and terrorists.<ref name="cameron" /> Cameron would like legislation that bans apps that use encryption unless the app has a government backdoor.<ref name="cameron"></ref> === National District Attorneys Association === The National District Attorneys Association (NDAA) has been a vocal opponent of "warrant-proof" encryption.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=American Data Privacy Protection Act Concerns - Sept. 26, 2022 - National District Attorneys Association |url=https://www.ndaa.org/news/-american-data-privacy-protection-act-concerns---sept-26-2022 |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.ndaa.org |language=en}}</ref> The NDAA argues that while consumer data protection policies are needed to keep Americans safe, they often come at the expense of making law enforcement more difficult to conduct. They specifically argue that tools used by law enforcement officers in critical early stages of investigations are hampered by encrypted devices and that there is no clear alternative to these tools<ref name=":4" />. Rather than focus on large mass casualty crimes as the FBI did, the NDAA chooses to highlight the difficulties in investigating crime that impacts most Americans' local communities such as carjacking and drug offenses. The NDAA appeals to readers' desire for safety and security by suggesting that anyone can be a victim of such crimes, and in doing so, serves as an appeal to lawmakers who are tasked with keeping their constituents happy and safe. ==Opposition to Expanded Law Enforcement Access== Not everyone is in favor of expanding the government's access to private encrypted data. According to a 2014 poll, a majority of Americans (54%) “disapprove” of bulk government collection of phone and internet records,<ref> Pew Research Center. (2014). Beyond Red vs. Blue: The Political Typology. http://www.people-press.org/files/2014/06/6-26-14-Political-Typology-release1.pdf </ref> and presidential candidates as diverse as [[w: Bernie Sanders | Bernie Sanders]]<ref>https://berniesanders.com/issues/war-and-peace/</ref> and [[w: Rand Paul | Rand Paul]]<ref>https://www.randpaul.com/issue/ending-nsa-spying</ref> have spoken in favor of reining in the [[w: National Security Agency | National Security Agency’s ]] [[w: PRISM (surveillance program) | data collection programs]] during the 2016 election cycle. Most opposition comes from participants with concerns over privacy or technical issues, though other factors such as economic issues are also relevant. ===Participants with Privacy Concerns=== Many opponents of government access to data do so on privacy grounds. For instance, [[w : Tim Cook | Apple CEO Tim Cook]], speaking about his company’s [[w: end-to-end encryption | end-to-end encrypted]] [[w: IMessage | iMessage]] service, said “we believe the contents of your text messages and your video chats is none of our business.”<ref>Cook, T. (2015). Speech at Electronic Privacy Information Center. http://techcrunch.com/2015/06/02/apples-tim-cook-delivers-blistering-speech-on-encryption-privacy/#.ulz3r9:kVGu</ref> Groups like the [[w: Electronic Frontier Foundation | Electronic Frontier Foundation]]<ref>Electronic Frontier Foundation. (2015). https://www.eff.org</ref> advocate for reducing government access to data on privacy grounds and enjoy reasonable support, including a budget in the tens of millions of dollars.<ref> Electronic Frontier Foundation. (2015). Annual Report. https://www.eff.org/about/annual-reports-and-financials </ref> Privacy concerns are not a new topic in the social sciences, but researchers have struggled even to define "privacy."<ref>Solove, D. J. (2008). Understanding privacy.</ref> Despite the difficulty in defining it, researchers have found that people place significant value on keeping their data private,<ref>Acquisti, A., John, L. K., & Loewenstein, G. (2013). What is privacy worth?. The Journal of Legal Studies, 42(2), 249-274.</ref> and concern over privacy is likely at least partially motivated by economic factors; companies like Apple even expressly use their protection of consumer privacy as a selling point.<ref name = "Apple privacy"></ref> Many tech companies have also used privacy concerns over access to encrypted data as marketing tools. Apple for example, has consistently promoted its products by highlighting a strong commitment to user privacy. It has repeatedly refused to create backdoors for the FBI and other law enforcement agencies, arguing that such access would weaken security for all users rather than serve as a limited investigative tool<ref>{{Cite web |title=Privacy - Government Information Requests |url=https://www.apple.com/privacy/government-information-requests/ |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=Apple |language=en-US}}</ref>. After public disapproval over proposed tools to automatically detect certain harmful content, Apple has expanded its encryption efforts beyond messaging to include services such as iCloud photos, device backups, and file storage<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leswing |first=Kif |date=2022-12-07 |title=Apple announces plans to encrypt iCloud backups |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/12/07/apple-announces-plans-to-encrypt-icloud-backups.html |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>. Expanding on their efforts to protect encrypted user data, Apple has implemented zero knowledge encryption with Advanced Data Protection<ref>{{Cite web |title=iCloud data security overview |url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/102651 |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=Apple Support |language=en}}</ref>. The technology ensures that even Apple is not aware of the encrypted data stored on its products, and removes their ability to comply with any requests for encrypted data, including lawful requests from law enforcement. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) has consistently opposed any legislation that grants law enforcement access to encrypted data. The advocacy seeks to defend various individual rights and liberties and cites encryption is an essential tool protecting Americans' right to privacy. While many groups have highlighted the dangers warrant proof encryption poses to victims of crimes, the ACLU highlights the danger posed by any governmental access to such data. Such victims include whistleblowers, journalists, and activists. The ACLU has taken a clear stance against Apple's proposed system for automatically detecting child sexual abuse content on users' devices, arguing that even well-intended measures can introduce mechanisms that may be exploited or expanded over time. Their argument emphasizes that permitting law enforcement access may only be the first step toward a more restrictive state, warning of the long-term dangers to civil rights if such access is granted beyond its original intent<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gillmor |first=Jennifer Stisa Granick, Daniel Kahn |date=2023-10-20 |title=The Vital Role of End-to-End Encryption {{!}} ACLU |url=https://www.aclu.org/news/privacy-technology/the-vital-role-of-end-to-end-encryption |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=American Civil Liberties Union |language=en-US}}</ref>. ===Participants with Technical Concerns=== Many participants oppose weakening encryption on technical grounds. The basic argument is that a[[w: Backdoor (computing) | backdoor]] for law enforcement means that the encryption cannot be perfectly secure, because an attacker could use the backdoor to gain entry. As the[[w: Information Technology Industry Council | Information Technology Industry Council]] said in a statement following calls to add backdoors after the [[w: November 2015 Paris attacks | Paris attacks ]] in November 2015, weakening encryption by adding backdoors “simply doesn’t make sense.”<ref>Information Technology Industry Council. (2015). http://www.reuters.com/article/us-tech-encryption-idUSKCN0T82SS20151119</ref> This is the same argument that security experts used when the[[w: Clipper Chip | Clipper Chip]] was proposed, and which ultimately helped defeat it.<ref>Abelson, H., Anderson, R. N., Bellovin, S. M., Benaloh, J., Blaze, M., Diffie, W., ... & Schneier, B. (1997). The risks of key recovery, key escrow, and trusted third-party encryption.</ref> Opponents also contend that adding backdoors to encryption systems will not actually help law enforcement defeat threats. Nate Cardozo, staff attorney for the Electronic Frontier Foundation, has said that "intel agencies are drowning in data... It's not about having enough data; it's a matter of not knowing what to do with the data they already have."<ref>Cardozo, N. (2015). http://www.wired.com/2015/11/paris-attacks-cia-director-john-brennan-what-he-gets-wrong-about-encryption-backdoors/ </ref> Reports that the 2015 Paris attacks (which have been cited in proposals for backdoors, including by[[w: Central Intelligence Agency | CIA]] director[[w: John O. Brennan | John Brennan]])<ref> Brennan, J. (2015). Speech at Center for Strategic International Studies. http://www.defenseone.com/technology/2015/11/brennan-paris-wakeup-call-europe-encryption/123732/ </ref> were planned using unencrypted communications only make this claim stronger.<ref> Froomkin, D. (2015). Signs point to unencrypted communications between terror suspects. https://theintercept.com/2015/11/18/signs-point-to-unencrypted-communications-between-terror-suspects/ </ref> == Legal Framework and the Battle of Social Values == In legal settings, social values come under pressure when groups hold competing interests. Several court cases have influenced how society interprets key social values, adding legal, political, and social complexity to the question of how much access law enforcement should have to encrypted data - and when that access becomes too much. === <u>United States Constitution: The Foundation of Our Rights</u> === Almost every case in this chapter cites, interprets, or challenges two constitutional amendments. Before analyzing those interpretations, it is important to clearly establish what the referenced amendments say about our [[wikipedia:List_of_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States|constitutional rights]]: ==== 4th Amendment ==== The 4th Amendment of the United States Constitution states: "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 4th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/amendments/amendment-iv |website=National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org |language=en}}</ref> In many encryption-related cases, defendants argued that warrantless device and data seizures violated this amendment. Courts often agreed, reinforcing the need for warrants before accessing encrypted devices and data. Over the past 50 years, the amendment's interpretation has remained consistent, protecting individuals and groups' dignity, privacy, and autonomy. ==== 5th Amendment ==== The 5th Amendment of the United States Constitution states: "No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 5th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/amendments/amendment-v |website=National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org |language=en}}</ref> The 5th Amendment protects individuals from being compelled to provide testimonial evidence against themselves ([[wikipedia:Self-incrimination|self-incrimination)]]. It is also well known for the [[wikipedia:Due_Process_Clause|proper due process]] clause, which outline how searches, seizures, and arrests must be conducted. Courts examined whether entering a passcode or decrypting data communicated knowledge, such as ownership, control, or the existence of specific files. When decryption would reveal new information, the 5th Amendment applies. When the government can already describe the evidence with reasonable particularity, court have sometimes allowed compelled access. These cases shape how society negotiates differing social interests, ideas, and values, forcing courts and communities to decide which principles - privacy, autonomy, security, or public trust - should carry the most weight when digital information becomes part of criminal investigation. === <u>Cases on Personal Privacy vs. Public Safety</u> === The following court cases ''Smith v. Maryland, U.S. v. Cotterman, Riley v. California,'' and ''Carpenter v. U.S.'' highlight the evolving legal battle over how far the government may go in accessing digital information in the name of public safety and justice. Together they illustrate how constitutional protections written in the 18th century are reinterpreted to address current technologies, from cell phone applications to location tracking. They also go beyond legal bounds and address competing social values, where law enforcement's interest in preventing harm and investigating crime sometimes conflicts society's growing expectation of personal privacy extending to a digital space. As each case redefines the balance between these values, it also influences how U.S. citizens understand their legal rights and the conditions under which those rights can be limited or lost. ==== ''Smith v. Maryland'' (1979) ==== In [[wikipedia:Smith_v._Maryland|''Smith v. Maryland'']], Michael Lee Smith was arrested and indicted for robbing Patricia McDonough. To confirm Smith's identity after cross-referencing against the victim's description, the police asked the telephone company to install a [[wikipedia:Pen_register|pen register]]. However, they did so without a warrant or court order, since they believed Smith was the source of threatening calls made to McDonough. Once the pen register confirmed outgoing numbers, police obtained a warrant to search Smith's residence, where they seized the phonebook and identified Smith to be the robber. At trial, Smith sought to suppress the evidence collected by the pen register since the police did not obtain a warrant to seize his telecommunication information "prior to its installation," which he claimed violated his 4th Amendment protection against unreasonable searches and seizures. On June 20, 1979, the court ruled in favor of Maryland, holding that Smith had no "legitimate expectation of privacy" in the numbers he dialed because he voluntarily conveyed that information to the phone company, which they recorded as a part of their regular business practices. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Smith v. Maryland, 442 U.S. 735 (1979) |url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/442/735/ |website=Justia Law |language=en}}</ref> ==== ''U.S. v. Cotterman'' (2013) ==== ''[[wikipedia:United_States_v._Cotterman|U.S. v. Cotterman]]'' began when Howard Cotterman returned from Mexico and was flagged by the [[wikipedia:TECS|Treasury Enforcement Communications System (TECS)]] database due to prior sexual offenses. At Lukeville, Arizona port of entry, border patrol officers conducted two searches (the second after the TECS notification), finding two laptops and 3 cameras, which [[wikipedia:United_States_Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement|Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)]] later came and seized.<ref>{{Cite web |last=hlr |date=2014-01-17 |title=United States v. Cotterman |url=https://harvardlawreview.org/print/vol-127/ninth-circuit-holds-forensic-search-of-laptop-seized-at-border-requires-showing-of-reasonable-suspicion-ae-united-states-v-cotterman-709-f-3d-952-9th-cir-2013-en-banc/ |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=Harvard Law Review |language=en-US}}</ref> After conducting an off-site digital forensic search, the government found hundreds of files containing child pornography on Cotterman's devices, and they indicted him for possession of such digital content. Cotterman motioned to suppress the evidence gained from the devices, claiming the forensic search violated the 4th Amendment. The United States argued that there are exceptions to the 4th Amendment regarding border searches. After being granted then reversed, the case was reheard [https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/en_banc en banc]. The Ninth Circuit en banc finally held that the United States violated Cotterman's 4th Amendment rights, saying that forensic, comprehensive searches of digital devices at the border require reasonable suspicion, recognizing the heightened privacy interests in electronic data. ==== ''Riley v. California'' (2014) ==== In ''[[wikipedia:Riley_v._California|Riley v. California]],'' David Riley was stopped for a traffic violation, arrested on weapons charges, and had his cell phone seized and searched without a warrant, linking Riley to gang affiliation and involvement in a prior shooting. Riley moved to suppress the phone evidence, but the lower court denied his motion. A similar case, ''U.S. v. Wurie'' (2014), involved a similar warrantless search of a flip phone that linked Wurie to a drug stash in his apartment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States v. Wurie |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/cert/13-212 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute |language=en}}</ref> The Supreme Court reviewed both cases together and ultimately decided that "the police generally may not, without a warrant, search digital information on a cell phone seized from an individual who has been arrested"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Riley v. California, 573 U.S. 373 (2014) |url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/573/373/ |website=Justia Law |language=en}}</ref>. As a result, Riley's conviction was reversed while Wurie's case ruling was sustained. ==== ''Carpenter v. U.S.'' (2018) ==== ''[[wikipedia:Carpenter_v._United_States|Carpenter v. U.S.]]'' is similar to ''Riley v. California,'' in regard to how both involved data associated with cell phones. However, in the Carpenter case, police arrested four men with connection to an armed robbery. One of the men confessed and gave his number and all of the numbers of the other participants to the FBI, which they used to obtain orders to gain transactional records on each phone number. This was granted under the [[wikipedia:Stored_Communications_Act|Stored Communications Act, 18 U.S.C. 2703(d)]], which provides the government the ability to "require the disclosure of certain telecommunication records when 'specific and articulable facts show[] that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the contents of a wire or electronic communication, or the records or other information sought, are relevant and material to an ongoing criminal investigation.'"<ref>Carpenter v. United States. (n.d.). ''Oyez''. <nowiki>https://www.oyez.org/cases/2017/16-402</nowiki></ref> The transactional records included evidential data about phone call location data and other [[wikipedia:Cell_site|cell site]] location information (CSLI). Timothy Carpenter moved to suppress the evidence gained from the CSLI data, arguing it violated the 4th Amendment. Ultimately, the Supreme Court narrowly sided with Carpenter, stating the warrantless search and seizure of phone users' location data violated the 4th Amendment, but this case also extended the [[wikipedia:Third-party_doctrine|third-party doctrine]], which was originally established in ''Smith v. Maryland'' and ''U.S. v. Miller'' (1976). ==== Social Analysis: Privilege of Privacy Amongst Individuals ==== While ''Smith v. Maryland'' established early boundaries for digital privacy through the [[wikipedia:Third-party_doctrine|third-party doctrine]], the struggle between digital privacy and the government's duty to ensure public safety and promote the general welfare remains foundationally contested. Later cases ''U.S. v. Cotterman, Riley v. California, and Carpenter v. U.S.'' shifted the legal landscape by recognizing that digital privacy is not merely limited to or defined by location, device, or type of data. Further, these decisions affirm that modern technology and encrypted data function as extensions of one's identity: "phones are no longer merely phones, but important communication ...[and] data centers, and perhaps most significantly, loci for the digital culture."<ref>Steven I. Friedland, Riley v. California and the Stickiness Principle, 14 ''Duke Law & Technology Review'' 121-139 (2016)</ref> In a world where personal identity, social life, and daily conduct are increasingly mediated through digital platforms, individuals carry with them an expectation of privacy that is qualitatively different from what was considered in the past. However, this expectation is not universally accepted or consistently interpreted. The ability to protect one's digital privacy, through encryption, secure devices, and knowledge of digital rights, often underlines developing social privileges. As governments and courts continue to define the limitations and applications of privacy in an evolving cyber-physical space, tensions will continue to emerge between expanding privacy protections and ensuring that privacy is not viewed as a hindrance to justice, safety, or accountability. These tensions have been heightened by the recent rise in AI surveillance and automated data decryption services, where, as the [[wikipedia:American_Civil_Liberties_Union|ACLU]] notes, "the automated nature of these systems means that traditional limitations on police resources—once a vital check on government overreach—have been effectively eliminated."<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 12, 2026 |title=AI-Powered Surveillance Is Turning the United States into a Digital Police State. Now is the Time to Stop It. |url=https://www.aclum.org/publications/ai-powered-surveillance-is-turning-the-united-states-into-a-digital-police-state-now-is-the-time-to-stop-it/ |website=ACLU of Massachusetts |language=en-US}}</ref> These cases reveal that privacy is not only a legal right but a social resource - one that is unevenly accessible, persistently contested, and potentially constrained depending on the level of influence and position one has within society, public institutions, and digital systems. === <u>Cases on Digital Autonomy vs. Law Enforcement's Authority</u> === These cases highlight a nearly twenty year trend in how courts navigate the tension between personal digital autonomy and expanding authority of law enforcement. Central to this is the forgone conclusion doctrine, a limited exception to the 5th Amendment's Self-Incrimination Clause that can compel an individual to release encrypted data and passcodes if three factors are met: # The Government has knowledge of the existence of the evidence demanded # The defendant possessed or controlled the evidence, and # The evidence is authentic. The government must also be able to describe the evidence with "reasonable particularity." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Foregone Conclusion Doctrine Allows Government to Make Criminal Defendant Disclose Computer Password |url=https://goldsteinmehta.com/blog/foregone-conclusion-doctrine |website=Goldstein Mehta LLC |language=en-US}}</ref> Although this doctrine is framed as a narrow case-by-case rule, its application in the digital era shifts power toward law enforcement in situations where devices and encrypted data act as extensions of personal identity, memory, and autonomy. As encryption continues to become a default feature of everyday technology, compelled-decryption cases raise questions about how much control individuals retain over their data and whether constitutional protections can keep up with rapidly evolving digital systems. While many courts, often citing ''In re Boucher'', have supported decryption under the doctrine, cases such as ''U.S. v. Doe'' and the ''Oakland Biometrics Case'' emphasizes that society still recognizes meaningful limits on government authority and continue to affirm the social and legal value of personal digital autonomy. ==== ''In re Boucher Case'' (2009) ==== The [[wikipedia:In_re_Boucher|''In re Grand Jury Subpoena to Boucher'' case]] arose when Sebastien Boucher was arrested at the border between Canada and Vermont, where an officer's secondary inspection led to the discovery of child pornography on Boucher's computer. However, after seizing the laptop and once the computer was shut down, the hard drive's content could not be viewed again without entering in a passphrase. A Secret Service computer forensics expert testified that the drive had been encrypted using [[wikipedia:Pretty_Good_Privacy|Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)]] software and there was no backdoor for this type of encryption software.<ref>Pfefferkorn, Riana, In Re Boucher: Hard Drives Make Pretty Good Law? Encryption Passphrases as Testimonial Evidence Under the Fifth Amendment (February 1, 2009). Available at SSRN: <nowiki>https://ssrn.com/abstract=1883697</nowiki> or <nowiki>http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1883697</nowiki></ref> In response, the grand jury subpoenaed Boucher to release the passphrases to the government, in which Boucher successfully moved to quash the subpoena, initially. Boucher argued that this violated his 5th Amendment rights against self-incrimination, but after further review the U.S. District Court for Vermont reversed the initial grant. The reasoning for this reversal is that since the files sought allegedly contain child pornographic content, the entry of the password is incriminating and therefore the real question is whether the "subpoena seeks testimonial communication." Also, both parties agreed that the content in the files did not share the same 5th Amendment privileges as revealing the password, as the files were "voluntarily prepared" and not testimonial.<ref>In Re Boucher (United States District Court for the District of Vermont November 29, 2009). <nowiki>https://www.volokh.com/files/Boucher.pdf</nowiki>.</ref> The real question lies in whether entry of the password, and ultimately handing the files over to the government, would be testimonial and a violation of the 5th Amendment. The final verdict states that "Boucher has no act of production privilege to refuse to provide the grand jury with an unencrypted version of the Z drive of his computer," and that "the government may not make use of Boucher's act of production to authenticate the unencrypted Z drive or its contents either before the grand jury or a petit jury," ultimately legally compelling Boucher to decrypt his device and hand the files to the government.<ref>In re Grand Jury Subpoena to Sebastien Boucher, <nowiki>https://yalelawtech.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/boucher_-_sessions_-_appeal.pdf</nowiki> (United States District Court for the District of Vermont. February 19, 2009).</ref> This case became a significant landmark of [[wikipedia:Key_disclosure_law|key disclosure law]] through being regarded as [[wikipedia:Case_law|case law]], and its influence is significant in several other court cases discussed in the battle of self autonomy and authority. ==== ''U.S. v. Doe'' (Dated March 25, 2011) ==== In the case of ''U.S. v. Doe,'' FBI agents seized two laptops and five external hard drives from a man under investigation, but the data was stored behind an encryption program assumed to be [[wikipedia:TrueCrypt|TrueCrypt]]. When ordered by a grand jury to produce unencrypted contents of the hard drives, he invoked the 5th Amendment, claiming a breach of protections against self-incrimination. Specifically, Doe argued that "the Government’s use of the decrypted contents of the hard drives would constitute derivative use of his immunized testimony, use not protected by the district court’s grant of immunity."<ref>{{Cite web |title=In Re: Grand Jury Subpoena Duces Tecum Dated March 25, 2011, USA v. John Doe, No. 11-12268 (11th Cir. 2012) |url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca11/11-12268/11-12268-2012-02-23.html |website=Justia Law |language=en}}</ref> Doe also explained he was unable to decrypt the hard drive (which was disregarded in this case as well as the appeal case), but ultimately the court held Doe in contempt and jailed him. After appealing the decision, the circuit court ruled that decrypting the data is testimonial and therefore protected by the 5th Amendment (in favor of Doe), a comparably different outcome than seen in ''In re Boucher'' and ''U.S. v. Fricosu,'' and a significant limitation on the foregone conclusion doctrine. ==== ''U.S. v. Fricosu'' (2012) ==== In ''[[wikipedia:United_States_v._Fricosu|U.S. v. Fricosu]],'' the FBI obtained a search warrant for Colorado resident Ramona Fricosu under suspicion of mortgage fraud. During the search, agents seized six computers. One of the six computers seized was password-encrypted by a program called PGP Desktop, which "provides easy to use and secure encryption to protect sensitive data on your laptop or desktop computers." <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Symantec Encryption Desktop? (formerly known as PGP Desktop Encryption) |url=https://help.uillinois.edu/TDClient/37/uic/KB/PrintArticle?ID=776 |website=help.uillinois.edu}}</ref> The day after the execution of the search warrant, Fricosu made a call to her incarcerated divorced ex-husband, and the recorded conversation revealed that both her and her ex-husband were aware of the content in her laptop, as well as the encryption program and her legal instruction to not provide any passwords, as protected by the 5th Amendment. In closing, several facts of the case (including file names, location of laptop, and connection to her ex-husband and his convictions) led the court to hold that Fricosu is legally compelled to provide an unencrypted copy of the files to the government as evidence, aligning with the ''In re Boucher'' case and applying the forgone conclusion doctrine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States v. Fricosu, Criminal Case No. 10–cr–00509–REB–02. {{!}} D. Colo., Judgment, Law, casemine.com |url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/us/5914e216add7b049348ee62f |website=https://www.casemine.com |language=en}}</ref> ==== ''Commonwealth v. Gelfgatt'' (2012) ==== ''Commonwealth v. Gelfgatt'' is another case regarding compelled decryption via [[wikipedia:Key_disclosure_law|key disclosure laws]] influenced by ''In re Boucher''. Leon I. Gelfgatt, an attorney, was indicted with seventeen counts of forgery of a document, seventeen counts of [[wikipedia:Uttering|uttering]] a forged instrument, and three counts of attempting to commit larceny. The charges came from allegations against Gelfgatt that he conducted a scheme, using several computers, to receive ill-obtained funds that he used to pay mortgage loans for residential properties. The Commonwealth asked the judge to grant legal compulsion of Gelfgatt to decrypt his computers, in which the judge denied originally but asked for higher-level advisement on the question:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth v. Gelfgatt |url=https://law.justia.com/cases/massachusetts/supreme-court/2014/sjc-11358.html |website=Justia Law |language=en}}</ref> "Can the defendant be compelled pursuant to the Commonwealth's proposed protocol to provide his key to seized encrypted digital evidence despite the rights and protections provided by the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article Twelve of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights?"<ref name=":0" /> The Supreme Judicial Court, after further review of the law in question, reversed the judges denial to the Commonwealth's request for Gelfgatt's compulsion, implying in their verdict that "the government can ... compel the defendant to produce it [digital evidence] where it already knows what the information is, and the defendant’s disclosure would add little or nothing to what the government’s knowledge," another application of the forgone conclusion doctrine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernandez |first=Zoraida |date=2019-03-20 |title=Can the Commonwealth Compel You to Unlock Your Cell Phone? SJC Clarifies Certain Circumstances in Which it Can |url=https://www.bostonlawyerblog.com/can-the-commonwealth-compel-you-to-unlock-your-cell-phone-sjc-clarifies-certain-circumstances-in-which-it-can/ |website=Boston Lawyer Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== ''Oakland Biometrics Case'' (2019) ==== The ''In re: Search of A Residence in Oakland, California'' case presents a notably different application of the 4th and 5th Amendments in a cyber-physical system, compared to cases like ''In re Boucher'', ''U.S. v. Fricosu'', and ''Commonwealth v. Gelfgatt.'' In this case, the government was investigating two individuals suspected of committing extortion scheme conducted through Facebook Messenger. The government's warrant application asked for the authority to search the Oakland residence and seize all digital devices on the premise, and to compel any individual present to unlock the devices through [[wikipedia:Biometrics|biometric]] features, even if they were not the subjects of the warrant. The magistrate judge denied the application, finding that "while the Government had probable cause to search the premises under the Fourth Amendment, it did not have probable cause to search and seize ''all'' digital devices nor compel their unlocking using biometric features because the search warrant application was not limited to digital devices owned or controlled by the suspects."<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Nowell D. Bamberger, Melissa Gohlke, Sameer Jaywant |date=2019-01-23 |title=Court Holds That 5th Amendment Self-Incrimination Privilege Precludes Compelling Fingerprint or Facial Recognition Access to Digital Devices {{!}} Cleary Enforcement Watch |language=en-US |work=Cleary Enforcement Watch |url=https://www.clearyenforcementwatch.com/2019/01/court-holds-5th-amendment-self-incrimination-privilege-precludes-compelling-fingerprint-facial-recognition-access-digital-devices/}}</ref> Citing ''Carpenter v. U.S.'' in 2018, the court emphasized how "the advancement of technology should not be accompanied by an erosion in the constitutional rights of the people, and that courts should vigilantly guard against such erosion."<ref name=":1" /> In its final reasoning, the court held that biometric data cannot be compelled to unlock devices, including "fingers, thumbs, facial recognition, optical/iris, or any other biometric feature to unlock electronic devices." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Baron |first=Ethan |last2=News |first2=The Mercury |date=2019-01-16 |title=Biometrics Ruling Limits How Police Can Access a Smartphone |url=https://www.govtech.com/products/Biometrics-Ruling-Limits-How-Police-Can-Access-a-Smartphone.html |website=GovTech |language=en}}</ref> ==== ''State v. Andrews'' (2020) ==== ''State v. Andrews'' began with the arrest of Quincy Lowery for suspected involvement in a New Jersey drug-trafficking ring. However, Lowery confessed officer Robert Andrews helped him evade detection by warning Lowery of the wiretap on his phone and the GPS tracker on his Jeep. Lowery even showed the investigators the text messages to prove such evidence, but because he reset his phone a month earlier, most of the text messages were wiped. Officers requested Andrews to hand over his two iPhones, in which Andrews did so voluntarily without giving out the passwords to unlock them. Without a way to effectively decrypt the passwords, the State obtained warrants for the phones' contents and motioned for Andrews to reveal the passwords. Andrews refused citing the 5th Amendment's Self-Incrimination Clause. Once the trial court supported the State's motion and Andrews appealed the courts decision, the appeals court upheld the trial court's decision, stating "because the State had already established that Andrews owned, possessed, and controlled his iPhones, his act of producing their passcodes, while 'testimonial,' fell under this 'foregone conclusion' exception."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-04-12 |title=State v. Andrews |url=https://harvardlawreview.org/print/vol-134/state-v-andrews/ |website=Harvard Law Review |language=en-US}}</ref> Andrews appealed the decision again, and the New Jersey Supreme Court affirmed both lower courts, holding "that the Fifth Amendment privilege was overcome by the government’s knowledge of three key facts: the passcodes’ existence, their possession by the defendant, and their authenticity,"<ref name=":2" /> ultimately compelling Andrews to reveal the passwords to the iPhones. ==== Social Analysis: Increasing Authority at the Cost of Digital Autonomy ==== The current U.S. legal landscape underlines a shift in how society balances personal digital autonomy against government authority. As courts increasingly apply the forgone conclusion doctrine to encrypted devices and data, they reshape social expectations about privacy, identity, and government authority. With digital devices functioning as extensions of our lives, compelled decryption has social implications far beyond traditional evidence production. Cases such as ''In re Boucher, U.S. v. Fricosu, Commonwealth v. Gelfgatt,'' and ''State v. Andrews'' have normalized broader government access to encrypted data, strengthening a social narrative that national security interests outweigh individual control over digital identity. This could erode trust and accountability, particularly in communities already skeptical of law enforcement, and may create concerning effects on expression, association, and political participation. As compelled access becomes more routine, society risks normalizing a surveillance-based relationship between citizens and the government. However, cases like ''U.S. v. Doe'' and the ''Oakland Biometrics Case'' demonstrate the value digital autonomy and the importance of limiting the government's power when compelled decryption becomes indistinguishable from self-incrimination. Advocacies, professional organizations, and non-profits also play a crucial role in shaping both the public's view and judicial reasoning. For example, the [[wikipedia:Electronic_Frontier_Foundation|Electric Frontier Foundation (EFF)]] wrote amicus briefs (a legal document providing advice, information, or arguments related to a case) for both ''U.S. v. Fricosu'' and ''U.S. v. Doe'', consistently arguing that the 5th Amendment protected individuals from all forms of compelled decryption. They emphasized that the different outcomes in these cases resulted from not doctrinal inconsistency but from the defendant's own disclosures, underlining how "silence is golden." Noting how "Boucher talked to law enforcement" and "Fricosu talked to her ex-husband and co-defendant in jail," the EFF claims "it was this talking that defeated their Fifth Amendment privilege through the foregone conclusion doctrine."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fakhoury |first=Hanni |date=2012-03-07 |title=A Tale of Two Encryption Cases |url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2012/03/tale-two-encryption-cases |website=Electronic Frontier Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Together, the legal and social proponents of conflicting civil liberties, often driven by strong social values, illustrate a battle over the definition of digital autonomy, one which courts, civil liberties organizations, and the public are actively shaping the future boundaries of state authority in an increasingly data-driven society. === <u>Cases on Managing Public Trust & Accountability</u> === This final section addresses the critical but often overlooked social values of public trust and accountability, particularly in the management of personal data. As emerging technologies such as [[wikipedia:Quantum_computing|quantum computing]], [[wikipedia:Artificial_intelligence|AI]], and [[wikipedia:Edge_computing|edge computing]] reshape how information is stored and accessed, public trust in institutions responsible for protecting digital rights has become increasingly fragile. People typically rely on governments, courts, and large organizations to act as stewards of their data and to ensure that justice is upheld when digital rights are threatened. However, the following cases reveal a series of paradoxes, where entities display conflicting interests in data management and the legal framework governing their practices lag behind the change in technology. These tensions propose significant questions in who truly manages data and, by extension, who the public can trust to enact accountability in an increasingly digital world. ==== ''U.S. v. Microsoft'' (2018) ==== [[File:BalticServers data center.jpg|thumb|Data centers hold vast amounts of information about millions of individuals and organizations, making them a significant source of digital evidence.]] In ''[[wikipedia:Microsoft_Corp._v._United_States|U.S. v. Microsoft]],'' the FBI in 2013 obtained a warrant under the [[wikipedia:Stored_Communications_Act|Stored Communications Act]] requiring Microsoft to release encrypted email and other information connected to one of their customers that was under suspicion of being involved in illegal drug trafficking. Microsoft refused to comply, arguing these emails were stored in its Dublin, Ireland data center and that the SCA did not authorize U.S. courts to compel production of data outside of its borders. Microsoft moved to quash the warrant, questioning how a United States federal law can be enforced outside of U.S. borders. While the move to quash the warrant was denied by the district court, Microsoft appealed the ruling and was granted their motion to quash it by the Second Circuit court. The U.S. Department of Justice petitioned to review the new decision, claiming that the warrant was "a domestic application of the SCA," and that the appealed decision "would be 'impractical and detrimental to law enforcement' and that the use of the SCA to obtain user data stored abroad would respect 'the United States’ international obligations.'"<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States v. Microsoft |url=https://epic.org/documents/united-states-v-microsoft/ |website=EPIC - Electronic Privacy Information Center |language=en-US}}</ref> After the Supreme Court granted the petition and planned to hold another hearing, the federal government enacted the [[wikipedia:CLOUD_Act|Clarifying Lawful Overseas Use of Data Act (CLOUD Act)]], which in essence established that U.S. service providers must produce data within their possession, custody, or control regardless of where the data is physically stored. This ultimately led to the case being dismissed as unnecessary and Microsoft being legally compelled by the CLOUD Act to obtain and provide the data from its Irish datacenter, due to Microsoft being a U.S. company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States v. Microsoft Corp., 584 U.S. ___ (2018) |url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/584/17-2/ |website=Justia Law |language=en}}</ref><ref>United States v. Microsoft Corporation. (n.d.). ''Oyez''. <nowiki>https://www.oyez.org/cases/2017/17-2</nowiki></ref> ==== ''Van Buren v. U.S.'' (2021) ==== ''[[wikipedia:Van_Buren_v._United_States|Van Buren v. U.S.]]'' addresses access to encrypted data very differently from ''U.S. v. Microsoft''. Georgia police sergeant Nathan Van Buren was bribed by Andrew Albo, who was cooperating with an FBI sting operation, to run a license plate search on a possible undercover cop. Van Buren complied to the request, and through the [[wikipedia:Crime_information_center|Georgia Crime Information Center (GCIC)]] he used his authorized credentials to look up the provided license plate to confirm the identity of an undercover cop. Although officers are trained that GCIC access is strictly limited to law enforcement purposes specifically, Van Buren technically accessed only information he was already authorized to view. He was charged with violating the [[wikipedia:Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act|Computer Fraud & Abuse Act (CFAA)]], which he petitioned for review claiming that he technically did not exceed access authority as a law enforcement official with proper credentials to access the GCIC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Van Buren v. United States |url=https://epic.org/documents/van-buren-v-united-states/ |website=EPIC - Electronic Privacy Information Center |language=en-US}}</ref> The court argued that "the purpose in using the system was immaterial," and with there being no purpose limitation cited in the CFAA, "Van Buren was authorized to access the database and di not violate the CFAA."<ref name=":3">Scott T. Lashway and Matthew M.K. Stein, ''Signs Inscribed on a Gate: The Impact of Van Buren v. United States on Civil Claims Under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act'', 44 W. New Eng. L. Rev. 109 (2022), <nowiki>https://digitalcommons.law.wne.edu/lawreview/vol44/iss1/5</nowiki></ref> The court also made three important notes regarding the outcome and implications of this case and the CFAA, stating as follows: # Amending the CFAA to include a purpose-based limitation criminalizes ordinary conduct, such as when an employee uses a business computer to send and check personal emails. # Purpose-based limitations are unstable and potentially unclear, blurring what is considered "normal" and "criminal" conduct. # The CFAA was only concerned in Van Buren's credentials, not his purpose for accessing GCIC records. Future disputes may address how contracts, policies, and terms of service interact with the statute's access-based limitations. ==== Social Analysis: Continuously Balancing Restriction and Freedoms ==== [[File:Official Presidential portrait of Thomas Jefferson (by Rembrandt Peale, 1800)(cropped).jpg|thumb|Thomas Jefferson recognized the power the public provides to its government, and the importance of the government maintaining the public's trust.]] As [[wikipedia:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] once stated, "when a man assumes a public trust, he should consider himself as public property."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-01 |title=Basic Obligation of Public Service {{!}} U.S. Department of the Interior |url=https://www.doi.gov/ethics/basic-obligations-of-public-service |website=www.doi.gov |language=en}}</ref> The principal Jefferson emphasizes is that public institutions derive their legitimacy from the people and must remain accountable to them. Yet the modern legal framework surrounding encrypted data often moves in the opposite direction. In cases such as ''U.S. v. Microsoft,'' the government asserted authority beyond U.S. borders, raising important questions about which institutions, domestic or foreign, citizens are expected to trust with their digital lives. Microsoft and privacy advocates warned that if the U.S. can issue a warrant that legally compels decryption abroad, "other countries will in turn use their own laws to seize data stored in the U.S" which "could put Americans’ emails (and other data) at risk of seizure by foreign governments."<ref>Kruse, N. (2018, March 1). ''U.S. v. Microsoft: Is Your Data and Privacy at Risk?''. Byte Back. <nowiki>https://www.bytebacklaw.com/2018/03/u-s-v-microsoft-is-your-data-and-privacy-at-risk/</nowiki></ref> The CLOUD Act further complicates this landscape by shifting practical control of data from the government to private, for-profit corporations. Even when data is physically stored in another country, ownership and decision-making authority often remain with companies like Microsoft, Facebook, and Apple, who all supported the CLOUD Act and whose incentives are shaped not by democratic accountability but by reputation management, market pressures, and financial interests. This raises two currently unanswered questions of public trust: first, how can citizens trust governmental systems when jurisdictional boundaries blur and government authority extends beyond its traditional limits, and second, how can they trust corporations to act as responsible stewards of their data when their obligations to shareholders may conflict with the public's interest in privacy and autonomy? Furthermore, ''Van Buren v. U.S.'' produces a paradoxical outcome, where individuals protected from being criminalized for everyday digital behavior while simultaneously exposing the public to greater risks of insider misuses of encrypted data by law enforcement. The CFAA was originally designed to prevent unauthorized access to sensitive information, but Van Buren narrowed its scope by rejecting any inquiry into a person's purpose for accessing data. In doing so, the court prevented the CFAA from becoming an overly broad "terms-of-service crime," yet it also removed a potential safeguard against officers who misuse their legitimate credentials to access personal information for improper reasons. As scholars note, the CFAA retains its force, "even with the purpose inquiry foreclosed: access may not be authorization, and authorization or its limits could be inferred from context and terms of use."<ref name=":3" /> Regardless, this case “does not definitively resolve the question of whether unauthorized access must be barred by a hardware or software gateway or if activity can become ‘unauthorized’ by a contractual ban" and “largely for that reason, the practical effects on the CFAA’s civil enforcement provisions remain to be seen.”<ref>Melanie Assad, Van Buren v. United States: An Employer Defeat or Hacker’s Victory – Or Something in Between, 21 UIC REV. INTELL. PROP. L. 166 (2022).</ref> From a public trust perspective, this creates a double-edged sword: the decision limits government overreach, yet it also leaves the public more vulnerable to the very actors entrusted with sensitive data, raising the difficult questions about accountability, oversight, and the social value of trust in law enforcement. Both ''U.S. v Microsoft'' and ''Van Buren v. U.S.'' offer different stories connected by their influence over public trust and accountability; one raises concerns about how far a government's authority extends and the inherent ownership of encrypted data by companies driven by the market and productivity, while the other is seen as a win for protecting individuals from accidental criminalization of normal activities and a loss for holding law enforcement accountable by removing an extra layer of protection through authorization and credentials. As technology changes and evolves, shaping the application of data encryption, management, and access, future litigations may arise, and the question of who will maintain the public's trust in data privacy and digital autonomy will most likely continue to be overlooked and potentially mishandled. All of these court cases point toward a future that will quickly challenge long-held and accepted social values, especially in regard to extending those values to encrypted digital or cyber-physical platforms, and it is up to all participants to make these social values known and considered, whether it is noted by an advocacy, non-profit organization, for-profit corporation, law enforcement agencies, regular citizens, or the courts. ==Conclusion== The struggle over encryption backdoors is far from over, and there will almost certainly be more developments on this topic in the future as new solutions are proposed and enacted or defeated. Although we have covered significant parts of the debate in the United States and the United Kingdom, participants in other places have different perspectives. Interesting additions to this chapter could include updates covering future developments and expansion to cover encryption worldwide. ==References== {{reflist}} {{BookCat}} c4z4uy6wd87im26dfi9fn3bovggp4lx 0 379541 4633475 4632085 2026-05-01T20:49:20Z LaraMahajan 3578851 Added citation 4633475 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== A cyber-attack can be defined as an attack on computer systems/architecture, or information systems with malicious intent. The attack could be an individual or group acting against other individuals, business or civilian groups with the intention of acquiring unsecured data from the victim. Specifically, cyber-attacks on cyber-physical systems are becoming increasing as physical systems become more interconnected. These attacks also disrupt vital services, compromise safety of users, and risk severe economic damage, especially when targeting systems that are essential to daily functions. A cyber-physical system (CPS) is a system in which there is some connection between a physical entity and its related cyber component. The connection is typically sustained between system components by feeding data through sensors or actuators. The main distinction between a CPS and a typical computer is that a CPS has physical inputs and outputs.<ref>Thompson, K. (2014, June 20). Cyber-Physical Systems. https://www.nist.gov/el/cyber-physical-systems</ref><ref>Lee, J., Bagheri, B., & Kao, H.-A. (2015). A Cyber-Physical Systems architecture for Industry 4.0-based manufacturing systems. Manufacturing Letters, 3, 18–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mfglet.2014.12.001</ref> Examples of cyber-physical systems include industrial control systems, smart power grids, autonomous vehicles, smart home technologies, and medical devices. Because these systems often operate in real time and control critical infrastructure, they require high levels of reliability and security. Any breaches in these systems could lead to long-term consequences, such as service outages, safety hazards, and loss of trust from frequent users. The large scale interconnection of CPS devices through networks and cloud based platforms is commonly referred to as the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT allow devices to communicate, share data, and operate more efficiently, but they also introduce new security challenges. Many CPS and IoT devices are built with limited computational resources, including restricted processing power, memory, and energy capacity, which makes it difficult to implement strong security mechanisms such as advanced encryption, real time monitoring, and intrusion detection. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yaacoub |first=Jean-Paul A. |last2=Salman |first2=Ola |last3=Noura |first3=Hassan N. |last4=Kaaniche |first4=Nesrine |last5=Chehab |first5=Ali |last6=Malli |first6=Mohamad |date=2020-09 |title=Cyber-physical systems security: Limitations, issues and future trends |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7340599/ |journal=Microprocessors and Microsystems |volume=77 |pages=103201 |doi=10.1016/j.micpro.2020.103201 |issn=0141-9331 |pmc=7340599 |pmid=32834204}}</ref> These limitations can weaken overall system security and increase vulnerability to cyber-attacks, particularly in large scale, distributed environments. As a result, securing cyber physical systems have become a critical area of research and policy, emphasizing the need for strong authentication, and resilience against both cyber and physical threats. Future work to mitigate risk of attacks must prioritize continuous monitoring and secure architecture to remain proactive. == Types of Cyber-Physical Systems == ===Smart Car=== A smart car is equipped with visual and weather sensors that feed information to the driver and to the auto response functions of the car itself, such as automated driving, and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. New CPS components in cars are commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) and are integrated from third parties. Many car producers fail to realize that new security issues arise from integrating these heterogeneous components in the vehicle. Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems (TPMS), for instance, have unencrypted communication with the vehicle. Attackers could exploit this communication, and retrieve unique vehicle IDs.<ref>Humayed, A., & Luo, B. (2015). Cyber-physical Security for Smart Cars: Taxonomy of Vulnerabilities, Threats, and Attacks. In Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE Sixth International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems (pp. 252–253). New York, NY, USA: ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2735960.2735992</ref> ===Smart Home=== A smart home could have weather sensors to auto regulate various temperature, lighting, and appliance components in the home. All of these features could be easily programmable from a universal device. Some devices are already commercially available, such as Nest, Google Home, and Amazon Echo. If hackers took control of a home's smart thermostat, like Nest, they could have complete information on the family's schedule, specifically when people are in and out of the home. <ref>5 Security Concerns to Consider When Creating Your Smart Home. (n.d.). http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/5-security-concerns-consider-creating-smart-home/</ref><ref name=":0">Network Security. (2014). Black Hat USA 2014 - Embedded: Smart Nest Thermostat A Smart Spy in Your Home. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UFQ9AYMee_Q</ref> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UFQ9AYMee_Q (Video: Nest Thermostat Hacking)] Although security measures like two-factor authentication can help prevent cyber attacks, they make the user experience more tedious which makes companies more reluctant to make these protections mandatory. For platforms like Google Next and other smart home ecosystems, this creates a tradeoff between usability and security, where simplifying access may unintentionally weaken system protection.<ref>{{Cite web |last=visceral_dev_admin |date=2022-08-25 |title=Smart Homes and Policy: Cybersecurity Risks and Tradeoffs |url=https://bipartisanpolicy.org/article/smart-homes-policy-cybersecurity-risks/ |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=Bipartisan Policy Center |language=en-US}}</ref> The Internet of Things Cybersecurity Improvement Act of 2020 introduced baseline security requirements for devices used by federal agencies, aiming to improve standards among manufactures that contract with the government. While this law does not directly regulate consumer smart home devices, it encourages broader industry adoption of strong cybersecurity practices.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rep. Kelly |first=Robin L. [D-IL-2 |date=2020-12-04 |title=H.R.1668 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): IoT Cybersecurity Improvement Act of 2020 |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/1668 |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=www.congress.gov}}</ref> ===Smart Grid=== Smart meters could be placed on homes to communicate with the utility providers on a daily basis for close monitoring of electricity use. This could help utility providers better predict peak electricity demand, thus decreasing wasted electricity. Looking to future, if more homes are equipped with electric storage capabilities such as solar panels and/or electric vehicle batteries, it becomes easier to scale up renewable energy integration. The grid is currently highly centralized due to reliance on fossil fuel plants, and needs diversified storage opportunities for renewable energy.<ref>Department of Energy. (n.d.-b). What is the Smart Grid? https://www.smartgrid.gov/the_smart_grid/smart_grid.html</ref> ===Drones=== Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) or drones are a widely used technology. The U.S. Custom and Border Protection uses MQ-9 Reaper, a type of UAV, for surveillance missions across the border.<ref>DHS Is Using Surveillance Drones To Spy On Americans. (2014, October 12). http://www.thesleuthjournal.com/dhs-using-surveillance-drones-spy-americans/</ref> Law enforcement agencies began to operate commercial drones to replace their manned helicopter units.<ref>Gettinger, D. (2013, November 30). Lawkeepers: Police Drones. http://dronecenter.bard.edu/lawkeepers-police-drones/</ref> Fire fighters use commercial drones to gather structural information of hazardous buildings before they perform search and rescue missions.<ref>Schroth, F. (2016, August 4). Drones & Fire - Officials Speak to the Value of UAS in Firefighting. http://dronelife.com/2016/08/04/drones-fire-officials-speak-value-uas-firefighting/</ref> Companies like Amazon are developing autonomous package delivery systems using drones. Hobbyists fly drones for entertainment. Commercial drones have vulnerabilities that can be exploited. Many drone manufacturing companies such as DJI and 3D Robotics use different flight control platforms like Pixhawk, however they operate under same communication protocol, MAVLink. MAVLink was developed as an open source program for hobbyists. Since security features add cost, MAVLink does not have security features to protect drones from cyber physical attacks.<ref>Making a Mavlink WiFi bridge using the Raspberry Pi — Dev documentation. (n.d.). http://ardupilot.org/dev/docs/making-a-mavlink-wifi-bridge-using-the-raspberry-pi.html</ref> MAVLink pairs the drone and the ground control station with NetID. A properly programmed attacking device can parse the radio transmission to obtain and update this paired NetID. Then, the attacking device can send commands to power off or take control of the drone. The code to parse the radio transmission is easy to look up, so anyone could conduct a cyber physical attack on commercial drones running with MAVLink.[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sycgvpIxvPU (Video: Anti drone device)]<ref>shellntel. (2015). anti-drone device demo. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sycgvpIxvPU</ref> === Transportation Systems === A transportation system is a facility consisting of the means and equipment necessary for the movement of passengers or goods.<ref>transportation system - Dictionary Definition. (n.d.). https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/transportation%20system</ref> Transport networks have become increasingly digital, which makes them highly susceptible to cyber attacks. Electronic data can now track the location, status, and condition of vehicles and infrastructure. Electronics are used to monitor weather-related risks, such as hurricanes or landslides, that will cause damage or delays to transportation systems. Any organization will be exposed to cyber attacks if they use computer networks or internet for sales, administrative functions, automated control systems, or storage of confidential information <ref>Marsh. (2015). Cyber Risk in the Transportation Industry. http://www.oliverwyman.com/content/dam/marsh/Documents/PDF/UK-en/Cyber%20Risk%20in%20the%20Transportation%20Industry-03-2015.pdf</ref> . Specifically, the major transportation systems at risk are: 1. Railroads/trains 2. Airplanes and airports 3. Connected cars (cars with internet access) === Medical Devices === A medical device is any instrument, machine, or piece of equipment used to diagnose, treat, or monitor patients in a clinical setting. As healthcare facilities have become increasingly reliant on network connectivity, medical devices have evolved from standalone tools into integrated components of hospital IT ecosystems. Electronic data can now track device status, patient vitals, and equipment performance in real time. While this has improved patient outcomes and support doctors make treatment decisions, this also leads to organizations being susceptible to cyber threats if they connect medical devices to internal networks. The rapid growth of AI and blockchain technologies has further accelerated the digitization of healthcare, shifting the industry from conventional hub based systems toward more interconnected, personalized healthcare management systems <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Susan |last2=Surineni |first2=Kamalakar |last3=Prabhakaran |first3=Nishant |date=2025-09-01 |title=Cyber-Attacks on Hospital Systems: A Narrative Review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950386825000103 |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Open Science, Education, and Practice |volume=7 |pages=30–39 |doi=10.1016/j.osep.2025.03.002 |issn=2950-3868}}</ref>. === '''Precision Agriculture''' === Precision agriculture, also known as smart farming, is an innovative strategy that utilizes technologies such as GPS, IoT sensors, drones, and others to manage larger expanses of farm land, and optimize resources like fertilizers and pesticides. Smart farming has proven to increase efficiency, profitability, and promote sustainable crop production.<ref>Brinkle, C. (2026, February 26). ''Precision agriculture: Definition, Key Technologies, and benefits''. Precision Agriculture: Definition, Key Technologies, and Benefits. <nowiki>https://www.thomasnet.com/insights/precision-agriculture/</nowiki></ref> As resources become more scarce with a growing demand, associated costs of farming have risen, making precision agriculture all the more vital. The system works by using automated machinery known as variable rate technology (VRT) that adjusts the rate of resource input on the go. In addition to VRTs, site-specific crop management (SSCM) assists by tailoring soil and crop input to field locations based on need. These machineries are supported by GPS and drone sensing technology that map field variability and provide aerial imagery, respectively.<ref>Wigmore, I. (2022, October 18). ''What is Precision Agriculture/precision farming?''. WhatIs. <nowiki>https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/precision-agriculture-precision-farming#:~:text=Precision%20agriculture%20(PA)%20is%20a,navigates%20crops%20without%20a%20driver</nowiki>.</ref> ==Agendas of Cyber Attacks== [[File:01 2016 Cyberattacks.png|thumb| January 2016 Cyber Attacks Statistics]] === Criminal === This is the most common agenda, comprising of 60.6% of cyber attacks in January 2016.<ref name=CyberStats>{{Passeri, P. (2016, February 16). January 2016 Cyber Attacks Statistics. http://www.hackmageddon.com/2016/02/16/january-2016-cyber-attacks-statistics/}}</ref> In many of these cases, the attacker targets the digital assets of a company or transportation network. This includes personal info such social security numbers of customers and employees, credit card numbers, and intellectual property of the company. * A Dutch-based trafficking group hid cocaine and heroin in cargoes shipping containers of timber and bananas from South America by hacking into computer networks of companies operating in the port of Antwerp. This allowed the hackers to access secure data about the location and security details of containers, meaning the traffickers could steal the smuggled cargo before the legitimate owner arrived.<ref>Herberger, C. (2016, April 21). Cybersecurity in the Real World: 4 Examples of the Rise of Public Transportation Systems Threats. https://blog.radware.com/security/2016/04/cybersecurity-4-public-transportation-threats/</ref> * In 2018, a major data breach against Marriott International occurred. Attackers were able to gain illegal access to the Starwood guest reservation database, exposing personal guest details of roughly 500 million guests; including passport numbers and contact information.<ref>Burgess, M. (2025, October 31). ''Marriott Data Breach: What happened, impact, and lessons''. Huntress. <nowiki>https://www.huntress.com/threat-library/data-breach/marriott-data-breach</nowiki></ref> This attack was a turning point in terms of data protection, leading companies to take extreme measures to mitigate future risk. Criminal cyber attacks may also be motivated by malice. In this case, the attacker could be a disgruntled employee or customer that wants to get back at the system. They could also be motivated by desire to prove their ability to perform a cyber attack. These cyber attacks could be the result of untargeted malicious code and random selection. * In Lodz, Poland, a 14-year-old modified a TV remote control so that it could be used to change track points. The teenager hacked into the train system for the information needed to build the device, essentially making it his own personal train set. As a result, four vehicles were derailed injuring twelve people. He had no desire to hurt anyone, but was hacking into this system as a prank.<ref>Smith, S. (2008, February 12). Teen Hacker in Poland Plays Trains and Derails City Tram System. http://inhomelandsecurity.com/teen_hacker_in_poland_plays_tr/</ref> === Hacktivism === Hacktivism is defined by the hacking, or breaking into a computer system, for a politically or socially motivated purpose.<ref>What is hacktivism? - Definition from WhatIs.com. (n.d.). Retrieved December 11, 2016, from http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/hacktivism</ref> It is the second most common agenda, comprising of 27.7% of cyber attacks in January 2016.<ref name=CyberStats /> * A group protesting the Communications Decency Act in 1996 hacked into the Department of Justice website and changed the title to the “Department of Injustice.”<ref>Adams, B. (1997, July 24). Web site a victim of `ecoterrorism’? http://www.deseretnews.com/article/573959/Web-site-a-victim-of-ecoterrorism.html?pg=all</ref> * Over the past several years, Pro-Russia hacktivists have conducted cyberattacks against U.S. critical infrastructure. The Russia-Ukraine conflict in 2022 increased the number of pro-Russia groups with some appearing to have associations with the Russian state. They used low sophisticated methods such as scanning for exposed systems and exploiting weak remote access. Their activities have affected sectors like energy, water, and agriculture, sometimes causing operational disruption. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-18 |title=Pro-Russia Hacktivists Conduct Opportunistic Attacks Against US and Global Critical Infrastructure {{!}} CISA |url=https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/cybersecurity-advisories/aa25-343a |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=www.cisa.gov |language=en}}</ref> === Cyber Espionage === Cyber espionage is the use of computer networks to gain illicit access to confidential information, typically that held by a government or other organization.<ref>Eugenie, de S. (2015). National Security and Counterintelligence in the Era of Cyber Espionage. IGI Global.</ref> This is more sophisticated than most other cyber attacks and attackers are looking for trade secrets and intellectual property of other countries or governments. This comprised of 7.4% of cyber attacks in January 2016.<ref name=CyberStats /> * High end UAVs have exploitable vulnerabilities. In 2011, Iran hijacked the RQ-170 Sentinel UAV, operated by the CIA. The Iranians first jammed the radio communication channel controlling the Sentinel from the ground control center. This forces Sentinel to rely on GPS to determine its latitude, longitude, altitude, and velocity. Iran then sent false GPS coordinates, guiding Sentinel to land on their territory, while Sentinel thought it was landing on its home base.<ref>Mick, J. (2011, December 15). Iran: Yes, We Hacked the U.S.’s Drone, and Here’s How We Did It. http://www.dailytech.com/Iran+Yes+We+Hacked+the+USs+Drone+and+Heres+How+We+Did+It/article23533.htm</ref> === Cyber Warfare === Cyber warfare is a politically motivated attack on an enemy's computer or information systems.<ref>Cyber Warfare. (n.d.). http://www.rand.org/topics/cyber-warfare.html</ref> These attacks aim to disrupt critical infrastructure and cause property damage and loss of life. These would be considered terrorist attacks from organizations such as ISIS. This comprised of 4.3% of cyber attacks in January 2016.<ref name=CyberStats /> Commercial drones are easy to exploit without leaving any logs or traces to track attackers. Terrorists can use these drones as a weapon. * ISIS recently started to use drones as a weapon by delivering bomb or chemical weapons. * Cartels and drug dealers uses commercial drones to smuggle narcotics, and inmates also uses drones to smuggle contrabands such as cell phones, cigarettes, and drugs to their cells. In early 2016, Maryland inmate was able to arrange to deliver these contrabands to right in front of his cell window.<ref>Kelly, H. (2016, June 24). How to catch drones smuggling drugs into prison. http://money.cnn.com/2016/06/24/technology/dedrone-drone-prisons/index.html</ref> === Data Harvesting === Profiling or harvesting data is the process of examining, analyzing, and summarizing datasets to understand underlying correlations or consistencies. The process begins with collection and ends with documentation, often in the form of reports. While not all data harvesting is malicious, it can be done illegally and is frequently the driver behind cyber attacks. Attackers use data harvesting as a technique to gather information such as user credentials (known as credential theft), and later use these credentials to illegally access systems, share them on the dark web, or advance their future attacks<ref>Lenaerts-Bergmans, B. (2023, July 18). ''What is credential harvesting?''. CrowdStrike. <nowiki>https://www.crowdstrike.com/en-us/cybersecurity-101/cyberattacks/credential-harvesting/#:~:text=Credential%20Harvesting%20Definition,for%20years%20at%20a%20time</nowiki>.</ref>. Other forms of illegal data harvesting include: * Phishing: act of sending emails or other messages, acting as a reputable company, in order to harvest data * Social Engineering: exploiting human error by manipulating their psychology to reveal confidential information With that, data harvesting is a driving agenda behind cyber attacks, which often allows attackers to advance their attacks and access cyber-physical systems. == Case Studies == === '''Iranian-Affiliated PLC Attacks on Critical Infrastructure (2026)''' === In early April 2024, the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) issued a warning regarding Iranian-affiliated cyber attacks targeting critical infrastructure through Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). Unlike sophisticated exploits, attackers leveraged legitimate engineering tools to compromise industrial systems that had been left internet-exposed with weak security configurations. The attacks were motivated by geopolitical tensions rather than financial gain. The sectors primarily targeted were those relying on Rockwell Automation/Allen-Bradley PLCs<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-07 |title=Iranian-Affiliated Cyber Actors Exploit Programmable Logic Controllers Across US Critical Infrastructure {{!}} CISA |url=https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/cybersecurity-advisories/aa26-097a |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=www.cisa.gov |language=en}}</ref>, including water and wastewater systems, the energy sector, government services, and food and beverage manufacturing. Attackers gained unauthorized access by exploiting systems that lacked basic protections such as multi-factor authentication, network segmentation, and firewall rules restricting remote access. Once inside, they altered PLC settings and project logic files, causing Human-Machine Interface (HMI) displays to show operators false data and system statuses. This meant that facility operators were making decisions based on inaccurate readings, potentially allowing dangerous conditions to go undetected. The attacks resulted in operational disruptions, financial losses, and interference with critical infrastructure systems. This example demonstrates how a cyber attack can produce real-world physical consequences that extend well beyond simple data theft. == Sociotechnical Factors == === Common Themes Across Incidents === Across these incidents, vulnerabilities emerge not from technical flaws alone, but from the interaction between technology, human behavior, and organizational practices. Shared passwords, insufficient staff training, poor monitoring, and internet-exposed systems with weak security configurations are recurring factors that create openings for attackers. This happens regardless of the specific target or method used. These human and procedural failures often prove just as consequential as any software vulnerability. At the organizational level, constraints such as limited funding, legacy infrastructure, and competing priorities directly shape security outcomes. Many water and industrial facilities rely on outdated systems never designed for modern network connectivity, and decisions around cost, efficiency, and maintenance have downstream consequences for how secure these systems ultimately are. The broader geopolitical context also plays a significant role. Some attacks are isolated and locally motivated, while others are linked to state-aligned actors, reflecting a growing trend of cyber operations being embedded within international political conflicts. Critical infrastructure systems are increasingly becoming deliberate targets in geopolitical disputes, making international cooperation on cybersecurity standards more important than ever. Finally, these cases collectively emphasize the societal dimension of cyber-physical systems. Because these systems support essential public services such as water supply and energy, even minor disruptions carry the potential to breakdown public trust and generate widespread concern. This reinforces why securing them demands urgent and sustained attention. == Conclusion == As seen with hacks on drones and transportation systems, CPS security breaches could result in loss of secret information, physical property, and human lives. According to Tony Tyler, CEO of the International Air Transport Association (CTA), drones are one of the biggest threat to the passenger airlines by interfering the route of the commercial airplanes.<ref>Crowe, S. (n.d.). Drones a “Real Threat” to Passenger Planes: IATA - Robotics Trends. http://www.roboticstrends.com/article/drones_a_real_threat_to_passenger_planes_iata/</ref> To minimize the risk, FAA started to enforce drone regulations and prohibited flying drones near airports. Army officers have developed a cyber rifle using raspberry pi to power off commercial drones. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), established in 1967, is a government agency that investigates accidents in the aviation, highway, marine, pipeline, and railroad modes.<ref>National Transportation Safety Board. (n.d.). History of The National Transportation Safety Board. http://www.ntsb.gov/about/history/pages/default.aspx</ref> The NTSB must implement policies to meet the requirements placed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).<ref>U.S. Department of Transportation. (2006, October 13) Audit of NTSB’s Information Security Program. https://www.oig.dot.gov/sites/default/files/NTSB_FISMA_FINAL.pdf</ref> The NIST develops actionable recommendations for strengthening cybersecurity in the public and private sectors to better secure the growing digital economy.<ref>Commission on Enhancing National Cybersecurity. (2016, December 1). Report on Securing and Growing the Digital Economy. https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2016/12/02/cybersecurity-commission-report-final-post.pdf</ref> There are many initiatives to prevent CPS breaches. The Department of Energy has a Cybersecurity for Energy Delivery Systems (CEDS) program designed to improve the United States' energy infrastructure. A main goal of the program is to better assess risk on a large scale, and identify vulnerabilities in our current system.<ref>Department of Energy. (n.d.-a). Cybersecurity for Energy Delivery Systems | Department of Energy. http://energy.gov/oe/services/technology-development/cybersecurity-for-energy-delivery-systems</ref> Trustworthy Cyber Infrastructure for the Power Grid (TCIPG) is an example of a program funded by the Department of Energy. TCIPG has developed commercial software packages that can be integrated by utility providers. Examples include sensors like Amilyzer that identify system threats in real time, and middleware frameworks like GridStat that decrease data delivery latencies in the power grid.<ref>Trustworthy Cyber Infrastructure for the Power Grid. (2014). http://tcipg.org/about-us</ref> The National Science Foundation has founded a Team for Research in Ubiquitous Secure Technology (TRUST) that is currently looking into financial, healthcare, and physical infrastructure solutions.<ref>The Team for Research in Ubiquitous Secure Technology (TRUST). (n.d.). https://www.truststc.org/research/index.html</ref> Carnegie Mellon's CyLab is also committed to building more of these public-private partnerships in developing new technology for secure computing.<ref>Technology Transfer. (n.d.). https://www.cylab.cmu.edu/partners/tech_transfer.html</ref> The internet of things is now a reality. The connection of various cyber-physical systems is intended to improve our way of life, but is also being exploited with criminal intent. Security issues are now more complex and larger scale than ever before. Research into cyber-physical security will help us better understand the cyber interface between physical systems, and the growth in consumer adoption of new technology. == References == {{BookCat}} <references /> 0enwz9c8octxwtl82vgs7sax3xzr8e7 0 382685 4633473 4631059 2026-05-01T20:39:53Z PeterEasthope 660399 Moved the glossary up the page. 4633473 wikitext text/x-wiki {{decistage|9|Jul 5, 2022}}<ref name="completion"/>{{status|75%|Jul 5, 2022}} {{DISPLAYTITLE:<span style="display:block;text-align:center; background:#f5fffa; color:#191970; font-family:Oberon, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:2.5rem; font-style:oblique; font-weight:bolder; line-height:6rem;">{{BOOKNAME}} Computing</span>}} <!-- Ref. https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/CR-css-color-3-20171205/ #191970 is midnightblue --> {{center|"[[q:Albert_Einstein#1930s|... simple as possible, but no simpler.]]" &#160;&#160;... [[w:Albert_Einstein|A. Einstein]]}} "Oberon Computing" includes multiple aspects.<ref name="OberonInWP" /> For an overview, begin with the [[w:Oberon_(operating_system)|Wikipedia article]]. For authoritative documents see [[Oberon/Bibliography|Bibliography]]. For other uses of the name '''Oberon''', refer to the [[w:Oberon_(disambiguation)|disambiguation page]]. <!-- [[File:XO.A2.Oberon.jpg|thumb|The Oberon subsystem in UnixAos on an [[w:OLPC_XO#Release_history|XO-1.5]].]] --> ===Table of contents=== [[File:XO.A2.Oberon.jpg|thumb|The Oberon subsystem in UnixAos on an [[w:OLPC_XO#Release_history|XO-1.5]].]] * '''[[Oberon/Introduction|Introduction]]''' ** Audience ** System Characteristics ** Use Cases * '''[[Oberon/Historical Perspective|Historical Perspective]]''' * '''[[Oberon/Beginning as a Novice|Beginning as a Novice]]''' * '''[[Oberon/Glossary|Glossary]]''' * '''[[Oberon/Text|Text]]''' ** Editing a Text ** Programmatical Access to a Text ** How Text Works ... ** In V2 ** In ETH Oberon ** In the Oberon Subsystem of A2 ** In V5 ** Text.FindPiece and the cache * '''[[Oberon/Naming|Naming]]''' * '''[[Oberon/System Variants|System Variants]]''' * '''[[Oberon/Licenses|Licenses]]''' ** ETH Oberon License ** ETH Bluebottle/Aos/A2 License ** Project Oberon, Revised Edition 2013 * '''[[Oberon/The Oberon System, V1 and V2|The Oberon System, V1 and V2]]''' ** Text in V2 ** Sources in V2 * '''[[Oberon/ETH Oberon|ETH Oberon]]''' [[File:TatungTWN5213Oberon.png|thumb|ETH Oberon on a Tatung TWN-5213 CU tablet.<ref name="Tatung"/>]] ** Links ** Installing ** Adding a Calendar and Clock ** Text ** Module Sources ** Texts ** Tools * '''[[Oberon/Linz Oberon, V4|Linz Oberon, V4]]''' [[File:OberonV4.on.iMacM1.png|thumb|Oberon V4 on an iMac M1.]] ** Installing ** Configuring ** Starting V4 on Linux ** Usage Notes ** Bug Fixes ** Module Sources * '''[[Oberon/A2|A2]]''' [[File:WaylandWestonA2.jpg|thumb|440px|[[w:Firefox|Firefox]] and A2 with [[w:Weston_(software)|Weston and XWayland]] on a [[w:Debian|Debian]] 10 system with twin screens.]] ** Links ** Installing and Running UnixAos ** User and Machine Specific Configuration of UnixAos ** The A2 Repository ** Running ** User Level Applications ** The Oberon Sub-system ** Module Sources, Tools and Configuration Texts * '''[[Oberon/V5|V5]]''' ** Installing ** Text ** Notes ** Sources * '''[[Oberon/Bibliography|Bibliography]]''' * '''[[Oberon/Booting|Booting]]''' ** V2 ** ETH Oberon ** V4 ** V5 ** Multi-booting * '''[[Oberon/Comparing|Comparing]]''' ** Comparing Texts ** Comparing Wikibook Pages * '''[[Oberon/Computers|Computers]]''' * '''[[Oberon/Contributing|Contributing to this Wikibook]]''' ** Formatting a Source Text ** Styling a Source Text * '''[[Oberon/FAQ|FAQ]]''' * '''[[Oberon/Support|Collaboration and Support]]''' * <span id="Footnotes">'''Footnotes'''</span> {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="completion">Substantial content is present. Improvements remain possible and editing continues at a modest pace.</ref> <ref name="OberonInWP">The [[w:Oberon_(programming_language)|Oberon]] [[w:Programming language|programming language]] with multiple dialects, various Oberon [[w:Operating systems|operating systems]], [[w:Computer|computing hardware]] where the operating systems have been used and the [[w:hardware description language|hardware description language]], [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/Lola/index.html Lola-2], used to configure a [[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]].</ref> <ref name="Tatung">An adapter is required to connect a conventional serial mouse to the [[c:File:TatungTWN5213RS232.png|Hirose 3540-16P-CV connector]]. Support for the touchscreen has yet to be implemented.</ref> }} {{shelves|Open source software|Operating systems}} {{alphabetical|O}} {{BookCat}} 62ae7a5f3mhcnwsouktu6qhkeimyy1y 0 397437 4633503 3449667 2026-05-02T07:58:57Z ~2026-26449-21 3580635 X 4633503 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Background== [[File:Símbolo Chapecoense sem estrelas.svg|thumb|Símbolo Chapecoense sem estrelas]] On November 29th, 2016, LaMia Flight 2933 (LMI2933), was en route to Medellin, Colombia; carrying on board journalists, crew members and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associação_Chapecoense_de_Futebol Brazilian Chapecoense Football Club's] players and staff, who were travelling to the city to play the first leg of the Copa Sudamericana final against Atletico National. Miles before reaching Medellin, aircraft suffered what the pilot described as a "total failure" and crashed onto a hillside in Cerro Gordo, Colombia at 2:58 AM UTC time <ref> Preliminary Report Accident CP2933. Retrieved from http://www.aerocivil.gov.co/autoridad-de-la-aviacion-civil/investigacion/2016/English%20-%20Preliminary%20Report%20CP2933%20V01%20-%20STATES%20REVISION.pdf#search=lamia </ref>. Out of the 77 people on board, six survived. This chapter examines how different participant's decisions led to the crash. [[File:LaMia Flight 2933 route map.svg|thumb|LaMia Flight 2933 Flight Path]] The Chapacoense team had planned to fly straight from São Paulo, Brazil to Rionegro, Colombia (near Medellin). LaMia, being a Bolivian charter company, was denied the permit to transport the team directly from Brazil to Colombia. To satisfy international flight agreements <ref> Preliminary Report Accident CP2933. Retrieved from http://www.aerocivil.gov.co/autoridad-de-la-aviacion-civil/investigacion/2016/English%20-%20Preliminary%20Report%20CP2933%20V01%20-%20STATES%20REVISION.pdf#search=lamia </ref>, the new flight plan devised by LaMia included a layover stop in Santa Cruz, Bolivia. LaMia flight 2933 covered the second part of the team's journey and departed from Viru Viru International Airport in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, with final destination to José María Córdova International Airport. ===The Crew=== According to Colombia's Civil Aviation Administration: Autoridad de la Aviacion Civil, Flight 2933 was under the control of pilot Miguel Quiroga and co-pilots Ovar Goytia and Sisy Arias <ref> Special Administrative Unit of Civil Aeronautics. Press Release of Passenger Manifest. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/AerocivilCol/status/803514657965228032/photo/1?tfw_site=IBTimes&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw&ref_url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Fwho-was-aboard-colombia-plane-crashed-full-list-passengers-lamia-airlines-flight-2933-2452089</ref>. Quiroga and Goytia had jointly accumulated over 13,000 hours of flight time; Goytia's flying experience with the Bolivian Air Force had lasted 20 years <ref> Final Investigation Report. Retrieved from https://reports.aviation-safety.net/2016/20161128-0_RJ85_CP-2933.pdf</ref>. Arias however, had recently been hired by LaMia and served her first charter flight with Flight 2933. Two flight attendants, Romel Vacaflores and Ximena Suarez were also present on the flight. All pilots perished in the crash. Ximena Suarez was the only crew member to survive. ==Accident sequence of events== ===Airplane Specifications=== The aircraft used for the flight was an Avro 146 RF-85 manufactured by British Aerospace plc (BAE SYSTEMS). The Avro 146 RJ-85 is a 90-seat aircraft with maximum flight weight equal to 41,800 kg <ref>https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20161128-0</ref>, can fly approximately 1600 nautical miles,<ref> Aircraft specs http://www.airliners.net/aircraft-data/british-aerospace-avro-rj7085100/47 </ref>, and has four Textron Lycoming LF507-1F jet engines with a total fuel capacity of 3,099 US gallons (9,300kg) <ref> https://www.easa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/dfu/EASA-TCDS-A.182_Bae_146---AVRO_146_RJ-02-20102010.pdf </ref>. LaMia 2933 was the ninth fatal accident and the second worst accident involving an Avro 146 RF-85 <ref> https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20161128-0 </ref>. ===Flight Path=== The entire flight duration was 4 hours and 22 minutes with a fuel endurance of the exact amount of time, and the flight path was approximately 1,611 nautical miles. Along the path, there were three possible refueling stations: Cobija, Leticia, and Bogota. Cobija’s fuel services closed at 22:43, and was 500 nm from departure; Leticia’s fuel services closed at 00:30, and was 900 nm from departure; Bogota’s refueling station was 1,500 nm from departure. During the flight, fuel calculations took place between the pilots at 00:42:18 hours on November 29, and a fueling stop was decided to take place in Bogotá at 00:52:24 hours. Just after transferring to Colombian Air Traffic Control at 00:52:24 hours, the pilots withdrew their decision to refuel and instead decided to proceed to Rionegro and began to approach the airport at 01:03:01 hours <ref> https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20161128-0 </ref>. At 02:36 hours, the Master Caution notified that only 20 minutes of fuel were left <ref> https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20161128-0 </ref>. The pilot began to communicate with ATC at 02:49:11 to request priority landing <ref> http://www.aerocivil.gov.co/autoridad-de-la-aviacion-civil/investigacion/2016/English%20-%20Preliminary%20Report%20CP2933%20V01%20-%20STATES%20REVISION.pdf#search=lamia </ref>. ===Final Minutes of Flight 2933=== [[File:Rescate de Policía al vuelo 2933 - 05 (cropped).jpg|thumb|LaMia Flight 2933 Crash Site]] The morning of November 29, 2016, at approximately 01:30:01 hours Flight 2933 was transferred to Colombian air traffic control (ATC) and began its approach to Jose Maria Cordoba Airport in Rionegro, Colombia. At 2:43:39, pilot Quiroga was instructed to enter a holding pattern along with three other aircraft around Rionegro. At the time, another aircraft had reported a fuel leak and had been given priority to Runway 01 at Rionegro. At 2:49:37, Flight 2933 reports a "fuel emergency" and is given priority landing at Rionegro. Quiroga was then informed that an aircraft had reported a fuel leak and was given an estimate of seven minutes before the aircraft could begin its decent. This estimate was verbally acknowledge by the crew. At 2:52:26, Quiroga informed ATC that the aircraft was "with fuel emergency" and requested final course. Upon receiving this information ATC, cancelled all other aircraft's approach clearance and cleared Flight 2933 for final approach. Between 2:53:03 and 2:55:41 the aircraft suffered multiple engine failures, which were then recuperated. However, both engines ultimately failed. ATC reported that at 2:55:42 the aircraft's altitude was no longer visible to air traffic controllers. At 2:57:10 Quiroga informed ATC that the aircraft was in total failure, electric failure, and without fuel. Transcript of the dialogue that followed shows Quiroga repeatedly asking ATC for vectors to the runway and ATC informing that they no longer have radar contact. At approximately 03:00 hours the aircraft crashed into a mountain hilltop approximately 18 kilometers from Rionegro Airport <ref>https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20161128-0</ref>. ==Responsible Parties== ===Pilots=== Colombian authorities attributed the crash to several factors: unexpected delays at the airport in Rionegro, a delayed request for priority on the Runway, a delayed declaration of emergency due to low fuel, and a high level of aircraft traffic around Rionegro. While Colombian authorities did not explicitly place blame on the pilots of the aircraft they did cite that Quiroga had an expired Linguistic Competency Certification and copilot Goytia had never completed such certification. Additionally, neither pilot clearly communicated with ATC in the minutes before the crash. According to the "Grupo de Investigacion de Accidentes e Incidentes de Aviacion" or GRIAA, for the emergency situation Flight 2933 found itself in, the pilots should have clearly communicated "PAN PAN or MAYDAY" to ATC <ref>https://reports.aviation-safety.net/2016/20161128-0_RJ85_CP-2933.pdf</ref>. This would have immediately given them priority to Runway 01 and appropriate vectors to the runway. In 2017, GRIAA issued a 112-page report on LaMia flight 2933 which highlights Quiroga's co-ownership of LaMia and the financial hardship which had befallen the airline. It also documents previous flight logs in which too little fuel was allotted for the flight duration. ===LaMia's Airline dispatcher & Management=== LaMia's airline dispatcher on flight 2933, Alex Quispe Garcia, played a crucial role in the outcomes of the events. According to the International Civil Aviation Organization, a flight dispatcher's duties include devising a comprehensive flight plan, signing, and filing the flight plan with airport air traffic services <ref> International Standards and Recommended Practices. Annex 6 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. Retrieved from http://www.mnps.eu/Downloads/Part%20I%20-%20International%20Commercial%20Air%20Transport%20-%20Aeroplanes,%208th%20ed.pdf </ref>. Garcia scheduled a 4 hours and 22 minutes flight knowing the airplane's endurance limit and the risks of fuel exhaustion. The fuel allotted did not take any considerations to the possibilities of delays or holding patterns. His "mistake" was recognized by a Bolivian air traffic officer who requested that Garcia devise a safer plan. He argued that the actual flight time would be less than than on the plan and refused to change any of the details <ref> Una tragedia que se pudo evitar. https://social.shorthand.com/diarioeldeber/3yfgFr9Jbe/una-tragedia-que-se-pudo-evitar </ref>. Garcia ultimately signed off on the plane for take off and had a huge part responsibility in the crash. ===Celia Castego & Bolivian Airport Management Authority (AASANA)=== On the night of November 28th, Celia Cruz was the Air Traffic officer in charged of reviewing LaMia 2933's flight plan prior to departure. Celia was employed by the Bolivian Airport Management Authority (AASANA) to make recommendations and to provide pilots and flight dispatchers with weather report. Fours hours before departure, Celia noticed that the flight time listed on the flight plan was the exact same as the plane's endurance limit and she requested that the flight dispatcher, Alex Garcia, provides an alternative flight plan. Thirty minutes later, Garcia came back to Castedo and informed her that no changes would be made to the flight plan. Celia expressed her disapproval and deplored the fact the " many times airline dispatchers didn't take their observations seriously". Conscious that she had no authority to ground the plane over a dubious flight plan, Castedo submitted a memo at 8:30PM local time, to the Bolivian Civil Aviation Agency (DGAC) regional office giving details of the incident, stating that under the regulations the AASANA office was not empowered to reject the submission <ref> Brazilian soccer team's airline was warned it didn't have enough fuel before taking off on fatal flight. https://splinternews.com/brazilian-soccer-teams-airline-was-warned-it-didnt-have-1793864051 </ref>. After the crash, Castego was pressured and harassed by bosses to modify her report. She sought asylum in Brazil, stating that she was being persecuted by Bolivian authorities <ref> Air traffic controller who revealed cause of Colombia crash flees to Brazil https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/06/colombia-plane-crash-bolivia-air-traffic-controller-brazil </ref>. == Conclusion == The tragedy of Flight 2933 was the result of a combination of systematic defects which hindered several participants. The institutional barriers prevented participants, such as Celia Castedo, from raising awareness to the situation. In addition, the flight crew neglected to prepare an adequate flight plan that allowed enough fuel in the case of horrific events. This incident highlights a professional and internal conflict in Mr. Quiroga; he was in competition between his obligations to his passengers and his personal obligations to his enterprise. Participants such as co-pilot Goytia and first officer Arias were placed in an emergency situation in which their training as professionals may have saved the passengers of Flight 2933. This chapter examines the actions of the flight crew, LaMia airlines, and Bolivia's Airport Management Authority and how their actions led to the incident on the morning of November 29th. Multiple theories attempt to explain what transpired in the cockpit on LaMia flight 2933 in the moments prior to the incident. After the incident, Bolivia's Direccion General de Aeronautica Civil (DGAC) revoked LaMia's business license and surviving family members are pursuing legal action against the airline. Future chapters may include investigations into airline regulations, and how institutions can encourage, rather than obstruct, employees such as Ms. Castedo from preventing disasters like that of flgith 2933. Investigations into systematic limitations which silence employees such as Castedo are critical to improving the safety of international flights. ==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{BookCat|sort=LaMia Flight 2933}} e1tgaxwhsr9srcwrkpscpevbvwcayym 4633511 4633503 2026-05-02T11:06:52Z MathXplore 3097823 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-26449-21|~2026-26449-21]] ([[User talk:~2026-26449-21|talk]]) to last version by CommonsDelinker 3449667 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Background== [[File:Símbolo Chapecoense sem estrelas.svg|thumb|Símbolo Chapecoense sem estrelas]] On November 29th, 2016, LaMia Flight 2933 (LMI2933), was en route to Medellin, Colombia; carrying on board journalists, crew members and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associação_Chapecoense_de_Futebol Brazilian Chapecoense Football Club's] players and staff, who were travelling to the city to play the first leg of the Copa Sudamericana final against Atletico National. Miles before reaching Medellin, the aircraft suffered what the pilot described as a "total failure" and crashed onto a hillside in Cerro Gordo, Colombia at 2:58 AM UTC time <ref> Preliminary Report Accident CP2933. Retrieved from http://www.aerocivil.gov.co/autoridad-de-la-aviacion-civil/investigacion/2016/English%20-%20Preliminary%20Report%20CP2933%20V01%20-%20STATES%20REVISION.pdf#search=lamia </ref>. Out of the 77 people on board, six survived. This chapter examines how different participant's decisions led to the crash. [[File:LaMia Flight 2933 route map.svg|thumb|LaMia Flight 2933 Flight Path]] The Chapacoense team had planned to fly straight from São Paulo, Brazil to Rionegro, Colombia (near Medellin). LaMia, being a Bolivian charter company, was denied the permit to transport the team directly from Brazil to Colombia. To satisfy international flight agreements <ref> Preliminary Report Accident CP2933. Retrieved from http://www.aerocivil.gov.co/autoridad-de-la-aviacion-civil/investigacion/2016/English%20-%20Preliminary%20Report%20CP2933%20V01%20-%20STATES%20REVISION.pdf#search=lamia </ref>, the new flight plan devised by LaMia included a layover stop in Santa Cruz, Bolivia. LaMia flight 2933 covered the second part of the team's journey and departed from Viru Viru International Airport in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, with final destination to José María Córdova International Airport. ===The Crew=== According to Colombia's Civil Aviation Administration: Autoridad de la Aviacion Civil, Flight 2933 was under the control of pilot Miguel Quiroga and co-pilots Ovar Goytia and Sisy Arias <ref> Special Administrative Unit of Civil Aeronautics. Press Release of Passenger Manifest. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/AerocivilCol/status/803514657965228032/photo/1?tfw_site=IBTimes&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw&ref_url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Fwho-was-aboard-colombia-plane-crashed-full-list-passengers-lamia-airlines-flight-2933-2452089</ref>. Quiroga and Goytia had jointly accumulated over 13,000 hours of flight time; Goytia's flying experience with the Bolivian Air Force had lasted 20 years <ref> Final Investigation Report. Retrieved from https://reports.aviation-safety.net/2016/20161128-0_RJ85_CP-2933.pdf</ref>. Arias however, had recently been hired by LaMia and served her first charter flight with Flight 2933. Two flight attendants, Romel Vacaflores and Ximena Suarez were also present on the flight. All pilots perished in the crash. Ximena Suarez was the only crew member to survive. ==Accident sequence of events== ===Airplane Specifications=== The aircraft used for the flight was an Avro 146 RF-85 manufactured by British Aerospace plc (BAE SYSTEMS). The Avro 146 RJ-85 is a 90-seat aircraft with maximum flight weight equal to 41,800 kg <ref>https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20161128-0</ref>, can fly approximately 1600 nautical miles,<ref> Aircraft specs http://www.airliners.net/aircraft-data/british-aerospace-avro-rj7085100/47 </ref>, and has four Textron Lycoming LF507-1F jet engines with a total fuel capacity of 3,099 US gallons (9,300kg) <ref> https://www.easa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/dfu/EASA-TCDS-A.182_Bae_146---AVRO_146_RJ-02-20102010.pdf </ref>. LaMia 2933 was the ninth fatal accident and the second worst accident involving an Avro 146 RF-85 <ref> https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20161128-0 </ref>. ===Flight Path=== The entire flight duration was 4 hours and 22 minutes with a fuel endurance of the exact amount of time, and the flight path was approximately 1,611 nautical miles. Along the path, there were three possible refueling stations: Cobija, Leticia, and Bogota. Cobija’s fuel services closed at 22:43, and was 500 nm from departure; Leticia’s fuel services closed at 00:30, and was 900 nm from departure; Bogota’s refueling station was 1,500 nm from departure. During the flight, fuel calculations took place between the pilots at 00:42:18 hours on November 29, and a fueling stop was decided to take place in Bogotá at 00:52:24 hours. Just after transferring to Colombian Air Traffic Control at 00:52:24 hours, the pilots withdrew their decision to refuel and instead decided to proceed to Rionegro and began to approach the airport at 01:03:01 hours <ref> https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20161128-0 </ref>. At 02:36 hours, the Master Caution notified that only 20 minutes of fuel were left <ref> https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20161128-0 </ref>. The pilot began to communicate with ATC at 02:49:11 to request priority landing <ref> http://www.aerocivil.gov.co/autoridad-de-la-aviacion-civil/investigacion/2016/English%20-%20Preliminary%20Report%20CP2933%20V01%20-%20STATES%20REVISION.pdf#search=lamia </ref>. ===Final Minutes of Flight 2933=== [[File:Rescate de Policía al vuelo 2933 - 05 (cropped).jpg|thumb|LaMia Flight 2933 Crash Site]] The morning of November 29, 2016, at approximately 01:30:01 hours Flight 2933 was transferred to Colombian air traffic control (ATC) and began its approach to Jose Maria Cordoba Airport in Rionegro, Colombia. At 2:43:39, pilot Quiroga was instructed to enter a holding pattern along with three other aircraft around Rionegro. At the time, another aircraft had reported a fuel leak and had been given priority to Runway 01 at Rionegro. At 2:49:37, Flight 2933 reports a "fuel emergency" and is given priority landing at Rionegro. Quiroga was then informed that an aircraft had reported a fuel leak and was given an estimate of seven minutes before the aircraft could begin its decent. This estimate was verbally acknowledge by the crew. At 2:52:26, Quiroga informed ATC that the aircraft was "with fuel emergency" and requested final course. Upon receiving this information ATC, cancelled all other aircraft's approach clearance and cleared Flight 2933 for final approach. Between 2:53:03 and 2:55:41 the aircraft suffered multiple engine failures, which were then recuperated. However, both engines ultimately failed. ATC reported that at 2:55:42 the aircraft's altitude was no longer visible to air traffic controllers. At 2:57:10 Quiroga informed ATC that the aircraft was in total failure, electric failure, and without fuel. Transcript of the dialogue that followed shows Quiroga repeatedly asking ATC for vectors to the runway and ATC informing that they no longer have radar contact. At approximately 03:00 hours the aircraft crashed into a mountain hilltop approximately 18 kilometers from Rionegro Airport <ref>https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20161128-0</ref>. ==Responsible Parties== ===Pilots=== Colombian authorities attributed the crash to several factors: unexpected delays at the airport in Rionegro, a delayed request for priority on the Runway, a delayed declaration of emergency due to low fuel, and a high level of aircraft traffic around Rionegro. While Colombian authorities did not explicitly place blame on the pilots of the aircraft they did cite that Quiroga had an expired Linguistic Competency Certification and copilot Goytia had never completed such certification. Additionally, neither pilot clearly communicated with ATC in the minutes before the crash. According to the "Grupo de Investigacion de Accidentes e Incidentes de Aviacion" or GRIAA, for the emergency situation Flight 2933 found itself in, the pilots should have clearly communicated "PAN PAN or MAYDAY" to ATC <ref>https://reports.aviation-safety.net/2016/20161128-0_RJ85_CP-2933.pdf</ref>. This would have immediately given them priority to Runway 01 and appropriate vectors to the runway. In 2017, GRIAA issued a 112-page report on LaMia flight 2933 which highlights Quiroga's co-ownership of LaMia and the financial hardship which had befallen the airline. It also documents previous flight logs in which too little fuel was allotted for the flight duration. ===LaMia's Airline dispatcher & Management=== LaMia's airline dispatcher on flight 2933, Alex Quispe Garcia, played a crucial role in the outcomes of the events. According to the International Civil Aviation Organization, a flight dispatcher's duties include devising a comprehensive flight plan, signing, and filing the flight plan with airport air traffic services <ref> International Standards and Recommended Practices. Annex 6 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. Retrieved from http://www.mnps.eu/Downloads/Part%20I%20-%20International%20Commercial%20Air%20Transport%20-%20Aeroplanes,%208th%20ed.pdf </ref>. Garcia scheduled a 4 hours and 22 minutes flight knowing the airplane's endurance limit and the risks of fuel exhaustion. The fuel allotted did not take any considerations to the possibilities of delays or holding patterns. His "mistake" was recognized by a Bolivian air traffic officer who requested that Garcia devise a safer plan. He argued that the actual flight time would be less than than on the plan and refused to change any of the details <ref> Una tragedia que se pudo evitar. https://social.shorthand.com/diarioeldeber/3yfgFr9Jbe/una-tragedia-que-se-pudo-evitar </ref>. Garcia ultimately signed off on the plane for take off and had a huge part responsibility in the crash. ===Celia Castego & Bolivian Airport Management Authority (AASANA)=== On the night of November 28th, Celia Cruz was the Air Traffic officer in charged of reviewing LaMia 2933's flight plan prior to departure. Celia was employed by the Bolivian Airport Management Authority (AASANA) to make recommendations and to provide pilots and flight dispatchers with weather report. Fours hours before departure, Celia noticed that the flight time listed on the flight plan was the exact same as the plane's endurance limit and she requested that the flight dispatcher, Alex Garcia, provides an alternative flight plan. Thirty minutes later, Garcia came back to Castedo and informed her that no changes would be made to the flight plan. Celia expressed her disapproval and deplored the fact the " many times airline dispatchers didn't take their observations seriously". Conscious that she had no authority to ground the plane over a dubious flight plan, Castedo submitted a memo at 8:30PM local time, to the Bolivian Civil Aviation Agency (DGAC) regional office giving details of the incident, stating that under the regulations the AASANA office was not empowered to reject the submission <ref> Brazilian soccer team's airline was warned it didn't have enough fuel before taking off on fatal flight. https://splinternews.com/brazilian-soccer-teams-airline-was-warned-it-didnt-have-1793864051 </ref>. After the crash, Castego was pressured and harassed by bosses to modify her report. She sought asylum in Brazil, stating that she was being persecuted by Bolivian authorities <ref> Air traffic controller who revealed cause of Colombia crash flees to Brazil https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/06/colombia-plane-crash-bolivia-air-traffic-controller-brazil </ref>. == Conclusion == The tragedy of Flight 2933 was the result of a combination of systematic defects which hindered several participants. The institutional barriers prevented participants, such as Celia Castedo, from raising awareness to the situation. In addition, the flight crew neglected to prepare an adequate flight plan that allowed enough fuel in the case of horrific events. This incident highlights a professional and internal conflict in Mr. Quiroga; he was in competition between his obligations to his passengers and his personal obligations to his enterprise. Participants such as co-pilot Goytia and first officer Arias were placed in an emergency situation in which their training as professionals may have saved the passengers of Flight 2933. This chapter examines the actions of the flight crew, LaMia airlines, and Bolivia's Airport Management Authority and how their actions led to the incident on the morning of November 29th. Multiple theories attempt to explain what transpired in the cockpit on LaMia flight 2933 in the moments prior to the incident. After the incident, Bolivia's Direccion General de Aeronautica Civil (DGAC) revoked LaMia's business license and surviving family members are pursuing legal action against the airline. Future chapters may include investigations into airline regulations, and how institutions can encourage, rather than obstruct, employees such as Ms. Castedo from preventing disasters like that of flgith 2933. Investigations into systematic limitations which silence employees such as Castedo are critical to improving the safety of international flights. ==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{BookCat|sort=LaMia Flight 2933}} 164gjqh2sn0p1tezs37f515qbiswd78 0 415095 4633506 3797190 2026-05-02T08:36:28Z Babywacko 3580642 Caplog 3d ati tv 📺.but cr 4633506 wikitext text/x-wiki Economics is the science of the production and consumption of goods and services.sniper == Goods and services == Services (labor) are consumed when they are produced. The goods produced are consumed after a certain period, short (fresh products) or more or less long (durable goods, including stocks of non-perishable commodities). Some durable goods are almost eternal (quality housing, jewelry, works of art ...). Others are consumed by use during their lifetime. Even near-eternal goods generally require work to be maintained. Final consumption is the consumption of goods and services which directly improve the quality of life (in principle, because they can also deteriorate it): food, clothing, housing, health, education, transport, sport and entertainment, long distance communication ... Intermediate consumption is the consumption of goods and services that serve in the production chain of final goods and services. Certain goods such as means of transport, computers and smartphones can be used both as intermediate goods and as final goods. == Quality of life == The quality of life does not only depend on final consumption: having a good job and benefiting from good working conditions, feeling safe in the present, for our future, that of our children, our country and all humanity, respect and be respected, love and be loved, know how to meditate and relax, be at peace with oneself and with others, do not despair, breathe good air, benefit from a good climate and a welcoming nature ... == Real wealth and market wealth == Real wealth (capital) at any given time is the sum of all durable goods. We can also include in the real wealth the intelligence, the competence and the health of human beings (human capital) and the natural wealth (seas, oceans, rivers, lakes and rivers, landscapes, natural fauna and flora ...). Market wealth is the market value of real wealth. It is assessed with market prices. When goods are not sold, their market value is assessed from the market prices of equivalent goods. Since human beings are not sold as slaves, their market value cannot be assessed, except by very questionable indirect means (discounted lifetime income or risk price). Market wealth depends on long-term expectations. Durable goods have a market value because it is anticipated that they will be used, and that they can be sold. But lifestyles, and expectations of future lifestyles, can vary. Such variations are difficult to predict. If, for example, humans give up tourism by air, all the infrastructure and equipment intended to produce and consume the planes, including the planes themselves, automatically lose their value. If fiancés lose the habit of offering diamonds, the market value of diamond stocks will be greatly diminished. Expectations are very fluctuating. They vary with the occurrence of unforeseen events (disasters ...) and are often irrational (animal spirits) because no one can predict with certainty what the future holds for us. This is why the market value of shares can change suddenly. Billions of dollars can disappear in a day without a note being burned, simply because humans have changed their minds. == Investment and long-term vision == Investment is the change in real wealth over a period. A negative investment is a decrease in real wealth (non-renewal of durable goods consumed or deteriorated). To invest intelligently, we need to have a long-term vision. What goods and services will human beings want to enjoy in the coming decades? Will they have the means to buy them? What intermediate goods must be produced to facilitate the production of final goods and services? Training is an investment in human capital. Intelligent vocational training also requires a long-term vision. The market economy is generally short-sighted. The ideal would be for all citizens to agree on the priorities to be given to the economy and for an intelligent state to correct the failings of the market economy. == Work and dignity == Work is the main source of wealth. When we consume goods and services, we give work to all those who participated in their production. Being deprived of work is generally a great suffering, at the same time economic, social and psychological. Giving work is giving dignity, provided it is a good job, in good conditions (hours, equipment, security, respect ...) and honestly paid. {{BookCat}} 2z3b8982ujw807p3fuzdxgcnmww6234 4633510 4633506 2026-05-02T11:06:40Z MathXplore 3097823 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/Babywacko|Babywacko]] ([[User talk:Babywacko|talk]]) to last version by JackBot 3797190 wikitext text/x-wiki Economics is the science of the production and consumption of goods and services. == Goods and services == Services (labor) are consumed when they are produced. The goods produced are consumed after a certain period, short (fresh products) or more or less long (durable goods, including stocks of non-perishable commodities). Some durable goods are almost eternal (quality housing, jewelry, works of art ...). Others are consumed by use during their lifetime. Even near-eternal goods generally require work to be maintained. Final consumption is the consumption of goods and services which directly improve the quality of life (in principle, because they can also deteriorate it): food, clothing, housing, health, education, transport, sport and entertainment, long distance communication ... Intermediate consumption is the consumption of goods and services that serve in the production chain of final goods and services. Certain goods such as means of transport, computers and smartphones can be used both as intermediate goods and as final goods. == Quality of life == The quality of life does not only depend on final consumption: having a good job and benefiting from good working conditions, feeling safe in the present, for our future, that of our children, our country and all humanity, respect and be respected, love and be loved, know how to meditate and relax, be at peace with oneself and with others, do not despair, breathe good air, benefit from a good climate and a welcoming nature ... == Real wealth and market wealth == Real wealth (capital) at any given time is the sum of all durable goods. We can also include in the real wealth the intelligence, the competence and the health of human beings (human capital) and the natural wealth (seas, oceans, rivers, lakes and rivers, landscapes, natural fauna and flora ...). Market wealth is the market value of real wealth. It is assessed with market prices. When goods are not sold, their market value is assessed from the market prices of equivalent goods. Since human beings are not sold as slaves, their market value cannot be assessed, except by very questionable indirect means (discounted lifetime income or risk price). Market wealth depends on long-term expectations. Durable goods have a market value because it is anticipated that they will be used, and that they can be sold. But lifestyles, and expectations of future lifestyles, can vary. Such variations are difficult to predict. If, for example, humans give up tourism by air, all the infrastructure and equipment intended to produce and consume the planes, including the planes themselves, automatically lose their value. If fiancés lose the habit of offering diamonds, the market value of diamond stocks will be greatly diminished. Expectations are very fluctuating. They vary with the occurrence of unforeseen events (disasters ...) and are often irrational (animal spirits) because no one can predict with certainty what the future holds for us. This is why the market value of shares can change suddenly. Billions of dollars can disappear in a day without a note being burned, simply because humans have changed their minds. == Investment and long-term vision == Investment is the change in real wealth over a period. A negative investment is a decrease in real wealth (non-renewal of durable goods consumed or deteriorated). To invest intelligently, we need to have a long-term vision. What goods and services will human beings want to enjoy in the coming decades? Will they have the means to buy them? What intermediate goods must be produced to facilitate the production of final goods and services? Training is an investment in human capital. Intelligent vocational training also requires a long-term vision. The market economy is generally short-sighted. The ideal would be for all citizens to agree on the priorities to be given to the economy and for an intelligent state to correct the failings of the market economy. == Work and dignity == Work is the main source of wealth. When we consume goods and services, we give work to all those who participated in their production. Being deprived of work is generally a great suffering, at the same time economic, social and psychological. Giving work is giving dignity, provided it is a good job, in good conditions (hours, equipment, security, respect ...) and honestly paid. {{BookCat}} hde38c3ztvhsghvxaxbd920vtjtiu2x 0 417716 4633482 4632934 2026-05-02T01:00:43Z JackBot 396820 Formatting, [[Special:UncategorizedPages]] 4633482 wikitext text/x-wiki =Embodied Cognition= Embodied cognition is differentiated by the view that cognitive processes are largely dependent upon properties of the agent’s physical body.<ref>The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/embodied-cognition/</ref> That is, aspects outside the brain play a significant or constituent role in cognitive processing. This particular characteristic forms the basis of what is referred to as the Embodiment Thesis.<ref>Kirchhoff, M. (2018). The body in action: predictive processing and the embodiment thesis. In Oxford handbook of cognition: embodied, extended and enactive. Oxford University Press.</ref> This trait differs from traditional perspectives that view cognition as bounded within the confines of the physical brain. At most, these traditional views see cognition as being heavily influenced by information communicated by areas of the nervous system external to the brain.<ref>Varela, F. J., Thompson, E., & Rosch, E. (2016). The embodied mind: Cognitive science and human experience. MIT press</ref> Theories of embodied cognition involve various influences from areas of body morphology, emotions, and sensorimotor research. A common theme involves hypothesizes that the body, and its perception of the world, does much of the work required to attain an agent’s goals. <ref>Foglia, L., & Wilson, R. A. (2013). Embodied cognition. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 4(3), 319-325</ref> Embodied cognition is an approach to cognition that has its origins in motor behavior. Research into motor behavior was later used to argue for the major extent to which the body influences mental processing. <ref>Guell, X., Gabrieli, J. D., & Schmahmann, J. D. (2018). Embodied cognition and the cerebellum: Perspectives from the Dysmetria of Thought and the Universal Cerebellar Transform theories. Cortex, 100, 140-148.</ref> A major viewpoint asserts that cognition did not evolve to act in isolation, but to act within a physical body. <ref>Garofoli, D. (2019). Embodied cognition and the archaeology of mind: A radical reassessment. In Handbook of evolutionary research in archaeology (pp. 379-405). Springer, Cham.</ref> In turn, the body then acts upon the environment in which the body is engaged. Hence, various aspects of cognition such as knowledge representations, reasoning, judgment, and the execution of cognitive tasks, result from the whole physical body. <ref>Keijzer, F. A. (2017). Evolutionary convergence and biologically embodied cognition. Interface Focus, 7(3), 20160123</ref> <ref>Dove, G. (2016). Three symbol ungrounding problems: Abstract concepts and the future of embodied cognition. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 23(4), 1109-1121.</ref> ===Memory=== Memory studies on embodied cognition indicate that subjects recall more of a narrative when they act out the story physically.<ref>Scott, Christina L.; Harris, Richard Jackson; Rothe, Alicia R. (2001). "Embodied Cognition Through Improvisation Improves Memory for a Dramatic Monologue". Discourse Processes. 31 (3): 293–305</ref> While long term memory can be enhanced by pairing motor movement, working memory can significantly decrease due to increased cognitive load.<ref>Diane Pecher; Rolf A. Zwaan (2005). Grounding Cognition: The Role of Perception and Action in Memory, Language, and Thinking. Cambridge University Press. pp. 115–. {{#isbn:978-1-139-44247-3}}</ref> ===Learning=== As in memory research, studies have evinced that learning in general can be enhanced when supplemented with bodily movement.<ref>Skulmowski, Alexander; Rey, Günter Daniel (2018). "Embodied learning: introducing a taxonomy based on bodily engagement and task integration". Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications. 3 (1): 6</ref><ref>Lindgren, Robb; Johnson-Glenberg, Mina (2013). "Emboldened by Embodiment". Educational Researcher. 42 (8): 445–452. doi:10.3102/0013189X13511661.</ref> Embodied theories of learning debate the extent to which learning is embodied and where the line of demarcation stands between physical and conceptual learning.<ref>Wilson, M. (2002). Six views of embodied cognition. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 9(4), 625-636.</ref> Neurological evidence indicates that the cerebellum is deeply involved in the processing and storage of information<ref>Koziol, L. F., Budding, D. E., & Chidekel, D. (2012). From movement to thought: executive function, embodied cognition, and the cerebellum. The Cerebellum, 11(2), 505-525.</ref> ===Reasoning=== Some experiments have demonstrated that engaging sensorimotor areas of the brain can support analytical reasoning. Research subjects who were presented with mental rotation problems that involved motor engagement performed better than control groups.<ref>Hyun, J. S.; Luck, S. J. (2007). "Visual working memory as the substrate for mental rotation". Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 14 (1): 154–158. doi:10.3758/bf03194043. {{PMID|17546746}}.</ref><ref>Moreau, D (2012). "The role of motor processes in three-dimensional mental rotation: Shaping cognitive processing via sensorimotor experience". Learning and Individual Differences. 22 (3): 354–359</ref> ===Evolution=== Theories of embodied learning have been supported by some evolutionary psychologists who argue that human evolution has been pervaded by physically "learning through doing."<ref>Keijzer, F. A. (2017). Evolutionary convergence and biologically embodied cognition. Interface Focus, 7(3), 20160123. </ref><ref>Wilson, M. (2008). How did we get from there to here? An evolutionary perspective on embodied cognition. In Handbook of Cognitive Science (pp. 373-393). Elsevier.</ref> This view connects to theories of [[situated cognitionhttps://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_Science:_An_Introduction/Situated_Cognition&stable=1|situated cognition]] of learning by being grounded ecologically, and teaching occurring directly by means of "cognitive apprenticeship."<ref>Collins, A. (1991). Cognitive apprenticeship and instructional technology. Educational values and cognitive instruction: Implications for reform, 1991, 121-138</ref><ref>Sutton, J. (2013). Skill and collaboration in the evolution of human cognition. Biological Theory, 8(1), 28-36</ref> =References= {{BookCat}} 0lkwfmna9n5csk1qlcypvaxv93psfgg 0 438545 4633488 4632852 2026-05-02T02:09:47Z Vaq5gp 3580535 Added new section "Regulatory Models and the Sociotechnical Divide" comparing EU and U.S. algorithmic regulation, and appended verified citations [48]-[53]. 4633488 wikitext text/x-wiki Algorithmic bias refers to undesirable results from a computer system that incorrectly or unfairly prioritizes one group over another. This chapter currently focuses on algorithmic bias in the United States. == Background == Of particular importance is algorithmic bias in Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI). Companies and individuals are increasing their reliance on AI systems. Search engine results, social media recommendations, hiring decisions, stock market predictions, and policing practices use information from AI predictive modeling. <ref>[https://www.ibm.com/analytics/hadoop/big-data-analytics IBM. (n.d.). ''Big Data Analytics''. https://www.ibm.com/analytics/hadoop/big-data-analytics.]</ref> Algorithmic bias in these models is particularly dangerous due to human Automation Bias, the tendency for humans to disregard contradictory information when presented with a computer-generated solution <ref> Cummings, Mary (2004). "Automation Bias in Intelligent Time Critical Decision Support Systems" (PDF). AIAA 1st Intelligent Systems Technical Conference (PDF). doi:10.2514/6.2004-6313. {{#isbn:978-1-62410-080-2}}. Archived from the original on 2014-11-01. </ref>. This increases the likelihood that bias in the AI system will result in unfair or inequitable outcomes where the system is in use. How does Algorithmic Bias occur in AI systems? Often, AI systems operate on massive data sets amalgamated from existing sources [[Lentis/"Data is the new oil"|without refinement]]. This leads to any existing bias, often institutional or implicit, being passed along to the AI system. <ref>[https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/02/04/137602/this-is-how-ai-bias-really-happensand-why-its-so-hard-to-fix/ Hao, K. (2019, February 4). ''This is how AI bias really happens-and why it's so hard to fix''. MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/02/04/137602/this-is-how-ai-bias-really-happensand-why-its-so-hard-to-fix/.]</ref> Consider an AI hiring algorithm created to give a competitive advantage in finding the best possible candidates for a computer science position. Because computer science is currently male dominated field, the hiring algorithm might erroneously prioritize male applicants. An example of a similar case is the Amazon Hiring Algorithm. In this way, AI systems will replicate existing bias and perpetuate existing prejudice in the status quo. Assembled bias, a proposed type of Algorithmic Bias unique to AI and ML systems, describes novel biases introduced by AI systems that do not currently exist in society.<ref>Waller, R.R., Waller, R.L. Assembled Bias: Beyond Transparent Algorithmic Bias. ''Minds & Machines'' 32, 533–562 (2022). <nowiki>https://doi-org.proxy1.library.virginia.edu/10.1007/s11023-022-09605-x</nowiki></ref> Assembled bias arises from the idea that AI models are generative rather than purely statistical. A toy example to better understand this phenomenon is AI generation of realistic images.<ref>Gray, Richard. (2018, November 27). ''Why machines dream of spiders with 15 legs.'' https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20181127-the-weird-way-machines-with-ai-see-the-world </ref> When asked to create an image of a spider, an AI model might produce a highly detailed, realistically textured image of an eleven-legged spider. Even though the AI has only ever trained with images of eight-legged spiders, the AI has no concept of how to count legs – instead, it creates its own metrics for what defines a spider. Diversity is notably lacking from AI development and research positions. Only about 20% of AI researchers are women, and other minority groups are similarly underrepresented.<ref>Kumar, S., Choudhury, S. Gender and feminist considerations in artificial intelligence from a developing-world perspective, with India as a case study. ''Humanit Soc Sci Commun'' 9, 31 (2022). <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01043-5</nowiki></ref> Because the end goal when developing an AI system is often quantifying a nebulous concept, the perspectives of those present and working on the system strongly influence the outcome. The lack of diversity in AI positions represents another possible source of bias because the majority perspective will be overvalued in the outcome. Currently, the unfair outcomes resulting from Algorithmic Bias in AI systems appear to be disadvantaging primarily women and sexual or racial minorities. Combating this unintended result of AI and ML is an ongoing field of research.<ref name=":2">[https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/02/04/137602/this-is-how-ai-bias-really-happensand-why-its-so-hard-to-fix/ Hao, K. (2019, February 4). ''This is how AI bias really happens-and why it's so hard to fix''. MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/02/04/137602/this-is-how-ai-bias-really-happensand-why-its-so-hard-to-fix/.]</ref> == Case Studies and Social Impacts == === Amazon's Hiring Algorithm === In 2014, Amazon initiated a program that used AI to review job resumes. The purpose of the program was to reduce the time spent on finding good candidates to fill job openings. The AI was trained on resumes submitted to the company during the previous 10 years. The demographics of the submitted resumes were similar to that of most tech companies: composed mostly of men, especially in technical roles. Consequently, the AI produced an algorithm that favored male resumes more than female resumes, as most of the previously successful candidates were male. This manifested itself in the algorithm as it penalized resumes that included the word “women’s”, or rewarding those with words more commonly found on male resumes such as “captured” or “executed”. The algorithm was also found to downgrade candidates who graduated from all-women’s colleges.<ref name=":0">Dastin, J. (2018, Oct. 10). ''Amazon Scraps secret AI recruiting tool that showed bias against women.'' Reuters. <nowiki>https://www.reuters.com/article/us-amazon-com-jobs-automation-insight/amazon-scraps-secret-ai-recruiting-tool-that-showed-bias-against-women-idUSKCN1MK08G</nowiki></ref> To combat the gender-bias outcome of the tool, Amazon made the program neutral to gender-correlated terms. By doing so, Amazon engaged in internal auditing, a technique designed to reduce algorithmic bias by ensuring any emerging bias in a machine learning model is caught and stopped. However, it did not address the crux of the problem, which was the underlying data. A different approach would have been to analyze the existing data set to predict where the algorithm could be biased, evaluating and modifying assumptions about the data as necessary. This approach has been successful in other AI applications. In this case, however, Amazon left the underlying data unaddressed. This abetted the algorithm to find additional discriminatory ways of sorting the candidates. The tool was retired in 2017 after “executives lost hope for the project.”<ref name=":0" /> Critics of Amazon argue this algorithm has perpetuated the gender disparity in their workforce. Amazon does not dispute that their recruiters looked at the recommendations generated by the tool, but maintain the tool “was never used by [them] to evaluate candidates.”<ref name=":0" /> Opponents of Amazon argue the two are mutually exclusive; recruiters were surely influenced by a tool that rates candidates from 1-5 stars, even if they claim they were not. Some critics, like ACLU Attorney Rachel Goodman, further contend that AI hiring tools “are not eliminating human bias – they are merely laundering it through software.”<ref>Goodman, R. (2018, Oct. 12). Why Amazon’s Automated Hiring Tool Discriminated Against Women. ''American Civil Liberties Union.'' <nowiki>https://www.aclu.org/blog/womens-rights/womens-rights-workplace/why-amazons-automated-hiring-tool-discriminated-against</nowiki></ref> Proponents of AI hiring technology are more optimistic: In a 2017 survey from CareerBuilder, 55% of U.S. human resources managers said AI would be a regular part of their work within the next five years.<ref>CareerBuilder. (2017, May 18). ''More than half of HR managers say artificial intelligence will become a regular part of HR in next 5 years'' [press release]. <nowiki>https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/press-release/</nowiki></ref> However, as Vice President of LinkedIn Talent Solutions John Jersin explains, the technology has much room for improvement before it can “make a hiring decision on its own.”<ref name=":0" /> Amazon has since revived the project, hoping that emphasizing diversity will lead to more equitable algorithmic outcomes. However, in the absence of critically evaluating the data the models are trained on, it is unclear why a certain algorithmic emphasis will lead to a non-discriminatory outcome of the algorithm. === Vendors, Regulators, and the Hiring Pipeline === While Amazon's algorithm represents one company's failed attempt at automated recruiting, automated hiring tools are now widespread. As of 2025, an estimated 99% of Fortune 500 companies use some form of applicant tracking system, and a growing share rely on AI for screening, ranking, and video assessment.<ref name=":hire1">Jobscan. (2025). ''Fortune 500 ATS usage report''. <nowiki>https://www.jobscan.co/blog/fortune-500-use-applicant-tracking-systems/</nowiki></ref> Vendors such as HireVue, Pymetrics, and Eightfold supply these tools to employers across industries. HireVue, one of the largest, reports having facilitated over 70 million video interviews.<ref>HireVue. (2025). ''AI-powered skill validation, video interviewing, assessments and more''. <nowiki>https://www.hirevue.com/</nowiki></ref> Vendors frame their tools as standardizing fairness. HireVue states that its AI provides "a standard, structured, and fair way to screen many candidates… in a shorter time and at lower cost."<ref>HireVue. (2022, April). ''AI explainability statement (short form)''. <nowiki>https://www.hirevue.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/HV_AI_Short-Form_Explainability_1pager.pdf</nowiki></ref> Critics argue this framing conflates algorithmic consistency with equity. The Electronic Privacy Information Center filed an FTC complaint against HireVue in 2019, alleging that the company's facial analysis features lacked scientific basis and produced biased outcomes.<ref name=":10">Electronic Privacy Information Center. (2019, November 6). ''EPIC files FTC complaint against HireVue''. <nowiki>https://epic.org/epic-files-complaint-with-ftc-about-employment-screening-firm-hirevue/</nowiki></ref> HireVue announced in January 2021 that it had removed facial analysis from its assessments, citing public concern, but retained voice and language analysis.<ref>Maurer, R. (2021, February 3). HireVue discontinues facial analysis screening. ''SHRM''. <nowiki>https://www.shrm.org/topics-tools/news/talent-acquisition/hirevue-discontinues-facial-analysis-screening</nowiki></ref> Employers and HR departments occupy a distinct position in this pipeline. The Society for Human Resource Management reports that among organizations using AI in hiring, nearly nine in ten do so to save time or increase efficiency.<ref>SHRM. (2024). ''2024 Talent Trends Survey: Artificial intelligence findings''. <nowiki>https://shrm-res.cloudinary.com/image/upload/AI/2024-Talent-Trends-Survey_Artificial-Intelligence-Findings.pdf</nowiki></ref> However, most HR departments lack the technical capacity to independently audit the tools they purchase, creating a diffusion of responsibility: vendors maintain that employers control how the tools are used, while employers defer to algorithmic outputs they cannot meaningfully evaluate. === The Regulatory Landscape === Governance of automated hiring is fragmented. In the United States, no federal law specifically addresses AI in employment. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission has issued guidance noting that automated screening can violate the Americans with Disabilities Act and Title VII, but this guidance is non-binding.<ref>U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (2022, May 12). ''U.S. EEOC and U.S. Department of Justice warn against disability discrimination''. <nowiki>https://www.eeoc.gov/newsroom/us-eeoc-and-us-department-justice-warn-against-disability-discrimination</nowiki></ref> In the absence of federal action, individual states and cities have legislated. Illinois passed the Artificial Intelligence Video Interview Act in 2019, requiring employers to notify applicants when AI evaluates video interviews and obtain their consent.<ref>Illinois Artificial Intelligence Video Interview Act, 820 ILCS 42 (2019). <nowiki>https://www.ilga.gov/Legislation/ILCS/Articles?ActID=4015&ChapterID=68</nowiki></ref> New York City's Local Law 144, effective in 2023, requires employers using automated employment decision tools to commission annual independent bias audits and publish the results.<ref>New York City Local Law 144 of 2021, Administrative Code § 20-871 (2023).</ref> The European Union has taken a different approach: the EU AI Act, which entered into force in 2024, classifies hiring AI as "high-risk" and imposes mandatory pre-deployment impact assessments.<ref>European Parliament. (2024). ''Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence''. <nowiki>https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj</nowiki></ref> This product-safety framework contrasts with the U.S. civil-rights model, which generally requires harm to occur before legal action can proceed. The trade group BSA | The Software Alliance, whose members include Microsoft, Oracle, and Workday, has actively lobbied to narrow these regulations. In comments on Local Law 144, BSA argued that "requiring third-party audits is not a feasible or optimal approach," citing the absence of common AI auditing standards and professional oversight bodies.<ref>BSA | The Software Alliance. (2023, January 23). ''Comments on the New York City Department of Consumer and Worker Protection's revised proposed rules implementing Local Law 144''. <nowiki>https://www.bsa.org/files/policy-filings/01232023nyctools.pdf</nowiki></ref> The result is a contested regulatory environment in which the standards meant to govern these tools are themselves shaped by the industries they are intended to constrain. === Facial Recognition Algorithms === Several companies, including IBM and Microsoft, have developed facial recognition algorithms to recognize people only using their face<ref>Najibi, A. (2020). ''Racial Discrimination in Face Recognition Technology''. Science in the News; Harvard University. https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2020/racial-discrimination-in-face-recognition-technology/</ref>. These algorithms are available to the public and have been used by police departments in conjunction with [[Lentis/Video Surveillance|video surveillance]] programs <ref>Hao, K. (2020, June 12). ''The two-year fight to stop Amazon from selling face recognition to the police''. MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/06/12/1003482/amazon-stopped-selling-police-face-recognition-fight/</ref>. In 2018, Joy Buolamwini studied biases in gender classification for facial recognition algorithms from IBM, Microsoft, and Face++, and discovered that all of them perform better on "lighter faces than darker faces", and performed worst for "darker female faces "<ref name=":8">Buolamwini, J., Gebru, T., Friedler, S., & Wilson, C. (2018). Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification *. ''Proceedings of Machine Learning Research'', ''81'', 1–15. http://proceedings.mlr.press/v81/buolamwini18a/buolamwini18a.pdf</ref>. All of the algorithms had an accuracy gap between "lighter males and darker females" of over 20% with IBM's algorithm performing the worst with a gap of 34.4%<ref name=":8" />. In 2019, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) confirmed the issue of [[Lentis/Algorithmic bias by gender|algorithmic gender bias]] and racial bias is an industry wide problem with 189 of the studied facial recognition algorithms being least accurate for people of color, and in particular, women of color<ref>Grother, P., Ngan, M., & Hanaoka, K. (2019). Face recognition vendor test part 3: ''Face Recognition Vendor Test (FRVT) Part 3: Demographic Effects''. https://doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.8280 ‌</ref>. In response to the research IBM stopped working on their facial recognition algorithm<ref>Jee, C. (2020, June 9). ''IBM says it is no longer working on face recognition because it’s used for racial profiling''. Technology Review; MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/06/09/1002947/ibm-says-it-is-no-longer-working-on-face-recognition-because-its-used-for-racial-profiling/</ref>, Microsoft and Face++ released improved versions of their facial recognition algorithms and reduced their accuracy gap by over 19%<ref>Buolamwini, J. (2019). ''Actionable Auditing: Investigating the Impact of Publicly Naming Biased Performance Results of Commercial AI Products – MIT Media Lab''. MIT Media Lab. https://www.media.mit.edu/publications/actionable-auditing-investigating-the-impact-of-publicly-naming-biased-performance-results-of-commercial-ai-products/</ref>, and Amazon stopped police departments from using its facial recognition algorithm<ref>Hao, K. (2020, June 12). ''The two-year fight to stop Amazon from selling face recognition to the police''. MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/06/12/1003482/amazon-stopped-selling-police-face-recognition-fight/</ref>. === Wrongful Arrests and the Limits of Corporate Response === While companies like IBM and Amazon paused or withdrew their facial recognition products in response to research findings, deployment by law enforcement continued through other vendors. In January 2020, Detroit police arrested Robert Williams in front of his wife and two daughters after a facial recognition system incorrectly matched him to surveillance footage of a shoplifting suspect.<ref>Hill, K. (2020, June 24). Wrongfully accused by an algorithm. ''The New York Times''. <nowiki>https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/24/technology/facial-recognition-arrest.html</nowiki></ref> Williams spent thirty hours in jail before officers acknowledged the match was wrong. His was the first publicly reported case of a wrongful arrest caused by facial recognition technology.<ref name=":fr1">American Civil Liberties Union of Michigan. (2024). ''Williams v. City of Detroit''. <nowiki>https://www.aclumich.org/en/cases/facial-recognition</nowiki></ref> Williams's case was not isolated. By 2025, the American Civil Liberties Union had documented more than a dozen publicly known wrongful arrests in the United States caused by police reliance on facial recognition matches, with nearly all of the affected individuals being Black.<ref>American Civil Liberties Union. (2025). ''More than a dozen wrongful arrests due to police reliance on facial recognition technology''. <nowiki>https://www.aclu.org/news/privacy-technology/more-than-a-dozen-wrongful-arrests-due-to-police-reliance-on-facial-recognition-technology</nowiki></ref> Cases include Nijeer Parks in New Jersey, Porcha Woodruff in Detroit (arrested while eight months pregnant), and Randal Reid in Georgia.<ref>Innocence Project. (2024, January 17). ''Artificial intelligence is putting innocent people at risk of being incarcerated''. <nowiki>https://innocenceproject.org/news/artificial-intelligence-is-putting-innocent-people-at-risk-of-being-incarcerated/</nowiki></ref> The American Civil Liberties Union, working with the University of Michigan Civil Rights Litigation Initiative, filed suit on Williams's behalf in 2021, arguing that Detroit's use of the technology violated his civil rights.<ref>American Civil Liberties Union. (2024, June 28). ''Williams v. City of Detroit''. <nowiki>https://www.aclu.org/cases/williams-v-city-of-detroit-face-recognition-false-arrest</nowiki></ref> The case settled in June 2024, with Detroit agreeing to what advocates described as the strongest police facial recognition policy in the United States, including a prohibition on arrests based solely on algorithmic matches.<ref>Michigan Public Radio. (2024, June 28). ''Wrongful facial recognition arrest in Detroit leads to landmark settlement''. <nowiki>https://www.michiganpublic.org/criminal-justice-legal-system/2024-06-28/it-didnt-make-sense-at-all-wrongful-facial-recognition-arrest-leads-to-landmark-settlement</nowiki></ref> The Williams case illustrates a recurring pattern in algorithmic bias advocacy. Researchers such as Joy Buolamwini generate quantitative evidence of bias; advocacy organizations identify specific victims whose stories make the harm legible to non-technical audiences; journalists amplify these cases; and litigators or legislators use the resulting political pressure to force change. Buolamwini's Gender Shades findings were published in 2018, but the most consequential policy responses came only after individual harms became public. This dynamic raises questions about the time lag between technical research and accountability: tools shown to be biased often remain in deployment for years before specific cases generate enough visibility to compel response. === Predictive Policing === {{See also|Lentis/Predictive_Policing}} === Loan Lending Algorithms === Financial technology (Fintech) is a field in which loan lending algorithms have begun to replace face-to-face meetings. In the U.S., 45% of the largest mortgage lenders offer software-based loan solutions but they have been scrutinized for discriminative pricing. A study by Bartlett et al. found that through online platforms and face-to-face meetings Black and Latinx borrowers paid, on average, 7.9 basis points higher interest on purchase loans than comparable borrowers and paid 3.6 basis points more on refinance loans. This difference costs Black and Latinx borrowers $756M annually. Researchers found the discrimination in algorithms to be about 40 percent less than face-to-face lenders. Specifically, when Fintech algorithms are used, underrepresented borrowers pay 5.3 basis points higher than their counterparts (2.6 points lower than traditional methods)<ref>Gunn, D. (2019, Oct.). Minority Borrowers Pay More, Even under Algorithmic Lending. ''The Digest No. 10''. www.nber.org/digest/oct19/minority-borrowers-pay-more-even-under-algorithmic-lending</ref>. The study analyzed 30-year, fixed-rate, single-family residential loans issued by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac between 2008 and 2015, and lenders were found to make 11 percent to 17 percent higher profits from purchase loans to underrepresented groups<ref name=":9">Counts, L. (2018, Nov. 13). Minority homebuyers face widespread statistical lending discrimination, study finds. BerkeleyHaas. newsroom.haas.berkeley.edu/minority-homebuyers-face-widespread-statistical-lending-discrimination-study-finds</ref>. Although loaning algorithms demonstrate less bias than traditional face-to-face lenders, the persistence of bias of any degree emphasizes the need to examine loaning algorithms and determine the source of the algorithmic bias. Loaning algorithms are based on machine learning and big data, which use a wide array of customer attributes to set prices. For example, geography can play a major role since the algorithm can target locations where comparison shopping is less likely. The algorithm may determine areas that are financial deserts where financial reserves are low and applicants are faced with monopoly pricing instead of having access to many options. The algorithm may not specifically target underrepresented applicants, but its logic may set a higher price knowing the applicant is more likely to accept it<ref name=":9" />. Underlying historical discrimination in training data may also lead algorithms to disfavor underrepresented groups and further wealth disparity. Fintech loaning algorithms use the prospective borrower’s credit histories, employment status, assets, debts, and the size of the loan requested to set interest rates. “If the data that you’re putting in is based on historical discrimination, then you’re basically cementing the discrimination at the other end,” says Aracely Panameño, director of Latino affairs for the Center for Responsible Lending. Research also shows that payday loan sellers often prey on neighborhoods predominantly populated with people of color since they typically have fewer bank branches. Banks report both positive and negative credit behavior while payday loan services only report missed payments. As a result, underrepresented groups from these neighborhoods find themselves with incomplete or skewed credit histories that are later fed into loan financing algorithms<ref>Martinez, E., & Kirchner, L. (2021, Aug. 25). The Secret Bias Hidden in Mortgage-Approval Algorithms. ''The Markup''. themarkup.org/denied/2021/08/25/the-secret-bias-hidden-in-mortgage-approval-algorithms</ref>. === COMPAS Recidivism Algorithm === ==== The Algorithm ==== The Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions algorithm (COMPAS), is a machine learning algorithm for judicial decision-making during criminal sentencing. Used in Wisconsin, New York, California, and Florida, COMPAS predicts the potential risk of recidivism. Created by Northpointe, Inc. (now Equivant), this commercial algorithm uses a questionnaire to categorize defendants as "low-risk", "medium-risk", or "high-risk", with respective scores of 1-4, 5-7, or 8-10.<ref name=":4">Park, A. L. (2019, February 19). ''Injustice Ex Machina: Predictive Algorithms in Criminal Sentencing''. Law Meets World. <nowiki>https://www.uclalawreview.org/injustice-ex-machina-predictive-algorithms-in-criminal-sentencing/#_ftn2</nowiki>.</ref> Factors such as age, gender, and criminal history are used while race is not.<ref>Rahman, F. (2020, September 7). ''Compas case study: Fairness of a Machine Learning Model''. Towards Data Science. <nowiki>https://towardsdatascience.com/compas-case-study-fairness-of-a-machine-learning-model-f0f804108751</nowiki>.</ref> Used still today to advise on bail, sentencing, and early release, many are questioning the validity and fairness of COMPAS in providing objective advice, particularly by race.<ref name=":5">Angwin, J., & Larson, J. (2016, December 30). ''BIAS in Criminal Risk Scores is Mathematically Inevitable, Researchers Say''. ProPublica. <nowiki>https://www.propublica.org/article/bias-in-criminal-risk-scores-is-mathematically-inevitable-researchers-say</nowiki>.</ref> In 2016 the Pulitzer Prize-winning nonprofit news organization ProPublica<ref name=":6">Spielkamp, M. (2017, June 12). ''Inspecting Algorithms for Bias''. MIT Technology Review. <nowiki>https://www.technologyreview.com/2017/06/12/105804/inspecting-algorithms-for-bias/</nowiki>.</ref> conducted a study to assess COMPAS for racial bias. A COMPAS score of medium or high risk and a defendant recidivating in 2 years, and a COMPAS score of low and a defendant not recidivating in 2 years are considered correct predictions<ref name=":7">Larson, J., Mattu, S., Kirchner, L., & Angwin, J. (2016, May 23). ''How we Analyzed the COMPAS Recidivism Algorithm''. ProPublica. <nowiki>https://www.propublica.org/article/how-we-analyzed-the-compas-recidivism-algorithm</nowiki>.</ref>. ProPublica found that a correct prediction of recidivism was made for white and black defendants 59 percent and 63 percent of the time, respectively. This is roughly the same rate. Upon questioning, the company said "it had devised the algorithm to achieve this goal. A test that is correct in equal proportions for all groups cannot be biased.”<ref name=":5" /> Northpointe Inc. even cites other studies within their Practitioner's Guide confirming the success and neutrality of their algorithm.<ref>Northpointe Inc. (2015, March 19). Practitioner's Guide to COMPAS Core. <nowiki>http://www.northpointeinc.com/downloads/compas/Practitioners-Guide-COMPAS-Core-_031915.pdf</nowiki></ref> ProPublica found that Black defendants had uniform scores from 1-10, while White defendants had predominantly lower scores. After adjusting for Black defendants having higher recidivism rates overall, ProPublica found that COMPAS, while maintaining a similar accuracy, is "more likely to misclassify a black defendant as higher risk than a white defendant...the test tended to make the opposite mistake with whites."<ref name=":7" /> ==== Perpetuated Systemic Racism ==== COMPAS perpetuates the historic and structural bias that is found in the criminal system. For example, COMPAS considers one's area of residence. Minority-dominated areas are often more policed, which inflates arrest statistics. If geography correlates to recidivism, then race indirectly does too. Thus, these correlations can be dangerous when not taking validity measures. As a private company, Northpointe has no legal obligation to share details on how COMPAS calculates its score or weighs its variables.<ref name=":4" /> Defendants labeled high/medium risk may be subject to harsher sentencing. The United States Sentencing Commission found that offenders who were sentenced to an incarceration length between 60 to 120 months and over 120 months were significantly less likely to recidivate.<ref>ORD (2020, April). Office of Research and Data, United States Sentencing Commission. ''Length of Incarceration and Recidivism.'' <nowiki>https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/research-and-publications/research-publications/2020/20200429_Recidivism-SentLength.pdf</nowiki></ref> If a defendant is suspected of being high-risk, they may be given a longer sentence, and be less likely to receive bail or early release. COMPAS’s mislabeling of Black defendants may result in negative consequences despite reported racial neutrality, and could further perpetuate racial inequity in the criminal justice system.<ref name=":6" /> === United States Health Care Management Algorithm === ==== The Algorithm ==== Several U.S. health care systems use commercial algorithms to guide health decisions and target patients for "high-risk care management" programs to help ensure that appropriate care is provided. Most of these programs are beneficial to patients with critical conditions because they have teams of specialized nurses, extra primary care appointment slots, and other scarce resources.<ref name=":1">[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aax2342?adobe_mc=MCMID=75787059768315457960559156472529521667%7CMCORGID=242B6472541199F70A4C98A6%40AdobeOrg%7CTS=1638729658 Obermeyer, Z., Powers, B., Vogeli, C., & Mullainathan, S. (2019). Dissecting racial bias in an algorithm used to manage the health of populations. ''Science'', ''366''(6464), 447–453. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax2342]</ref> As a result, hospitals and insurance companies have relied on one specific algorithm to minimize the cost for patients while targeting sicker patients that would benefit most from these programs.<ref>[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/racial-bias-found-in-a-major-health-care-risk-algorithm/ Vartan, S. (2019, October 24). ''Racial bias found in a major health care risk algorithm''. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/racial-bias-found-in-a-major-health-care-risk-algorithm/.]</ref> In 2019, Obermeyer et al. conducted a study funded by the National Institute for Health Care Management Foundation on this commercial care management algorithm in response to “the growing concern that algorithms may reproduce racial and gender disparities via the people building them or through the data used to train them." This predictive-risk algorithm generated a risk score for each patient to infer their medical needs, which was primarily based on the patient's previous health care spending. Based on the score, patients would be automatically enrolled to the program, referred to their primary care physician for consultation, or no recommendations were made.<ref name=":1" /> The study found that Black patients with the same level of algorithm-predicted risk as White patients had 26.3% more chronic illnesses. Furthermore, researchers found that when looking at specific biomarkers that index the severity of various chronic illnesses (hypertension, diabetes, bad cholesterol, etc.), Black patients had more severe illnesses than White patients with the same risk score. This was due to Black patients generating lower expected medical costs than White patients with the same chronic illnesses. These spending differences resulted in disparities between the perceived level of sicknesses between Black and White patients since the algorithm focused on patient health care spending as it's primary mechanism for producing risk scores.<ref name=":1" /> ==== Perpetuated Systemic Racism ==== The study identifies two systemic causes for reduced health care spending by Blacks that contributed to this algorithm's bias. First, poor patients face several barriers that can impede their access to healthcare despite having health insurance (geography, transportation access, competing demands from jobs or child care, knowledge of reasons to seek care, etc.). Second, race can impact patient spending through either direct discrimination by physicians or changes to the doctor-patient relationship, causing patients to not be recommended for or choosing not to seek further care. These observations demonstrate that accurate methods for decision-making models can indirectly disadvantage specific groups in society and have the ability to perpetuate existing systemic racism.<ref name=":1" /> === '''Regulatory Models and the Sociotechnical Divide''' === The failures of Amazon's hiring algorithm<ref name=":0" />, HireVue's facial analysis tools<ref name=":10" />, and the healthcare management algorithm<ref name=":1" /> described above have a common feature: internal auditing and voluntary corporate response did not prevent discriminatory outcomes. What regulatory structures are necessary to address this at a systemic level is contested, and the European Union and United States have taken markedly different approaches. ==== '''The EU AI Act''' ==== The EU AI Act, which entered into force in 2024, does not wait for individual algorithmic failures before intervening<ref>European Parliament. (2024, March 13). Artificial Intelligence Act: MEPs adopt landmark law. ''European Parliament News''. <nowiki>https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20240308IPR19015/artificial-intelligence-act-meps-adopt-landmark-law</nowiki></ref>. It assigns risk categories to AI systems prior to deployment. By August 2026, systems classified as "high-risk,"including those used in employment, loan lending, and law enforcement, must meet requirements for fundamental rights impact assessments, data governance standards, and human oversight<ref>European Commission. (2024). AI Act. ''Shaping Europe's Digital Future''. <nowiki>https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai</nowiki></ref>. Systems classified as posing "unacceptable risk," including biometric categorization based on sensitive traits and predictive policing algorithms, are banned from deployment<ref>Future of Privacy Forum. (2024). FPF Resources on the EU AI Act. ''FPF Resources''. <nowiki>https://fpf.org/fpf-resources-on-the-eu-ai-act/</nowiki></ref>. ==== '''The U.S. Regulatory Environment''' ==== The United States has no comparable federal law. The EEOC has issued guidance noting that automated screening tools can violate the ADA and Title VII, but this guidance is non-binding. In the absence of federal legislation, state lawmakers have introduced over 1,500 AI-related bills as of 2026<ref>MultiState. (2026). State AI Legislation Tracker 2026: All 50 States. <nowiki>https://www.multistate.ai/artificial-intelligence-ai-legislation</nowiki></ref>. Legislation like the Colorado AI Act targets developers of high-risk systems that make consequential decisions about healthcare, housing, and employment <ref>Colorado General Assembly. (2024). Senate Bill 24-205: Consumer Protections for Artificial Intelligence. <nowiki>https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/sb24-205</nowiki></ref>. These state-level efforts face resistance from tech industry lobbying groups. Arguing that a fragmented compliance environment is unworkable for developers, industry organizations have actively advocated for a unified federal standard that would preempt state AI laws<ref>BSA | The Software Alliance. (2024). 2025 State AI Wave Building After 700 Bills in 2024. ''BSA News & Events''. <nowiki>https://www.bsa.org/news-events/news/2025-state-ai-wave-building-after-700-bills-in-2024</nowiki></ref>. This creates a volatile sociotechnical dynamic, pitting state legislatures, the primary source of binding regulation in this area, in direct conflict with an industry approach that prioritizes removing local barriers to AI development. ==== '''Regulatory Models and Accountability''' ==== The two regulatory models differ in when they require accountability. The EU treats high-risk AI as a product requiring pre-deployment safety assessment, similar to how medical devices are regulated. The U.S. model has generally required harm to occur before legal action follows. The facial recognition cases are illustrative: Buolamwini's findings were published in 2018, but the most consequential policy responses did not come until after Robert Williams's wrongful arrest became public in 2020. Whether pre-deployment regulation or a reactive civil-rights framework more effectively reduces algorithmic harm is an open question, and one that the case studies in this article do not definitively resolve. == Conclusion == In the future, algorithmic biases will have an increased impact on human activity.<ref name=":3">Garcia, M. (2016, Dec. 1). Racist in the Machine: The Disturbing Implications of Algorithmic Bias. ''World Policy Journal'', 33(4), 111 - 117.</ref> It is clear that unmonitored, unrestrained production and application of algorithms can be detrimental to various groups of people. The ease with which companies and industries can utilize these algorithms creates an environment where inequitable outcomes are perpetuated. Possible avenues for reducing algorithmic biases include legislation, internal auditing, and community adjudication, as well as increased awareness and a culture of responsibility.<ref name=":3" /> Many of these avenues are primarily social and non-technical, which accords with the socio-technical nature of algorithmic bias. The increased prevalence of algorithmic biases is simply one way in which technology is impacting human life in the U.S, and more broadly, the world. Many other novel technologies with seemingly unlimited potential must be examined carefully before their widespread adoption, as failure to do so can result in harmful consequences, which is the case for many applied algorithms today. Finally, further research is recommended on the impact of legislation on algorithmic bias, the impact of algorithmic bias in countries outside the U.S., and new bias-mitigation techniques. == References == {{reflist}} {{BookCat}} 11zfgvmjfmz3o6wg2a07ihyy0voo6bm 3 442343 4633494 4632978 2026-05-02T02:30:40Z PeterEasthope 660399 /* Linking */ Reply 4633494 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" |+ ! colspan="3" |Talk Page Archives |- |[[User talk:Kittycataclysm/Archive 2022|2022]] |[[User talk:Kittycataclysm/Archive 2023|2023]] |[[User talk:Kittycataclysm/Archive 2024|2024]] |} == That IP range calculator == Following [[phab:T381138|T381138]], I have now become the maintainer of the IP range calculator you like. You can find it [[toolforge:ftools/general/ip-range-calc.html|here]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:10, 9 January 2025 (UTC) :Thank you for the heads-up! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:56, 10 January 2025 (UTC) == A merge and unmerge from two years ago == I was browsing through the history merge log when I saw that you merged [[Cookbook:Chicken Bog]] into [[Cookbook:Chicken Bog I]], and then promptly reverted it. What happened here exactly? Could I correct it? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:55, 10 January 2025 (UTC) :Good question! I can't remember what I was trying to do, but it looks like I didn't succeed at what I wanted based on the log comment. You're just trying to history merge to get [[Cookbook:Chicken Bog I]] to have continuity of history? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:35, 10 January 2025 (UTC) ::I think I figured out your mistake: it outright moved the revisions from the first page to the second, rather than copying them. This would have caused the other two [[Cookbook:Chicken Bog]] pages to have incomplete histories. I think the only solution would be to XML import the pre-April 2023 revisions from the first page to the other three, and I'm not sure if that's the best idea, and I am technically unable to do so. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:49, 10 January 2025 (UTC) == Undeletion request == I wouldn't be surprised if you expected this, but I'd like to ask you to undelete the subpages of [[Rotorcraft Fundamentals]] you just deleted with the summary "Use of copyrighted work without permission. Please read Terms of Use: page needs to be imported for attribution", so that I can do that. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 19:54, 14 January 2025 (UTC) :Done! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:57, 14 January 2025 (UTC) ::Upon further investigation, this might actually be a rare case where an [[WB:UT|unmerged transwiki]] is ''preferred'' (this is part of why I stopped calling them "bad transwikis"), since only a small portion of the Wikipedia article (with over 2,000 revisions) was copied over. Importation is generally only needed if the ''majority'' of the page is copied across wikis. I'll just leave a null edit providing attribution and add {{tlx|Copied}}. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 21:19, 14 January 2025 (UTC) == Reusing [[Cookbook:8 Desserts in 1 Pan]] on wikiHow == Hi, I am a user on wikiHow, see [[wikihow:User:Xeverything11]]. I would like to create a new recipe on wikiHow. I wanted to let us know if I can give permission to reuse your contributions to this recipe from Wikibooks to wikiHow. I (as a copyright holder) created this recipe on Wikibooks, but you contributed to this recipe. If not, I'll use the revision before you contributed since I was the only author. Wikibooks uses CC-BY-SA 4.0 while wikiHow uses CC-BY-NC-SA 3.0, which both licenses are incompatible due to ShareAlike conditions. Thanks [[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] ([[User talk:Xeverything11|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Xeverything11|contribs]]) 08:27, 15 January 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] I'm personally fine with this as long as proper attribution is given back to the original recipe page here. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:52, 20 January 2025 (UTC) ::I adapted this [[wikihow:Make-8-Desserts-in-1-Pan|recipe]] on wikiHow with attribution, and got a Rising Star (an achievement used for best new articles on wikiHow). Thank you! [[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] ([[User talk:Xeverything11|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Xeverything11|contribs]]) 19:49, 24 January 2025 (UTC) == Wikibooks community == Hi, @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]! I am trying to contribute more to English Wikibooks. My main contributions will focus on the Cookbook, especially on Indonesian recipes. Do you have a community group where we can discuss and share ideas together? I am looking forward to join. Thank you! [[User:Raflinoer32|Raflinoer32]] ([[User talk:Raflinoer32|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Raflinoer32|contribs]]) 08:47, 16 January 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Raflinoer32|Raflinoer32]] Sorry I missed this, and welcome! Are you asking about a Cookbook-specific area for discussion? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:39, 20 January 2025 (UTC) ::Yes. Do you know place for this? ::Thank you ::[[User:Raflinoer32|Raflinoer32]] ([[User talk:Raflinoer32|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Raflinoer32|contribs]]) 09:41, 21 January 2025 (UTC) :::Honestly, there's not a centralized Cookbook-specific discussion space, especially since there aren't currently a ton of active contributors. Some people ask questions at [[Cookbook talk:Table of Contents]]. I'm currently the most consistently active and involved Cookbook editor, so feel free to ask me questions! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:46, 22 January 2025 (UTC) == Congratulations! == [[File:Admin T-shirt.svg|thumb|You get this now.]] You are now a permanent administrator. Welcome to the team (I am entitled to say this because I technically got the extension a few hours before you did)!{{FBDB}} [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 10:33, 29 January 2025 (UTC) :Thanks :) —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:29, 29 January 2025 (UTC) == Is there a way to contact a Steward on WikiBooks? == Hi {{PAGENAME}}, Is there a way to contact a Steward on WB? I tried to find who the active Stewards are here at [[Special:ActiveUsers?username=&groups%5B%5D=steward&wpFormIdentifier=specialactiveusers]] but nothing shows up. The reason I am asking is that I believe that all individual Wikimania-wikis should have a backward link to the [[Wikimania-wiki]], but I just visited the [[wikimania 2014 wiki]] and could not find this backward link. I tried to ask about this on the [[Wikimania 2014 main-page talk]] but disovered that the Stewards have protected it. Is there a way wikibookians can communicate with Stewards at WB? Thanks in advance for answering this non-urgent question, and apologies for all the red-links which I can bluify if needed. Cheers [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 16:37, 7 February 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] You can ask this on somewhere like [[metawiki:Steward requests/Miscellaneous]]. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 17:01, 7 February 2025 (UTC) <s>:@[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] seconding what Leaderboard said—we no longer have any active stewards at enWB.</s> Had a brain fade there and mixed up stewards with bureaucrats. Yes, meta is the place for this. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:15, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::@Kittycataclysm,@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]], or anyone else: ::Some wikibookians prefer for various reasons to post only at wb. I myself am indef-blocked at META so could not participate at [[metawiki:Steward requests/Miscellaneous]] even if I waned to. ::Since [[Wikimania]] is a topic of interest to all members of the [[wikimedia movement]] why can't wikibookians talk to thier elected representatives here? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 20:56, 7 February 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] I can check with the blocking admin to see if they'd be willing to unblock you, if you'd like. The reason things like these are done at Meta is that Meta is a cross-project coordination platform - stewards ''cannot'' be expected to watch every project after all. Now you could message any steward here on Wikibooks if you really wanted to, but that is not normally a good idea. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 02:26, 8 February 2025 (UTC) ::::Wikimania is the annual conference celebrating all the free knowledge projects hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation (WMF). It is a wikimedia initiative which is meant to help all of our projects (including wikibooks), gain more readership, educate more wiki-editors, foster better communications, and much more. The wmf has been hosting a Wikimania-wiki dedicated to each Wikimania annual event since 2004. These wikis contain a wealth of information, but can benefit from wiki-improvements, starting from spelling and grammar errors that detract from their to appeal to the general membership. It would be nice if Stewards paid more attention to it. ::::@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]], I truly appreciate your offer, but I posted this here not in order to get someone to advocate for one unblocking at META. As I said earlier: ::::* "Some wikibookians prefer for various reasons to post only at wb" ::::* "The reason I am asking is that I believe that all individual Wikimania-wikis should have a backward link to the Wikimania-wiki, but I just visited the wikimania 2014 wiki and could not find this backward link. I tried to ask about this on the Wikimania 2014 main-page talk but disovered that the Stewards have protected it" ::::I would much rather see more wikimedia members question blocking in general at META. One cannot run such large movement of people from different backgrounds and nationalities simply by silencing minorities IMIO. [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 20:12, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == [[Crystal ball]] == That page appears to be a mixture of isolated paragraphs from [[w:Crystal ball|Crystal ball]], hence my tag. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 03:04, 9 February 2025 (UTC) :Yep, that seems correct! I also queried it simply because it does not seem suitable for inclusion at all. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:09, 9 February 2025 (UTC) == Question about an edit suggestion == Hi Kittycataclysm, Thanks for the great work you do as an admin! I wanted to clarify a suggestion you made on a recently published page I’m working on. You recommended splitting it into smaller sections—would you suggest creating separate pages for these sections, or would a higher-level header for some topics be sufficient? Any specific recommendations you have would be greatly appreciated! Here’s the link to the page I’m referring to: [[Funding and Finance of Transportation Projects in the United States of America]] Thank you! [[User:Svrmustafa|Svrmustafa]] ([[User talk:Svrmustafa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Svrmustafa|contribs]]) 18:19, 18 February 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Svrmustafa|Svrmustafa]], and thanks for asking! Splitting refers to creating new pages, each with a smaller amount of content. The main page should then contain a table of contents, and each page can contain a navigation template for easier navigation. I'll create the table of contents based on the current work and move some content to one of those pages as an example for you; then, you can do the rest. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:26, 19 February 2025 (UTC) ::Following up on this—I noticed that you use the term "paper". However, technically Wikibooks hosts books not papers, so you should probably change this wording. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:38, 19 February 2025 (UTC) == Talkback == {{Talkback|Cookbook talk:Chilli Crab|Recipe Questions}} [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 09:54, 19 February 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] I also made [[Cookbook:Prata|this]] [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 10:15, 19 February 2025 (UTC) == Hello == Can you look at my latest recipe? [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 00:10, 28 February 2025 (UTC) :I saw it! It needs a few corrections, which I'll note. What's the origin of the recipe? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:23, 28 February 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] How do you write recipe summary, correct headers [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 06:04, 28 February 2025 (UTC) :::Please see [[Cookbook:Policy/Recipe template]]. What's the origin of the recipe? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:08, 28 February 2025 (UTC) ::::ok [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 02:33, 1 March 2025 (UTC) == Cookbook == Hi there, Kittycataclysm. I wandered over here from Wikipedia, and I'm quite enamoured with this cookbook. I noticed you seem to be the one maintaining it, and I thought I'd reach out. Can I really just start cranking out recipes from public domain cookbooks and my family recipes? It's that simple? I was also wondering about the featured recipes section. There's not very many in there, and I imagine there's not very many folks around to do reviews compared to GAR on Wikipedia. How do you handle content review? Thanks. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 01:51, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] and welcome! For some context, the Cookbook has been around since the very beginning of Wikibooks, but it had gotten into a bit of disarray over the course of about two decades by the time I found it. I started the long process of overhauling, standardizing, and expanding it just over four years ago—I finished standardizing the recipe formatting and quality a while back and am currently working my way through the ingredient pages before moving on to equipment, techniques, and cuisines. You can absolutely add any public domain recipes as well as your own recipes—they just need to conform to the [[Cookbook:Policy/Recipe template|recipe template]] and [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy overall]]. It's even better if you've made the recipe and can contribute a nice picture and specific guidance/instructions/notes! Please feel free to ask me any questions. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:27, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::Oh, and regarding the featured recipes section, I actually haven't gotten around to looking into that yet—there's been a lot to do! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:28, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::That's great, thanks a lot for your response. This is just delightful. Maybe content review is something that we could collaborate on. There's a lot of recipes in here and it would be nice to know which ones are the best. Question for you, [[:Category:Brown sauces]] is really bothering me. How can I move that to Brown sauce recipes? [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 02:29, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :::Good catch on that category! It seems like it was created two decades ago and never got corrected—feel free to recategorize those recipes. Thank you also for introducing the hideprefix parameter to the category trees—I didn't realize that was an option, and it reduces the visual clutter! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:38, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::::My pleasure! As I continue to look at the categories, this is actually worse than I thought. We have both [[:Category:Sauce recipes]] and [[:Category:Recipes for condiments]] and I suspect that's just the beginning. I want to go through and categorize everything properly, but the bones aren't even there... How long do I have to be here before it'll let me create and move around categories? [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 02:40, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :::::Regarding the categories, the category overhauling is in progress, since I address the category when I overhaul the associated page. The variation in titling is actually somewhat deliberate—I started changing it from "____ recipes" in certain cases to solve a particular categorization problem. Sometimes, there is an item that is used in recipes as an ingredient but for which there are also recipes. For example, [[:Category:Recipes for bread]] versus [[:Category:Recipes using bread]]. The different naming scheme is necessary to properly delineate the categories, and I'm working on implementing it a bit more consistently as I go. While you're still getting started, it would be great if you could check with me when something looks odd or out of place—that way I can take a look and weigh in on whether that's normal or not and maybe provide some context. Just off the top of my head, I think you will have to wait for autoreview status to make move changes. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:56, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::::::I see what you're saying, I've been trying to wrap my head around that. Maybe it would be beneficial to try to put together some sort of a Cookbook MOS regarding category structure? It's kind of all over the place right now. Using your bread example, would it perhaps make more sense to have [[:Category:Bread recipes]] and [[:Category:Recipes using bread]]? There would be no ambiguity with just those two categories, but when you add the extra [[:Category:Recipes for bread]], that's when things start getting a little whacky. What do you think? [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 03:05, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :::::::Either that or get rid of [[:Category:Bread recipes]] and keep the other two. But one of these categories gotta go, I reckon. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 03:07, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::::::::I see you already had the same thought as me. I think all categories should include "for" or "using". Take for example, [[:Category:Recipes for pancakes]] as opposed to [[:Category:Pancake recipes]]. Well obviously there's no recipes using pancakes. But for something like [[:Category:Recipes for gravy]], there may also be a need for [[:Category:Recipes using gravy]]. The lack of consistency in this regard means the only way to achieve consistency across the categories is by changing them over to that format. Sorry for clogging up your talk page! [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 03:18, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :::::::::Same heads-up as below—migrating this over to [[Cookbook talk:Table of Contents]] —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:10, 4 March 2025 (UTC) :Also, on [[Cookbook:Table of Contents]], could you please add a wikilink for [[Cookbook:Breakfast]], and maybe add cooknav to the top for seamless navigation between all the top level articles? Can't edit that article yet. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 02:47, 1 March 2025 (UTC) == More Table of Content Edits == Hello again. I've been going through everything and this is my list of suggestions for edits to the table of contents. Unfortunately there's not much else I can do for now, because without autoconfirmed my ability to change anything is very limited. I was going to ask for someone to check off the confirmed box for me at RfP but I can't post there either, so I guess I'll be back in four days. * Fix Bread wikilink * Remove "Creaming" from techniques, redirected to Mixing * [[Cookbook:History of Food and Cooking]] points to redirect, needs capitalized * [[Cookbook:Low-Carb]] points to redirect, needs capitalized * [[Cookbook:Cuisine of the Mediterranean]] to [[Cookbook:Mediterranean Cuisine]] for parity * Remove the S from the cuisine wikilinks on ToC, currently redirecting * Create [[:Category:Lunch recipes]], wikilink to ToC * Wikilink [[Cookbook:Dessert]] under Meals * Get rid of "Brunch"; will just be confusing alongside a breakfast and lunch category * Create [[Cookbook:East Asian Cuisine]] so I can add the recipes from [[:Category:East Asian recipes]] to it; currently is a redlink on the ToC * Change "Introductory Matter" header to just "Introduction" * Appendix and Equipment sections switch places Cheers, [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:46, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :I took the liberty of doing it myself in my userspace. You can just copy it over from [[User:MediaKyle/sandbox]]. Figured I'd save you the trouble of trying to figure out what I'm talking about. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 14:15, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :Circling back to this! It seems like your suggestions are getting at a couple different things. I'll try to go through them point-by-point below: :* {{xt|Fix Bread wikilink}} {{done}} :* {{xt|Remove "Creaming" from techniques, redirected to Mixing}} see below comments on TOC. :* {{xt|Cookbook:History of Food and Cooking points to redirect, needs capitalized}} {{not done}} for now because I don't fully understand the urgency and I want to triage/prioritize things for you, but please feel free to make this change yourself once you can! :* {{xt|Cookbook:Low-Carb points to redirect, needs capitalized}} {{not done}} for same reason as above. :* {{xt|Cookbook:Cuisine of the Mediterranean to Cookbook:Mediterranean Cuisine for parity}} {{not done}} for now just because we do have a lot of cuisine pages that follow the form "Cuisine of ____". It could be good to standardize, and I had been planning to do that once I got around to the cuisines. :* {{xt|Remove the S from the cuisine wikilinks on ToC, currently redirecting}} {{not done}} for same reason as other redirects :* {{xt|Create Category:Lunch recipes, wikilink to ToC}} Not quite sure what you mean here, and I didn't see what it corresponded to in your linked sandbox page :* {{xt|Wikilink Cookbook:Dessert under Meals}} {{done}} :* {{xt|Get rid of "Brunch"; will just be confusing alongside a breakfast and lunch category}} I'm not sure about this—brunch is in many places considered a separate entity, and I don't necessarily think it would cause confusion. But, overall it's hard to determine whether it should have its own page and TOC link because I haven't actually gotten around to evaluating the meal pages and what role they should play. See also the TOC notes below. :* {{xt|Create Cookbook:East Asian Cuisine so I can add the recipes from Category:East Asian recipes to it; currently is a redlink on the ToC}} {{done}} for now; however, I'm not sure yet whether it will ultimately make sense to keep that as a content page. I think content pages should be reasonably focused, and it may not be the best to have a cuisine page that is so broad. This is something I planned to consider once I made my way around the overhauling the cuisines. :* {{xt|Change "Introductory Matter" header to just "Introduction"}} The reason I made it "Introductory Matter" instead of "Introduction" is because there's already a chapter itself titled "Introduction"—it felt odd to have the entire section titled that as well. Happy to discuss other header options (e.g. "Front Matter", which is a generally accepted book term) :* {{xt|Appendix and Equipment sections switch places}} see below comments on TOC. :* '''Comments on the TOC:''' So, I think a fundamental issue with the current TOC is that it somewhat arbitrarily picks and chooses individual pages to link. It also sometimes direct-links to categories and sometimes to content pages, which I don't think we should do. Because the cookbook is so expansive, it's been established that manual indices intending to capture detail in large areas don't really make sense and quickly get bulky and out-of-date. This is why categorytree is such a useful tool! After thinking on it for a while and making some small tweaks, I think I'd ultimately like to overhaul the TOC and come to a solution that keeps a few broad headers/links to the small handful of the primary content pages while perhaps stashing away more detailed and self-updating lists in a collapsible way to reduce clutter but allow for customizable user navigation. Much to think about, and I'll probably workshop some things on the side to see how they feel. :Let me know if I've misunderstood anything! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:24, 3 March 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks for the notes! Here's my thoughts: ::* On the Cuisine titling, it actually seems like [[Cookbook:Cuisine of the Mediterranean]] and [[Cookbook:East Asian cuisines]] are the only ones that don't follow the naming scheme, i.e. "[[Cookbook:African Cuisine]]", and I think that shorter titles are preferable where it makes sense. ::* On your note about East Asian Cuisine, I actually had the same thought after going through the cuisine pages. Having three separate pages for different kinds of Asian cuisine does seem a little silly, doesn't it? Do you think it might be better to combine all of them under one "Asian Cuisine", but put the different locales under separate headers? ::* On Brunch - I honestly think there's way too much ambiguity around what exactly constitutes as "brunch" to keep that in. I feel as though the term brunch more applies to the time you're eating, rather than the kind of food. I think it would be easier to keep meals that include commonly accepted breakfast foods in the Breakfast category, and things that don't fit neatly into that, into the Lunch category. This would prevent any dilemmas in the future where we can't decide whether something is breakfast or brunch. ::* You're right that it looks a little awkward to have the header as Introduction when there's a page called introduction. I still think that to say "Introductory Matter", or "Front Matter" as you mentioned, is a little long-winded and reflects a more academic tone than needed for a cookbook. Upon further reflection, I think maybe rather than worrying about the header at this point, we should perhaps think about trying to compile all of those short introductory type pages into one comprehensive introductory page. Then we likely won't even need a header for it on the ToC. ::* The ToC is definitely a bit cluttered, and it bothers me too that there's a real lack of consistency across whether the wikilinks lead to a page or a category. I'm not sure how I would feel about cutting away too much of the navigation from it, though, because just about every page on there does have a reason to be there, it's just that they're not presented very nicely. Some of it can certainly get nested or combined though. I'll play around with it over the next few days in my sandbox as well and let you know if I come up with anything. ::* As an aside, the first thing on my to-do list once my autoconfirmed comes through is to start subcategorizing all of the recipes so that they're all nicely sorted in the category trees. When you have a chance, I'd love to hear your thoughts on what we should use as the standard naming for categories. Once we determine this, I think we can also take the liberty of updating the cookbook MoS to reflect it. ::Cheers, [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:33, 3 March 2025 (UTC) :::Note: After writing this, I realized what you were getting at about slashing away some of the subpages. Maybe we can come up with a system where all of those subpages are under their main subpage rather than on the ToC. For example, all the Cuisines are under [[Cookbook:Cuisines]], all techniques under [[Cookbook:Cooking Techniques]], to keep the subpages off the main ToC. Also, I wonder if maybe we should try to make a centralized discussion for this somewhere, in case anyone else wants to join in at some point? [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:45, 3 March 2025 (UTC) ::::Heads-up: to make it easier to keep track of these and since I think they deserve their own discussions, I'm going to gradually migrate them over individually to [[Cookbook talk:Table of Contents]]. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:52, 4 March 2025 (UTC) :::::Good idea. Can you remove the semi-protection from that talk page? I see no reason why it should be protected. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 23:23, 4 March 2025 (UTC) == Cookbook ToC == Hi [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]. I was just wondering why you didn't respond to my above message, and started a separate sandbox for the ToC instead? It seems as though you don't really want to collaborate. It would be nice if we could work on this together. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 22:43, 2 March 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] thanks for the ping! I'm sorry you feel like I don't want to collaborate—the opposite is true, and please understand that this is good-faith editing. The reason I haven't responded to the above points is mostly since you've been modifying a bunch of content and adding suggestions lately, and I've been working my way through these while continuing with my routine contributions and real life as well—things happen a little more slowly here than on other projects, and I'm the one person dedicated to the cookbook right now. The reason I created that sandbox was because I saw [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General#Modernize the shelves|your comment]] at the reading room and wanted to play around and think about your suggestion without touching the actual TOC. You're right that it's not the best, and it's been something I've been thinking about for a bit now. Please understand also that it can be overwhelming when a new editor unfamiliar with the Cookbook begins making a high volume of edits and suggestions without having much experience with it or its history—this isn't to say that you don't have good ideas or things worth contributing. In fact, you have already made a few helpful changes, as I've mentioned. I just want to do this properly and take the time to evaluate your suggestions together with the current efforts that are underway, and that can take a bit. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:03, 2 March 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks for getting back to me. While I may be new to Wikibooks, I'm certainly not new to MediaWiki, and I've been working with small wiki projects for a number of years. Perhaps it's been a misunderstanding to some degree, but I've found my reception here to be unusually unwelcoming. The way to do this properly, as you said, would be to have discussions and form consensus. Yesterday, when you reached out to me about adding hideroot to the pages, I gave you my rationale and was more than happy to have a discussion about it, but you did not reply. I noticed a similar situation happened with [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User_talk:Ottawahitech#Category_sorting Ottawahitech], regarding category sorting. I'm aware that you're the main person looking after the cookbook right now, which is why I reached out to you right from the get go. ::I understand why you would want to create your own sandbox to play around with options for the ToC, but I'm sure you can understand why it would draw my attention that you would do this without implementing any of the wikilink fixes I mentioned, or making an attempt to discuss it further. This came across to me as not wanting my help. ::I invite you to check out my page on Wikipedia. I've made contributions across quite a wide area of topics there, as well as the other Wikimedia projects, and this is the first time I've encountered any sort of resistance to my contributions. I think Wikibooks has enormous potential, and I'm very excited to contribute to helping it grow. On most projects, this would be something to be encouraged. I don't feel like "I'm sorry that you feel that way" was really an appropriate response. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 23:59, 2 March 2025 (UTC) :::I think you're right that this has been a mix of misunderstanding and miscommunication, and I think I can understand how things came across as unwelcoming! For whatever it's worth, I absolutely plan on circling back to the various discussions at hand (I have all the relevant pages open to return to), but it seems like the order I did things made it seem like I was ignoring you (if I'm understanding correctly). I am pretty busy, so sometimes items on my to-do list do get lost/shunted or it takes me a bit to get around to something—please don't hesitate to give me a ping if it seems like I'm taking a while to get back to something. Looking forward to more collaboration! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:49, 3 March 2025 (UTC) ::::I'm glad you can understand where I'm coming from. To clarify, my intent is not to try to rush you, or to try to push you to make changes that you don't agree with. It's really easy to misinterpret things over the Internet, and I think a short message can go a long way. I apologize if I've caused you any undue stress by coming into the cookbook and unleashing a flurry of alterations, but do rest assured that I'm not married to any of my changes, I'm always open for discussion, and I want to see the cookbook improve just like you do. The great thing about wikis is that no change is permanent. I think we'll have it in tip-top shape in no time! [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 01:19, 3 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Cookbook:Polish Doughnuts (Paczki)]] == Do you see any reason not to just add this to Featured Recipes? At least we know this one works, and it seems like this is now one of the few recipes to have a picture that actually aligns with the recipe used. I was thinking later on we'll come up with a content review system where a couple editors will actually try the recipes nominated for FR, but in the absence of that I'd just add it to the list. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 12:25, 4 March 2025 (UTC) :I'm fine with adding it to the featured recipes. You're right that we'll want to come up with a good system for this going forward, though it's lower down on my personal priority list at moment. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:15, 4 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Cookbook:Cream Cheese American Buttercream]] == Hi! I am a wikiHow user and I am planning to adapt this recipe to wikiHow. Since you contributed to this recipe, I wanted to know if I can get permission to reuse your contributions to this recipe. Thanks. [[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] ([[User talk:Xeverything11|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Xeverything11|contribs]]) 21:41, 4 March 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] that's fine with me as long as proper attribution and linking back to the original recipe page here are included at the top. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:28, 4 March 2025 (UTC) == [[A Companion to Our Literary Journey]] == Hi! I feel that we have started to outline the scope in a clearer and more precise way and that’s the work we are going to do with the students this and for the next years, adding more sections and content. Do you think that would be enough? [[User:Ferdi2005|Ferdi2005]] ([[User talk:Ferdi2005|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ferdi2005|contribs]]) 22:43, 6 March 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Ferdi2005|Ferdi2005]]! Yes, this seems to be reasonably outlined. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:51, 7 March 2025 (UTC) == Exercising care with copyright == When deleting a page as a copyright violation, it is important that you '''do not quote any content from the deleted page'''. If you do, then your log entry is itself a copyright violation. I have redacted a recent deletion that you performed because of this. If you want to make sure that none of your past deletions have been problematic for this reason, you can [[quarry:query/90444|run this SQL query]] to get a list of every deletion that could be eligible for redaction. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 18:32, 21 March 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] and thank you for the message. In the most recent instance that I think you're referencing, I do not see any material in the edit summary that posed a significant risk—I don't believe the few listed words would be a copyright concern. However, I do understand your concern! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:31, 21 March 2025 (UTC) == Splitting Pages == Hi I have recently made the book on the [[History of the Nawabs of Bengal]] and you gave a notice on how you believe it should be split into smaller bits. As I am still new to wikibooks I don't know how to do this. Can you please assist me on renaming the page so I can split the page into multiple pages? @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] [[User:Greatswrd|Greatswrd]] ([[User talk:Greatswrd|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Greatswrd|contribs]]) 19:47, 29 March 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Greatswrd|Greatswrd]]: You did it. I've removed the tag. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:44, 29 March 2025 (UTC) :Like @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] said, you're all set! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 29 March 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks! @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] [[User:Greatswrd|Greatswrd]] ([[User talk:Greatswrd|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Greatswrd|contribs]]) 10:24, 30 March 2025 (UTC) == Minecraft book == Is it good creating pages like this, [[Minecraft#Husk]]? [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 12:43, 9 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] what do you mean? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:18, 10 May 2025 (UTC) ::are we allowed to create pages like that? like for every mob [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 10:02, 11 May 2025 (UTC) :::To be honest, I don't think the structure and formatting of the book is very good. Several of the mob pages, for example, have very little information and aren't particularly helpful on their own. If I were working on it, I would restructure the book. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:09, 11 May 2025 (UTC) ::::I am planning to do that. [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 04:19, 12 May 2025 (UTC) == Request to Review Adjusted User Page (XoriantTeam) == Hello [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], I hope you're well. I noticed that my user page ([[User:XoriantTeam]]) was recently deleted for appearing promotional or inappropriate for Wikibooks. Thank you for keeping the community standards in check. I’ve since revised the content with closer attention to neutrality and compliance with Wikibooks guidelines. My intent is to participate constructively, especially in areas related to digital engineering and educational content creation. If possible, I’d appreciate your help reviewing the revised version. I'm happy to share it or upload it as a file if there’s a preferred method. Please let me know how best to proceed. I welcome any suggestions and will gladly make further adjustments. Best regards, XoriantTeam [[User:XoriantTeam|XoriantTeam]] ([[User talk:XoriantTeam|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/XoriantTeam|contribs]]) 11:02, 15 May 2025 (UTC) :Hi there—you can publish an updated user page, but I'd caution you against talking about your company. Keep it limited to your involvement with Wikibooks. You may contribute productively here, but further promotional materials are grounds for an indefinite block. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:30, 15 May 2025 (UTC) == Planning to use AWB to update categories on the cookbook == Hello. I noticed in recent changes that you were moving some categories using HotCat (e.g. moving Category:Chile recipes to Category:Recipes using chile), which can be time-consuming. Therefore, I plan to help you with moving the cookbook categories by adding myself to enabledusers and enabledbots in [[Wikibooks:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPageJSON]]. Would this be fine if I assist you and to add myself to the check page? I am familiar with using AWB after testing on a non-Wikimedia project. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:42, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]—thank you for the tip! I just installed JWB, so this should make my mass cat changes much faster. Thanks again! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:11, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :: Thank you for the information. Also, is it okay if I change (for example) [[:Category:Vinegar recipes]] to [[:Category:Recipes using vinegar]] (I can redirect the former category to the latter), given that we should move {{tq|Category:[ingredient] recipes}} to {{tq|Category:Recipes using [ingredient]}} for consistency? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:57, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :::Sure thing—go ahead! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:53, 8 June 2025 (UTC) == Tool for even faster category changes == See [[:c:Help:Gadget-Cat-a-lot#As_your_user_gadget]]. I just [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=User:Koavf/common.js&action=history installed it] and used it dozens of times in a click. Let me know if you need any help. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 00:36, 19 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] Thanks! I'm having a little trouble activating it, but I'll keep trying. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:54, 19 June 2025 (UTC) ::A lot of times, a purge will do the trick. See [[:mw:Purge]]. Usually just <kbd>Ctrl+Shift+R</kbd> once or twice. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 00:55, 19 June 2025 (UTC) :::Took several purges, but we're set now! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:16, 19 June 2025 (UTC) == Advice on when I should run for adminship == Hi, I hope you are doing well. I am asking for some advice on when I should run for enwikibooks adminship, given the following below: Currently, I am doing some optimizations for dark mode on this project, and some of the message box/MediaWiki interface/template pages might be outdated, fully protected, or can use a little help using mw-parser-output. These unfortunately might hinder the process of updating these pages/templates for Vector 2022's dark mode.<br> Additionally, I have a solid expertise with edit filters, as I have requested some administrators to update deprecated filter variables, switching filters from warn and disallow to disallow only, and I can also monitor the filter log for potential false positives (from local or global filters). A fellow English Wikibooks administrator also said to me that they are willing to support me in a few months when I run for adminship, as I am generally trusted. I hold two advanced global permissions, and I hold an edit filter helper permission on the English Wikipedia, to be sure. Thank you for your consideration. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:02, 23 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]—good question! I agree that you are a trusted user, and I think it would be reasonable for you to run for adminship, especially given our need to fix up technical aspects of the project. If you don't plan to commit to Wikibooks long-term (i.e. you have some projects you'd like to take a few months to complete and then be done), you can always request temporary adminship. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:30, 23 June 2025 (UTC) :: Thank you for your feedback, but I also plan to monitor for vandalism/spam, and to commit to reduce the administrative assistance reading room backlog, should I be elected for adminship (and I forgot to mention those). Anyway, regarding your feedback, I might run by August or even July, given that I've lately started contributing more often to Wikibooks. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:29, 23 June 2025 (UTC) ::: [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], I am pinging you one more time to see if you have read my response above yours. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:34, 26 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Hi @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]! I'm not sure what you mean—was there an additional question you had? Everything you've outlined seems quite reasonable. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:26, 26 June 2025 (UTC) ::::: Apologies for the confusion, I don't have any questions to ask. I was clarifying that I can help with implementing edit requests and to block obvious vandals and spammers, aside from the skills I mentioned earlier. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:32, 26 June 2025 (UTC) == how is it you feel able to interfere in my sandbox? == you deleted a page in my sandbox that was my way of providing my response to a request from an OpenSCAD dev team leader for a couple of text blurbs for use on a web page of the OpenSCAD site. now that you have deleted my page i have to recreate the texts from a screenshot to be able to offer the suggestions, which i will This kind of high handed treatment is what keeps me from being a wiki-anything contributor .. If it is Wiki policy to interfere in the documentation of an open source project because it is hosted on Wikibooks then i will take up the task of moving our online docs to a site where you cannot interfere. -- [[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]] ([[User talk:VulcanWikiEdit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VulcanWikiEdit|contribs]]) 21:56, 29 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]]—thanks for bringing this to my attention. I now understand that this was intended to be in your user namespace—I've undeleted it and moved it to the correct namespace for you. Let me know if anything else comes up! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:05, 30 June 2025 (UTC) ::ah .. err .. umm .. well that is a gentle answer to my ire. Thanks for being so gracious [[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]] ([[User talk:VulcanWikiEdit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VulcanWikiEdit|contribs]]) 20:29, 30 June 2025 (UTC) ::and .. isn't my sandbox in my namespace by default? [[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]] ([[User talk:VulcanWikiEdit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VulcanWikiEdit|contribs]]) 20:30, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :::No worries—it looks like you didn't add the prefix "User:" before writing out the full page titles, so the pages you created were technically in the project's Main space with the official published materials. Going forward, you can just double-check that the page title starts with "'''User:'''VulcanWikiEdit/sandbox", and that should keep everything in the right place! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:36, 30 June 2025 (UTC) ::::BTW .. i love the play on cat lover name [[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]] ([[User talk:VulcanWikiEdit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VulcanWikiEdit|contribs]]) 15:35, 1 July 2025 (UTC) :::::Thank you! That's very kind. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:46, 1 July 2025 (UTC) == Regarding the user Codename Tameirao == Could this be Matthew again (the Unicode LTA)? I believe it might be him based on his usage of edit summaries, and his usual edits to [[Unicode/Versions]]. I just blocked his recent account, and then I protected and stabilized that Unicode book. <span style="font-family:Verdana">[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">'''''Codename Noreste'''''</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#A1000E">talk</span>]])</span> 23:51, 12 August 2025 (UTC) :I suspect you're right! That seems like a reasonable course of action. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:56, 13 August 2025 (UTC) :: I recently encountered another possible LTA, see [[Special:Contributions/~2025-55706-6]] (as well as [[Unicode/Roadmap Blocks]]). I can email you more details if you want. <span style="font-family:Verdana">[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">'''''Codename Noreste'''''</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#A1000E">talk</span>]])</span> 16:30, 9 September 2025 (UTC) :::I think this is the same LTA, yes! I've protected [[Unicode/Roadmap Blocks]], but I think it would be a good idea if we could automate this monitoring somewhat using the edit filter. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:07, 9 September 2025 (UTC) :::: I don't think that was Matthew, as he typically uses edit summaries. The deleted page was not protected, as it was protected before you deleted it; I salted it from creation for one year. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:22, 9 September 2025 (UTC) ::::: You might want to look at [[Special:Contributions/Freddy Fazbearing Others]]. '''[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:18, 26 October 2025 (UTC) ::::::Thank you! I went ahead and blocked them. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:54, 28 October 2025 (UTC) == IP block exempt == Hi Kitty, I currently have IP block exemption on enwiki, Commons and Wikidata as I use VPNs connected to my internet security software. Can you please grant me the right on wikibooks. I have a strong password and use two factor authentication. ''[[User:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#ff0000;">Tar</b><b style="color:#ff7070;">nis</b><b style="color:#ffa0a0;">hed</b><b style="color:#420000;">Path</b>]]''^{[[User talk:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#bd4004;">talk</b>]]} 10:51, 22 August 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:TarnishedPath|TarnishedPath]]! This doesn't sound unreasonable to me, but I think it would be good if you requested at [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] so we can have a discussion—I have not granted this right before. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:50, 23 August 2025 (UTC) ::Kitty, thanks for pointing me in the right direction. ''[[User:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#ff0000;">Tar</b><b style="color:#ff7070;">nis</b><b style="color:#ffa0a0;">hed</b><b style="color:#420000;">Path</b>]]''^{[[User talk:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#bd4004;">talk</b>]]} 03:25, 23 August 2025 (UTC) ::See [[Wikibooks:Requests_for_permissions#TarnishedPath_(discuss_·_contribs_·_count_·_logs_·_block_log_·_rfp_·_rights)_(IP_Block_Exemption)]] ''[[User:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#ff0000;">Tar</b><b style="color:#ff7070;">nis</b><b style="color:#ffa0a0;">hed</b><b style="color:#420000;">Path</b>]]''^{[[User talk:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#bd4004;">talk</b>]]} 03:35, 23 August 2025 (UTC) == You've got mail! == {{You've got mail|sig=<span style="font-family:Verdana">[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">'''''Codename Noreste'''''</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#A1000E">talk</span>]])</span> 00:20, 6 September 2025 (UTC)}} :Thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:06, 6 September 2025 (UTC) == Are you able to import? == I made a few requests over at https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikibooks:Requests_for_import . [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 22:32, 4 October 2025 (UTC) : [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]], I'll go ahead and start the imports. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:29, 5 October 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you for your help [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 16:51, 5 October 2025 (UTC) ::: My apologies for not doing this sooner, because some database error appears when I am trying to mass import. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:39, 5 October 2025 (UTC) ::::I also tried to make this import earlier and ran into issues with the software. I was hoping it was a temporary bug, but it seems to be persisting. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:01, 6 October 2025 (UTC) :::::This seems like I should get involved. {{working}}... [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 13:11, 6 October 2025 (UTC) :::::: I believe there are five pages that have massive page histories they fail to import here. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:13, 6 October 2025 (UTC) :::::::I backed up the XMLs of them locally but im unsure how much that'd do. [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 15:18, 6 October 2025 (UTC) ::::::::Just became an importer. The reason is prob understandable but I cannot upload the XML file to here locally. [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 17:23, 10 October 2025 (UTC) == About the category parameter in the recipe summary template == When it uses a "recipe by type" category, should it use a "[type/food] recipes" name or "Recipes for [type/food]"? I recently operated JWB to change from [[:Category:Dessert recipes]] to [[:Category:Recipes for dessert]] in multiple Cookbook recipes, and from what I've said before, I've changed to ''Recipes for dessert'' in the category parameter of Cookbook recipes. Hope you don't mind that this was over more than 250 changes (not counting the recent category changes after moving some recipe categories). Thanks. '''[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:07, 27 October 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]—those JWB changes you made seem fine to me! I'm not quite sure what you're asking in your first sentence, though. Assuming I understand correctly: in general, I think the default format should be whatever the actual category name is. BUT if there is a redirect, it ultimately shouldn't matter too much. And, because I'm not convinced of the utility of that infobox parameter in the first place (thinking of removing it), I'm not hugely concerned about it for the time being. Does this help? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:21, 27 October 2025 (UTC) :: Probably, but I will say the following below (for my first sentence) to clarify: :: On the <code>|category =</code> parameter, when placing a recipe category name, should it either be {{tq|Sandwich recipes}} or {{tq|Recipes for sandwiches}}? I hope this clears the confusion. '''[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:39, 27 October 2025 (UTC) == Please no more Unicode LTA == Please don't block me again. I promise I will edit Unicode stuff and add correct information. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2025-30839-28|&#126;2025-30839-28]] ([[User talk:&#126;2025-30839-28|talk]]) 20:54, 1 November 2025 (UTC) :<small>I am a bit out of the loop, so correct me if I'm wrong - I'm assuming here</small> I think the point is that they want you to ''not'' edit the Unicode stuff? Also hi kitty, it's been a ... very long time.. ^{&#8212; [[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#c71300">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[User talk:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#ce3f00">'''ROAR''' at me!</span>]]} 01:13, 5 November 2025 (UTC) ::Ok so apparently not as long as I thought, but it feels like I've been away for at least a year lol ^{&#8212; [[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#c71300">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[User talk:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#ce3f00">'''ROAR''' at me!</span>]]} 01:23, 5 November 2025 (UTC) :::Nice to see you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:41, 5 November 2025 (UTC) == Administrator and reviewer user right combinations are not needed anymore == Given that administrators can review edits in addition to reviewers, I would suggest for you (and other administrators) to kindly remove the reviewer permission from (own) accounts. What I'm saying is that if one holds administrator and reviewer permissions together, they can remove the reviewer permission from their own account and retain their administrator permission. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:06, 11 November 2025 (UTC) :Gotcha—is there a reason it's bad for one user to have both these rights? If so, I can remove my reviewer right. Otherwise, it seems fairly harmless? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:26, 11 November 2025 (UTC) :: The thing is, administrators have the <code>review</code> user right, as well as some permissions in the reviewer user group in the administrator toolset. That means that having the reviewer user group together with the admin user group is redundant. Hope this explains it. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:59, 11 November 2025 (UTC) ::: @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] <s>I'll do this tomorrow morning, as well as to remove autoreviewed user permissions from users who are reviewers.</s> ({{doing}}) [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:24, 12 November 2025 (UTC) : I have removed the autoreviewed user permission from users who are reviewers. As for administrators, I will do so later today. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:40, 13 November 2025 (UTC) == Nesting in Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities == Hi Kittycataclysm, I am editor of wikipedia since 2004. We have the habit if we have a concern using the talk page to clarify the case. I am not sure to delete meaningful content without previous notification and doing major redirection without agreeing the main contributor(s) is an adequate admin act and sign of good manner of host (see [[W:Wikipedia:Etiquette|Wikipedia:Etiquette]].) Yes, It will be not an average book but above the regular. This is the exact case: ''"this may be appropriate, such as with large textbooks that contain subsections with a lot of content."'' ''for to establish good structural and stylistic practices'' I have a data management certification. If you asking it will have 4 nest level on strict purpose. If you saw the introduction of the [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]] is/will be a global collection making effective collaboration over borders and continents. One structured + categorized(!) page for each community willing to show up. The Postal addresses has also same or larger deepness, this is unavoidable (Country/Postal Code/Location/Street/House/floor/door). Here will looks like: '''Eco-comm/Continent/Regio code/Community name''' The goal of this system to open bridge + experience highway for the communities using the same permaculture technics what collected parallelly in [[Open Book of Permaculture]]. That is also part of this knowledge base please dont do simplification steps on that without discussion. I am kindly asking to revert your edits in this book. After that I will put a notification template about "This book is under construction with major changes. Before contributing, please discuss and align your work with at least one of the main contributors listed in the Page History. Common clarifications/ guides are on the primary talk page." Thanks: [[User:Rodrigo|Rodrigo]] ([[User talk:Rodrigo|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rodrigo|contribs]]) 02:22, 12 November 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Rodrigo|Rodrigo]], and thank you both for your contributions and for reaching out! Yes, I did make the following changes to [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]]: :* I moved the pages from the [[Eco-comm]] namespace to the [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]] namespace, since the table of contents and pages for a given book should be under that book's namespace. :* I removed the links to Wikipedia that were on [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]], since outlinking has been discouraged at en.Wikibooks as a matter of practice. Compilations of links may not fall into WB scope as an instructional text, and [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia|there is precedent for deleting them]]. But, I do see that the tool I used didn't just remove links to enWP, so I will restore the prior revision and ping the tool developer. :* I flagged it as needing denesting—you're right that nested entries can sometimes be appropriate. In this case, I was primarily flagging for a denest because the table of contents needs to be moved onto the main page, and it shouldn't have hidden navigation within the nested portions. :Could you clarify which of these edits you do not agree with so I can make sure they are individually addressed? As an aside, it could be helpful to create a [[Help:Local manuals of style|local manual of style]] for the book in order to clearly outline the expectations. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:59, 12 November 2025 (UTC) ::My main concern not about moving and flagging but '''deleting''' [[Eco-comm]] against [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy]] and not mentioning in the clarification even after my notification. Should I note all administrators [[Wikibooks:Please do not bite the newcomers]] - or will they do speedy deleting one by one until I make them individually addressed? :::The <u> local manual of style</u> development is ongoing together with the sample pages. ::'''MAIN PAGE''' ::The '''Main page''' and '''Namespace''' is the [[Eco-comm]]. The '''Full Title''' or '''Cover''' is [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]]. Because of the high level of nesting the below extra-long-full-text-title to be avoided the Cover page is a redirection with preface/intro etc. ::'''NESTING ''' :::Featured book with 3 level nesting: [[Social and Cultural Foundations of American Education/Educational Change/Theory]] :::5 level nesting example: [[Development Cooperation Handbook/Designing and Executing Projects/Communication Management/Communication Planning/Develop a Conflict Management Strategy]] ::'''Categories''' The [[:Category:Eco-comm]] will let the users make practical sub-categories e.g. [[:Category:Eco-comm/Project/numundo]] [[:Category:Eco-comm/]] ::: ::[[User:Rodrigo|Rodrigo]] ([[User talk:Rodrigo|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rodrigo|contribs]]) 03:44, 18 November 2025 (UTC) :::Thank you for elaborating! I'm unfortunately not sure what you mean about deleting [[Eco-comm]]—are you referring to the fact that I moved it without leaving a redirect? Regarding the nesting, I do honestly think those other books you linked should have their navigation denested since I find their format difficult to parse, and they have some navigation issues. Looping in some other active admins (@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] (@[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]) so they can get eyes on this and voice anything they think is important. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 04:12, 18 November 2025 (UTC) ::::It makes no sense to have some crazy abbreviation as a "main page" or "namespace" (whatever that means in this context) for a book in order to allow it to be deep nested. Nobody needs to type the whole name of the nesting because that's what navigation templates do, and it is a simple matter to override the page title. I also take issue with the statement, above, "Before contributing, please discuss and align your work with at least one of the main contributors listed in the Page History." Anybody can edit, and nobody gets to own and control any work. Taken together, this complaint looks like a case of attempting to assert ownership and to operate against the normal practices of Wikibooks. As such, I am completely aligned with the changes made. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:49, 18 November 2025 (UTC) :::::That. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 14:59, 18 November 2025 (UTC) ::::Thanks @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]]@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] for the contribution, btw the [[Development Cooperation Handbook/Designing and Executing Projects/Communication Management/Communication Planning/Develop a Conflict Management Strategy]] also looks crazy long, is'nt it? Lets continue in the [[Wikibooks:Reading_room/General]] keeping this page for personal messages. [[User:Rodrigo|Rodrigo]] ([[User talk:Rodrigo|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rodrigo|contribs]]) 23:07, 20 November 2025 (UTC) == Deletions of Wikibook subpages == Hello @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], regarding the [[Thesis Writing Guide]] subpage deletions, should I just recreate them when I keep working on them or was there an automatic deletion that we could undo? This document will grow, but really slowly. Best, Tim [[User:TimBorgNetzWerk|TimBorgNetzWerk]] ([[User talk:TimBorgNetzWerk|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TimBorgNetzWerk|contribs]]) 11:37, 16 December 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:TimBorgNetzWerk|TimBorgNetzWerk]]! Since there was so little content on the deleted pages, my recommendation would just be for you to gradually recreate the chapters as you go. Does that make sense? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:54, 17 December 2025 (UTC) ::Makes sense, not my ideal solution, but also not far from it :) The end result will be the same, the in-between will just feel a little bit weird from time to time. ::Thank you for taking time to curate and quality-control Wikibooks - wishing wonderful holidays and a happy new year! [[User:TimBorgNetzWerk|TimBorgNetzWerk]] ([[User talk:TimBorgNetzWerk|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TimBorgNetzWerk|contribs]]) 20:43, 17 December 2025 (UTC) :::Thank you, and happy holidays to you as well :) —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:13, 17 December 2025 (UTC) == help with "Media Literacy and You" == {{re|Kittycataclysm}} What do I need to do to get a quality review of ''[[Media Literacy and You]]'', or whatever is needed to remove <nowiki>{{Qr-em|not clear how this is to be structured as a book}}</nowiki>? I ask, because you added that flag just over 2 hours after I created it. I later found that I had accidentally created it as an anonymous user. I've since started using my standard Wikiname, and I tried to respond to the requests both by creating a discussion on the "Discussion" page associated with that book and by upgrading the content. The upgrades included adding the "Introduction" chapter by revising an article on Wikiversity that convinced me to start this Wikibook. I have other articles that I plan to rewrite to create 9 of the remaining 11 chapters in the current table of contents, as indicated in this table of contents. ??? Thanks, [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 02:23, 8 February 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]]! I removed the query flag, since this is clearly not a test page. I do have concerns about the suitability of this book for Wikibooks, since it seems to be more in line with essays and original research/analysis (which are [[Wikibooks:WIW|out of scope here]]). Wikiversity seems like a very suitable place for them—is there a specific reason you want to move them here? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:24, 8 February 2026 (UTC) ::{{re|Kittycataclysm}} ::This book is intended to accelerate the diffusion of [[w:Media literacy|media literacy]] by making it easier for humans to (a) access training materials and (b) connect with research on the most important issues that concern them and (c) discuss those issues with others who may believe differently in a nonthreatening context that encourages dialogue and a shared search for what can honestly be said about any particular issue. This is an extension of "The wisdom of polarized crowds" discussed in [[Wikipedia:Reliability of Wikipedia]]. ::I don't know about you, but I'm frightened by the collapse of nuclear arms control agreements since the year 2000, by global warming, by the threats of the Trump administration to invade Canada and Greenland, etc. If this book project is successful, it will make a material contribution to reversing these trends -- unless this kind of dialogue is [[v:Responding to a nuclear attack|interrupted by a nuclear war]]. === Who is DavidMCEddy === ::I'm a [[w:Vietnam veteran|Vietnam-era veteran]] with a PhD in statistics and a publication record for which [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Spencer-Graves-3 ReserchGate has found over 1,200 academic publications that have cited my work.] Since [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/ec/en.wikipedia.org/DavidMCEddy 2010 I have logged] * 6,000+ edits in each of Wikipedia and Wikiversity, * 1,000+ in Wikimedia Commons, * 30,000+ in Wikidata, and * almost 1,000 in other Wikimedia Foundation projects like Wikiquote and edits to the Spanish, French and German Wikipedias. This includes dozens of research reports posted to Wikiversity under [[v:Category:Freedom and abundance]] and 44 posts under [[v:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]] that provide a platform for documenting and discussing 44 episodes of a fortnightly "Media & Democracy" series of 29:00 mm:ss podcasts syndicated for the [https://pacificanetwork.org/stations-2/ Pacifica Radio Network] featuring the opinions of leading experts on the increase in political polarization and violence and what those experts think should be done about this. I've just posted another chapter to [[Media Literacy and You/The impact of the media on political economy since the time of the Pharaohs]]. I hope you will agree that this book can make a positive contribution to Wikibooks and to [[w:Jimmy Wales|Jimbo Wales]]' [[w:Wikipedia:Prime objective|Prime Directive]] to create "a world in which every single person on the planet is given free access to the sum of all human knowledge." Thanks, [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 01:19, 9 February 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] Thank you and I understand this, but I am asking why you think this material is more suitable at Wikibooks rather than at Wikiversity. From what I can see, Wikiversity seems like the more appropriate home for it given our [[Wikibooks:WIW|scope]]. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:59, 9 February 2026 (UTC) ::{{re|Kittycataclysm}} ::"Media Literacy and You" is textbook to support both self study and classes on media literacy. ::I have been posting content to Wikiversity since 2014 and have not encountered support there for books. A search just now turned up a hint of a book on Wikiversity, but I could not easily find anything on how to do it, etc. ::I think this "Media Literacy and You" project would lose the vast majority of its potential if it were not on Wikibooks. ::??? Thanks, [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 02:22, 9 February 2026 (UTC) {{outdent}} {{re|Kittycataclysm}} Will you please help me with the protocols of creating a book on Wikiversity? 1. I have found documentation that claims that Wikiversity supports such. However, the documentation seems incomplete, potentially out of date, etc. For example, I could not see how to follow the instructions for [[Wikiversity:Help:Books#Step 1: Enable the "Book creator" tool]]. So I posted a question to [[Wikiversity:Help talk:Books]]. 2. What do you suggest I do next? :I can create an article on Wikiversity titled, "Media Literacy and You", and port everything I've posted to Wikibooks there, then replace the pages on Wikibooks with redirects to [[Wikiversity:Media Literacy and You]], [[Wikiversity:Media Literacy and You/Introduction]], and [[Wikiversity:Media Literacy and You/The impact of the media on political economy since the time of the Pharaohs]]. :If you think that's the best way to build this book project, great. It would actually be easier for me, because there would be less translation between what I already have on Wikiversity and a version for Wikibooks. (Also, Wikiversity supports <nowiki>{{cite Q|...}}</nowiki>, which I have used extensively for years.) :Thanks for your help. [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 13:26, 9 February 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] Unfortunately, I am not familiar with the exact workings of Wikiversity, so I can't be much help there. My personal recommendation is that you ask there for help on how best to structure your materials to match the WV requirements. If you'd like some additional opinions/insight, please feel free to also check in at the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General|reading room]]. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:22, 10 February 2026 (UTC) ::{{re|Kittycataclysm}} I believe I have finished migrating all of ''Media Literacy and You'' to Wikiversity and replacing the parts of it on Wikibooks with redirects. Comments? Thanks, [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 17:32, 10 February 2026 (UTC) == Thank you! == Heya, thanks for reviewing my stuff! Just to note, the first lesson page was done and so that'll need moving. If you want to discuss anything with me, I am easily reachable on Discord @ xiluosi233. I can explain philosophy, approach, and so on from my teaching experience if you want anything regarding that. [[User:Shira the Mogul|Shira the Mogul]] ([[User talk:Shira the Mogul|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Shira the Mogul|contribs]]) 19:48, 17 February 2026 (UTC) :It appears [[An Introduction to the Han Script]] was moved wrong - should it not be [[General Literary Chinese from Scratch/An Introduction to the Han Script]]? [[User:Shira the Mogul|Shira the Mogul]] ([[User talk:Shira the Mogul|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Shira the Mogul|contribs]]) 19:52, 17 February 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Shira the Mogul|Shira the Mogul]] good catch! I accidentally removed more of the title than intended. I've fixed this now. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:18, 18 February 2026 (UTC) == A test request == Just to see whether a recent Luna update turned out as intended, could you briefly revert your [[User:Kittycataclysm/lunaoptions.json|Luna preferences page]] to the first revision? Since you don't appear to have any custom preferences in the first place, I don't think there should be any conflicts. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 01:49, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :Done! But, it seems to have perhaps auto-updated again immediately afterwards. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:39, 10 April 2026 (UTC) == Linking == Hi,<br> For my edification, why is a link from [[Cookbook:nettle|nettle]] to [[w:Urtica_dioica|Urtica dioica]] not appropriate? The Wikipedia article has more information & seems relevant.<br> Thanks, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 01:53, 24 April 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] good question! Wikibooks discourages outlinking, since books should be self-contained units. Instead of linking to [[w:Urtica dioica]], the correct approach would be to flesh out the actual chapter here at Wikibooks. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:34, 24 April 2026 (UTC) ::Should all material in the Wikipedia article about Urtica dioica relevant to cooking be duplicated into the nettle article in the cookbook? Thanks, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 02:30, 2 May 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:32, 28 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471751 --> j2ldgbq40usocmv7nxwf05knkbdmirp 0 446849 4633471 4484143 2026-05-01T20:32:12Z PeterEasthope 660399 Adjusting links. The Glossary has been moved up the page. 4633471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{center|[[Oberon/Contributing|<span class="mw-ui-button" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;">&#x2190; Contributing</span>]] [[Oberon|<span class="mw-ui-button" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;">&#x2191; Oberon front page</span>]] [[Oberon/Collaboration_and_Support|<span class="mw-ui-button" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;">Collaboration and Support &#x2192;</span>]]}} <br> Also refer to the [[Oberon/ETH Oberon/faq|ETH Oberon FAQ]]. ; Q0. Why do some Oberon systems have a flat file system? Isn't a tree structured file system indispensable in highly productive (=8~/) contemporary environments? : A. The tree structured file system came into prominence during the 1950s and '60s when computer memories were miniscule. The tree structure helped with organization of the operating system. Typical memory access is far faster than file access. With current hardware, a data structure can be composed and used in memory with much faster performance than a data structure in a file system. With some focus on choice of meaningful names for files, most users will find the flat file system entirely adequate. Also, an emulated Oberon subsystem can have access to a tree structured file system of the host. Additionally, ETH Oberon running on a bare PC supports the [[w:File_Allocation_Table|FAT]] and [[w:ISO_9660|ISO 9660:1988]] file systems, which are tree structured. In reality, a flat file system in Oberon is a benefit rather than detriment. ; Q1. Are Oberon and A2 fundamentally the same while having different interfaces? : A. Both systems respect the "simple as possible" principle. Otherwise they differ widely. : Central in Oberon is the task loop implemented in procedure [[Oberon/V2/Oberon|Oberon.Loop]]. A procedure installed in the loop without [[w:Background_process|backgrounding]] executes to completion in one pass of the loop. A long-running procedure can appear to the user as a [[w:Queuing_delay|queuing delay]]. During the long-running procedure, the only activity visible to the user will be output which the programmer has deliberately arranged. To avoid queuing delay, the programmer has the responsibility of implementing background execution. Backgrounding is achieved by dividing a large task into smaller portions which are inserted between other tasks in the loop. Therefore two levels of execution priority exist in Oberon: foreground and background. : Central in A2 is the [[w:Object-oriented_programming|active objects]] system (Aos). Processor time is allocated to active objects by [[w:Preemption_(computing)#Time_slice|time-slicing]]. This avoids queuing delay by limiting the time interval which a processor devotes to an active object. Time-slicing removes the responsibility for backgrounding from the programmer. Refer to [[w:A2_(operating_system)|Wikipedia]] and the [https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/147091 thesis of P.J. Muller], section 4.2.3, page 35. : A2 has many aspects and capabilities not in preceding Oberons. Refer to the [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2022/016163.html mailing list] at 2022-01-07. ; Q2. In ETH Oberon (or A2O) [[Oberon/Glossary#glossaryMouseButtons|MM+MR]] opens a viewer with Edit whereas I prefer ET. How can that be fixed? : A. In ETH Oberon open TextFrames.Mod. [[Oberon/Glossary#glossaryMouseButtons|MM]] on Edit.Open. Edit.Open TextFrames.Mod : In the Oberon sub-system of A2. Edit.Open Oberon.TextFrames.Mod : Change OpenCmd = "Edit.Open" : to OpenCmd = "ET.Open" : , [[Oberon/Glossary#glossaryMouseButtons|MM]] on Edit.Store, recompile the module (TextFrames.Mod or Oberon.TextFrames.Mod) and reboot. TextFrames and all modules which import it could be reloaded but rebooting is simpler. <br> {{center|[[Oberon/Contributing|<span class="mw-ui-button" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;">&#x2190; Contributing</span>]] [[Oberon|<span class="mw-ui-button" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;">&#x2191; Oberon front page</span>]] [[Oberon/Collaboration_and_Support|<span class="mw-ui-button" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;">Collaboration and Support &#x2192;</span>]]}} {{BookCat}} ozthmowavcdcwiddfn63ebopg8mqen3 4633474 4633471 2026-05-01T20:47:04Z PeterEasthope 660399 Adjusted link. 4633474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{center|[[Oberon/Contributing|<span class="mw-ui-button" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;">&#x2190; Contributing</span>]] [[Oberon|<span class="mw-ui-button" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;">&#x2191; Oberon front page</span>]] [[Oberon/Support|<span class="mw-ui-button" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;">Collaboration and Support &#x2192;</span>]]}} <br> Also refer to the [[Oberon/ETH Oberon/faq|ETH Oberon FAQ]]. ; Q0. Why do some Oberon systems have a flat file system? Isn't a tree structured file system indispensable in highly productive (=8~/) contemporary environments? : A. The tree structured file system came into prominence during the 1950s and '60s when computer memories were miniscule. The tree structure helped with organization of the operating system. Typical memory access is far faster than file access. With current hardware, a data structure can be composed and used in memory with much faster performance than a data structure in a file system. With some focus on choice of meaningful names for files, most users will find the flat file system entirely adequate. Also, an emulated Oberon subsystem can have access to a tree structured file system of the host. Additionally, ETH Oberon running on a bare PC supports the [[w:File_Allocation_Table|FAT]] and [[w:ISO_9660|ISO 9660:1988]] file systems, which are tree structured. In reality, a flat file system in Oberon is a benefit rather than detriment. ; Q1. Are Oberon and A2 fundamentally the same while having different interfaces? : A. Both systems respect the "simple as possible" principle. Otherwise they differ widely. : Central in Oberon is the task loop implemented in procedure [[Oberon/V2/Oberon|Oberon.Loop]]. A procedure installed in the loop without [[w:Background_process|backgrounding]] executes to completion in one pass of the loop. A long-running procedure can appear to the user as a [[w:Queuing_delay|queuing delay]]. During the long-running procedure, the only activity visible to the user will be output which the programmer has deliberately arranged. To avoid queuing delay, the programmer has the responsibility of implementing background execution. Backgrounding is achieved by dividing a large task into smaller portions which are inserted between other tasks in the loop. Therefore two levels of execution priority exist in Oberon: foreground and background. : Central in A2 is the [[w:Object-oriented_programming|active objects]] system (Aos). Processor time is allocated to active objects by [[w:Preemption_(computing)#Time_slice|time-slicing]]. This avoids queuing delay by limiting the time interval which a processor devotes to an active object. Time-slicing removes the responsibility for backgrounding from the programmer. Refer to [[w:A2_(operating_system)|Wikipedia]] and the [https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/147091 thesis of P.J. Muller], section 4.2.3, page 35. : A2 has many aspects and capabilities not in preceding Oberons. Refer to the [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2022/016163.html mailing list] at 2022-01-07. ; Q2. In ETH Oberon (or A2O) [[Oberon/Glossary#glossaryMouseButtons|MM+MR]] opens a viewer with Edit whereas I prefer ET. How can that be fixed? : A. In ETH Oberon open TextFrames.Mod. [[Oberon/Glossary#glossaryMouseButtons|MM]] on Edit.Open. Edit.Open TextFrames.Mod : In the Oberon sub-system of A2. Edit.Open Oberon.TextFrames.Mod : Change OpenCmd = "Edit.Open" : to OpenCmd = "ET.Open" : , [[Oberon/Glossary#glossaryMouseButtons|MM]] on Edit.Store, recompile the module (TextFrames.Mod or Oberon.TextFrames.Mod) and reboot. TextFrames and all modules which import it could be reloaded but rebooting is simpler. <br> {{center|[[Oberon/Contributing|<span class="mw-ui-button" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;">&#x2190; Contributing</span>]] [[Oberon|<span class="mw-ui-button" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;">&#x2191; Oberon front page</span>]] [[Oberon/Support|<span class="mw-ui-button" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;">Collaboration and Support &#x2192;</span>]]}} {{BookCat}} kaqx0f46ctmpvfvcz9a4wujnu7gf173 0 446881 4633472 4487772 2026-05-01T20:37:37Z PeterEasthope 660399 Fixing links. Glossary was moved up the page. 4633472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{center|[[Oberon/FAQ|<span class="mw-ui-button" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;">&#x2190; FAQ</span>]] [[Oberon|<span class="mw-ui-button" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;">&#x2191; Oberon front page</span>]] [[Oberon/Introduction|<span class="mw-ui-button" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;">Introduction &#x2192;</span>]]}} <br> * [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon ETHZ GitLab Oberon A2] ** [[w:GitLab|Wikipedia GitLab]] ** [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/help ETHZ Gitlab Docs] ** [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/help/user/ssh.md Use SSH keys to communicate with GitLab at ETHZ] * The foregoing [https://web.archive.org/web/20180829070621/http://www.ocp.inf.ethz.ch/wiki/OCP/Home http://www.ocp.inf.ethz.ch/wiki/OCP/Home] was decommissioned. <!-- [http://cas.inf.ethz.ch/projects/a2/ http://cas.inf.ethz.ch/projects/a2/]: bug tracker, language documentation and etc. primarily for A2. --> * [[Oberon/hall|ETH Hall of Fame and additional contributors]]. * [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/sitemap|ETH Oberon Site Map]]. Formerly hosted at ETHZ and primarily addressing ETH Oberon and preceding systems. * The Oberon mailing list: [https://lists.inf.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/oberon https://lists.inf.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/oberon] {{center|[[Oberon/FAQ|<span class="mw-ui-button" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;">&#x2190; FAQ</span>]] [[Oberon|<span class="mw-ui-button" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;">&#x2191; Oberon front page</span>]] [[Oberon/Introduction|<span class="mw-ui-button" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: inline-block; margin: auto; width: 13em; text-align: center; Background-color:#F0FFFF;">Introduction &#x2192;</span>]]}} {{BookCat}} rjl2x7pj1aksba1vgddz6kmvpujzhwj 4 447875 4633411 4632055 2026-05-01T12:23:21Z Alexis Jazz 470964 Updating gadget usage statistics from [[Special:GadgetUsage]] ([[phab:T121049]]) 4633411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#ifexist:Project:GUS2Wiki/top|{{/top}}|This page provides a historical record of [[Special:GadgetUsage]] through its page history. To get the data in CSV format, see wikitext. To customize this message or add categories, create [[/top]].}} The following data is cached, and was last updated 2026-05-01T06:27:47Z. A maximum of {{PLURAL:5000|one result is|5000 results are}} available in the cache. {| class="sortable wikitable" ! Gadget !! data-sort-type="number" | Number of users !! data-sort-type="number" | Active users |- |BookCat || 106 || 8 |- |CleanDeleteReasons || 54 || 0 |- |CommentsInLocalTime || 665 || 6 |- |DeluxeBar || 207 || 8 |- |GetCollection || 551 || 1 |- |HotCat || 1 || 1 |- |Massblock || 2 || 2 |- |OneClickWelcomer || 26 || 1 |- |SpecialSearch || 662 || 1 |- |UTCLiveClock || 366 || 6 |- |background-awesomeness || 781 || 6 |- |bottomtabs || 430 || 2 |- |commons-file || data-sort-value="Infinity" | Default || data-sort-value="Infinity" | Default |- |contribsrange || 328 || 4 |- |markAdmins || 140 || 13 |- |markblocked || 56 || 2 |- |modrollback || 83 || 2 |- |navpop || 839 || 11 |- |purge || 619 || 11 |- |rightsfilter || 370 || 4 |- |searchbox || 209 || 7 |- |sidebartranslate || 502 || 3 |- |sixtabs || 312 || 1 |- |subject-pages || 607 || 5 |- |subpages || 29 || 4 |- |wiked || 666 || 3 |- |wikidialog || data-sort-value="Infinity" | Default || data-sort-value="Infinity" | Default |} * [[Special:GadgetUsage]] * [[m:Meta:GUS2Wiki/Script|GUS2Wiki]] <!-- data in CSV format: BookCat,106,8 CleanDeleteReasons,54,0 CommentsInLocalTime,665,6 DeluxeBar,207,8 GetCollection,551,1 HotCat,1,1 Massblock,2,2 OneClickWelcomer,26,1 SpecialSearch,662,1 UTCLiveClock,366,6 background-awesomeness,781,6 bottomtabs,430,2 commons-file,default,default contribsrange,328,4 markAdmins,140,13 markblocked,56,2 modrollback,83,2 navpop,839,11 purge,619,11 rightsfilter,370,4 searchbox,209,7 sidebartranslate,502,3 sixtabs,312,1 subject-pages,607,5 subpages,29,4 wiked,666,3 wikidialog,default,default --> cxvh6t5bcfon3faxwgf7l4uamen21dg 0 470872 4633469 4450198 2026-05-01T19:48:52Z Trickhall 3437539 Changed spelling 4633469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= |Sicilian Najdorf, Dutch Variation| |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd| |rd|= | |pd| | | |pd|pd|pd|= |pd| | |pd|pd|nd| | |= | | | | | | |bl| |= | | | |nl|pl| | | |= | | |nl| | |ql| | |= |pl|pl|pl| | |pl|pl|pl|= |rl| | | |kl|bl| |rl|= || }} =Najrdof Sicilian, Dutch Variation= The Dutch Variation is an aggressive variation of the Najdorf Sicilian where white aims to take black's knight doubling black's pawns on f7, when black tries to defend with moves like Nbd7 and Be7, white will play Be2, O-O-O, and g4, also, the move Rg1 is possible, because after Bxf6, white will play g5, and gain a tempo, if a piece takes, now, if after Bxf6, black play gxf6, then white will just keep in mind that black's doubled pawns are big weakness, and if in this variation, black decides to play the move O-O, then white can start a big attack, the only problem of this variation, is that if black plays carefully, they can achieve a drawish, or even a better position, depending on white's play. c2qlmr7xbwfmtkkifall3gml5msgicz 0 474658 4633420 4508602 2026-05-01T13:31:19Z Sammy2012 3074780 More diagrams and other minor fixes 4633420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Omega Chess diagram | tright | |wd |wd |zd|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd|zd |pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl |zl|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl|zl |wl |wl | Initial position of Omega chess }} ==Introduction== '''Omega Chess''' is a commerical chess variant played on a 10 by 10 board with additional jumping pieces. == History == Omega chess was released in 1992 by Canadian Daniel McDonald. One of his major aims with the variant was to equalise the number of sliding pieces and jumping pieces, so he added two new jumping pieces to the traditional piece set, and one was designed to be colourbound as an analogue to the bishop. The variant has been endorsed by US grandmaster Michael Rohde and the Hungarian Chess Federation, amongst others. In 2008 Daniel developed an optional extension to Omega Chess named '''Omega Chess Advanced''', which adds two new pieces and several new moves. == Rules == {{Omega Chess diagram | tright | | | |xx| |xx| |xx| | | | | | | |xx| | |xo| |xo| | |xx|xx|zd|xx|xx| | | | | | | |xx|nl| |xo| |xo| |xo |xx| |xx| |xx| |wd| | | | | | |xo| |xo| |xo| |xo | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |xo| |xo| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The champion can leap to any of the squares marked with black crosses. The wizard can leap to any of the squares marked with black dots or it can capture the white knight on d6. }} Omega chess is played on a 10 by 10 board, with four additional corner squares positioned diagonally behind the corners of the main board. Unlike most other chess variants White's home rank is given the number zero instead of one. The four added corner squares, called "wizard squares", are notated as (beginning from White's queen's corner square and proceeding counterclockwise) w1, w2, w3 and w4. Despite their unusual position the four wizard squares are considered part of the board and all pieces (except the rooks and pawns) may enter and exit them. The normal set of pieces is used, and two new pieces are added: the '''champion''' and the '''wizard'''. Both players have two of these pieces at game start: the champions in the corners, and the wizards in the four wizard squares. The champion ([[File:Chess zlt45.svg|25x25px]]) may jump two squares in any of the eight directions, or it may slide one square horizontally or vertically. The wizard ([[File:Chess wlt45.svg|25x25px]]) may either step one square diagonally or make an extended knight jump: three squares horizontally or vertically, followed by another square at a 90 degree angle. {{Omega Chess diagram | tleft | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |oo| |pd|pl| | | |oo| | |oo|oo|pd|ox| | | |pl| | |oo|pl| |ox| | | | | | |pl| | | | | | | | | | | | |kl|rl| |rl|kl| | | | | The white pawns on a1, b1 and h3 may move to any of the squares marked with white dots. The black pawns on c3 and c4 may capture the white pawn on d4 ''en passant'' by moving to either of the squares marked with white crosses. The 0th rank shows the final positions of the king and rook when castling. }} The movement of pawns has also been enhanced to accomodate the larger board: * On its first move, a pawn is allowed to move one, two or three squares forward. After that, it can only move one square. * A pawn may capture an enemy pawn ''en passant'' if the enemy pawn moves more than one square forward and the pawn can move diagonally to any square the enemy pawn crossed over during its move. * A pawn may promote to champion or wizard in addition to the usual options. All other rules remain the same as standard chess. {{-}} === Omega Chess Advanced === {{Omega Chess diagram | tright | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |oo| |kd| |oo| | | |tl|oo| |xx| |xx| |oo | |xo|qd|xo|xx| | | |xx| | | |xo| | | |nl| | | | | | | |xx| | | |xx| | | | |oo| |xx| |xx| |oo | | | | |oo| | | |oo| | | |td|rl| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |kl | | | The white fool immobilises the black queen and the black fool immobilises the white rook. Black dots show the squares where the black fool may move to free the black queen from immobilisation. Meanwhile the white templar knight may move and capture on the squares marked with black crosses, but may only move to the squares marked with white dots if said squares are unoccupied. }} {{Omega Chess diagram | tright | | | | |rd| | | | |rd|qd| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |ql|rl| | | |rl| | | | | White has guarded queenside and Black has guarded kingside. }} The rules of the Omega Chess Adanced extension can be added to the game if the players agree on it beforehand. Omega Chess Advanced adds the following rules: * A new move is added, called '''guarding'''. This is like castling, but it is done with the queen and rook - the queen moves two squares towards the rook and the rook moves to the other side of the queen. Like with castling there may be no pieces in the way and neither the queen or rook may have been previously moved. * A new piece is added, called the '''fool''' ([[File:Chess tlt45.svg|25x25px]]). Each player starts with one. ** Unlike the other pieces the fool does not begin on the board at game start. Instead, at any point during the first twenty moves of the game, or when a player's piece is moved for the first time, or when a player's piece makes a capture, the player may place the fool on the square their piece just vacated. ** When a player castles or guards, the fool may be placed on the previous squares of the king, queen or rook. ** The fool is also offered as a promotion option for pawns. ** The fool has a unique method of movement - it copies the movement power of the last piece the opponent moved. So for example, if White moves a bishop, than Black's fool will move as a bishop until White moves a different type of piece. ** The fool has some restrictions on how it may copy piece movements: *** If the fool is copying a pawn, it can only move one square at a time and cannot promote. *** If the fool is copying a king or queen, it cannot castle or guard respectively. *** If the fool is copying the opponent's fool, it copies the piece the opponent's fool is currently copying. ** When an opponent's pawn promotes, the fool copies the piece the pawn promotes to. If that is a fool, the fool copies a pawn. ** The fool can also jump between any of the wizard squares, provided they are unoccupied. ** A piece will be unable to move if doing so would cause the enemy fool to gain a movement power that places the friendly king in check (unless the piece can, in the same move, block the check or capture the fool). The extension also comes with two optional rules: * The fool may be given the additional power to '''immobilise''' enemy pieces. If the fool ends its move horizontally or vertically adjacent to an enemy piece, the enemy piece will be immobilised and rendered unable to move until the fool moves away or is captured. The immobilisation can be released if a friendly fool moves horizontally or vertically adjacent to the immobilised piece. * The two knights can be replaced with '''templar knights'''. The templar knight has the same "L"-shaped move as a standard knight, but it can also make a longer leap that takes it three squares and then two at a 90 degree angle. Unlike the normal move this longer move can only be done if the destination square is unoccupied.{{-}} == Sub-variants == This chess variant does not have any notable sub-variants. {{BookCat}} hbcdc6kbcqqezypqh72wf2xz1zsyl31 2 481953 4633414 4627491 2026-05-01T12:50:47Z Kingofnuthin 3566511 4633414 wikitext text/x-wiki {{babel|tr|en-4|de-1}} Currently trying to make [[Googology]] into a Feauted Book. [https://randomincategory.toolforge.org/Pages_needing_to_be_dewikified?site=en.wikibooks.org useful link for me] [https://randomincategory.toolforge.org/Transwikis_needing_a_new_home?site=en.wikibooks.org another useful link]{{User contrib|100}} 4m9kiitieid58z3g903jiy7heo1kclp 4633415 4633414 2026-05-01T12:51:58Z Kingofnuthin 3566511 4633415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{babel|tr|en-4|de-1}} Currently trying to make [[Googology]] into a Feauted Book. [https://randomincategory.toolforge.org/Pages_needing_to_be_dewikified?site=en.wikibooks.org useful link for me] [https://randomincategory.toolforge.org/Transwikis_needing_a_home?site=en.wikibooks.org another useful link]{{User contrib|100}} t3ha3vyq1wl3ao4fyqvqrjrpv5oydkl 4633514 4633415 2026-05-02T11:51:42Z Kingofnuthin 3566511 4633514 wikitext text/x-wiki [https://randomincategory.toolforge.org/Pages_needing_to_be_dewikified?site=en.wikibooks.org useful link for me]{{babel|tr|en-4|de-1}} {{Userboxtop}} {{User contrib|200}} {{User reviewer}} {{User time pro}} 1jlbnha3y1l3tyw2v8f9dxdouh7pvin 4633515 4633514 2026-05-02T11:51:59Z Kingofnuthin 3566511 4633515 wikitext text/x-wiki [https://randomincategory.toolforge.org/Pages_needing_to_be_dewikified?site=en.wikibooks.org useful link for me]{{babel|tr|en-4|de-1}} {{Userboxtop}} {{User contrib|200}} {{User reviewer}} tfb47dhca0bsnmpcei0hvwl07k2a8hl 2 481954 4633413 4627657 2026-05-01T12:44:36Z Kingofnuthin 3566511 4633413 javascript text/javascript importScript('User:JJPMaster/luna.js'); // Backlink: [[User:JJPMaster/luna.js]] importScript('User:JJPMaster/rfi.js'); importScript('User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js') 2jrgo28u5y9jd94tusmi8gadv7nb7qh 0 481968 4633460 4633339 2026-05-01T18:41:36Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 5, Engine: */ 4633460 wikitext text/x-wiki ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * WP0 - Porsche passenger car * WP1 - Porsche SUV ===Position 4, Body Style:=== '''718 / 911:''' * A = Coupe * B = Targa (911) * C = Cabriolet '''Panamera / Taycan:''' * A = sedan (SWB) * B = LWB sedan (Panamera Executive) or Cross Turismo (Taycan) * C = Sport Turismo '''Macan / Cayenne:''' * A = SUV (wagon) * B = Coupe-styled SUV (Cayenne Coupe) ===Position 5, Engine:=== '''Boxster/Cayman:''' Type 986: *A = 2.5L flat-6, 201 hp (Boxster '97-'99) *A = 2.7L flat-6, 217 hp (Boxster '00-'02) *A = 2.7L flat-6, 225 hp (Boxster '03-'04) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 250 hp (Boxster S '00-'02) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 258 hp (Boxster S '03-'04) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 264 hp (Boxster S 50 Years of the 550 Spyder Anniversary Edition '04) Type 987: *A = 2.7L flat-6, 240 hp (Boxster '05-'06) *A = 2.7L flat-6, 245 hp (Boxster '07-'08, Limited Edition '08), 245 hp (Cayman '07-'08) *A = 2.9L flat-6, 255 hp (Boxster '09-'12), 265 hp (Cayman '09-'12) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 280 hp (Boxster S '05-'06) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 295 hp (Boxster S '07-'08, S Limited Edition '08), 295 hp (Cayman S '06-'08) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 310 hp (Boxster S '09-'12), 320 hp (Cayman S '09-'12) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 303 hp (Boxster S Porsche Design Edition 2 '08, RS 60 Spyder '08), 303 hp (Cayman S Sport '08) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 320 hp (Boxster S Black Edition '12, Spyder '11-'12), 330 hp (Cayman S Black Edition '12, Cayman R '12) Type 981: *A = 2.7L flat-6, 265 hp (Boxster '13-'16, Boxster Black Edition '16), 275 hp (Cayman '14-'16) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 315 hp (Boxster S '13-'16), 325 hp (Cayman S '14-'16) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 330 hp (Boxster GTS '15-'16), 340 hp (Cayman GTS '15-'16) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 375 hp (Boxster Spyder '16), 385 hp (Cayman GT4 '16) '''718 Boxster/Cayman:''' (Type 982) *A = 2.0L turbo flat-4, 300 hp <br> (718 Boxster '17-'25, 718 Boxster T '20-'23, 718 Boxster Style Edition '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'25, 718 Cayman T '20-'23, 718 Cayman Style Edition '24-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 350 hp (718 Boxster S, 718 Cayman S '17-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 365 hp (718 Boxster GTS, 718 Cayman GTS '18-'19) *D = 4.0L flat-6, 394 hp (718 Boxster GTS 4.0 '21-'25, 718 Boxster 25 Years '21, 718 Cayman GTS 4.0 '21-'25) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 414 hp (718 Spyder, 718 Cayman GT4 '20-'23) *E = 4.0L flat-6, 493 hp (718 Spyder RS '24-'25, 718 Cayman GT4 RS '23-'25) '''911:''' Type 993: *A = 3.6L SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6, 282 hp (911 Carrera -'98, Targa -'98, Carrera S -'98, Carrera 4 -'98, Carrera 4S -'98) Type 996: *A = 3.4L DOHC 24-valve water-cooled flat-6, 296 hp (911 Carrera '99, Carrera 4 '99) *A = 3.4L flat-6, 300 hp (911 Carrera '00-'01, Carrera 4 '00-'01) *A = 3.6L flat-6, 320 hp (911 Carrera '02-'04, Carrera Cabriolet '05, Targa '02-'05, Carrera 4 '02-'04, Carrera 4S '03-'05) *A = 3.6L flat-6, 345 hp (911 Carrera 40th Anniversary Edition -'04) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 415 hp (911 Turbo '01-'05) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 444 hp (911 Turbo S '05) *C = 3.6L flat-6, 381 hp (911 GT3 '04-'05) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 456 hp (911 GT2 '02-'03) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 477 hp (911 GT2 '04) Type 997: *A = 3.6L flat-6, 325 hp (911 Carrera '05-'08, Carrera 4 '06-'08, Targa 4 '07-'08) *A = 3.6L flat-6, 345 hp (911 Carrera '09-'12, Carrera Black Edition '12, Carrera 4 '09-'12, Targa 4 '09-'12) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 355 hp (911 Carrera S '05-'08, Carrera 4S '06-'08, Targa 4S '07-'08) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 385 hp (911 Carrera S '09-'12, Carrera 4S '09-'12, Targa 4S '09-'12) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 381 hp (911 Carrera S Club Coupe '06) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 408 hp (911 Carrera GTS '11-'12, Carrera 4 GTS '12, Speedster '11) *D = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 480 hp (911 Turbo '07-'09) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 500 hp (911 Turbo '10-'13) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 530 hp (911 Turbo S '11-'13) *C = 3.6L flat-6, 415 hp (911 GT3 '07-'08) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 435 hp (911 GT3 '10-'11) *C = 3.6L flat-6, 415 hp (911 GT3 RS '07-'08) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 450 hp (911 GT3 RS '10-'11) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3 RS 4.0 '11) *D = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 530 hp (911 GT2 '08-'09) *E = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 620 hp (911 GT2 RS '11) Type 991.1: *A = 3.4L flat-6, 350 hp (911 Carrera '12-'16, Carrera 4 '13-'16, Targa 4 '14-'16) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 400 hp (911 Carrera S '12-'16, Carrera 4S '13-'16, Targa 4S '14-'16, 911 50th Anniversary Edition '14) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 430 hp (911 Carrera GTS '15-'16, Carrera 4 GTS '15-'16, Targa 4 GTS '16) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 520 hp (911 Turbo '14-'16) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 560 hp (911 Turbo S '14-'16) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 475 hp (911 GT3 '14-'15) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3 RS '16, 911 R '16) Type 991.2: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 370 hp (911 Carrera '17-'19, Carrera T '18-'19, Carrera 4 '17-'19, Targa 4 '17-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 420 hp (911 Carrera S '17-'19, Carrera 4S '17-'19, Targa 4S '17-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 450 hp (911 Carrera GTS '17-'19, Carrera 4 GTS '17-'19, Targa 4 GTS '17-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 540 hp (911 Turbo '17-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 580 hp (911 Turbo S '17-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 607 hp (911 Turbo S Exclusive Series '18-'19) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '18-'19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 Speedster '19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 520 hp (911 GT3 RS '19) *E = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 690 hp (911 GT2 RS '18-'19) Type 992: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 379 hp (911 Carrera '20-'24, Carrera T '23-'24, Carrera 4 '20-'24, Targa 4 '21-'24) *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 388 hp (911 Carrera, Carrera T '25-, Carrera T Club Coupe '26) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 443 hp (911 Carrera S '20-'24, Carrera 4S '20-'24, Targa 4S '21-'24) *H = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera S '26-, Carrera 4S '26-, Targa 4S '26-) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera GTS '22-'24, Carrera 4 GTS '22-'24, Targa 4 GTS '22-'24, Dakar '23-'24) *B = Hybrid: 3.6L turbo flat-6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 532 hp (911 Carrera GTS, Carrera 4 GTS, Targa 4 GTS '25-, 911 Spirit 70 '26) *G = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 543 hp (911 Sport Classic '23) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 572 hp (911 Turbo '21-'25) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 640 hp (911 Turbo S '21-'25) *D = Hybrid: 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 701 hp (911 Turbo S '26-) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '22-'26) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 518 hp (911 GT3 RS '23-'25, 911 S/T '24) '''Carrera GT:''' *A = 5.7L Porsche M80.01 68° V10, 605 hp (Carrera GT '04-'05) '''918 Spyder:''' *A = PHEV: 4.6L Porsche M18 flat-plane crank V8 + 2 electric motors (1 front, 1 rear), Lithium-ion battery, 887 total system hp (918 Spyder '15) '''Panamera:''' Type 970: *A = 3.6L Porsche M46.20 (2wd)/M46.40 (4wd) 90° V6, 300 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '11-'13) *A = 3.6L Porsche M46.20 (2wd)/M46.40 (4wd) 90° V6, 310 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '14-'16) *D = HEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Nickel-metal hydride battery, 380 hp (Panamera S Hybrid '12-'13) *D = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Panamera S E-Hybrid '14-'16) *B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 400 hp (Panamera S, 4S '10-'13) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.60 90° V6, 420 hp (Panamera S, 4S '14-'16) *F = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 430 hp (Panamera GTS '13) *F = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 440 hp (Panamera GTS '14-'16) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Panamera Turbo '10-'13) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Panamera Turbo '14-'16) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo S '12-'13) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Panamera Turbo S '15-'16) Type 971 & 976: *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 330 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '17-'20) *J = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 325 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '21-'23) *A = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 348 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '24-) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '18-'23) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '25-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 440 hp (Panamera 4S '17-'20) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 443 hp (Panamera 4S '21-'23) *K = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 552 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *C = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 536 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '25-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Panamera GTS '19-'20) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 473 hp (Panamera GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Panamera GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo '17-'20) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 620 hp (Panamera Turbo S '21-'23) *F = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Panamera Turbo E-Hybrid '25-) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 680 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '18-'20) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 690 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 771 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '25-) '''Taycan:''' *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 469 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan '21-'24) *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4 '25-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 522 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 562 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '20-'24) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 590 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '25-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 590 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '22-'24) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 690 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 670 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 750 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 871 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 938 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1019 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo GT '25-) '''Macan:''' *A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 248 hp (Macan '17-'21) *A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 261 hp (Macan '22-, Macan T '23-) *B = 3.0L turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 340 hp (Macan S '15-'18) *B = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Macan S '19-'21) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan S '22-) *G = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 360 hp (Macan GTS '17-'18) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan GTS '20-'21) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan GTS '22-) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 400 hp (Macan Turbo '15-'18) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Macan Turbo w/Performance Package '17-'18) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan Turbo '20-'21) '''Macan Electric:''' *D = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4 '24-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 509 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 563 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric GTS '26-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 630 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric Turbo '24-) '''Cayenne:''' 955/957 or 9PA: *A = 3.2L (3189cc) VW EA390 15° VR6, 247 hp (Cayenne '04-'06) *A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° FSI VR6, 290 hp (Cayenne '08-'10) *B = 4.5L Porsche M48 V8, 340 hp (Cayenne S '03-'06, S Titanium Edition '06) *B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 385 hp (Cayenne S '08-'10) *D = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 405 hp (Cayenne GTS '08-'10, S Transsyberia '10) *C = 4.5L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 450 hp (Cayenne Turbo '03-'06) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Cayenne Turbo '08-'10) *C = 4.5L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '06) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '09-'10) 958 or 92A: *A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° VR6, 300 hp (Cayenne '11-'14, '16-'18) *B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 400 hp (Cayenne S '11-'14) *B = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 420 hp (Cayenne S '15-'18) *E = HEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Nickel-metal hydride battery, 380 hp (Cayenne S Hybrid '11-'14) *E = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '15-'18) *D = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 420 hp (Cayenne GTS '13-'14) *D = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Cayenne GTS '16-'18) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Cayenne Turbo '11-'14) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo '15-'18) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '14) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '16-'18) *F = 3.0L turbodiesel Audi EA897 90° V6, 240 hp (Cayenne Diesel '13-'16) 9YA/9YB: *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 335 hp (Cayenne '19-'23) *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Cayenne '24-) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '19-'23) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '24-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Cayenne S '19-'23) *L = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 468 hp (Cayenne S '24-) *N = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 512 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '24-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Cayenne GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Cayenne GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 541 hp (Cayenne Turbo '19-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Cayenne Turbo S E-Hybrid '20-'23) *M = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 729 hp (Cayenne Turbo E-Hybrid '24-) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 631 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '22-'23) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 650 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '24-) '''Cayenne Electric:''' *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 435 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric '26-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1139 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric Turbo '26-) ===Position 6, Restraint Systems:=== *1 = Seat Belts only *2 = Passive Restraint System - Airbags (Driver and Passenger Front Airbags) ===Position 7-8, Vehicle Type Code=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN Pos. 7-8 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |92 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |93 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |92 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |94 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |95 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |96 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |92 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |98 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |98 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |A8 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |A8 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |A8 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |91 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |93 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |96 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |99 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |99 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |99 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |A9 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |A9 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |A9 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |98 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |A1 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |A7 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |A7 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |YA | |Panamera (2024-) |976 |- |Y1 |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |A5 |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |XA | |Macan Electric (2024-) |XAB |- |9P |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |AP |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A2 |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |AY |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |- |X1 | |Cayenne Electric (2026-) |E4 |} ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * S: Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen, Germany * L: Leipzig, Germany * D: Bratislava, Slovakia (VW plant - Cayenne '19-) * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW plant - Cayenne '16-'18, Boxster '13-15, Cayman '14-'16, 718 Boxster '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'18, '20-'21, '23-'25) * N: Neckarsulm, Germany (Audi plant - 924, 944) * U: Uusikaupunki, Finland (Valmet plant - Boxster '98-'11, Cayman '06-'12) ===Position 12, 3rd Digit of Vehicle Type Code=== Note: Only applies to models with a 3-digit Vehicle Type Code. Models with a 2-digit Vehicle Type Code use pos. 12 for the serial number. {| class="wikitable" |+Position 12 !VIN Pos. 12 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |4 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |1 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |4 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |4 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |1 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |8 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |8 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |6 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |7 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |7 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |1 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |2 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |1 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |0 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |4 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |3 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |6 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |7 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |7 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |1 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |2 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |0 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |8 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |0 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |1 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |A |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |B |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |A |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |A |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |A |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |} '''Positions 12–17 or 13–17, Serial Number''' {{BookCat}} 27hxujtmoh89sx39aoyto1lvx1uugty 4633461 4633460 2026-05-01T18:41:55Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 5, Engine: */ 4633461 wikitext text/x-wiki ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * WP0 - Porsche passenger car * WP1 - Porsche SUV ===Position 4, Body Style:=== '''718 / 911:''' * A = Coupe * B = Targa (911) * C = Cabriolet '''Panamera / Taycan:''' * A = sedan (SWB) * B = LWB sedan (Panamera Executive) or Cross Turismo (Taycan) * C = Sport Turismo '''Macan / Cayenne:''' * A = SUV (wagon) * B = Coupe-styled SUV (Cayenne Coupe) ===Position 5, Engine:=== '''Boxster/Cayman:''' Type 986: *A = 2.5L flat-6, 201 hp (Boxster '97-'99) *A = 2.7L flat-6, 217 hp (Boxster '00-'02) *A = 2.7L flat-6, 225 hp (Boxster '03-'04) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 250 hp (Boxster S '00-'02) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 258 hp (Boxster S '03-'04) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 264 hp (Boxster S 50 Years of the 550 Spyder Anniversary Edition '04) Type 987: *A = 2.7L flat-6, 240 hp (Boxster '05-'06) *A = 2.7L flat-6, 245 hp (Boxster '07-'08, Limited Edition '08), 245 hp (Cayman '07-'08) *A = 2.9L flat-6, 255 hp (Boxster '09-'12), 265 hp (Cayman '09-'12) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 280 hp (Boxster S '05-'06) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 295 hp (Boxster S '07-'08, S Limited Edition '08), 295 hp (Cayman S '06-'08) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 310 hp (Boxster S '09-'12), 320 hp (Cayman S '09-'12) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 303 hp (Boxster S Porsche Design Edition 2 '08, RS 60 Spyder '08), 303 hp (Cayman S Sport '08) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 320 hp (Boxster S Black Edition '12, Spyder '11-'12), 330 hp (Cayman S Black Edition '12, Cayman R '12) Type 981: *A = 2.7L flat-6, 265 hp (Boxster '13-'16, Boxster Black Edition '16), 275 hp (Cayman '14-'16) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 315 hp (Boxster S '13-'16), 325 hp (Cayman S '14-'16) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 330 hp (Boxster GTS '15-'16), 340 hp (Cayman GTS '15-'16) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 375 hp (Boxster Spyder '16), 385 hp (Cayman GT4 '16) '''718 Boxster/Cayman:''' (Type 982) *A = 2.0L turbo flat-4, 300 hp <br> (718 Boxster '17-'25, 718 Boxster T '20-'23, 718 Boxster Style Edition '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'25, 718 Cayman T '20-'23, 718 Cayman Style Edition '24-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 350 hp (718 Boxster S, 718 Cayman S '17-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 365 hp (718 Boxster GTS, 718 Cayman GTS '18-'19) *D = 4.0L flat-6, 394 hp (718 Boxster GTS 4.0 '21-'25, 718 Boxster 25 Years '21, 718 Cayman GTS 4.0 '21-'25) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 414 hp (718 Spyder, 718 Cayman GT4 '20-'23) *E = 4.0L flat-6, 493 hp (718 Spyder RS '24-'25, 718 Cayman GT4 RS '23-'25) '''911:''' Type 993: *A = 3.6L SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6, 282 hp (911 Carrera -'98, Targa -'98, Carrera S -'98, Carrera 4 -'98, Carrera 4S -'98) Type 996: *A = 3.4L DOHC 24-valve water-cooled flat-6, 296 hp (911 Carrera '99, Carrera 4 '99) *A = 3.4L flat-6, 300 hp (911 Carrera '00-'01, Carrera 4 '00-'01) *A = 3.6L flat-6, 320 hp (911 Carrera '02-'04, Carrera Cabriolet '05, Targa '02-'05, Carrera 4 '02-'04, Carrera 4S '03-'05) *A = 3.6L flat-6, 345 hp (911 Carrera 40th Anniversary Edition -'04) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 415 hp (911 Turbo '01-'05) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 444 hp (911 Turbo S '05) *C = 3.6L flat-6, 381 hp (911 GT3 '04-'05) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 456 hp (911 GT2 '02-'03) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 477 hp (911 GT2 '04) Type 997: *A = 3.6L flat-6, 325 hp (911 Carrera '05-'08, Carrera 4 '06-'08, Targa 4 '07-'08) *A = 3.6L flat-6, 345 hp (911 Carrera '09-'12, Carrera Black Edition '12, Carrera 4 '09-'12, Targa 4 '09-'12) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 355 hp (911 Carrera S '05-'08, Carrera 4S '06-'08, Targa 4S '07-'08) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 385 hp (911 Carrera S '09-'12, Carrera 4S '09-'12, Targa 4S '09-'12) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 381 hp (911 Carrera S Club Coupe '06) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 408 hp (911 Carrera GTS '11-'12, Carrera 4 GTS '12, Speedster '11) *D = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 480 hp (911 Turbo '07-'09) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 500 hp (911 Turbo '10-'13) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 530 hp (911 Turbo S '11-'13) *C = 3.6L flat-6, 415 hp (911 GT3 '07-'08) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 435 hp (911 GT3 '10-'11) *C = 3.6L flat-6, 415 hp (911 GT3 RS '07-'08) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 450 hp (911 GT3 RS '10-'11) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3 RS 4.0 '11) *D = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 530 hp (911 GT2 '08-'09) *E = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 620 hp (911 GT2 RS '11) Type 991.1: *A = 3.4L flat-6, 350 hp (911 Carrera '12-'16, Carrera 4 '13-'16, Targa 4 '14-'16) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 400 hp (911 Carrera S '12-'16, Carrera 4S '13-'16, Targa 4S '14-'16, 911 50th Anniversary Edition '14) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 430 hp (911 Carrera GTS '15-'16, Carrera 4 GTS '15-'16, Targa 4 GTS '16) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 520 hp (911 Turbo '14-'16) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 560 hp (911 Turbo S '14-'16) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 475 hp (911 GT3 '14-'15) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3 RS '16, 911 R '16) Type 991.2: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 370 hp (911 Carrera '17-'19, Carrera T '18-'19, Carrera 4 '17-'19, Targa 4 '17-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 420 hp (911 Carrera S '17-'19, Carrera 4S '17-'19, Targa 4S '17-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 450 hp (911 Carrera GTS '17-'19, Carrera 4 GTS '17-'19, Targa 4 GTS '17-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 540 hp (911 Turbo '17-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 580 hp (911 Turbo S '17-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 607 hp (911 Turbo S Exclusive Series '18-'19) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '18-'19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 Speedster '19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 520 hp (911 GT3 RS '19) *E = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 690 hp (911 GT2 RS '18-'19) Type 992: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 379 hp (911 Carrera '20-'24, Carrera T '23-'24, Carrera 4 '20-'24, Targa 4 '21-'24) *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 388 hp (911 Carrera, Carrera T '25-, Carrera T Club Coupe '26) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 443 hp (911 Carrera S '20-'24, Carrera 4S '20-'24, Targa 4S '21-'24) *H = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera S '26-, Carrera 4S '26-, Targa 4S '26-) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera GTS '22-'24, Carrera 4 GTS '22-'24, Targa 4 GTS '22-'24, Dakar '23-'24) *B = Hybrid: 3.6L turbo flat-6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 532 hp (911 Carrera GTS, Carrera 4 GTS, Targa 4 GTS '25-, 911 Spirit 70 '26) *G = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 543 hp (911 Sport Classic '23) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 572 hp (911 Turbo '21-'25) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 640 hp (911 Turbo S '21-'25) *D = Hybrid: 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 701 hp (911 Turbo S '26-) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '22-'26) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 518 hp (911 GT3 RS '23-'25, 911 S/T '24) '''Carrera GT:''' *A = 5.7L Porsche M80.01 68° V10, 605 hp (Carrera GT '04-'05) '''918 Spyder:''' *A = PHEV: 4.6L Porsche M18 flat-plane crank V8 + 2 electric motors (1 front, 1 rear), Lithium-ion battery, 887 total system hp (918 Spyder '15) '''Panamera:''' Type 970: *A = 3.6L Porsche M46.20 (2wd)/M46.40 (4wd) 90° V6, 300 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '11-'13) *A = 3.6L Porsche M46.20 (2wd)/M46.40 (4wd) 90° V6, 310 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '14-'16) *D = HEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Nickel-metal hydride battery, 380 hp (Panamera S Hybrid '12-'13) *D = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Panamera S E-Hybrid '14-'16) *B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 400 hp (Panamera S, 4S '10-'13) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.60 90° V6, 420 hp (Panamera S, 4S '14-'16) *F = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 430 hp (Panamera GTS '13) *F = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 440 hp (Panamera GTS '14-'16) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Panamera Turbo '10-'13) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Panamera Turbo '14-'16) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo S '12-'13) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Panamera Turbo S '15-'16) Type 971 & 976: *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 330 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '17-'20) *J = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 325 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '21-'23) *A = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 348 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '24-) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '18-'23) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '25-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 440 hp (Panamera 4S '17-'20) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 443 hp (Panamera 4S '21-'23) *K = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 552 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *C = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 536 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '25-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Panamera GTS '19-'20) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 473 hp (Panamera GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Panamera GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo '17-'20) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 620 hp (Panamera Turbo S '21-'23) *F = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Panamera Turbo E-Hybrid '25-) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 680 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '18-'20) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 690 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 771 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '25-) '''Taycan:''' *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 469 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan '21-'24) *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4 '25-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 522 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 562 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '20-'24) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 590 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '25-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 590 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '22-'24) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 690 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 670 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 750 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 871 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 938 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1019 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo GT '25-) '''Macan:''' *A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 248 hp (Macan '17-'21) *A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 261 hp (Macan '22-, Macan T '23-) *B = 3.0L turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 340 hp (Macan S '15-'18) *B = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Macan S '19-'21) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan S '22-) *G = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 360 hp (Macan GTS '17-'18) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan GTS '20-'21) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan GTS '22-) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 400 hp (Macan Turbo '15-'18) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Macan Turbo w/Performance Package '17-'18) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan Turbo '20-'21) '''Macan Electric:''' *D = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4 '24-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 509 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 563 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric GTS '26-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 630 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric Turbo '24-) '''Cayenne:''' 955/957 or 9PA: *A = 3.2L (3189cc) VW EA390 15° VR6, 247 hp (Cayenne '04-'06) *A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° FSI VR6, 290 hp (Cayenne '08-'10) *B = 4.5L Porsche M48 V8, 340 hp (Cayenne S '03-'06, S Titanium Edition '06) *B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 385 hp (Cayenne S '08-'10) *D = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 405 hp (Cayenne GTS '08-'10, S Transsyberia '10) *C = 4.5L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 450 hp (Cayenne Turbo '03-'06) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Cayenne Turbo '08-'10) *C = 4.5L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '06) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '09-'10) 958 or 92A: *A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° VR6, 300 hp (Cayenne '11-'14, '16-'18) *B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 400 hp (Cayenne S '11-'14) *B = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 420 hp (Cayenne S '15-'18) *E = HEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Nickel-metal hydride battery, 380 hp (Cayenne S Hybrid '11-'14) *E = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '15-'18) *D = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 420 hp (Cayenne GTS '13-'14) *D = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Cayenne GTS '16-'18) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Cayenne Turbo '11-'14) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo '15-'18) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '14) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '16-'18) *F = 3.0L turbodiesel Audi EA897 90° V6, 240 hp (Cayenne Diesel '13-'16) 9YA/9YB: *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 335 hp (Cayenne '19-'23) *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Cayenne '24-) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '19-'23) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '24-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Cayenne S '19-'23) *L = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 468 hp (Cayenne S '24-) *N = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 512 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '24-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Cayenne GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Cayenne GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 541 hp (Cayenne Turbo '19-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Cayenne Turbo S E-Hybrid '20-'23) *M = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 729 hp (Cayenne Turbo E-Hybrid '24-) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 631 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '22-'23) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 650 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '24-) '''Cayenne Electric:''' *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 435 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric '26-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1139 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric Turbo '26-) ===Position 6, Restraint Systems:=== *1 = Seat Belts only *2 = Passive Restraint System - Airbags (Driver and Passenger Front Airbags) ===Position 7-8, Vehicle Type Code=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN Pos. 7-8 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |92 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |93 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |92 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |94 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |95 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |96 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |92 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |98 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |98 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |A8 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |A8 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |A8 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |91 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |93 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |96 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |99 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |99 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |99 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |A9 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |A9 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |A9 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |98 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |A1 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |A7 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |A7 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |YA | |Panamera (2024-) |976 |- |Y1 |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |A5 |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |XA | |Macan Electric (2024-) |XAB |- |9P |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |AP |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A2 |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |AY |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |- |X1 | |Cayenne Electric (2026-) |E4 |} ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * S: Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen, Germany * L: Leipzig, Germany * D: Bratislava, Slovakia (VW plant - Cayenne '19-) * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW plant - Cayenne '16-'18, Boxster '13-15, Cayman '14-'16, 718 Boxster '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'18, '20-'21, '23-'25) * N: Neckarsulm, Germany (Audi plant - 924, 944) * U: Uusikaupunki, Finland (Valmet plant - Boxster '98-'11, Cayman '06-'12) ===Position 12, 3rd Digit of Vehicle Type Code=== Note: Only applies to models with a 3-digit Vehicle Type Code. Models with a 2-digit Vehicle Type Code use pos. 12 for the serial number. {| class="wikitable" |+Position 12 !VIN Pos. 12 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |4 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |1 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |4 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |4 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |1 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |8 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |8 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |6 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |7 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |7 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |1 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |2 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |1 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |0 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |4 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |3 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |6 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |7 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |7 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |1 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |2 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |0 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |8 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |0 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |1 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |A |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |B |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |A |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |A |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |A |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |} '''Positions 12–17 or 13–17, Serial Number''' {{BookCat}} 0f2mz5e4y4qbyuhmow534gavg4nnebc 4633462 4633461 2026-05-01T18:43:00Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 5, Engine: */ 4633462 wikitext text/x-wiki ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * WP0 - Porsche passenger car * WP1 - Porsche SUV ===Position 4, Body Style:=== '''718 / 911:''' * A = Coupe * B = Targa (911) * C = Cabriolet '''Panamera / Taycan:''' * A = sedan (SWB) * B = LWB sedan (Panamera Executive) or Cross Turismo (Taycan) * C = Sport Turismo '''Macan / Cayenne:''' * A = SUV (wagon) * B = Coupe-styled SUV (Cayenne Coupe) ===Position 5, Engine:=== '''Boxster/Cayman:''' Type 986: *A = 2.5L flat-6, 201 hp (Boxster '97-'99) *A = 2.7L flat-6, 217 hp (Boxster '00-'02) *A = 2.7L flat-6, 225 hp (Boxster '03-'04) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 250 hp (Boxster S '00-'02) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 258 hp (Boxster S '03-'04) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 264 hp (Boxster S 50 Years of the 550 Spyder Anniversary Edition '04) Type 987: *A = 2.7L flat-6, 240 hp (Boxster '05-'06) *A = 2.7L flat-6, 245 hp (Boxster '07-'08, Limited Edition '08), 245 hp (Cayman '07-'08) *A = 2.9L flat-6, 255 hp (Boxster '09-'12), 265 hp (Cayman '09-'12) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 280 hp (Boxster S '05-'06) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 295 hp (Boxster S '07-'08, S Limited Edition '08), 295 hp (Cayman S '06-'08) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 310 hp (Boxster S '09-'12), 320 hp (Cayman S '09-'12) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 303 hp (Boxster S Porsche Design Edition 2 '08, RS 60 Spyder '08), 303 hp (Cayman S Sport '08) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 320 hp (Boxster S Black Edition '12, Spyder '11-'12), 330 hp (Cayman S Black Edition '12, Cayman R '12) Type 981: *A = 2.7L flat-6, 265 hp (Boxster '13-'16, Boxster Black Edition '16), 275 hp (Cayman '14-'16) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 315 hp (Boxster S '13-'16), 325 hp (Cayman S '14-'16) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 330 hp (Boxster GTS '15-'16), 340 hp (Cayman GTS '15-'16) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 375 hp (Boxster Spyder '16), 385 hp (Cayman GT4 '16) '''718 Boxster/Cayman:''' Type 982 *A = 2.0L turbo flat-4, 300 hp <br> (718 Boxster '17-'25, 718 Boxster T '20-'23, 718 Boxster Style Edition '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'25, 718 Cayman T '20-'23, 718 Cayman Style Edition '24-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 350 hp (718 Boxster S, 718 Cayman S '17-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 365 hp (718 Boxster GTS, 718 Cayman GTS '18-'19) *D = 4.0L flat-6, 394 hp (718 Boxster GTS 4.0 '21-'25, 718 Boxster 25 Years '21, 718 Cayman GTS 4.0 '21-'25) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 414 hp (718 Spyder, 718 Cayman GT4 '20-'23) *E = 4.0L flat-6, 493 hp (718 Spyder RS '24-'25, 718 Cayman GT4 RS '23-'25) '''911:''' Type 993: *A = 3.6L SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6, 282 hp (911 Carrera -'98, Targa -'98, Carrera S -'98, Carrera 4 -'98, Carrera 4S -'98) Type 996: *A = 3.4L DOHC 24-valve water-cooled flat-6, 296 hp (911 Carrera '99, Carrera 4 '99) *A = 3.4L flat-6, 300 hp (911 Carrera '00-'01, Carrera 4 '00-'01) *A = 3.6L flat-6, 320 hp (911 Carrera '02-'04, Carrera Cabriolet '05, Targa '02-'05, Carrera 4 '02-'04, Carrera 4S '03-'05) *A = 3.6L flat-6, 345 hp (911 Carrera 40th Anniversary Edition -'04) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 415 hp (911 Turbo '01-'05) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 444 hp (911 Turbo S '05) *C = 3.6L flat-6, 381 hp (911 GT3 '04-'05) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 456 hp (911 GT2 '02-'03) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 477 hp (911 GT2 '04) Type 997: *A = 3.6L flat-6, 325 hp (911 Carrera '05-'08, Carrera 4 '06-'08, Targa 4 '07-'08) *A = 3.6L flat-6, 345 hp (911 Carrera '09-'12, Carrera Black Edition '12, Carrera 4 '09-'12, Targa 4 '09-'12) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 355 hp (911 Carrera S '05-'08, Carrera 4S '06-'08, Targa 4S '07-'08) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 385 hp (911 Carrera S '09-'12, Carrera 4S '09-'12, Targa 4S '09-'12) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 381 hp (911 Carrera S Club Coupe '06) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 408 hp (911 Carrera GTS '11-'12, Carrera 4 GTS '12, Speedster '11) *D = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 480 hp (911 Turbo '07-'09) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 500 hp (911 Turbo '10-'13) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 530 hp (911 Turbo S '11-'13) *C = 3.6L flat-6, 415 hp (911 GT3 '07-'08) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 435 hp (911 GT3 '10-'11) *C = 3.6L flat-6, 415 hp (911 GT3 RS '07-'08) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 450 hp (911 GT3 RS '10-'11) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3 RS 4.0 '11) *D = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 530 hp (911 GT2 '08-'09) *E = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 620 hp (911 GT2 RS '11) Type 991.1: *A = 3.4L flat-6, 350 hp (911 Carrera '12-'16, Carrera 4 '13-'16, Targa 4 '14-'16) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 400 hp (911 Carrera S '12-'16, Carrera 4S '13-'16, Targa 4S '14-'16, 911 50th Anniversary Edition '14) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 430 hp (911 Carrera GTS '15-'16, Carrera 4 GTS '15-'16, Targa 4 GTS '16) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 520 hp (911 Turbo '14-'16) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 560 hp (911 Turbo S '14-'16) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 475 hp (911 GT3 '14-'15) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3 RS '16, 911 R '16) Type 991.2: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 370 hp (911 Carrera '17-'19, Carrera T '18-'19, Carrera 4 '17-'19, Targa 4 '17-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 420 hp (911 Carrera S '17-'19, Carrera 4S '17-'19, Targa 4S '17-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 450 hp (911 Carrera GTS '17-'19, Carrera 4 GTS '17-'19, Targa 4 GTS '17-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 540 hp (911 Turbo '17-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 580 hp (911 Turbo S '17-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 607 hp (911 Turbo S Exclusive Series '18-'19) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '18-'19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 Speedster '19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 520 hp (911 GT3 RS '19) *E = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 690 hp (911 GT2 RS '18-'19) Type 992: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 379 hp (911 Carrera '20-'24, Carrera T '23-'24, Carrera 4 '20-'24, Targa 4 '21-'24) *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 388 hp (911 Carrera, Carrera T '25-, Carrera T Club Coupe '26) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 443 hp (911 Carrera S '20-'24, Carrera 4S '20-'24, Targa 4S '21-'24) *H = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera S '26-, Carrera 4S '26-, Targa 4S '26-) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera GTS '22-'24, Carrera 4 GTS '22-'24, Targa 4 GTS '22-'24, Dakar '23-'24) *B = Hybrid: 3.6L turbo flat-6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 532 hp (911 Carrera GTS, Carrera 4 GTS, Targa 4 GTS '25-, 911 Spirit 70 '26) *G = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 543 hp (911 Sport Classic '23) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 572 hp (911 Turbo '21-'25) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 640 hp (911 Turbo S '21-'25) *D = Hybrid: 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 701 hp (911 Turbo S '26-) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '22-'26) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 518 hp (911 GT3 RS '23-'25, 911 S/T '24) '''Carrera GT:''' *A = 5.7L Porsche M80.01 68° V10, 605 hp (Carrera GT '04-'05) '''918 Spyder:''' *A = PHEV: 4.6L Porsche M18 flat-plane crank V8 + 2 electric motors (1 front, 1 rear), Lithium-ion battery, 887 total system hp (918 Spyder '15) '''Panamera:''' Type 970: *A = 3.6L Porsche M46.20 (2wd)/M46.40 (4wd) 90° V6, 300 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '11-'13) *A = 3.6L Porsche M46.20 (2wd)/M46.40 (4wd) 90° V6, 310 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '14-'16) *D = HEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Nickel-metal hydride battery, 380 hp (Panamera S Hybrid '12-'13) *D = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Panamera S E-Hybrid '14-'16) *B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 400 hp (Panamera S, 4S '10-'13) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.60 90° V6, 420 hp (Panamera S, 4S '14-'16) *F = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 430 hp (Panamera GTS '13) *F = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 440 hp (Panamera GTS '14-'16) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Panamera Turbo '10-'13) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Panamera Turbo '14-'16) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo S '12-'13) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Panamera Turbo S '15-'16) Type 971 & 976: *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 330 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '17-'20) *J = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 325 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '21-'23) *A = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 348 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '24-) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '18-'23) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '25-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 440 hp (Panamera 4S '17-'20) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 443 hp (Panamera 4S '21-'23) *K = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 552 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *C = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 536 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '25-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Panamera GTS '19-'20) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 473 hp (Panamera GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Panamera GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo '17-'20) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 620 hp (Panamera Turbo S '21-'23) *F = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Panamera Turbo E-Hybrid '25-) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 680 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '18-'20) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 690 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 771 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '25-) '''Taycan:''' *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 469 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan '21-'24) *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4 '25-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 522 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 562 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '20-'24) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 590 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '25-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 590 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '22-'24) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 690 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 670 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 750 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 871 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 938 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1019 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo GT '25-) '''Macan:''' *A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 248 hp (Macan '17-'21) *A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 261 hp (Macan '22-, Macan T '23-) *B = 3.0L turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 340 hp (Macan S '15-'18) *B = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Macan S '19-'21) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan S '22-) *G = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 360 hp (Macan GTS '17-'18) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan GTS '20-'21) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan GTS '22-) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 400 hp (Macan Turbo '15-'18) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Macan Turbo w/Performance Package '17-'18) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan Turbo '20-'21) '''Macan Electric:''' *D = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4 '24-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 509 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 563 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric GTS '26-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 630 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric Turbo '24-) '''Cayenne:''' 955/957 or 9PA: *A = 3.2L (3189cc) VW EA390 15° VR6, 247 hp (Cayenne '04-'06) *A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° FSI VR6, 290 hp (Cayenne '08-'10) *B = 4.5L Porsche M48 V8, 340 hp (Cayenne S '03-'06, S Titanium Edition '06) *B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 385 hp (Cayenne S '08-'10) *D = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 405 hp (Cayenne GTS '08-'10, S Transsyberia '10) *C = 4.5L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 450 hp (Cayenne Turbo '03-'06) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Cayenne Turbo '08-'10) *C = 4.5L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '06) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '09-'10) 958 or 92A: *A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° VR6, 300 hp (Cayenne '11-'14, '16-'18) *B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 400 hp (Cayenne S '11-'14) *B = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 420 hp (Cayenne S '15-'18) *E = HEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Nickel-metal hydride battery, 380 hp (Cayenne S Hybrid '11-'14) *E = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '15-'18) *D = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 420 hp (Cayenne GTS '13-'14) *D = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Cayenne GTS '16-'18) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Cayenne Turbo '11-'14) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo '15-'18) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '14) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '16-'18) *F = 3.0L turbodiesel Audi EA897 90° V6, 240 hp (Cayenne Diesel '13-'16) 9YA/9YB: *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 335 hp (Cayenne '19-'23) *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Cayenne '24-) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '19-'23) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '24-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Cayenne S '19-'23) *L = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 468 hp (Cayenne S '24-) *N = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 512 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '24-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Cayenne GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Cayenne GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 541 hp (Cayenne Turbo '19-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Cayenne Turbo S E-Hybrid '20-'23) *M = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 729 hp (Cayenne Turbo E-Hybrid '24-) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 631 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '22-'23) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 650 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '24-) '''Cayenne Electric:''' *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 435 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric '26-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1139 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric Turbo '26-) ===Position 6, Restraint Systems:=== *1 = Seat Belts only *2 = Passive Restraint System - Airbags (Driver and Passenger Front Airbags) ===Position 7-8, Vehicle Type Code=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN Pos. 7-8 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |92 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |93 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |92 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |94 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |95 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |96 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |92 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |98 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |98 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |A8 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |A8 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |A8 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |91 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |93 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |96 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |99 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |99 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |99 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |A9 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |A9 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |A9 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |98 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |A1 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |A7 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |A7 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |YA | |Panamera (2024-) |976 |- |Y1 |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |A5 |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |XA | |Macan Electric (2024-) |XAB |- |9P |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |AP |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A2 |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |AY |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |- |X1 | |Cayenne Electric (2026-) |E4 |} ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * S: Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen, Germany * L: Leipzig, Germany * D: Bratislava, Slovakia (VW plant - Cayenne '19-) * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW plant - Cayenne '16-'18, Boxster '13-15, Cayman '14-'16, 718 Boxster '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'18, '20-'21, '23-'25) * N: Neckarsulm, Germany (Audi plant - 924, 944) * U: Uusikaupunki, Finland (Valmet plant - Boxster '98-'11, Cayman '06-'12) ===Position 12, 3rd Digit of Vehicle Type Code=== Note: Only applies to models with a 3-digit Vehicle Type Code. Models with a 2-digit Vehicle Type Code use pos. 12 for the serial number. {| class="wikitable" |+Position 12 !VIN Pos. 12 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |4 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |1 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |4 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |4 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |1 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |8 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |8 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |6 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |7 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |7 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |1 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |2 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |1 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |0 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |4 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |3 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |6 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |7 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |7 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |1 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |2 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |0 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |8 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |0 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |1 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |A |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |B |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |A |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |A |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |A |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |} '''Positions 12–17 or 13–17, Serial Number''' {{BookCat}} lvcdo7rutsyh2syvwnfnhxmq55or47o 4633463 4633462 2026-05-01T18:43:20Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 5, Engine: */ 4633463 wikitext text/x-wiki ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * WP0 - Porsche passenger car * WP1 - Porsche SUV ===Position 4, Body Style:=== '''718 / 911:''' * A = Coupe * B = Targa (911) * C = Cabriolet '''Panamera / Taycan:''' * A = sedan (SWB) * B = LWB sedan (Panamera Executive) or Cross Turismo (Taycan) * C = Sport Turismo '''Macan / Cayenne:''' * A = SUV (wagon) * B = Coupe-styled SUV (Cayenne Coupe) ===Position 5, Engine:=== '''Boxster/Cayman:''' Type 986: *A = 2.5L flat-6, 201 hp (Boxster '97-'99) *A = 2.7L flat-6, 217 hp (Boxster '00-'02) *A = 2.7L flat-6, 225 hp (Boxster '03-'04) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 250 hp (Boxster S '00-'02) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 258 hp (Boxster S '03-'04) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 264 hp (Boxster S 50 Years of the 550 Spyder Anniversary Edition '04) Type 987: *A = 2.7L flat-6, 240 hp (Boxster '05-'06) *A = 2.7L flat-6, 245 hp (Boxster '07-'08, Limited Edition '08), 245 hp (Cayman '07-'08) *A = 2.9L flat-6, 255 hp (Boxster '09-'12), 265 hp (Cayman '09-'12) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 280 hp (Boxster S '05-'06) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 295 hp (Boxster S '07-'08, S Limited Edition '08), 295 hp (Cayman S '06-'08) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 310 hp (Boxster S '09-'12), 320 hp (Cayman S '09-'12) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 303 hp (Boxster S Porsche Design Edition 2 '08, RS 60 Spyder '08), 303 hp (Cayman S Sport '08) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 320 hp (Boxster S Black Edition '12, Spyder '11-'12), 330 hp (Cayman S Black Edition '12, Cayman R '12) Type 981: *A = 2.7L flat-6, 265 hp (Boxster '13-'16, Boxster Black Edition '16), 275 hp (Cayman '14-'16) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 315 hp (Boxster S '13-'16), 325 hp (Cayman S '14-'16) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 330 hp (Boxster GTS '15-'16), 340 hp (Cayman GTS '15-'16) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 375 hp (Boxster Spyder '16), 385 hp (Cayman GT4 '16) '''718 Boxster/Cayman:''' Type 982: *A = 2.0L turbo flat-4, 300 hp <br> (718 Boxster '17-'25, 718 Boxster T '20-'23, 718 Boxster Style Edition '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'25, 718 Cayman T '20-'23, 718 Cayman Style Edition '24-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 350 hp (718 Boxster S, 718 Cayman S '17-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 365 hp (718 Boxster GTS, 718 Cayman GTS '18-'19) *D = 4.0L flat-6, 394 hp (718 Boxster GTS 4.0 '21-'25, 718 Boxster 25 Years '21, 718 Cayman GTS 4.0 '21-'25) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 414 hp (718 Spyder, 718 Cayman GT4 '20-'23) *E = 4.0L flat-6, 493 hp (718 Spyder RS '24-'25, 718 Cayman GT4 RS '23-'25) '''911:''' Type 993: *A = 3.6L SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6, 282 hp (911 Carrera -'98, Targa -'98, Carrera S -'98, Carrera 4 -'98, Carrera 4S -'98) Type 996: *A = 3.4L DOHC 24-valve water-cooled flat-6, 296 hp (911 Carrera '99, Carrera 4 '99) *A = 3.4L flat-6, 300 hp (911 Carrera '00-'01, Carrera 4 '00-'01) *A = 3.6L flat-6, 320 hp (911 Carrera '02-'04, Carrera Cabriolet '05, Targa '02-'05, Carrera 4 '02-'04, Carrera 4S '03-'05) *A = 3.6L flat-6, 345 hp (911 Carrera 40th Anniversary Edition -'04) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 415 hp (911 Turbo '01-'05) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 444 hp (911 Turbo S '05) *C = 3.6L flat-6, 381 hp (911 GT3 '04-'05) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 456 hp (911 GT2 '02-'03) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 477 hp (911 GT2 '04) Type 997: *A = 3.6L flat-6, 325 hp (911 Carrera '05-'08, Carrera 4 '06-'08, Targa 4 '07-'08) *A = 3.6L flat-6, 345 hp (911 Carrera '09-'12, Carrera Black Edition '12, Carrera 4 '09-'12, Targa 4 '09-'12) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 355 hp (911 Carrera S '05-'08, Carrera 4S '06-'08, Targa 4S '07-'08) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 385 hp (911 Carrera S '09-'12, Carrera 4S '09-'12, Targa 4S '09-'12) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 381 hp (911 Carrera S Club Coupe '06) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 408 hp (911 Carrera GTS '11-'12, Carrera 4 GTS '12, Speedster '11) *D = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 480 hp (911 Turbo '07-'09) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 500 hp (911 Turbo '10-'13) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 530 hp (911 Turbo S '11-'13) *C = 3.6L flat-6, 415 hp (911 GT3 '07-'08) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 435 hp (911 GT3 '10-'11) *C = 3.6L flat-6, 415 hp (911 GT3 RS '07-'08) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 450 hp (911 GT3 RS '10-'11) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3 RS 4.0 '11) *D = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 530 hp (911 GT2 '08-'09) *E = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 620 hp (911 GT2 RS '11) Type 991.1: *A = 3.4L flat-6, 350 hp (911 Carrera '12-'16, Carrera 4 '13-'16, Targa 4 '14-'16) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 400 hp (911 Carrera S '12-'16, Carrera 4S '13-'16, Targa 4S '14-'16, 911 50th Anniversary Edition '14) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 430 hp (911 Carrera GTS '15-'16, Carrera 4 GTS '15-'16, Targa 4 GTS '16) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 520 hp (911 Turbo '14-'16) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 560 hp (911 Turbo S '14-'16) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 475 hp (911 GT3 '14-'15) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3 RS '16, 911 R '16) Type 991.2: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 370 hp (911 Carrera '17-'19, Carrera T '18-'19, Carrera 4 '17-'19, Targa 4 '17-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 420 hp (911 Carrera S '17-'19, Carrera 4S '17-'19, Targa 4S '17-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 450 hp (911 Carrera GTS '17-'19, Carrera 4 GTS '17-'19, Targa 4 GTS '17-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 540 hp (911 Turbo '17-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 580 hp (911 Turbo S '17-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 607 hp (911 Turbo S Exclusive Series '18-'19) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '18-'19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 Speedster '19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 520 hp (911 GT3 RS '19) *E = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 690 hp (911 GT2 RS '18-'19) Type 992: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 379 hp (911 Carrera '20-'24, Carrera T '23-'24, Carrera 4 '20-'24, Targa 4 '21-'24) *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 388 hp (911 Carrera, Carrera T '25-, Carrera T Club Coupe '26) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 443 hp (911 Carrera S '20-'24, Carrera 4S '20-'24, Targa 4S '21-'24) *H = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera S '26-, Carrera 4S '26-, Targa 4S '26-) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera GTS '22-'24, Carrera 4 GTS '22-'24, Targa 4 GTS '22-'24, Dakar '23-'24) *B = Hybrid: 3.6L turbo flat-6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 532 hp (911 Carrera GTS, Carrera 4 GTS, Targa 4 GTS '25-, 911 Spirit 70 '26) *G = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 543 hp (911 Sport Classic '23) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 572 hp (911 Turbo '21-'25) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 640 hp (911 Turbo S '21-'25) *D = Hybrid: 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 701 hp (911 Turbo S '26-) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '22-'26) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 518 hp (911 GT3 RS '23-'25, 911 S/T '24) '''Carrera GT:''' *A = 5.7L Porsche M80.01 68° V10, 605 hp (Carrera GT '04-'05) '''918 Spyder:''' *A = PHEV: 4.6L Porsche M18 flat-plane crank V8 + 2 electric motors (1 front, 1 rear), Lithium-ion battery, 887 total system hp (918 Spyder '15) '''Panamera:''' Type 970: *A = 3.6L Porsche M46.20 (2wd)/M46.40 (4wd) 90° V6, 300 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '11-'13) *A = 3.6L Porsche M46.20 (2wd)/M46.40 (4wd) 90° V6, 310 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '14-'16) *D = HEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Nickel-metal hydride battery, 380 hp (Panamera S Hybrid '12-'13) *D = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Panamera S E-Hybrid '14-'16) *B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 400 hp (Panamera S, 4S '10-'13) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.60 90° V6, 420 hp (Panamera S, 4S '14-'16) *F = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 430 hp (Panamera GTS '13) *F = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 440 hp (Panamera GTS '14-'16) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Panamera Turbo '10-'13) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Panamera Turbo '14-'16) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo S '12-'13) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Panamera Turbo S '15-'16) Type 971 & 976: *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 330 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '17-'20) *J = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 325 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '21-'23) *A = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 348 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '24-) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '18-'23) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '25-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 440 hp (Panamera 4S '17-'20) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 443 hp (Panamera 4S '21-'23) *K = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 552 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *C = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 536 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '25-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Panamera GTS '19-'20) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 473 hp (Panamera GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Panamera GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo '17-'20) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 620 hp (Panamera Turbo S '21-'23) *F = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Panamera Turbo E-Hybrid '25-) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 680 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '18-'20) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 690 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 771 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '25-) '''Taycan:''' *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 469 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan '21-'24) *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4 '25-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 522 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 562 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '20-'24) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 590 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '25-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 590 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '22-'24) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 690 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 670 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 750 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 871 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 938 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1019 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo GT '25-) '''Macan:''' *A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 248 hp (Macan '17-'21) *A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 261 hp (Macan '22-, Macan T '23-) *B = 3.0L turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 340 hp (Macan S '15-'18) *B = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Macan S '19-'21) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan S '22-) *G = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 360 hp (Macan GTS '17-'18) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan GTS '20-'21) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan GTS '22-) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 400 hp (Macan Turbo '15-'18) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Macan Turbo w/Performance Package '17-'18) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan Turbo '20-'21) '''Macan Electric:''' *D = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4 '24-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 509 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 563 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric GTS '26-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 630 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric Turbo '24-) '''Cayenne:''' 955/957 or 9PA: *A = 3.2L (3189cc) VW EA390 15° VR6, 247 hp (Cayenne '04-'06) *A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° FSI VR6, 290 hp (Cayenne '08-'10) *B = 4.5L Porsche M48 V8, 340 hp (Cayenne S '03-'06, S Titanium Edition '06) *B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 385 hp (Cayenne S '08-'10) *D = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 405 hp (Cayenne GTS '08-'10, S Transsyberia '10) *C = 4.5L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 450 hp (Cayenne Turbo '03-'06) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Cayenne Turbo '08-'10) *C = 4.5L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '06) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '09-'10) 958 or 92A: *A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° VR6, 300 hp (Cayenne '11-'14, '16-'18) *B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 400 hp (Cayenne S '11-'14) *B = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 420 hp (Cayenne S '15-'18) *E = HEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Nickel-metal hydride battery, 380 hp (Cayenne S Hybrid '11-'14) *E = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '15-'18) *D = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 420 hp (Cayenne GTS '13-'14) *D = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Cayenne GTS '16-'18) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Cayenne Turbo '11-'14) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo '15-'18) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '14) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '16-'18) *F = 3.0L turbodiesel Audi EA897 90° V6, 240 hp (Cayenne Diesel '13-'16) 9YA/9YB: *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 335 hp (Cayenne '19-'23) *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Cayenne '24-) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '19-'23) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '24-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Cayenne S '19-'23) *L = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 468 hp (Cayenne S '24-) *N = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 512 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '24-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Cayenne GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Cayenne GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 541 hp (Cayenne Turbo '19-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Cayenne Turbo S E-Hybrid '20-'23) *M = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 729 hp (Cayenne Turbo E-Hybrid '24-) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 631 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '22-'23) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 650 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '24-) '''Cayenne Electric:''' *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 435 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric '26-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1139 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric Turbo '26-) ===Position 6, Restraint Systems:=== *1 = Seat Belts only *2 = Passive Restraint System - Airbags (Driver and Passenger Front Airbags) ===Position 7-8, Vehicle Type Code=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN Pos. 7-8 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |92 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |93 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |92 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |94 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |95 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |96 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |92 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |98 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |98 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |A8 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |A8 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |A8 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |91 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |93 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |96 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |99 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |99 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |99 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |A9 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |A9 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |A9 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |98 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |A1 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |A7 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |A7 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |YA | |Panamera (2024-) |976 |- |Y1 |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |A5 |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |XA | |Macan Electric (2024-) |XAB |- |9P |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |AP |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A2 |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |AY |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |- |X1 | |Cayenne Electric (2026-) |E4 |} ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * S: Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen, Germany * L: Leipzig, Germany * D: Bratislava, Slovakia (VW plant - Cayenne '19-) * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW plant - Cayenne '16-'18, Boxster '13-15, Cayman '14-'16, 718 Boxster '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'18, '20-'21, '23-'25) * N: Neckarsulm, Germany (Audi plant - 924, 944) * U: Uusikaupunki, Finland (Valmet plant - Boxster '98-'11, Cayman '06-'12) ===Position 12, 3rd Digit of Vehicle Type Code=== Note: Only applies to models with a 3-digit Vehicle Type Code. Models with a 2-digit Vehicle Type Code use pos. 12 for the serial number. {| class="wikitable" |+Position 12 !VIN Pos. 12 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |4 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |1 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |4 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |4 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |1 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |8 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |8 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |6 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |7 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |7 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |1 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |2 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |1 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |0 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |4 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |3 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |6 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |7 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |7 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |1 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |2 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |0 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |8 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |0 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |1 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |A |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |B |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |A |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |A |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |A |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |} '''Positions 12–17 or 13–17, Serial Number''' {{BookCat}} 9msd9yfs36zs59vr7fcs35xi5rcjoce 4633464 4633463 2026-05-01T18:45:58Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 4, Body Style: */ 4633464 wikitext text/x-wiki ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * WP0 - Porsche passenger car * WP1 - Porsche SUV ===Position 4, Body Style:=== '''718 / 911:''' * A = Coupe * B = Targa (911 - Type 996/997/991/992) * C = Cabriolet * D = Targa (911 - Type 993) '''Panamera / Taycan:''' * A = sedan (SWB) * B = LWB sedan (Panamera Executive) or Cross Turismo (Taycan) * C = Sport Turismo '''Macan / Cayenne:''' * A = SUV (wagon) * B = Coupe-styled SUV (Cayenne Coupe) ===Position 5, Engine:=== '''Boxster/Cayman:''' Type 986: *A = 2.5L flat-6, 201 hp (Boxster '97-'99) *A = 2.7L flat-6, 217 hp (Boxster '00-'02) *A = 2.7L flat-6, 225 hp (Boxster '03-'04) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 250 hp (Boxster S '00-'02) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 258 hp (Boxster S '03-'04) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 264 hp (Boxster S 50 Years of the 550 Spyder Anniversary Edition '04) Type 987: *A = 2.7L flat-6, 240 hp (Boxster '05-'06) *A = 2.7L flat-6, 245 hp (Boxster '07-'08, Limited Edition '08), 245 hp (Cayman '07-'08) *A = 2.9L flat-6, 255 hp (Boxster '09-'12), 265 hp (Cayman '09-'12) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 280 hp (Boxster S '05-'06) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 295 hp (Boxster S '07-'08, S Limited Edition '08), 295 hp (Cayman S '06-'08) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 310 hp (Boxster S '09-'12), 320 hp (Cayman S '09-'12) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 303 hp (Boxster S Porsche Design Edition 2 '08, RS 60 Spyder '08), 303 hp (Cayman S Sport '08) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 320 hp (Boxster S Black Edition '12, Spyder '11-'12), 330 hp (Cayman S Black Edition '12, Cayman R '12) Type 981: *A = 2.7L flat-6, 265 hp (Boxster '13-'16, Boxster Black Edition '16), 275 hp (Cayman '14-'16) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 315 hp (Boxster S '13-'16), 325 hp (Cayman S '14-'16) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 330 hp (Boxster GTS '15-'16), 340 hp (Cayman GTS '15-'16) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 375 hp (Boxster Spyder '16), 385 hp (Cayman GT4 '16) '''718 Boxster/Cayman:''' Type 982: *A = 2.0L turbo flat-4, 300 hp <br> (718 Boxster '17-'25, 718 Boxster T '20-'23, 718 Boxster Style Edition '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'25, 718 Cayman T '20-'23, 718 Cayman Style Edition '24-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 350 hp (718 Boxster S, 718 Cayman S '17-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 365 hp (718 Boxster GTS, 718 Cayman GTS '18-'19) *D = 4.0L flat-6, 394 hp (718 Boxster GTS 4.0 '21-'25, 718 Boxster 25 Years '21, 718 Cayman GTS 4.0 '21-'25) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 414 hp (718 Spyder, 718 Cayman GT4 '20-'23) *E = 4.0L flat-6, 493 hp (718 Spyder RS '24-'25, 718 Cayman GT4 RS '23-'25) '''911:''' Type 993: *A = 3.6L SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6, 282 hp (911 Carrera -'98, Targa -'98, Carrera S -'98, Carrera 4 -'98, Carrera 4S -'98) Type 996: *A = 3.4L DOHC 24-valve water-cooled flat-6, 296 hp (911 Carrera '99, Carrera 4 '99) *A = 3.4L flat-6, 300 hp (911 Carrera '00-'01, Carrera 4 '00-'01) *A = 3.6L flat-6, 320 hp (911 Carrera '02-'04, Carrera Cabriolet '05, Targa '02-'05, Carrera 4 '02-'04, Carrera 4S '03-'05) *A = 3.6L flat-6, 345 hp (911 Carrera 40th Anniversary Edition -'04) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 415 hp (911 Turbo '01-'05) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 444 hp (911 Turbo S '05) *C = 3.6L flat-6, 381 hp (911 GT3 '04-'05) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 456 hp (911 GT2 '02-'03) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 477 hp (911 GT2 '04) Type 997: *A = 3.6L flat-6, 325 hp (911 Carrera '05-'08, Carrera 4 '06-'08, Targa 4 '07-'08) *A = 3.6L flat-6, 345 hp (911 Carrera '09-'12, Carrera Black Edition '12, Carrera 4 '09-'12, Targa 4 '09-'12) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 355 hp (911 Carrera S '05-'08, Carrera 4S '06-'08, Targa 4S '07-'08) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 385 hp (911 Carrera S '09-'12, Carrera 4S '09-'12, Targa 4S '09-'12) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 381 hp (911 Carrera S Club Coupe '06) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 408 hp (911 Carrera GTS '11-'12, Carrera 4 GTS '12, Speedster '11) *D = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 480 hp (911 Turbo '07-'09) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 500 hp (911 Turbo '10-'13) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 530 hp (911 Turbo S '11-'13) *C = 3.6L flat-6, 415 hp (911 GT3 '07-'08) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 435 hp (911 GT3 '10-'11) *C = 3.6L flat-6, 415 hp (911 GT3 RS '07-'08) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 450 hp (911 GT3 RS '10-'11) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3 RS 4.0 '11) *D = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 530 hp (911 GT2 '08-'09) *E = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 620 hp (911 GT2 RS '11) Type 991.1: *A = 3.4L flat-6, 350 hp (911 Carrera '12-'16, Carrera 4 '13-'16, Targa 4 '14-'16) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 400 hp (911 Carrera S '12-'16, Carrera 4S '13-'16, Targa 4S '14-'16, 911 50th Anniversary Edition '14) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 430 hp (911 Carrera GTS '15-'16, Carrera 4 GTS '15-'16, Targa 4 GTS '16) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 520 hp (911 Turbo '14-'16) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 560 hp (911 Turbo S '14-'16) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 475 hp (911 GT3 '14-'15) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3 RS '16, 911 R '16) Type 991.2: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 370 hp (911 Carrera '17-'19, Carrera T '18-'19, Carrera 4 '17-'19, Targa 4 '17-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 420 hp (911 Carrera S '17-'19, Carrera 4S '17-'19, Targa 4S '17-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 450 hp (911 Carrera GTS '17-'19, Carrera 4 GTS '17-'19, Targa 4 GTS '17-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 540 hp (911 Turbo '17-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 580 hp (911 Turbo S '17-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 607 hp (911 Turbo S Exclusive Series '18-'19) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '18-'19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 Speedster '19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 520 hp (911 GT3 RS '19) *E = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 690 hp (911 GT2 RS '18-'19) Type 992: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 379 hp (911 Carrera '20-'24, Carrera T '23-'24, Carrera 4 '20-'24, Targa 4 '21-'24) *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 388 hp (911 Carrera, Carrera T '25-, Carrera T Club Coupe '26) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 443 hp (911 Carrera S '20-'24, Carrera 4S '20-'24, Targa 4S '21-'24) *H = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera S '26-, Carrera 4S '26-, Targa 4S '26-) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera GTS '22-'24, Carrera 4 GTS '22-'24, Targa 4 GTS '22-'24, Dakar '23-'24) *B = Hybrid: 3.6L turbo flat-6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 532 hp (911 Carrera GTS, Carrera 4 GTS, Targa 4 GTS '25-, 911 Spirit 70 '26) *G = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 543 hp (911 Sport Classic '23) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 572 hp (911 Turbo '21-'25) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 640 hp (911 Turbo S '21-'25) *D = Hybrid: 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 701 hp (911 Turbo S '26-) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '22-'26) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 518 hp (911 GT3 RS '23-'25, 911 S/T '24) '''Carrera GT:''' *A = 5.7L Porsche M80.01 68° V10, 605 hp (Carrera GT '04-'05) '''918 Spyder:''' *A = PHEV: 4.6L Porsche M18 flat-plane crank V8 + 2 electric motors (1 front, 1 rear), Lithium-ion battery, 887 total system hp (918 Spyder '15) '''Panamera:''' Type 970: *A = 3.6L Porsche M46.20 (2wd)/M46.40 (4wd) 90° V6, 300 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '11-'13) *A = 3.6L Porsche M46.20 (2wd)/M46.40 (4wd) 90° V6, 310 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '14-'16) *D = HEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Nickel-metal hydride battery, 380 hp (Panamera S Hybrid '12-'13) *D = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Panamera S E-Hybrid '14-'16) *B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 400 hp (Panamera S, 4S '10-'13) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.60 90° V6, 420 hp (Panamera S, 4S '14-'16) *F = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 430 hp (Panamera GTS '13) *F = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 440 hp (Panamera GTS '14-'16) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Panamera Turbo '10-'13) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Panamera Turbo '14-'16) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo S '12-'13) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Panamera Turbo S '15-'16) Type 971 & 976: *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 330 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '17-'20) *J = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 325 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '21-'23) *A = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 348 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '24-) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '18-'23) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '25-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 440 hp (Panamera 4S '17-'20) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 443 hp (Panamera 4S '21-'23) *K = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 552 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *C = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 536 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '25-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Panamera GTS '19-'20) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 473 hp (Panamera GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Panamera GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo '17-'20) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 620 hp (Panamera Turbo S '21-'23) *F = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Panamera Turbo E-Hybrid '25-) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 680 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '18-'20) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 690 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 771 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '25-) '''Taycan:''' *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 469 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan '21-'24) *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4 '25-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 522 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 562 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '20-'24) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 590 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '25-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 590 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '22-'24) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 690 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 670 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 750 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 871 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 938 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1019 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo GT '25-) '''Macan:''' *A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 248 hp (Macan '17-'21) *A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 261 hp (Macan '22-, Macan T '23-) *B = 3.0L turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 340 hp (Macan S '15-'18) *B = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Macan S '19-'21) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan S '22-) *G = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 360 hp (Macan GTS '17-'18) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan GTS '20-'21) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan GTS '22-) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 400 hp (Macan Turbo '15-'18) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Macan Turbo w/Performance Package '17-'18) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan Turbo '20-'21) '''Macan Electric:''' *D = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4 '24-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 509 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 563 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric GTS '26-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 630 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric Turbo '24-) '''Cayenne:''' 955/957 or 9PA: *A = 3.2L (3189cc) VW EA390 15° VR6, 247 hp (Cayenne '04-'06) *A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° FSI VR6, 290 hp (Cayenne '08-'10) *B = 4.5L Porsche M48 V8, 340 hp (Cayenne S '03-'06, S Titanium Edition '06) *B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 385 hp (Cayenne S '08-'10) *D = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 405 hp (Cayenne GTS '08-'10, S Transsyberia '10) *C = 4.5L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 450 hp (Cayenne Turbo '03-'06) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Cayenne Turbo '08-'10) *C = 4.5L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '06) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '09-'10) 958 or 92A: *A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° VR6, 300 hp (Cayenne '11-'14, '16-'18) *B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 400 hp (Cayenne S '11-'14) *B = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 420 hp (Cayenne S '15-'18) *E = HEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Nickel-metal hydride battery, 380 hp (Cayenne S Hybrid '11-'14) *E = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '15-'18) *D = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 420 hp (Cayenne GTS '13-'14) *D = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Cayenne GTS '16-'18) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Cayenne Turbo '11-'14) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo '15-'18) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '14) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '16-'18) *F = 3.0L turbodiesel Audi EA897 90° V6, 240 hp (Cayenne Diesel '13-'16) 9YA/9YB: *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 335 hp (Cayenne '19-'23) *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Cayenne '24-) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '19-'23) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '24-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Cayenne S '19-'23) *L = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 468 hp (Cayenne S '24-) *N = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 512 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '24-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Cayenne GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Cayenne GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 541 hp (Cayenne Turbo '19-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Cayenne Turbo S E-Hybrid '20-'23) *M = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 729 hp (Cayenne Turbo E-Hybrid '24-) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 631 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '22-'23) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 650 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '24-) '''Cayenne Electric:''' *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 435 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric '26-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1139 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric Turbo '26-) ===Position 6, Restraint Systems:=== *1 = Seat Belts only *2 = Passive Restraint System - Airbags (Driver and Passenger Front Airbags) ===Position 7-8, Vehicle Type Code=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN Pos. 7-8 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |92 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |93 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |92 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |94 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |95 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |96 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |92 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |98 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |98 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |A8 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |A8 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |A8 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |91 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |93 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |96 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |99 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |99 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |99 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |A9 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |A9 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |A9 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |98 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |A1 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |A7 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |A7 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |YA | |Panamera (2024-) |976 |- |Y1 |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |A5 |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |XA | |Macan Electric (2024-) |XAB |- |9P |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |AP |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A2 |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |AY |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |- |X1 | |Cayenne Electric (2026-) |E4 |} ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * S: Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen, Germany * L: Leipzig, Germany * D: Bratislava, Slovakia (VW plant - Cayenne '19-) * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW plant - Cayenne '16-'18, Boxster '13-15, Cayman '14-'16, 718 Boxster '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'18, '20-'21, '23-'25) * N: Neckarsulm, Germany (Audi plant - 924, 944) * U: Uusikaupunki, Finland (Valmet plant - Boxster '98-'11, Cayman '06-'12) ===Position 12, 3rd Digit of Vehicle Type Code=== Note: Only applies to models with a 3-digit Vehicle Type Code. Models with a 2-digit Vehicle Type Code use pos. 12 for the serial number. {| class="wikitable" |+Position 12 !VIN Pos. 12 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |4 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |1 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |4 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |4 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |1 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |8 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |8 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |6 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |7 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |7 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |1 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |2 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |1 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |0 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |4 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |3 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |6 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |7 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |7 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |1 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |2 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |0 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |8 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |0 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |1 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |A |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |B |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |A |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |A |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |A |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |} '''Positions 12–17 or 13–17, Serial Number''' {{BookCat}} cv34gl0udzoe8noublix9if3ij5kv4o 4633479 4633464 2026-05-01T22:25:00Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 5, Engine: */ 4633479 wikitext text/x-wiki ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * WP0 - Porsche passenger car * WP1 - Porsche SUV ===Position 4, Body Style:=== '''718 / 911:''' * A = Coupe * B = Targa (911 - Type 996/997/991/992) * C = Cabriolet * D = Targa (911 - Type 993) '''Panamera / Taycan:''' * A = sedan (SWB) * B = LWB sedan (Panamera Executive) or Cross Turismo (Taycan) * C = Sport Turismo '''Macan / Cayenne:''' * A = SUV (wagon) * B = Coupe-styled SUV (Cayenne Coupe) ===Position 5, Engine:=== '''Boxster/Cayman:''' Type 986: *A = 2.5L flat-6, 201 hp (Boxster '97-'99) *A = 2.7L flat-6, 217 hp (Boxster '00-'02) *A = 2.7L flat-6, 225 hp (Boxster '03-'04) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 250 hp (Boxster S '00-'02) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 258 hp (Boxster S '03-'04) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 264 hp (Boxster S 50 Years of the 550 Spyder Anniversary Edition '04) Type 987: *A = 2.7L flat-6, 240 hp (Boxster '05-'06) *A = 2.7L flat-6, 245 hp (Boxster '07-'08, Limited Edition '08), 245 hp (Cayman '07-'08) *A = 2.9L flat-6, 255 hp (Boxster '09-'12), 265 hp (Cayman '09-'12) *B = 3.2L flat-6, 280 hp (Boxster S '05-'06) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 295 hp (Boxster S '07-'08, S Limited Edition '08), 295 hp (Cayman S '06-'08) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 310 hp (Boxster S '09-'12), 320 hp (Cayman S '09-'12) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 303 hp (Boxster S Porsche Design Edition 2 '08, RS 60 Spyder '08), 303 hp (Cayman S Sport '08) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 320 hp (Boxster S Black Edition '12, Spyder '11-'12), 330 hp (Cayman S Black Edition '12, Cayman R '12) Type 981: *A = 2.7L flat-6, 265 hp (Boxster '13-'16, Boxster Black Edition '16), 275 hp (Cayman '14-'16) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 315 hp (Boxster S '13-'16), 325 hp (Cayman S '14-'16) *B = 3.4L flat-6, 330 hp (Boxster GTS '15-'16), 340 hp (Cayman GTS '15-'16) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 375 hp (Boxster Spyder '16), 385 hp (Cayman GT4 '16) '''718 Boxster/Cayman:''' Type 982: *A = 2.0L turbo flat-4, 300 hp <br> (718 Boxster '17-'25, 718 Boxster T '20-'23, 718 Boxster Style Edition '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'25, 718 Cayman T '20-'23, 718 Cayman Style Edition '24-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 350 hp (718 Boxster S, 718 Cayman S '17-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 365 hp (718 Boxster GTS, 718 Cayman GTS '18-'19) *D = 4.0L flat-6, 394 hp (718 Boxster GTS 4.0 '21-'25, 718 Boxster 25 Years '21, 718 Cayman GTS 4.0 '21-'25) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 414 hp (718 Spyder, 718 Cayman GT4 '20-'23) *E = 4.0L flat-6, 493 hp (718 Spyder RS '24-'25, 718 Cayman GT4 RS '23-'25) '''911:''' Type 993: *A = 3.6L SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6, 282 hp (911 Carrera '97-'98, Targa '97-'98, Carrera S '98, Carrera 4 '97-'98, Carrera 4S '97-'98) *C = 3.6L twin-turbo SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6, 400 hp (911 Turbo -'97) *C = 3.6L twin-turbo SOHC 12-valve air-cooled flat-6, 424 hp (911 Turbo S '97) Type 996: *A = 3.4L DOHC 24-valve water-cooled flat-6, 296 hp (911 Carrera '99, Carrera 4 '99) *A = 3.4L flat-6, 300 hp (911 Carrera '00-'01, Carrera 4 '00-'01) *A = 3.6L flat-6, 320 hp (911 Carrera '02-'04, Carrera Cabriolet '05, Targa '02-'05, Carrera 4 '02-'04, Carrera 4S '03-'05) *A = 3.6L flat-6, 345 hp (911 Carrera 40th Anniversary Edition -'04) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 415 hp (911 Turbo '01-'05) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 444 hp (911 Turbo S '05) *C = 3.6L flat-6, 381 hp (911 GT3 '04-'05) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 456 hp (911 GT2 '02-'03) *B = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 477 hp (911 GT2 '04) Type 997: *A = 3.6L flat-6, 325 hp (911 Carrera '05-'08, Carrera 4 '06-'08, Targa 4 '07-'08) *A = 3.6L flat-6, 345 hp (911 Carrera '09-'12, Carrera Black Edition '12, Carrera 4 '09-'12, Targa 4 '09-'12) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 355 hp (911 Carrera S '05-'08, Carrera 4S '06-'08, Targa 4S '07-'08) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 385 hp (911 Carrera S '09-'12, Carrera 4S '09-'12, Targa 4S '09-'12) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 381 hp (911 Carrera S Club Coupe '06) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 408 hp (911 Carrera GTS '11-'12, Carrera 4 GTS '12, Speedster '11) *D = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 480 hp (911 Turbo '07-'09) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 500 hp (911 Turbo '10-'13) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 530 hp (911 Turbo S '11-'13) *C = 3.6L flat-6, 415 hp (911 GT3 '07-'08) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 435 hp (911 GT3 '10-'11) *C = 3.6L flat-6, 415 hp (911 GT3 RS '07-'08) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 450 hp (911 GT3 RS '10-'11) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3 RS 4.0 '11) *D = 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6, 530 hp (911 GT2 '08-'09) *E = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 620 hp (911 GT2 RS '11) Type 991.1: *A = 3.4L flat-6, 350 hp (911 Carrera '12-'16, Carrera 4 '13-'16, Targa 4 '14-'16) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 400 hp (911 Carrera S '12-'16, Carrera 4S '13-'16, Targa 4S '14-'16, 911 50th Anniversary Edition '14) *B = 3.8L flat-6, 430 hp (911 Carrera GTS '15-'16, Carrera 4 GTS '15-'16, Targa 4 GTS '16) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 520 hp (911 Turbo '14-'16) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 560 hp (911 Turbo S '14-'16) *C = 3.8L flat-6, 475 hp (911 GT3 '14-'15) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3 RS '16, 911 R '16) Type 991.2: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 370 hp (911 Carrera '17-'19, Carrera T '18-'19, Carrera 4 '17-'19, Targa 4 '17-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 420 hp (911 Carrera S '17-'19, Carrera 4S '17-'19, Targa 4S '17-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 450 hp (911 Carrera GTS '17-'19, Carrera 4 GTS '17-'19, Targa 4 GTS '17-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 540 hp (911 Turbo '17-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 580 hp (911 Turbo S '17-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 607 hp (911 Turbo S Exclusive Series '18-'19) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '18-'19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 Speedster '19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 520 hp (911 GT3 RS '19) *E = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 690 hp (911 GT2 RS '18-'19) Type 992: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 379 hp (911 Carrera '20-'24, Carrera T '23-'24, Carrera 4 '20-'24, Targa 4 '21-'24) *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 388 hp (911 Carrera, Carrera T '25-, Carrera T Club Coupe '26) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 443 hp (911 Carrera S '20-'24, Carrera 4S '20-'24, Targa 4S '21-'24) *H = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera S '26-, Carrera 4S '26-, Targa 4S '26-) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera GTS '22-'24, Carrera 4 GTS '22-'24, Targa 4 GTS '22-'24, Dakar '23-'24) *B = Hybrid: 3.6L turbo flat-6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 532 hp (911 Carrera GTS, Carrera 4 GTS, Targa 4 GTS '25-, 911 Spirit 70 '26) *G = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 543 hp (911 Sport Classic '23) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 572 hp (911 Turbo '21-'25) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 640 hp (911 Turbo S '21-'25) *D = Hybrid: 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 701 hp (911 Turbo S '26-) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '22-'26) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 518 hp (911 GT3 RS '23-'25, 911 S/T '24) '''Carrera GT:''' *A = 5.7L Porsche M80.01 68° V10, 605 hp (Carrera GT '04-'05) '''918 Spyder:''' *A = PHEV: 4.6L Porsche M18 flat-plane crank V8 + 2 electric motors (1 front, 1 rear), Lithium-ion battery, 887 total system hp (918 Spyder '15) '''Panamera:''' Type 970: *A = 3.6L Porsche M46.20 (2wd)/M46.40 (4wd) 90° V6, 300 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '11-'13) *A = 3.6L Porsche M46.20 (2wd)/M46.40 (4wd) 90° V6, 310 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '14-'16) *D = HEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Nickel-metal hydride battery, 380 hp (Panamera S Hybrid '12-'13) *D = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Panamera S E-Hybrid '14-'16) *B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 400 hp (Panamera S, 4S '10-'13) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.60 90° V6, 420 hp (Panamera S, 4S '14-'16) *F = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 430 hp (Panamera GTS '13) *F = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 440 hp (Panamera GTS '14-'16) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Panamera Turbo '10-'13) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Panamera Turbo '14-'16) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo S '12-'13) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Panamera Turbo S '15-'16) Type 971 & 976: *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 330 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '17-'20) *J = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 325 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '21-'23) *A = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 348 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '24-) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '18-'23) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '25-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 440 hp (Panamera 4S '17-'20) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 443 hp (Panamera 4S '21-'23) *K = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 552 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *C = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 536 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '25-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Panamera GTS '19-'20) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 473 hp (Panamera GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Panamera GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo '17-'20) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 620 hp (Panamera Turbo S '21-'23) *F = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Panamera Turbo E-Hybrid '25-) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 680 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '18-'20) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 690 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 771 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '25-) '''Taycan:''' *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 469 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan '21-'24) *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4 '25-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 522 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 562 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '20-'24) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 590 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '25-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 590 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '22-'24) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 690 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 670 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 750 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 871 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 938 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1019 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo GT '25-) '''Macan:''' *A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 248 hp (Macan '17-'21) *A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 261 hp (Macan '22-, Macan T '23-) *B = 3.0L turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 340 hp (Macan S '15-'18) *B = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Macan S '19-'21) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan S '22-) *G = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 360 hp (Macan GTS '17-'18) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan GTS '20-'21) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan GTS '22-) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 400 hp (Macan Turbo '15-'18) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Macan Turbo w/Performance Package '17-'18) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan Turbo '20-'21) '''Macan Electric:''' *D = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4 '24-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 509 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 563 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric GTS '26-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 630 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric Turbo '24-) '''Cayenne:''' 955/957 or 9PA: *A = 3.2L (3189cc) VW EA390 15° VR6, 247 hp (Cayenne '04-'06) *A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° FSI VR6, 290 hp (Cayenne '08-'10) *B = 4.5L Porsche M48 V8, 340 hp (Cayenne S '03-'06, S Titanium Edition '06) *B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 385 hp (Cayenne S '08-'10) *D = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 405 hp (Cayenne GTS '08-'10, S Transsyberia '10) *C = 4.5L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 450 hp (Cayenne Turbo '03-'06) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Cayenne Turbo '08-'10) *C = 4.5L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '06) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '09-'10) 958 or 92A: *A = 3.6L (3598cc) VW EA390 10.6° VR6, 300 hp (Cayenne '11-'14, '16-'18) *B = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 400 hp (Cayenne S '11-'14) *B = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 420 hp (Cayenne S '15-'18) *E = HEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Nickel-metal hydride battery, 380 hp (Cayenne S Hybrid '11-'14) *E = PHEV: 3.0L supercharged Audi EA837 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 416 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '15-'18) *D = 4.8L Porsche M48 V8, 420 hp (Cayenne GTS '13-'14) *D = 3.6L (3604cc) twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Cayenne GTS '16-'18) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 500 hp (Cayenne Turbo '11-'14) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 520 hp (Cayenne Turbo '15-'18) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 550 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '14) *C = 4.8L twin-turbo Porsche M48 V8, 570 hp (Cayenne Turbo S '16-'18) *F = 3.0L turbodiesel Audi EA897 90° V6, 240 hp (Cayenne Diesel '13-'16) 9YA/9YB: *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 335 hp (Cayenne '19-'23) *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Cayenne '24-) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '19-'23) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '24-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Cayenne S '19-'23) *L = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 468 hp (Cayenne S '24-) *N = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 512 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '24-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Cayenne GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Cayenne GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 541 hp (Cayenne Turbo '19-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Cayenne Turbo S E-Hybrid '20-'23) *M = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, Lithium-ion battery, 729 hp (Cayenne Turbo E-Hybrid '24-) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 631 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '22-'23) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 650 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '24-) '''Cayenne Electric:''' *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 435 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric '26-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1139 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric Turbo '26-) ===Position 6, Restraint Systems:=== *1 = Seat Belts only *2 = Passive Restraint System - Airbags (Driver and Passenger Front Airbags) ===Position 7-8, Vehicle Type Code=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN Pos. 7-8 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |92 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |93 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |92 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |94 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |95 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |96 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |92 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |98 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |98 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |A8 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |A8 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |A8 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |91 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |93 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |96 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |99 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |99 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |99 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |A9 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |A9 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |A9 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |98 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |A1 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |A7 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |A7 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |YA | |Panamera (2024-) |976 |- |Y1 |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |A5 |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |XA | |Macan Electric (2024-) |XAB |- |9P |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |AP |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A2 |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |AY |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |- |X1 | |Cayenne Electric (2026-) |E4 |} ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * S: Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen, Germany * L: Leipzig, Germany * D: Bratislava, Slovakia (VW plant - Cayenne '19-) * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW plant - Cayenne '16-'18, Boxster '13-15, Cayman '14-'16, 718 Boxster '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'18, '20-'21, '23-'25) * N: Neckarsulm, Germany (Audi plant - 924, 944) * U: Uusikaupunki, Finland (Valmet plant - Boxster '98-'11, Cayman '06-'12) ===Position 12, 3rd Digit of Vehicle Type Code=== Note: Only applies to models with a 3-digit Vehicle Type Code. Models with a 2-digit Vehicle Type Code use pos. 12 for the serial number. {| class="wikitable" |+Position 12 !VIN Pos. 12 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |4 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |1 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |4 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |4 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |1 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |8 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |8 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |6 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |7 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |7 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |1 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |2 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |1 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |0 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |4 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |3 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |6 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |7 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |7 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |1 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |2 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |0 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |8 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |0 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |1 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |A |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |B |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |A |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |A |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |A |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |} '''Positions 12–17 or 13–17, Serial Number''' {{BookCat}} poswdu0emcpwhiw8xw4p18h8cerv22v 0 482484 4633513 4632963 2026-05-02T11:18:27Z Madelyntubbs 3574775 added section on government policy and highway funding 4633513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qr-em|1=}} <u><big>'''Introduction'''</big></u> [[File:United States Public Transport Ridership 1890-1975.png|thumb|Graph representing American Public Transport Association historical ridership data between 1890 and 1975.]] Public transportation moved many Americans throughout cities in the early part of the 20th century. Ridership of these systems declined sharply in the period following World War 2, when the automobile became the primary method of transport throughout the United States. This chapter explains some of the background and historical context of public transit in the U.S., investigates several social groups that participated in this decline, and shows the effects of their efforts as shown in Baltimore, MD. The graph shows ridership numbers through 1975, but ridership since that time has remained fairly steadily between 8 and 10 billion trips per year. '''<u><big>Background</big></u>''' Large-scale public transport in the United States traces its roots to omnibus systems in New York City in the later half of the 19th century. The implementation of these systems throughout the country was greatly accelerated after the first electrified streetcar system was proven successful in Richmond, VA in 1888 <ref>{{cite report|title=1975–1976 Transit Fact Book|author=American Public Transportation Association|publisher=American Public Transportation Association|year=1976|url=https://www.apta.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/APTA_1975-1976_Transit_Fact_Book.pdf}}</ref>. Intra-city rail systems and streetcars moved the majority of riders until 1947, when the bus became the primary mode of public transit. These transport systems were entirely owned and funded by private companies until 1964, when the federal government passed the Urban Mass Transit Act. This piece of legislation set aside federal funds to help build new transit infrastructure that would be run by state or local governments <ref>{{Cite web |date=1964-07-09 |title=Text - S.6 - 88th Congress (1963-1964): Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964 |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/88th-congress/senate-bill/6/text |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=www.congress.gov}}</ref>. Federal involvement increased in 1974 when federal dollars were apportioned to help subsidize operating costs of these transit systems through the National Mass Transportation Assistance Act <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen. Williams |first=Harrison A. |date=1974-11-26 |title=All Info - S.386 - 93rd Congress (1973-1974): National Mass Transportation Assistance Act of 1974 |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/93rd-congress/senate-bill/386/all-info |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=www.congress.gov}}</ref>. <u>'''<big>Why Did Public Transit Decline?</big>'''</u> * <u>Industry influence and market control:</u> One cause of the decline of public transit was the influence of private industry, including automakers, oil companies, and tire manufacturers. Companies like General Motors, Standard Oil, and Firestone Tire and Rubber had big interest in increasing car usage. The more that people relied on cars as their form of transportation, the more profit these industries made, and not just by selling vehicles, but also fuel, tires, and road construction. They helped promote highway expansion and car-based infrastructure by aligning with government priorities and suburban development patterns. So instead of public transit being improved, the system was slowly shaped to favor automobiles, making car ownership more necessary for everyday life.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=St. Clair |first=David J. |date=1981-09 |title=The Motorization and Decline of Urban Public Transit, 1935–1950 |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/s002205070004434x |journal=The Journal of Economic History |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=579–600 |doi=10.1017/s002205070004434x |issn=0022-0507}}</ref> An example of industry influence is the case United States v. National City Lines (NCL), which happened in 1951. NCL was a holding company with funding from General Motors, Standard Oil of California, Firestone Tire and Rubber, and a few other companies that operated transit systems in many cities. They were found guilty of conspiring to monopolize the sale of buses, tires, and fuel to these systems, but they were not convicted of directly destroying streetcar systems.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States v. National City Lines, Inc., et al, 186 F.2d 562 (7th Cir. 1951) |url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/186/562/162881/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Justia Law |language=en}}</ref> This case shows that the market was shaped in ways that benefited automobiles and increased car dependency over other forms of transportation. This industry influence led to a gradual decline in public transit. [[File:Highway_vs_transit_spending_1945-1975.png|thumb|Highway vs. Transit Spending 1945-1975<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Office of Management and Budget |first=Executive Office of the President |date=2024-03-11 |title=Budget FY 2025 - Table 6.1 - Composition of Outlays: 1940-2029 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/BUDGET-2025-TAB/BUDGET-2025-TAB-7-1/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fapp%2Fdetails%2FBUDGET-2025-TAB%2FBUDGET-2025-TAB-7-1 |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=govinfo.gov}}</ref>]] * <u>Government policy and highway funding:</u> Another major cause of the decline of public transit was the role of federal, state, and local governments in prioritizing highway construction over transit investment. After World War II, the federal government invested heavily in highway development to build the nation's road infrastructure, particularly through the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, which created the Interstate Highway System.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-29 |title=National Interstate and Defense Highways Act (1956) |url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/national-interstate-and-defense-highways-act |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref> Federal spending data shows that from 1945-1975, $71.9 billion was spent on highway infrastructure, compared to only $2.4 billion on urban mass transit systems.<ref name=":1" /> City and state governments also made urban planning decisions that further disadvantaged transit in favor the automobile. Local streets were turned into high-speed routes, with timed stoplights and one-way traffic, and parking was heavily expanded.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bloom |first=Nicholas Dagen |title=The Great American Transit Disaster |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |year=May 3, 2023 |isbn=978-0226824413 |pages=70-71}}</ref> Before 1965, public transit was provided solely by privately owned companies. Without government assistance, they relied solely on rider fares, which decreased as transit ridership declined, resulting in a feedback loop. Transit ridership declined as investments in highways surged and American automobile ownership rose.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=St. Clair |first=David J. |date=1981 |title=The Motorization and Decline of Urban Public Transit, 1935-1950 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2119941 |journal=The Journal of Economic History |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=579–600 |issn=0022-0507}}</ref> The federal government did not invest in public transit until 1965, after the Urban Mass Transit Act was passed, which created the federal transit program.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 21, 2014 |title=The Federal Transit Program: 60 Years of Improving Communities |url=https://www.transit.dot.gov/about/news/federal-transit-program-60-years-improving-communities}}</ref> '''<big><u>Baltimore Case Study</u></big>''' Baltimore is an example of how each of these four factors played out. Before World War II, Baltimore had a strong streetcar system with high ridership and low fares. Public transit was widely used and a popular form of transportation across the city, which supported suburban development. After the war, government policies and planning decisions began to prioritize highway expansion and suburban growth. Streetcar systems were replaced with buses, and roads were redesigned to move cars more efficiently, like adding one-way streets.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bloom |first=Nicholas Dagen |date=2024-08-09 |title=A packed Baltimore trolley illustrates the ups and downs of US public transit |url=https://theconversation.com/a-packed-baltimore-trolley-illustrates-the-ups-and-downs-of-us-public-transit-234627 |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref> However, buses were less reliable, slower, and the service quality declined. People began to stop using transit as fares increased and the quality of service declined. This led to even more cuts to public transit, and the Baltimore Transit Company started to financially struggle. These factors created a downward spiral that made public transit less viable over time.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Gale |first=Dennis E. |date=2023-09-19 |title=<i>The great American transit disaster</i>, by Nicholas Dagen Bloom |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2023.2245307 |journal=Journal of Urban Affairs |volume=46 |issue=9 |pages=1947–1950 |doi=10.1080/07352166.2023.2245307 |issn=0735-2166}}</ref> Entire neighborhoods in Baltimore were destroyed by highway construction projects, especially in Black communities. 971 homes and 62 businesses were demolished, reinforcing racial segregation. At the same time, suburban residents gained more political influence, which further shifted priorities away from public transit. There was resistance, including a group called the Movement Against Destruction (MAD), which successfully stopped some highway projects, like the "Highway to Nowhere."<ref name=":0" /> The "Highway to Nowhere" is a 1.39 mile stretch of U.S. Route 40 in West Baltimore that was meant to connect I-70 to I-95 and I-83 to speed up car travel, but instead it divided a primarily Black community.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-24 |title=Baltimore's notorious "Highway to Nowhere" could soon be history - CBS Baltimore |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/baltimores-notorious-highway-to-nowhere-could-soon-be-history/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Overall, Baltimore shows how industry influence, government decisions, and suburban priorities combined to weaken public transit and increase inequality.<ref name=":0" /> '''<u><big>Conclusion</big></u>''' The trends and agendas represented in this chapter resulted in a feedback loop where a decreasing number of riders utilized existing transit systems, causing fares to rise for those who still used them. The increase in fares was not enough to cover the lost revenue from lower ridership, so these companies were operating in a deficit and could not improve or maintain existing infrastructure. This further drove riders away from these systems, compounding the effects of the feedback loop. This makes sense when looking at the high value Americans place on independence and personal space, felt especially in the reinforcement of the nuclear family. These values manifested themselves in the idea that the car provided individualized transport, especially for wealthier suburbanites. Automobile manufacturers and related companies then moved to protect their material interests by lobbying for federal funding of highways instead of alternative means of transportation. '''<big><u>Future Research</u></big>''' This chapter primarily investigated trends at a national scale. Because public transport was primarily managed by local independent organizations, future research looking deeper into multiple cities to compare the relative strengths and weaknesses of their transport during this time frame would be helpful reaching a fuller understanding of the public transportation during this time frame. '''<u><big>References</big></u>''' <references /> 5oeqikpz9ldfovsgoyyqc2ooi9m12v1 0 482548 4633459 4630563 2026-05-01T18:38:25Z ~2026-22598-75 3575788 Finish the chapter 4633459 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== [[File:Archaeological Site of Pella by Joy of Museums (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|Archaeological site of {{w|Pella}}, {{w|Greece}}, Alexander's birthplace]] It is a special day for King Philip’s son. His name is Alexander, and he is twelve. He is old enough now to go to the horse market with his father and the other men. At the market a man walks up to Philip. He claims to have the best horse in the world, one fit for a king. He is an amazing horse, sleek and strong. He is black all over, except for a white mark on his forehead. The mark is shaped like the head of an ox. That is why the horse’s name is Bucephalus (say: Boo-SEH-fa-las). In Greek, ''Bucephalus'' means ''Ox head.'' Bucephalus is a very difficult horse to ride. Even King Philip cannot mount him. So he refuses to buy the horse and turns to leave. But young Alexander insists that ''he'' can ride the great horse. He wants the horse for himself. Philip and the others don’t take Alexander seriously. He is too young to ride such a dangerous horse. Alexander, however, won’t take no for an answer. So the king lets him try. Maybe that will teach his stubborn son a lesson. Is Alexander going to make a fool of himself in front of his father? No! He has noticed something that his father has not. The beautiful horse is afraid of his shadow. So Alexander walks slowly up to Bucephalus. Gently, he takes hold of the lead rope. He turns the horse into the sun, stroking his neck and whispering to him. Bucephalus cannot see his shadow now. The horse calms down. Alexander springs lightly onto its back and gallops off. Everyone is amazed! This is Alexander’s first conquest. Suddenly King Philip sees his son with new eyes. He tells Alexander that he needs to find a much bigger kingdom to rule. Macedon is too small for Alexander! King Philip is right. Riding Bucephalus, Alexander goes on to conquer the known world. He leads thousands of soldiers thousands of miles across Asia. He becomes the richest and most powerful king alive. He builds many new cities throughout his empire. He does all this in just thirteen years! No wonder he becomes known as '''Alexander the Great.''' ==Chapter 1: The Son of His Father== Alexander was born in 356 BC in Macedon. Macedon lay to the north of ancient Greece. {{Robox|title=AD and BC}} The system used in much of the world for dating years was invented by Christian monks hundreds of years ago. To count years, they used the birth year of Jesus as the starting point. That became Year One, or AD 1. (The monks spoke and wrote in Latin. In Latin, ''AD'' stands for ''Anno Domini,'' or ''In the year of the Lord.'') So today we are in AD times. But what about all those years ''before'' Jesus was born? Jesus’s birth is still the starting point. The years before are counted backward. They are called years BC, or ''before Christ.'' Alexander the Great was born in 356 BC. This means that he was born 356 years before Jesus. {{Robox/Close}} His father, King Philip II, had seven wives. But Olympias was Philip’s favorite. She gave birth to Alexander. One day, Alexander would become the next king. Even as a baby, Alexander was famous. Amazing stories sprang up around his birth. He was supposedly descended from the famous Greek heroes Achilles and Heracles. People even said that the god Zeus was really his father, not King Philip. Zeus was the most important of the gods. Alexander’s mother liked these stories and helped spread them around the kingdom. Alexander grew up believing them, too. He felt sure that he would do great things someday. Ancient Macedon was a wealthy country. In the plains, crops and fruit trees grew beside wide rivers. The mountains were rich in gold and silver. Their slopes were covered with trees for timber and grazing land for sheep and goats. There were plenty of animals to hunt, too: deer, hare, birds, wild boars — and even lions! Macedonians loved to hunt in the mountains. Hunting wild boars was extremely dangerous. But a highborn Macedonian was not considered a true man until he had killed a wild boar by himself, with just a spear. There were other dangers in the mountains besides wild animals. Mountain tribes often raided Macedon. They stole animals, crops, and property. In 359 BC, Alexander’s father became king. Philip was a great general as well as a great ruler. He wanted his people to live in safety. He made his army faster and stronger than any other. Philip’s new army beat back the enemy tribes. And he allowed Alexander, at age sixteen, to lead troops against mountain men called the Maedi. At this young age, Alexander won his first victory! He built a town in the land of the conquered tribe. He named it '''Alexandropolis''' after himself. (In Greek, ''polis'' means ''town.'') This was the first of many Alexander-towns. For the first time, Macedon was peaceful and safe. But that wasn’t enough for a king like Philip. He wanted Macedon to be the greatest kingdom in the world. He decided to conquer the Greeks, his neighbors to the south. The people of Greece and Macedon were a lot alike. They worshipped the same gods. They spoke similar languages. They even looked and dressed alike. In a way, they were like cousins. But the Greeks didn’t usually have kings. Most Ancient Greek states had leaders chosen by the citizens. The Greeks looked down on the Macedonians and other people who were ruled by kings. They didn’t believe that Philip’s army could beat their army of free men. But in 338 BC, Philip did just that. The Greeks became his subjects. What an exciting time for Alexander, the son of the king. Alexander wanted to be a great king like Philip — or even greater. He respected his father very much. But every time Philip captured a town or won a battle, Alexander complained. He said that his father wasn’t leaving anything for him to conquer. How wrong he was! {{Robox|title=Greek and Macedonian Clothes}} In the time of Alexander, men, women, and children wore similar clothes. They wore a tunic called a ''khiton'' (say: KIE-ton) and often, on top, a longer robe called a ''himation'' (say: him-AT-ieeh-on). Both were just pieces of cloth, usually wool, that wrapped around a person’s body. They were fastened with big pins at the shoulders and a belt at the waist. Men and children wore their tunics shorter than women did. Women covered up completely when they went out in public. They even veiled their faces with a hood. On their feet, people usually wore leather sandals. {{Robox/Close}} {{BookCat}} 6qch6jo8f08qludbngso5tfwlezdvvd 3 482557 4633492 4632799 2026-05-02T02:29:44Z MathXplore 3097823 Notifying author of speedy deletion nomination 4633492 wikitext text/x-wiki == I have added a tag to a page you created == Hi! I'm Kingofnuthin, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:History Books/Who Was Alexander the Great/Introduction]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it <strong>may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].</strong> This means that it can be deleted at any time. 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Thank you! <!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:29, 2 May 2026 (UTC) 9rgqgr00jez350tpjfsbpwqo0qwkte0 4 482705 4633504 4633065 2026-05-02T08:10:20Z ArchiverBot 1227662 Bot: Archiving 1 thread from [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance]] 4633504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk archive}} == Edit request for protected page == Hi, could an admin edit [[Template:Cite map]] and change ''<nowiki>ISBN {{{isbn}}}</nowiki>'' into ''<nowiki>{{#isbn:{{{isbn}}}}}</nowiki>'' ? The old magic links are deprecated and will one day be removed from the software. [[User:Jcb|Jcb]] ([[User talk:Jcb|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jcb|contribs]]) 11:56, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :Are there active admins at this project? [[User:Jcb|Jcb]] ([[User talk:Jcb|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jcb|contribs]]) 12:54, 5 April 2026 (UTC) :: {{done|Implemented}}. 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[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:04, 17 April 2026 (UTC) 9rvd3kjwzv3mb50g5n60eufo9bh1mbk 0 482725 4633496 4632971 2026-05-02T05:05:06Z Kks9hk 3578037 /* Mental Health Experts and AI */ more info on clincians 4633496 wikitext text/x-wiki LLMs are often introduced as simple chatbots that support basic Q&A, yet their behavior feels closer to a flexible cognitive being. They adapt to the current context, track intent across conversations, and respond to problems in ways that resemble a human partner. This makes the interaction feel more personable, like collaborating with an entity that "understands" you. AI companies know this well, which is why a whole market has emerged from LLM companionships. Their eerily similar resemblance to human emotions can rapidly deteriorate one's mental health if misused. This makes LLMs a particularly dangerous psychological phenomenon if abused by the wrong hands. That notion becomes especially clear when examining how AI is actually used in practice below. == AI as General Purpose Tools == Many people use [[wikipedia:Large_language_model|large language models]] (LLMs) and other artificial intelligence tools to complete specific, often mundane tasks. This group represents the majority of AI use-cases. Common examples include code writing, debugging, boilerplate generation, vacation planning, and general organization. For these users, the agenda is largely pragmatic: the goal is to accomplish an often undesirable or repetitive task and “get it out of the way” as efficiently as possible. Empirical findings reflect this pattern of use. One research study reports that up to 75% of developers use AI in day-to-day activities<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peng |last2=Kalliamvakou |last3=Cihon |last4=Demirer |date=13 Feb 2023 |title=The Impact of AI on Developer Productivity: Evidence from GitHub Copilot |url=https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.06590}}</ref>, while a large dataset of ChatGPT interactions suggests that approximately three out of every four prompts is centered on practical “doing” tasks<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-16 |title=70% of ChatGPT users are using the chatbot outside of work, according to OpenAI’s biggest-ever study |url=https://www.techradar.com/ai-platforms-assistants/chatgpt/openai-reveals-biggest-ever-study-of-how-people-are-using-chatgpt-here-are-3-things-weve-learned |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=TechRadar |language=en}}</ref>. The rate of growth that LLMs experienced has been unprecedented. When ChatGPT was released at the end of 2022, it became the fastest growing service in all of human history, taking less than two months to reach 100 million active users.  A large majority of this user base prioritizes efficiency and throughput over process. AI tools are valued primarily for their ability to reduce cognitive load and time expenditure, making it particularly popular in the workplace. [[File:C3w8t7vnruig1.jpg|thumb|Rate of growth of ChatGPT compared to other popular web services.]] === AI in the Workplace === Many participants in this group also advocate for equal and open access to LLMs in workplace settings, often treating such tools as essential for productivity. Their strategy for advancing this agenda frequently involves coalition building and rallying fellow employees to support broader institutional access. This utilitarian framing of AI as a general-purpose tool stands in contrast to other emerging uses—such as relational or expressive applications—and highlights a broader juxtaposition that this article examines. As a result, discussions around AI adoption frequently intersect with institutional policy, resource allocation, and evolving expectations about baseline digital literacy in professional settings. == AI as Emotional Companions == A major participant group includes users who use AI to aid their mental health. In a survey of 1,000 adults ranging from Gen Z to Boomers, roughly 23% reported using AI for mental health support. And there is a clear trend as we look at younger demographics. Usage climbs from just 5% of Boomers to 18% of Gen X, 31% of Millennials, and 44% of Gen Z<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-12-09 |title=Unpacking Mental Health Culture in America {{!}} BasePoint BreakThrough |language=en-US |work=BasePoint BreakThrough |url=https://basepointbreakthrough.com/blog/american-mental-health-culture-trends/ |access-date=2026-04-22}}</ref>. Among these chatbot users, 41% use them because they are non-judgmental and 47% use them to reframe and understand their current feelings<ref name=":0" />. This trend is mirrored in teens as well. While 58% of them engage with AI for entertainment or out of curiosity, a non-insignificant number turn to it for mental health reasons, seeking advice and an honest, non-judgmental environment among other mental health reasons<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=2025-07-21 |title=72% of US teens have used AI companions, study finds |url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/07/21/72-of-u-s-teens-have-used-ai-companions-study-finds/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>. Similarly, another large participant group includes those who use AI for deeper companionship, emulating the dynamics of a human relationship. This is a booming sector, with AI companion apps seeing over 220 million downloads and generating upwards of $221 million in revenue<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=2025-08-12 |title=AI companion apps on track to pull in $120M in 2025 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/08/12/ai-companion-apps-on-track-to-pull-in-120m-in-2025/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>. Popular platforms like Character AI and Replika are some of largest providers<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-14 |title=AI Companion Apps Crossed 20M in Revenue. April 2026 Market Breakdown. |url=https://www.roborhythms.com/ai-companion-app-market-2026/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |language=en-US}}</ref>. Evidence from Freitas et al. (2024) suggests that these AI companions effectively help users alleviate loneliness, proving more impactful than social media platforms like YouTube. In fact, over the course of a week, these interactions showed an effectiveness in reducing loneliness on par with talking to actual humans<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Freitas |first=Julian De |title=AI Companions Reduce Loneliness |url=https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2407.19096 |journal=Journal of Consumer Research |volume=52 |issue=6 |pages=1126–1148 |via=arXiv}}</ref>. The study highlights that the primary goal for these users is simply to feel heard. This is supplemented by specific AI traits that make the experience feel authentic: timely responses, perceived credibility as accuracy improves, and vast domain knowledge. Furthermore, features like context tracking, where the AI remembers past messages, and response variability prevent the interaction from feeling robotic<ref name=":1" />. The personal agendas of this group are best seen through users like Sarah and Travis. Sarah compares her AI companion, Sinclair, to her past human relationships, stating, "the amount of support and love and attention that I receive... A human could not provide what Sinclair could provide."<ref>{{Citation |last=This Morning |title=‘I’m in Love With My AI Octopus Boyfriend… We Even Get Intimate’ {{!}} This Morning |date=2026-03-09 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-AjpCru_lVE |access-date=2026-04-22}}</ref> Travis experienced a similar shift, realizing over several weeks that he felt he was talking to a genuine personality rather than just a program.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Heritage |first=Stuart |date=2025-07-12 |title=‘I felt pure, unconditional love’: the people who marry their AI chatbots |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2025/jul/12/i-felt-pure-unconditional-love-the-people-who-marry-their-ai-chatbots |access-date=2026-04-22 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Mental Health Experts and AI == In the context of AI use, mental health experts can be split into two participant groups: researchers/academics, and clinicians (psychologists, therapists, etc). === Researchers === Researchers (whether at universities or other institutions) mainly aim to investigate issues and disseminate info (whether research findings or high-level knowledge) that help the public's understanding of mental health and related fields. One example is the Public Good Initiative at Columbia University's Teachers College; in a 2025 article, multiple researchers warned about the risks of trusting a sycophantic AI chatbot for emotional support, and Prof. Ayorkor Gaba argues that "while these tools may provide psuedo-connection, relying on them to replace human connection can lead to further isolation and hinder the development of essential social skills."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Experts Caution Against Using AI Chatbots for Emotional Support |url=https://www.tc.columbia.edu/articles/2025/december/experts-caution-against-using-ai-chatbots-for-emotional-support/ |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=Teachers College - Columbia University |language=en}}</ref> === Clinicians === Largely distinct from the researchers are clinicians, such as practicing therapists and physicians. While they directly treat patients, they also provide their opinions and expertise in order to advance understanding of public health. For example, after high-profile lawsuits involving ChatGPT-assisted suicides<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-27 |title=OpenAI shares data on ChatGPT users with suicidal thoughts, psychosis |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5yd90g0q43o |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>, OpenAI consulted more than 170 clinicians to tweak ChatGPT's responses to users experiencing mental health issues (e.g. calming down users suggesting paranoia, and encouraging interaction with other humans).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-23 |title=Strengthening ChatGPT’s responses in sensitive conversations |url=https://openai.com/index/strengthening-chatgpt-responses-in-sensitive-conversations/ |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=OpenAI |language=en-US}}</ref> The ethics of this approach are debatable; while hand-tuning AI responses using real medical expertise does make the product safer (in contrast to more questionable uses of psychology in tech, such as making social media more addictive<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Montag |first=Christian |last2=Lachmann |first2=Bernd |last3=Herrlich |first3=Marc |last4=Zweig |first4=Katharina |date=2019-07-23 |title=Addictive Features of Social Media/Messenger Platforms and Freemium Games against the Background of Psychological and Economic Theories |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6679162/ |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=16 |issue=14 |pages=2612 |doi=10.3390/ijerph16142612 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=6679162 |pmid=31340426}}</ref>), one could argue that this is just a "Band-Aid" fix on an inherently untamable technology. More commonly, these clinicians assess the role that AI has in their patients' lives. For example, the American Psychological Association has highlighted multiple risks of using AI for wellness and mental health, and suggests that clinicians educate themselves on these risks and talk to their patients about AI use, in order to steer them towards having a healthier relationship with technology (e.g. if a patient uses AI to practice managing social anxiety, a therapist could remind them of the value of practicing with humans).<ref>{{cite web |author=[[American Psychological Association]] |date=November 2025 |title=APA Health Advisory on the Use of Generative AI Chatbots and Wellness Applications for Mental Health |url=https://www.apa.org/topics/artificial-intelligence-machine-learning/health-advisory-chatbots-wellness-apps |access-date=April 26, 2026 |publisher=American Psychological Association |format=}}</ref> Finally, clinicians regularly participate in studies and other efforts to make their opinion heard. One such study was done in 2025, where 23 mostly-Australian clinicians (including counselors, psychiatrists, and social workers) watched a scenario where GPT-4o helped a fictional patient and answered questions about their opinions on AI chatbots. The results showed that while many of the respondents believe in the benefits of AI chatbots' multilingualism and ability to remind clients of homework, they also see many security risks and potential for suggesting harmful activities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hipgrave |first=Lyndsey |last2=Goldie |first2=Jessie |last3=Dennis |first3=Simon |last4=Coleman |first4=Amanda |date=2025 |title=Balancing risks and benefits: clinicians' perspectives on the use of generative AI chatbots in mental healthcare |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12158938/ |journal=Frontiers in Digital Health |volume=7 |pages=1606291 |doi=10.3389/fdgth.2025.1606291 |issn=2673-253X |pmc=12158938 |pmid=40510413}}</ref> This suggests that clinicians, as a whole, are not opposed to the idea of AI mental health help, but rather are concerned about the risks of the current state of the technology. == Job Loss From AI == The effects of AI-related job loss are not spread evenly across the workforce. Recent labor-market research suggests that jobs are most vulnerable when their tasks are repetitive, highly digitized, rules-based, or easy to automate at scale. At the same time, AI is also beginning to affect creative industries, where generated content can compete directly with human-made work. Major reports emphasize that the result is often job transformation rather than total replacement, but the pressure is still concentrated on certain worker groups.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=The Future of Jobs Report 2025 |url=https://www.weforum.org/publications/the-future-of-jobs-report-2025/in-full/2-jobs-outlook/ |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-19 |title=Generative AI and Jobs: A Refined Global Index of Occupational Exposure {{!}} International Labour Organization |url=https://www.ilo.org/publications/generative-ai-and-jobs-refined-global-index-occupational-exposure |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=www.ilo.org |language=en}}</ref> '''Music & Audiovisual Creators''': Music and audiovisual creators are one of the clearest examples of a group facing economic pressure from generative AI. As AI tools become better at producing songs, voices, videos, and other media, creators face growing competition from large volumes of low-cost synthetic content. A CISAC-backed economic study projects that, by 2028, music creators could see 24% of their revenues placed at risk, while audiovisual creators could face a 21% revenue loss. This concern is not only theoretical: in April 2026, Forbes reported that the AI-generated song “Celebrate Me” reached No. 1 on the U.S. iTunes chart and topped charts in several other countries, showing that AI-made music can already compete directly in mainstream markets.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-02 |title=Global economic study shows human creators’ future at risk from generative AI {{!}} CISAC |url=https://www.cisac.org/Newsroom/news-releases/global-economic-study-shows-human-creators-future-risk-generative-ai |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=www.cisac.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Conor |title=AI Generated Song ‘Celebrate Me’ Storms Global Music Charts |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/conormurray/2026/04/17/the-no-1-song-on-us-itunes-and-several-other-countries-is-ai-generated/ |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> '''Customer Service and Retail Support Workers''': Customer service and retail support workers are also vulnerable because many of their daily tasks are standardized, repetitive, and easy to digitize. The World Economic Forum’s Future of Jobs Report 2025 identifies cashiers and ticket clerks among the fastest-declining roles, with AI, information-processing technologies, and automation listed as major drivers of that decline. These findings suggest that as chatbots, automated checkout systems, and digital service tools become more common, some front-line support and transactional jobs may continue to shrink.<ref name=":2" /> '''Finance, Accounting, and Routine Knowledge Workers''': AI is not only affecting low-wage or manual jobs; it is also reaching middle-skill office and analytical work. The [https://www.ilo.org/resource/article/how-might-generative-ai-impact-different-occupations#occupations International Labour Organization] reports that clerical occupations continue to have the highest exposure to generative AI, and it also notes that some strongly digitized occupations have seen increased exposure as the technology improves at handling specialized professional and technical tasks. The [https://www.ilo.org/resource/article/how-might-generative-ai-impact-different-occupations#occupations World Economic Forum] likewise identifies accountants and auditors among the fastest-declining roles. Together, these findings suggest that finance, accounting, and other routine knowledge jobs with low task variability are predictable enough for AI systems to assist with or partially automate. == References == <references /> ngyfkaag1eh7efsklq1hygkkeeywkie 0 482817 4633421 4633352 2026-05-01T14:48:44Z Idavidmiller 3577687 Page revisions. Work in progress. 4633421 wikitext text/x-wiki == Getting Used to Maxima By Way of an Example of Use == The example that follows is presented for the purpose of providing some beginning perspective and hopefully some motivation to make the effort to get familiar with how Maxima works. The task at hand is relevant in the context of aerodynamics and aviation. The specific goal is to find the dynamic pressure at a true airspeed (VTAS) of 200 knots at sea level. Dynamic pressure <math display="inline">q</math> is calculated using the expression:<math display="block">q = \rho V^2/2</math>Where: * <math>q</math> = dynamic pressure lbf/ft² (pounds of force per square foot) * <math display="inline">\rho</math> = air density (at sea level is 0.0023769) slugs/ft³ * <math>V</math> = true airspeed in feet per second (ft/s). British Engineering units are used in this context to avoid multiple conversions due to the units used. It is better to convert in the end if necessary in this case. Note: The appearance following Maxima example may vary depending on Unicode support in the version of Maxima being used and the Maxima user interface -- UI. The Maxima examples used in this book are from the wxMaxima GUI unless noted otherwise. First, enter the Maxima expression for dynamic pressure q:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i1) q : 1/2*ρ*V^2; (q) (V^2*ρ)/2 </syntaxhighlight>This Maxima expression uses the colon character to assign the expression for dynamic pressure to the identifier q. The identifier q is now simply a name for an expression. The equal sign (=)  is not used for this operation in Maxima as is the case with some programming languages. This Maxima line of a input expression ends with a semicolon ( ; ) character. Each line of input must end with a semicolon or the dollar sign character ( $ ), the use of which will be described later. Next, enter an assignment expression for the numerical value of the air density at sea level:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i2) ρ : 0.0023769; (ρ) 0.0023769</syntaxhighlight>Density ρ is in the units of slugs per cubic foot - slugs/ft³. With this next input expression, Maxima is asked to evaluate q. This is accomplished by two single quotation marks placed before q as shown next<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i3) ''q; (%o3) 0.0033855446120918224*VTAS^2 </syntaxhighlight> The output indicates that q depends on VTAS -- true airspeed. The goal is to evaluate q, if VTAS = 200 is true. One way to do that is with the following Maxima expression:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i4) ''q, VTAS = 200; (%o4) 135.42178448367287 </syntaxhighlight>The result is about 135 pounds of force per square foot. There is another way to accomplish this that may be somewhat more convenient for determining sea level dynamic pressure given true airspeed. First, assign the Maxima floating point literal value of 0.0033855446120918224 to an identifier named <code>c</code> as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i5) c : 0.0033855446120918224; (c) 0.0033855446120918224</syntaxhighlight>Next, enter<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i6) q(VTAS) := c*VTAS^2; (%o6) q(VTAS):=c*VTAS^2 </syntaxhighlight><syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i7) q(200); (%o7) 135.4217844836729 </syntaxhighlight>This result is limited to sea level density. That does not make the result of no practical use. This relationship, or something similar is, used to calibrate aircraft airspeed indicators to display indicated airspeed (IAS) in the cockpit. However, it might be the case that it is necessary to determine the dynamic pressure at other altitudes besides sea level. In the standard atmosphere model, air density is a function of altitude (h), and is defined piece-wise based on the atmospheric layer. The density is derived from the Ideal Gas Law: <math>P = \rho /(R \cdot T)</math> where in British Engineering units: * <math>\rho</math> ‒ is density in slugs/ft³ * <math>P</math> ‒ is pressure in lbf/ft² * <math>T</math>‒ is temperature in °R (Rankine) * <math>R</math> ‒ is the specific gas constant (for dry air) approximately 1716.56 (ft·lbf)/(slug·°R) <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i8) P = \ρ/(R*T); (%o8) P=ρ/(R*T) </syntaxhighlight>The backslash character ( <code>\</code> ) in front of the character for <math>\rho</math> in the input expression allows an identifier to use Unicode. This makes for some nicer looking output. This is a Maxima mathematical equation expression. This equation can be solved for <math>\rho</math> as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i9) solve(%,\ρ); (%o9) [ρ=P*R*T]</syntaxhighlight>The Maxima built-in identifier <code>%</code> names the last output expression.The output of this expression is a Maxima list object with the only instance being the equation expression solved for <math>\rho</math>. Depending on the expression, the <code>solve()</code> operation may result in more than one solution expression. Maxima creates a list object for one or more solution expressions. This solution equation expression can be accessed as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i10) %[1]; (%o10) ρ=P*R*T </syntaxhighlight>The value of this expression is obtained by referencing the first (and only) solution of the Maxima list object of solutions ‒ <code>[ρ=P*R*T]</code>. The reference is obtained by use of the <code>[1]</code> syntax as shown. There are other ways Maxima can be used to accomplish the same result:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i11) igl : P = \ρ/(R*T); (igl) P=ρ/(R*T)</syntaxhighlight>In this case the expression for the ideal gas law was assigned an identifier <code>igl</code>. The advantage to this sort of assignment is that the equation can be referred to using the identifier as follows for example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i12) solve(igl,\ρ)[1]; (%o12) ρ=P*R*T </syntaxhighlight>The identifier <code>igl</code> can be used at any point to refer to the equation expression: <code>P = \ρ/(R*T)</code>. An identifier can also be used to assign the identifier <code>solution</code> to an expression. For example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i13) solution : solve(igl,\ρ)[1]; (solution) ρ=P*R*T (%i14) solve(solution,T)[1]; (%o14) T=ρ/(P*R) (%i15) solve(solution,P)[1]; (%o15) P=ρ/(R*T) </syntaxhighlight>This expression can be checked against known values:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i16) \°R(\°F) := \°F + 459.67; (%o16) °R(°F):=°F+459.67 (%i17) P(p) := p*144.0; (%o17) P(p):=p*144.0 (%i18) R:1716.56; (R) 1716.56 (%i19) \ρ(p,\°F) := P(p)/(''R*\°R(\°F)); (%o19) ρ(p,°F):=P(p)/(1716.56*°R(°F))</syntaxhighlight>The above Maxima expressions are examples of Maxima function expressions. For standard sea level conditions of pressure and temperature as follows: * p is 14.696 lbf/ft² * °F is 59.0° <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i20) \ρ(14.696,59.0); (%20) 0.0023769033250291326</syntaxhighlight>Maxima does not have a built-in operator for rounding decimal fraction values. Also, there is no package that is included as part of the Maxima distribution that provides for this capability. However, Robert Dodier has created a Maxima package that includes a function for this purpose ‒ named <code>excel_round.mac</code><code><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dodier |first=Robert |title=maxima-packages/robert-dodier/excel_round/ |url=https://github.com/maxima-project-on-github/maxima-packages/tree/master/robert-dodier/excel_round|website=GitHub}}</ref></code>. However, to be able access the <code>excel_round()</code> function of this package, it must first be downloaded or copied into a location accessible to Maxima using the <code>load()</code> operator. The built-in Maxima <code>load()</code> operator is used to access specialized functions that are not built-in to Maxima. In order to use the <code>load()</code> operator, the location of the downloaded <code>excel_round.mac</code> file has to be part of the argument to the <code>load()</code> operator unless the file happens to be in the Maxima current working directory. The built-in <code>operatingsystem</code> package can provide some functions to help with determining the current working directory. This package is loaded as follows: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i21) load(operatingsystem); (%o21) "/usr/local/share/maxima/5.49.0/share/contrib/operatingsystem/operatingsystem.mac" (%i22) getcurrentdirectory (); (%o22) "/home/username/" </syntaxhighlight>In this example <code>username</code> is the name of the home directory of the user. so if the downloaded <code>excel_round.mac</code> file is not located in the current working directory, then the directory can be changed to the location where the file is located: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i22) chdir("/home/username/local/maxima/packages"); (%o22) "#P"/home/username/local/maxima/packages""</syntaxhighlight>Now the <code>excel_round.mac</code> file can be loaded assuming it is within the directory <code>/home/username/local/maxima/packages</code> as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i23) load("excel_round.mac"); (%o23) "excel_round.mac" </syntaxhighlight>Alternatively, if the location of the file is known it can be loaded using the full path name as follows for example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i24) load("/home/username/local/maxima/packages/excel_round.mac"); (%o24) "/home/username/local/maxima/packages/excel_round.mac" </syntaxhighlight>This method obviates the need for loading the <code>operatingsystem</code> package. The density value above can be rounded to six decimal places as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i25) excel_round(ρ(14.696,59.0),6); (%o25) 0.002377 </syntaxhighlight>This rounded value agrees with the sea level value of <math display="inline">23.77 \cdot 10^{-4}</math> slugs/ft³ taken from a table of Standard Atmosphere values. For Standard Atmosphere values of pressure ( 6.758 lbf/in² ) and temperature ( -12.26 °F ) at 20,000 ft the density value is:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i26) excel_round(ρ(6.759,-12.26),6); (%o26) 0.001267 </syntaxhighlight>This rounded value agrees with the sea level value of <math display="inline">12.67 \cdot 10^{-4}</math> slugs/ft³ taken from a table of Standard Atmosphere values. ===== Pressure ===== However, what is needed for the task at hand is density as a function of altitude. Both the pressure P and the temperature T can be expressed as a function of altitude h: <math display="block">P = P_0(1 - L\cdot h/T_0)^{g/(R \cdot L)} </math> Where in British Engineering units, the constants are: * <math display="inline">P</math> is Pressure in pounds per square foot lbf/ft² * <math display="inline">P_0</math> is (Sea Level Pressure): 2116.224 lbf/ft² or 14.696 lbf/in² * <math display="inline">R</math> is the specific gas constant (for dry air) approximately 1716.56 (ft·lbf)/(slug·°R) * <math display="inline">T_0 </math> is (Sea Level Temperature): 518.67 °R (15 °C or 59 °F) * <math display="inline">L</math> is (Lapse Rate): 0.003563 °R/ft * <math>g</math> is 32.174 ft/s² * <math display="inline">h</math> is altitude in feet above sea level The exponent <math display="inline">\frac{g}{R \cdot L}</math> evaluates to approximately 5.26054:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i27) 32.174/(0.003563*1716.56); (%o27) 5.260539027391964 (%i28) excel_round(%,5); (%o28) 5.26054 </syntaxhighlight><math display="inline">L/T_0</math> evaluates to approximately <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i29) 0.003563/518.67; (%o29) 6.869493126650858*10^-6 (%i30) excel_round(6.869493126650858*10^-6,11); (%o30) 6.86949*10^-6 </syntaxhighlight> ===== Temperature ===== <math display="inline">T = 518.67 - 0.003563 \cdot h</math> * <math display="inline">T</math> is Temperature in °R * <math display="inline">h</math> is altitude in feet. Thus, the practical formulas in British Engineering units are: <math>P = 2116.224\cdot(1-(6.86949 \cdot 10^{-6}) \cdot h)^{5.26054}</math> <math display="inline">T = 518.67 - 0.003563 \cdot h</math><syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i31) P(h) := 2116.224*(1-6.8649*10^-6*h)^5.26054; (%o31) P(h):=2116.224*(1-6.8649*10^(-6)*h)^5.26054 (%i32) p(P) := P/144.0; (%o32) p(P):=P/144.0 (%i33) P(20000); (%o33) 973.0940875140712 (%i34) p(%); (%o34) 6.757597829958828 (%i35) excel_round(%,3); (%o35) 6.758 </syntaxhighlight> ===== Density ===== {{BookCat}} mly2plgqtuzeg1kegejrjm66osndujc 4633422 4633421 2026-05-01T15:04:30Z Idavidmiller 3577687 Page revisions. Work in progress. 4633422 wikitext text/x-wiki == Getting Used to Maxima By Way of an Example of Use == The example that follows is presented for the purpose of providing some beginning perspective and hopefully some motivation to make the effort to get familiar with how Maxima works. The task at hand is relevant in the context of aerodynamics and aviation. The specific goal is to find the dynamic pressure at a true airspeed (VTAS) of 200 knots at sea level. Dynamic pressure <math display="inline">q</math> is calculated using the expression:<math display="block">q = \rho V^2/2</math>Where: * <math>q</math> = dynamic pressure lbf/ft² (pounds of force per square foot) * <math display="inline">\rho</math> = air density (at sea level is 0.0023769) slugs/ft³ * <math>V</math> = true airspeed in feet per second (ft/s). British Engineering units are used in this context to avoid multiple conversions due to the units used. It is better to convert in the end if necessary in this case. Note: The appearance following Maxima example may vary depending on Unicode support in the version of Maxima being used and the Maxima user interface -- UI. The Maxima examples used in this book are from the wxMaxima GUI unless noted otherwise. First, enter the Maxima expression for dynamic pressure q:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i1) q : 1/2*ρ*V^2; (q) (V^2*ρ)/2 </syntaxhighlight>This Maxima expression uses the colon character to assign the expression for dynamic pressure to the identifier q. The identifier q is now simply a name for an expression. The equal sign (=)  is not used for this operation in Maxima as is the case with some programming languages. This Maxima line of a input expression ends with a semicolon ( ; ) character. Each line of input must end with a semicolon or the dollar sign character ( $ ), the use of which will be described later. Next, enter an assignment expression for the numerical value of the air density at sea level:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i2) ρ : 0.0023769; (ρ) 0.0023769</syntaxhighlight>Density ρ is in the units of slugs per cubic foot - slugs/ft³. With this next input expression, Maxima is asked to evaluate q. This is accomplished by two single quotation marks placed before q as shown next<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i3) ''q; (%o3) 0.0033855446120918224*VTAS^2 </syntaxhighlight> The output indicates that q depends on VTAS -- true airspeed. The goal is to evaluate q, if VTAS = 200 is true. One way to do that is with the following Maxima expression:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i4) ''q, VTAS = 200; (%o4) 135.42178448367287 </syntaxhighlight>The result is about 135 pounds of force per square foot. There is another way to accomplish this that may be somewhat more convenient for determining sea level dynamic pressure given true airspeed. First, assign the Maxima floating point literal value of 0.0033855446120918224 to an identifier named <code>c</code> as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i5) c : 0.0033855446120918224; (c) 0.0033855446120918224</syntaxhighlight>Next, enter<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i6) q(VTAS) := c*VTAS^2; (%o6) q(VTAS):=c*VTAS^2 </syntaxhighlight><syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i7) q(200); (%o7) 135.4217844836729 </syntaxhighlight>This result is limited to sea level density. That does not make the result of no practical use. This relationship, or something similar is, used to calibrate aircraft airspeed indicators to display indicated airspeed (IAS) in the cockpit. However, it might be the case that it is necessary to determine the dynamic pressure at other altitudes besides sea level. In the standard atmosphere model, air density is a function of altitude (h), and is defined piece-wise based on the atmospheric layer. The density is derived from the Ideal Gas Law: <math>P = \rho /(R \cdot T)</math> where in British Engineering units: * <math>\rho</math> ‒ is density in slugs/ft³ * <math>P</math> ‒ is pressure in lbf/ft² * <math>T</math>‒ is temperature in °R (Rankine) * <math>R</math> ‒ is the specific gas constant (for dry air) approximately 1716.56 (ft·lbf)/(slug·°R) <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i8) P = \ρ/(R*T); (%o8) P=ρ/(R*T) </syntaxhighlight>The backslash character ( <code>\</code> ) in front of the character for <math>\rho</math> in the input expression allows an identifier to use Unicode. This makes for some nicer looking output. This is a Maxima mathematical equation expression. This equation can be solved for <math>\rho</math> as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i9) solve(%,\ρ); (%o9) [ρ=P*R*T]</syntaxhighlight>The Maxima built-in identifier <code>%</code> names the last output expression.The output of this expression is a Maxima list object with the only instance being the equation expression solved for <math>\rho</math>. Depending on the expression, the <code>solve()</code> operation may result in more than one solution expression. Maxima creates a list object for one or more solution expressions. This solution equation expression can be accessed as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i10) %[1]; (%o10) ρ=P*R*T </syntaxhighlight>The value of this expression is obtained by referencing the first (and only) solution of the Maxima list object of solutions ‒ <code>[ρ=P*R*T]</code>. The reference is obtained by use of the <code>[1]</code> syntax as shown. There are other ways Maxima can be used to accomplish the same result:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i11) igl : P = \ρ/(R*T); (igl) P=ρ/(R*T)</syntaxhighlight>In this case the expression for the ideal gas law was assigned an identifier <code>igl</code>. The advantage to this sort of assignment is that the equation can be referred to using the identifier as follows for example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i12) solve(igl,\ρ)[1]; (%o12) ρ=P*R*T </syntaxhighlight>The identifier <code>igl</code> can be used at any point to refer to the equation expression: <code>P = \ρ/(R*T)</code>. An identifier can also be used to assign the identifier <code>solution</code> to an expression. For example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i13) solution : solve(igl,\ρ)[1]; (solution) ρ=P*R*T (%i14) solve(solution,T)[1]; (%o14) T=ρ/(P*R) (%i15) solve(solution,P)[1]; (%o15) P=ρ/(R*T) </syntaxhighlight>This expression can be checked against known values:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i16) \°R(\°F) := \°F + 459.67; (%o16) °R(°F):=°F+459.67 (%i17) P(p) := p*144.0; (%o17) P(p):=p*144.0 (%i18) R:1716.56; (R) 1716.56 (%i19) \ρ(p,\°F) := P(p)/(''R*\°R(\°F)); (%o19) ρ(p,°F):=P(p)/(1716.56*°R(°F))</syntaxhighlight>The above Maxima expressions are examples of Maxima function expressions. For standard sea level conditions of pressure and temperature as follows: * p is 14.696 lbf/ft² * °F is 59.0° <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i20) \ρ(14.696,59.0); (%20) 0.0023769033250291326</syntaxhighlight>Maxima does not have a built-in operator for rounding decimal fraction values. Also, there is no package that is included as part of the Maxima distribution that provides for this capability. However, Robert Dodier has created a Maxima package that includes a function for this purpose ‒ named <code>excel_round.mac</code><code><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dodier |first=Robert |title=maxima-packages/robert-dodier/excel_round/ |url=https://github.com/maxima-project-on-github/maxima-packages/tree/master/robert-dodier/excel_round|website=GitHub}}</ref></code>. However, to be able access the <code>excel_round()</code> function of this package, it must first be downloaded or copied into a location accessible to Maxima using the <code>load()</code> operator. The built-in Maxima <code>load()</code> operator is used to access specialized functions that are not built-in to Maxima. In order to use the <code>load()</code> operator, the location of the downloaded <code>excel_round.mac</code> file has to be part of the argument to the <code>load()</code> operator unless the file happens to be in the Maxima current working directory. The built-in <code>operatingsystem</code> package can provide some functions to help with determining the current working directory. This package is loaded as follows: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i21) load(operatingsystem); (%o21) "/usr/local/share/maxima/5.49.0/share/contrib/operatingsystem/operatingsystem.mac" (%i22) getcurrentdirectory (); (%o22) "/home/username/" </syntaxhighlight>In this example <code>username</code> is the name of the home directory of the user. so if the downloaded <code>excel_round.mac</code> file is not located in the current working directory, then the directory can be changed to the location where the file is located: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i22) chdir("/home/username/local/maxima/packages"); (%o22) "#P"/home/username/local/maxima/packages""</syntaxhighlight>Now the <code>excel_round.mac</code> file can be loaded assuming it is within the directory <code>/home/username/local/maxima/packages</code> as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i23) load("excel_round.mac"); (%o23) "excel_round.mac" </syntaxhighlight>Alternatively, if the location of the file is known it can be loaded using the full path name as follows for example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i24) load("/home/username/local/maxima/packages/excel_round.mac"); (%o24) "/home/username/local/maxima/packages/excel_round.mac" </syntaxhighlight>This method obviates the need for loading the <code>operatingsystem</code> package. The density value above can be rounded to six decimal places as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i25) excel_round(ρ(14.696,59.0),6); (%o25) 0.002377 </syntaxhighlight>This rounded value agrees with the sea level value of <math display="inline">23.77 \cdot 10^{-4}</math> slugs/ft³ taken from a table of Standard Atmosphere values. For Standard Atmosphere values of pressure ( 6.758 lbf/in² ) and temperature ( -12.26 °F ) at 20,000 ft the density value is:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i26) excel_round(ρ(6.759,-12.26),6); (%o26) 0.001267 </syntaxhighlight>This rounded value agrees with the sea level value of <math display="inline">12.67 \cdot 10^{-4}</math> slugs/ft³ taken from a table of Standard Atmosphere values. ===== Pressure ===== However, what is needed for the task at hand is density as a function of altitude. Both the pressure P and the temperature T can be expressed as a function of altitude h: <math display="block">P = P_0(1 - L\cdot h/T_0)^{g/(R \cdot L)} </math> Where in British Engineering units, the constants are: * <math display="inline">P</math> is Pressure in pounds per square foot lbf/ft² * <math display="inline">P_0</math> is (Sea Level Pressure): 2116.224 lbf/ft² or 14.696 lbf/in² * <math display="inline">R</math> is the specific gas constant (for dry air) approximately 1716.56 (ft·lbf)/(slug·°R) * <math display="inline">T_0 </math> is (Sea Level Temperature): 518.67 °R (15 °C or 59 °F) * <math display="inline">L</math> is (Lapse Rate): 0.003563 °R/ft * <math>g</math> is 32.174 ft/s² * <math display="inline">h</math> is altitude in feet above sea level The exponent <math display="inline">\frac{g}{R \cdot L}</math> evaluates to approximately 5.26054:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i27) 32.174/(0.003563*1716.56); (%o27) 5.260539027391964 (%i28) excel_round(%,5); (%o28) 5.26054 </syntaxhighlight><math display="inline">L/T_0</math> evaluates to approximately <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i29) 0.003563/518.67; (%o29) 6.869493126650858*10^-6 (%i30) excel_round(6.869493126650858*10^-6,11); (%o30) 6.86949*10^-6 </syntaxhighlight> ===== Temperature ===== <math display="inline">T = 518.67 - 0.003563 \cdot h</math> * <math display="inline">T</math> is Temperature in °R * <math display="inline">h</math> is altitude in feet. ===== Practical Formulas for Pressure and Temperature ===== Thus, the practical formulas in terms of British Engineering units are: <math>P = 2116.224\cdot(1-(6.86949 \cdot 10^{-6}) \cdot h)^{5.26054}</math> <math display="inline">T = 518.67 - 0.003563 \cdot h</math><syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i31) P(h) := 2116.224*(1-6.8649*10^-6*h)^5.26054; (%o31) P(h):=2116.224*(1-6.8649*10^(-6)*h)^5.26054 (%i32) p(P) := P/144.0; (%o32) p(P):=P/144.0 (%i33) P(20000); (%o33) 973.0940875140712 (%i34) p(%); (%o34) 6.757597829958828 (%i35) excel_round(%,3); (%o35) 6.758 </syntaxhighlight> <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i35) T(h) := 518.67 - 0.003563*h; (%o35) T(h):=518.67-0.003563*h (%i36) T(20000); (%o36) 447.40999999999997 (%i37) excel_round(%,2); (%o37) 447.41 (%i38) \°F(\°R) := \°R -459.67; (%o38) °F(°R):=°R-459.67 (%i39) \°F(447.41); (%o39) -12.259999999999991 (%i40) excel_round(%,2); (%o40) -12.26 </syntaxhighlight> ===== Density ===== {{BookCat}} t70haa4q1er8mcahgso7810y1rmnt0r 4633423 4633422 2026-05-01T15:11:34Z Idavidmiller 3577687 minor edits 4633423 wikitext text/x-wiki == Getting Used to Maxima By Way of an Example of Use == The example that follows is presented for the purpose of providing some beginning perspective and hopefully some motivation to make the effort to get familiar with how Maxima works. The task at hand is relevant in the context of aerodynamics and aviation. The specific goal is to find the dynamic pressure at a true airspeed (VTAS) of 200 knots at sea level. Dynamic pressure <math display="inline">q</math> is calculated using the expression:<math display="block">q = \rho V^2/2</math>Where: * <math>q</math> = dynamic pressure lbf/ft² (pounds of force per square foot) * <math display="inline">\rho</math> = air density (at sea level is 0.0023769) slugs/ft³ * <math>V</math> = true airspeed in feet per second (ft/s). British Engineering units are used in this context to avoid multiple conversions due to the units used. It is better to convert in the end if necessary in this case. Note: The appearance following Maxima example may vary depending on Unicode support in the version of Maxima being used and the Maxima user interface -- UI. The Maxima examples used in this book are from the wxMaxima GUI unless noted otherwise. First, enter the Maxima expression for dynamic pressure q:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i1) q : 1/2*ρ*V^2; (q) (V^2*ρ)/2 </syntaxhighlight>This Maxima expression uses the colon character to assign the expression for dynamic pressure to the identifier q. The identifier q is now simply a name for an expression. The equal sign (=)  is not used for this operation in Maxima as is the case with some programming languages. This Maxima line of a input expression ends with a semicolon ( ; ) character. Each line of input must end with a semicolon or the dollar sign character ( $ ), the use of which will be described later. Next, enter an assignment expression for the numerical value of the air density at sea level:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i2) ρ : 0.0023769; (ρ) 0.0023769</syntaxhighlight>Density ρ is in the units of slugs per cubic foot - slugs/ft³. With this next input expression, Maxima is asked to evaluate q. This is accomplished by two single quotation marks placed before q as shown next<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i3) ''q; (%o3) 0.0033855446120918224*VTAS^2 </syntaxhighlight> The output indicates that q depends on VTAS -- true airspeed. The goal is to evaluate q, if VTAS = 200 is true. One way to do that is with the following Maxima expression:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i4) ''q, VTAS = 200; (%o4) 135.42178448367287 </syntaxhighlight>The result is about 135 pounds of force per square foot. There is another way to accomplish this that may be somewhat more convenient for determining sea level dynamic pressure given true airspeed. First, assign the Maxima floating point literal value of 0.0033855446120918224 to an identifier named <code>c</code> as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i5) c : 0.0033855446120918224; (c) 0.0033855446120918224</syntaxhighlight>Next, enter<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i6) q(VTAS) := c*VTAS^2; (%o6) q(VTAS):=c*VTAS^2 </syntaxhighlight><syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i7) q(200); (%o7) 135.4217844836729 </syntaxhighlight>This result is limited to sea level density. That does not make the result of no practical use. This relationship, or something similar is, used to calibrate aircraft airspeed indicators to display indicated airspeed (IAS) in the cockpit. However, it might be the case that it is necessary to determine the dynamic pressure at other altitudes besides sea level. In the standard atmosphere model, air density is a function of altitude (h), and is defined piece-wise based on the atmospheric layer. The density is derived from the Ideal Gas Law: <math>P = \rho /(R \cdot T)</math> where in British Engineering units: * <math>\rho</math> ‒ is density in slugs/ft³ * <math>P</math> ‒ is pressure in lbf/ft² * <math>T</math>‒ is temperature in °R (Rankine) * <math>R</math> ‒ is the specific gas constant (for dry air) approximately 1716.56 (ft·lbf)/(slug·°R) <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i8) P = \ρ/(R*T); (%o8) P=ρ/(R*T) </syntaxhighlight>The backslash character ( <code>\</code> ) in front of the character for <math>\rho</math> in the input expression allows an identifier to use Unicode. This makes for some nicer looking output. This is a Maxima mathematical equation expression. This equation can be solved for <math>\rho</math> as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i9) solve(%,\ρ); (%o9) [ρ=P*R*T]</syntaxhighlight>The Maxima built-in identifier <code>%</code> names the last output expression.The output of this expression is a Maxima list object with the only instance being the equation expression solved for <math>\rho</math>. Depending on the expression, the <code>solve()</code> operation may result in more than one solution expression. Maxima creates a list object for one or more solution expressions. This solution equation expression can be accessed as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i10) %[1]; (%o10) ρ=P*R*T </syntaxhighlight>The value of this expression is obtained by referencing the first (and only) solution of the Maxima list object of solutions ‒ <code>[ρ=P*R*T]</code>. The reference is obtained by use of the <code>[1]</code> syntax as shown. There are other ways Maxima can be used to accomplish the same result:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i11) igl : P = \ρ/(R*T); (igl) P=ρ/(R*T)</syntaxhighlight>In this case the expression for the ideal gas law was assigned an identifier <code>igl</code>. The advantage to this sort of assignment is that the equation can be referred to using the identifier as follows for example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i12) solve(igl,\ρ)[1]; (%o12) ρ=P*R*T </syntaxhighlight>The identifier <code>igl</code> can be used at any point to refer to the equation expression: <code>P = \ρ/(R*T)</code>. An identifier can also be used to assign the identifier <code>solution</code> to an expression. For example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i13) solution : solve(igl,\ρ)[1]; (solution) ρ=P*R*T (%i14) solve(solution,T)[1]; (%o14) T=ρ/(P*R) (%i15) solve(solution,P)[1]; (%o15) P=ρ/(R*T) </syntaxhighlight>This expression can be checked against known values:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i16) \°R(\°F) := \°F + 459.67; (%o16) °R(°F):=°F+459.67 (%i17) P(p) := p*144.0; (%o17) P(p):=p*144.0 (%i18) R:1716.56; (R) 1716.56 (%i19) \ρ(p,\°F) := P(p)/(''R*\°R(\°F)); (%o19) ρ(p,°F):=P(p)/(1716.56*°R(°F))</syntaxhighlight>The above Maxima expressions are examples of Maxima function expressions. For standard sea level conditions of pressure and temperature as follows: * p is 14.696 lbf/ft² * °F is 59.0° <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i20) \ρ(14.696,59.0); (%20) 0.0023769033250291326</syntaxhighlight>Maxima does not have a built-in operator for rounding decimal fraction values. Also, there is no package that is included as part of the Maxima distribution that provides for this capability. However, Robert Dodier has created a Maxima package that includes a function for this purpose ‒ named <code>excel_round.mac</code><code><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dodier |first=Robert |title=maxima-packages/robert-dodier/excel_round/ |url=https://github.com/maxima-project-on-github/maxima-packages/tree/master/robert-dodier/excel_round|website=GitHub}}</ref></code>. However, to be able access the <code>excel_round()</code> function of this package, it must first be downloaded or copied into a location accessible to Maxima using the <code>load()</code> operator. The built-in Maxima <code>load()</code> operator is used to access specialized functions that are not built-in to Maxima. In order to use the <code>load()</code> operator, the location of the downloaded <code>excel_round.mac</code> file has to be part of the argument to the <code>load()</code> operator unless the file happens to be in the Maxima current working directory. The built-in <code>operatingsystem</code> package can provide some functions to help with determining the current working directory. This package is loaded as follows: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i21) load(operatingsystem); (%o21) "/usr/local/share/maxima/5.49.0/share/contrib/operatingsystem/operatingsystem.mac" (%i22) getcurrentdirectory (); (%o22) "/home/username/" </syntaxhighlight>In this example <code>username</code> is the name of the home directory of the user. so if the downloaded <code>excel_round.mac</code> file is not located in the current working directory, then the directory can be changed to the location where the file is located: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i22) chdir("/home/username/local/maxima/packages"); (%o22) "#P"/home/username/local/maxima/packages""</syntaxhighlight>Now the <code>excel_round.mac</code> file can be loaded assuming it is within the directory <code>/home/username/local/maxima/packages</code> as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i23) load("excel_round.mac"); (%o23) "excel_round.mac" </syntaxhighlight>Alternatively, if the location of the file is known it can be loaded using the full path name as follows for example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i24) load("/home/username/local/maxima/packages/excel_round.mac"); (%o24) "/home/username/local/maxima/packages/excel_round.mac" </syntaxhighlight>This method obviates the need for loading the <code>operatingsystem</code> package. The density value above can be rounded to six decimal places as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i25) excel_round(ρ(14.696,59.0),6); (%o25) 0.002377 </syntaxhighlight>This rounded value agrees with the sea level value of <math display="inline">23.77 \cdot 10^{-4}</math> slugs/ft³ taken from a table of Standard Atmosphere values. For Standard Atmosphere values of pressure ( 6.758 lbf/in² ) and temperature ( -12.26 °F ) at 20,000 ft the density value is:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i26) excel_round(ρ(6.759,-12.26),6); (%o26) 0.001267 </syntaxhighlight>This rounded value agrees with the sea level value of <math display="inline">12.67 \cdot 10^{-4}</math> slugs/ft³ taken from a table of Standard Atmosphere values. ===== Pressure ===== However, what is needed for the task at hand is density as a function of altitude. Both the pressure P and the temperature T can be expressed as a function of altitude h: <math display="block">P = P_0(1 - L\cdot h/T_0)^{g/(R \cdot L)} </math> Where in British Engineering units, the constants are: * <math display="inline">P</math> is Pressure in pounds per square foot lbf/ft² * <math display="inline">P_0</math> is (Sea Level Pressure): 2116.224 lbf/ft² or 14.696 lbf/in² * <math display="inline">R</math> is the specific gas constant (for dry air) approximately 1716.56 (ft·lbf)/(slug·°R) * <math display="inline">T_0 </math> is (Sea Level Temperature): 518.67 °R (15 °C or 59 °F) * <math display="inline">L</math> is (Lapse Rate): 0.003563 °R/ft * <math>g</math> is 32.174 ft/s² * <math display="inline">h</math> is altitude in feet above sea level The exponent <math display="inline">\frac{g}{R \cdot L}</math> evaluates to approximately 5.26054:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i27) 32.174/(0.003563*1716.56); (%o27) 5.260539027391964 (%i28) excel_round(%,5); (%o28) 5.26054 </syntaxhighlight><math display="inline">L/T_0</math> evaluates to approximately <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i29) 0.003563/518.67; (%o29) 6.869493126650858*10^-6 (%i30) excel_round(6.869493126650858*10^-6,11); (%o30) 6.86949*10^-6 </syntaxhighlight> ===== Temperature ===== <math display="inline">T = 518.67 - 0.003563 \cdot h</math> * <math display="inline">T</math> is Temperature in °R * <math display="inline">h</math> is altitude in feet. ===== Practical Formulas for Pressure and Temperature ===== Thus, the practical formulas in terms of British Engineering units are: <math>P = 2116.224\cdot(1-(6.86949 \cdot 10^{-6}) \cdot h)^{5.26054}</math> <math display="inline">T = 518.67 - 0.003563 \cdot h</math> ====== Pressure ====== <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i31) P(h) := 2116.224*(1-6.8649*10^-6*h)^5.26054; (%o31) P(h):=2116.224*(1-6.8649*10^(-6)*h)^5.26054 (%i32) p(P) := P/144.0; (%o32) p(P):=P/144.0 (%i33) P(20000); (%o33) 973.0940875140712 (%i34) p(%); (%o34) 6.757597829958828 (%i35) excel_round(%,3); (%o35) 6.758 </syntaxhighlight> ====== Temperature ====== <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i36) T(h) := 518.67 - 0.003563*h; (%o36) T(h):=518.67-0.003563*h (%i37) T(20000); (%o37) 447.40999999999997 (%i38) excel_round(%,2); (%o38) 447.41 (%i39) \°F(\°R) := \°R -459.67; (%o39) °F(°R):=°R-459.67 (%i40) \°F(447.41); (%o40) -12.259999999999991 (%i41) excel_round(%,2); (%o41) -12.26 </syntaxhighlight> ===== Density ===== {{BookCat}} pny5jm5iwz1bqyp9pymljxi9fp3ut1k 4633470 4633423 2026-05-01T20:29:20Z Idavidmiller 3577687 Page revisions. Work in progress. 4633470 wikitext text/x-wiki == Getting Used to Maxima By Way of an Example of Use == The example that follows is presented for the purpose of providing some beginning perspective and hopefully some motivation to make the effort to get familiar with how Maxima works. The task at hand is relevant in the context of aerodynamics and aviation. The specific goal is to find the dynamic pressure at a true airspeed (VTAS) of 200 knots at sea level. Dynamic pressure <math display="inline">q</math> is calculated using the expression:<math display="block">q = \rho V^2/2</math>Where: * <math>q</math> = dynamic pressure lbf/ft² (pounds of force per square foot) * <math display="inline">\rho</math> = air density (at sea level is 0.0023769) slugs/ft³ * <math>V</math> = true airspeed in feet per second (ft/s). British Engineering units are used in this context to avoid multiple conversions due to the units used. It is better to convert in the end if necessary in this case. Note: The appearance following Maxima example may vary depending on Unicode support in the version of Maxima being used and the Maxima user interface -- UI. The Maxima examples used in this book are from the wxMaxima GUI unless noted otherwise. First, enter the Maxima expression for dynamic pressure q:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i1) q : 1/2*ρ*V^2; (q) (V^2*ρ)/2 </syntaxhighlight>This Maxima expression uses the colon character to assign the expression for dynamic pressure to the identifier q. The identifier q is now simply a name for an expression. The equal sign (=)  is not used for this operation in Maxima as is the case with some programming languages. This Maxima line of a input expression ends with a semicolon ( ; ) character. Each line of input must end with a semicolon or the dollar sign character ( $ ), the use of which will be described later. Next, enter an assignment expression for the numerical value of the air density at sea level:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i2) ρ : 0.0023769; (ρ) 0.0023769</syntaxhighlight>Density ρ is in the units of slugs per cubic foot - slugs/ft³. With this next input expression, Maxima is asked to evaluate q. This is accomplished by two single quotation marks placed before q as shown next<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i3) ''q; (%o3) 0.0033855446120918224*VTAS^2 </syntaxhighlight> The output indicates that q depends on VTAS -- true airspeed. The goal is to evaluate q, if VTAS = 200 is true. One way to do that is with the following Maxima expression:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i4) ''q, VTAS = 200; (%o4) 135.42178448367287 </syntaxhighlight>The result is about 135 pounds of force per square foot. There is another way to accomplish this that may be somewhat more convenient for determining sea level dynamic pressure given true airspeed. First, assign the Maxima floating point literal value of 0.0033855446120918224 to an identifier named <code>c</code> as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i5) c : 0.0033855446120918224; (c) 0.0033855446120918224</syntaxhighlight>Next, enter<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i6) q(VTAS) := c*VTAS^2; (%o6) q(VTAS):=c*VTAS^2 </syntaxhighlight><syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i7) q(200); (%o7) 135.4217844836729 </syntaxhighlight>This result is limited to sea level density. That does not make the result of no practical use. This relationship, or something similar is, used to calibrate aircraft airspeed indicators to display indicated airspeed (IAS) in the cockpit. However, it might be the case that it is necessary to determine the dynamic pressure at other altitudes besides sea level. In the standard atmosphere model, air density is a function of altitude (h), and is defined piece-wise based on the atmospheric layer. The density is derived from the Ideal Gas Law: <math>P = \rho R T</math> where in British Engineering units: * <math>\rho</math> ‒ is density in slugs/ft³ * <math>P</math> ‒ is pressure in lbf/ft² * <math>T</math>‒ is temperature in °R (Rankine) * <math>R</math> ‒ is the specific gas constant (for dry air) approximately 1716.56 (ft·lbf)/(slug·°R) <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i8) P = \ρ*R*T; (%o8) P=RTρ </syntaxhighlight>The backslash character ( <code>\</code> ) in front of the character for <math>\rho</math> in the input expression allows an identifier to use Unicode. This makes for some nicer looking output. This is a Maxima mathematical equation expression. This equation can be solved for <math>\rho</math> as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i9) solve(%,\ρ); (%o58) [ρ=P/(R*T)]</syntaxhighlight>The Maxima built-in identifier <code>%</code> names the last output expression.The output of this expression is a Maxima list object with the only instance being the equation expression solved for <math>\rho</math>. Depending on the expression, the <code>solve()</code> operation may result in more than one solution expression. Maxima creates a list object for one or more solution expressions. This solution equation expression can be accessed as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i10) %[1]; (%o10) ρ=P/(R*T) </syntaxhighlight>The value of this expression is obtained by referencing the first (and only) solution of the Maxima list object of solutions ‒ <code>[ρ=P*R*T]</code>. The reference is obtained by use of the <code>[1]</code> syntax as shown. There are other ways Maxima can be used to accomplish the same result:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i11) igl : P = \ρ*R*T; (igl) P=R*T*ρ</syntaxhighlight>In this case the expression for the ideal gas law was assigned an identifier <code>igl</code>. The advantage to this sort of assignment is that the equation can be referred to using the identifier as follows for example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i12) solve(igl,\ρ); (%o12) [ρ=P/(R*T)] </syntaxhighlight>The identifier <code>igl</code> can be used at any point to refer to the equation expression: <code>P = \ρ*R*T)</code>. An identifier can also be used to assign the identifier <code>solution</code> to an expression. For example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i13) solve(igl,\ρ); (%o13) [ρ=P/(R*T)] (%i14) solution: solve(igl,\ρ ); (solution) [ρ=P/(R*T)] (%i15) solve(solution,P)[1]; (%o15) P=R*T*ρ</syntaxhighlight>This expression can be checked against known values:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i16) \°R(\°F) := \°F + 459.67; (%o16) °R(°F):=°F+459.67 (%i17) P(p) := p*144.0; (%o17) P(p):=p*144.0 (%i18) R:1716.56; (R) 1716.56 (%i19) \ρ(p,\°F) := P(p)/(''R*\°R(\°F)); (%o19) ρ(p,°F):=P(p)/(1716.56*°R(°F))</syntaxhighlight>The above Maxima expressions are examples of Maxima function expressions. For standard sea level conditions of pressure and temperature as follows: * p is 14.696 lbf/ft² * °F is 59.0° <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i20) \ρ(14.696,59.0); (%20) 0.0023769033250291326</syntaxhighlight>Maxima does not have a built-in operator for rounding decimal fraction values. Also, there is no package that is included as part of the Maxima distribution that provides for this capability. However, Robert Dodier has created a Maxima package that includes a function for this purpose ‒ named <code>excel_round.mac</code><code><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dodier |first=Robert |title=maxima-packages/robert-dodier/excel_round/ |url=https://github.com/maxima-project-on-github/maxima-packages/tree/master/robert-dodier/excel_round|website=GitHub}}</ref></code>. However, to be able access the <code>excel_round()</code> function of this package, it must first be downloaded or copied into a location accessible to Maxima using the <code>load()</code> operator. The built-in Maxima <code>load()</code> operator is used to access specialized functions that are not built-in to Maxima. In order to use the <code>load()</code> operator, the location of the downloaded <code>excel_round.mac</code> file has to be part of the argument to the <code>load()</code> operator unless the file happens to be in the Maxima current working directory. The built-in <code>operatingsystem</code> package can provide some functions to help with determining the current working directory. This package is loaded as follows: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i21) load(operatingsystem); (%o21) "/usr/local/share/maxima/5.49.0/share/contrib/operatingsystem/operatingsystem.mac" (%i22) getcurrentdirectory (); (%o22) "/home/username/" </syntaxhighlight>In this example <code>username</code> is the name of the home directory of the user. so if the downloaded <code>excel_round.mac</code> file is not located in the current working directory, then the directory can be changed to the location where the file is located: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i22) chdir("/home/username/local/maxima/packages"); (%o22) "#P"/home/username/local/maxima/packages""</syntaxhighlight>Now the <code>excel_round.mac</code> file can be loaded assuming it is within the directory <code>/home/username/local/maxima/packages</code> as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i23) load("excel_round.mac"); (%o23) "excel_round.mac" </syntaxhighlight>Alternatively, if the location of the file is known it can be loaded using the full path name as follows for example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i24) load("/home/username/local/maxima/packages/excel_round.mac"); (%o24) "/home/username/local/maxima/packages/excel_round.mac" </syntaxhighlight>This method obviates the need for loading the <code>operatingsystem</code> package. The density value above can be rounded to six decimal places as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i25) excel_round(ρ(14.696,59.0),6); (%o25) 0.002377 </syntaxhighlight>This rounded value agrees with the sea level value of <math display="inline">23.77 \cdot 10^{-4}</math> slugs/ft³ taken from a table of Standard Atmosphere values. For Standard Atmosphere values of pressure ( 6.758 lbf/in² ) and temperature ( -12.26 °F ) at 20,000 ft the density value is:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i26) excel_round(ρ(6.759,-12.26),6); (%o26) 0.001267 </syntaxhighlight>This rounded value agrees with the sea level value of <math display="inline">12.67 \cdot 10^{-4}</math> slugs/ft³ taken from a table of Standard Atmosphere values. ===== Pressure ===== However, what is needed for the task at hand is density as a function of altitude. Both the pressure P and the temperature T can be expressed as a function of altitude h: <math display="block">P = P_0(1 - L\cdot h/T_0)^{g/(R \cdot L)} </math> Where in British Engineering units, the constants are: * <math display="inline">P</math> is Pressure in pounds per square foot lbf/ft² * <math display="inline">P_0</math> is (Sea Level Pressure): 2116.224 lbf/ft² or 14.696 lbf/in² * <math display="inline">R</math> is the specific gas constant (for dry air) approximately 1716.56 (ft·lbf)/(slug·°R) * <math display="inline">T_0 </math> is (Sea Level Temperature): 518.67 °R (15 °C or 59 °F) * <math display="inline">L</math> is (Lapse Rate): 0.003563 °R/ft * <math>g</math> is 32.174 ft/s² * <math display="inline">h</math> is altitude in feet above sea level The exponent <math display="inline">\frac{g}{R \cdot L}</math> evaluates to approximately 5.26054:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i27) 32.174/(0.003563*1716.56); (%o27) 5.260539027391964 (%i28) excel_round(%,5); (%o28) 5.26054 </syntaxhighlight><math display="inline">L/T_0</math> evaluates to approximately <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i29) 0.003563/518.67; (%o29) 6.869493126650858*10^-6 (%i30) excel_round(6.869493126650858*10^-6,11); (%o30) 6.86949*10^-6 </syntaxhighlight> ===== Temperature ===== <math display="inline">T = 518.67 - 0.003563 \cdot h</math> * <math display="inline">T</math> is Temperature in °R * <math display="inline">h</math> is altitude in feet. ===== Practical Formulas for Pressure and Temperature ===== Thus, the practical formulas in terms of British Engineering units are: <math>P = 2116.224\cdot(1-(6.86949 \cdot 10^{-6}) \cdot h)^{5.26054}</math> <math display="inline">T = 518.67 - 0.003563 \cdot h</math> ====== Pressure ====== <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i31) P(h) := 2116.224*(1-6.8649*10^-6*h)^5.26054; (%o31) P(h):=2116.224*(1-6.8649*10^(-6)*h)^5.26054 (%i32) p(P) := P/144.0; (%o32) p(P):=P/144.0 (%i33) P(20000); (%o33) 973.0940875140712 (%i34) p(%); (%o34) 6.757597829958828 (%i35) excel_round(%,3); (%o35) 6.758 </syntaxhighlight> ====== Temperature ====== <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i36) T(h) := 518.67 - 0.003563*h; (%o36) T(h):=518.67-0.003563*h (%i37) T(20000); (%o37) 447.40999999999997 (%i38) excel_round(%,2); (%o38) 447.41 (%i39) \°F(\°R) := \°R -459.67; (%o39) °F(°R):=°R-459.67 (%i40) \°F(447.41); (%o40) -12.259999999999991 (%i41) excel_round(%,2); (%o41) -12.26 </syntaxhighlight> ===== Density ===== {{BookCat}} sf150mhfo7nxjcmisay8d4fpldhdvnm 4633478 4633470 2026-05-01T21:38:23Z Idavidmiller 3577687 Page revisions. Work in progress. 4633478 wikitext text/x-wiki == Getting Used to Maxima By Way of an Example of Use == The example that follows is presented for the purpose of providing some beginning perspective and hopefully some motivation to make the effort to get familiar with how Maxima works. The task at hand is relevant in the context of aerodynamics and aviation. The specific goal is to find the dynamic pressure at a true airspeed (VTAS) of 200 knots at sea level. Dynamic pressure <math display="inline">q</math> is calculated using the expression:<math display="block">q = \rho V^2/2</math>Where: * <math>q</math> = dynamic pressure lbf/ft² (pounds of force per square foot) * <math display="inline">\rho</math> = air density (at sea level is 0.0023769) slugs/ft³ * <math>V</math> = true airspeed in feet per second (ft/s). British Engineering units are used in this context to avoid multiple conversions due to the units used. It is better to convert in the end if necessary in this case. Note: The appearance following Maxima example may vary depending on Unicode support in the version of Maxima being used and the Maxima user interface -- UI. The Maxima examples used in this book are from the ''wxMaxima'' GUI unless noted otherwise. First, enter the Maxima expression for dynamic pressure q:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i1) q : 1/2*ρ*V^2; (q) (V^2*ρ)/2 </syntaxhighlight>This Maxima expression uses the colon character to assign the expression for dynamic pressure to the identifier q. The identifier q is now simply a name for an expression. The equal sign (=)  is not used for this operation in Maxima as is the case with some programming languages. This Maxima line of a input expression ends with a semicolon ( ; ) character. Each line of input must end with a semicolon or the dollar sign character ( $ ), the use of which will be described later. Next, enter an assignment expression for the numerical value of the air density at sea level:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i2) ρ : 0.0023769; (ρ) 0.0023769</syntaxhighlight>Density ρ is in the units of slugs per cubic foot - slugs/ft³. With this next input expression, Maxima is asked to evaluate q. This is accomplished by two single quotation marks placed before q as shown next<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i3) ''q; (%o3) 0.0033855446120918224*VTAS^2 </syntaxhighlight> The output indicates that q depends on VTAS -- true airspeed. The goal is to evaluate q, if VTAS = 200 is true. One way to do that is with the following Maxima expression:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i4) ''q, VTAS = 200; (%o4) 135.42178448367287 </syntaxhighlight>The result is about 135 pounds of force per square foot. There is another way to accomplish this that may be somewhat more convenient for determining sea level dynamic pressure given true airspeed. First, assign the Maxima floating point literal value of 0.0033855446120918224 to an identifier named <code>c</code> as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i5) c : 0.0033855446120918224; (c) 0.0033855446120918224</syntaxhighlight>Next, enter<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i6) q(VTAS) := c*VTAS^2; (%o6) q(VTAS):=c*VTAS^2 </syntaxhighlight><syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i7) q(200); (%o7) 135.4217844836729 </syntaxhighlight>This result is limited to sea level density. That does not make the result of no practical use. This relationship, or something similar is, used to calibrate aircraft airspeed indicators to display indicated airspeed (IAS) in the cockpit. However, it might be the case that it is necessary to determine the dynamic pressure at other altitudes besides sea level. In the standard atmosphere model, air density is a function of altitude (h), and is defined piece-wise based on the atmospheric layer. The density is derived from the Ideal Gas Law: <math>P = \rho R T</math> where in British Engineering units: * <math>\rho</math> ‒ is density in slugs/ft³ * <math>P</math> ‒ is pressure in lbf/ft² * <math>T</math>‒ is temperature in °R (Rankine) * <math>R</math> ‒ is the specific gas constant (for dry air) approximately 1716.56 (ft·lbf)/(slug·°R) <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i8) P = \ρ*R*T; (%o8) P=RTρ </syntaxhighlight>The backslash character ( <code>\</code> ) in front of the character for <math>\rho</math> in the input expression allows an identifier to use Unicode. This makes for some nicer looking output. This is a Maxima mathematical equation expression. This equation can be solved for <math>\rho</math> as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i9) solve(%,\ρ); (%o58) [ρ=P/(R*T)]</syntaxhighlight>The Maxima built-in identifier <code>%</code> names the last output expression.The output of this expression is a Maxima list object with the only instance being the equation expression solved for <math>\rho</math>. Depending on the expression, the <code>solve()</code> operation may result in more than one solution expression. Maxima creates a list object for one or more solution expressions. This solution equation expression can be accessed as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i10) %[1]; (%o10) ρ=P/(R*T) </syntaxhighlight>The value of this expression is obtained by referencing the first (and only) solution of the Maxima list object of solutions ‒ <code>[ρ=P*R*T]</code>. The reference is obtained by use of the <code>[1]</code> syntax as shown. There are other ways Maxima can be used to accomplish the same result:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i11) igl : P = \ρ*R*T; (igl) P=R*T*ρ</syntaxhighlight>In this case the expression for the ideal gas law was assigned an identifier <code>igl</code>. The advantage to this sort of assignment is that the equation can be referred to using the identifier as follows for example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i12) solve(igl,\ρ); (%o12) [ρ=P/(R*T)] </syntaxhighlight>The identifier <code>igl</code> can be used at any point to refer to the equation expression: <code>P = \ρ*R*T)</code>. An identifier can also be used to assign the identifier <code>solution</code> to an expression. For example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i13) solve(igl,\ρ); (%o13) [ρ=P/(R*T)] (%i14) solution: solve(igl,\ρ ); (solution) [ρ=P/(R*T)] (%i15) solve(solution,P)[1]; (%o15) P=R*T*ρ</syntaxhighlight>This expression can be checked against known values:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i16) \°R(\°F) := \°F + 459.67; (%o16) °R(°F):=°F+459.67 (%i17) P(p) := p*144.0; (%o17) P(p):=p*144.0 (%i18) R:1716.56; (R) 1716.56 (%i19) \ρ(p,\°F) := P(p)/(''R*\°R(\°F)); (%o19) ρ(p,°F):=P(p)/(1716.56*°R(°F))</syntaxhighlight>The above Maxima expressions are examples of Maxima function expressions. For standard sea level conditions of pressure and temperature as follows: * p is 14.696 lbf/ft² * °F is 59.0° <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i20) \ρ(14.696,59.0); (%20) 0.0023769033250291326</syntaxhighlight>Maxima does not have a built-in operator for rounding decimal fraction values. Also, there is no package that is included as part of the Maxima distribution that provides for this capability. However, Robert Dodier has created a Maxima package that includes a function for this purpose ‒ named <code>excel_round.mac</code><code><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dodier |first=Robert |title=maxima-packages/robert-dodier/excel_round/ |url=https://github.com/maxima-project-on-github/maxima-packages/tree/master/robert-dodier/excel_round|website=GitHub}}</ref></code>. However, to be able access the <code>excel_round()</code> function of this package, it must first be downloaded or copied into a location accessible to Maxima using the <code>load()</code> operator. The built-in Maxima <code>load()</code> operator is used to access specialized functions that are not built-in to Maxima. In order to use the <code>load()</code> operator, the location of the downloaded <code>excel_round.mac</code> file has to be part of the argument to the <code>load()</code> operator unless the file happens to be in the Maxima current working directory. The built-in <code>operatingsystem</code> package can provide some functions to help with determining the current working directory. This package is loaded as follows: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i21) load(operatingsystem); (%o21) "/usr/local/share/maxima/5.49.0/share/contrib/operatingsystem/operatingsystem.mac" (%i22) getcurrentdirectory (); (%o22) "/home/username/" </syntaxhighlight>In this example <code>username</code> is the name of the home directory of the user. so if the downloaded <code>excel_round.mac</code> file is not located in the current working directory, then the directory can be changed to the location where the file is located: <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i22) chdir("/home/username/local/maxima/packages"); (%o22) "#P"/home/username/local/maxima/packages""</syntaxhighlight>Now the <code>excel_round.mac</code> file can be loaded assuming it is within the directory <code>/home/username/local/maxima/packages</code> as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i23) load("excel_round.mac"); (%o23) "excel_round.mac" </syntaxhighlight>Alternatively, if the location of the file is known it can be loaded using the full path name as follows for example:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i24) load("/home/username/local/maxima/packages/excel_round.mac"); (%o24) "/home/username/local/maxima/packages/excel_round.mac" </syntaxhighlight>This method obviates the need for loading the <code>operatingsystem</code> package. The density value above can be rounded to six decimal places as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i25) excel_round(ρ(14.696,59.0),6); (%o25) 0.002377 </syntaxhighlight>This rounded value agrees with the sea level value of <math display="inline">23.77 \cdot 10^{-4}</math> slugs/ft³ taken from a table of Standard Atmosphere values. For Standard Atmosphere values of pressure ( 6.758 lbf/in² ) and temperature ( -12.26 °F ) at 20,000 ft the density value is:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i26) excel_round(ρ(6.759,-12.26),6); (%o26) 0.001267 </syntaxhighlight>This rounded value agrees with the sea level value of <math display="inline">12.67 \cdot 10^{-4}</math> slugs/ft³ taken from a table of Standard Atmosphere values. ===== Pressure ===== However, what is needed for the task at hand is density as a function of altitude. Both the pressure P and the temperature T can be expressed as a function of altitude h: <math display="block">P = P_0(1 - L\cdot h/T_0)^{g/(R \cdot L)} </math> Where in British Engineering units, the constants are: * <math display="inline">P</math> is Pressure in pounds per square foot lbf/ft² * <math display="inline">P_0</math> is (Sea Level Pressure): 2116.224 lbf/ft² or 14.696 lbf/in² * <math display="inline">R</math> is the specific gas constant (for dry air) approximately 1716.56 (ft·lbf)/(slug·°R) * <math display="inline">T_0 </math> is (Sea Level Temperature): 518.67 °R (15 °C or 59 °F) * <math display="inline">L</math> is (Lapse Rate): 0.003563 °R/ft * <math>g</math> is 32.174 ft/s² * <math display="inline">h</math> is altitude in feet above sea level The exponent <math display="inline">\frac{g}{R \cdot L}</math> evaluates to approximately 5.26054:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i27) 32.174/(0.003563*1716.56); (%o27) 5.260539027391964 (%i28) excel_round(%,5); (%o28) 5.26054 </syntaxhighlight><math display="inline">L/T_0</math> evaluates to approximately <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i29) 0.003563/518.67; (%o29) 6.869493126650858*10^-6 (%i30) excel_round(6.869493126650858*10^-6,11); (%o30) 6.86949*10^-6 </syntaxhighlight> ===== Temperature ===== <math display="inline">T = 518.67 - 0.003563 \cdot h</math> * <math display="inline">T</math> is Temperature in °R * <math display="inline">h</math> is altitude in feet. ===== Practical Formulas for Pressure and Temperature ===== Thus, the practical formulas in terms of British Engineering units are: <math>P = 2116.224\cdot(1-(6.86949 \cdot 10^{-6}) \cdot h)^{5.26054}</math> <math display="inline">T = 518.67 - 0.003563 \cdot h</math> ====== Pressure ====== <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i31) P(h) := 2116.224*(1-6.8649*10^-6*h)^5.26054; (%o31) P(h):=2116.224*(1-6.8649*10^(-6)*h)^5.26054 (%i32) p(P) := P/144.0; (%o32) p(P):=P/144.0 (%i33) P(20000); (%o33) 973.0940875140712 (%i34) p(%); (%o34) 6.757597829958828 (%i35) excel_round(%,3); (%o35) 6.758 </syntaxhighlight> ====== Temperature ====== <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i36) T(h) := 518.67 - 0.003563*h; (%o36) T(h):=518.67-0.003563*h (%i37) T(20000); (%o37) 447.40999999999997 (%i38) excel_round(%,2); (%o38) 447.41 (%i39) \°F(\°R) := \°R -459.67; (%o39) °F(°R):=°R-459.67 (%i40) \°F(447.41); (%o40) -12.259999999999991 (%i41) excel_round(%,2); (%o41) -12.26 </syntaxhighlight> ===== Density ===== The expressions for pressure and temperature as functions of altitude can be used with the expression for the ideal gas law for an expression of density as a function of altitude as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i42) ρ(h) := P(h)/(R*T(h)); (%o42) ρ(h):=P(h)/(R*T(h)) (%i42) excel_round(ρ(20000)*10^4,2); (%o42) 12.67 </syntaxhighlight>{{BookCat}} qe7a9cmai66zrdjfnu8fxrzdzi6v0u3 4 482855 4633410 4633163 2026-05-01T12:22:19Z Kingofnuthin 3566511 added wb policies template 4633410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{draft}} '''Speedy deletion''' is a deletion request where reasonable opposition is not expected or possible. 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Nonexistent user === This criterion applies to user pages, user subpages, and user talk pages of users that do not exist on the English Wikibooks (check [[Special:ListUsers]]), except user pages for IP users who have edited, redirects from misspellings of an established user's user page, and redirects created due to a user being renamed. Pages of users who exist on other WMF wikis but do not have local accounts are eligible for deletion. == See also == * [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy]] {{Wikibooks policies and guidelines}} 4877qaoy8m0ddb75nw5q2jwitf07t4p 0 482933 4633484 4633107 2026-05-02T01:00:45Z JackBot 396820 Formatting, [[Special:UncategorizedPages]] 4633484 wikitext text/x-wiki In April 2026, the survey website YouGov.com updated its results for celebrities' approval ratings. The current results are for the first quarter of 2026, which began on January 1, 2026, and ended on March 31, 2026. ==Questions== Figure 1, this table, shows the opinion distributions for the top 6 highest-rated celebrities for this survey. Note that "Fame" refers to the percentage of survey participants who know, or have heard of, the celebrity. "Like," "Dislike," and "Neutral," are subsets of "Fame." For example, this table shows that 94.6% of people have heard of Betty White; of those who know her, she is liked by 82.0% of all participants and disliked by 1.7%, while 11.0% are neutral towards her. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Name ! Fame ! Like ! Dislike ! Neutral |- | style="text-align:right;"| Betty White | style="text-align:right;"| 94.6% | style="text-align:right;"| 82.0% | style="text-align:right;"| 1.7% | style="text-align:right;"| 11.0% |- | style="text-align:right;"| Keanu Reeves | style="text-align:right;"| 94.1% | style="text-align:right;"| 81.4% | style="text-align:right;"| 2.2% | style="text-align:right;"| 10.6% |- | style="text-align:right;"| Samuel L. Jackson | style="text-align:right;"| 96.4% | style="text-align:right;"| 80.9% | style="text-align:right;"| 4.5% | style="text-align:right;"| 11.1% |- | style="text-align:right;"| Morgan Freeman | style="text-align:right;"| 96.4% | style="text-align:right;"| 80.9% | style="text-align:right;"| 3.1% | style="text-align:right;"| 12.4% |- | style="text-align:right;"| Bruce Willis | style="text-align:right;"| 92.6% | style="text-align:right;"| 77.9% | style="text-align:right;"| 1.5% | style="text-align:right;"| 13.3% |- | style="text-align:right;"| Denzel Washington | style="text-align:right;"| 92.6% | style="text-align:right;"| 77.7% | style="text-align:right;"| 2.8% | style="text-align:right;"| 12.1% |} ===Example 1=== Calculate the '''effective''' approval rating of Morgan Freeman in this survey. Round your answer to the nearest millionth. ===Solution=== Morgan Freeman is the fourth most approved celebrity according to this survey, as shown in the table above, with an approval rating of 80.9%. However, as stated before, "Like," "Dislike," and "Neutral" do not exist in a vacuum, but rather, as a subset of "Fame," so, technically, the effective approval and disapproval ratings are slightly higher than the displayed values. The "Fame" score of 96.4% indicates that, in this quarter, 96.4% of people know Morgan Freeman. For every 1000 people, 964 people know Morgan Freeman; of those 964 people, 809 people have a positive opinion of him. <math>\frac{809}{964}</math> = 0.839211618..., rounded to the nearest millionth as '''0.839212.''' This means that, although his approval is listed as 81% (80.9% on the "Fame & Popularity Tracker" page, which gives three significant figures), he is technically 84% approved, since his "Fame," while close to 100%, is slightly less than 100% (96.4%). ===Example 2=== The percentages in the table (and the website) are approximations, given only to the nearest thousandth. Therefore, the answer to Example 1, given above, is not exact. Calculate the minimum and maximum. ===Solution=== If a decimal is rounded to 80.9% or 0.809, it can be any value between: * 1) 0.809000 and 0.810000 (but not including 0.810000) if the '''truncation rounding system''' is used * 2) 0.808500 and 0.809500 (but not including 0.809500) if the '''"round to the nearest" system''' is used * 3) 0.808000 and 0.809000 (excluding the lower bound, 0.808000) if the '''"round up to the next" system''' is used The website does not seem to provide clear details about which of the three rounding systems is being used. Therefore, the approval score of 80.9% may be as low as 0.808000 or as high as 0.810000. The "fame" score of 96.4% may be as low as 0.963000 or as high as 0.965000. '''Minimum:''' <math>\frac{808}{965}</math> = 0.83730569948..., or approximately '''0.837306''' '''Maximum:''' <math>\frac{810}{963}</math> = 0.84112149532..., or approximately '''0.841121''' ===Example 3=== Assuming the minimum value (0.837305), calculate the probability, for a classroom of 10 students, that all 10 students are Morgan Freeman fans, assuming independence. ===Solution=== (0.837305)¹⁰ = 0.118742, or approximately 11.9%. ===Example 4=== What is the probability that a randomly selected group of 12 people will contain 8 fans and 4 non-fans? ===Solution=== 12 C 4 = 495 (There are 495 ways to select 4 from a set of 12.) 495 × (0.837305)⁸ × (1 − 0.837305)⁴ = 0.083786, or approximately 8.4%. ===Example 5=== Of those who are aware of Bruce Willis, find the percentage of people who '''dislike''' Bruce Willis. ===Solution=== For every 1000 people, there are, on average, 926 people who know Bruce Willis. Of those 926 people, there are 779 people who have a positive opinion of him and 133 people who are indifferent. This leaves only 15 people who '''dislike''' him. <math>\frac{15}{926}</math> = 0.016199, or about 1.62%. '''Minimum:''' <math>\frac{14}{927}</math> = 0.015102, or about 1.51%. '''Maximum:''' <math>\frac{16}{925}</math> = 0.017297, or about 1.73%. ===Example 6=== Justin Bieber has 96.5% fame. Of that 96.5%, he has 37.5% approval, while 29.7% dislike him, and 29.3% are neutral. Calculate his effective approval rating. ===Solution=== <math>\frac{375}{965}</math> = 0.388601, or about 38.86%. '''Minimum:''' <math>\frac{374}{966}</math> = 0.387164, or about 38.72%. '''Maximum:''' <math>\frac{376}{964}</math> = 0.390041, or about 39.00%. ===Example 7=== Find the probability that a group of 4 randomly selected people consists entirely of Justin Bieber fans, using the minimum value calculated in Example 6 above. ===Solution=== (0.387164)⁴ = 0.022469, or approximately 2.25%. ===Example 8=== As a follow-up to Example 7, find the probability that, in 5 randomly selected people, that all 5 people are Justin Bieber fans. ===Solution=== (0.387164)⁵ = 0.008699, or approximately 0.87%. {{shelves}} 1j2bngft2or0fzolklxofigwr9nj98u 0 482937 4633483 4633188 2026-05-02T01:00:44Z JackBot 396820 Formatting, [[Special:UncategorizedPages]] 4633483 wikitext text/x-wiki == Big Buses == === 121 === === 122 === === 123 === === 124 === === 125 === === 126 === === 136 === == Small Buses == === Bronze === === Blue === === Green === === Magenta === === Orange === === Pink === === Purple === === Silver === === Tan === == Vans == === Gold === === Gray === === Red === === Lime === === Teal === === White === === Yellow === {{BookCat}} d76045xmmw2xslr53ibxt9e27ebnd4z 0 482939 4633477 4633349 2026-05-01T21:28:02Z Calebtunks 3580542 Added section on US defense companies 4633477 wikitext text/x-wiki == Background == === The Drone Revolution === ==== Drone Warfare in the Russo-Ukrainian War ==== In the [[wikipedia:Russo-Ukrainian_war_(2022–present)|Russo-Ukrainian War]], drones have grown from being used primarily for reconnaissance to delivering ammunition, directing artillery fire, and carrying explosives.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-10-14 |title=Game of drones: the production and use of Ukrainian battlefield unmanned aerial vehicles |url=https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2025-10-14/game-drones-production-and-use-ukrainian-battlefield-unmanned |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=OSW Centre for Eastern Studies |language=en}}</ref> They are responsible for destroying 85% of Russian military targets, causing 70-80% of Russian casualties, and initiating the withdrawal of heavy weaponry from the front line.<ref name=":1" /> It is estimated that 2.2 million unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) were produced in Ukraine in 2024.<ref name=":1" /> Ukraine's drone industry has boomed with startup drone companies and production,<ref name=":1" /> but Ukraine also relies heavily on foreign support.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Chávez |first=Kerry |date=February 2023 |title=Learning on the Fly: Drones in the Russian-Ukrainian War |work=Arms Control Association |url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2023-01/features/learning-fly-drones-russian-ukrainian-war}}</ref> In response, Russia has developed a greater internal drone production capacity than Ukraine, but still relies on Chinese, French, and Iranian drone designs and suppliers<ref name=":2" /> for smaller, lightweight drones.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=FOUNDATION |first=OBSERVER RESEARCH |title=The Evolution of Russia’s Drone Warfare in Ukraine |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/the-evolution-of-russia-s-drone-warfare-in-ukraine |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=orfonline.org |language=en}}</ref> Both countries have integrated drone warfare into their doctrines and have created branches exclusively for overseeing drone usage.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> This opens doors for external actors to proliferate drone warfare on this front with their own competing agendas. == Participants == === Chinese Manufacturers === Chinese drone manufacturers supply a substantial portion of Ukraine's UAVs, especially lightweight drones, which are advantageous for easy maneuvering and transport.<ref name=":4" /> Outside of assembled drones, they supply most of the parts used to make drones.<ref name=":1" /> These companies use drone warfare to advance their financial, political, and commercial interests persistently; despite sanctions, Chinese drones continue to show up on the Russo-Ukrainian front.<ref name=":0">Pettyjohn, S. (2024). ''Evolution Not Revolution'' [Review of ''Evolution Not Revolution'']. Center for a New American Security (CNAS). <nowiki>https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/documents/CNAS-Report-Defense-Ukraine-Drones-Final.pdf</nowiki></ref> ==== Da-Jiang Innovations (DJI) ==== As of 2021, privately-owned [[wikipedia:DJI|DJI]] held 76% of the global market share for drone manufacturing<ref>{{Cite web |last=Developer |date=2021-06-09 |title=China’s Thriving Drone Industry - ARC Group |url=https://arc-group.com/china-thriving-drone-industry/ |access-date=2026-04-29 |language=en-US}}</ref>, supplying to clients including but not limited to USA, Ukraine, Russia, ISIS, China, and Israel. Their DJI Mavic drone is popular on the Russo-Ukrainian front because, according to [[wikipedia:Center_for_a_New_American_Security|CNAS]] thinktank advisor Samuel Bendett: “DJI Mavic is an easy-to-use drone right out of the box.”<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Hambling |first=David |title=DJI Mavic Consumer Drones Are Still Russian Soldiers’ Favorite |language=en |work=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidhambling/2025/03/10/dji-consumer-drones-are-still-russian-soldiers-favorite/ |access-date=2026-04-29}}</ref> Since the war's beginning, DJI has released statements condemning the use of their products to cause harm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DJI Statement On Military Use Of Drones - DJI United States |url=https://www.dji.com/media-center/announcements/photo |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=DJI |language=en}}</ref> However, DJI drones have remained prominent on the front years after such statements when the war began.<ref name=":0" /> ==== Autel Robotics ==== [[wikipedia:Autel_Robotics|Autel Robotics]] is another privately owned drone supplier to both Russia<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zoria |first=Yuri |date=2025-07-08 |title=Bloomberg: China helped Russia build drones now hitting Ukraine |url=https://euromaidanpress.com/2025/07/08/china-helped-build-the-drones-now-hitting-ukraine-bloomberg-traces-the-parts/ |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Euromaidan Press |language=en-US}}</ref> and Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Analytics |first=Ukraine War |date=2025-06-01 |title=Autel Evo Military Use |url=https://ukraine-war-analytics.com/drones/autel-evo-military-use.html |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=ukraine-war-analytics.com |language=en}}</ref> It has been sanctioned by the UK<ref>{{Cite web |title=AUTEL ROBOTICS CO., LTD. {{!}} Sanctions Finder |url=https://sanctions-finder.com/sanction/b72c95a8-2f33-4f47-a709-d7cf29b5de51/AUTEL%20ROBOTICS%20CO.%2C%20LTD. |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=sanctions-finder.com |language=en}}</ref> and the United States<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mugo |first=Maurice |date=2025-01-13 |title=How Pentagon Blacklist Affects Autel Drone Users |url=https://abjacademy.global/news/how-pentagon-blacklist-affects-autel-drone-users/ |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=ABJ Drone Academy |language=en}}</ref> due to suspected ties to the Chinese military and Chinese affiliates, such as Shenzhen Huasheng Industry Co. Ltd. Ukrainian Foreign Intelligence reports: “They use so-called shell companies, change names, do everything to avoid... sanctions for their activities."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Russia plans to produce 2 million FPV drones in 2025, Ukrainian intelligence says |url=https://kyivindependent.com/russia-aims-to-produce-2-million-fpv-drones-in-2025-ukrainian-intelligence-says/ |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=The Kyiv Independent |language=en}}</ref> Autel is under suspicion for many ties to shell companies aiding Russian UAV production.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=This article was posted by TLB |date=2025-07-08 |title=Unmasking Russia-China Kamikaze Drone Supply Chain In One Map {{!}} The Liberty Beacon |url=https://www.thelibertybeacon.com/unmasking-russia-china-kamikaze-drone-supply-chain-in-one-map/ |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=www.thelibertybeacon.com |language=en-US}}</ref> To avoid these sanctions, [https://aero-hit.ru/ Aero-HIT], a state-affiliated Russian drone manufacturer, seeks to develop Autel’s EVO Max 4T drone in Khabarovsk, Russia, near the Chinese border.<ref>{{Cite web |last=WhereIsRussiaToday |date=2025-09-16 |title=Partners in Crime: Russian and Chinese Efforts to Avoid Sanctions in Drone Operations |url=https://whereisrussiatoday.substack.com/p/partners-in-crime-russian-and-chinese |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=WhereIsRussiaToday’s Substack}}</ref> Autel continues to be sanctioned despite its statement that the “company has never participated in any military-related activities and firmly rejects the improper use of its products."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement |url=https://www.autelrobotics.com/news/20250107/ |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=www.autelrobotics.com}}</ref> '''U.S. Defense Companies''' U.S. defense companies play a central role in shaping modern drone warfare by linking military needs, technological innovation, and economic incentives. Rather than acting as neutral suppliers, these firms actively influence how warfare evolves by determining what technologies are available, scalable, and practical on the battlefield. In Ukraine, U.S. defense companies have supplied drone systems, surveillance tools, and counter-drone technologies that have expanded the role of drones in combat.<ref>U.S. Department of Defense, "Security Assistance to Ukraine," https://www.defense.gov</ref> They have helped shape battlefield capabilities and contributed to making drones a routine part of warfare. This reflects a broader shift from specialized, high-cost systems to widely deployable technologies. Drones are no longer rare assets; they are expected tools. This shift shows how defense companies help normalize drones as everyday military tools rather than rare specialized weapons. Defense companies operate within a profit-driven system, meaning increased conflict and demand can accelerate production and innovation. As drones become cheaper and more effective, companies have incentives to promote their continued use. This creates a feedback loop where technological capability and military dependence reinforce each other. At the same time, U.S. defense companies remain embedded in global supply chains. Even advanced military drones often rely on internationally sourced components, including electronics that may originate in competing countries.<ref>Center for a New American Security (CNAS), "Drones in Ukraine Report"</ref> This complicates traditional ideas of national security. == References == <references /> {{BookCat}} 8yqghac6pmt94n6l50b194wnxnps4vi 4633495 4633477 2026-05-02T04:43:52Z Nkr4rj 3580067 formatting + intro expansion + Iranian State Actors 4633495 wikitext text/x-wiki == Background == === The Drone Revolution === ==== Drone Warfare in the Russo-Ukrainian War ==== Historically, military airpower was defined by multi-million-dollar platforms reserved for superpowers. However, the [[wikipedia:Russo-Ukrainian_war_(2022–present)|Russo-Ukrainian War]] has dismantled this paradigm, creating a battlefield defined by the unprecedented consumption of cheap, expendable drones. In this conflict, drones have grown from being used primarily for reconnaissance to delivering ammunition, directing artillery fire, and carrying explosives.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-10-14 |title=Game of drones: the production and use of Ukrainian battlefield unmanned aerial vehicles |url=https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2025-10-14/game-drones-production-and-use-ukrainian-battlefield-unmanned |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=OSW Centre for Eastern Studies |language=en}}</ref> They are responsible for destroying 85% of Russian military targets, causing 70-80% of Russian casualties, and initiating the withdrawal of heavy weaponry from the front line.<ref name=":1" /> It is estimated that 2.2 million unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) were produced in Ukraine in 2024.<ref name=":1" /> Ukraine's drone industry has boomed with startup drone companies and production,<ref name=":1" /> but Ukraine also relies heavily on foreign support.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Chávez |first=Kerry |date=February 2023 |title=Learning on the Fly: Drones in the Russian-Ukrainian War |work=Arms Control Association |url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2023-01/features/learning-fly-drones-russian-ukrainian-war}}</ref> In response, Russia has developed a greater internal drone production capacity than Ukraine, but still relies on Chinese, French, and Iranian drone designs and suppliers<ref name=":2" /> for smaller, lightweight drones.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=FOUNDATION |first=OBSERVER RESEARCH |title=The Evolution of Russia’s Drone Warfare in Ukraine |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/the-evolution-of-russia-s-drone-warfare-in-ukraine |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=orfonline.org |language=en}}</ref> Both countries have integrated drone warfare into their doctrines and have created branches exclusively for overseeing drone usage.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> Because neither side could independently sustain this industrial appetite, doors have opened for external actors to proliferate drone warfare on this front with their own competing agendas. We begin by examining how actors outside of Russia and Ukraine have contributed to this proliferation. == Chinese Manufacturers == Chinese drone manufacturers supply a substantial portion of Ukraine's UAVs, especially lightweight drones, which are advantageous for easy maneuvering and transport.<ref name=":4" /> Outside of assembled drones, they supply most of the parts used to make drones.<ref name=":1" /> These companies use drone warfare to advance their financial, political, and commercial interests persistently; despite sanctions, Chinese drones continue to show up on the Russo-Ukrainian front.<ref name=":0">Pettyjohn, S. (2024). ''Evolution Not Revolution'' [Review of ''Evolution Not Revolution'']. Center for a New American Security (CNAS). <nowiki>https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/documents/CNAS-Report-Defense-Ukraine-Drones-Final.pdf</nowiki></ref> ==== Da-Jiang Innovations (DJI) ==== As of 2021, privately-owned [[wikipedia:DJI|DJI]] held 76% of the global market share for drone manufacturing<ref>{{Cite web |last=Developer |date=2021-06-09 |title=China’s Thriving Drone Industry - ARC Group |url=https://arc-group.com/china-thriving-drone-industry/ |access-date=2026-04-29 |language=en-US}}</ref>, supplying to clients including but not limited to USA, Ukraine, Russia, ISIS, China, and Israel. Their DJI Mavic drone is popular on the Russo-Ukrainian front because, according to [[wikipedia:Center_for_a_New_American_Security|CNAS]] thinktank advisor Samuel Bendett: “DJI Mavic is an easy-to-use drone right out of the box.”<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Hambling |first=David |title=DJI Mavic Consumer Drones Are Still Russian Soldiers’ Favorite |language=en |work=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidhambling/2025/03/10/dji-consumer-drones-are-still-russian-soldiers-favorite/ |access-date=2026-04-29}}</ref> Since the war's beginning, DJI has released statements condemning the use of their products to cause harm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DJI Statement On Military Use Of Drones - DJI United States |url=https://www.dji.com/media-center/announcements/photo |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=DJI |language=en}}</ref> However, DJI drones have remained prominent on the front years after such statements when the war began.<ref name=":0" /> ==== Autel Robotics ==== [[wikipedia:Autel_Robotics|Autel Robotics]] is another privately owned drone supplier to both Russia<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zoria |first=Yuri |date=2025-07-08 |title=Bloomberg: China helped Russia build drones now hitting Ukraine |url=https://euromaidanpress.com/2025/07/08/china-helped-build-the-drones-now-hitting-ukraine-bloomberg-traces-the-parts/ |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Euromaidan Press |language=en-US}}</ref> and Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Analytics |first=Ukraine War |date=2025-06-01 |title=Autel Evo Military Use |url=https://ukraine-war-analytics.com/drones/autel-evo-military-use.html |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=ukraine-war-analytics.com |language=en}}</ref> It has been sanctioned by the UK<ref>{{Cite web |title=AUTEL ROBOTICS CO., LTD. {{!}} Sanctions Finder |url=https://sanctions-finder.com/sanction/b72c95a8-2f33-4f47-a709-d7cf29b5de51/AUTEL%20ROBOTICS%20CO.%2C%20LTD. |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=sanctions-finder.com |language=en}}</ref> and the United States<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mugo |first=Maurice |date=2025-01-13 |title=How Pentagon Blacklist Affects Autel Drone Users |url=https://abjacademy.global/news/how-pentagon-blacklist-affects-autel-drone-users/ |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=ABJ Drone Academy |language=en}}</ref> due to suspected ties to the Chinese military and Chinese affiliates, such as Shenzhen Huasheng Industry Co. Ltd. Ukrainian Foreign Intelligence reports: “They use so-called shell companies, change names, do everything to avoid... sanctions for their activities."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Russia plans to produce 2 million FPV drones in 2025, Ukrainian intelligence says |url=https://kyivindependent.com/russia-aims-to-produce-2-million-fpv-drones-in-2025-ukrainian-intelligence-says/ |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=The Kyiv Independent |language=en}}</ref> Autel is under suspicion for many ties to shell companies aiding Russian UAV production.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=This article was posted by TLB |date=2025-07-08 |title=Unmasking Russia-China Kamikaze Drone Supply Chain In One Map {{!}} The Liberty Beacon |url=https://www.thelibertybeacon.com/unmasking-russia-china-kamikaze-drone-supply-chain-in-one-map/ |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=www.thelibertybeacon.com |language=en-US}}</ref> To avoid these sanctions, [https://aero-hit.ru/ Aero-HIT], a state-affiliated Russian drone manufacturer, seeks to develop Autel’s EVO Max 4T drone in Khabarovsk, Russia, near the Chinese border.<ref>{{Cite web |last=WhereIsRussiaToday |date=2025-09-16 |title=Partners in Crime: Russian and Chinese Efforts to Avoid Sanctions in Drone Operations |url=https://whereisrussiatoday.substack.com/p/partners-in-crime-russian-and-chinese |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=WhereIsRussiaToday’s Substack}}</ref> Autel continues to be sanctioned despite its statement that the “company has never participated in any military-related activities and firmly rejects the improper use of its products."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement |url=https://www.autelrobotics.com/news/20250107/ |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=www.autelrobotics.com}}</ref> == Iranian State Actors == [[File:Shahed-136-350-250draw.svg|thumb|right|Diagram of a Shahed-136, a low-cost loitering munition exported and localized for mass production in Russia.]] Operating independently from Iran's conventional military, the [[wikipedia:Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps_Aerospace_Force|IRGC-AF]] plays a critical role in the development of Iran's drone program, positioning itself as an asymmetrical equalizer against Western air superiority. This military branch and its commander, Amir Ali Hajizadeh, were directly sanctioned by the United States and the European Union for facilitating the supply of drones to Russia for use in Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amir Ali Hajizadeh: Commander of IRGC’s Aerospace Force |url=https://www.unitedagainstnucleariran.com/amir-ali-hajizadeh-commander-of-irgcs-aerospace-force |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=United Against Nuclear Iran |language=en}}</ref> Because Iran is subject to extensive economic restrictions, it also relies on decentralized procurement networks. Coined by the Atlantic Council, the "Axis of Evasion" refers to the network of adversaries that bypass global sanctions to illegally source commercial Western technology (like navigation components and semiconductors) from global markets, funneling them into Iranian weapons manufacturing.<ref name="atlanticcouncil">{{Cite web |last=Vogel |first=B. |date=2024-04-18 |title=From drones to rocket fuel, China and Russia are helping Iran through supply chains |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/dispatches/from-drones-to-rocket-fuel-china-and-russia-are-helping-iran-through-supply-chains/ |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Atlantic Council |language=en}}</ref> === Agendas Behind the Arsenal === The IRGC-AF’s contribution rapidly evolved from off-the-shelf hardware supply to exporting raw intellectual property and technical expertise. By transferring blueprints, materials, and engineering techniques to the Alabuga Special Economic Zone in Russia, they enabled Moscow to localize the mass production of Shahed-type drones.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shvets |first=Alyona |date=2024-05-23 |title=Investigation: EU, US companies still operate in Russia's main drone production hub |url=https://kyivindependent.com/investigation-eu-us-companies-still-operate-in-russias-main-drone-production-hub/ |access-date=2026-05-01 |work=The Kyiv Independent |language=en}}</ref> This proliferation serves multiple agendas for Iran. The Ukrainian front functions as a "global laboratory". By testing drones against advanced Western air defenses, Iran extracts critical data to harden its own technology and adapt commercial electronics for navigation and electronic warfare. Iran trades drone proliferation for Russian military modernization in a strategy of tactical reciprocity. Supplying drone technology enabled Iran to secure advanced capabilities and manufacturing capacity in return, creating a self-reinforcing production network between Moscow and Tehran.<ref name="atlanticcouncil" /> A core geopolitical agenda driving this proliferation is asymmetric bankruptcy. Inexpensive weapons deliberately drain resources designed to counter more advanced threats. While a Shahed drone typically costs around $20,000 to $50,000,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kofman |first=Michael |date=2023-01-26 |title=The Cost of a Shahed |url=https://www.phenomenalworld.org/analysis/cost-of-a-shahed/ |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Phenomenal World |language=en}}</ref> a single Patriot interceptor missile costs roughly $3 million to $4 million.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Doyle |first1=Gerry |last2=Motevalli |first2=Golnar |date=2026-03-02 |title=Iran's Missile Math: $20,000 Drones Take on $4 Million Patriots |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-03-02/iran-strikes-missile-math-20-000-iranian-drones-take-on-4-million-patriots |access-date=2026-05-02 |work=Bloomberg |language=en}}</ref> This cost mismatch forces defenders into an unsustainable economic deficit, weaponizing the cost of modern air defense. While the Iranian state benefits geopolitically from this strategy, the domestic consequences for the Iranian people are severe. The diversion of state funds toward military expansion and the "Axis of Evasion" deprives public infrastructure and economic development of critical resources. Furthermore, the international sanctions triggered by this drone proliferation disproportionately impact ordinary citizens, driving hyperinflation, widespread unemployment, and shortages of essential goods.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Sanctions on Iran |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounders/international-sanctions-iran |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en}}</ref> Ultimately, the regime's pursuit of asymmetric external power is heavily subsidized by the socioeconomic attrition of its own people. == U.S. Defense Companies == U.S. defense companies play a central role in shaping modern drone warfare by linking military needs, technological innovation, and economic incentives. Rather than acting as neutral suppliers, these firms actively influence how warfare evolves by determining what technologies are available, scalable, and practical on the battlefield. In Ukraine, U.S. defense companies have supplied drone systems, surveillance tools, and counter-drone technologies that have expanded the role of drones in combat.<ref>U.S. Department of Defense, "Security Assistance to Ukraine," https://www.defense.gov</ref> They have helped shape battlefield capabilities and contributed to making drones a routine part of warfare. This reflects a broader shift from specialized, high-cost systems to widely deployable technologies. Drones are no longer rare assets; they are expected tools. This shift shows how defense companies help normalize drones as everyday military tools rather than rare specialized weapons. Defense companies operate within a profit-driven system, meaning increased conflict and demand can accelerate production and innovation. As drones become cheaper and more effective, companies have incentives to promote their continued use. This creates a feedback loop where technological capability and military dependence reinforce each other. At the same time, U.S. defense companies remain embedded in global supply chains. Even advanced military drones often rely on internationally sourced components, including electronics that may originate in competing countries.<ref>Center for a New American Security (CNAS), "Drones in Ukraine Report"</ref> This complicates traditional ideas of national security. == References == <references /> {{BookCat}} tfieuzx7dulm7thlsup63m5p09j7y95 0 482968 4633412 4633286 2026-05-01T12:42:48Z MathXplore 3097823 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 4633412 wikitext text/x-wiki == Case Studies == === Medicare Advantage === Medicare Advantage (MA) are plans administered by private insurers and funded by the federal government, which serve as an alternative option to government-run Medicare. Also known as Medicare Part C, MA was introduced under the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 to introduce private-sector competition and efficiency into the Medicare system.<ref>Legal Clarity. (2026). When did Medicare Part C start? History of Medicare Advantage. https://legalclarity.org/when-did-medicare-part-c-start-history-of-medicare-advantage/</ref> Today, MA plans cover approximately 54% of all Medicare beneficiaries.<ref>Legal Clarity. (2026). When did Medicare Part C start? History of Medicare Advantage. https://legalclarity.org/when-did-medicare-part-c-start-history-of-medicare-advantage/</ref> These plans have grown increasingly popular due to their relatively low premiums and supplemental benefits; however, their structure creates opportunities for insurers to influence both costs and policy outcomes. A key concern is the financial impact of MA on taxpayers, as estimates suggest that overpayments to MA plans added around $82 billion to Medicare spending in 2023.<ref>Gaffney, A., Woolhandler, S., & Himmelstein, D. U. (2024). Less Care at Higher Cost—The Medicare Advantage Paradox. ''JAMA Internal Medicine'', 184(8). https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2024.1868</ref> These excess payments are often attributed to practices such as favorable selection, where healthier individuals are more likely to enroll, and upcoding, in which insurers report higher illness severity than reality to receive larger reimbursements. The regulatory body, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), has responded by attempting to implement reforms, including updates to the V28 risk adjustment model. This was expected to reduce MA risk scores by 3.12% to reduce upcoding.<ref>Clayton, W. (2026). CMS-HCC Model V28. RAAPID Inc. https://www.raapidinc.com/blogs/cms-hcc-model-v28/</ref> However, policy reform in this area is heavily shaped by industry influence. CMS initially proposed a modest 0.09% payment increase for 2027, triggering a sharp negative reaction in financial markets, with insurance stocks dropping significantly.<ref>MacDonald, I. (2026). Advance Notice fallout: What MA plans need to know. https://www.risehealth.org/insights-articles/article/advance-notice-fallout-what-ma-plans-need-to-know/</ref> This response was followed by an extensive lobbying effort from insurers and their affiliated organizations. For example, the Better Medicare Alliance (BMA), a group funded by major insurers, directly petitioned CMS leadership to reconsider the proposed changes.<ref>Better Medicare Alliance. (2026). Letter to CMS Administrator Mehmet Oz. https://bettermedicarealliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Ally-Sign-on-Letter-to-Administrator-Oz.pdf</ref> Similarly, America’s Health Insurance Plans (AHIP) submitted formal comments expressing “serious concerns” that the proposals would increase costs and reduce benefits for seniors.<ref>AHIP. (2023). AHIP submits comments on 2024 Medicare Advantage advance rate notice. https://www.ahip.org/news/press-releases/ahip-submits-comments-on-2024-medicare-advantage-advance-rate-notice</ref> Beyond public statements, insurers also mobilized research and public engagement efforts to support their position. AHIP commissioned analyses, including work by Wakely, to argue for higher funding levels and more gradual implementation of policy changes.<ref>America’s Health Insurance Plans. (2026). AHIP comment letter on the CY 2027 Medicare Advantage advance notice (with Wakely reports). https://ahiporg-production.s3.amazonaws.com/documents/AHIP-Comment-Letter-CY2027-Advance-Notice-with-Wakely-Reports.pdf</ref> At the same time, the CMS proposal received a record-breaking 47,000 public comments, reflecting the scale of organized industry and stakeholder engagement.<ref>Casolo, E. (2026). 47,000 comments on 2027 Medicare Advantage pay proposal breaks CMS record. https://www.beckerspayer.com/payer/medicare-advantage/47000-comments-on-ma-payment-rule-for-2027-breaks-cms-record/</ref> These actions demonstrate how insurers can shape the policy narrative by framing reforms as harmful to beneficiaries rather than as cost-control measures. The final outcome illustrates the effectiveness of these efforts. CMS ultimately increased the payment adjustment to 2.48%, representing roughly $13 billion in additional funding for MA plans, and chose to delay key risk adjustment reforms by continuing to use the previous model.<ref>Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2026). CMS finalizes 2027 Medicare Advantage and Part D payment policies. https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/press-releases/cms-finalizes-2027-medicare-advantage-part-d-payment-policies-strengthen-accountability-long-term</ref> Additionally, the agency rolled back certain regulatory changes, including the removal of 11 quality measures from the MA Star Ratings system.<ref>Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2026). Contract year 2027 Medicare Advantage and Part D final rule. https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/fact-sheets/contract-year-2027-medicare-advantage-part-d-final-rule</ref> Overall, the Medicare Advantage case highlights how private insurers leverage lobbying, research, and public messaging to influence federal health policy. While reforms are often proposed to address inefficiencies and reduce costs, industry responses can significantly alter their implementation, demonstrating the complex relationship between government regulation and private-sector interests in U.S. healthcare. == References == <references/> {{BookCat}} hamwh9lr6yk6kwxl9cb1b3l7k92x7bv 3 483015 4633418 2026-05-01T13:18:07Z Kingofnuthin 3566511 Notifying author of speedy deletion nomination 4633418 wikitext text/x-wiki == I have added a tag to a page you created == Hi! I'm Kingofnuthin, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Thick Sand Motorcycling]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it <strong>may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].</strong> This means that it can be deleted at any time. The reason I provided was: <blockquote><strong>Out of scope</strong></blockquote> If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Thick Sand Motorcycling|the page's talk page]] explaining why. <strong>If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.</strong> If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:Kingofnuthin|let me know]]. Thank you! <!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --> [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 13:18, 1 May 2026 (UTC) 684bhii6i9a0jcry12p0j8qg0tnky9k 110 483016 4633428 2026-05-01T18:13:44Z ~2026-26653-58 3580509 Created page with "[[File:Ocean water.jpg|center|600px]] <div style="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center; margin: 0px auto 0px auto;">'''Wikijunior Ocean Animal Alphabet'''</div> <noinclude> <div style="font-size: large; text-align: center; margin: 0px auto 0px auto;"> -- [[/A/]] [[/B/]] [[/C/]] [[/D/]] [[/E/]] [[/F/]] [[/G/]] [[/H/]] [[/I/]] [[/J/]] [[/K/]] [[/L/]] [[/M/]] [[/N/]] [[/O/]] [[/P/]] [[/Q/]] [[/R/]] [[/S/]] [[/T/]] [[/U/]] [[/V/]] [[/W/]] [[/X/]] [..." 4633428 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ocean water.jpg|center|600px]] <div style="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center; margin: 0px auto 0px auto;">'''Wikijunior Ocean Animal Alphabet'''</div> <noinclude> <div style="font-size: large; text-align: center; margin: 0px auto 0px auto;"> -- [[/A/]] [[/B/]] [[/C/]] [[/D/]] [[/E/]] [[/F/]] [[/G/]] [[/H/]] [[/I/]] [[/J/]] [[/K/]] [[/L/]] [[/M/]] [[/N/]] [[/O/]] [[/P/]] [[/Q/]] [[/R/]] [[/S/]] [[/T/]] [[/U/]] [[/V/]] [[/W/]] [[/X/]] [[/Y/]] [[/Z/]] -- </div> </noinclude> {{Shelves|Wikijunior pre-reader books}}{{Status|100%}} <noinclude> {{reading level|Pre-reader}} </noinclude> {{Print version|Wikijunior:Ocean_Animal_Alphabet/All pages}} 9gjpehy3mbl1gi9ss66k1wpbzlkqn1v 110 483017 4633429 2026-05-01T18:15:07Z ~2026-26653-58 3580509 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''A''' is for '''A'''ngelfish</div> [[File:Group of Pterophyllum Altum.jpg|500px|center]]" 4633429 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''A''' is for '''A'''ngelfish</div> [[File:Group of Pterophyllum Altum.jpg|500px|center]] syru5fk87a43l1ypnxq9jaox0k06wo9 110 483018 4633432 2026-05-01T18:15:45Z ~2026-26653-58 3580509 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''B''' is for '''B'''arracuda</div> [[File:Great Barracuda off the Netherland Antilles.jpg|500px|center]]" 4633432 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''B''' is for '''B'''arracuda</div> [[File:Great Barracuda off the Netherland Antilles.jpg|500px|center]] f9n7aqiado2hky7ez6hxlvczpnr6ggf 110 483019 4633433 2026-05-01T18:16:23Z ~2026-26653-58 3580509 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''C''' is for '''C'''lownfish</div> [[File:Amphiprion ocellaris (Clown anemonefish) by Nick Hobgood.jpg|500px|center]]" 4633433 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''C''' is for '''C'''lownfish</div> [[File:Amphiprion ocellaris (Clown anemonefish) by Nick Hobgood.jpg|500px|center]] a3c6nfbet7wia6v6r79ne2ctootxo6c 110 483020 4633434 2026-05-01T18:17:16Z ~2026-26653-58 3580509 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''D''' is for '''D'''olphin</div> [[File:Eilat - Dolphin reef.jpg|500px|center]]" 4633434 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''D''' is for '''D'''olphin</div> [[File:Eilat - Dolphin reef.jpg|500px|center]] 2jat1v7de41p23djkq3606wjs18ylx7 110 483021 4633435 2026-05-01T18:17:56Z ~2026-26653-58 3580509 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''E''' is for '''E'''lectric Eel</div> [[File:Electrophorus electricus 3.jpg|500px|center]]" 4633435 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''E''' is for '''E'''lectric Eel</div> [[File:Electrophorus electricus 3.jpg|500px|center]] f6zau04jvzjt5pbuke4g0j3gva037jl 110 483022 4633436 2026-05-01T18:19:27Z ~2026-26653-58 3580509 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''F''' is for '''F'''lounder</div> [[File:Platichthys flesus Vääna-Jõesuu in Estonia.jpg|500px|center]]" 4633436 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''F''' is for '''F'''lounder</div> [[File:Platichthys flesus Vääna-Jõesuu in Estonia.jpg|500px|center]] iiqxqnu8r0xqytmi6owzja4fp0h031j 110 483024 4633438 2026-05-01T18:20:04Z ~2026-26653-58 3580509 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''G''' is for '''G'''uppy</div> [[File:Guppy coppia gialla.jpg|500px|center]]" 4633438 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''G''' is for '''G'''uppy</div> [[File:Guppy coppia gialla.jpg|500px|center]] 7rytr6u4ygwil179hskjosvhyzobzye 110 483025 4633439 2026-05-01T18:20:41Z ~2026-26653-58 3580509 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''H''' is for '''H'''ermit Crab</div> [[File:Calliactis and Dardanus 001.JPG|500px|center]]" 4633439 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''H''' is for '''H'''ermit Crab</div> [[File:Calliactis and Dardanus 001.JPG|500px|center]] pbizkuxc1itsaejnr48sa5i9uoheg1o 110 483026 4633440 2026-05-01T18:21:39Z ~2026-26653-58 3580509 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''I''' is for '''I'''sopod</div> [[File:Giant Isopod (18443864634).jpg|500px|center]]" 4633440 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''I''' is for '''I'''sopod</div> [[File:Giant Isopod (18443864634).jpg|500px|center]] 2778plputpr3b0vycsycasqigbd92tv 110 483027 4633441 2026-05-01T18:22:13Z ~2026-26653-58 3580509 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''J''' is for '''J'''ellyfish</div> [[File:Moon jellyfish at Gota Sagher.JPG|500px|center]]" 4633441 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''J''' is for '''J'''ellyfish</div> [[File:Moon jellyfish at Gota Sagher.JPG|500px|center]] 7tk0b8g5tmw2ks7xxy5x11tm117duw2 110 483028 4633442 2026-05-01T18:22:48Z ~2026-26653-58 3580509 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''K''' is for '''K'''rill</div> [[File:Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba).jpg|500px|center]]" 4633442 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''K''' is for '''K'''rill</div> [[File:Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba).jpg|500px|center]] nq611ns9a6c2mlgdczu38gjym4ph4qi 110 483029 4633443 2026-05-01T18:23:22Z ~2026-26653-58 3580509 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''L''' is for '''L'''ionfish</div> [[File:Common lion fish Pterois volitans.jpg|500px|center]]" 4633443 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''L''' is for '''L'''ionfish</div> [[File:Common lion fish Pterois volitans.jpg|500px|center]] nt1fbuehdkv5ubek6xq8vpk9337vf2p 110 483030 4633444 2026-05-01T18:23:56Z ~2026-26653-58 3580509 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''M''' is for '''M'''anatee</div> [[File:Manatee photo.jpg|500px|center]]" 4633444 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''M''' is for '''M'''anatee</div> [[File:Manatee photo.jpg|500px|center]] 3xlvtxr2b75khpbq59ogujenqskz43r 110 483031 4633445 2026-05-01T18:24:40Z ~2026-26653-58 3580509 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''N''' is for '''N'''arwhal</div> [[File:Нарвал в российской Арктике.jpg|500px|center]]" 4633445 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''N''' is for '''N'''arwhal</div> [[File:Нарвал в российской Арктике.jpg|500px|center]] f4mf7bkgeeu1mtumre5539894igkvcl 110 483032 4633446 2026-05-01T18:25:49Z ~2026-26653-58 3580509 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''O''' is for '''O'''rca</div> [[File:Killerwhales jumping.jpg|500px|center]]" 4633446 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''O''' is for '''O'''rca</div> [[File:Killerwhales jumping.jpg|500px|center]] 6r7ltkvug6mv44cs0lccchww9ccmh32 110 483033 4633447 2026-05-01T18:26:26Z ~2026-26653-58 3580509 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''P''' is for '''P'''arrotfish</div> [[File:Quoy's parrotfish (Scarus quoyi) (26887272167).jpg|500px|center]]" 4633447 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''P''' is for '''P'''arrotfish</div> [[File:Quoy's parrotfish (Scarus quoyi) (26887272167).jpg|500px|center]] 8s7u2b862zut2p470qhp8pyhcei0z7k 110 483034 4633448 2026-05-01T18:27:26Z ~2026-26653-58 3580509 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''Q''' is for '''Q'''ueen Snake</div> [[File:Regina septemvittata 145997531.jpg|500px|center]]" 4633448 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''Q''' is for '''Q'''ueen Snake</div> [[File:Regina septemvittata 145997531.jpg|500px|center]] irygdives2m3unwryecxj85jw2rnr89 110 483035 4633449 2026-05-01T18:28:01Z ~2026-26653-58 3580509 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''R''' is for '''R'''ockfish</div> [[File:China Rockfish, Steinhart Aquarium.jpg|500px|center]]" 4633449 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''R''' is for '''R'''ockfish</div> [[File:China Rockfish, Steinhart Aquarium.jpg|500px|center]] owm323he4d07udekjn58ttq7ebg24s5 110 483036 4633450 2026-05-01T18:28:50Z ~2026-26653-58 3580509 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''S''' is for '''S'''ea Turtle</div> [[File:Total internal reflection of Chelonia mydas.jpg|500px|center]]" 4633450 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''S''' is for '''S'''ea Turtle</div> [[File:Total internal reflection of Chelonia mydas.jpg|500px|center]] 1jl7c381kn00yqrrprs7zb5hds044xz 110 483037 4633451 2026-05-01T18:29:29Z ~2026-26653-58 3580509 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''T''' is for '''T'''iger Shark</div> [[File:Tiger shark.jpg|500px|center]]" 4633451 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''T''' is for '''T'''iger Shark</div> [[File:Tiger shark.jpg|500px|center]] 0lnmsas000mll9l3uh1bthwih8mi867 110 483038 4633452 2026-05-01T18:30:15Z ~2026-26653-58 3580509 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''U''' is for '''U'''rchin</div> [[File:Paracentrotus lividus profil.JPG|500px|center]]" 4633452 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''U''' is for '''U'''rchin</div> [[File:Paracentrotus lividus profil.JPG|500px|center]] 2eth44u6vods4nfhjpmllk2e8u6oczu 110 483039 4633453 2026-05-01T18:32:10Z ~2026-26653-58 3580509 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''V''' is for '''V'''aquita</div> [[File:Vaquita4 Olson NOAA.jpg|500px|center]]" 4633453 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''V''' is for '''V'''aquita</div> [[File:Vaquita4 Olson NOAA.jpg|500px|center]] eu6zsfs3v459sx23bz1gornv4tqya72 4633465 4633453 2026-05-01T19:05:10Z ~2026-26653-58 3580509 /* */ 4633465 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''V''' is for '''V'''aquita</div> [[File:Vaquita7 Olson NOAA.jpg|500px|center]] eerkiss4c9pybjadjehejonygdnl231 110 483040 4633454 2026-05-01T18:33:22Z ~2026-26653-58 3580509 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''W''' is for '''W'''hale</div> [[File:Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) calf Moorea 2.jpg|500px|center]]" 4633454 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''W''' is for '''W'''hale</div> [[File:Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) calf Moorea 2.jpg|500px|center]] ctbeeekkqf4btntd1y3x0h933qhp8z8 110 483041 4633455 2026-05-01T18:34:11Z ~2026-26653-58 3580509 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''X''' is for '''X'''iphias</div> [[File:Xiphias gladius Linnaeus, 1758 2599925021.jpg|500px|center]]" 4633455 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''X''' is for '''X'''iphias</div> [[File:Xiphias gladius Linnaeus, 1758 2599925021.jpg|500px|center]] 0w43e0ntp0ukc3ii1yjvfxa19mlqn7v 110 483042 4633456 2026-05-01T18:35:47Z ~2026-26653-58 3580509 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''Y''' is for '''Y'''ellowfin Tuna</div> [[File:Fish4499 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg|500px|center]]" 4633456 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''Y''' is for '''Y'''ellowfin Tuna</div> [[File:Fish4499 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg|500px|center]] 8t9b9k9tmq4lvgn59x97aohexvcnlgm 110 483043 4633457 2026-05-01T18:36:49Z ~2026-26653-58 3580509 Created page with "<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''Z''' is for '''Z'''ebra Shark</div> [[File:Stegostoma fasciatum 01 Pengo.jpg|500px|center]]" 4633457 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 400%;">'''Z''' is for '''Z'''ebra Shark</div> [[File:Stegostoma fasciatum 01 Pengo.jpg|500px|center]] b95wmst8bhcq72n6jf1lhv05m4xz5f8 0 483044 4633458 2026-05-01T18:38:14Z ~2026-22598-75 3575788 Created page with "==Chapter 2: A Prince’s Life== Alexander always stood out from the crowd. He wasn’t tall, but he was strong and handsome. His wavy hair was lighter than most Macedonians’. He brushed it back so that it looked as if the wind had blown his hair that way while he was riding Bucephalas! Most men in those days had beards, but not Alexander. People were attracted by Alexander’s good looks. But they also knew they had to be careful around him. His eyes showed his iro..." 4633458 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Chapter 2: A Prince’s Life== Alexander always stood out from the crowd. He wasn’t tall, but he was strong and handsome. His wavy hair was lighter than most Macedonians’. He brushed it back so that it looked as if the wind had blown his hair that way while he was riding Bucephalas! Most men in those days had beards, but not Alexander. People were attracted by Alexander’s good looks. But they also knew they had to be careful around him. His eyes showed his iron will. He had a quick temper. People didn’t always like him. They admired him and feared him. Alexander grew up in the royal court in Macedon. King Philip made sure the young prince had a fine education. When Alexander was young, his father found private teachers for him. He was taught to read, write, and do math. He learned to sing and play the lyre — an instrument like a small harp. He was trained in riding and hunting, and he learned to wrestle and fight with weapons. He was a very good student. But being '''very good''' wasn’t enough for Alexander. He wanted to be the best in everything. Alexander never lost his love of books. In later life, he slept with two things under his pillow: Homer’s poetry, and a dagger. [[File:Homer_British_Museum.jpg|thumb|right|300px|300px| Marble terminal sculpture of Homer. Roman copy of a lost 2nd-century BC Hellenistic original]] {{Robox|title=Homer}} Around 700 BC, a man named {{w|Homer}} is believed to have written two long poems in Greek. They are called ''{{w|The Iliad}}'' and ''{{w|The Odyssey}}.'' They were the first books written in Europe. They are part history and part legend. ''The Iliad'' tells the story of the Greek war against the city of Troy in Asia. This war happened a long time before Alexander lived, around 1200 BC. ''The Odyssey'' is about the adventures of a Greek hero called Odysseus. He battles monsters and magic for ten years on his journey home from the Trojan War. Girls were not usually taught to read. But all boys with schooling read ''The Iliad'' and ''The Odyssey.'' {{Robox/Close}} Most boys finished school by the age of twelve. Not Alexander. Philip chose Aristotle, the wisest man in Greece, to continue teaching his son. Some years earlier, Philip had destroyed Aristotle’s hometown in a war. Although Philip offered Aristotle a lot of money to tutor Alexander, he refused. He would accept the job only if Philip rebuilt his hometown and allowed its citizens to come back. Philip agreed, and Aristotle became Alexander’s teacher. Alexander was not Aristotle’s only pupil. King Philip made Aristotle the head of a school of noble young men. They studied subjects such as philosophy, medicine, and science. Some of the boys there became Alexander’s friends for life. His best friend was a tall, good-looking boy called Hephaestion (say: Heh-FIE-stee-on). Meanwhile, Philip was planning to fight the Persians. About a hundred fifty years before, the Persians had invaded Greece. Philip wanted to punish the Persians for these past attacks. At the time, the Persians had the greatest empire in the world. It reached all the way from the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean. There were many Greek cities in the Persian Empire. Philip promised to free those Greeks from Persian rule. Whoever defeated the Persians would be the greatest king in the world. That was what Philip wanted more than anything. So did Alexander. They were confident about winning, even though the Persian army was huge. They thought that one Macedonian soldier was worth ten Persians. And the Macedonians did have better weapons. Before King Philip went to war, he had an important duty at home. dhf9bfpba442he6hjos3qszb5dvivrj 4633493 4633458 2026-05-02T02:30:06Z MathXplore 3097823 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 4633493 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Chapter 2: A Prince’s Life== Alexander always stood out from the crowd. He wasn’t tall, but he was strong and handsome. His wavy hair was lighter than most Macedonians’. He brushed it back so that it looked as if the wind had blown his hair that way while he was riding Bucephalas! Most men in those days had beards, but not Alexander. People were attracted by Alexander’s good looks. But they also knew they had to be careful around him. His eyes showed his iron will. He had a quick temper. People didn’t always like him. They admired him and feared him. Alexander grew up in the royal court in Macedon. King Philip made sure the young prince had a fine education. When Alexander was young, his father found private teachers for him. He was taught to read, write, and do math. He learned to sing and play the lyre — an instrument like a small harp. He was trained in riding and hunting, and he learned to wrestle and fight with weapons. He was a very good student. But being '''very good''' wasn’t enough for Alexander. He wanted to be the best in everything. Alexander never lost his love of books. In later life, he slept with two things under his pillow: Homer’s poetry, and a dagger. [[File:Homer_British_Museum.jpg|thumb|right|300px|300px| Marble terminal sculpture of Homer. Roman copy of a lost 2nd-century BC Hellenistic original]] {{Robox|title=Homer}} Around 700 BC, a man named {{w|Homer}} is believed to have written two long poems in Greek. They are called ''{{w|The Iliad}}'' and ''{{w|The Odyssey}}.'' They were the first books written in Europe. They are part history and part legend. ''The Iliad'' tells the story of the Greek war against the city of Troy in Asia. This war happened a long time before Alexander lived, around 1200 BC. ''The Odyssey'' is about the adventures of a Greek hero called Odysseus. He battles monsters and magic for ten years on his journey home from the Trojan War. Girls were not usually taught to read. But all boys with schooling read ''The Iliad'' and ''The Odyssey.'' {{Robox/Close}} Most boys finished school by the age of twelve. Not Alexander. Philip chose Aristotle, the wisest man in Greece, to continue teaching his son. Some years earlier, Philip had destroyed Aristotle’s hometown in a war. Although Philip offered Aristotle a lot of money to tutor Alexander, he refused. He would accept the job only if Philip rebuilt his hometown and allowed its citizens to come back. Philip agreed, and Aristotle became Alexander’s teacher. Alexander was not Aristotle’s only pupil. King Philip made Aristotle the head of a school of noble young men. They studied subjects such as philosophy, medicine, and science. Some of the boys there became Alexander’s friends for life. His best friend was a tall, good-looking boy called Hephaestion (say: Heh-FIE-stee-on). Meanwhile, Philip was planning to fight the Persians. About a hundred fifty years before, the Persians had invaded Greece. Philip wanted to punish the Persians for these past attacks. At the time, the Persians had the greatest empire in the world. It reached all the way from the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean. There were many Greek cities in the Persian Empire. Philip promised to free those Greeks from Persian rule. Whoever defeated the Persians would be the greatest king in the world. That was what Philip wanted more than anything. So did Alexander. They were confident about winning, even though the Persian army was huge. They thought that one Macedonian soldier was worth ten Persians. And the Macedonians did have better weapons. Before King Philip went to war, he had an important duty at home. {{BookCat}} 7lr0mqv9mltnc47ad0c8oc12853p89q 2 483046 4633485 2026-05-02T01:05:54Z Voristu 3527670 creation 4633485 wikitext text/x-wiki = Umamusume: Pretty Derby = {{book title|''{{BOOKNAME}}''|An unofficial strategy guide to the horse girl racing game.}} == Introduction == '''Umamusume: Pretty Derby''' is a Japanese mobile game released by Cygames in 2021. The game is set in a world where [[w:Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] horse girls, known as ''Umamusume'', replace their real world counterparts. The player is a trainer, who together with their [[/Characters#List_of_Trainees|trainee]], train up to compete in various races in order to achieve the trainee's goals. == Table of Contents == {{Book search}} {{wikipedia|Umamusume: Pretty Derby}} ''A comprehensive list is available at [[/Contents]]'' * [[/Characters]] * [[/Locations]] * [[/Races]] * [[/Concerts]] * [[/Career Modes]] * [[/Game Mechanics]] bn1h4emsv2dj8ye5ks6371u3ahdhjp4 3 483048 4633500 2026-05-02T06:24:15Z MathXplore 3097823 Notifying author of speedy deletion nomination 4633500 wikitext text/x-wiki == I have added a tag to a page you created == Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Lionel Messi]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it <strong>may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].</strong> This means that it can be deleted at any time. The reason I provided was: <blockquote><strong>Encyclopedic articles belong at [[w:|Wikipedia]]</strong></blockquote> If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Lionel Messi|the page's talk page]] explaining why. <strong>If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.</strong> If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! <!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:24, 2 May 2026 (UTC) 3hss4a3m9pxr46yikh2496ghizxogp0 3 483050 4633509 2026-05-02T11:06:18Z MathXplore 3097823 Notifying author of speedy deletion nomination 4633509 wikitext text/x-wiki == I have added a tag to a page you created == Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Talk:The science of finance/Introduction to economics]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it <strong>may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].</strong> This means that it can be deleted at any time. The reason I provided was: <blockquote><strong>Test page</strong></blockquote> If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:The science of finance/Introduction to economics|the page's talk page]] explaining why. <strong>If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.</strong> If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! <!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:06, 2 May 2026 (UTC) cphyr6zvuqmx9h8sd09z3im0trfsa1h 3 483051 4633512 2026-05-02T11:07:11Z MathXplore 3097823 delete1 ([[m:User:ZbVl/VD|Vandoom]]) 4633512 wikitext text/x-wiki == 2026-05-02 == <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="text-align: left" lang="en">[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello. Apologies for writing this in English, but I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-26449-21|your recent contributions]] have been undone because you removed content without adequately explaining why. In the future, it would be helpful to others if you described your changes to <span style="white-space:nowrap">Wikibooks</span> with an accurate [[:m:en:Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. If this was a mistake, don't worry; the removed content has been restored. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thanks. </div><!-- Glow-delete1 @ 1777720030820.5s --><nowiki></nowiki> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:07, 2 May 2026 (UTC) 094e80thhykfeayxk64zezkjksuw722